Nutrition - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

NUTRITION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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NUTRITION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Nutrition: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83662-0 1. Nutrition-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on nutrition. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NUTRITION ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Nutrition..................................................................................... 16 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 77 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 82 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION STUDIES ................................................................................................. 173 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 173 Finding Nutrition Studies ......................................................................................................... 173 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 181 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 181 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NUTRITION ............................................................. 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 199 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 203 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 213 General References ..................................................................................................................... 335 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON NUTRITION ............................................................................... 337 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 337 Dissertations on Nutrition......................................................................................................... 337 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 380 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND NUTRITION .......................................................................... 381 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 381 Recent Trials on Nutrition......................................................................................................... 381 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 396 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON NUTRITION .......................................................................................... 399 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 399 Patents on Nutrition.................................................................................................................. 399 Patent Applications on Nutrition .............................................................................................. 431 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 439 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON NUTRITION .............................................................................................. 441 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 441 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 441 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 446 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 456 Chapters on Nutrition................................................................................................................ 457 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 466 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON NUTRITION ................................................................................... 471 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 471 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 471 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 484 Bibliography: Multimedia on Nutrition .................................................................................... 486 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NUTRITION ................................................................ 489 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 489 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 489 Newsletters on Nutrition ........................................................................................................... 491 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 494 Academic Periodicals covering Nutrition .................................................................................. 500 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 501 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 501

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Contents U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 501 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 504 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 505 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 509 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 509 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 509 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 511 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 525 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 527 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 527 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 527 Associations and Nutrition........................................................................................................ 569 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 573 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 575 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 575 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 575 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 575 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 575

ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 581 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 583 NUTRITION DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 585 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 665

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with nutrition is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about nutrition, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to nutrition, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on nutrition. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to nutrition, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on nutrition. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NUTRITION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on nutrition.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and nutrition, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Preventing and Treating Wasting With Medicine, Nutrition and Exercise; A Guide for Physicians, Patients and Other Healthcare Providers About Fighting AIDS - Related Wasting Syndrome Source: Numedx; Fall 1997. Contact: Numedx Incorporated, One Columbus Place Ste N-36D, New York, NY, 10019, (212) 845-7145. Summary: This journal article presents guidelines to assist physicians and patients regarding the use of hormone therapies in the treatment of HIV. The goals of the guidelines are: to prevent HIV-related wasting by administering low-hormone-level tests; to treat low hormone levels or hypogonadism, a precursor to wasting; to successfully treat HIV-associated wasting; and to help HIV-positive persons become

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longer-term survivors with the highest quality of life. The article explains that wasting syndrome is the second leading HIV/AIDS-related cause of death in the United States and the third leading cause of death in the world. It addresses the correlation between hypogonadism and wasting, prevention, interventional strategies, immune function, quality of life, lean body mass, nutrition, and exercise. The article concludes that hormone therapies, which include anabolic steroids, appear to be the most effective and least expensive therapies for wasting syndrome and calls for further research into their efficacy. •

Nutritional Health: Prevention and Treatment of HIV - Associated Malnutrition; A Case Manager's Guide Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care; Vol. 3, No. 5, May 1997. Contact: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 33 N LaSalle St Ste 2600, Chicago, IL, 60602-2601, (312) 795-4930, http://www.iapac.org. Summary: This article addresses the relationship between nutrition and HIV/AIDS disease progression and symptom management and provides a case manager's guide to providing appropriate nutritional intervention. Because malnutrition negatively affects immune function and is associated with HIV disease progression, it should be addressed and treated immediately. In HIV disease the presence of malnutrition strongly predicts patient longevity. The article reviews the presenting symptoms of malnutrition and considers the importance of caloric intake, amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. The effects of HIV disease on nutritional status are examined followed by a discussion of the potential factors that contribute to poor food intake. The article addresses altered nutrient absorption and metabolism, weight loss, wasting syndrome, and altered hormonal levels. Specific nutrition intervention programs and strategies are described.

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Nutritional Health: Prevention and Treatment of HIV - Associated Malnutrition: A Case Manager's Guide Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care; Vol.3, No.5, May 1997. Contact: International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 33 N LaSalle St Ste 2600, Chicago, IL, 60602-2601, (312) 795-4930, http://www.iapac.org. Summary: This journal article presents a case manager's guide to preventing and treating HIV-related malnutrition. The relationship between nutrition and the immune system is reviewed, and the association between malnutrition and negative health outcomes is noted. Macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals involved in immune function and modulation are outlined and the nutrient deficiencies associated with HIV disease are considered. The article addresses protein-calorie malnutrition and the role of amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. The effects of HIV disease on nutrition status, drug therapy, malignancies, nutrient intake, altered nutrient absorption, altered metabolism, weight loss, common gastrointestinal pathogens associated with HIV disease, and HIV wasting syndrome are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of initial and follow-up nutrition care and alternative feeding options.

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Your Nutrition Appointment: Nutrition Power News Contact: Health and Nutrition Awareness, 901 Wilshire Blvd Ste 310, Santa Monica, CA, 90401-1854, (310) 450-5581. Summary: This collection of reprinted articles presents information on nutrition for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PWAs). They were originally written for "Being Alive," a newsletter of the People with HIV/AIDS Coalition, by a registered dietitian. The first discusses an appointment with a dietitian, including what to expect, lists of questions, weight control, and early intervention. The second outlines nutritional priorities for PWA's: fluids, carbohydrates, protein, and vitamins and minerals. Two other articles address body care plans and nutrition principles for PWAs. The last one highlights nutraceuticals, or meals-in-a-can products, including elemental drinks and HIV-specific nutraceuticals.

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Long - Term Effects of Early Nutritional Support With New Enterotropic Peptide Based Formula vs. Standard Enteral Formula in HIV - Infected Patients: Randomized Prospective Trial Source: Nutrition; Vol. 9, no. 6, Nov./Dec. 1993. Contact: Abbott Laboratories/US, Ross Laboratories, 625 Cleveland Ave, Columbus, OH, 43215, (614) 227-3333. Summary: This journal article discusses a study intended to establish the influence of two programs for early supplementation on nutritional and clinical outcomes in patients with HIV infection. The randomized prospective trial compares the use of a standard enteral formula (SEF) supplement to a novel enterotropic peptide-based enteral formula (NEF) supplement. The study results indicate patient tolerance of both enteral formulas was excellent, patients consuming the NEF supplement significantly maintained body weight compared with those consuming the SEF supplement, who experienced weight loss, and the NEF group had significantly fewer hospitalizations during the second 3month period of the study than the SEF group. The article concludes that a formula specifically designed for an HIV-infected population can be associated with clinical benefit that can be differentiated from other enteral formulas. It suggests additional studies to confirm and expand these observations and explore potential mechanisms underlying the differential effects seen with supplemental use.

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Nutrition and HIV Source: Positively; Vol. 6, No. 9, Nov. 1993. Contact: Body Positive Houston, PO Box 66446, Houston, TX, 77266-6446, (713) 524-2374, http://www.bodypositivehouston.org. Summary: The author reviewed the literature to determine whether it is possible to stimulate the immune function through diet or vitamin/mineral supplements. There was clear documentation that certain deficiencies (A, E, C, B-6, B-12, zinc, selenium and iron) impair normal immune function. An inadequate intake of these nutrients over time will suppress the immune system, while not producing an overt deficiency. The most desirable method of addressing nutrient intake, according to the author, is to improve diet and lifestyle. Few conclusive studies have been conducted about vitamins and minerals and their effect on HIV-positive individuals. The author advises a prenatal multi-vitamin/mineral supplement as a wise choice of vitamin intake for all pregnant women, and makes suggestions for daily additions to the prenatal vitamin regimen.

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Nutritional Correlates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Vol. 4, No. 6. Contact: Lippincott Wilkins and Williams Publishers, Philadelphia Office, 530 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA, 19106-3621, (215) 521-8300, http://www.lww.com. Summary: This report reviews existing knowledge about the impact of HIV- related disease on the processes of nutrition. Evidence is presented of nutritional problems that have been documented during all stages of the progression of HIV infection and AIDS, such as weight loss and changes in body composition. The report examines possible causes of these changes, including changes in intake, metabolism, and potential iatrogenic factors such as drug-nutrient interactions. Particular attention is paid to factors that have confounded researchers' ability to effectively interpret studies done to date. A conceptual model of the relationship between nutrition and HIV is offered, along with suggestions for future investigations. A brief discussion is also included on the potential impact of suboptimal nutrition on the progression of HIV disease.

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Nutritional Intervention for People With AIDS Source: WLRA AIDS / SIDA Task Force Newsletter. Contact: World Leisure and Recreation Association, AIDS/SIDA Task Force, c/o Health Studies, NYU 35 W 4th St Ste 1200, New York, NY, 10003, (212) 988-5600. Summary: This newsletter article gives nutritional advice for persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It says that many Persons with AIDS (PWA's) allow themselves to become isolated and that leads to decreased food consumption. The article says that some of the nutritional problems associated with AIDS include loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, fat and lactose intolerance, painful swallowing, heightened metabolism, anorexia, and fatigue. It lists gastrointestinal diseases often associated with AIDS, and gives guidelines and tips on special dietary needs, and how to deal with nutritional difficulties.

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Nutrition and Gastrointestional Disease in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Source: Topics in Clinical Nutrition; Obesity, Diabetes, Geriatric Care, AIDS; Vol. 3, No. 4. Contact: Aspen Publishers, Incorporated, 7201 McKinney Cir, Frederick, MD, 21701, (301) 698-7140. Summary: This journal article discusses the gastrointestinal diseases and disorders and resulting nutritional compromise that can be a cause of morbidity and mortality in Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The article outlines recommendations for nutrition care.

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Nutritional Therapy for the Malnourished ARC/AIDS Patient: Current Therapeutic Concepts and Basic Therapy Outline - Special Issue Source: Contemporary Surgery; Supplement 1 - A, October 1988. Contact: Bobit Publishing Company, 2512 Artesia Blvd, Redondo Beach, CA, 90278, (310) 376-8788. Summary: This special issue of a journal presents therapeutic concepts regarding malnutrition associated with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A basic treatment program is outlined, noting

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general nutritional considerations, body composition changes in malnourished patients, criteria for selecting patients for treatment, methods used to calculate daily caloric and protein requirements, the gastrointestinal diseases and disorders associated with AIDS, recommended diets, and methods of nutritional therapy. •

Nutrition Care of AIDS Patients Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association; Vol. 88, no. 7. Contact: American Dietetic Association, 216 W Jackson Blvd Ste 800, Chicago, IL, 606066995, (800) 877-1600, http://www.eatright.org. Summary: This reprinted article disusses the importance of good nutritional status in patient management associated with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Causes of decreased nutrient intake and absorption are outlined, as are suggestions to overcome these impediments. It describes Practical considerations for dietitians.

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Caregivers and the Nutritional Needs of the Patient With Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. p. 40-44. November- December 1995. Summary: This journal article describes a pilot study conducted at a day-care center for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) to determine the adequacy of caregivers' knowledge of nutrition in general and of the nutritional needs of AD patients in particular. Ten caregivers completed nutritional knowledge questionnaires, provided information about their perceptions of the nutritional status of 12 clients at the center, and completed measures of their own depression and perceived burden. A review of client medical records provided information about nutritional status, using body mass index as an indicator. The caregivers' knowledge of nutrition was below average overall, although many were educated beyond high school. A high level of caregiver perceived burden was apparent, but depression did not seem to be a factor with these caregivers. This study suggests the importance of assisting caregivers through education in nutrition. 5 tables, 20 references.

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Dementia, Depression, and Nutritional Status Source: Primary Care. 21(1): 107-119. March 1994. Summary: This article summarizes nutritional problems that occur in older persons with dementia, depression, or both and recommends general strategies for nutritional intervention. It reviews the prevalence of malnutrition in older people with dementia and depression seen in primary and chronic care settings, describes the value of therapeutic nutritional screening and interventions in mental health care, and provides guidelines for nutritional interventions when a dietitian or mental health professional is unavailable. Specific sections discuss malnutrition in hospitalized older people with mental health problems, the nutritional problems of nursing home residents, and nutritional management in dementias including older persons with Alzheimer's disease, dementia from stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), depression, or co-existing physical and psychiatric problems. The author states that recognition and diagnosis of dementia, depression, and PD often are suboptimal. In dementia, many contributing factors must be considered, including nutrition, but in all these conditions the effects of the cognitive, attitudinal, and motor changes can produce permanent and severe nutritional compromise. Yet, as shown, there are many simple steps that can be taken to prevent

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poor nutrition in these diseases, and the primary care practitioner is central to this process of recognition and intervention. 2 tables, 59 references. •

Persons With Alzheimer's: Effects of Nutrition and Exercise Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 20(10): 27-32. October 1994. Summary: This article discusses the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the effects of nutrition and exercise as therapy options. The paper suggests that nutrition is able, in some cases, to slow the course of AD. Some patients with AD have shown improvement in cognitive function when their diets were high in certain nutrients. In addition, other studies have shown an improvement in mental function and increase in functional capacity with regular exercise. Studies also are indicating that tacrine, the first medication approved for the treatment of AD, may slow cognitive-function decline in some people. The author states that a regimen that provides appropriate medication, a diet rich in nutrients, and regular exercise may help treat AD. 34 references.

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An Improved Method of Documenting and Evaluating Nutritional Intake of Persons With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly. 14(1): 45-55. 1994. Summary: This article addresses the influence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) on nutrition; the recording of food consumption during long-term care; development of an accurate, efficient food consumption record; and use of this record for documenting and evaluating nutritional intake. The authors describe a consumption record form that entails the use of simple lettering or checkmarks that provide the necessary documentation. They believe that a simple form would encourage greater usage. Additionally, definitive guidelines affixed to consumption sheets provide greater awareness of the importance of nutrition and the need for improved documentation. According to the authors, use of these records has resulted in greater formal caregiver response in situations where intervention may be necessary, resulting in improved nutrition. 5 tables, 6 references.

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Staff Attitudes Towards the Provision of Nutritional Care to Alzheimer Patients Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders and Research. 9(2): 31-37. March-April 1994. Summary: Because patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are vulnerable to malnutrition, this study examined the attitudes of staff members in adult day care (ADC) and special care units (SCU's) in Missouri about the provision of nutritional care to AD patients. Staff at ADC's and SCU's for patients with dementia responded to a 20item questionnaire. Staff indicated their level of agreement with each statement using a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Eleven SCU's and 12 ADC's participated. Sixty-five SCU and 46 ADC staff questionnaires were returned and analyzed. In only 2 of the 20 questions was any significant difference found between the 2 groups, possibly reflecting differences in disease severity in the client population. Overall, the results show that ADC and SCU staff have relatively positive attitudes about providing nutritional care for patients with dementia, and that they enjoy situations that allow positive interactions with clients. The results also show that staff may want to increase their nutritional care efforts and participate in training programs designed to reduce or to avert the development of malnutrition in AD. 25 references.

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Nutrition-Related Training Experiences of Staff Involved in the Care of Alzheimer Patients Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders and Research. 8(2): 17-22. March-April 1993. Summary: This journal article describes a study that examined the nutrition related training received by staff members in special care units (SCUs) and adult day care programs (ADC) in the state of Missouri. The purpose was to identify areas where improved training could result in better nutritional care for persons with Alzheimer's disease or related dementias. Questionnaires were completed by 65 staff members at 11 SCUs and 46 staff members at 12 ADCs. Staff at both settings reported that in-services were the most commonly attended training activity, followed by conferences. The nutrition related topics addressed most frequently in the training activities were encouraging food intake, responding to problem eating behaviors, and providing verbal cues to eating. The least frequently addressed topics were managing overeating, sanitary food techniques, and manipulation of food shapes, sizes, and consistencies. In addition, few of the SCU staff received training on modeling eating behaviors and few of the ADC staff received training on assessing feeding abilities. Both groups reported that experience was their best preparation for work with people with Alzheimer's disease. 20 references.

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Nutritional Care of Ambulatory Residents in Special Care Units for Alzheimer's Patients Source: Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly. 12(4): 5-19. 1993. Summary: Researchers evaluated data about nutrition from medical records of 100 ambulatory Alzheimer's residents in 10 special care units (SCUs) for Alzheimer's patients in long-term care facilities. The Minimum Data Set obtained data on the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or other dementias, illness duration, admission date, age, sex, other relevant medical problems, mood and behavior patterns, oral and nutritional status, dental status, medication use, skin conditions, health status, physical function, structural problems, food intake, clinical signs and symptoms of nutrient deficiencies or excesses, individual nutrition care plans, and biochemical indicators of nutritional status (namely serum albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and cholesterol levels). Eight facilities estimated calorie and fluid needs, and four facilities estimated protein needs of their residents. Over 40 percent of the residents were underweight, and 20 percent reported significant weight loss. Several patients had hemoglobin, hematocrit, and albumin levels that were lower and cholesterol levels that were higher than levels associated with high death rates among older institutionalized people. Many factors placed patients at high risk for malnutrition. Staff at each facility monitored the nutritional status of AD patients to a variable extent. 20 references.

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Nutritional Intake in Patients With Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Source: Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 5(3): 173-180. Fall 1991. Summary: This journal article describes a study comparing the dietary intake of twentynine healthy controls with that of thirty-five community dwelling patients with probable or definite senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Dietary intakes did not differ significantly between control subjects and patients for any of the nutrients analyzed. The majority of the control subjects and patients met the recommended dietary allowance guidelines for intake of total energy, protein, and micronutrients. The only exceptions were female patients, who did not consume a minimum of two thirds of

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the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D. It was found that cognitive function did not correlate with the intake of any nutrient studied. Based on this cross sectional study, malnutrition does not appear to be a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, this investigation examined only a period during which patients were being fed by caregivers, so the role of malnutrition at the onset of the disease was not addressed. 22 references. (AA-M). •

Nutritional Aspects of Dementia, Especially Alzheimer's Disease Source: Age and Ageing. 19(4): S32-S36. July 1990. Summary: This journal article maintains that between 10 to 40 percent of elderly patients who present with what might be thought to be dementia have treatable or partly reversible underlying pathological processes, some of which are caused by a nutritional deficit. Further, the prevalence of eating disability is high in nursing homes but is unusual among non--institutionalized elderly people. Despite such correlations between dementia and eating or nutritional inadequacies, it is not known whether the poor nutritional status of dementia patients is due to a low dietary intake or not. The question of whether poor nutritional status is due to hospital starvation or disease starvation is difficult to answer. The article points out that recent studies have shown that patients with Alzheimer's disease have a changed carbohydrate metabolism with decreased fasting blood glucose, noting that carbohydrate metabolism is important in the synthesis of acetylcholine and that different neurotransmitters are sensitive to hypoglycemia and hypoxia. Information is presented on eating and feeding problems among institutionalized elderly with dementia, weight deficiency correlations in Alzheimer's disease patients, dietary intake and diminished nutritional status of dementia patients, and biochemical and metabolic disturbances. 58 references.

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Nutrition, Hydration, and the Demented Elderly Source: Journal of Medical Humanities. 11(4): 185-193. 1990. Summary: This journal article examines the ethics of withholding or withdrawing nutrition and hydration from patients in the end stages of a dementia type illness such as Alzheimer's disease. The author focuses on issues pertaining to the provision of care for the patient's good, the emotional reactions of caregivers, and the avoidance of mercy killing. He distinguishes between active euthanasia, which he considers undefensible, and passive euthanasia, which he views as allowing the disease to take its natural course. He provides an argument for placing the withholding or withdrawal of nutrition and hydration in the domain of passive euthanasia and for considering these procedures in the same context as other medical interventions that may cause discomfort or harm. 14 references.

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Alzheimer's Disease and Nutrition Source: Caring. 8(8): 32-35. August 1989. Summary: This article discusses two contrasting aspects of the relationship between nutrition and Alzheimer's disease: nutritional factors as a cause of Alzheimer's disease; and the nutritional needs of the Alzheimer's patient. It is pointed out that, currently, there is no convincing scientific evidence that trace elements or other nutrients are responsible for Alzheimer's disease. It is further emphasized that, since the brain needs nutrients and nutrient deficiencies may cause structural changes, there is a possibility that nutritional therapy may possibly have some positive effect on Alzheimer's patients; however, this also remains to be unequivocally proven. Nonetheless, it is argued that

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nutritional assessment and promotion of a healthful diet are important to the management of such patients. •

Nutritional Status of Free-Living Alzheimer's Patients Source: American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 298(1): 20-27. 1989. Summary: Self-reported dietary intake and biochemical estimates of thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B-12, protein, and iron were compared in 22, free-living elders with individuals who had senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) and with 41 who were cognitively normal (CN). The two groups did not differ significantly in their intake of these nutrients or in the number of deficiency states for intake. Low serum transketolase (thiamin), red blood cell (RBC) folate, and serum vitamin B-12 levels occurred more often in SDAT patients than in CN subjects. Individuals in both groups who used multivitamin supplements had significantly higher biochemical values for thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-12 than nonsupplement users. Because of the differences in vitamin B-12 and RBC folate levels between groups, a retrospective analysis was performed on a larger group of subjects drawn from a geriatric assessment clinic. Patients with SDAT had significantly lower serum vitamin B-12 and lower RBC folate values than CN subjects. When mean values for vitamin B-12 and RBC folate were grouped by degree of impairment in SDAT subjects, vitamin B-12 was significantly lower in mildly and moderately impaired subjects than in those with normal cognition. Mean values of both nutrients did not differ significantly between severely impaired and CN subjects. There was a significant quadratic relationship between cognitive impairment and biochemical values for vitamin B-12. The authors concluded that the self-reported dietary intake of free-living SDAT patients is similar to that of cognitively normal elderly people, and multivitamin supplementation significantly increases biochemical measurements for nutritional status. Further studies are needed on the importance of low serum vitamin B-12 and RBC folate, particularly as they relate to the degree of cognitive impairment. 31 references. (AA).

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Psychological and Nutritional Effects of Redecorating the Physical Environment in Nursing Homes Source: Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology. Volume 26: 28-32. 1989. Summary: This journal article describes a study to evaluate the psychological and nutritional effects of a redecorated interior environment in a geriatric hospital in Sweden. The aim was to create a dining room environment in a style common to Swedish homes in the 1930s or early 1940s. For most patients, this environment would represent an active period in their lives. Sixteen patients, including five with dementia of the Alzheimer's type, participated. Data were collected during an 8 week preexperimental period, a 16 week experimental period, and an 8 week postexperimental period with the original environment. During the experimental period, a clear improvement was observed in the behavioral dimensions of facial expression, social interest, and conversation. The changed meal environment also resulted in increased intakes of energy and nutrients from originally low levels. Among the blood chemistry variables, blood folate, serum creatinine, and serum retinol showed significant increases during the experimental period. 4 references.

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Hospital Nutrition in Geriatric Long-Term Care Medicine: Effects of a Changed Meal Environment Source: Comprehensive Gerontology. Section A. 1(1): 29-33. February 1987.

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Summary: This journal article describes a study to investigate the effects of a changed meal environment on dietary intake and blood chemistry and anthropometric variables in elderly patients on a geriatric long term care ward. Sixteen patients, including five with dementia of the Alzheimer's type, were studied. The dining room was redecorated in a style that was common during the 1940s. The food was served by the staff on serving dishes, and the patients were allowed to help themselves. A 1 day dietary record was made once a week during an 8 week pre-experimental period, a 16 week experimental period, and an 8 week postexperimental period with the original environment. During the experimental period, the average intakes of energy, calcium, protein, vitamin D, and thiamine increased significantly compared with intakes during the pre-experimental period. The intakes of energy and all studied nutrients decreased during the postexperimental period when the original dining room was reinstituted. Only small changes in anthropometric variables were noted between the study periods. Among the blood chemistry variables, blood folate, serum creatine, and retinol showed a significant increase during the experimental period. 23 references. •

Nutritional Concerns for Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Texas Medicine. 83: 40-43. January 1987. Summary: Adequate nutrition is of particular concern when a debilitating illness such as Alzheimer's disease occurs. Since weight loss and malnutrition are common in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, time and consideration must be given to the nutritional care of the patient. If the patient will not eat or has difficulty eating, various interventions may be employed to help improve nutrition, such as suggesting to the caregiver that meals be prepared to make them easier to be eaten and less confusing to the patient or making mealtime as routine as possible. In addition, a blended diet, supplements, or nasogastric feedings may be required in the more severe cases. Both the physician and the caregiver need to be aware of the dietary methods of intervention that benefit the patient with Alzheimer's disease. 15 references.

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Meeting Nutritional Needs of Alzheimer Patients Who Pace Constantly Source: Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly. 7(1): 43-52. 1987. Summary: This journal article discusses how nursing staff can meet the nutritional needs of patients with Alzheimer's disease who constantly pace. Energy intake and expenditure were observed in six patients with Alzheimer's disease. Three of these patients walked constantly and three walked only occasionally. Clinical observations indicate that constant walking increases energy demand by 1600 kilocalories per day. Pacing is a major energy consuming activity which creates a negative caloric balance and can result in rapid and excessive weight loss. The authors use an individualized nutrition approach that anticipates and compensates for the high energy expenditure of constant walking. The approach includes monitoring body weights weekly or monthly. In addition, patients should rest in a geriatric chair every 2 hours for 30 minutes to prevent physical exhaustion. 11 references. (AA-M).

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Diets, Dietary Supplements, and Nutritional Therapies in Rheumatic Diseases Source: Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 25(4): 937-968. November 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the use, safety, and efficacy of diets and dietary practices followed by patients who have rheumatic diseases. The article first discusses the role of food and nutrition in human history. This is followed by an examination of the relationships between diets, fasting,

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elemental nutrition, vitamins, minerals, and foods and rheumatic diseases. Foods and diets could affect the course of rheumatic diseases by altering immune or inflammatory responses, or both, or by provoking hypersensitivity responses that trigger rheumatic symptoms. The article presents scientifically based evidence for the use, safety, and efficacy of diets and dietary practices followed by patients who have rheumatic diseases. Diets reviewed include vegetarian and vegan diets, a zen macrobiotic diet, and antiinflammatory or antiallergenic dietary practices. Diet supplements discussed include ginger, bromaline, collagen type II, shark cartilage, and dehydroepiandrosterone. In addition, the article highlights vitamin and mineral nutritional therapies, including antioxidant nutrients and L-histidine. Although available evidence suggests that allergic reaction to foods may occur in some patients who have rheumatic disease, more evidence is needed to determine which patients may benefit from diet therapy. 1 table and 215 references. •

Long-term Recreational Physical Activity and Breast Cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 10(7):805-808, July 1, 2001. Summary: Our purpose was to study the association between long-term recreational physical activity and breast cancer in the Epidemiological Follow-up Study (NHEFS) of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I, 1971-1975). The analytic cohort included 6160 women who were free of breast cancer at the first NHEFS followup in 1982-1984 and had interview data on recreational physical activity (low, moderate, and high) in 1982-1984 and 10 years earlier, in 1971-1975. We created categories of long-term (1982-1984 plus 1971-1975) recreational physical activity: (a) consistently low; (b) moderate/inconsistent; and (c) consistently high. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. A total of 138 women developed breast cancer between 1982-1984 and 1992. In women greater than or equal to 50 years of age in 1982-1984, consistently high (versus consistently low) recreational physical activity was associated with a 67 percent reduction in breast cancer risk (n equals 96 cases; relative risk, 0.33; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.14-0.82; P for trend equals 0.03); in women less than 50 years of age (n equals 42 cases), there was no association. Associations were not modified by body mass index or by weight gain as an adult. High recreational physical activity over the long-term may reduce breast cancer risk in women greater than or equal to 50 years of age; in this sample, it did so regardless of weight history. (Author Abstract). 3 tables, 17 references.

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Effect of Training on Adoption of Cancer Prevention Nutrition-related Activities by Primary Care Practices: Results of a Randomized, Controlled Study Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine. 15(3):155-162, March 2000. Summary: Researchers conducted a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the effect of physician training on adoption of nutrition-related cancer prevention activities by primary care practices. They randomly assigned primary care practices from Pennsylvania and New Jersey to one of three intervention groups: (1) A training group, (2) a manual-only group, and (3) a control group. Physicians in the training group received one interactive tutorial on how to use a National Cancer Institute manual designed to guide primary care practices in structuring their office environment and routine visits to enhance nutrition screening, advice, referral, and followup for cancer prevention. The manual-only group received the manual with no training, and the control group received no training. The researchers recruited 270 practices for each group. The training intervention was a train-the-trainer workshop, designed to expose

14 Nutrition

participants to all the components of the nutrition manual. Results showed that (1) the three groups were similar in physicians' gender, ethnicity, prior nutrition education, training in nutrition counseling, and patient characteristics; (2) the training group adhered to the manual's recommendations for office organization significantly more than the other groups; (3) the training group was more adherent to nutrition screening than the other groups; and (4) staff from the training group helped patients complete nutrition self-assessment forms and provided patients with nutrition materials significantly more often than staff from the other groups. The researchers concluded that the personal tutorial seemed to make physicians and their staff more likely to (1) adopt tools for nutrition screening, and (2) organize their office environments to be more conducive to providing dietary advice for patients. 3 figures, 2 tables, 36 references. •

Novel Approaches to the Prevention of Colon Cancer by Nutritional Manipulation and Chemoprevention Source: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention. 9(3):239-247, March 2000. Summary: The author details the preventive strategies to reduce the incidence and mortality of large bowel cancer by nutritional manipulation and chemopreventive agents. There is ample epidemiological and experimental evidence that dietary factors account for about 50 percent of the risk for developing colon cancer. Most research has focused on the role of dietary fat and fiber in the development of colon cancer. Research has shown that (1) colon cancer is associated with total dietary fat, (2) dietary fat influences the composition of intestinal microflora that is likely to be involved in the development of colon cancer, (3) the link between saturated fat intake and colon cancer is strong, (4) diets rich in polyunsaturated fats with omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of colon cancer, and (5) high-fiber diets may reduce the risk of colon cancer. Chemoprevention is the administration of naturally-occurring or synthetic chemical agents that may prevent cancer development. The development of chemopreventive strategies for reducing colon cancer risk has been facilitated by the use of animal models, which mimic the neoplastic process that occurs in humans. Three broad categories of chemopreventive agents are those that can (1) prevent the formation of carcinogenic compounds from their precursors, (2) block the metabolic activation of carcinogens, and (3) suppress the expression of neoplasia in cells exposed previously to an effective dose of carcinogen. Possible chemopreventive agents include (1) phytochemicals, (2) nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and (3) organoselenium. The author concludes that (1) data support the concept that dietary factors are key modulators of colon cancer, and (2) chemoprevention has the potential to be a major component of colon cancer control. 6 figures, 76 references.

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Nutrition Intervention for High-risk Auto Workers: Results of the Next Step Trial Source: Preventive Medicine. 28(3):284-292, March 1999. Summary: Researchers reported the results of a nutrition intervention among auto workers at high risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). The intervention was a component of the Next Step Trial, a 2-year randomized trial of a mulicomponent cancer control program designed to promote healthful dietary behaviors and improve adherence to CRC screening in automobile industry workers employed in the pattern and model making areas. Researchers randomized 28 worksites employing a total of 5,042 workers, each in self-contained buildings to receive the intervention or to serve as control sites. The intervention was designed to decrease fat intake and increase consumption of fiber, fruits, and vegetables. It consisted of a series of five nutrition classes on paid work time

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and mailed self-help materials in the first year after randomization, and worksite posters and personalized feedback from food frequency questionnaires (FFQ's) during the second year of the program. The personalized feedback consisted of (1) a graphic comparison of employees' diets to the Department of Agriculture Food Guide Pyramid, and (2) motivational messages based on stage of dietary change and results from the FFQ. Employees at the intervention sites also received a quarterly newsletter with information about screening and nutrition. The nutrition classes and self-help materials were designed to (1) enhance the food knowledge of the employees, (2) enable them to develop skills to improve food choices and dietary quality, (3) enable them to set goals to encourage gradual behavior change, and (4) provide tips on how to obtain support from family members and coworkers. Researchers assessed program outcomes based on responses to the FFQ at baseline and the end of the first and second year of the program. Specific primary program outcomes included percentage of dietary energy derived from fat and fiber density (expressed as grams per 1,000 kilocalories) determined at the end of the first year. Secondary outcomes included the number of servings of fruits and vegetables and other dietary variables determined at the end of the second year. Analyses were adjusted for within/worksite correlations and baseline covariates such as age, marital status, and employment status (active versus retired). Fifty-eight percent of the employees returned FFQ's. Small, but statistically significant, intervention effects were seen at the end of the first year: (1) Dietary fat intake was decreased by an average of 0.9 percent, (2) fiber intake was increased by an average of 0.5 grams per 1,000 kilocalories, and (3) the number of servings of fruits and vegetables consumed was increased by an average of 0.2 serving per day. Due to significant positive changes in workers at control sites, the intervention effects were smaller after the end of the second year, being significant only for fiber intake. The intervention effects were larger in workers under age 50, active employees, and employees who attended the nutrition classes. Researchers concluded that the nutrition intervention produced small, but significant, effects on dietary fat, fiber, and fruits and vegetables intake in high-risk employees. The age effects observed suggest that younger employees may be responsive to this type of intervention. 6 tables, 36 references. •

Worksite Cancer Screening and Nutrition Intervention for High-Risk Auto Workers: Design and Baseline Findings of the Next Step Trial Source: Preventive Medicine. 26(2):227-235, March-April 1997. Summary: Researchers described the design and baseline findings of The Next Step Trial, a health promotion intervention to promote colorectal cancer screening and diet change among automotive industry workers. The Next Step Trial tested the primary hypotheses that (1) screening compliance over the 2-year study period in intervention worksites would be higher than compliance in control worksites, and (2) at the end of the first year of followup, employees at intervention worksites would have a lower fat intake and higher fiber intake than would employees at control worksites. The trial was conducted in 28 worksites (15 intervention sites and 13 controls) with a total of 5,042 employees at baseline. Worksites (self-contained buildings with lunchrooms) were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. The intervention consisted of (1) a screening promotion program that included personalized information on colorectal cancer, an invitation to receive screening, and a motivational telephone call; (2) a nutrition education program that included classes, self-help materials, dietary assessments, and cafeteria promotions; and (3) newsletters that promoted and reinforced intervention strategies, highlighted new developments in cancer screening and nutrition, and contained project updates. At baseline, employees completed a mailed survey assessing their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) about colorectal

16 Nutrition

cancer screening and nutrition, readiness to participate in dietary change, and history of screening in the previous year. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) accompanied the baseline survey. Followup FFQ and KAB surveys were mailed at the end of the first and second years of the trial. The overall response rate to the baseline survey was 58 percent. Compared with nonrespondents, respondents were older and more likely to be white, male, married, retired, and better educated, and less likely to be smokers. They were more likely to have been screened in the preceding 2 years and were also more likely to have a personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps. No significant differences were found between intervention and control worksites for 9 out of the 10 screening-related attitudinal scales from the KAB survey. No significant differences were found between intervention and control worksites on the nutrition-related variables (including fat and fiber intake). 1 figure, 3 tables, 56 references.

Federally Funded Research on Nutrition The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to nutrition. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to nutrition. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore nutrition. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for nutrition: •

Project Title: A.S.P.E.N. RESEARCH WORKSHOP ON CLINICAL NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Matthews, Dwight E.; Chairman/ Professor; American Society for Parent & Enter Nutr and Enteral Nutrition Silver Spring, MD 20910 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: The workshop has and will continue to be organized in close coordination with NIDDK staff (Drs. Van Hubbard & Michael Kenneth May). The workshop format is to bring together for one day 100 scientists interested and active in specific areas of clinical nutrition each year prior to the annual A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Congress. The workshop is organized around a Chair, Co-Chair and up to 8 speakers. The Chairs and speakers are all active scientists in disciplines of both basic and clinical research. Through active discussion between and among speakers and participants, we hope to identify each year promising areas for future investigation and collaboration on the chosen topic in clinical nutrition. The format of the workshop will also solicit active participation of young scientists and fellows by providing special travel funds for their

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies 17

attendance at the meeting. We have also established a submitted abstract award mechanism targeted specifically for abstracts related to the workshop topic each year from younger investigators. These mechanisms are designed to foster excitement and active participation of younger scientists in the workshop and will allow junior investigators to present work that will be seen by the distinguished speakers. The topic for the proposed lst-year (2001) workshop is on nutrition and inflammation. The background for the topic is that manifestations of many diseases (infection, autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer) are often produced by the release of host endogenous inflammatory mediators (e.g. prostaglandins, cytokines, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates, and free radicals). In experimental and clinical studies, administration of specific nutrients can modulate the cascade of mediator release. Pharmaconutrients and dietary-related factors such as route of feeding and obesity can also influence systemic inflammatory response. Thus, experimental evidence would suggest that the inflammatory response may be altered by manipulation of route and composition of nutrients. Such promise has fueled over a decade of clinical investigation, yet no specific nutrient can be said yet to be standard therapy for any specific disease state. The purpose of the 2001 workshop is to summarize the current state of knowledge and to determine if any specific recommendation regarding use of these agents clinically can be advocated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: A.S.P.E.N. RESEARCH WORKSHOP ON FUNCTIONAL FOODS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcclain, Craig J.; Professor of Internal Medicine; American Society for Parent & Enter Nutr and Enteral Nutrition Silver Spring, MD 20910 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) annually organizes a one-day Research Workshop on an important and timely topic related to clinical nutrition. The purpose of the 2002 conference is to bring together the important leaders of research in the field related to the chosen topic. These leaders present formal talks relating the present state of basic research and knowledge and relate this research and knowledge to the practice of clinical nutrition and treatment of disease. The objective of the 2002 conference is to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the roles of functional foods both in maintaining health and treating disease processes. One definition of a functional food is "any food or ingredient that has a positive impact on an individual?s health, physical performance or state of mind, in addition to its nutritive value." This conference will review eight specific aspects of functional foods. The Research Workshop is widely publicized in advance with the intent of drawing interested clinicians, basic researchers, and clinician/scientists. The Workshop is specifically oriented to attract younger researchers and clinicians. Discussion periods follow all talks by speakers, and interaction of the participants and speakers is strongly supported and encouraged. This year, the research workshop will be an integral part of Nutrition Week, whose mission is to enhance the understanding and collaboration among nutrition specialists and raise the profile of nutrition within the health care community and general public. Modeled after the highly successful Digestive Disease Week (DDW), Nutrition Week will be a combined nutrition education effort sponsored by the American College of Nutrition, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, and the North American Association for the Study of Obesity. It is an important gathering for information sharing, professional networking, and service and

18 Nutrition

product promotion. Nutrition Week provides an opportunity for us to reach by far our largest audience for the Research Workshop, and the highly-relevant topic of functional foods combined with our expert group of speakers predicts an extremely successful symposium. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AN EXPERIMENT IN POVERTY REDUCTION AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Gertler, Paul J.; Professor; Health Policy and Management; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to evaluate the impact of a unique antipoverty program in Mexico on the health and cognitive development of young children. The program, PROGRESA, combines a traditional cash transfer program with financial incentives for families to invest in the human capital (health, education and nutrition) of their children, and thereby break the intergenerational transmission of poverty. To receive the cash transfers, pregnant women must obtain prenatal care and nutrition supplements, children age 0-5 must obtain well-baby care and participate in growth monitoring and nutrition supplement programs, and families must participate in health nutrition and hygiene education programs. Our analysis will take advantage of a randomized controlled design. In 1998, 506 villages were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups. Eligible households in treatment villages received benefits immediately, while benefits for eligible households in control villages were postponed until after the year 2000. A pre-intervention baseline survey of approximately 19,000 households with over 95,000 individuals and four follow-up surveys (at six month intervals) of the same households were conducted over the two-year experimental period. We propose to conduct a follow-up survey of the same households in 2003. This follow-up survey will be three years after the experiment ended and it will include biomedical measures of child health status and of cognitive development. We will use this unparalleled experiment to examine the following specific questions for children who were age 0-3 at baseline and born during the experimental period: 1. Did PROGRESA improve child health, nutrition and cognitive development? 2. Are the observed differentials sustained 3 years after the enrollment of all children into PROGRESA 3. Could the same results have been achieved through just cash transfers with the requirements for care and monitoring, but without the nutrition supplements? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AN INTEGRATED WEB-BASED NUTRITION CURRICULUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Kerner, John A.; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (adapted from abstract) This application proposes to develop an integrated web-based nutrition curriculum at Stanford University School of Medicine. The project will develop a clinical (years 3 and 4) web-based nutrition course for medical students that will be integrated with practical experiences in the clinical clerkships and linked to a preclinical (years 1 and 2) web-based nutrition course now in the final stages of development. The overall goal of the nutrition curriculum is for learners to develop a basic understanding of the scientific principles of nutrition, the role of nutrition intervention in patient care, and the role of nutrition in the prevention of cardiovascular

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diseases, obesity, and other chronic diseases in the general population and in populations with special risk factors. The web-based medical student course will provide the foundation on which to build training experiences for residents in the Stanford residency programs in Medicine and Pediatrics, for physician assistants and nurse practitioners in the Primary Care Associate Program, and for practicing physicians through the SHINE program (Stanford Health Information Network for Education) and a continuing medical education course. Faculty development is planned in conjunction with implementation of the curriculum, and a plan for ongoing program assessment is in place. Project results will inform ongoing research projects in the School of Medicine. A mechanism will be developed to disseminate the web-based content to interested medical schools in the United States and abroad. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ASPECTS OF BIOTIN NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mock, Donald M.; Professor and Chief; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, AR 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1985; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Long term goals of this project are to determine the biotin requires for normal individuals in circumstances in which biotin status may be impaired and to investigate the consequences and pathogenic mechanisms for marginal biotin deficiency. We recently demonstrated that marginal biotin deficiency is common during normal human gestation and have demonstrated that marginal deficiency is quite teratogenic in mice. Thus, the following five specific aims are relevant and timely. In Specific Aim #1, we will test the hypothesis that maternal biotin deficiency causes abnormal development of fetal skeletons and palate by causing deficient fetal activity of the biotin-dependent enzyme acetyl- CoA carboxylase which leads in turn to deficiency of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin. In fetal palate and limb bud explants from biotin deficient and sufficient CD-1 mice, we will quantitative fetal arachidonic acid component and synthesis rates and will examine the malformation ameliorating effects of supplementation of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin and the amelioration blocking effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Analogous studies will also be conducted in vivo. In Specific Aim #2, we will test the hypothesis that infants with cleft plate or limb shortening have significantly reduced biotin status compared to normal infants. In a case-controlled study, biotin status will be assessed in cord blood using odd-chain fatty acid composition in red blood cell membranes and plasma and lymphocyte activity of the biotin-dependent enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase. In Specific Aim #3, we will clone and sequence a biotin transporter recently discovered in our laboratory. In studies of cells from the first individual with biotin transporter deficiency, we will investigate the molecular nature of the genetic defect. In Specific Aim #4, we will confirm promising new indicators of biotin status and investigate the validity of the expression of particular biotin- related genes (e.g., carboxylases) as indicators of marginal biotin deficiency in healthy adults rendered marginally biotin deficiency by egg-white feeding. In Specific Aim #5, we will determine the subcellular localization of the enzyme(s) responsible for catalyzing the beta- oxidation of biotin to the inactive metabolite bisnorbiotin and characterize this pathway. Understanding of this pathway is important because accelerated biotin catabolism may be the major cause of biotin deficiency in pregnancy and anticonvulsants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BOSTON OBESITY NUTRITION RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Corkey, Barbara E.; Professor; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: This application represents the competing renewal of the Boston Obesity/Nutrition Research Center. The Boston Obesity/Nutrition Research Center represents a collaboration of four major institutions representing three major universities in Boston, all located within a 1.5 mile radius of each other. The Boston Obesity Center includes the New England Medical Center, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, the Harvard School of Public Health, and Boston Medical Center. The institutions represent respectively Tufts University, Harvard University, and Boston University. The Boston Obesity/Nutrition Research Center consists of five Core Laboratories. These includes an Epidemiology Core, directed by Dr. Graham Colditz at the Harvard School of Public Health, a Clinical/Metabolic Core, directed by Dr. George Blackburn at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, a Body Composition/Energy Expenditure Core, directed b Dr. William Dietz at the New England Medical Center, an Adipocyte Core, initially designed as a Cellular Biochemistry Signal Transduction Core, at Boston Medical Center, now directed by Dr. James Kirkland, and a Transgenic Core at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center directed by Dr. Jeffrey Flier. The Obesity Center offers multiple opportunities for education and training in obesity research to fellows on training grants held by Obesity Center investigators in each of the collaborating universities. The investigators represented in this application hold 65 funded R0-1 grants, approximately 45 which are directed at the study of obesity, energy metabolism or other nutritional disease. In the past four years, Boston Obesity Center investigators have published 135 papers with Center support. Twenty percent of the Obesity Center budget provide support for pilot and feasibility studies. Pilot and feasibility award recipients have published almost 50 papers and received a total of 7 grants from NIH or other funding agencies based on the data obtained from their Center funded investigations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BRIDGE TO THE BACCALAUREATE: THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Zeitlin, Arthur; Biological Sciences; Kingsborough Community College 2001 Oriental Blvd New York, NY 11235 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): We propose a new endeavor for Kingsborough Community College (KCC) and Brooklyn College (BC), specifically between the Biological Sciences Department and Community Health program at KCC and the Health and Nutrition Sciences Department at BC. They will create a Bridge to the Baccalaureate program that has been named "The Brooklyn Bridge". The primary goal of the Brooklyn Bridge program is to increase the number of minority nutrition scientists who will engage in biomedical research. Students will be exposed to the discipline of nutrition science, and to researchers who are actively involved in the field, and will participate in hands-on research. An additional goal of the program is to facilitate student transfer to BC with junior status upon completion at KCC. The program will establish a new Nutrition concentration at the Associate Degree level at KCC. Through development of an articulation agreement, it will foster a direct transfer to the baccalaureate degree in health and nutrition science at BC. The transfer process will be made more successful by a combination of intensive academic advisement, mentoring and student support

Studies 21

services. As a third priority, students will develop technological and communication skills that will enhance their abilities as they pursue graduate training as nutrition scientists. In the program, KCC and BC will increase the use of computer and Internet technology for research presentations, communication and information distribution among faculty and students. In all aspects, the program will improve collaboration and cooperation between the two-year (KCC) and four-year (BC) faculty. The Brooklyn Bridge program focuses on nutrition because the Surgeon General's report, Healthy People 2010, emphasizes the importance of nutrition in eliminating health disparities through the prevention and management of leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The program represents an opportunity to prepare minority students to fill a vital gap in research. Their skills will benefit a segment of the population disproportionately affected by diseases that have aspects of nutrition as primary risk factors. With increased numbers of nutrition science researchers who are sensitive to the needs of the ethnic minorities in our society, health promotion programs can be developed to prevent or control diseases that are major killers such as diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR NUTRITION IN MEDICAL EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Grundy, Scott M.; Physician; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, TX 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: This project will develop and integrate a cardiovascular nutrition curriculum throughout the undergraduate and graduate education of physicians at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, as well as provide resources for educating physician assistant and dietetic students in cardiovascular nutrition. The focus of the curriculum will be consistent use of national guidelines, such as guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program and the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The curriculum will be developed and implemented through a collaborative effort of faculty responsible for teaching at three levels: the first two years of basic sciences, the second two years of clinical sciences, and the primary care residencies. Support materials in innovative formats, such as computer assisted instruction, problem based learning cases and standardized patients, will be developed. Outcome evaluation of the project will include testing of knowledge via multiple choice questions and measuring of behaviors through chart audits and objective structured clinical examination stations. Process evaluation will document the steps which contributed to integration of nutrition into the curriculum. The long term goal is to produce graduates who routinely address nutrition and exercise for cardiovascular health with their patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COLORADO CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH UNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Hill, James O.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, CO 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-MAR-1995; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (adapted from the application) This is an application for a 5-year renewal for the Colorado Clinical Nutrition Research Unit (CNRU). The Colorado CNRU was originally funded in January 1995 to serve 41 investigators with 5 million dollars in funding for nutrition-related research. Now, if our fourth year of operation, we serve 56

22 Nutrition

investigators with approximately 10 million dollars in nutrition-related funding. The broad goal of the Colorado CNRU is to enhance the nutrition-related research of our research base and to help promising young scientists with an interest in nutrition develop into independent investigators. The theme of the Colorado CNRU, nutrient utilization, captures the broad interests of a majority of our research base members. We have identified 4 research focus areas within that broad theme: obesity and diabetes; developmental aspects of nutrient utilization; micronutrient utilization and function, and community nutrition. The research supported by the CNRU includes a continuum from the patient or healthy subject to the subcellular and molecular levels. We propose an Administrative Core and 3 scientific core laboratories: Energy Balance, Metabolic, and Mass Spectrometry. The use of core laboratories, the number of CNRU supported publications and the federal funding for nutrition research has grown steadily over our first 4 years of operation. The CNRU Director, Dr. James O. Hill and the Associate Director, Dr. Robert H. Eckel are supported by a strong Executive Committee. The Colorado CNRU is located with an exciting Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, but faculty from Colorado State University participate in the CNRU through an existing CU-CSU consortium. The Center for Human Nutrition has strong programs for nutrition education, research training, clinical nutrition services and community outreach. The existence of a CNRU in Colorado has energized an already strong group of nutrition investigators and has led to many exciting new collaborations and interactions. Through the CNRU, our nutrition investigators have gained recognition both nationally and within our universities. We look forward to continuing to enhance nutrition research within Colorado over the next 5 years. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPUTER ASSISTED CANCER RISK BEHAVIOR COUNSELING Principal Investigator & Institution: Sciamanna, Christopher N.; Assistant Professor; Miriam Hospital Providence, RI 02906 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is a request for a Cancer Prevention, Control, Behavioral and Population Sciences Career Development Award from NCI to enable Dr. Christopher Sciamanna to develop research expertise in studying the use of brief computer-tailored printed prompts to encourage and guide physicians to counsel their patients about lowering their cancer risk from smoking, physical inactivity and a poor diet. Dr. Sciamanna will work closely with his mentor, Dr. David Abrams, and his co- mentors, Drs. Goldstein, Marcus, Borrelli and Guns from the Brown University School of Medicine. Dr. Sciamanna's goals are to develop behavioral counseling skills along with skills in nutrition research methodology and to apply those skills in developing a programmatic line of research in understanding the potential for using computers to assist physicians in cancer risk behavior counseling. Smoking, poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle are among the chief preventable causes of cancer morbidity and mortality in the United States. Physician counseling can help patients to modify cancer risk behaviors, yet is underutilized. Using computers to tailor patientspecific, printed reports have shown efficacy in helping individuals to modify risk behaviors, yet the efficacy of using such reports to prompt and guide physician behavior modification counseling remains unclear. Aim 1) To develop the "second generation" of a computer program that prints brief, patient-specific reports for physicians regarding smoking, physical inactivity and a poor diet. Aim 2) Given the lack of a measure of nutrition counseling, we will develop and test the validity of a patient exit interview to

Studies 23

measure the extent of physical dietary counseling to lower cancer risk, in primary care settings. Aim 3) To determine, via a 12 month randomized controlled trial design, the efficacy of providing computer-tailored smoking cessation, physical activity, and nutrition counseling prompts to physicians on physician counseling behavior. Results of the proposed study will increase our understanding of how best to use computers to assist physicians in counseling their patients about cancer risk behaviors and will form the basis for an effect size calculation for a future application to study the effect of the printed counseling prompts on patient-level outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONFERENCE REGULATION

--

DIET

CONSTITUENTS

&

MOLECULAR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Shay, Neil F.; Federation of Amer Soc for Exper Biology Bethesda, MD 208143998 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is for partial funding for the 2003 FASEB Summer Conference on "Molecular Mechanisms of Regulation by Dietary Constituents." The conference will be held from August 16-21, 2003 at Snowmass Colorado. This conference is a sequel to a very successful 2001 summer conference on the impact of diet on gene expression. The goals of this conference are to stress the recent advances of Molecular Genetics and their impact on nutritional research and to increase the interaction between nutrition scientists and molecular geneticists who are not well acquainted with nutritional research. Given that dietary constituents have a tremendous impact on human health, it is important to study the cellular and molecular targets of their action. This meeting aims to expand the interface of Molecular Genetics and Nutrition and to thereby increase the interactive research capacity of these two fields. All sessions will bring cutting edge work in molecular genetics as it relates to critical questions in nutritional research. A special emphasis provides sessions describing modem molecular tools such as yeast genetics, functional genomics and proteomics, and other molecular methods. The conference will provide a forum for the development of new research projects among the participants involving molecularbased research related to nutritional problems. We are encouraging participation of trainees, new, and women scientists. There will be 8 major oral sessions plus a plenary lecture. Poster presentations will be scheduled for two afternoons. All major sessions are organized around the central themes of molecular regulation: transcriptional regulation by lipids, carbohydrates and amino acids, transcriptional control by nuclear receptors, translational control, nutrients as signaling molecules in regulating gene expression, and regulation of glucose and lipid homestasis. Special sessions will allow oral presentations to be selected from submitted abstracts to allow the meeting to provide increased breadth and to include additional short talks highlighting the newest molecular tools used in nutrition research. The aim of this conference is to fill a void in the field by unifying scientists with common conceptual and methodological approaches to problems related to nutrition and health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RESEARCH

COOPERATIVE

CORE

LAB

AND

CLINICAL

NUTRITION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rivlin, Richard S.; Vice President, Clinical Research; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595

24 Nutrition

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1985; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The objective of this Clinical Nutrition Research Unit (CNRU) is to develop a unified and coherent program in nutrition in relation to cancer prevention and control, by advancing multidisciplinary basic and clinical research, upgrading the training in nutrition and cancer prevention for medical students, physicians and other health professionals, improving the clinical care of cancer patients, particularly preventive aspects, at our medical centers and in the population in general, and providing accurate information on this subject to health professional and the general public. The central focus of our collaborative, inter-institutional program remains nutrition and cancer prevention and control. The Clinical Nutrition Research Unit represents the central mechanism for coordinating the major efforts on this focus of the six participating institutions: 1) The American Health Foundation; 2) Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; 3) Weill Medical College of Cornell University- New York Presbyterian Hospital; 4) The Rockefeller University; 5) The Strang Cancer Prevention Center; and 6) The Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College. Our program comprises the four required components of a CNRU: (1) Research with human subjects and populations; (2) Basic laboratory Investigations; (3) Research training (funds derived from other sources); (4) Shared facilities and research services, as well as the three encouraged components; (5) Education programs for medical students, house staff, practicing physicians and allied health personnel (funds derived from other sources); (6) Research components of nutritional support services; and (7) Public information activities (funds derived from other sources). The methods for achieving these goals include providing continuing support for the Administrative Core and three CNRU Core Laboratories: (a) Biostatistics, (b) Immunology, and Carcinogenesis and Nutrition and establishing two proposed new Core Labs (e) Retinoids Analysis and (f) Biomarkers for Cancer Susceptibility. Funds for four pilot studies per year enable novel ideas in nutrition and cancer prevention and control to be tested by both new and established investigators; funds for a New Investigator provide support for a promising junior scientist. Our enrichment program provides a wide range of lectures, conferences and meetings to stimulate interactions among scientists and to keep them current on advancements in the field of cancer prevention and control. The overall scientific and administrative progress of the CNRU is evaluated by External and Internal Advisory Committees, who consult with the program director and the Administrative Core. Highlights of accomplishments made possible by the CNRU to date consist of significant methodological and conceptual advances in both basic and clinical research in nutrition in relation to cancer prevention and control, increasing awareness of the importance of nutrition among health professionals and developing the first required teaching of nutrition for medical students at Weill Medical College of Cornell University. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--IMMUNOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Cunningham-Rundles, Susanna; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, NY 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): During the past five years the CNRU Immunology Core Laboratory has worked to facilitate the study of nutrition, immunity and cancer prevention by providing a comprehensive battery of immunological tests for nutrition oriented investigators of the Cooperative Core Laboratory and Clinical Nutrition Research Unit and the biomedical community: The American Health Foundation,

Studies 25

Memorials Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University Weill Medical CollegeNew York Presbyterian Hospital, The Strang Cancer Prevention Center, The Rockefeller University, and in the future the Westchester Medical Center-New York Medical College. A second major function of the Core laboratory is to serve as educators and consultants to investigators in study design, in the selection of tests and in the interpretation of data. A related third goal has been to develop new methodologies and to refine existing techniques that are potentially useful for new and evolving CNRU investigations. The focus of the Immunology Core Laboratory is to undertake studies relating immunological function to nutrient status, cancer prevention and control. The development of new immunological approaches including technology and standardization were initially crucial for this work (1-4). This has been a continuing theme during the past five years (5-8) with the evolution of more sensitive and well standardized techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--NUTRITION ASSESSMENT RESOURCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Standley, Judi; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, WA 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-MAR-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: The Nutrition Assessment Shared Resource (NASR) provides state-of-the-art methods for collection of dietary intake data from participants in observational and intervention studies conducted at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and throughout the Northwest. This Shared Resource supports collection and analysis of many dietary assessment instruments, including 24-hour dietary recalls, multiple-day food records, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and modified dietary intake records (MDI). This application requests continued support for a resource which continues to fulfill an essential role for peer reviewed research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--OBESITY EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jeffery, Robert W.; Professor; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, MN 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Taken directly from the application) The overall goals of the Epidemiology and Intervention Core is (sic) to make high quality services for epidemiologic and behavioral intervention studies available to MORC investigators. These include population selection, recruitment, and survey; data base management; nutrition assessment; body composition, energy expenditure, and fitness assessment; intervention development for outpatient and community studies; and eating disorders assessment. The services provided through this Core are organized in five sections: 1. A data services section provides expertise in population selection, survey, study participant recruitment and follow-up; data entry, and data base management. 2. The nutrition assessment section provides expertise in dietary assessment methods, including instrument design, data collection, and nutrient analyses. 3. The physical activity section provides expertise in measurement of body composition, energy expenditure, fitness testing, and exercise prescription. 4. The intervention section provides guidance in the development of diet and exercise interventions for outpatient populations in clinic and community settings. 5. The eating disorders section provides training and guidance in the assessment and treatment of eating disorders. Each of these service sections provides

26 Nutrition

a range of services, including consultation on methods selection and development, assistance with data collection, and training of study staff and students in these methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--TRANSGENIC ANIMAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Lowell, Bradford B.; Associate Professor; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, MA 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): 1.To provide a service facility that will utilize investigator-derived DNA constructs to create founder transgenic and gene knockout mice that can be used to address questions relevant to obesity and nutrition research. 2. To provide consultation to obesity and nutrition researchers regarding general aspects of transgenic and gene knockout work, the use of tissue-specific promoters, the generation of transgenic and gene knockout constructs, and the establishment and monitoring of genetically modified mouse colonies. 3. To provide training in methods required for the generation of transgenic and gene knockout DNA constructs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CULTURAL ASPECTS OF LATINO EARLY CHILDHOOD OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Lauren; Associate Professor; None; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, CO 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Childhood obesity in the U.S. has reached a 20-25% prevalence. Latinos have higher rates of obesity across the lifespan, contributing to an ethnic disparity in rates of obesity-related morbidity and mortality. Obesity in childhood tracks into adulthood, making early childhood a key developmental time period for prevention. This study will use qualitative focus group methodology and freelisting to: (1) describe the characteristics Latino mothers use to identify and categorize infants as "obese" and "overweight;" (2) assess the kinds of behaviors, foods, feeding patterns, and other risks believed by Latino family members to contribute to early childhood obesity; (3) ascertain what Latino mothers and father would consider appropriate interventions for young children considered "obese" or "overweight" by health care professionals; (4) identify whom Latinos would consider appropriate persons to intervene in nutrition and activity issues for children; and (5) explore various program characteristics preferred by Latino families for a future obesity prevention program; and (6) identify differences among less- and more-acculturated Latino families regarding early childhood obesity issues, food and feeding practices, and intervention preferences. The study is a qualitatively-driven exploration of cultural dimensions of childhood obesity, cultural knowledge about what constitutes "obesity" and "overweight," and the kinds of feeding and nutrition knowledge parents share about young children. Analysis of focus group data will identify cultural models of childhood obesity, cultural knowledge about feeding practices and other factors that contribute to childhood obesity, beliefs about healthful feeding practices, and avenues for intervention congruent with Latino families' preferences. Based on this pilot work, a culturally competent primary prevention program will be designed to prevent Latino early childhood obesity and overweight, and promote healthful nutrition and feeding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies 27

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH UNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Burk, Raymond F.; Professor of Medicine and Pathology; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, TN 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-1979; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (adapted from the application) Morbidity and mortality from three of the leading causes of death in the U.S. -cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes-are influenced by nutrition and diet. Many less common conditions also can be prevented or treated by dietary means. Thus, research in nutrition promises to improve the health of Americans. CNRUs were established to encourage and support nutrition research and education in medical schools. Nutrition research has a long history at Vanderbilt and the CNRU has been a major stimulus to it in recent years. Established facility cores in amino acids, lipids/lipid peroxidation, energy balance, and mass spectrometry have provided special services to CNRU Investigators and pilot recipients. In the present grant period, cores in protein/immunology and one-carbon metabolism have been added and two other cores have been enhanced. A nutritional assessment component has been added to the energy balance core and new machines and expertise in protein characterization have been added to the mass spectrometry core. These changes enhance the CNRUs ability to support both basic and clinical nutrition research. The Nutrition Research Base comprises 27 CNRU Investigators with independent research programs. The CNRU Investigators, Affiliated Faculty, and pilot recipients participate directly in CNRU programs. In order to promote care utilization, research collaboration, and scientific interchange by these investigators; research cores have been formed. The cores are: molecular nutrition, energy balance, and nutrition and disease. Research core meetings feature discussions of unpublished research; they have given nutrition research a higher profile. Resources have been obtained from the institution for further development of nutrition. Some of these resources have been used to recruit a clinical nutritionist who has revitalized the Nutrition Support Service and established a medical study nutrition course. Other resources have been used to found the Vanderbilt Center for Human Nutrition (VCHN), which will oversee clinical and educational efforts in nutrition. In the coming grant period, the CNRU plans to continue promoting core utilization and collaborations among nutrition scientists. It will sponsor a seminar series featuring prominent visiting nutrition scientists and continue its active pilot/feasibility program. The CNRU will provide leadership in the recruitment of 2-4 additional nutrition scientists and, through the VCHN, will establish an expanded clinical nutrition program that will include a clinic and research program in obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CURRICULUM

DEVELOPMENT

OF

A

LONGITUDINAL

NUTRITION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Edwards, Marilyn S.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, TX 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from abstract) The University of Texas Medical School at Houston (UTMSH) in collaboration with the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) at Galveston proposes the development and implementation of a longitudinal and casebased nutrition curriculum that spans the four years of medical school education and the residency programs. The investigators propose to integrate at both schools a nutrition framework in general, and more specifically focusing on cardiovascular

28 Nutrition

disease, stroke, diabetes, obesity, and physical activity, into multiple levels of physician training from the first year of medical school to senior house staff officers, with the goal of incorporating nutrition into the training of physicians and ultimately their practice patterns. Specific nutrition competencies, instructional activities, and learning outcomes will be developed during the first year and phased into the existing curriculum beginning with the entering class of 2001. Students' nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and clinical skills will be evaluated at regular intervals throughout the four years; student focus groups will evaluate the effectiveness of instructional activities. The specific aims are to: 1) develop, implement, and evaluate a high quality nutrition curriculum within the existing medical curriculum and residency programs using innovative web- based modules, problem based learning (PBL), and small group discussions; 2) continue collaboration with the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health at UTMB for dissemination and inclusion of nutrition modules and PBL cases into their medical curriculum and residency programs; 3) disseminate training modules in nutrition and disease prevention to other health care professional schools; and 4) provide research opportunities for medical students that focus on the cultural impact of diet and lifestyle factors on disease risk as well as prevention and management of chronic disease in the ethnically diverse areas of Houston, Southeast Texas, and the Texas Mexico border. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIET, COLON CANCER, AND CANCER COMMUNICATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Abouta, Jessie S.; Nutrition; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application describes a career development/transition plan for Jessie A. Satia, PhD, MPH, a newly appointed Assistant Professor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The candidate's overall career goal is to establish an interdisciplinary research career combining her background in epidemiology, nutrition, and laboratory sciences to conduct methodologic, observational, and intervention studies of diet and human cancers. In particular, she would like to conduct studies to identify risk factors for cancer and design appropriate interventions for prevention and control in minority and underserved populations. The candidate proposes a career development plan that includes: teaching and mentoring students; submitting research manuscripts and pilot project proposals; and a research plan (75% of her effort) with two proposed projects. Project 1 titled "Cancer Communications among African American Adolescents" aims to collect information necessary to design diet-related cancer prevention messages for African American adolescents; and evaluate the effectiveness of messages framed in different ways on knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intentions to improve diet in this population. Qualitative methods will be used to collect information on various factors that affect dietary behavior among African American adolescents (14 to 16 years) in Durham, NC. This information will then be used to design messages focused on lowering dietary fat intake in this population that will be delivered via the Internet. Participants will be randomized into four groups based on Prospect theory and message framing, and will complete pre- and post-tests and cognitive interviews to assess the short-term impact of the framed messages. Project 2, "Diet and Colon Cancer in African Americans and Whites in North Carolina" describes proposed analyses using previously collected data from a study of 654 colon cancer cases (40-80 years) and 1067 populationbased controls, with equal numbers of African Americans and whites, in a 33-county

Studies 29

area of North Carolina. The specific aims of the analyses proposed here are to examine effects of dietary factors (e.g., fat, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, fiber, alcohol, and total calories) and food intake patterns (meal frequency and snacking timing) on colon cancer risk. Potential future research opportunities using biological specimens from this study are described. The long-term success of cancer research efforts rests, in part, on building the career of talented young faculty. Obtaining this award will greatly broaden and strengthen the candidate's focus on cancer prevention and control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EARLY SOCIOECONOMIC & PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FOR OBESITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gahagan, Sheila; Pediatrics & Communicable Dis; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's description): The goal of this K23 proposal is to provide research training related to childhood obesity. The applicant is an academic pediatrician who has worked in settings serving children in poverty since 1983. She has worked with African American, American Indian and Hispanic American populations. The epidemic of obesity is more severe in underrepresented minority groups in the US and increasingly in some developing countries. Children from disadvantaged backgrounds are put at increased risk for obesity by a variety of factors. This proposal relies on five ongoing longitudinal US and international samples with rich growth, demographic and psychological data on the subjects and their families. The samples include: 260 preschool children from southeast Michigan; two cohorts (100 each) from an American Indian population showing recent rapid increases in birthweight and obesity; 150 Costa Rican children studied from 1 year, who are now age 19; 1000 Chileans who are currently 5 years old and studied since 4 months; and 3,400 Finnish men and women with high rates of cardiovascular disease. The research training and research plans proposed in this project are closely linked to activities involving these 5 longitudinal projects. These ongoing research projects will be the framework for continued data collection, new data analysis, and comparative study. Dr. Betsy Lozoff, Director of the Center for Human Growth and Development and Professor of Pediatrics is the project mentor. An outstanding committee composed of leaders in child nutrition, behavior, development, obesity, biostatistics and health disparities will direct the training and advise the research. Dr. Gahagan proposes to explore the behavioral and psychological factors that cause additive risk for obesity in young children. While not ignoring the importance of genetics, nutrition, and physical activity, this work will promote understanding the role of poverty in childhood obesity. The hypothesis that children are put at risk for obesity and its consequent health problems by biologic and social factors including poverty, parental mental health, and parental-decision making about childhood nutrition and activity will be examined in depth in five different populations at risk. If obesity is to be prevented, it is critical to understand the precursors on multiple levels and target those factors that are modifiable for intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EATING BEHAVIORS IN HOMEBOUND OLDER ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Locher, Julie L.; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294

30 Nutrition

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this Mentored Research Scientist Development Award (K01) is to provide the candidate, a newly graduated medical sociologist, with additional training and research experience that will enable her to pursue an academic career in aging with a focus on eating behaviors in homebound older adults. In order to fully understand and investigate the many factors that influence eating behaviors and health outcomes, and to design appropriate interventions to improve nutritional status in frail, homebound older adults, the candidate will need to acquire specialized knowledge and skills. She proposes a career development plan that consists of coursework, training, and research experiences with a mentoring/ consulting team of senior faculty and external mentors with expertise in the areas of nutrition, public health, and advanced statistics. The research program consists of a pilot study using a longitudinal design with consecutive waves of data collection. The first goal of the study is to examine the maintenance or modification of eating behaviors in older homebound adults who are experiencing an acute illness or chronic medical conditions, and factors associated with the maintenance or modification of those eating behaviors. The second goal of the study is to examine the direct and mediating effects of these eating behaviors on nutrition-related patient-based health outcomes. This research focuses on self-care eating behaviors adopted by frail older persons who are homebound because of acute or chronic health conditions, the stability and change of these behaviors over time, and the impact of these eating behaviors on health outcomes. This study will provide information that can be used to develop interventions and the preliminary data needed to design a larger-scale clinical intervention trial to test the effects of these interventions for improving the nutritional health of older homebound adults. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENDOCRINOLOGY, METABOLISM AND NUTRITION TRAINING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Swerdloff, Ronald S.; Harbor-Ucla Research & Educ Inst 1124 W Carson St Torrance, CA 90502 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests support for an existing training grant in Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition This program was revised 10 years ago to integrate NIH supported research training program in Endocrinology/Metabolism and nutrition (KD07214 and DK07461) The proposed grant will support 3 MD and/or PhD postdoctoral fellows The past and present Endocrinology and Nutrition Programs have provided research training to 119 individuals over 36 years, over 80% of them continue or participated in full-time teaching and/or research activities, most with independent peer-reviewed support Research opportunities include basic and clinical investigations in three major areas Reproductive Biology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, and Thyroid, Immune responses, and cell signaling This multidisciplinary program is enhanced by two NIH funded Centers General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) and Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, a World Health Organization Center in Reproduction, a Mellon Foundation Reproductive Biology Center, the UCLA Olympic Laboratory, and the NIH supported City of Hope Islet Cell Resource Center Health care professionals and basic scientists will be selected on the basis of past performance, letters of recommendation and commitment to a future academic career The PhD trainees spend full-time and MD trainees spend 80% or more of their time in research All fellows participate in Core

Studies 31

Lecture Series, seminars and conferences, and regular interactive sessions with their mentors and their collaborative research groups A formal program on Responsible Conduct of Research is provided to all trainees Graduates of this program will be able to assume roles as independent investigators The research facilities are primarily housed at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and include a 25,000 sq ft research building housing the Divisions of Endocrinology and Perinatology, GCRC Core Laboratory, Stable Isotope Facility, Reproductive Morphology and Molecular Biology Units, and Computer and Biostatistics Facilities Additional research space houses mentor research labs, Molecular Genetics, Molecular Medicine, Molecular Pathology, Cognitive and Structural Neurology, Molecular Urology, the GCRC Inpatient and Ambulatory Center, and Body Composition Core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENTERAL TRANSPLANT

NUTRITION

&

SAFETY

IN

BONE

MARROW

Principal Investigator & Institution: Malone, Frances R.; Physiological Nursing; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bone marrow transplant has now been expanded to include other sources of stem cells, thus the emergence of the use of the term hematopoietic stem cell transplant, as it includes stem cells from sources other than the bone marrow. Cytotoxic myeloablative therapy (chemotherapy and radiation intended to destroy bone marrow and to make room for new cells through a transplant) destroys the mucosa of the intestinal tract, impairing functions of the epithelium that are essential to health. Enteral nutrition (taking nutrients from food via the intestinal tract) is essential for the mucosa to adequately absorb nutrients from food. Enteral nutrition promotes the structural integrity of the gut. The provision of enteral nutrition during chemotherapy has protective effects on the gut, and the provision of early enteral feedings has a beneficial effect on complication and sepsis rates after surgery. Since hematopoietic cell transplant recipients experience many of the factors that facilitate movement of bacteria into the bloodstream, invasion by enteric microorganisms might commonly occur in this population. Therefore, early enteral feeding to restore the mucosa can be expected to decrease bacterial translocation and its consequences. The specific aims of the study are to investigate the safety and feasibility of early enteral feeding in pediatric cell transplant patients. Secondary and long term goals of this study are to (1) describe the clinical impact of early luminal feedings on oral intake, (2) describe the physiologic impact of early luminal feedings on cytokine production, and (3) describe the physiologic impact of early luminal feedings on bacterial translocation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EVALUATION OF CALIFORNIA'S SB19 PUPIL NUTRITION ACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Carthy, William J.; Wested 730 Harrison St San Francisco, CA 941071242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): In response to growing alarm over the rise of obesity among its children, California recently signed into law ambitious changes in the nutrition environment of California's elementary and middle schools. SB 19, the Pupil Nutrition, Health and Achievement Act of 2001, is scheduled to begin in 2004. Among other things, this act would effectively ban the sale of sodas, candy and other energy

32 Nutrition

dense snacks during the school day in all California elementary schools and limit soda sales in middle schools. It would also promote increased physical activity and increased consumption of fruits and vegetables via school district policy changes. Scientists have a window of opportunity to conduct a randomized, controlled study of SB 19 during calendar year 2003 to assess SB 19's potential for reducing child overweight. Further benefit will result from continuing surveillance of study schools during Year 2, following enactment of SB 19 in 2004. Primary study outcomes are body composition (sex-specific growth-chart adjusted BMI) and aerobic capacity (one-mile run time). These measures are already collected annually by law at most California schools. Process measures will include school level and individual student level data. School data will include analysis of competitive foods and documented changes in nutrition and physical activity policies. Individual data will come from the Healthy Kids Survey, a biennial survey completed by most schools that includes BRFS-type items on diet, physical activity and weight control practices. Blood pressure will also be assessed. Four mixed ethnicity school districts will be randomized to SB 19 or usual practices. Baseline measures of BMI and physical fitness will have already been collected, by state law. Baseline and 12-month follow-up BMI and physical fitness measures will be collected from 2520 primary and 2500 middle school students. Analyses will include multi-level modeling as well as linear mixed model analyses and will take into account intraclass correlation. Data collected statewide exclusively at the school level will be compared to the multi-level study data in order to assess the impact of the natural experiment represented by the adoption of SB19. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FAMILY-BASED NUTRITION INTERVENTION FOR LATINO CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Killen, Joel D.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to test the efficacy of an intervention designed to prevent obesity in low-income, Mexican American children. MexicanAmerican children are more obese than other minority groups in the U.S. population, and are the fastest growing minority group in the U.S.A. Poor dietary practices, especially food habits that are acquired as families acculturate to the American food supply, are thought to be associated with children's excess weight gain. We propose to conduct a randomized clinical trial in which 250 families receive family-based behavioral counseling (FBC) sessions and 250 families receive an active placebo control intervention. Mothers and their second or third grade children from sixteen low-wealth elementary schools will be randomized into either the treatment or control interventions. The purpose of the FBC sessions is to change children's food environment. Specifically, we intend to increase the amount of fruit and vegetables, and decrease the amount of high fat foods available to children in their homes. In addition, we will encourage parents to model healthy dietary practices for their children. Two intervention strategies, a video, "What's to Eat?" designed specifically for this population, and photographs of each family's food practices, taken by family members, will be used in the counseling sessions. The control intervention will consist of group sessions using a curriculum that adapts the standard nutrition recommendations to traditional Mexican-American foods. Community health advisors will conduct the both the FBC and control sessions. The primary outcome of the trial is children's BMI. The secondary outcome is household food supplies. We hypothesize that within a one year

Studies 33

timeframe, children's whose mothers are exposed to the FBC will have lower BMI's compared to children whose mothers receive the active placebo control intervention. The mechanism through which we intend to change weight status is altering the type of foods available to children in their homes. Therefore, two household food inventories, one collected prior to and one after the family's payday will be used as secondary outcomes. In addition, mothers' reports of household food security level, food purchase motives, and family food interaction will be collected as covariates. Measurements will be collected within one month of completing the interventions and at six months and one year follow-ups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FOLATE RETINOBLASTOMA

DEFICIENCY,

METABOLISM

&

SPORADIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Orjuela, Manuela A.; Environmental Health Sciences; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this study is to examine whether mutations in maternal and infant genes regulating folate metabolism are associated with an increased risk for the development of sporadic retinoblastoma. Environmental factors associated with poor living conditions may increase the risk of tumor formation, as the incidence of unilateral retinoblastoma is higher in several less affluent regions of the world. Mutations in the retinoblastoma gene, RB1 in germinal or dividing retinal cells result in tumor development. Most mutations occur at methylated cytosines, suggesting that abnormalities in methyl transfer may lead to mutagenesis. Folate, a regulator of methyl group transfer, is normally found in high concentrations in neural tissues and its deficiency can lead to mutagenesis through impaired methyl group transfer and pyrimidine synthesis. Risk for having a child with retinoblastoma is increased in women who do not take prenatal vitamin supplements and consume fewer folate-containing foods during pregnancy. The C677T and A1298C mutations in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and the A66G mutation in the methionine synthetase (MTRR) gene are common mutations in folate metabolizing enzymes genes which result in less functional enzymes. These act synergistically with low folate and cobalamin (B12) intake and increase the risk for neural tube defects. We hypothesize that decreased folate availability, because of poor intake, combined with less functional MTHFR and MTRR enzymes during key periods of retinal formation, in utero and in early infancy will lead to development of sporadic retinoblastoma. This molecular epidemiologic study proposes to use a case-control design, using questionnaires and blood samples, to examine two populations of mothers and children, one in central Mexico whose diet relies on foods not fortified with folate, and one in New York, where folate-fortified foods are widely consumed, in order to determine whether children with sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma and their mothers have an increased frequency of these MTHFR and MTRR mutations. The study will also examine whether the increased risk varies depending on folate intake, and levels of red blood cell and plasma folate, and plasma homocysteine. If our results are as anticipated, this project may lead to the development of new preventive strategies for those populations with an elevated incidence of sporadic retinoblastoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

34 Nutrition

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Project Title: FOOD PREVENTION

SUBSTITUTION

FOR

CHILD

NUTRITION/OBESITY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Faith, Myles S.; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Childhood obesity is increasing nationwide, is associated with serious health complications, and tracks into adulthood. However, controlled obesity prevention studies remain scarce. Behavioral-economics theory offers a novel framework for conceptualizing and designing such interventions. To this end, we propose a randomized controlled trial that tests the effects of a "Family-Based Food Substitutions" intervention - with and without a Home-Food-Provisions component - on long-term weight change in children at risk for obesity. Based on behavioral-economics theory, we predict that increasing fruit and vegetable intake will substitute for the intake of untargeted energy dense foods and thereby reduce weight gain in children at-risk for obesity. This effect is predicted to be enhanced among families provided home provisions of targeted fruits and vegetables. Participants will be 180 families of diverse ethnic background, with the target child being 4 to 6 years old and "at-risk" for obesity. Families will be randomized to one of the following three treatment groups: (1) Minimal Intervention Control; (2) Family-Based Food Substitutions (FBFS); or (3) FBFS with Home-Food Provisions. There will be 60 families per condition. Families assigned to the control group will receive nutrition education. Those assigned to the FBFS group will be trained in behavioral strategies that target increased child fruit and vegetable intake (e.g., role modeling and contingency management training for parents). Families assigned to the FBFS with Home-Food-Provisions group will receive the aforementioned package plus supplies of targeted fruits and vegetables to enhance their home accessibility. The primary outcome measure will be short-term and 2-year changes in the children's body composition. Secondary outcomes will include measures of dietary intake, parental food preparation skills, and fruit and vegetable accessibility. Mediator analyses will elucidate the mechanisms by which the intervention exerts its effect on changes in body composition. This investigation is designed to provide new insights into environmental manipulations that will induce food substitutions compatible with obesity prevention, while advancing behavioral-economics theory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FREE CARCINOGENESIS

RADICALS

AND

CHOLINE

DEFICIENT

LIVER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Floyd, Robert A.; Professor; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City, OK 73104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-APR-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in cancer development for many years. A prime example where ROS are strongly implicated is the model system where feeding a choline deficiency (CD) diet to rats leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, i.e., in the complete absence of exposure to any exogenous known carcinogen. Utilizing this model, we have made novel observations that make it possible to link ROS with key signal transduction pathways that have been shown to be fundamental in cancer initiation and development. For the first time we have shown that mitochondria from CD-livers are changed such that they mediate a significantly higher yield of H202 production. Additionally, for the first time we have shown that PBN (a- phenyl-tent-butyl nitrone), a nitrone-based free radical trap,

Studies 35

significantly reduces preneoplastic nodule development as well as inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation at very low levels of the compound. PBN is the most potent anti-carcinogen ever studied in this model. To explain these observations we postulate that the CD-regimen mediates changes in mitochondrial membranes such that they produce enhanced levels of H2O2 and that PBN significantly inhibits the excess H202 production by acting at Complex 1. We further postulate that excess H202 causes an enhanced inactivation of the PTEN tumor suppressor protein, which causes a loss of its phosphatase activity and thereby mediates a shift toward the activation of the AKT-kinase pathway resulting in a decrease in apoptosis medicated processes but an increase in oncogenic events. We further propose that the cells in preneoplastic nodules that develop in CD-livers are predisposed toward oncogenesis (as opposed to apoptosis) because of the action of excess H202 and certain growth factors (most likely TGFbeta1) and that PBN alters these processes through both its inhibition of excess H202 production and also by suppression of enhanced signal transduction processes. We propose that PBN acts to cause the prenoplastic nodule cells to become predisposed toward apoptic processes thus leading to inhibition of tumor development. To test this hypothesis we have proposed 3 specific aims. Briefly they are: A) We will determine the nature of the alterations in mitochondrial membranes that cause them to produce excess H202. B) We will focus on the mechanisms of how H2O2 acts as a signaling molecule and the action of PBN in altering signal transduction processes in cell models. C) We will determine if PBN (or its metabolite 4-OH-PBN) inhibits CDmediated HCC development and ascertain if these compounds increase apoptosis in preneoplastic cells in this model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEALTH PROMOTION THROUGH BLACK CHURCHES Principal Investigator & Institution: Resnicow, Ken A.; Professor; Behavioral Scis & Hlth Educ; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): This is a randomized controlled trial among African Americans (AA) of the effectiveness of a culturally sensitive self-help nutrition and physical activity intervention, implemented with and without ongoing counseling for maintenance of target health behaviors by the method of Motivational Interviewing. Conducted with the approval and assistance of Atlanta Black churches, the trial is designed with three experimental conditions: Group 1 (Comparison=C) will receive a standardized nutrition and exercise intervention (i.e., commercially available nutrition and exercise videos, audio cassette walking program, and print materials); Group 2 (Tx1) will receive a culturally sensitive self-help intervention that includes nutrition and exercise components. The nutrition component will consist mainly of a the Eat For Life video and cookbook (developed by the investigators for a related ongoing trial with the input of the AA community in Atlanta), a video and audiotape set promoting exercise ("Walk With God" to be developed along religious themes and pretested in AA focus groups in a fashion similar to the Eat for Life), a quarterly newsletter and other culturally sensitive nutrition and exercise materials. Group 3 (Tx2) will receive the same intervention as Group 2, plus 4 telephone counseling calls based on Motivational Interviewing. The exercise component of the intervention will emphasize walking. Churches, rather than individuals, will be assigned to conditions, and churches will be the unit of analysis. Fifteen churches will participate in this study and will be matched in triplets based on denomination, size and income prior to randomization. To maximize use of personnel and resources and allow for refinement of

36 Nutrition

our recruitment procedures, the interventions will be implemented in several partially overlapping cycles over the 2-year intervention phase. A total of 950 subjects will participate in the study (approx. 60/church). All participants will be recruited at health fairs conducted in participating churches. The goals of the interventions and primary outcomes for the study are: a) to increase fruit and vegetable consumption by serving-aday in Group Tx1 vs C and in Tx2 vs Tx1; b) increase physical activity by 20 minutes per week in Group Tx1 vs C and in Tx2 vs Tx1. Dietary outcomes will be assessed with food frequency questionnaires plus 24-hour recalls in a 50 percent subsample. Physical activity will be assessed with a seven-day recall as well as cardiovascular fitness (cycle ergometer) in a 20 percent subsample. Recruitment and retention of participants will be maximized by several strategies including incentives for each church, and the use of church liaisons to assist in participant recruitment and tracking. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HYPOTHALAMIC MECHANISMS IN CALORIC RESTRICTION AND AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Mobbs, Charles V.; Associate Professor; Neurobiology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, NY 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The long-term objective of the proposed studies is to assess the role of neuroendocrine responses to caloric restriction in mediating effects of caloric restriction on age- related impairments and life span. The role of neuroendocrine systems in mediating effects of caloric restriction on life span may entail two distinct mechanisms. One possible mechanism, termed "hysteretic", is that nutritional stimulation cumulatively damages essential nutrition-stimulated hypothalamic neurons (especially including neurons that produce POMC). Since nutrition-stimulated hypothalamic neurons produce catabolic effects, erosion of these neurons would lead to the enhanced anabolic tone observed with age, with the consequent deleterious metabolic syndrome, including hyperinsulinemia. An alternate mechanism, which may be viewed as homeostatic, is that caloric restriction produces neuroendocrine responses, such as elevated glucocorticoids and reduced growth hormone, that effectively protect the organism, leading to increased life span. In this case the anabolic tone developed by the aging neuroendocrine system, possibly due to impaired sensitivity to nutritional factors, might actually be protective. The present proposal will address these distinct mechanisms. (1) Why does expression of hypothalamic POMC decrease with age? Degeneration vs. insensitivity. If nutritional stimulation cumulatively damages nutrition-simulated hypothalamic neurons, then expression of nutritionally stimulated hypothalamic genes should preferentially decrease with age. Alternatively, expression of POMC amay decrease due to decreased sensitivity to nutritional sensitivity. To assess these predictions, the number of neurons in the nutrition-stimulated hypothalamic field, especially neurons expressing POMC in 6-, 15-, and 24-month-old mice will be counted using stereological methods. Electrophysiological responsiveness of hypothalamic neurons to glucose, leptin, and insulin at the same ages will also be assessed. Finally, the prediction that nutrition-stimulated hypothalamic mRNAs are specifically susceptible to aging will be assessed using DNA array analysis. (2-4) What are the roles of neuroendocrine responses dependent on POMC, leptin, and glucose in mediating effects of caloric restriction on age-related impairments? If neuroendocrine responses mediate effects of caloric restriction on age-related impairments, then blocking those responses should block those effects. To assess this prediction, transgenic mice have been

Studies 37

produced that express POMC, leptin, or glucokinase under control of the neuronspecific enolase promoter; it is anticipated that these transgenes will block these neuroendocrine responses to caloric restriction that depend on POMC, leptin, or glucose, respectively. Effects of these transgenes on age-related impairments and longevity will be assessed in pair-fed and calorically restricted mice. These studies should clarify mechanisms mediating effects of caloric restriction on age- related pathologies and longevity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL NUTRITION CURR Principal Investigator & Institution: Berglund, Lars; Professor of Medicine; Institute of Human Nutrition; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from abstract) This application for a new nutrition curriculum presents objectives and specific plans for: (1) development of a comprehensive, longitudinally integrated four year nutrition curriculum in the medical school that emphasizes knowledge, skills and attitudes; (2) development of a clinically relevant nutrition curriculum for education of faculty, house staff and practicing physicians; (3) mechanisms for evaluation of the curriculum; and (4) development of collaborative efforts in interchange of the teaching modules. The overall goal is to ensure that nutrition becomes a key part of the entire medical school curriculum and to advance nutrition as a tool for health promotion and disease treatment among house staff, faculty and practicing physicians. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMPROVING CONTROL WITH ACTIVITY AND NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bovbjerg, Viktor E.; Health Evaluation Sciences; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, VA 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite strong evidence that diet, exercise, and weight loss can lead to clinically important improvement in risk factors for both microand macrovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes, barriers at the patient, clinician, and health system level have prevented the translation of these findings into practice. The proposed translational study, Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) is a partnership between the University of Virginia and Southern Health Systems, a health plan with enrollees throughout Virginia, to demonstrate that clinically proven lifestyle interventions can be implemented and maintained in settings more typical of those in which a majority of Americans receive care. The proposed study is a two arm randomized clinical trial of the ability of lifestyle case management interventions to improve glycemic control, reduce macro- and microvascular disease risk factors, support health-promoting diet and exercise habits, improve quality of life, and reduce the use of high intensity health care venues, among health plan enrollees with type 2 diabetes who are obese. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two conditions: 1) the lifestyle case management group, which will receive 6 months of theory-based and demonstrated intensive lifestyle intervention, followed by 36 months of lifestyle case management designed to help participants maintain or enhance their diet and exercise habits; 2) the lifestyle intervention group, which will receive the same intense 6 month intervention, but will not receive ongoing guidance after 6 months (the

38 Nutrition

"lifestyle intervention" group). Both groups will be followed for 42 months. Primary study outcomes are glycemic control (HbA1c), lipid profiles, diet and exercise behavior, and health care utilization; a process evaluation will focus on acceptance of the project by participants and physicians, as well as mechanisms through which the intervention influences behavior change. We hypothesize that the lifestyle case management intervention will result in improved glycemic control and risk factor status, greater maintenance of changes in diet and exercise, and decreased health care utilization, compared to the lifestyle intervention group. The project complements existing primary care for type 2 diabetes; patients will continue to be treated by their regular physicians during the trial. Results will be immediately applicable to a majority of health plans and practices in the U.S. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRAINING

INNOVATIVE

CURRICULUM

FOR

MEDICAL

NUTRITION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ettinger, Susan E.; Associate Professor; Clinical Nutrition; New York Inst of Technology Old Westbury 268 Wheatley Rd Old Westbury, NY 11568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Nutrition intervention has great potential to reduce risk for cancer and chronic disease and to improve the patient's quality of life. Unfortunately relatively few physicians have the training or time to use nutrition therapy at its full potential in practice or research and dietitians are insufficiently trained to serve as nutrition resources to health care providers. As a result, the public has limited access to complete and accurate nutrition information while at the same time, morbidity and mortality from cancer and chronic diseases, attributable to inadequate nutrient intake or availability, continue to rise. The Clinical Nutrition Department at NYIT offers a rigorous graduate nutrition curriculum with focus on the mechanisms through which nutrients influence the processes of disease and prepares students to critically interpret current nutrition literature and to use nutrient modification to prevent and/or control cancer and related chronic disease. We propose to provide highly qualified graduates with a full year of targeted clinical rotations in centers of excellence in cancer nutrition in the Greater New York area to season their didactic learning and bring them to maturity as potential leaders in their field. Cross-training in medicine and clinical cancer nutrition, begun in didactic courses, will be extended and deepened through close mentoring by physician nutrition specialists. Didactic research methodology courses will provide a basis for participation in ongoing nutrition research trials under the guidance of competent and nurturing research mentors. Graduates from the combined didactic/clinical program will be competent to serve as nutrition educators and consultants to primary and specialist physicians and other health professionals and to collaborate with clinical and basic researchers on the design, implementation, analysis and interpretation of nutrition trials. Funds are requested to implement and evaluate the clinical portion of our innovative curriculum. Tuition and student compensation will assure that the students focus entirely on learning activities. Evaluation strategies to assess the impact of the combined didactic/clinical program on immediate and longterm outcomes have been developed. These strategies will guide formative evaluation over the five years of funding such that the validated model curriculum will become a basis for recommended didactic and clinical standards for advanced nutrition competency. Generalizeability of educational preparation will be facilitated by preparation and dissemination of the validated model curriculum by publication and

Studies 39

presentation at national conferences, thereby achieving wider dissemination of clinical nutrition knowledge than funding would normally allow. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTEGRATION OF CLINICAL NUTRITION INTO MEDICAL TRAINING Principal Investigator & Institution: Krebs, Nancy F.; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, CO 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from abstract) The investigators propose to develop and implement an integrated curriculum into medical training that will enhance the knowledge and clinical skills of medical students, residents, and practicing physicians. A multi-faceted educational intervention program will be instituted that 1) is vertically structured to best address the needs and skills of different learners; and 2) incorporates the principles of adult learning at all levels and has particular emphasis on learning in the clinical setting. A multi-disciplinary team consisting of physicians, a nutritionist, and medical educators will teach learners at all levels in primary care specialties in both didactic and clinical settings. Educational methods include patient simulations (including computerized digital video cases) for application in problem based learning sessions and assessment of learners' clinical competencies; informational and motivational bulletins tailored to the progressive stages of learning of medical students and regularly delivered electronically to all students; didactic education programs coupled with clinical precepting and prompting systems to enhance clinical nutrition skills for residents in primary care programs; and continuing education programs for faculty and practicing physicians. Materials developed for implementation of the educational programs will be compiled into a cohesive curriculum that spans all years of the medical school curriculum and contains progressively complex materials for residents and practicing physicians. This curriculum and several electronically based cases and learning strategies are intended to be readily transferrable to other medical training settings. An evaluation will examine process and impact on learner knowledge, attitudes, and confidence regarding nutrition assessment and counseling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTERNET--A CHANGE AGENT FOR RURAL MULTICULTURAL ADULTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Buller, David B.; Amc Cancer Research Center 1600 Pierce St Denver, CO 80214 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Internet, web-based communications technology can extend cancer prevention communications to rural populations at a much higher level than ever before. While access to this technology is not universal, its effectiveness should be tested now to provide guidance in designing effective web-based communications for this population. A two-phase project is proposed by investigators from the AMC Cancer Research Center, the University of New Mexico, La Plaza Telecommunity Foundation, and Colorado State University, that will (a) identify the most effective means for promoting adoption of computer/internet technology, (b) author a user-friendly, culturally-appropriate web-based nutrition education program advocating increased consumption of fruits and vegetables to prevent cancer, consistent with NCI's 5 A Day for Better Health Program, and (c) test its effectiveness with the multicultural adult

40 Nutrition

residents of six rural and frontier counties in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. In Phase I, the web-based program will be authored. Five feasibility studies on critical aspects of computer adoption and multimedia design will be conducted to secure public access computer sites for nonusers, develop selection criteria for lay outreach recruiters, identify successful computer training methods and new user environments, and design user-friendly multimedia interfaces and nutrition education messages. Phase II will contain a randomized, controlled pretest, posttest trial comparing the web-based nutrition education program with a no treatment control condition. Lay outreach recruiters will contact and enroll in the trial adults residents, half of whom are experienced using personal computers and the internet and half of whom have no experience using computers and the internet. Outreach recruiters will conduct the pretest and demonstrate the first module in the web-based nutrition education program. Nonusers will be trained to use computers/internet at public access computer sites throughout the study region by the outreach recruiters and La Plaza staff. Adults will access the web-based program through AMC's web server and La Plaza's local community web server, over six months. They will be posttested by telephone by AMC's Computer-assisted Telephone Interviewing Core. Adults in the control condition will be wait-listed for the intervention, which will be available after they complete the posttest. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LINKING RESOURCES FOR BROWN MEDICAL NUTRITION EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Eaton, Charles B.; Associate Professor; Family Medicine; Brown University Providence, RI 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (adapted from abstract) This Award is intended to serve as a catalyst for the development, implementation and evaluation of an innovative nutrition education curriculum focusing on cardiovascular disease prevention at Brown University School of Medicine, its primary care residencies, and with practicing primary care physicians. A Nutrition Education Advisory Panel with representatives from the departments of Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Medicine, Community Health, Psychiatry, and Surgery at Brown University School of Medicine; Departments of Pharmacy, Nursing, Nutrition and Exercise Science at the University of Rhode Island; the Johnson and Wales Culinary Institute; the Rhode Island (RI) Dietetic Association; and the RI Department of Health will evaluate and help revise the educational curriculum, foster joint research and training efforts, and sponsor continuing medical education (CME) programs. A curriculum utilizing fingerstick cholesterol measurements, dietary assessment using brief behavioral tools such as Rate Your Plate, competency-based nutrition assessment and counseling skills utilizing standardized patients, communication of research and educational modules through a nutrition home page and interactive multi-media CDROM modules will all be implemented. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LOW FAT DIET AND BREAST CANCER RECURRENCE--OUTCOME TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Nixon, Daniel W.; President; Institute for Cancer Prevention 1 Dana Rd Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1988; Project End 31-DEC-2004

Studies 41

Summary: The Women's Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS) is an ongoing randomized multicenter clinical trial testing the hypothesis that dietary fat intake reduction as an adjuvant to standard breast cancer therapy will reduce disease recurrence and increase survival for women with localized breast cancer. The hypothesis is based on preclinical studies, epidemiological observations and plausible mediating mechanisms of action. Currently, 2096 women (on target to meet the 2,500 final accrual objective) have been randomized within one year of diagnosis to a fat intake reduction Intervention or a Control group. The dietary intervention, based on social cognitive theory, involves individualized counseling by nutritionists trained in motivational interviewing and includes goal assessment, tailored messages, selfmonitoring and cognitive restructuring. Dietary adherence, assessed with serial, unannounced telephone recalls has been maintained through three years with demonstrated significant (P<0.0008) reduction in dietary fat intake in intervention participants. Thus, WINS has a demonstrated capability to both accrue the required population of breast cancer patients and maintain sufficient dietary adherence in the Intervention group to fully address the study hypotheses. Patients continue to be followed for disease-free survival (as primary study endpoint) and overall survival. Developed long-term adherence strategies contain a Motivational Action Plan (MAP) that includes an individualized assessment of needs with booster sessions. Centralized retention protocols including "partnering" with participants, and newsletters are fully operational. Study organization includes an Administrative Unit, an External Advisory Committee, a Nutrition Coordinating Unit, a Clinical Director's Office, a Statistical Coordinating Unit, two Regional Nutrition Centers and over thirty-four Clinical Sites, and incorporates established quality assurance 'procedures. Completion of this study will provide definitive evaluation of the effect of dietary fat intake on breast cancer patient outcome. This proposal requests support needed to continue the active dietary intervention clinical follow-up and endpoint determinations needed to fully assess all study hypotheses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MATERNAL FATTY ACIDS, BIRTH WEIGHT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Oken, Emily; Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Inc. 93 Worcester St Wellesley, MA 02481 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application for a K23 Mentored Career Development Award incorporates a focused course of study, detailed research plan, and structured mentoring environment intended to train Emily Oken, MD, for a career in patient-oriented research. Dr. Oken, who is currently a General Internal Medicine research fellow, will draw upon her previous experience performing epidemiologic research focused upon nutrition and health risk behaviors, as well as clinical expertise in internal medicine, women's health, and pediatrics. A woman's nutrition during pregnancy helps determine the outcome of her pregnancy and the lifelong health of herself and her child. The proposed study will examine the effects of the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids consumed by a woman during pregnancy upon fetal growth, length of gestation, and child cognition through age 3 years. Additionally, characteristics of women who consume a low dietary ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids will be identified, to help those making dietary choices and recommendations. Data for this proposal are being collected through Project Viva, an ongoing NIH-funded longitudinal prospective cohort study of approximately 2700 pregnant women and their children. The

42 Nutrition

prospective design, large sample size, and breadth of available covariate information in Project Viva provide an ideal foundation for the proposed analyses. Dr. Matthew Gillman, the Principal Investigator for Project Viva, will serve as the primary mentor for Dr. Oken's research. Additionally, an Advisory Committee comprised of experts in nutritional epidemiology, the effects of prenatal fatty acids, epidemiologic methods, and biostatistics will assist Dr. Oken with issues of study design and analysis, as well as career development. Dr. Oken wilt also take courses at the Harvard School of Public Health to develop advanced knowledge of nutritional epidemiology, in particular the health effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and epidemiologic methods necessary for the implementation of this project, such as the case-cohort study design and analysis of longitudinal data. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hargrove, James L.; Associate Professor; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, GA 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A healthful diet and balanced energy intake are important for normal growth, development, and prevention of chronic diseases. In addition to the essential nutrients, many phytochemicals and non-essential food components prevent disease or modify its course. Federal advisory panels are called upon to define adequate levels of intake of vitamins, minerals, and other dietary constituents such as choline. Mathematical modeling can assist in defining minimal needs for nutrients and also can generate predictive models for control points in diseases such as diabetes mellitus. A conference is proposed that will update and/or train participants in the use of mathematical modeling and new computational methods in experimental nutrition as related to chronic disease. The program will include presentations and tutorials in the areas of nutrient and phytochemical metabolism, diabetes, obesity and cancer. The specific aims of the proposed conference are: 1) To disseminate information about the use of mathematical modeling and new computer software to scientists in nutrition and related health sciences; 2) To train young scientists in applications of modeling in the study of diabetes, cancer, and chemoprevention of disease; 3) To explore the use of kinetic modeling in defining Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's) and healthful intakes of phytochemicals; and 4) To encourage collaborations and development of grant proposals among scientists in disciplines that range from nutrition to molecular and computational biology. Sessions will include traditional aspects of modeling in relation to vitamin, mineral, and tissue metabolism, and guided workshops in which participants are taught to use modeling software. New topics will include the use of modeling for estimating risk for cancer as a result of exposure to environmental agents, and computational methods for testing hypotheses about how changes in gene expression affect phenotype. One session will explore the use of modeling to assess uptake, distribution and effects of phytochemicals consumed in foods. A workshop will focus on writing successful grants and publications that use modeling, with leadership provided by current holders of federal grants. Lastly, a panel will discuss the use of modeling in undergraduate and graduate education, and will make recommendations for appropriate activities of a new Research Interest Section on Mathematical Modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MENTORED CLINICAL SCIENTIST DEVELOPMENT AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Fernandez, Isabel D.; Assistant Professor/Epidemiology; Community and Prev Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The overall goal of this career development plan is to establish an independent research program in the epidemiology of obesity in children at the University of Rochester School of Medicine. Prevalences of overweight and obesity are rising in the United States, especially among females of low socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic minorities. Pregnancy has been described as a life event in which excessive weight can be gained and subsequently retained. Thus, research and training activities will concentrate on the identification of the independent and joint determinants of gestational weight gain and post-partum weight retention in adolescents and young adults of different racial/ethnic groups as major determinants of overweight and obesity in women. The specific aims are: 1) To establish a systematic training program in adolescent nutrition and behavior, special nutritional needs of pregnant adolescents, measurement of nutritional status in pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents, statistical analysis of longitudinal and multi-level data, and measurement and analysis of community-level variables; 2) To analyze cross-sectional and longitudinal data on biological, sociodemographic, behavioral, and community-level determinants of pregnancy weight gain and post-partum weight retention m women from the New York State Regional Perinatal Data System and the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (CARDIA); 3) To design an observational prospective study of adolescents and young adults to identify the biological, behavioral, sociodemographic, psychological, and community-level determinants of pregnancy weight-gain and postpartum weight retention among racial/ethnic minorities. The proposed career development activities involve training in the measurement and interpretation of body composition; in reproductive, behavioral/mental health, and nutrition and healthy lifestyle issues in adolescents; in Responsible Conduct of Research; and in longitudinal and qualitative data analysis. At the end of the training program, the candidate will be an independent investigator in the field of pediatric nutrition epidemiology. The clinical and public health significance of this proposal are based on a report from the Institute of Medicine suggesting that African-American women and adolescents gain in the upper end of the recommended weight-gain during pregnancy, a warning in the literature as to the health risks to young adolescents of retaining weight gained during pregnancy, and a national goal of reducing health disparities among Americans. In addition, there is a scarcity of empirical longitudinal data on the differential determinants of pregnancy weight-gain and post-partum weight retention in adolescents of various socioeconomic and racial/ethnic minorities. Examining biological, sociocultural, and community-level factors that may differ among specific population subgroups becomes relevant in order to tailor strategies which prevent post-partum weight retention without threatening either the mother's or the newborn's health. Given the adverse health effect of obesity and the difficulties involved in maintaining weight loss, primary prevention of obesity is of particular public health importance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CURRICULUM

MODULAR

CVD--PREVENTION

MEDICAL

NUTRITION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrison, Gail; Vice Dean for Education; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104

44 Nutrition

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: A multi-disciplinary team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine will develop, implement, evaluate, and disseminate a comprehensive medical nutrition curriculum focused on primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The curriculum will be developed as an integral part of Curriculum 2000, a nationally recognized medical school curriculum reform initiative at the University of Pennsylvania. The specific aims of the project are: 1) To develop a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, culturally sensitive curriculum so as to produce meaningful change in understanding of key principles, and more importantly, to improve clinical practice skills; 2) to implement the curriculum within the School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System (i.e. undergraduate and graduate levels, and to physicians in practice), as a series of modules, so that knowledge is reinforced, and leads to lasting clinical practice behavioral change; 3) to evaluate the curriculum using process and outcome measures; 4) to disseminate the curriculum (through conference attendance and sponsorship, publications, and Internet web site expansion) so that other academic medical centers may benefit; 5) to actively promote the development of new research projects in nutrition and CVD prevention among Penn faculty; and 6) to ensure that the medical nutrition curriculum in CVD prevention is supported by the Institution at the conclusion of the grant period. The curriculum will be organized around the following broad topics: 1) the science of nutrition related to primary and secondary prevention of CVD; 2) methods to assess nutritional status and cardiovascular risk; 3) behavioral change and treatment strategies; 4) and nutritional issues for special populations defined by age, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. The project builds upon the team's significant experience and success in developing and implementing a general curriculum on nutrition, and in effectively disseminating this curriculum throughout the academic medical community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF NUTRITION SUPPLEMENTS IN PROSTATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Haqq, Christopher M.; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer remains the most common and second most fatal cancer among men in the United States. The long term goal of this study is to identify the mechanism of action for nutritional supplements that protect men from developing prostate cancer. Future prostate cancer prevention trials depend on identification of these pathways to facilitate drug development. Specific Aim 1: Gene expression patterns from prostate biopsies among men on nutritional supplements vs. placebo will be compared. Men will be randomized to take placebo, lycopene or fish oil supplements and prostate biopsies will be taken at initiation of the study and at three months. The primary outcome measure is a two-fold up or two-fold down change in gene expression, pre- and post-intervention; the proportion of men with this outcome will be compared between intervention and placebo groups. Using these criteria, we will identify candidate molecular targets for nutrition response pathways deserving further study. Specific Aim 2: Baseline gene expression patterns from initial prostate biopsies will be correlated with self-reported dietary intake. Based on previous epidemiologic, in vitro, and in vivo studies, we hypothesize that higher intakes of total energy, fat/meat/animal products, dairy/calcium, and lower intakes of fish, vegetables, tomatoes/lycopene, vitamin E, and selenium will be associated with particular gene

Studies 45

expression profiles. Specific Aim 3: Nutritional supplementation, self-reported diet and gene expression patterns will be correlated with clinical progression of prostate cancer among men following a watchful waiting protocol. After the three-month intervention, we will follow each subject for up to an additional nine months (12 months total) for clinical progression of his prostate cancer (i.e. based on PSA kinetics, pathology, etc). Men will have standard clinical exams quarterly, and we will query each patient's physician regarding the status of the patient's prostate tumor at three-month intervals. Our laboratory has developed considerable expertise in genome-wide analysis of clinical needle biopsies from men with prostate cancer using a faithful RNA amplification method. The MENS study will use gene expression profiling in the context of a prospective randomized cohort study. Statistical methods will be used to combine epidemiologic dietary information with gene expression data, and to correlate nutritional interventions with gene expression data. Results will be confirmed with an independent assay of gene expression levels, quantitative polymerase chain reaction using the same clinical samples. Post trial follow-up of patients will determine the outcome of watchful waiting, and the correlation of gene expression in patients who do and do not exhibit clinical progression may lead to development of targeted therapeutics for prostate cancer. The DNA, serum, tissue samples and dietary data collected in this trial will be available for other planned future collaborative studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MONITORING SOCIAL CHANGE: HEALTH, REPRODUCTION, AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Popkin, Barry M.; Professor of Nutrition; Carolina Population Center; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract and Modified to Accurately Reflect the Content of the Application). The investigator and his team have been involved for some years, with funding from NIH, USAID, the World Bank, and foundation sources, in the conduct and management of data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS). These are multipurpose, longitudinal panel surveys that track a variety of data meant to enable the analysis of the impacts of economic and social changes on health, nutrition, and demographic as well as household economic behavior. This continuation application is to a) collect and disseminate a fifth wave of data for China; b) process three additional waves of data for Russia (USAID is funding the collection of core data in the RLMS); c) construct core socioeconomic, health and nutrition variables for both datasets; d) clean identification information to facilitate linkage of the waves of each survey; e) disseminate both data sets; and f) conduct a formal review of loss-to-follow-up in both surveys. The final result will be datasets covering an eleven-year period from 1989-2000 in China and an eight-year period (1992-2000) in Russia. The data are in five rounds in the China survey and are planned for 12 rounds in Russia. The Russian survey is a national probability survey; the Chinese sample is designed to be representative of selected provinces. Sample sizes include 11,000-13,000 individuals in each survey; both surveys are designed to collect data at the individual, household, and community levels. Both surveys ask about employment and income received by working-age household members; time use; diet and nutritional status; health status and use of health services; marriages and pregnancies experienced by reproductive-age women; household size and composition; living arrangements; care of children and elders; and housing

46 Nutrition

conditions. They include data collection at the community level through a monitoring of prices, a wide range of services, and infrastructure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NCMHD CENTER OF EXCELLENCE IN NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodriguez, Raymond L.; Professor; Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, CA 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The landmark 1985 report, the Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health revealed that certain minority populations exhibit higher incidence and severity of many chronic diseases including diabetes obesity, asthma, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and certain cancers. Men with African admixture have 60% greater risk of prostate cancer diagnosis and 2 to 3 times greater mortality than European admixture men. Our working hypothesis is that individual genetic variation may exacerbate diet as a risk factor for disease and that dietary intervention based upon knowledge of nutritional status, nutritional requirements, and genotype - that is, intelligent nutrition - can remedy or ameliorate disease symptoms. Certain genotypes will be more severely affected by specific kinds of malnutrition than other genotypes -and no genotype is immune to deleterious effects of all diets. Our scientific program can best be summarized by the term nutrigenomics: nutrition individualized to a person rather than a population. The science of nutrigenomics seeks to identify and characterize genes regulated by naturally-occurring chemicals in foods and the subset of those genes that influence balance between healthy and disease states. Such knowledge is necessary but not sufficient to address health disparities observed in ethnic populations and the poor. Genetic differences alone however, cannot explain these health disparities. Social and cultural attitudes among health care workers, researchers who design health studies to identify causative genes and environmental factors, and attitudes in both the minority and general population also contribute significantly to minority health disparities. Achieving and maintaining optimum health care can be assisted by (i) developing better approaches to human association studies that recognize the importance of population stratification in ethnically mixed populations, (ii) educating health care professionals about the non-biological factors contributing to health disparities such as stereotyping, bias, racism and other bad practices in biomedical research and health care delivery, and (iii) establishing community outreach programs whose goals include informing minorities and the poor about the importance of good nutritional habits as they relate to their particular genetic makeup, and disseminating existing information about health matters, including health disparities, that is relevant to these communities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF PUBERTY Principal Investigator & Institution: Foster, Douglas L.; Professor & Research Scientist; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, MI 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1984; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: When nourishment is inadequate or energy expenditure is great, fertility is reduced in the adult, and puberty is delayed in the developing individual. This suppression of reproductive activity is not understood mechanistically. We believe this

Studies 47

to be an integrative problem at this stage of inquiry that requires both physiologic and pharmacologic approaches to answer broad questions about how the brain discriminates how well nourished and how mature the body is. Our broad objective is to understand the physiological mechanisms by which changes in nutrition and metabolism control reproduction, specifically the signals, sensors, and pathways whereby blood-borne information regulates GnRH secretion. To progress further in understanding the relationship between growth, metabolism and production of high frequency GnRH pulses during development, we must first determine how energy metabolism regulates GnRH secretion. To progress further in understanding the relationship between growth , metabolism and production of high frequency GnRH pulses during development, we must first determine how energy metabolism regulates GnRH secretion in the adult. Thus, we will first evaluate how changes in glucose availability and leptin modify GnRH secretion during adulthood and then determine if such a mechanism might be timing puberty during growth. The sheep will be used because its large size and long lifespan permits individuals to be studied longitudinally through their development and permits detailed studies in adults. Importantly, it is well suited for the characterization of hypophysiotrophic hormone patterns. Specific Aim 1 will determine if the hindbrain and the liver contain sensors that transmit information about glucose availability to regulated GnRH secretion. We will both increase and decrease availability locally in each site to establish their function and their interrelationships. Specific Aim 2 will determine the role of leptin as a signal to regulate the pulsatile secretion of GnRH. This will be achieved through central administration of leptin during both acute fasting and chronic low nutrition. Although widely studied in feeding behavior, we have little understanding of its physiologic role in regulating GnRH secretion. Specific Aim 3 will assess "nutritional stress" as a cause hypogonadotropism through reduced GnRH secretion by monitoring of stress peptides in the pituitary portal circulation and by antagonizing their action during acute fasting and chronic low nutrition. Specific Aim 4 will determine if glucose availability times the pubertal GnRH increase by using the power of our large animal model in which we can chronically administer metabolically important signals such as insulin and leptin. Understanding the metabolic control of GnRH secretion has broad application both to growth and maturation and to other physiologic conditions in which reduced GnRH secretion may contribute to infertility because of altered energy metabolism. These include dietary malnutrition from eating disorders; during high-energy expenditure, as in exercise- induced amenorrhea and lactational anovulation; during type 1-diabetesinduced infertility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Stampfer, Meir J.; Professor and Chair; Epidemiology; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, MA 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This education program is being submitted with the encouragement and advice of the NCI Training Branch. Advancing nutrition research through expanded education and training programs, especially those related to nutrition and cancer, is a high priority of the Nutritional Science Research Group of the Division of Cancer Prevention at the National Cancer Institute. This application meets the guidelines for the R25T mechanism, including the provision of sustained leadership, dedicated faculty time, a well-defined specialized curriculum, interdisciplinary research

48 Nutrition

environments, and more than one mentor per program participant. This mechanism is particularly appropriate because it is adaptable to the special interdisciplinary, yet focused, needs of this program, which is based on the interface of nutrition and epidemiology. This program is led by Dr. Meir Stampfer, with Dr. Walter Willett as coPrincipal Investigator and Dr. Edward Giovannucci as Education Director. The proposed program has a wealth of other resources upon which to draw. The Department of Epidemiology at Harvard School of Public Health has long been a recognized center for didactic training in epidemiologic methods and cancer epidemiology in general. The Department of Nutrition has focused considerable energy in nutritional epidemiology. This educational program also draws on diverse research opportunities within the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC), a matrix cancer center representing cancer research across seven Harvard-affiliated institutions. This work has included major developments in the area of diet and cancer such as the creation of three large cohorts comprising over 250,000 men and women with repeated measures of diet followed for as long as 25 years. Participants in this program will also have the opportunity to gain familiarity with other aspects of the broad areas of epidemiology and cancer etiology and prevention that extend beyond the focus of the training grant. Through the proposed training grant, we plan to bring together the various elements already in place, and create new elements to build a coherent and focused interdisciplinary program in nutritional epidemiology of cancer. The proposed training grant in Nutritional Epidemiology of Cancer will provide a unique niche, and it will be complementary, and synergistic, with the other training grants to foster a strong environment for cancer prevention and control, based on sound biology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION ACADEMIC AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Levine, Mark A.; Principal Investigator; Medicine; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, VT 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (adapted from abstract) The primary objective of this application is to develop a comprehensive nutrition education program that can be fully integrated into the curricula of the College of Medicine and the primary care residency programs at the University of Vermont, across all years of training and specialties. The application focuses on activities to enhance the acquisition of appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding the role of nutrition in both the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Secondary objectives are to: 1) promote the acquisition of nutrition knowledge and skills by primary care faculty; 2) promote collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians; 3) promote collaboration between primary care practitioners and subspecialists; 4) promote research activities in nutrition for medical students, residents, and faculty; 5) develop educational materials that insure continuation of nutrition education in the curriculum; 6) develop education and evaluation components that are transferable to other institutions; and 7) collaborate with other Nutrition Academic Awardees to share approaches and enhance the development of learning materials. A multi- disciplinary team of experts in medical education, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity will develop, implement, and evaluate the proposed plan. Methods of student evaluation will include written exam questions, answers on computerized or paper cases and problem based learning exercises, inclusion of nutrition into case write-ups, and Objective Structured Clinical Exams. Assessment of specific learning experiences will be measured throughout the

Studies 49

curriculum and final program evaluation will be assessed by performance on a certification exam (clinical performance based) taken at the end of the program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION ACADEMIC AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Havas, Stephen W.; Professor; Epidemiology and Prev Medicine; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, MD 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM) will use a multidisciplinary team to develop, implement, and evaluate nutrition curricula for l) medical students, 2) residents in medicine, family medicine, and pediatrics, 3) primary care faculty, 4) community primary care physicians, and 5) nursing students. The team includes experts in nutrition, behavior change, preventive medicine, internal medicine, preventive cardiology, family medicine, pediatrics, biostatistics, and evaluation. The nutrition curricula will be taught in various formats. For medical students, these will include problem-based learning cases, interactive didactic sessions, clinical cases, supervised patient encounters, and attending rounds; nutrition will be included in all four years of the curriculum. The proposal seeks to maximize the impact of UMSOM clinical faculty in reinforcing the importance of nutrition in the prevention of CVD. For residents, formats will include journal clubs, morning report attending rounds, conferences, and grand rounds. For faculty, formats will include didactic sessions, journal clubs, and Grand Rounds. CME courses incorporating an emphasis on nutrition will be offered. For nursing graduate students, a course focused on nutrition and prevention of CVD will be offered. To assess the effectiveness of the curricula, random chart audits will be conducted to determine the frequency with which medical students and residents document nutritional counseling. Compliance with ATP II and JNC VI recommendations will also be assessed. In addition, medical students' diets and blood lipid levels will be assessed and tracked. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTRITION ACADEMIC AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Knopp, Robert H.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Cardiovascular disease accounts for about 50 percent of all mortality nationwide in both men and women. While many cardiovascular disease risk factors bear on the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, poor nutritional status is estimated to account in its own right for at least a two-fold increase in cardiovascular disease. These effects are mediated through multiple dietary factors, including the classical fat sources, saturated fat and cholesterol, but other less well recognized nutrients including omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, vitamins bearing on homocysteine levels, other antioxidants such as isoflavones and carotenoids, plant estrogens, soya, salt, trace minerals and alcohol. Physicians have an impression that diet is ineffective in preventing arteriosclerosis, in part because nutrition education is fragmented and inconsistent in medical schools despite nationwide recommendations. In light of these facts, a strong case can be made for embarking on a nutrition education program that is focused around one preventable disease state, arteriosclerosis, and directed at the education of medical students at several levels, postgraduate physicians and paraprofessionals. Plans are presented for the development of an educational program for

50 Nutrition

2nd, 3rd and 4th-year medical students, residents, research fellows, practicing physicians and allied health care professionals. The proposed members of the Nutrition Academic Award team are gifted teachers and all are conducting nutrition related research of national and international significance. This educational effort is strongly supported by the University of Washington School of Medicine and is already partially underway. Education evaluation components are proposed that are both well established or innovative and will build on evaluation elements from previous preventive cardiology research conducted at this institution. The past track record of teaching substantive and well received courses in cardiovascular disease prevention at the medical school and post-graduate levels assures that an authoritative and continually updated curriculum can be developed, put into practice at the University of Washington and distributed to other medical schools and health-training facilities. It is time to begin aggressive, substantive nutrition educational programs in cardiovascular disease prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION ACADEMIC AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Horn, Linda V.; Professor; Preventive Medicine; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, IL 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: There is overwhelming evidence that diet strongly influences risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and some cancers. National dietary guidelines have been established to help reduce the incidence of these diseases, but the majority of the population does not adhere to them. More specifically, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) advocates diet as the cornerstone of treatment of cardiovascular disease, but few physicians feel prepared to provide dietary advice. Nutrition impacts the health status of every patient, young or old, inpatient or outpatient, whatever the diagnosis but tat present only 22% of US medical schools offer a required course in nutrition. In part, this is a reflection of the minimal attention paid tot nutrition on the National Board Exams. In 1993, only 12% of the board questions related to nutrition. Since most medical schools have few, if any, medical faculty with credentials, training, and interest in nutrition there is little or no support for this subject in curriculum development. Existing faculty with nutrition expertise are often preoccupies with clinical practice or research leaving little or incentive for teaching. Physicians who indicate they feel prepared to provide or facilitate dietary counseling also indicate that their medical school training included it. The purpose of this proposal is to develop, teach and test a comprehensive medical nutrition education model that improves nutrition knowledge, attitude and related clinical behavior of medical students and raises the visibility and support for nutrition in prevention and treatment of disease. Essential to effective application of these objectives is a supportive environment where standardized nutritional assessment and effective dietary intervention is commonly practiced and modeled by residents and attending physicians. To achieve these outcomes, faculty tutors for Problem Based Learning Courses will be provided with nutrition related guidelines. Also, a variety of continuing education opportunities, concluding a Visiting Nutrition Scholar program, are planned for residents, fellows, faculty and other health professionals on campus. Registered dietitians will be trained to play a supporting role in these efforts both academically and in clinical practice. The ultimate goal of this combined strategy is to improve patients' dietary behavior in efforts to prevent and treat disease. The generalizability of this

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model with potentially collaborative research opportunities with other medical schools in testing some of these strategies are further addressed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION ACADEMIC AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Wylie-Rosett, Judith; Professor; Epidemiology & Population Health; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, NY 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The purpose of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (AECOM) application is to integrate and implement an innovative nutrition curriculum which integrates skills-based preclinical material with practical application during the clerkship years. We seek to develop a system which assures that relevant nutrition topics are addressed in clerkship rotations. Based on content identified by our needs assessment curriculum review, we will develop nutrition learning objectives with course leaders in Nutrition Workgroups. Using an innovative model for integrating nutrition modules into the curriculum, we will address knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to nutritional assessment and cardiovascular disease. Our curriculum will promote interdisciplinary collaboration as well as focus on nutrition education for medical students. We will implement curriculum revisions that include integrating nutrition into preclerkship lectures and cases, nutrition training for clerkship preceptors, and improving computer resources available via the Einstein web site. Each student will have a confidential computerized portfolio on which to track progress in preclerkship courses and clerkship rotations. The impact of the program will be evaluated using surveys of students and faculty, examination of student write-ups and simulated patients, tracking of nutrition activities via the computer-based portfolio, and scores on nutrition- related exam questions. We will collaborate with the NHLBI and other institutions on relevant aspects of this project. Dissemination of findings and materials from the program will use venues such as peer- reviewed presentations and publications and distribution of print and computer educational materials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTRITION ACADEMIC AWARD FOR UAB Principal Investigator & Institution: Franklin, Frank A.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Modifying a patient's nutrition is cost/effective for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but underutilized by physicians due to their lack of skills in counseling patients to change adverse lifestyles. For the Nutrition Academic Award (NAA) at UAB, our first aim is to develop, implement and evaluate a multidisciplinary curriculum in nutrition and prevention of CVD. This curriculum and will focus on the training and application of skills for diet and activity counseling by a sequence of learning activities: 1) emphasis on the importance of nutrition for personal and patient health promotion and disease prevention. 2) demonstration of enjoyable, heart healthy meals prior to starting classes 3) meaningful experience with practical recipe modification and addressing patient-derived, CVD nutrition questions in the freshman nutrition course, 4) skills training in diet and activity counseling in the sophomore year, 5) application of these counseling skills in family medicine (FM) offices in their junior year and 6) advanced skills training in applied CVD prevention in a senior elective. The primary outcome of the program, improved nutrition counseling skills, will be

52 Nutrition

evaluated by an objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) in their senior year. Secondary outcomes will be change in knowledge and attitudes about nutrition and CVD prevention. The dietetic intern curriculum will include partnering with freshman by consulting on recipe modification; acting as patients to instruct sophomores on counseling skills; providing nutrition information to juniors in FM practices; and writing synopses on current topics in nutrition and CVD prevention for a web-based Nutrition Network News. Attitudes about RD-MD partnership and performance on OSCE's to assess counseling competency will be evaluated at the end of their internship. Our second NAA aim will be to participate with other awardees in the development of modules for nutrition and methods for their dissemination. Our NAA team will share their expertise in content especially counseling for diet and activity change in diverse groups across the lifespan and in strategies for establishment of nutrition curricula in medical schools. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EDUCATION

NUTRITION

AND

CANCER:

STATEWIDE

PRECEPTOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ashley, Judith M.; Nutrition Educ & Research Prog; University of Nevada Reno Reno, NV 89557 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposal is to develop, sustain and disseminate a patient care centered (problem based learning) medical education model for training community-based physicians in nutrition and cancer. The generalist education at most medical schools today uses community physicians, or preceptors, to assist in educating medical students by offering "hands on" training in their medical offices and facilities. These preceptor role models represent an ideal, though understudied research group to target. The University of Nevada School of Medicine (UNSOM) is the only medical school in the state and currently has 120 active preceptors. These community preceptors practice in urban, rural and frontier areas throughout Nevada and are important educators of medical students during all four years of medical school. The primary emphasis of this proposal is to strengthen the medical nutrition education of these community preceptors who will in turn be better prepared to educate the medical students they train, as well as to serve the patients they see in their everyday clinical practices. The secondary emphasis is to disseminate this preceptor education program to other medical schools in order to increase the number of community-based physicians with enhanced knowledge, attitudes skills and behaviors in nutrition and cancer education. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) Implement and evaluate a program of nutrition and cancer medical education for community-based preceptors built on their specific needs and motivators to promote lifestyle changes in their patients. 2) Implement a "Preceptors Scholars" program to provide support and recognition to community-based preceptors. 3) Create an organizational structure that will develop, implement and evaluate a patient carecentered model (problem-based learning) for nutrition and cancer medical education of preceptors. 4) Sustain this innovative nutrition and cancer medical education model by dissemination to other medical schools, local, regional and national networks and organizations using publications, presentations, a website and workshop. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTRITION AND CVD PREVENTION FOR THE MEDICALLY UNDERSERV Principal Investigator & Institution: Tobin, Brian W.; Basic Medical Sciences; Mercer University Macon Macon, GA 312070001 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from abstract) The overall goal of this project is to develop, implement, and evaluate a medical education curriculum in nutrition and other aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and patient management with emphasis on the training of primary care physicians for medically underserved populations. The curriculum will be: 1) vertically integrated throughout all four years of undergraduate medical education including basic science, clinical skills, community science, and clinical clerkships as well as residency training; 2) horizontally integrated to include allied health care training in dietetics, nursing, exercise physiology, and public health; and 3) designed as transportable modules adaptable to the curricula of other medical schools. The specific aims are: 1) to enhance the investigators' existing basic science problem-based Biomedical Problems Program with respect to CVD prevention through development of additional curricula in nutrition/diet/exercise and at- risk subpopulations; 2) to integrate into the Clinical Skills Program objectives for medical history-taking, conducting patient exams, diet/lifestyle counseling, and referrals to appropriate allied healthcare professionals that are specific to CVD prevention; 3) to enhance CVD components in the Community Science population-based medicine curriculum stressing the health-field concept model, community needs assessment, evidence-based medicine, and primary care issues in rural and medically underserved populations; 4) to enhance the CVD prevention and patient management component in existing 3rd and 4th year clinical clerkships with respect to nutrition/diet/exercise and socioeconomic issues, behavior modification and networking with allied health professionals; and 5) to integrate a nutrition/behavior change component into Graduate Residency Training in CVD prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM IN ACUTE RENAL FAILURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Himmelfarb, Jonathan; Professor; Maine Medical Center 22 Bramhall St Portland, ME 04102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs in 5-7% of all hospitalized patients and is associated with a terrible prognosis. The nutritional status of ARF patients has been proposed to be an important determinant of subsequent morbidity and mortality. While the nutritional hallmark of critically ill patients with ARF is extreme hypercatabolism, malnutrition can also develop due to both inadequate protein and calorie supplementation, and diminished utilization of available nutrients. The long-term objectives of this proposal are to identify specific markers of catabolic stress and malnutrition that best correlate with adverse outcomes, and establish the extent to which negative nitrogen and energy balance contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in ARF patients. The specific aims are: (1) to examine the utility of specific markers of nutritional status and catabolic stress in assessing the efficacy of nutritional therapy and in predicting outcome in ARF patients; (2) to examine the interrelationship between the etiology of ARF associated with co-morbid conditions and characteristics of renal replacement therapy on the level of catabolism and nutritional parameters in ARF patients; (3) to examine the impact of nitrogen balance on

54 Nutrition

outcome in ARF patients; and (4) to evaluate feasibility of implementing an optimized nutritional assessment and prescription protocol in ARF patients. The research design of this proposal includes a 3 month lead-in phase, a 36 month observational phase (including 9 months of data analysis), followed by a 6 month feasibility phase and a 3 month final analysis phase. A joint data collection instrument will be utilized as part of an Interactive Research Project Grant to collect data on nutritional and outcome parameters in ARF patients. Additional measurements of markers of catabolism, and both biochemical and body composition nutritional parameters, will be made at the principal nutrition sites. The feasibility of implementing an optimized nutritional regimen and measuring the effects on nutritional and metabolic parameters will also be performed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ikizler, Talat A.; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, TN 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant):This is a K24 application for Talat Alp Ikizler, M.D. The candidate is faculty at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Division of Nephrology in the "Physician-Scientist" track with 80 % effort commitment to research. The candidate has focused his research efforts on the elucidation of multiple aspects of nutrition and metabolism in renal failure patients. At the time of this application, the candidate is the principal investigator of 3 federally and 2 non-federally funded grant awards and published 31 manuscripts and 6 book chapters. He is involved in mentoring of 5 past trainees and 3 current trainees. The immediate and long-term objectives of this grant application are to provide protected time for the applicant to focus on research and mentoring activities, specifically facilitate the independence of the current trainees and recruit beginning investigators interested in a rigorous approach to clinical investigation. In addition, the candidate will take a leadership position in clinical research enterprise at the Division of Nephrology. VUMC provides excellent resources for clinical research and mentoring, including the Nephrology Training Grant, Master of Science in Clinical Investigation and Master of Public Health programs (2 current and 1 future trainee enrolled in these programs), General Clinical Research Center and Clinical Nutrition Research Unit. In this proposal, we will investigate three promising approaches to improve the nutritional status of chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients. First, we will examine the nutritional effects of chronic inflammation on protein and energy metabolism in hemodialysis patients and test the potential beneficial effects of an anti-inflammatory agent on these parameters. Second, we will examine the comparative effectiveness of two nutritional supplementation regimens on protein and energy metabolism in malnourished patients. These protocols will incorporate detailed protein and energy balance studies utilizing stable isotope infusion techniques. In a third study, we will test the hypothesis that recombinant human growth hormone interacts with nutritional supplementation to improve nutritional parameters in 150 CHD patients with overt signs of malnutrition using a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTRITION AND VIRUS INDUCED OPTIC NEUROPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Beck, Melinda A.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The effect(s) of nutrition on viral disease has not been well studied. The currently accepted model for the influence of nutrition on viral pathogenesis invokes host factors, such as a decreased immune response, which are responsible for the increased susceptibility of malnourished individuals to disease. However, little attention has been focused on the pathogen itself, which is replicating in a nutritionally deficient host. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that increased oxidative stress in a coxsackievirus-infected mouse, due to a dietary deficiency in either selenium or vitamin E, led to mutations in a normally avirulent strain of coxsackievirus, causing it to become virulent. Once the avirulent virus had mutated in the nutritionally deficient host, it could now cause disease even in hosts with normal nutriture. Thus, we showed for the first time that the nutritional status of the host can have a profound effect on the genome of a virus, changing an avirulent virus to a virulent one. For this application, we propose to study the outbreak of optic and/or peripheral neuropathy which occurred in Cuba in the early 1990's. The disease was associated with major changes in the Cuban diet resulting in decreases in vitamins A, B complex and E and selenium, with smoking as a co- factor. In addition to the nutritional deficiency, a coxsackie- like virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of 105 out of 125 patients tested, suggesting a co-factor role for this virus in the etiology of the disease. Again, the virus was altered compared to the prototype coxsackievirus from which it may have arisen, and the clinical syndrome differed from those previously associated with coxsackievirus infections of the central nervous system. We have sequenced one variant isolate from a patient diagnosed with nutritionally-induced optic neuropathy and found that although it is closely related to coxsackievirus A9, mutations in various regions of the virus suggest that alterations in its pathogenic expression is possible. We propose to use the Cuba epidemic as a model for a viral disease induced by a nutritional deficiency. We propose to use sequence analysis to study the evolution of the variant virus during the epidemic of optic neuropathy in order to understand the role of nutrition in the emergence of this disease. In addition, we will utilize cell culture techniques to further dissect the mechanism by which the viral mutations occur. Taken as a whole, we believe these studies will provide important new information on the critical role nutrition plays in the development of new viral variants with unpredictable pathogenic properties, a long neglected area of study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SPECTRUM

NUTRITION

CURRICULUM

ACROSS

THE

MEDICAL

ED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcbride, Patrick E.; Professor; Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, WI 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from abstract) The purpose of this application is to develop a comprehensive, coordinated, integrated, and sequential nutrition curriculum across the medical education spectrum, encouraging awareness and utilization of national prevention guidelines. The investigators plan to expand and improve the existing nutrition course and seminars and will develop, coordinate, and evaluate a curriculum

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that provides nutrition teaching when it can be practiced and learned. Integration of nutrition, clinical guidelines, and counseling skills is planned across the Medical School education spectrum. The nutrition curriculum for physician's assistants and nurses and primary care exposure for dieticians will be expanded and multidisciplinary efforts to include assessment and counseling in routine practice will be encouraged. A faculty training program in clinical nutrition will be developed to encourage the teaching, modeling, and support needed to reinforce nutritional counseling skills of students. Nutrition counseling in residency and community practices will be enhanced through development of model practice systems, quality improvement consultations, web-based technology, and training programs developed through national specialty organizations. Emphasis on primary care practices, including the primary care model residency/preceptor clinics, will be made to improve the nutritional services in primary care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION CURRICULUM

PRINCIPLES

IN

THE

MEDICAL

SCHOOL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Snetselaar, Linda G.; Associate Professor of Epidemiology; Prev Med & Environmental Hlth; University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (adapted from abstract) The overall goal of this application is the expansion of the nutrition knowledge base and the use of that knowledge for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) through learning experiences for medical students, house staff, faculty and practicing physicians. This goal will be met through five major aims: (1) To integrate nutrition principles into the existing curricula. (2) To focus on prevention of CVD as nutrition and exercise are taught within the curricula. (3) To assess program effectiveness through changes in awareness (attitudes), knowledge level and use of nutrition principles. (4) To develop training modules in collaboration with other Awardees for dissemination to other medical schools and institutions. (5) To promote research studies in nutrition and cardiovascular disease prevention at The University of Iowa. Strategies to accomplish these aims include interactive computer simulations, interactive discussions with a multidisciplinary team, nutrition-oriented case studies, nutrition related experiences designed to allow personal exploration of CVD risk factors and their diagnostic tests, food demonstrations (including ethnic lowfat cuisine), medical student luncheons, medical student dietitian shadowing, funded nutrition fellowships, post-graduate nutrition and CVD experiences, and research activities involving nutrition and CVD. To determine the effectiveness of these strategies a wide variety of methods will be used. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION TRAINING Principal Investigator & Institution: Haas, Jere D.; Div/Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, NY 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1976; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed training program is based on an integration of nutrition with the physical, behavioral, and other biological sciences. Its strength and excellence in training nutrition scientists for the last 25 years are derived from this disciplinary integration. The program's objective is to provide trainees with a state-of-the-art understanding of the interrelationships among food intake, nutritional

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status, and functional capacities in health and disease. It also provides the skills necessary to design significant investigations; to identify, develop, and/or apply required methodologies; and to execute studies to advance knowledge in the nutritional sciences. The disciplines represented in this training include human nutrition and metabolism, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology/genetics, analytical chemistry, toxicology, anthropology, sociology, psychology, epidemiology, and statistics. We propose to train 11 predoctoral trainees. They will be selected from among students who usually will have completed two years of graduate-level training. Trainees will interact with approximately 90 other graduate students in the Division of Nutritional Sciences, who come from about 20 different countries. This diversity provides a strong, supportive network of domestic and international colleagues during and after training. Available facilities include (1) a metabolic research unit (4900 sq ft) with in-patient facility for short-term, overnight supervision, (2) metabolic facilities at collaborating clinical institutions, (3) modern laboratory facilities (16,000 sq ft), including expanded capabilities in our stable isotope laboratory, (4) general university laboratory resources (e.g., Biotechnology Center), (5) AAALAC-accredited animal facilities (9,000 sq ft) plus planned transgenic mouse facilities (2500 sq. ft) assigned to the Division, (6) access to domestic and international field sites through affiliations with the USDA Extension Service and ties to leading international research organizations, and (8) networked central and on-site computing facilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITION, MECHANISMS

CYTOKINES,

AND

ANABOLIC

SIGNALING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Robert J.; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, RI 02903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Patients with severe illnesses resulting from such diverse causes as trauma, infection, burn injury, major surgery, and certain cancers frequently develop a catabolic response that contributes to disease morbidity and complications, delays recovery, and may affect final disease outcome. Intensive nutrition support has significant benefit in catabolic patients, but current methods of nutrition support often do not reverse the catabolic state. In these patients, resistance to the actions of anabolic hormones, including growth hormone, appears to be a significant factor contributing to the catabolic response. The long-term objectives of this project are to define the molecular mechanisms that lead to growth hormone resistance during severe illness and, ultimately, use this information to develop more effective strategies for managing critically ill patients. During the previous grant period, specific signaling defects in the growth hormone pathway in the liver were shown to develop in rats in an experimental catabolic state induced by injection of endotoxin. Subsequent studies demonstrated that growth hormone resistance correlated with a marked increase in mRNAs for several of the recently described negative-regulatory SOCS (suppresser of cytokine signaling) genes. This has led to the hypothesis that cytokines elaborated in response to endotoxin activate SOCS genes as part of a negative feedback loop and, through a specificityspillover mechanism, the SOCS proteins then inhibit growth hormone signaling. Additional studies have shown that SOCS mRNAs are increased by fasting or protein malnutrition, consistent with a role for these proteins in malnutrition-induced growth hormone resistance. The specific goals of this project are: (1) to define the extent and mechanisms of nutritional regulation of SOCS genes in rat liver and skeletal muscle, (2) to investigate the functional effects of SOCS proteins on GH signaling in liver tissue in

58 Nutrition

vivo using recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, (3) to investigate the synergistic effects of malnutrition and endotoxin in the induction of SOCS genes, and (4) to examine the effects of the tyrosine phosphorylation modifying agent vanadyl sulfate as a potential pharmacological approach to decreasing growth hormone resistance. The work will investigate fundamental molecular mechanisms of the catabolic response in pathophysiologically relevant ecperimental models with the ultimate objective of developing new approaches to the use of nutritional, hormonal, and pharmacological interventions in the treatment of catabolic patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES ON LUNG FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cassano, Patricia A.; Div/Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, NY 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal investigates the relation of nutritional factors to lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The project will use three data sources to investigate the following hypotheses. First, do antioxidants protect the lung from damage caused by endogenous and exogenous oxidants? This research question will be addressed with longitudinal data from the Normative Aging Study (NAS), a prospective study of 2,280 men. Dietary intake data on vitamins C and E and betacarotene from food frequency questionnaires (first administered 1987) will be examined in relation to pulmonary outcomes over the subsequent 13-year period, including forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), methacholine airways responsiveness, and incident COPD. Longitudinal evidence is needed to assess causality. Second, do lower lipid levels increase the risk of respiratory outcomes? Three data sources will be used to address this research question. Using cross-sectional data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we will investigate the relation of lipid profile (total, LDL and HDL cholesterol; apolipoproteins AI and B) to lung function and to prevalent COPD risk. The relation of lipids to lung function also will be investigated in the NAS cohort. The prospective data allow consideration of questions with a time dimension, for example whether changes in lipid profile predict changes in pulmonary outcomes. Finally, cross-sectional data from China, a population with naturally low cholesterol, will be studied to consider the hypothesis in a population with a different range of exposure. We will also consider the possible joint effects of lipids and antioxidant exposures on lung outcomes, given that some of the candidate antioxidants, for example vitamin E and betacarotene, are lipidsoluble. The overall objectives are to understand how nutrition affects lung function, including absolute measures as well as rate of decline, and how nutrition affects the risk of lung disease. An integrated approach to the study of nutritional factors and their potential influences on lung outcomes is proposed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OBESITY/NUTRITION RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelley, David E.; Professor; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The University of Pittsburgh is seeking to renew funding of the Obesity and Nutrition Research Center for its third five-year period. Established in 1992, the initial focus of the Pittsburgh Center was on behavioral

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interventions. During the current funding cycle, under its new leadership, the Center has retained its focus on clinical investigation, but has substantially expanded its scope to include involvement with metabolic, epidemiological, body composition, genetic and laboratory investigations of obesity and nutrition. At the same time the Center has built upon the prior strength in behavioral interventions for obesity by expanding these endeavors into eating disorders and additional aspects of physical activity and nutrition. Collectively, the goal of the Pittsburgh ONRC is to facilitate and promote research, especially collaborative and multi-disciplinary efforts, to develop more effective interventions for the prevention and treatment of obesity and to gain a more complete understanding of the causes and complications of obesity and other nutritional disorders. This goal is of major public health significance because a majority of adults in this country are overweight or obese, this prevalence is increasing, and the prevalence of obesity in children has increased dramatically during the past two decades. Two of the major complications of obesity are cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, and the research base in these areas is very strong at the University of Pittsburgh. During the past funding cycle, several of the cores have grown significantly. There is now a robust program of body composition, bio-imaging and metabolic research in children and adults, and numerous large epidemiological trials entailing nutritional and activity interventions with vascular disease outcomes. The program and core support for behavioral interventions has also grown substantially, from a few senior investigators into a group of interactive, strongly funded investigators with complementary expertise for whom the presence of the ONRC core facilities has been pivotal. There are several key new initiatives underway including multi-disciplinary programs in childhood obesity and bariatric surgery. Bolstered by strong institutional support, a more diverse scientific base, new facilities, and new partnerships with the adult and pediatric GCRCs, the Pittsburgh ONRC is prepared to continue its important leadership role in clinical research for obesity and nutritional disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OPTIMAL CHILD NUTRITION IN HIV-AFFECTED COMMUNITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Marquis, Grace S.; Food Science & Human Nutrition; Iowa State University of Science & Tech Ames, IA 500112207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: Malnutrition among young children remains high in sub-Saharan Africa where poverty and the HIV epidemic synergistically undermine progress in child health that has been obtained in other regions of the world. HIV may indirectly influence children's nutritional and health status by altering household food security, caregiving practices (such as, breastfeeding), and health-seeking practices. The knowledge gap concerning these mechanisms limits the ability of health professionals to effectively develop and promote services and practical and sustainable recommendations that will support child health, growth, and survival in communities affected with the HIV epidemic. This grant incorporates training and research activities in the area of nutrition and HIV in Ghana. Our long-range goal is to enhance the institutional capacity to provide local training and research opportunities that will lead to policy recommendations and program development for the improvement of the lives of individuals living in communities affected by HIV. The main objectives are: 1) to provide postgraduate training in maternal and child nutrition within the context of HIV through formal US academic programs and intensive short courses in Ghana, and 2) to conduct a pilot study on the mechanisms by which HIV infection indirectly influences child health. The central hypothesis is that the presence of HIV infection in the

60 Nutrition

household increases the risk of childhood malnutrition and mortality through increased food insecurity, decreased time for caregiving practices, and modified expectations of normal child health and well-being. Extensive social networks may mitigate this effect by offering alternative resources to children. The central hypothesis will be tested with 302 women and their newborns who will be followed for one year to collect data on feeding, health, growth, household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and family's use of social networks. All women will have used a voluntary testing center for HIV; half of the enrolled mothers will be positive for HIV and the other half will be negative. Statistical analyses will provide an estimate of the effect of HIV on outcomes of infants who are infected and not infected with the virus. These results will provide the knowledge needed to develop appropriate, effective programs and recommendations that will improve child health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PACE+--COUNSELING ADOLESCENTS FOR EXERCISE AND NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Patrick, Kevin M.; Adjunct Professor; Student Health Services; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, CA 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Description (adapted from the investigator's abstract): Improved physical activity (PA) and nutrition behaviors in adolescents show great promise to reduce risk of cancers and other disease. Fewer than 20 percent of adolescents meet recommendations for fat or fruits and vegetable consumption, and only 50 percent of adolescent girls and 67 percent of boys meet recommendations for vigorous PA. In this project we will evaluate an integrated clinical and home-based intervention to improve PA and nutrition behaviors in adolescents. PACE+ has 3 integrated components: a computer assessment and action planner; provider counseling and 12 months of extended phone & mail contact. Pilot study results (n=117) demonstrate that PACE+ shows substantial promise in maintaining healthy and/or improving poor nutrition & PA behaviors. We will recruit 768 male and female adolescents age 11 through 15 seen in 6 healthcare settings. Subjects will be randomly assigned within practices to 2 successive one-year "doses" of PACE+ or a comparison condition involving counseling for sun protection behaviors. PACE+ assesses 4 behaviors: 1) dietary fat, 2) fruits & vegetable consumption, 3) moderate PA, and 4) vigorous PA. PACE+ also assesses stage of change and psychosocial mediators of behavior change. PACE+ guides the adolescent to select 1 nutrition and 1 PA target behavior for which they develop action plans to discuss during the provider encounter. The provider endorses or modifies the action plan and encourages participation in the extended phone and mail intervention. Phone counseling, mailed and print materials guide the adolescent to use cognitive & behavioral skills to make changes in target nutrition and PA behaviors. At 6 months (midway through the extended component of PACE+) participants are reassessed and receive stage-appropriate intervention on the remaining 2 diet & PA behaviors. The sun comparison condition has theory-based computer, provider, phone & mail components controlling for attention and other non-specific intervention effects. Primary behavioral outcomes, secondary outcomes, and selected mediators and process variables will be measured prior to the first office visit and at 6, 12, and 24 months. Primary outcomes will be measured using the 7-day physical activity recall and the 3-day food records of fruits, vegetables and fat intake at 12 months. Secondary outcomes include adiposity, fitness, BMI, psychosocial mediators of change, body image, and other measures. This study will be the first to evaluate a combined physical activity and nutrition

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intervention for youth that revolves around the primary health care setting. The PACE+ intervention is particularly innovative in that 3 components--computer, provider counseling, and an extended home-based intervention--are unified through a common theoretical framework. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PARTNERSHIP ON NUTRITION AND HIV/AIDS RESEARCH IN TANZA* Principal Investigator & Institution: Fawzi, Wafaie W.; Associate Professor; Nutrition; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, MA 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): There are two parts to this program: a section on strengthening research infrastructure at Muhimbili University and a second section that addresses a research question of relevance to Tanzania. We propose to focus on development of capacity and research in the field of nutrition and HIV/AIDS. Our aims for infrastructure strengthening include: To develop a state-of-the-art research laboratory for nutritional analyses at Muhimbili University, including assessment of micronutrients and macronutrients; to validate a food frequency questionnaire and to develop data programs for assessment of dietary intake in Tanzanian populations; to strengthen the capacity of individual researchers in Tanzania to undertake research in the area of nutrition and HIV/AIDS; and to disseminate results from this research to members of academic and policy institutions. In the research part of the program, we propose to recruit 300 pregnant women who are infected with HIV and assign them to receive selenium or placebo. All women will be given standard prenatal care, including nevirapine for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission and prenatal multivitamin supplements. We will ascertain the effect of the selenium supplements on intermediate outcomes predictive of the risks of transmission of the virus and to disease progression. This is an exploratory study that we envision may lead to a larger scale research proposal that could lead to funding from NIH. The study is designed to take advantage of the infrastructure development and capacity strengthening that we have described above. The program will be carried out as a collaborative effort between Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PLAINS INDIANS TRADITIONAL DIETS AND DIABETES CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Kattelmann, Kendra K.; Nutrition, Food Science and Hospitality; South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57007 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): At present, there are no specific dietary guidelines for the Northern Plains Indian with type 2 diabetes. Current medical nutrition therapy practices base the diabetic therapeutic guidelines on the Food Guide Pyramid that encourages a grain-based diet. Anecdotally, Northern Plains Indians have reported a better control of their type 2 diabetes when following a diet higher in protein. Genetic differences may contribute to decreased adaptation to higher carbohydrate loads among Northern Plains Indians compared to Northern European descendents. A diet patterned after the historical hunter-gatherer type diet, or even the early reservation diet (with higher proportion of energy being supplied from protein), may lower the circulating

62 Nutrition

insulin levels and provide better blood glucose control in Northern Plains Indians with type 2 diabetes. The hypothesis of this application is that Northern Plains Indians with non-insulin dependent, type 2 diabetes who receive an educational lesson that promotes a diet patterned according to the traditional consumption of macronutrients (25% calories from protein, 45-50% from carbohydrate, and 25-30% from fat) will have a better control of their diabetes as measured by their HbA1C, blood glucose, and circulating insulin concentrations compared to those educated to consume a grain-based diet that supplies a more typical mix of macronutrients (10-15% calories from protein, 50-55% from carbohydrate, and 30-35% from fat). A 26- week, dietary educational intervention given monthly will be conducted in the Northern Plains Indians from the Cheyenne River Reservation (Lakota Sioux). Adult Lakota volunteers with type 2 diabetes will be recruited and randomized to an experimental (Medicine Wheel Model) or control (Usual Care) group. The experimental group will receive dietary training using the Medicine Wheel Model for Native Nutrition, which promotes a diet patterned according to the traditional consumption of macronutrients. The control group will receive the usual care dietary training based on the Food Guide Pyramid. Primary outcome variables of HbA1C, fasting blood glucose, and circulating insulin concentrations and secondary outcome variables of blood lipid concentrations will be measured at the beginning and end of trial. Measurements of potential confounders of weight, height, usual dietary intake, activity levels, medication use, and incidence of infection will be taken at the beginning and end of the study period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POPULATION POLICY AND CHILD WELL-BEING Principal Investigator & Institution: Short, Susan; None; Brown University Providence, RI 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This is an application from a new investigator to explore the consequences of population policy for child well-being using data from the People's Republic of China, where population policy is an important constraint on reproductive behavior. This research capitalizes on variation in the extent to which the one child policy mandates one child throughout China by using novel local-level measures of this policy to investigate the effects of policy characteristics on child care, child nutrition, and early childhood education. Data are from two sources including, first, four waves (1989, 1991, 1993, 1997) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) which includes panel data from 3800 households in 188 communities across eight provinces. The data include a combination of relevant contextual measures, such as local economic context and local characteristics of the one child policy, and individual measures for such variables as women's reproductive behavior and children's care, nutrition, and school arrangements. The second source includes 48 long discursive interviews focusing on child care issues and conducted in Hubei province by the Principal Investigator. Three aims motivate this research: (1) To describe children's wellbeing using multiple outcomes for children age 1 to 6 and to investigate its relationship to variation in the implementation of one child policy; (2) to examine the link between local characteristics of the one child policy and individual fertility behavior and use of contraceptive method; and (3) to evaluate the effects of a gendered population policy on fertility behavior, contraceptive use, and child well-being. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POR LA VIDA INTERVENTION MODEL IN CANCER EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Navarro, Ana M.; Associate Professor; Family and Preventive Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, CA 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The potential for reducing cancer incidence and mortality through prevention and early detection appears to be large.Research is showing the important role of nutrition in preventing cancer. Because many members of the Hispanic community have limited access to health care services and are in need of health promotion services, the Hispanic community is an appropriate target for specialized cancer prevention efforts. In particular, Hispanics of low level of acculturation and low level of formal education are a most important target for education about nutrition cancer control. The Por La Vida intervention model establishes community-based health promotion interventions, utilizing existing social networks and building on contemporary theories of social learning and social support Interventions based on the Por La Vida model have been successful in modifying behaviors relevant to cardiovascular risk and, most recently, breast and cervical cancer prevention. This study is a competing renewal of a project that examines the effectiveness of the Por La Vida intervention in the area of breast cancer education. This proposal will expand the scope of the intervention to nutrition cancer education. An additional goal of this proposal is to familiarize UCSD medical students and residents in the Family Medicine program with the Por La Vida intervention model in cancer education, and to encourage students to develop and complete related research projects. Approximately 36 consejeras will be recruited from the Hispanic community in San Diego and trained to conduct-the educational sessions. Each consejera will then recruit between 10 to 15 peers from the community to participate in the educational program. In addition, each of the program participants will identify two adults in their existing social networks with whom they will share information about cancer prevention. A randomized experimental control study with pretest, posttest, and follow-up has been designed to assess the impact of the educational interventions. Half of the consejeras will be trained and will conduct educational sessions in the Por La Vida nutrition cancer control curriculum. The other half of the consejeras will be trained in the Por La Vi ia breast and cervical cancer early detection curriculum. We will examine the extent to which the interventions are implemented as planned. Furthermore we will investigate (l) the impact of the intervention on knowledge of nutrition cancer prevention and breast cancer screening on program participants, and (2) the impact of the diffusion of cancer prevention information mediated through program participants to friends and family. Outcome measures will be collected through telephone interviews and review of medical records. In addition, face-to-face interviews will be conducted to collect three-day food records from 15% of the program participants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PRE & POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING IN NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Keen, Carl L.; Professor and Chairman; Nutrition; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, CA 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (adapted from the application) This grant is a major support of pre- and postdoctoral trainees in the Graduate Group of Nutrition. The program at UCD is considered a model for training in the applied science of nutrition. There are 34 faculty

64 Nutrition

with basic and clinical emphases who are committed to mentorship and didactic training. The training program is established and successful. There is a history of strong scientific collaborations among basic and clinical nutrition faculty scientists through joint academic appointments and an NIH-funded Clin. Nutr. Res. Unit. There is also strong univ. support. The program provides training for pre- (n=3 + 1 minority) and post-doc fellows (n=3). Fellows are immersed in academic/research programs and are trained in integrative approaches from the whole organism to cellular processes. Fellows will do multiple lab rotations. Fellows choose from one of four research tracks in nutrient-gene interactions and disease development: 1. growth and development; 2. nutrition, inflammation & immunity; 3. obesity & energy metabolism; 4. aging. The program is supervised by the Director and Co-Director with input from the Exec. Committee (EC) and External Advis. Board (EAB) and participating faculty. Criteria for selection of predoc trainees include evidence of research ability, MS or BS in nutrition or other biological science, outstanding academic record, high GRE scores, and strong recommendations. Pre-doc training leads to a PhD in Nutrition or closely related discipline. Postdocs will hold MD, DVM, or PhD in nutrition, biochem, physiol, or molec. biol. Selection criteria include prior educational/residency record and commitment to a career in nutr. research and teaching. One or more of the post-doc fellows will be MDs desiring a career in academic medicine. Trainees participate in graduate courses in nutr. and related subjects and bioethics. Clinical training of MD fellows is supervised in the Div. of Endocrinology, Clin. Nutr. and Vascular Biology, prior to initiation of the traineeship. Trainees meet 2X/wk with training faculty via 1) Journal club to discuss published work and to get critical feedback on their own research, and 2) in weekly seminars held by the Graduate Group of Nutr. Fellows meet 3X/yr with their indiv. academic advisory committee. Fellows prepare a research proposal, which is evaluated by the EC and EAB and revised and submitted to NIH. Upon completion of training, fellows will have gained a fundamental understanding of the interactions of nutrients and genetic background in disease development and progression in addition to skills in experimental design, execution, data analysis, interpretation, and presentation of completed research. Fellows are prepared primarily for careers in research. Throughout our training we work to ensure that our graduates have vision and adaptability to work in environments where the skills and views of health professionals trained in nutrition are in urgent demand. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRENATAL NUTRITION AND ADULT DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lumey, L H.; Epidemiology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, NY 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Decreased birth weight, especially if due to intrauterine growth retardation, is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and increased prevalence of insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. It has been proposed that fetal undernutrition may result in 'programming' of the fetus and thereby increase the risk for selected diseases later in life. The specific exposures, including any potential role of maternal nutrition, have not been determined. To date, no study with adequate bias control has showed that altered maternal nutrition in pregnancy can induce fetal programming. More specifically, any critical time periods in pregnancy during which maternal undernutrition could induce fetal programming have not been well established. It is therefore possible that the reported associations that are seen between size at birth and adult chronic disease risk may reflect confounding by a non-nutritional

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exposure, by social class, or by other factors. We propose to address these issues in a study of maternal undernutrition in identified trimesters of pregnancy and the subsequent risk of insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity and other risk factors for coronary artery disease in adulthood. We will examine whether (1) fetal programming can be induced by maternal undernutrition in pregnancy, (2) programming is limited to specific stages of gestation and (3) any effects are consistent across the examined cardiovascular disease risk factors. We will also evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of selected morphological measures of the hand as markers of the timing of intrauterine exposure. This study is feasible in the unique setting of the Netherlands, where selected men and women who were exposed prenatally to the Dutch famine of 1944-45 and who are now 55-60 years old can be identified, traced, and examined. We will study about 400 probands with prenatal famine exposure at prespecified stages of pregnancy, 200 probands without prenatal famine exposure, and an unexposed same-sex sibling serving as a control for each proband. The total study size will be about 1,200 individuals. The unique circumstances of the famine and the novel use of a sib-paired design provide a well controlled assessment of the effect of maternal undernutrition at specific stages in pregnancy on her infant's disease risk later in life. We will establish the degree to which reported associations between birth weight and cardiovascular disease risk could reflect a shared maternal nutritional exposure. Answers to these unresolved issues are essential for further targeted studies into the mechanism of fetal programming in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF OVERWEIGHT IN PRESCHOOL MINORITY CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Fitzgibbon, Marian L.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, IL 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the U.S. is over 10 percent. Overweight in childhood is linked to overweight in adulthood, as well as earlier morbidity and mortality. This strongly suggests the need for primary prevention and intervention in children. Furthermore, in contrast to the disappointing weight loss outcome data for adults, weight loss studies with children report far more effective results. The inclusion of a parent in the intervention appears to contribute to the success. Thus, it seems vital that a successful overweight prevention and intervention program must include both children and parents. Finally, studies indicate that early prevention and intervention efforts may be particularly important for minority populations. For example, the prevalence of overweight among minority women approaches a staggering 50 percent compared to 33 percent for White women. Children often acquire a genetic predisposition toward overweight and model their eating patterns after their parents. Therefore, it follows that minority children from families where one or both parents are overweight are at greatest risk for becoming overweight themselves. The proposed research was designed to address the needs of the Black and Hispanic communities, focusing on intervention with preschool aged children. Twenty-four Head Start sites will be randomly assigned to intervention or no-intervention conditions. Of these 24 sites, 12 will serve a predominantly Black population, and 12 will serve a predominantly Hispanic population. The investigators anticipate enrolling an average of 35 Black or Hispanic children and parents per site. Parents and children will participate in health screenings at baseline, following the intervention, and 12 and 24 months later. The

66 Nutrition

intervention consists of a 16-week nutrition and activity based weight control program that includes parental participation. The no-intervention control group will receive the standard curriculum provided by the Head Start preschool program. It is expected that children in the intervention group will show a greater mean reduction in the primary outcome measure, percent ideal body weight for height (%IBWH), as well as dietary fat intake; and an increase in dietary fiber and fruit and vegetable intake. It is expected that the parent intervention group will show a greater mean reduction in body mass index; decreased dietary fat; and increased dietary fiber, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, and support for healthy eating. These changes will be seen following the intervention and at 12 and 24 months later. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROGRAMMING OF GENE EXPRESSION DURING FETAL LIFE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hales, Charles N.; University of Cambridge Cambridge, England Cambridge, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) There is substantial evidence that maternal physique and diet have a major influence on the outcome of pregnancy and that growth ~restriction in utero is a predictor of risk of type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and coronary artery disease in adulthood. The long-term objective of the research proposed is to understand in detail the molecular basis of this chain of events in order to inform the institution of interventions which will prevent or delay these diseases. A combination of small (rat) and large (sheep) animal experiments using dietary restriction before, during and after pregnancy together with studies of human placenta will be used to characterize at the molecular level the events taking place when the fetus is growth restricted by poor nutrition. Rat fetal growth will be restricted in the first or second half of pregnancy by feeding the mothers half the normal amount of protein. This will narrow down the time window of effects of this manoeuvre already demonstrated when applied through the whole of pregnancy. The insulin receptor gene structure and function, shown to be increased by the fetal growth restriction, will be studied at the molecular level to define the mechanism of how this increased expression is instigated. The effect of maternal under and over nutrition on the metabolism of offspring will be studied in the sheep because this large animal allows the direct administration to the fetus of substances such as insulin and insulin-neutralizing antibodies. Experiments will be carried out to determine how early and for how long these substances can be administered to the sheep fetus. Subsequently the effects of over- or under-exposure of the fetus to insulin will be studied in terms of the metabolism of the offspring to test the hypothesis that changes in the availability of insulin to the fetus is a key component of the mechanisms leading to programming of expression of insulin gene and later disease susceptibility. In order to relate these findings directly to changes taking place in humans, specific and general protein expression will be studied in the placentas of pregnancies and infants being studied in great detail in Southampton and Manchester. The objective will be to determine the effect of maternal thinness and nutrition on protein expression in the placenta and to assess the value of defining these changes in placental protein expression for the prediction of the risk of subsequent disease in the offspring. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RURAL MEASUREMENT

ELDERS: ETHNICITY, FOOD MEANING & DIET

Principal Investigator & Institution: Quandt, Sara A.; Professor; Public Health Sciences; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, NC 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: This study builds on the investigators' ongoing research of gender and ethnic differences in nutritional self-management of older adults in two rural North Carolina counties (RO1 AG 13469) to investigate the meanings and beliefs rural older adults have for food, diet and the relationship of food and diet to health. This study addresses the problem of using such information to adapt existing dietary instruments to more accurately collect nutrient and food intake data. This study will: (1) document older rural adults' meanings of foods and their cognitive models of nutrition; (2) compare and contrast food meanings and cognitive models of nutrition by ethnic group (African American, Native American, European American); and (3) identify cultural and socioeconomic predictors of differences in food meanings and cognitive models of nutrition that result in health disparities. Based on what is learned in the first three specific aims, this study will: (4) use the food and diet meanings to adapt two existing dietary intake instruments to be more culturally appropriate for this population; and (5) evaluate the new dietary intake instruments. The research is divided into 2 phases. Phase I data collection includes individual in-depth and group interviews. In-depth individual interviews will be completed with 48 African American, European American and Native American females and males aged 70 and older who reside in two rural North Carolina counties. Respondents will be asked to discuss their beliefs about different foods, their knowledge and beliefs about several nutritional categories (e.g., fat, fiber), and the connections between diet and foods and specific physical conditions (e.g., diabetes, cancer). Twelve group interviews will be conducted that include 96 older African American, European American and Native American females and males. Group participants will discuss the investigators' interpretations of food, diet measurement procedures and perform validation tests. Participants will include 120 older African American, European American and Native American males and females. These participants will complete six 24 hour diet recall interviews over a six month period, which will be used to validate the adapted Food Frequency Questionnaire and Meal Pattern Questionnaire. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENRICHMENT

SHAPING

HEALTH

BEHAVIORS

THROUGH

SCIENCE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Campfield, L. Arthur.; Department Head and Professor; Food Science & Human Nutrition; Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicants abstract): The epidemic of obesity in children and adolescents is a major challenge in the prevention and medical management of obesity. It is serious and alarming because being overweight or obese as a child or adolescent greatly increases the risks for chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea, stroke, joint pain and some cancers. The increasing number of obese children and adolescents will lead to a large increase in the number of adult obese Americans. Obesity affects at least 25 percent of all adolescents in the United States with young Hispanic Americans and African Americans at higher risk. A strong relationship

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has been shown between childhood and adult obesity: One third of obese preschoolers and more than one half of obese grade school kids become obese adults. A Science Education Partnership is proposed to promote obesity prevention in Colorado. The Program on Obesity of the Center for Human Nutrition will partner with the Department of Preventive Medicine in the School of Medicine and the School of Nursing at UCHSC, Det of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University, the Culinary Arts Program of Johnson & Wales University in Denver. These university groups will also work collaboratively with the major science museums in Denver: the Museum of Natural History, the Children's Museum, and Botanic Garden. The Partnership will aim to reduce the rate of childhood and adolescent obesity in Colorado by introducing science and math enrichment programs in elementary schools as well as science museum-based and school-based programs directed at middle and high school students and the community. These programs will provide interactive, "hands-on", fun, and challenging educational science enrichment using examples and exercises from food, nutrition, healthy eating, physical activity and the biology of body weight regulation. Internet-based technology will be used for many lessons, activities and data collection on health behaviors and knowledge of students. All programs will include elements on obesity-its causes, health impacts, and prevention. These model programs will be evaluated by: a) determining the rate of weight and body mass index (BMI) gain of individual students; b) improvement in science-based health knowledge; and c) improvement in health behaviors in individual elementary school students. In addition, we propose to establish and provide leadership for a partnership of interested organizations within Colorado to plan, develop, implement and support a public health campaign. The goal of the campaign will be to prevent obesity and enhance health through the promotion of active lifestyles and healthy eating with a special focus on changing the behavior of children and their families. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STAGE BASED HEALTH PROMOTION WITH THE ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Phillip G.; None; University of Rhode Island 70 Lower College Road, Suite 2 Kingston, RI 028810811 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): The broad, long-term objectives of this research project are to develop new and more effective intervention methods to improve the health and well-being of older adults. The specific aims are to determine the effectiveness of the Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change in improving the physical activity and nutritional behavior singly and in combination in an older population; determine the effects on functional ability and general health outcomes of stage-based physical activity and nutrition interventions singly and in combination; and, study how older adults change their health behaviors. Research indicates that most health promotion programs recruit only those persons who are ready to adopt the new behavior, usually only approximately 20 percent of the general population. High levels of attrition and relapse rates result in an "impact rate" of approximately 1-5 percent. This project holds the potential for developing more effective methods to promote general health of older adults. The research will utilize a 2x2 design with 4 treatment groups: nutrition intervention alone, physical activity intervention alone, combined intervention, and control. Educational materials, including a manual, newsletters, expert feedback reports, and coaching phone calls, all based on the Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change, will be developed. Measures used will include general health and functional assessments; objective and subjective physical activity and nutrition

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assessments; and stage and process of change, decisional balance, and self- efficacy measures. The 12-month intervention will include expert system generated reports, stage- based manual and newsletters and phone coaching. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STATEWIDE CURRICULUM ENHANCEMENT OF NUTRITION EDUCATION Principal Investigator & Institution: St Jeor, Sachiko T.; Professor; Nutrition Educ & Research Prog; University of Nevada Reno Reno, NV 89557 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The overall objective for this proposed Nutrition Academic Award at the University of Nevada School of Medicine (UNSOM) will be to enhance the curriculum in nutrition to create new opportunities for students (medical, nutrition, exercise physiology/health ecology and nursing), residents, faculty, community preceptors and health professionals. Specifically, this proposal will provide the needed support to create, implement and evaluate a new coordinated, statewide nutrition curriculum which will emphasize interdisciplinary education in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, diabetes and other chronic diseases. Building on an established foundation utilizing problem- based learning in a generalist education setting for the training of primary care physicians, five new specific aims are proposed: l) to create an Interdisciplinary Nutrition Steering Committee, Statewide Nutrition Curriculum Task Force and 5 task oriented Working Groups; 2) to longitudinally enhance, track, and evaluate the introduction of a 4-year "nutrition theme" with targeted activities to identify and integrate nutrition principles, clinical practice skills and interdisciplinary perspectives in the existing medical school curriculum; 3) to extend our current Special Qualifications in Nutrition (SQ1N) Certification Program to 3 additional medical students and initiate programs for 3 graduate students (nutrition, exercise physiology/health ecology and nursing) per year; 4) to develop, implement and evaluate statewide training programs for health care professionals; and 5) to develop and test educational materials and methods for dissemination throughout our statewide university system with the goal of contributing to and learning from the consortium of other Awardees. At the end of this award, it is anticipated that new materials and methods will be successfully integrated into the UNSOM curriculum. The transportability and exportability of the proposed model and its components will be tested and refined in our own state (Reno, Las Vegas and rural sites) as an integrated extension of our program. The project will have benefitted by the collaborative efforts, support, ideas and directions provided by the Academic Award Program and successful training models can be disseminated to other schools. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TEACHING NUTRITION TO PREVENT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, W Allan.; Director; Pediatrics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: As Director of the Division of Nutrition at Harvard Medical School (HMS), Dr. Allan Walker will direct the development and implementation of a curriculum to teach nutrition principles and clinical practice skills for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes and obesity to medical students, house staff and

70 Nutrition

practicing physicians. The nutrition theme will enrich and extend the current curriculum and core clinical clerkships and create a new elective clinical rotation. The specific aims are to: 1) develop a four-year, cardiovascular disease specific nutrition curriculum for HMS students by a) developing didactic lectures; b) developing clinical cases based on patients in Dr. Welty's secondary prevention program, Heart and Sole, and women's and lipid clinics for case-based teaching; c) developing a teaching module on women, diet and heart disease in collaboration with the NIH funded Harvard Center of Excellence in Women's Health. All lectures, cases and minicourses will be Web-based for HMS students, other medical schools and as CME credit for practicing physicians; 2) add content to the clinical years by a) providing a Nutrition and Heart Disease Prevention Inpatient Teaching Service which will teach students to apply nutrition skills and knowledge on Medicine and Ambulatory Clerkships; b) adding a new outpatient Preventive Cardiology Clinical Rotation for medical students, residents and fellows; c) developing the Heart and Sole program on a Native-American reservation to provide an elective on nutrition and heart disease for medical students from many schools; and d) increasing research opportunities in nutrition and prevention of cardiovascular diseases; 3) designing and implementing faculty development and training materials; 4) evaluating the impact of the nutrition curriculum, a portion of which involves adding nutrition stations to the objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) already in place at HMS; the OSCE could be disseminated to other medical schools; and 5) broaden exposure to the heart- disease nutrition connection among health care professionals by providing a CME course and web site. This career award will establish Dr. Walker as a leader in medical education in nutrition, his long-term career goal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE EFFECTS OF CAREGIVING ON CHILD MALNUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Digirolamo, Ann M.; International Health; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (applicant's abstract): The purpose of the application for this award is twofold: 1) to gain additional training in conducting research and primary data collection in developing countries, with a focus on issues related to international nutrition; and 2) to obtain more knowledge on contributors to child malnutrition in developing countries, specifically the influence of psychosocial factors. The candidate wishes to pursue a career in International Health, with the ultimate goal of contributing to the improved health and well-being of mothers and children living in impoverished environments. The candidate's immediate goals are to combine her backgrounds in Child Health Psychology and Public Health to address global health issues such as psychosocial factors influencing child malnutrition, growth, and development. The candidate's long-term goals include embarking on a career of independent research and teaching in international health, conducting field research, and working in an academic environment. This award will allow the candidate to benefit from a period of mentored research in international nutrition and gain necessary experience in conducting field research and primary data collection in a developing country. The candidate plans to spend two years at the National Institute of Public Health in Cuernavaca, Mexico under the guidance of Dr. Juan Rivera and Dr. Reynaldo Martorell, with a third year spent in the Department of International Health at Emory University. During this time, she will attend relevant nutrition and maternal and child health seminars and courses at both institutions, and receive intensive Spanish language training. She plans to conduct a

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study on the influence of psychosocial factors on child nutrition, growth, and development in Mexico. Specifically, home observations of caregiver-child interactions, and self-report measures of caregiver's depressive symptoms, parenting stress, and perceived social support will be obtained for approximately 360 children during the second year of life and their primary caregivers. The project will be part of a larger collaborative study with the proposed mentors assessing the effects of prenatal and postnatal multiple micronutrient supplementation on child growth and development. These data will be used to test the hypotheses that poorer caregiver-child interactions, greater stress and distress experienced by the caregiver, and less perceived available social support will be associated with poorer outcomes of child growth and development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROLE OF INFECTION IN HUMAN NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Manary, Mark L.; Pediatrics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Malnutrition often accompanies chronic illness in childhood in the US. Poor nutritional status is thought to compromise the metabolic response to infection. In the US it is difficult to delineate the metabolic consequences of malnutrition during infection because there are very few children with primary malnutrition. In Malawi, where primary malnutrition is prevalent, the nutritional effects on metabolism during infection can be headily studied. We will study 3 groups of children age 12-60 months, those with marasmus and acute infection, those who are well-nourished with acute infection and those with marasmus without infection. In these 3 groups of children we will measure whole-body and splanchnic bed protein kinetics, total energy expenditure, the magnitude of the acute phase response, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine response to characterize and compare the metabolic response to infection. This proposal will also compare nitrogen conservation and the acute phase response in two diets with differing amino acid compositions, milk and egg white-tryptophan. Hypercortisolemia is typically seen in malnutrition, yet the metabolic response to cortisol is blunted from that which occurs in well-nourished children. Thus, we will also explore the glucocorticoid receptor response to endogenous hypercortisolemia by measuring the number, isoform type and cellular location of the glucocorticoid receptors. These studies are essential to developing rational dietary recommendations for the many chronically ill children with protein-energy malnutrition in the US. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRAINING GRANT IN ACADEMIC NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Willett, Walter C.; Professor and Chairman; Nutrition; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, MA 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The Training Grant in Academic Nutrition brings together the intellectual and physical resources of the Harvard School of Public Health, and Harvard Medical School, fostering close interactions between trainees and faculty, including 23 preceptors and 6 resource faculty distributed between these two institutions. The Principal Investigator, Dr. Walter Willett, and Co-Principal Investigator, Dr. W. Allan Walker, have established a strong and vigorous pre- and post-doctoral program that we are now

72 Nutrition

seeking to expand. The Training Program has successfully recruited an outstanding cadre of applicants, many MD and post-graduate students, who demonstrate intellectual promise and dedicated commitment to nutritional science research. Those candidates accepted into our program receive training in three key areas of contemporary nutrition: Nutritional Biochemistry, Human/Clinical Nutrition, and Nutritional Epidemiology. Our overall goal is to incorporate concepts, approaches, and scientific tools from both basic and applied science so that trainees are able to transcend conventional specialty boundaries to face the challenges of nutritional sciences in the 21st century. This Training Program is designed both for individuals who have recently completed their undergraduate degree, entering a formal doctoral program, and for physicians and graduates of other doctoral programs who will enter an intensive research training program with options to obtain formal degrees. The degrees offered are the PhD or research training program with options to obtain formal degrees. The degrees offered are the PhD or DSc in Nutritional Biochemistry and the DSc in Nutritional Epidemiology. For MD fellows, we offer a unique Masters Program in Clinical Effectiveness for training in clinical investigation based on direct studies with human subjects. Regardless of track, all students must successfully completed didactic coursework involving both basic biochemical and molecular concepts and advanced training in quantitative sciences, including epidemiology and biostatistics. This plan of study is bolstered by substantial elective coursework in area of human/clinical nutrition. All of these efforts to integrate modern molecular science and contemporary epidemiology are reinforced through demanding "hands-on" popular-guided nutritional science research with scientists who are at the "cutting edge" of their research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRAINING DYSFUNCTION

IN

INFLAMMATION

AND

NUTRITIONAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Donovan, Sharon M.; Food Science & Human Nutrition; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, IL 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this application is to establish an interdisciplinary pre- and postdoctoral training program in immunology and nutrition. The interdependency between the disciplines of nutrition and immunology have long been appreciated. However, the complex interaction between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems and how they are modulated by environmental factors (nutrients, host-microbial interactions) and a variety of stressors (disease or exercise) have only recently begun to be elucidated. Importantly, it is now known that the inflammatory mechanisms are central to the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases for which diet is used in either the prevention or treatment. To design effective treatments for these debilitating diseases, it is essential that mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between nutritional status and inflammation be elucidated.Research training will be focused on the regulation of inflammation and cytokine production by environmental factors, and their subsequent effects on food intake, metabolism, and organ function. The training program will be administered by the interdisciplinary Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program. The Division of Nutritional Sciences is consistently ranked among the top nutrition graduate programs in the U.S and has 33-yr history of training research leaders in academia and industry. The Division has 53 faculty members with primary appointments in seven colleges on the Urbana-Champaign and Chicago campuses of the University of Illinois. Seven faculty members representing four

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departments with active research programs focused on nutrition and inflammation will provide the core for the training program. Two postdoctoral fellowships are requested for 5 years. Three predoctoral fellowships are requested for years 1-2 and four fellowships for years 3-5. Candidates with exceptional academic credentials and research training will be recruited. Underrepresented minorities and M.D./Ph.D. candidates will be specifically targeted. Research training will be complemented by coursework in nutrition, immunology, endocrinology, neuroscience, biochemistry, and molecular biology; weekly seminar series; and attendance and presentation at national and international conferences. The strong research programs of the preceptors, the outstanding reputation of the Nutritional Sciences Program and exceptional intellectual environment at the University of Illinois combine to form an ideal climate in which to train future research leaders in this unique interdisciplinary field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRAINING IN INTERNATIONAL MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rasmussen, Kathleen M.; Div/Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, NY 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Provided by applicant): We propose a unique training program in international maternal and child nutrition that builds on the world- renowned strengths of the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University in research and training in maternal and child nutrition and in international nutrition. This program will build capacity for research in East Africa and South Asia by: (a) collaborating with existing research centers in this region to identify suitable trainees, (b) long-term engagement with trainees as they study at Cornell University and plan their future research, (c) consistent interactions between faculty from Cornell and collaborating institutions in the supervision of the research of trainees, (d) participation of faculty from Cornell and foreign collaboration institutions in other mutually beneficial, short-term training activities. Relevant electronic technologies will be used to support these program activities. Major foreign collaborators will come from Jomo Kenyetta University of Agriculture and Technology and the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh. In the proposed program, individuals will be trained to link knowledge from the basic biological sciences to research conducted at the population level. The core faculties are all recognized leaders in maternal and child nutrition and have extensive experience conducting research in developing countries. Their areas of expertise include biochemistry and molecular biology, nutritional physiology, public health nutrition, epidemiology, nutrition education, physical and cultural anthropology, nutrition policy, statistics, and nutritional surveillance. Excellent facilities are available for the proposed program, which is located in the largest academic unit devoted to human nutrition in the US. Related activities include our NIH training grant in maternal and child nutrition, Program in International Nutrition, Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, WHO Collaborating Centers in Maternal and Child Nutrition and in Nutritional Surveillance, and the research and training coordinating center of the United Nations University?s Food and Nutrition Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRAINING PROGRAM IN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: St. Clair, Daret K.; Professor; Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, KY 40506

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (adapted from the application) Poor dietary habits play an etiological role in 5 of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States. In spite of long-standing compelling arguments, nutrition education in medical schools remains inadequate. The goal of this training program is to educate and train promising predoctoral students for research and education in academia and government positions. The theme of this training program is "Oxidative stress and nutrition." Five areas of emphasis in nutritional sciences that form the basis of the training program are: 1) Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), 2) Nutrition and Cancer, 3) Nutrition and Neuroscience/Aging, 4) Nutrition and Alcoholism, and 5) Obesity. The training program is based in the Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutritional Sciences in the College of Medicine, which provides teaching and research. Faculty members sharing a common interest in nutrition have joint appointments in the Nutritional Sciences Ph.D. Program with primary appointments in multiple units including: Aging, Anatomy and Neurobiology, Behavioral Science, Biochemistry, Clinical Nutrition, Microbiology and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Neurology, Nutrition and Food Science, Pharmacy, Physiology, Surgery, and Toxicology. There are 44 training faculty who are highly interactive in this proposed training program. The training program for predoctoral students includes 13 credit hours in nutrition-based courses, 14 credit hours in biomedically based courses, 4 credit hours in statistics and 1 credit hour in an ethics course, and 6 hours of selectives in nutrition courses. Students participate in laboratory rotations guided by the Director of Graduate Studies during the first year, and subsequently are advised by a major professor and a 5 member advisory committee. Predoctoral students will be selected after passing the qualifying examination. Students will attend national professional meetings to present their research data, and they will publish their research results in refereed journals. We have requested positions for 3 predoctoral students who will be trained in one of these 5 broad areas of nutritional importance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UAB CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH UNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Allison, David B.; Professor; Nutrition Sciences; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, AL 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (adapted from the application) The proposed UAB Clinical Nutrition Research Unit (CNRU) will foster a multidisciplinary approach to basic, clinical and translational research with an emphasis on understanding the metabolic factors, environmental influences, and associated genetic traits underlying nutrition and obesity-related health problems. The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) provides an ideal academic environment for interdisciplinary research centers. With a 50-year history of pioneering research, the Department of Nutrition Sciences currently includes 18 primary research faculty and $8.3 million in total direct cost funding (80% federal). In addition, the Department coordinates all of the extensive nutrition training and service programs at UAB. To complement its well-established nutrition research program, in 1990, the Department initiated a campus-wide effort to strengthen obesity research. Institutional support of $1.96 million enabled development of the Energy Metabolism Research Laboratory and recruitment of an outstanding team of scientists. The result was rapid growth in new/peer-reviewed funding and interdisciplinary collaborations, such that in 1996 UAB established an intramurally-funded UniversityWide Obesity Nutrition Research Center which, with NIH funding, will evolve into the

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proposed CNRU. The CNRU research base comprises 60 investigators from 18 academic units, with total direct funding of $44 million for nutrition/obesity research (88% federal; 11 R01s). Of the 77 funded nutrition/obesity studies and approved P/F projects, 65 (84%) will use CNRU Cores. The Energy Metabolism/Body Composition Core will support metabolic studies in humans and small animals; Genetics Core will focus on research related to gene expression, polymorphism detection, and genetic animal models; Nutrient Analysis Core will provide an array of nutrient analyses and new methods development; and the Biostatistics Core will support study design and data analysis. The CNRU will also support three P/F studies, a New Investigator, and an Enrichment Program. With exceptional institutional support and an ideal academic infrastructure, UAB has established a strong base of obesity/nutrition research and is now poised to greatly expand this effort through creation of a CNRU. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UAMS PREVENTIVE NUTRITION PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Kahn, Ronald F.; Family and Community Medicine; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, AR 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from abstract) A multidisciplinary team is proposed to develop, implement and evaluate a comprehensive preventive nutrition curriculum that encompasses sound nutrition principles and clinical practice skills for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Innovative teaching methods will be utilized, including a supermarket tour, a comprehensive office system to simplify preventive nutrition activities in busy practices, modified problem-based learning exercises, standardized patients, and interdisciplinary teaching. Special components will be developed that address early childhood interventions and traditional diets and customs in the South, particularly in the Mississippi Delta region. The preventive nutrition curriculum will initially be implemented within the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) College of Medicine, with 48.5 course hours already secured for medical student training. A modified curriculum will then be designed for residents. Self-contained, portable modules will be developed for dissemination through a variety of methods, including web-based technology, to the UAMS Colleges of Nursing, Pharmacy, and Health Related Professions, as well as to practicing health care providers and other institutions. Ongoing process and outcome evaluation will assist curricular development and implementation. The team will collaborate with other Nutrition Academic Awardees to help develop national recommendations for preventive nutrition education. Resources will be developed to support ongoing preventive nutrition activities in Arkansas. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER NUTRITION ACADEMIC AWARD PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearson, Thomas A.; Albert D. Kaiser Professor and Chair; Community and Prev Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, NY 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (adapted from abstract) The overall goal of the proposed program is to develop a model curriculum in cardiovascular nutrition education through the enhancement and coordination of currently disjointed activities, initiation of innovative

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instructional strategies, and collaboration with nutrition professionals at regional universities. Emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach in terms of both faculty and students from medicine, dentistry, and nursing, curricular changes will occur at the predoctoral, postgraduate, and continuing professional education levels. At the predoctoral level, innovations in the nutrition curriculum in the Schools of Medicine and Nursing will employ principles of adult learning and problem-based learning and an integration of basic and clinical sciences as well as an emphasis on nutrition assessment and behavioral change skills. At the post-graduate level, problem-based learning modules and a postdoctoral fellowship in cardiovascular nutrition will be developed, and a fully computerized preventive cardiology clinic will demonstrate nutrition assessment and diet modification tools. For continuing professional education, a case-based program to assist practices in the integration of cardiovascular nutrition into their daily operations and a nurse case manager certification program will be developed. Educational programs at each level will be evaluated on the basis of process as well as achievement of specific learning objectives. Dissemination of the curriculum and educational tools will be facilitated by programs in professional societies, collaboration with the food industry, and development of an easily accessible Website. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VARIATIONS IN PLASMA PHYTOESTROGEN LEVELS IN EUROPE Principal Investigator & Institution: Peeters, Petra H.; University Medical Center Utrecht Box 8550 Utrecht, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Phytoestrogens, widespread plant compounds, have been proposed as protective agents against hormone dependent cancers in humans, but results from human studies are inconclusive. Their main two subclasses are isoflavones (soy and soy products) and lignans (whole grains, fruit and vegetables). Because of their possible preventive potential, large-scale prospective studies are needed to clarify the issue of phytoestrogens and cancer. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project, which includes over 500,000 men and women aged 35 to 69 years with full dietary data and available blood samples from 10 different European countries, is a suitable framework for such studies. However, average intake of soy (and soy products) in Western populations is low, therefore variations in concentrations may be too small to detect meaningful differences between cases and controls. Lignans are more widespread in foods habitually consumed by Western populations and their intake is generally higher, therefore they may prove to be more important in cancer prevention when Western populations are concerned. As number of stored blood samples is limited, it is important to first study the variation in plasma levels of these phytoestrogens throughout Europe and only then consider further nested case-control studies. We propose to study plasma concentrations of the well-studied isoflavones genistein, daidzein, glycetein and equol and the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol in a sub-sample of EPIC participants, with emphasis on differences of gender, geographical and habitual diet, in order to determine the variation in exposure. The proposed study is cross-sectional. Study subjects will consist of around 1,600 randomly selected EPIC participants from 17 different geographical European regions. Demographic and detailed dietary data (which could be further used in future studies), as well as blood samples, will be available for each participant. Plasma levels of phytoestrogens will be determined for each participant by the Gas- and Liquid-chromatography MassSpectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS) methods, in the MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit lab in Cambridge, the UK. We will describe the plasma means and standard deviations for

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each phytoestrogen, and study the influences of age, sex, region, habitual diet and possibly other factors on plasma levels of these phytoestrogens. This pilot study will determine whether the variation of phytoestrogen concentrations in the European EPIC population is sufficient to justify further large-scale prospective nested case-control studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WOODLANDS WISDOM DIABETES PLANNING GRANT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wold, Andrew P.; Environmental Science; Fond Du Lac Tribal and Community College 2101 14Th St Cloquet, MN 55720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): Woodlands Wisdom (WW) seeks to address chronic health issues in Native American Communities through culturally responsive programs of teaching, research and community connections. The goal of Woodlands Wisdom Nutrition Project is to improve the overall health of Native American people by enhancing regional community consciousness around how food and nutrition impacts community, family and individual health and well-being. Four (4) objectives have been identified in order to reach this goal. They are: 1) increase the number of Native American practitioners in Nutrition and food sciences; (2) improve research and education on the incidence of diet-related chronic diseases of native people and the relationship of traditional food use to health; (3) increase community engagement/involvement with issues of diet and health; and (4) create a mechanism throughout the region in order to share resources and information among tribal entities in meeting the above stated goals. The Woodlands Wisdom Confederation believes that developing an educational program to enhance understanding and appreciation of diabetes and related science in tribal elementary, middle and high schools is inherent in the Woodlands strategy for successful program development and is incorporated in our long range plans. Woodlands Wisdom is therefore seeking a grant of $100,000 for oneyear period for the specific task of initiating assessment needed to develop a diabetesbased science education program for tribal K-12 schools Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for nutrition in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO2 under Low-Nitrogen Nutrition Is Affected by the Capacity for Assimilate Utilization. Perennial Ryegrass under FreeAir CO2 Enrichment. by Rogers A, Fischer BU, Bryant J, Frehner M, Blum H, Raines CA, Long SP. 1998 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34844

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An Arabidopsis mutant that requires increased calcium for potassium nutrition and salt tolerance. by Liu J, Zhu JK. 1997 Dec 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25145

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Apyrase Functions in Plant Phosphate Nutrition and Mobilizes Phosphate from Extracellular ATP. by Thomas C, Sun Y, Naus K, Lloyd A, Roux S. 1999 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32131

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Biotechnology: Enhancing human nutrition in developing and developed worlds. by Kishore GM, Shewmaker C. 1999 May 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34213

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Can Amino Acid Requirements for Nutritional Maintenance in Adult Humans be Approximated from the Amino Acid Composition of Body Mixed Proteins? by Young VR, El-Khoury AE. 1995 Jan 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42866

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Clinical nutrition: 1. Protein --energy malnutrition in the inpatient. by Hoffer LJ. 2001 Nov 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81630

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Clinical nutrition: 2. The role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of adult osteoporosis. by Atkinson SA, Ward WE. 2001 Nov 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81671

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Clinical nutrition: 3. The fuzzy boundary between nutrition and psychopharmacology. by Young SN. 2002 Jan 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=99276

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Clinical nutrition: 4. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular care. by Holub BJ. 2002 Mar 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=99405

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Clinical nutrition: 5. How much should Canadians eat? by Birmingham CL, Jones PJ. 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=99456

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Clinical nutrition: 6. Management of nutritional problems of patients with Crohn's disease. by Jeejeebhoy KN. 2002 Apr 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=100927

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Clinical nutrition: 7. Functional foods --- more than just nutrition. by Jones PJ. 2002 Jun 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=113804

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Clinical nutrition: 8. The role of nutrition in the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants, children and adolescents. by Zlotkin S. 2003 Jan 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=139320

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Clinical nutrition: a new series. by Hoey J. 2001 Nov 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81629

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Dietary fiber showed no preventive effect against colon and rectal cancers in Japanese with low fat intake: an analysis from the results of nutrition surveys from 23 Japanese prefectures. by Nakaji S, Shimoyama T, Umeda T, Sakamoto J, Katsura S, Sugawara K, Baxter D. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59673

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Distribution of Serum Total Homocysteine and Its Association with Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Mexican American Men: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. by Gillum R. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194257

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Do low-income lone mothers compromise their nutrition to feed their children? by McIntyre L, Glanville NT, Raine KD, Dayle JB, Anderson B, Battaglia N. 2003 Mar 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154913

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Effect of malnutrition in Ecuadorian children on titers of serum antibodies to various microbial antigens.. by Brussow H, Sidoti J, Dirren H, Freire WB. 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=170102

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Effect of malnutrition on serum and milk antibodies in Zairian women.. by Brussow H, Barclay D, Sidoti J, Rey S, Blondel A, Dirren H, Verwilghen AM, Van Geert C. 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=170244

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Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on Remobilization of Protein Sulfur in the Leaves of Vegetative Soybean and Associated Changes in Soluble Sulfur Metabolites.. by Sunarpi, Anderson JW. 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158633

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Effect of Sulfur Nutrition on the Redistribution of Sulfur in Vegetative Soybean Plants.. by Sunarpi, Anderson JW. 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157986

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Effects of Elevated [CO2] and Nitrogen Nutrition on Cytokinins in the Xylem Sap and Leaves of Cotton. by Yong JW, Wong SC, Letham DS, Hocart CH, Farquhar GD. 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59181

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Effects of protein calorie malnutrition on tuberculosis in mice. by Chan J, Tian Y, Tanaka KE, Tsang MS, Yu K, Salgame P, Carroll D, Kress Y, Teitelbaum R, Bloom BR. 1996 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26226

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Effects of Two Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Nitrogen Partitioning in Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi during Photoacclimation under Two Nitrogen Nutrition Regimes.. by Balachandran S, Osmond CB, Makino A. 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160703

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Genetic analysis of salt tolerance in arabidopsis. Evidence for a critical role of potassium nutrition.. by Zhu JK, Liu J, Xiong L. 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144057

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Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). by Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R, Bingham S, Oakes S, Welch A, Day N. 2001 Jan 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26599

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Growth in Elevated CO2 Can Both Increase and Decrease Photochemistry and Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis in a Predictable Manner. Dactylis glomerata Grown in Two Levels of Nitrogen Nutrition. by Hymus GJ, Baker NR, Long SP. 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129288

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Influence of maternal nutrition on outcome of pregnancy: prospective cohort study. by Mathews F, Yudkin P, Neil A. 1999 Aug 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28185

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Influence of Species of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphorus Nutrition on Growth, Development, and Mineral Nutrition of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).. by McArthur D, Knowles NR. 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158846

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Intradialytic parenteral nutrition improves protein and energy homeostasis in chronic hemodialysis patients. by Pupim LB, Flakoll PJ, Brouillette JR, Levenhagen DK, Hakim RM, Ikizler TA. 2002 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150418

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Iron and copper nutrition-dependent changes in protein expression in a tomato wild type and the nicotianamine-free mutant chloronerva.. by Herbik A, Giritch A, Horstmann C, Becker R, Balzer HJ, Baumlein H, Stephan UW. 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157864

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Low income, welfare and nutritional vulnerability. by Tarasuk V. 2003 Mar 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=154917

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Malnutrition Alters the Innate Immune Response and Increases Early Visceralization following Leishmania donovani Infection. by Anstead GM, Chandrasekar B, Zhao W, Yang J, Perez LE, Melby PC. 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98556

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Malnutrition: a frequent misdiagnosis for hemodialysis patients. by Mitch WE. 2002 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150424

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New food labels to reveal nutritional content. by Sibbald B. 2000 Nov 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=80425

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Nitrate-Induced Genes in Tomato Roots. Array Analysis Reveals Novel Genes That May Play a Role in Nitrogen Nutrition. by Wang YH, Garvin DF, Kochian LV. 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117990

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Nutrition in the intensive care unit. by Weissman C. 1999; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137235

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Nutrition support in cancer patients: a brief review and suggestion for standard indications criteria. by Peltz G. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139958

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Nutrition, immunity and infection: From basic knowledge of dietary manipulation of immune responses to practical application of ameliorating suffering and improving survival. by Chandra RK. 1996 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34479

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Nutritional status and mortality of refugee and resident children in a non-camp setting during conflict: follow up study in Guinea-Bissau. by Aaby P, Gomes J, Fernandes M, Djana Q, Lisse I, Jensen H. 1999 Oct 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28240

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Ovarian responses to undernutrition in pregnant ewes, USA. by Murdoch WJ, Van Kirk EA, Vonnahme KA, Ford SP. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151801

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Plasma-Soluble CD30 in Childhood Tuberculosis: Effects of Disease Severity, Nutritional Status, and Vitamin A Therapy. by Hanekom WA, Hussey GD, Hughes EJ, Potgieter S, Yogev R, Check IJ. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95688

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Psychological factors in clinical nutrition. by Williams B. 2002 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111074

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Regulation of Sulfur Nutrition in Wild-Type and Transgenic Poplar Over-Expressing [gamma]-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase in the Cytosol as Affected by Atmospheric H2S. by Herschbach C, van der Zalm E, Schneider A, Jouanin L, De Kok LJ, Rennenberg H. 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59159

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Response of regional brain glutamate transaminases of rat to aluminum in protein malnutrition. by Nayak P, Chatterjee AK. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126260

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Rhizosphere Microbial Community Structure in Relation to Root Location and Plant Iron Nutritional Status. by Yang CH, Crowley DE. 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91828

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Short bowel syndrome: a nutritional and medical approach. by Jeejeebhoy KN. 2002 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111082

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Suppression of Mouse Mammary Tumor Proviral DNA and Protooncogene Expression: Association with Nutritional Regulation of Mammary Tumor Development. by Chen R, Good RA, Engelman RW, Hamada N, Tanaka A, Nonoyama M, Day NK. 1990 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53693

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Susceptibility of Tobacco Leaves to Photoinhibition following Infection with Two Strains of Tobacco Mosaic Virus under Different Light and Nitrogen Nutrition Regimes.. by Balachandran S, Osmond CB. 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160704

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The Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on the Cellular Localization of Glutamine Synthetase Isoforms in Barley Roots.. by Peat LJ, Tobin AK. 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160986

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The Female Collegiate Cross-Country Runner: Nutritional Knowledge and Attitudes. by Zawila LG, Steib CS, Hoogenboom B. 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155514

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The Role of Vacuolar Malate-Transport Capacity in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism and Nitrate Nutrition. Higher Malate-Transport Capacity in Ice Plant after Crassulacean Acid Metabolism-Induction and in Tobacco under Nitrate Nutrition. by Luttge U, Pfeifer T, Fischer-Schliebs E, Ratajczak R. 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59231

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Topics in International Health CD-ROM Series ---Nutrition.. by Henderson CL. 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34574

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Toxin-Antitoxin Modules May Regulate Synthesis of Macromolecules during Nutritional Stress. by Gerdes K. 2000 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=94316

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Twenty-nine day study of stability for six different parenteral nutrition mixtures. by Desport JC, Hoedt B, Pelagatti V, Lagarde A, Lorieul F, Chalmel D, Sultan F, Feiss P. 1997; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28987

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with nutrition, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for nutrition (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A blueprint-based case study analysis of nutrition services provided in a midterm care facility for the elderly. Author(s): Paquet C, St-Arnaud-Mckenzie D, Ferland G, Dube L. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616261&dopt=Abstract

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A cluster randomised trial to evaluate a nutrition training programme. Author(s): Moore H, Greenwood D, Gill T, Waine C, Soutter J, Adamson A. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2003 April; 53(489): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879826&dopt=Abstract

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A formative evaluation in maternal and child health practice: the Partners for Life Nutrition Education Program for pregnant women. Author(s): Boyd NR, Windsor RA. Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2003 June; 7(2): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870629&dopt=Abstract

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A generally neglected threat in infant nutrition: incorrect preparation of infant formulae. Author(s): Egemen A, Kusin N, Aksit S, Emek M, Kurugol Z. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2002 October-December; 44(4): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458804&dopt=Abstract

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A new stage of the nutrition transition in China. Author(s): Du S, Lu B, Zhai F, Popkin BM. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027281&dopt=Abstract

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A nutrition and behaviour change group for patients with anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Waisberg JL, Woods MT. Source: Can J Diet Pract Res. 2002 Winter; 63(4): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493143&dopt=Abstract

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A programme of behaviour modification and nutrition counselling in the treatment of obesity: a randomised 2-y clinical trial. Author(s): Melin I, Karlstrom B, Lappalainen R, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Vessby B. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 September; 27(9): 1127-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917721&dopt=Abstract

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A qualitative exploration of rural feeding and weaning practices, knowledge and attitudes on nutrition. Author(s): Kruger R, Gericke GJ. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 April; 6(2): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675965&dopt=Abstract

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A Tanzanian perspective on the nutrition transition and its implications for health. Author(s): Maletnlema TN. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 163-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027280&dopt=Abstract

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A test for adequacy of chromium nutrition in humans--relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Wells IC, Claassen JP, Anderson RJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 April 11; 303(3): 825-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670485&dopt=Abstract

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Acculturation: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nutrition. Author(s): Shannon C. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11 Suppl 3: S576-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492650&dopt=Abstract

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Acerola (Malpighia glabra L., M. punicifolia L., M. emarginata D.C.): agriculture, production and nutrition. Author(s): Johnson PD. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2003; 91: 67-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747089&dopt=Abstract

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Acute gout precipitated by total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Moyer RA, John DS. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 April; 30(4): 849-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672211&dopt=Abstract

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ADA's Nutrition Trends Survey: a tool for all dietetics professionals. American Dietetic Association. Author(s): Fishman L, Schiferl M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 February; 98(2): 127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518721&dopt=Abstract

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Addressing health disparities in middle school students' nutrition and exercise. Author(s): Frenn M, Malin S, Bansal N, Delgado M, Greer Y, Havice M, Ho M, Schweizer H. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 2003 Spring; 20(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581939&dopt=Abstract

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Adequate nutrition creates positive outcomes and improves quality of life. Author(s): Kearsey L. Source: Ons News / Oncology Nursing Society. 2002 December; 17(12): 1, 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514848&dopt=Abstract

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Ageing and nutrition in developing countries. Author(s): Dangour AD, Ismail SJ. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 April; 8(4): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667144&dopt=Abstract

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Aids and nutrition: a personal journey. Author(s): Melikian GL. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620521&dopt=Abstract

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Alcohol, folate, methionine, and risk of incident breast cancer in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Author(s): Feigelson HS, Jonas CR, Robertson AS, McCullough ML, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003 February; 12(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582027&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative nutrition in cancer: friend or foe? Author(s): Holmes S. Source: J R Soc Health. 2003 June; 123(2): 76. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852185&dopt=Abstract

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Aluminum contamination of parenteral nutrition and aluminum loading in children on long-term parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Advenier E, Landry C, Colomb V, Cognon C, Pradeau D, Florent M, Goulet O, Ricour C, Corriol O. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 April; 36(4): 448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658033&dopt=Abstract

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American Cancer Society releases guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention. Author(s): Ressel GW; American Cancer Society. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 October 15; 66(8): 1555, 1559-60, 1562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408429&dopt=Abstract

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An accelerated nutrition transition in Iran. Author(s): Ghassemi H, Harrison G, Mohammad K. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 149-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027278&dopt=Abstract

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An integrated child nutrition intervention improved growth of younger, more malnourished children in northern Viet Nam. Author(s): Schroeder DG, Pachon H, Dearden KA, Kwon CB, Ha TT, Lang TT, Marsh DR. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 December; 23(4): 53-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503232&dopt=Abstract

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Animal-assisted therapy and Nutrition in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Edwards NE, Beck AM. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2002 October; 24(6): 697-712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365769&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidants in photosynthesis and human nutrition. Author(s): Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW 3rd. Source: Science. 2002 December 13; 298(5601): 2149-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12481128&dopt=Abstract

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Applicability of the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP) in the areas of nutrition and skin care. Author(s): Ehnfors M, Florin J, Ehrenberg A. Source: International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications : the Official Journal of Nanda International. 2003 January-March; 14(1): 5-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747302&dopt=Abstract

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Application of isotope dilution technique in vitamin A nutrition. Author(s): Wasantwisut E. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 September; 23(3 Suppl): 103-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362775&dopt=Abstract

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Applications of inulin and oligofructose in health and nutrition. Author(s): Kaur N, Gupta AK. Source: Journal of Biosciences. 2002 December; 27(7): 703-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571376&dopt=Abstract

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Are health plans changing their views on nutrition service coverage? Author(s): Fitzner K, Myers EF, Caputo N, Michael P. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 February; 103(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589318&dopt=Abstract

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Artificial hydration and nutrition: revisiting the Dorff and Reisner teshuvot. Author(s): Sharzer LA. Source: Conserv Jud. 2001 Winter; 53(2): 60-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374164&dopt=Abstract

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Artificial nutrition and hydration therapy in advanced dementia. Author(s): Gillick MR. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2003 February; 2(2): 76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12849261&dopt=Abstract

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Artificially giving nutrition and fluids is not one action. Author(s): Finucane T, Christmas C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 29; 326(7391): 713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663420&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the dietary environment: examples from school-based nutrition interventions. Author(s): Lytle LA, Fulkerson JA. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6A): 893-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633512&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of perceptions of nutrition knowledge and disease using a group interactive system: the Perception Analyzer. Author(s): Papakonstantinou E, Hargrove JL, Huang CL, Crawley CC, Canolty NL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 November; 102(11): 1663-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449292&dopt=Abstract

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Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and employment by industry and occupation in the US population: a study of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Hnizdo E, Sullivan PA, Bang KM, Wagner G. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 October 15; 156(8): 738-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370162&dopt=Abstract

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Association of dietary protein intake and microalbuminuria in healthy adults: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Wrone EM, Carnethon MR, Palaniappan L, Fortmann SP; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 March; 41(3): 580-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612981&dopt=Abstract

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Association of edentulism and diet and nutrition in US adults. Author(s): Nowjack-Raymer RE, Sheiham A. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2003 February; 82(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562885&dopt=Abstract

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Association of kidney function with serum lipoprotein(a) level: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991-1994). Author(s): Kovesdy CP, Astor BC, Longenecker JC, Coresh J. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 November; 40(5): 899-908. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407633&dopt=Abstract

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Associations of body mass index and anthropometric indicators of fat mass and fat free mass with all-cause mortality among women in the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys follow-up studies. Author(s): Zhu S, Heo M, Plankey M, Faith MS, Allison DB. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2003 April; 13(4): 286-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684196&dopt=Abstract

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Barriers to nutrition care for nursing home residents. Author(s): Crogan NL, Shultz JA, Adams CE, Massey LK. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2001 December; 27(12): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11820531&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral aspects of development of eating behavior and nutrition status. Author(s): Vazir S. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 2): S95-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035868&dopt=Abstract

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Behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge of low-income consumers regarding nutrition labels. Author(s): McArthur L, Chamberlain V, Howard AB. Source: Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2001 November; 12(4): 415-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11688193&dopt=Abstract

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Beliefs about feeding practices and nutrition for children with disabilities among families in Dharavi, Mumbai. Author(s): Yousafzai AK, Pagedar S, Wirz S, Filteau S. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2003 March; 26(1): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601265&dopt=Abstract

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Benchmarking and nutrition. Author(s): Mason I, Brady C. Source: Nurs Times. 2003 January 21-27; 99(3): 49-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617014&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effects of immediate enteral nutrition after esophageal cancer surgery. Author(s): Aiko S, Yoshizumi Y, Sugiura Y, Matsuyama T, Naito Y, Matsuzaki J, Maehara T. Source: Surgery Today. 2001; 31(11): 971-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11766084&dopt=Abstract

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Benefits and limitations of enteral nutrition in the early postoperative period. Author(s): Dervenis C, Avgerinos C, Lytras D, Delis S. Source: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Chirurgie. 2003 February; 387(11-12): 441-9. Epub 2003 February 07. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607126&dopt=Abstract

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Better use of data to define nutrition priority and action. Author(s): Yip R. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2001 June; 14(1-2): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594481&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral pleural effusions: unexpected complication after left internal jugular venous catheterization for total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Paw HG. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 October; 89(4): 647-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393371&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical markers of nutrition and bone mineral density in the elderly. Author(s): Di Monaco M, Vallero F, Di Monaco R, Mautino F, Cavanna A. Source: Gerontology. 2003 January-February; 49(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457051&dopt=Abstract

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Bioterrorism and food safety: what nutrition professionals need to know to educate the American public. Author(s): Peregrin T. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 January; 102(1): 14, 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794492&dopt=Abstract

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Blood lead levels and sexual maturation in U.S. girls: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Wu T, Buck GM, Mendola P. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 May; 111(5): 737-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727603&dopt=Abstract

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Body basics: a nutrition education program for adolescents about food, nutrition, growth, body image, and weight control. Author(s): O'Dea J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 March; 102(3 Suppl): S68-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902391&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance in chronic maintenance dialysis patients: comparisons to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Author(s): Dumler F, Kilates C. Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition : the Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 April; 13(2): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671844&dopt=Abstract

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Body composition changes in cachectic patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Matarese LE, Steiger E, Seidner DL, Richmond B. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 November-December; 26(6): 366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405648&dopt=Abstract

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Bone and nutrition in elderly women: protein, energy, and calcium as main determinants of bone mineral density. Author(s): Ilich JZ, Brownbill RA, Tamborini L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 554-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700617&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density and fracture among prevalent kidney stone cases in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Lauderdale DS, Thisted RA, Wen M, Favus MJ. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2001 October; 16(10): 1893-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11585355&dopt=Abstract

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Bone mineral density and verbal memory impairment: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Zhang Y, Seshadri S, Ellison RC, Heeren T, Felson DT. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 November 1; 154(9): 795-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682361&dopt=Abstract

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Bones and nutrition: common sense supplementation for osteoporosis. Author(s): Advani S, Wimalawansa SJ. Source: Curr Womens Health Rep. 2003 June; 3(3): 187-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734028&dopt=Abstract

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Both under-nutrition and obesity increase morbidity following liver transplantation. Author(s): Hade AM, Shine AM, Kennedy NP, McCormick PA. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 May; 96(5): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846275&dopt=Abstract

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Bowel rehabilitation: an alternative to long-term parenteral nutrition and intestinal transplantation for some patients with short bowel syndrome. Author(s): Byrne TA, Cox S, Karimbakas M, Veglia LM, Bennett HM, Lautz DB, Robinson MK, Wilmore DW. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 May; 34(3): 887-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034223&dopt=Abstract

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Breaking the cycles of malnutrition: are pregnancy nutrition interventions effective? Author(s): Persson LA. Source: J Health Popul Nutr. 2001 September; 19(3): 158-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761768&dopt=Abstract

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Breastfeeding and its relation to child nutrition in rural Chiang Mai, Thailand. Author(s): Panpanich R, Vitsupakorn K, Brabin B. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 May; 86(5): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859096&dopt=Abstract

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Breast-feeding and the prevalence of asthma and wheeze in children: analyses from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Chulada PC, Arbes SJ Jr, Dunson D, Zeldin DC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 February; 111(2): 328-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589353&dopt=Abstract

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Breastfeeding: making the difference in the development, health and nutrition of term and preterm newborns. Author(s): do Nascimento MB, Issler H. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2003 January-February; 58(1): 49-60. Epub 2003 April 30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754591&dopt=Abstract

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Breastfeeding: nutrition not the only issue. Author(s): Sabban LF. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 January; 102(1): 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794495&dopt=Abstract

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Building a healthy me! Stacking up choices for good nutrition. Author(s): Anderson TM, Herz-Braun L. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 March-April; 33(2): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031193&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium nutrition and metabolism. Author(s): Bronner F. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 209-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699228&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium, vitamin D, and nutrition in elderly adults. Author(s): Nieves JW. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2003 May; 19(2): 321-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916289&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States). Author(s): McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Carolyn J, Calle EE, Willett WC, Thun MJ. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2003 February; 14(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708719&dopt=Abstract

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Canada's nutrition labels: a new world standard? Author(s): Sibbald B. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 April 1; 168(7): 887. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668560&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrate fractions of legumes: uses in human nutrition and potential for health. Author(s): Guillon F, Champ MM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 88 Suppl 3: S293-306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12498630&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrate intake and biomarkers of glycemic control among US adults: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Author(s): Yang EJ, Kerver JM, Park YK, Kayitsinga J, Allison DB, Song WO. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 77(6): 1426-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791619&dopt=Abstract

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Caries prevalence, nutrition, and xerogenic medication use among a geriatric population. Author(s): Calvo J, Papas A. Source: J Mass Dent Soc. 2003 Spring; 52(1): 48-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723213&dopt=Abstract

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Catabolic response to stress and potential benefits of nutrition support. Author(s): Wray CJ, Mammen JM, Hasselgren PO. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 November-December; 18(11-12): 971-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431720&dopt=Abstract

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Central venous catheter complications in 447 patients on home parenteral nutrition: an analysis of over 100.000 catheter days. Author(s): Bozzetti F, Mariani L, Bertinet DB, Chiavenna G, Crose N, De Cicco M, Gigli G, Micklewright A, Moreno Villares JM, Orban A, Pertkiewicz M, Pironi L, Vilas MP, Prins F, Thul P. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 December; 21(6): 475-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468367&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in dietary patterns and certain nutrition-related diseases in urban and rural residents of Jiangsu Province, China, during the 1990s. Author(s): Wang CN, Liang Z, Wei P, Liu P, Yu JX, Zhang DM, Ma FL. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2002 December; 15(4): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642982&dopt=Abstract

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Child nutrition programs in Canada and the United States: comparisons and contrasts. Author(s): Henry CJ, Allison DJ, Garcia AC. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2003 February; 73(2): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643024&dopt=Abstract

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Client-centred nutrition counselling: do we know what this means? Author(s): Maclellan DL, Berenbaum S. Source: Can J Diet Pract Res. 2003 Spring; 64(1): 12-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631404&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with home enteral nutrition in an area of Spain. Author(s): de Luis DA, Aller R, de Luis J, Izaola O, Romero E, Terroba MC, Cuellar LA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 612-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700624&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and laboratory assessment of nutrition status in dental practice. Author(s): Touger-Decker R. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 259-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699231&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical nutrition: 8. The role of nutrition in the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants, children and adolescents. Author(s): Zlotkin S. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 January 7; 168(1): 59-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515787&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical trial of interactive and videotaped educational interventions reduce infection, reactive depression, and rehospitalizations for sepsis in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Smith CE, Curtas S, Kleinbeck SV, Werkowitch M, Mosier M, Seidner DL, Steiger E. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2003 March-April; 27(2): 13745. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665170&dopt=Abstract

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Committee on food nutrition. Nonvitamin micronutrients. Author(s): Indyk H. Source: J Aoac Int. 2003 January-February; 86(1): 143-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607753&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of nutrition data from national, household, and individual levels: results from a WHO-CINDI collaborative project in Canada, Finland, Poland, and Spain. Author(s): Serra-Majem L, MacLean D, Ribas L, Brule D, Sekula W, Prattala R, GarciaClosas R, Yngve A, Lalonde M, Petrasovits A. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003 January; 57(1): 74-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490653&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of a immunonutrition formula enriched arginine, glutamine and omega3 fatty acid, with a currently high-enriched enteral nutrition for trauma patients. Author(s): Chuntrasakul C, Siltham S, Sarasombath S, Sittapairochana C, Leowattana W, Chockvivatanavanit S, Bunnak A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 June; 86(6): 552-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12924804&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of body composition and periodontal disease using nutritional assessment techniques: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Author(s): Wood N, Johnson RB, Streckfus CF. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003 April; 30(4): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694430&dopt=Abstract

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Compatibility of calcium and phosphate in four parenteral nutrition solutions for preterm neonates. Author(s): Pereira-da-Silva L, Nurmamodo A, Amaral JM, Rosa ML, Almeida MC, Ribeiro ML. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2003 May 15; 60(10): 1041-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789878&dopt=Abstract

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Computer-assisted nutrition education. Author(s): Flanagan N, Waltz-Hill M, Lewis NM, Eskridge K. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 December; 102(12): 1751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487534&dopt=Abstract

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Consensus report on nutrition for pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Borowitz D, Baker RD, Stallings V. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 September; 35(3): 24659. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352509&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of added fats and oils in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) centres across 10 European countries as assessed by 24hour dietary recalls. Author(s): Linseisen J, Bergstrom E, Gafa L, Gonzalez CA, Thiebaut A, Trichopoulou A, Tumino R, Navarro Sanchez C, Martinez Garcia C, Mattisson I, Nilsson S, Welch A, Spencer EA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kesse E, Miller AB, Schulz M, Botsi K, Naska A, Sieri S, Sacerdote C, Ocke MC, Peeters PH, Skeie G, Engeset D, Charrondiere UR, Slimani N. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1227-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639229&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of dairy products in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort: data from 35 955 24-hour dietary recalls in 10 European countries. Author(s): Hjartaker A, Lagiou A, Slimani N, Lund E, Chirlaque MD, Vasilopoulou E, Zavitsanos X, Berrino F, Sacerdote C, Ocke MC, Peeters PH, Engeset D, Skeie G, Aller A, Amiano P, Berglund G, Nilsson S, McTaggart A, Spencer EA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Schulz M, Hemon B, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1259-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639231&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of vegetables, fruit and other plant foods in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts from 10 European countries. Author(s): Agudo A, Slimani N, Ocke MC, Naska A, Miller AB, Kroke A, Bamia C, Karalis D, Vineis P, Palli D, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Engeset D, Hjartaker A, Navarro C, Martinez Garcia C, Wallstrom P, Zhang JX, Welch AA, Spencer E, Stripp C, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Casagrande C, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1179-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639226&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of breastfeeding to vitamin A nutrition of infants: a simulation model. Author(s): Ross JS, Harvey PW. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003; 81(2): 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751415&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of nutrition to child health. Author(s): Caballero B. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2002; 46 Suppl 1: 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428074&dopt=Abstract

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Contributions of industry to parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Hardy G. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620536&dopt=Abstract

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Controlled trial of effect of computer-based nutrition course on knowledge and practice of general practitioner trainees. Author(s): Maiburg BH, Rethans JJ, Schuwirth LW, Mathus-Vliegen LM, van Ree JW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4 Suppl): 1019S1024S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663311&dopt=Abstract

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Cooking of meat and fish in Europe--results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Author(s): Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Becker N, Norat T, Sinha R, Skeie G, Lund E, Martinez C, Barricarte A, Mattisson I, Berglund G, Welch A, Davey G, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kesse E, Lotze G, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Vasilopoulou E, Polychronopoulos E, Pala V, Celentano E, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Riboli E, Slimani N; European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 56(12): 1216-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494307&dopt=Abstract

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Coping strategies and nutrition education needs among food pantry users. Author(s): Hoisington A, Shultz JA, Butkus S. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2002 November-December; 34(6): 326-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556271&dopt=Abstract

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Core data for nutrition trials in infants: a discussion document--a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Author(s): Aggett P, Agostoni C, Axelsson I, Goulet O, Hernell O, Koletzko B, Lafeber HN, Michaelsen KF, Morley R, Rigo J, Szajewska H, Weaver LT; ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 March; 36(3): 338-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604971&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between serum transferrin level and prognosis in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Kung SP, Lui WY. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2002 August; 65(8): 392-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455809&dopt=Abstract

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C-reactive protein concentration and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Author(s): Ford ES; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Source: Circulation. 2003 September 2; 108(9): 1053-8. Epub 2003 August 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925465&dopt=Abstract

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C-reactive protein concentration distribution among US children and young adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Author(s): Ford ES, Giles WH, Myers GL, Rifai N, Ridker PM, Mannino DM. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 August; 49(8): 1353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881452&dopt=Abstract

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Creatinine production, nutrition, and glomerular filtration rate estimation. Author(s): Beddhu S, Samore MH, Roberts MS, Stoddard GJ, Pappas LM, Cheung AK. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2003 April; 14(4): 1000-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660334&dopt=Abstract

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Critical care nutrition: reducing the risk of aspiration. Author(s): McClave SA, Dryden GW. Source: Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2003 January; 14(1): 2-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610849&dopt=Abstract

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Crohn's disease with Parkinsonism due to long-term total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Kamata N, Oshitani N, Oiso R, Kawachiya T, Inagawa M, Kawashima D, Iimuro M, Sogawa M, Jinno Y, Watanabe K, Nakamura S, Higuchi K, Matsumoto T, Arakawa T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 May; 48(5): 992-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772801&dopt=Abstract

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Current and future role of fluoride in nutrition. Author(s): Warren JJ, Levy SM. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 225-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699229&dopt=Abstract

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Dangerous nutrition. Author(s): Jungi WF. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2003 April; 11(4): 197-8. Epub 2003 March 12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673456&dopt=Abstract

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Dangerous nutrition? Calcium, vitamin D, and shark cartilage nutritional supplements and cancer-related hypercalcemia. Author(s): Lagman R, Walsh D. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2003 April; 11(4): 232-5. Epub 2003 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673461&dopt=Abstract

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Dedicated catheter lumens for parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Johnson JR. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 June 15; 36(12): 1625-6; Author Reply 1626. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802769&dopt=Abstract

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Demographic, health, lifestyle, and blood vitamin determinants of serum total homocysteine concentrations in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Ganji V, Kafai MR; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 826-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663279&dopt=Abstract

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Demographics of home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Delegge MH. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 September-October; 26(5 Suppl): S60-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216724&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstrating the impact of nutrition intervention in a heart failure program. Author(s): Kuehneman T, Saulsbury D, Splett P, Chapman DB. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 December; 102(12): 1790-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487542&dopt=Abstract

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Denon Institute Award for Excellence in Medical/Dental Nutrition Education Lecture, 2002. Will there be a tipping point in medical nutrition education? Author(s): Kushner RF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 77(2): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540384&dopt=Abstract

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Department of Health Research Initiative on Nutrition Phase 2: overview of findings and recommendations. Author(s): Hughes JM. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 February; 6(1): 101-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581472&dopt=Abstract

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Design of a prospective, randomized evaluation of an integrated nutrition program in rural Viet Nam. Author(s): Marsh DR, Pachon H, Schroeder DG, Ha TT, Dearden K, Lang TT, Hien ND, Tuan DA, Thach TD, Claussenius DR. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 December; 23(4): 36-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503230&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of nutrition knowledge among low-income, Latino caretakers in Hartford, Conn. Author(s): Boulanger PM, Perez-Escamilla R, Himmelgreen D, Segura-Millan S, Haldeman L. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 July; 102(7): 978-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12146563&dopt=Abstract

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Developing an evidence-based approach to Public Health Nutrition: translating evidence into policy. Author(s): Margetts B, Warm D, Yngve A, Sjostrom M. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2001 December; 4(6A): 1393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918488&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group of the EASD (DNSG). Minutes of the General Assembly held at Samos on 29 June 2002. European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Author(s): Julius U, Hermansen K. Source: Diabetologia. 2002 November; 45(11): R68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12498161&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes and nutrition. Author(s): Bloomgarden ZT. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 October; 25(10): 1869-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351493&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes medical nutrition therapy: practical tips to improve outcomes. Author(s): Daly A, Warshaw H, Pastors JG, Franz MJ, Arnold M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2003 May; 15(5): 20611. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800800&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis, prevention, and management of catheter related bloodstream infection during long term parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Hodge D, Puntis JW. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2002 July; 87(1): F21-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091284&dopt=Abstract

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Diarrhea during enteral nutrition-appropriate outcome measurement. Author(s): Whelan K, Judd PA, Taylor MA. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 September; 18(9): 790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297227&dopt=Abstract

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Diet and exercise among adults with type 2 diabetes: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). Author(s): Nelson KM, Reiber G, Boyko EJ; NHANES III. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 October; 25(10): 1722-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351468&dopt=Abstract

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Diet and nutrition in pediatric dentistry. Author(s): Marshall TA. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 279-303. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699232&dopt=Abstract

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Diet Quality Index as a predictor of short-term mortality in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Author(s): Seymour JD, Calle EE, Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Ford ES, Thun MJ; American Cancer Society. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 June 1; 157(11): 980-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777361&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary acculturation: applications to nutrition research and dietetics. Author(s): Satia-Abouta J, Patterson RE, Neuhouser ML, Elder J. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 August; 102(8): 1105-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171455&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Author(s): Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Norat T, ClavelChapelon F, Kesse E, Nieters A, Boeing H, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Gonzalez CA, Key TJ, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Vineis P, Tumino R, Krogh V, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Berglund G, Hallmans G, Lund E, Skeie G, Kaaks R, Riboli E; European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Source: Lancet. 2003 May 3; 361(9368): 1496-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737858&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake assessed by the Nutrition Screening Initiative Level II Screen is a sensitive but not a specific indicator of nutrition risk in older adults. Author(s): Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Friedmann JM, Jensen G. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 June; 102(6): 842-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067053&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake does not account for differences in low iron stores among Mexican American and non-Hispanic white women: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Ramakrishnan U, Frith-Terhune A, Cogswell M, Kettel Khan L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 132(5): 996-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983827&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake of folate and risk of stroke in US men and women: NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria C, Vupputuri S, Myers L, Whelton PK. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 May; 33(5): 1183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11988588&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary interventions in Finland, Norway and Sweden: nutrition policies and strategies. Author(s): Roos G, Lean M, Anderson A. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 April; 15(2): 99-110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972739&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary patterns and the odds of carotid atherosclerosis in women: the Framingham Nutrition Studies. Author(s): Millen BE, Quatromoni PA, Nam BH, O'Horo CE, Polak JF, D'Agostino RB. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2002 December; 35(6): 540-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460521&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary patterns of Australian adults and their association with socioeconomic status: results from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey. Author(s): Mishra G, Ball K, Arbuckle J, Crawford D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 56(7): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080411&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary reference intakes: a comparison with the Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey. Author(s): Fitzgerald AL, Maclean DR, Veugelers PJ. Source: Can J Diet Pract Res. 2002 Winter; 63(4): 176-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493140&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary sodium intake and incidence of congestive heart failure in overweight US men and women: first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Author(s): He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, Vupputuri S, Loria C, Whelton PK. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 July 22; 162(14): 1619-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123406&dopt=Abstract

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Dietitian-general practitioner interface: a pilot study on what influences the provision of effective nutrition management. Author(s): Nicholas LG, Pond CD, Roberts DC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4 Suppl): 1039S1042S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663315&dopt=Abstract

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Direct hyperbilirubinemia: a case study of parenteral nutrition-induced cholestatic jaundice. Author(s): Hengst JM. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2002 June; 21(4): 57-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078321&dopt=Abstract

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Direct observation of nutrition counseling in community family practice. Author(s): Eaton CB, Goodwin MA, Stange KC. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 October; 23(3): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350449&dopt=Abstract

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Discrepancies in nutritional recommendations: the need for evidence based nutrition. Author(s): Mann J. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11 Suppl 3: S510-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492641&dopt=Abstract

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Disparities in the diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment of high serum cholesterol by race and ethnicity: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Nelson K, Norris K, Mangione CM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 April 22; 162(8): 929-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966345&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of HbA(1c) levels for children and young adults in the U.S.: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Saaddine JB, Fagot-Campagna A, Rolka D, Narayan KM, Geiss L, Eberhardt M, Flegal KM. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 August; 25(8): 1326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145229&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbances in essential fatty acid metabolism in patients receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Ling PR, Ollero M, Khaodhiar L, McCowen K, Keane-Ellison M, Thibault A, Tawa N, Bistrian BR. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 August; 47(8): 1679-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184517&dopt=Abstract

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Diversity of dietary patterns observed in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project. Author(s): Slimani N, Fahey M, Welch AA, Wirfalt E, Stripp C, Bergstrom E, Linseisen J, Schulze MB, Bamia C, Chloptsios Y, Veglia F, Panico S, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ocke MC, Brustad M, Lund E, Gonzalez CA, Barcos A, Berglund G, Winkvist A, Mulligan A, Appleby P, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kesse E, Ferrari P, Van Staveren WA, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1311-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639235&dopt=Abstract

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Do low-income lone mothers compromise their nutrition to feed their children? Author(s): McIntyre L, Glanville NT, Raine KD, Dayle JB, Anderson B, Battaglia N. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 March 18; 168(6): 686-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642423&dopt=Abstract

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Does nutrition information about the energy density of meals affect food intake in normal-weight women? Author(s): Kral TV, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Source: Appetite. 2002 October; 39(2): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354682&dopt=Abstract

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Does point-of-purchase nutrition labeling influence meal selections? A test in an Army cafeteria. Author(s): Sproul AD, Canter DD, Schmidt JB. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 July; 168(7): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901467&dopt=Abstract

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Early intravenous nutrition for the prevention of neonatal jaundice. Author(s): Faber BM, Mills JF. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd003846. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917992&dopt=Abstract

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Early versus late nutrition support in premature neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Author(s): Ho MY, Yen YH, Hsieh MC, Chen HY, Chien SC, Hus-Lee SM. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620530&dopt=Abstract

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Economic analysis of bilingual interactive multimedia nutrition education. Author(s): Gould SM, Anderson J. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2002 September-October; 34(5): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559063&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of an integrated child nutrition intervention on the complementary food intake of young children in rural north Viet Nam. Author(s): Pachon H, Schroeder DG, Marsh DR, Dearden KA, Ha TT, Lang TT. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 December; 23(4): 62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503233&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of an integrated nutrition program on child morbidity due to respiratory infection and diarrhea in northern Viet Nam. Author(s): Sripaipan T, Schroeder DG, Marsh DR, Pachon H, Dearden KA, Ha TT, Lang TT. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 December; 23(4): 70-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503234&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of c-reactive protein and interleukins blood levels in postsurgery arginineenhanced enteral nutrition in head and neck cancer patients. Author(s): de Luis DA, Izaola O, Cuellar L, Terroba MC, Arranz M, Fernandez N, Aller R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 57(1): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548303&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of nutrition education of mothers on infant feeding practices. Author(s): Sethi V, Kashyap S, Seth V. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 June; 70(6): 463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921312&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of nutrition supplement education on nutrition supplement knowledge among high school students from a low-income community. Author(s): Little JC, Perry DR, Volpe SL. Source: Journal of Community Health. 2002 December; 27(6): 433-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458785&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of route and type of nutrition on intestine-derived inflammatory responses. Author(s): Kudsk KA. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 January; 185(1): 16-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531438&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of continuous versus bolus infusion of enteral nutrition in critical patients. Author(s): Serpa LF, Kimura M, Faintuch J, Ceconello I. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2003 January-February; 58(1): 9-14. Epub 2003 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754584&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of fish oil in parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Chen WJ, Yeh SL. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 275-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620534&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Author(s): Henriksen MG, Hessov I, Dela F, Hansen HV, Haraldsted V, Rodt SA. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 February; 47(2): 191-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631049&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of intradialytic parenteral nutrition in malnourished hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Cherry N, Shalansky K. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2002 September 15; 59(18): 1736-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12298111&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of nutritional support: evidence-based nutrition and cost-effectiveness. Author(s): Waitzberg DL. Source: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme. 2002; 7: 257-71; Discussion 271-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12481706&dopt=Abstract

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Elderly food stamp participants are different from eligible nonparticipants by level of nutrition risk but not nutrient intake. Author(s): Fey-Yensan N, English C, Pacheco HE, Belyea M, Schuler D. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 January; 103(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525802&dopt=Abstract

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Empowerment in rural Viet Nam: exploring changes in mothers and health volunteers in the context of an integrated nutrition project. Author(s): Hendrickson JL, Dearden K, Pachon H, An NH, Schroeder DG, Marsh DR. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 December; 23(4): 86-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503236&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic techniques for enteral nutrition: standards and innovations. Author(s): Dormann AJ, Huchzermeyer H. Source: Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 20(2): 145-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566617&dopt=Abstract

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Energy stress during pregnancy and lactation: consequences for maternal nutrition in rural Bangladesh. Author(s): Alam DS, Van Raaij JM, Hautvast JG, Yunus M, Fuchs GJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 57(1): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548310&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancing self-efficacy and patient care with cardiovascular nutrition education. Author(s): Carson JA, Gillham MB, Kirk LM, Reddy ST, Battles JB. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002 November; 23(4): 296-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406484&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy for Crohn's disease. Author(s): Tsujikawa T, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003; 9(4): 323-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570824&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral nutrition and enteral tube feeding. Review of the evidence. Author(s): Haddad RY, Thomas DR. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2002 November; 18(4): 867-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608510&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral nutrition delivery technique. Author(s): Gopalan S, Khanna S. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2003 May; 6(3): 313-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690265&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease: fat in the formula. Author(s): Gorard DA. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2003 February; 15(2): 1158. Erratum In: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 April; 15(4): 459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560753&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral nutrition in HPB surgery: past and future. Author(s): Bengmark S. Source: Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2002; 9(4): 448-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483267&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral nutrition practice in a surgical intensive care unit: what proportion of energy expenditure is delivered enterally? Author(s): Engel JM, Muhling J, Junger A, Menges T, Karcher B, Hempelmann G. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 April; 22(2): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706137&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral nutrition with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants reduces alveolar inflammatory mediators and protein influx in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Author(s): Pacht ER, DeMichele SJ, Nelson JL, Hart J, Wennberg AK, Gadek JE. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 February; 31(2): 491-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576957&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Al-Omran M, Groof A, Wilke D. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd002837. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535441&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: the story of a pragmatic trial study. Author(s): McFie J. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620520&dopt=Abstract

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Ethical consequences for professionals from the globalization of food, nutrition and health. Author(s): Solomons NW. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11 Suppl 3: S653-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492659&dopt=Abstract

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European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study: rationale, design and population characteristics. Author(s): Slimani N, Kaaks R, Ferrari P, Casagrande C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Lotze G, Kroke A, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Lauria C, Bellegotti M, Ocke MC, Peeters PH, Engeset D, Lund E, Agudo A, Larranaga N, Mattisson I, Andren C, Johansson I, Davey G, Welch AA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Van Staveren WA, Saracci R, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1125-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639223&dopt=Abstract

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European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection. Author(s): Riboli E, Hunt KJ, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Norat T, Fahey M, Charrondiere UR, Hemon B, Casagrande C, Vignat J, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Thiebaut A, Wahrendorf J, Boeing H, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Vineis P, Palli D, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Lund E, Engeset D, Gonzalez CA, Barricarte A, Berglund G, Hallmans G, Day NE, Key TJ, Kaaks R, Saracci R. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1113-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639222&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the South Carolina seniors farmers' market nutrition education program. Author(s): Kunkel ME, Luccia B, Moore AC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 July; 103(7): 880-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830029&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of under- and overreporting of energy intake in the 24-hour diet recalls in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Author(s): Ferrari P, Slimani N, Ciampi A, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Lauria C, Veglia F, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ocke MC, Brustad M, Braaten T, Jose Tormo M, Amiano P, Mattisson I, Johansson G, Welch A, Davey G, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, ClavelChapelon F, Thiebaut A, Linseisen J, Boeing H, Hemon B, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1329-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639236&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation, development, and implementation of potentially better practices in neonatal intensive care nutrition. Author(s): Kuzma-O'Reilly B, Duenas ML, Greecher C, Kimberlin L, Mujsce D, Miller D, Walker DJ. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 April; 111(4 Pt 2): E461-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671166&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Author(s): Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, Brunzell JD, Chiasson JL, Garg A, Holzmeister LA, Hoogwerf B, Mayer-Davis E, Mooradian AD, Purnell JQ, Wheeler M; American Diabetes Association. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 January; 26 Suppl 1: S51-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502619&dopt=Abstract

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Evolution of diabetes medical nutrition therapy. Author(s): Franz MJ, Warshaw H, Daly AE, Green-Pastors J, Arnold MS, Bantle J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2003 January; 79(927): 30-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566549&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Author(s): Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH, Berra K, Blair SN, Costa F, Franklin B, Fletcher GF, Gordon NF, Pate RR, Rodriguez BL, Yancey AK, Wenger NK; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention; American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Subcommittee on Physical Activity. Source: Circulation. 2003 June 24; 107(24): 3109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821592&dopt=Abstract

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Expanding medical nutrition therapy: an argument for evidence-based practices. Author(s): Smith R. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616251&dopt=Abstract

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Expanding portion sizes in the US marketplace: implications for nutrition counseling. Author(s): Young LR, Nestle M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 February; 103(2): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589331&dopt=Abstract

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Expertise is needed to provide medical nutrition therapy in HIV. Author(s): Bouvier G. Source: Hiv Clin. 2003 Winter; 15(1): 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569887&dopt=Abstract

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Familial clustering of obesity and the role of nutrition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Author(s): Mirmiran P, Mirbolooki M, Azizi F. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 December; 26(12): 1617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461678&dopt=Abstract

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Family members' preferences for nutrition interventions to improve nursing home residents' oral food and fluid intake. Author(s): Simmons SF, Lam HY, Rao G, Schnelle JF. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 January; 51(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534848&dopt=Abstract

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Fat composition may be a clue to explain the primary therapeutic effect of enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease: results of a double blind randomised multicentre European trial. Author(s): Gassull MA, Fernandez-Banares F, Cabre E, Papo M, Giaffer MH, SanchezLombrana JL, Richart C, Malchow H, Gonzalez-Huix F, Esteve M; Eurpoean Group on Enteral Nutrition in Crohn's Disease. Source: Gut. 2002 August; 51(2): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117873&dopt=Abstract

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Fat substitutes and health: an advisory from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Author(s): Wylie-Rosett J. Source: Circulation. 2002 June 11; 105(23): 2800-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057998&dopt=Abstract

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Fatty acid transport across membranes: relevance to nutrition and metabolic pathology. Author(s): Hajri T, Abumrad NA. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2002; 22: 383-415. Epub 2002 April 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055351&dopt=Abstract

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Feed Your Mind: an interactive nutrition evaluation for teenagers. Author(s): Struempler BJ, Cobrin SM. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2002 January-February; 34(1): 5960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917673&dopt=Abstract

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Feeding tubes: sorting out the issues. Efficacy of artificial nutrition and hydration is determined by several clinical factors. Author(s): Sheehan MN. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 2001 November-December; 82(6): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763576&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal nutrition and insulin sensitivity: The genetic and environmental aspects of "thrift". Author(s): Rosenbloom AL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 October; 141(4): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378178&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal nutrition and muscle oxygen supply in childhood. Author(s): Arrowsmith F, Ward J, Ling A, Rooney K, Baur L, Thompson C. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 December; 51(12): 1569-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489069&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal nutrition: how we become what we are. Author(s): McClellan R, Novak D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 September; 33(3): 23344. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593115&dopt=Abstract

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Fibre in enteral nutrition: a new era? Author(s): Green CJ. Source: Nutr Hosp. 2002; 17 Suppl 2: 1-6. English, Spanish. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12141179&dopt=Abstract

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Fish and N-3 fatty acids for the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease: nutrition is not pharmacology. Author(s): De Lorgeril M, Salen P. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 March; 112(4): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893373&dopt=Abstract

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Flexible endoscopy and enteral nutrition. Author(s): Cathey L, Greene FL. Source: Semin Laparosc Surg. 2003 March; 10(1): 37-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695808&dopt=Abstract

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Focused gut-mucosal nutrition for diarrhoeal disease: improved nutrient therapy. Author(s): Roediger WE, Millard SH, Bird AR. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708612&dopt=Abstract

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Food and nutrition security and the economic crisis in Indonesia. Author(s): Soekirman. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10 Suppl: S57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708583&dopt=Abstract

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Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest? Author(s): Nestle M. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2001 October; 4(5): 1015-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784415&dopt=Abstract

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Food for thought: a nutrition monitoring project for elementary school children using the internet. Author(s): Herbold NH, Dennis MD. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 September-October; 33(5): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031182&dopt=Abstract

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Food industry's role in national nutrition policy: working for the common good. Author(s): Crockett SJ, Kennedy E, Elam K. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 April; 102(4): 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985403&dopt=Abstract

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Food intake in the real world: implications for nutrition and aging. Author(s): de Castro JM, Stroebele N. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2002 November; 18(4): 685-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608497&dopt=Abstract

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Food labeling: trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims, and health claims. Final rule. Author(s): Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Source: Federal Register. 2003 July 11; 68(133): 41433-1506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856667&dopt=Abstract

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Food management practices used by people with limited resources to maintain food sufficiency as reported by nutrition educators. Author(s): Kempson KM, Palmer Keenan D, Sadani PS, Ridlen S, Scotto Rosato N. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 December; 102(12): 1795-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487543&dopt=Abstract

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Food matters: changing dimensions of science and practice in the nutrition profession. Author(s): Liquori T. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 July-August; 33(4): 234-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953245&dopt=Abstract

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Food production and nutrition for the crew during the first 2-year closure of Biosphere 2. Author(s): Silverstone SE. Source: Life Support Biosph Sci. 1997; 4(3-4): 167-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11542292&dopt=Abstract

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Food production and nutrition in Biosphere 2: results from the first mission September 1991 to September 1993. Author(s): Silverstone SE, Nelson M. Source: Advances in Space Research : the Official Journal of the Committee on Space Research (Cospar). 1996; 18(4-5): 49-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11538814&dopt=Abstract

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Food security and nutrition -- the Ethiopian case for action. Author(s): Kaluski DN, Ophir E, Amede T. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 June; 5(3): 373-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003647&dopt=Abstract

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Food shortages and nutrition in North Korea. Author(s): Bhatia R, Thorne-Lyman AL. Source: Lancet. 2002 December; 360 Suppl: S27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504492&dopt=Abstract

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Foods for tomorrow: the challenge for nutrition. Author(s): Flynn A. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894754&dopt=Abstract

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Formative research activities to provide Web-based nutrition education to adults in the Upper Rio Grande Valley. Author(s): Buller DB, Woodall WG, Zimmerman DE, Heimendinger J, Rogers EM, Slater MD, Hau BA, Pepper JI, Bartlett-Horch K, Burris-Woodall PA, Dignan MB, Hines J, Le Blanc ML. Source: Family & Community Health. 2001 October; 24(3): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563940&dopt=Abstract

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Forum on Therapeutic Nutrition: 2000 Clinical Practice Update. September 9, 2000, Palisades, New York, USA. Author(s): Kendler BS. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 January; 18(1): 115-7. Erratum In: Nutrition 2002 June; 18(6): 519. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827784&dopt=Abstract

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Fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis in healthy subjects during near-continuous oral nutrition and bed rest: a comparison with published data in artificially fed, critically ill patients. Author(s): Minehira K, Tappy L, Chiolero R, Vladimirova V, Berger MM, Revelly JP, Schwarz JM. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 August; 21(4): 345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135596&dopt=Abstract

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Frailty and education in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Leigh JP, Fries JF. Source: Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2002 February; 13(1): 11227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836909&dopt=Abstract

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Framing of nutrition education messages in persuading consumers of the advantages of a healthy diet. Author(s): van Assema P, Martens M, Ruiter RA, Brug J. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2001 December; 14(6): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906585&dopt=Abstract

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Free radical disease prevention and nutrition. Author(s): Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Ursinyova M, Blazicek P, Spustova V, Ginter E, Hladikova V, Klvanova J. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2003; 104(2): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839214&dopt=Abstract

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Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Author(s): Fang YZ, Yang S, Wu G. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 October; 18(10): 872-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361782&dopt=Abstract

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Fructose-1,6-diphosphate-added total parenteral nutrition in septic animals and stressed patients. Author(s): Shu Z, Li J. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2001 November; 114(11): 1171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729513&dopt=Abstract

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Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Author(s): Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Vupputuri S, Myers L, Whelton PK. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081821&dopt=Abstract

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Functional food ingredients against colorectal cancer. An example project integrating functional genomics, nutrition and health. Author(s): Stierum R, Burgemeister R, van Helvoort A, Peijnenburg A, Schutze K, Seidelin M, Vang O, van Ommen B. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 August; 11(4 Suppl): 94-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894763&dopt=Abstract

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Functional foods and probiotics: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Isolauri E, Ribeiro Hda C, Gibson G, Saavedra J, Saliminen S, Vanderhoof J, Varavithya W. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192178&dopt=Abstract

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Functional gastrointestinal disorders: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Hyams J, Colletti R, Faure C, Gabriel-Martinez E, Maffei HV, Morais MB, Hock QS, Vandenplas Y. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S110-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192179&dopt=Abstract

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Further evidence for the beneficial effects of glutamine in the nutrition of ICU patients. Author(s): Wernerman J. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 September; 18(9): 722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297204&dopt=Abstract

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Garden-enhanced nutrition curriculum improves fourth-grade school children's knowledge of nutrition and preferences for some vegetables. Author(s): Morris JL, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 January; 102(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794509&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric prokinetic motility therapy to facilitate early enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit. Author(s): Miskovitz P. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2002 June; 30(6): 1386-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072701&dopt=Abstract

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Gastroenterology and nutrition. Author(s): Hyams JS. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2001 October; 13(5): 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801886&dopt=Abstract

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Gem no. 337. Team nutrition partners: a volunteer program to enhance the school environment. Author(s): Benedict J, Spoon M. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 July-August; 33(4): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953247&dopt=Abstract

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General introduction to the importance of genomics in food biotechnology and nutrition. Author(s): Verrips CT, Warmoeskerken MM, Post JA. Source: Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2001 October; 12(5): 483-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604325&dopt=Abstract

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General nutrition management in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Nerad J, Romeyn M, Silverman E, Allen-Reid J, Dieterich D, Merchant J, A Pelletier V, Tinnerello D, Fenton M. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(Suppl 2): S52-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652372&dopt=Abstract

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Genetically engineered crops: their potential use for improvement of human nutrition. Author(s): Yan L, Kerr PS. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 1): 135-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030276&dopt=Abstract

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Genetically modified plants for improved trace element nutrition. Author(s): Lonnerdal B. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 1): 1490S-3S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730450&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Martin MG, Silveira TR, Grand R, Greco L, Matsui A, Shimizu N, Turck D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S118-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192180&dopt=Abstract

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Genomics and proteomics: importance for the future of nutrition research. Author(s): Daniel H. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 87 Suppl 2: S305-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088535&dopt=Abstract

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Genomics: food and nutrition. Author(s): Roberts MA, Mutch DM, German JB. Source: Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2001 October; 12(5): 516-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604331&dopt=Abstract

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Geographical variations in nutrition-related vascular risk factors in the UK: National Diet and Nutrition Survey of People Aged 65 Years and Over. Author(s): Bates CJ, Cole TJ, Mansoor MA, Pentieva KD, Finch S. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(4): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753482&dopt=Abstract

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Gerodontic nutrition and dietary counseling for prosthodontic patients. Author(s): Palmer CA. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 355-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699236&dopt=Abstract

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Giessen Wholesome Nutrition Study: relation between a health-conscious diet and blood lipids. Author(s): Hoffmann I, Groeneveld MJ, Boeing H, Koebnick C, Golf S, Katz N, Leitzmann C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 October; 55(10): 887-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593351&dopt=Abstract

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Gimme 5: an innovative, school-based nutrition intervention for high school students. Author(s): O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 March; 102(3 Suppl): S93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902399&dopt=Abstract

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Global benefits of nutrition intervention of the sick patient over the life cycle. Author(s): Meguid MM. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 November-December; 18(11-12): 937. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431713&dopt=Abstract

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Global patterns of child health: the role of nutrition. Author(s): Caballero B. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2002; 46 Suppl 1: 3-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428075&dopt=Abstract

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Glutamine: essential for immune nutrition in the critically ill. Author(s): Andrews FJ, Griffiths RD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 January; 87 Suppl 1: S3-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895153&dopt=Abstract

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Glutamine-enhanced nutrition in the critically ill patient. Author(s): Andrews F, Griffiths R. Source: Hosp Med. 2002 March; 63(3): 144-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933816&dopt=Abstract

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Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition decreases infectious complications in trauma patients. Author(s): Boelens PG, Houdijk AP, Haarman HJ, Nijveldt RJ, van Leeuwen PA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 253-4; Author Reply 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081843&dopt=Abstract

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Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition increases HLA-DR expression on monocytes of trauma patients. Author(s): J Nutr. 2002 Dec;132(12):3786-94 Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2580-6. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12492087

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Glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: effects on immune reconstitution and mucositis. Author(s): Piccirillo N, De Matteis S, Laurenti L, Chiusolo P, Sora F, Pittiruti M, Rutella S, Cicconi S, Fiorini A, D'Onofrio G, Leone G, Sica S. Source: Haematologica. 2003 February; 88(2): 192-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604409&dopt=Abstract

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Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition in major abdominal surgery. Author(s): Neri A, Mariani F, Piccolomini A, Testa M, Vuolo G, Di Cosmo L. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2001 November-December; 17(11-12): 968-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744350&dopt=Abstract

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Gluten and casein free diets in autism: a study of the effects on food choice and nutrition. Author(s): Cornish E. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 August; 15(4): 261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153499&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Author(s): Rerksuppaphol S, Barnes G. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 October; 35(4): 583. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394389&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for nutrition support in the elderly. Author(s): de la Torre AM, de Mateo Silleras B, Perez-Garcia A. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2001 December; 4(6A): 1379-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918485&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. Author(s): ASPEN Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 January-February; 26(1 Suppl): 1Sa-138Sa. Erratum In: Jpen J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002 March-April; 26(2): 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841046&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines outline effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in managing and preventing diabetes. Author(s): Rollins G. Source: Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res. 2002 January 25; 13(2): 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425319&dopt=Abstract

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Gut hormones in preterm infants with necrotizing enterocolitis during starvation and reintroduction of enteral nutrition. Author(s): Sharman-Koendjbiharie M, Hopman WP, Piena-Spoel M, Albers MJ, Jansen JB, Tibboel D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 November; 35(5): 6749. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454585&dopt=Abstract

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Gut overgrowth with abnormal flora: the missing link in parenteral nutrition-related sepsis in surgical neonates. Author(s): van Saene HK, Taylor N, Donnell SC, Glynn J, Magnall VL, Okada Y, Klein NJ, Pierro A, Lloyd DA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 548-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700616&dopt=Abstract

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Harmonization of anthropometric measurements for a multicenter nutrition survey in Spanish adolescents. Author(s): Moreno LA, Joyanes M, Mesana MI, Gonzalez-Gross M, Gil CM, Sarria A, Gutierrez A, Garaulet M, Perez-Prieto R, Bueno M, Marcos A; AVENA Study Group. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 481-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781845&dopt=Abstract

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Harvesting the fruits of research: new guidelines on nutrition and physical activity. Author(s): Willett WC. Source: Ca: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2002 March-April; 52(2): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929005&dopt=Abstract

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Health and nutrition education in primary schools of Crete: changes in chronic disease risk factors following a 6-year intervention programme. Author(s): Manios Y, Moschandreas J, Hatzis C, Kafatos A. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 88(3): 315-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207842&dopt=Abstract

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Health and nutrition in a Philippine highland community. Author(s): Gaioni DT, Kahn K. Source: Nutr Health. 2002; 16(4): 255-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617278&dopt=Abstract

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Health and nutrition in women, infants, and children: overview of the global situation and the Asian enigma. Author(s): Underwood BA. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 2): S7-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035863&dopt=Abstract

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Healthy Body/Healthy Spirit: a church-based nutrition and physical activity intervention. Author(s): Resnicow K, Jackson A, Braithwaite R, DiIorio C, Blisset D, Rahotep S, Periasamy S. Source: Health Education Research. 2002 October; 17(5): 562-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408201&dopt=Abstract

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Healthy weight for kids: Hertzler Fund kicks off the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity Screening Initiative. Author(s): Myers EF, Shelke K, Johnson GH. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 May; 102(5): 727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009002&dopt=Abstract

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Healthy youth places promoting nutrition and physical activity. Author(s): Dzewaltowski DA, Estabrooks PA, Johnston JA. Source: Health Education Research. 2002 October; 17(5): 541-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408199&dopt=Abstract

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Heat or eat? Cold-weather shocks and nutrition in poor American families. Author(s): Bhattacharya J, DeLeire T, Haider S, Currie J. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 July; 93(7): 1149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835201&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Sherman P, Czinn S, Drumm B, Gottrand F, Kawakami E, Madrazo A, Oderda G, Seo JK, Sullivan P, Toyoda S, Weaver L, Wu TC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192181&dopt=Abstract

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Hemoglobin, iron, nutrition and life-style among adolescents in a coastal and an inland community in northern Norway. Author(s): Brox J, Bjornstad E, Olaussen K. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2003 May; 62(2): 130-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12862177&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic reticuloendothelial function during parenteral nutrition including an MCT/LCT or LCT emulsion after liver transplantation - a double-blind study. Author(s): Kuse ER, Kotzerke J, Muller S, Nashan B, Luck R, Jaeger K. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 2002 June; 15(6): 272-7. Epub 2002 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072897&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatitis C: nutrition care Canadian guidelines for health care providers. Author(s): Dietitians of Canada. Source: Can J Diet Pract Res. 2003 Fall; 64(3): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959661&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatobiliary nutrition: history and future. Author(s): Dudrick SJ, Kavic SM. Source: Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2002; 9(4): 459-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483268&dopt=Abstract

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Hidden nutrition studies. Author(s): Pazirandeh S, Maykel JA, Bistrian BR. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 February; 31(2): 662. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576993&dopt=Abstract

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High-insulinogenic nutrition--an etiologic factor for obesity and the metabolic syndrome? Author(s): Kopp W. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 July; 52(7): 840-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870158&dopt=Abstract

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Historical concepts of interactions, synergism and antagonism between nutrition and infection. Author(s): Scrimshaw NS. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 316S-321S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514318&dopt=Abstract

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History and evolution of a successful certification program in nutrition support: the CNSD experience. Author(s): Schwartz DB. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 June; 103(6): 736-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778046&dopt=Abstract

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History of nutrition in space flight: overview. Author(s): Lane HW, Feeback DL. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 October; 18(10): 797-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361770&dopt=Abstract

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HIV disease: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Jirapinyo P, Brewster D, Succi RC, Guarino A, Heyman M, Winter H, Wittenberg D. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S134-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192182&dopt=Abstract

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Home enteral nutrition from the provider's perspective. Author(s): Ireton-Jones C. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 September-October; 26(5 Suppl): S8-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216727&dopt=Abstract

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Home enteral nutrition. Author(s): Delegge MH. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 September-October; 26(5 Suppl): S4-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216720&dopt=Abstract

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Home parenteral nutrition: an ethical decision making dilemma. Author(s): Breier-Mackie S, Newell CJ. Source: The Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing : a Quarterly Publication of the Royal Australian Nursing Federation. 2002 June-September; 19(4): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118732&dopt=Abstract

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Home parenteral nutrition: does affiliation with a national support and educational organization improve patient outcomes? Author(s): Smith CE, Curtas S, Werkowitch M, Kleinbeck SV, Howard L. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 May-June; 26(3): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005455&dopt=Abstract

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Home therapy: oxygen and nutrition. Author(s): Ogawa Y, Itabashi K. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001; Suppl 23: 132-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11886116&dopt=Abstract

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Home total parenteral nutrition in incurable cancer patients: a therapy, a basic humane care or something in between? Author(s): Bozzetti F. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 April; 22(2): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706125&dopt=Abstract

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Home total parenteral nutrition: an alternative to early surgery for complicated inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Evans JP, Steinhart AH, Cohen Z, McLeod RS. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2003 May-June; 7(4): 562-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763417&dopt=Abstract

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Home-grown television: a way to promote better nutrition in a native Alaskan community. Author(s): Smith J, George VA, Easton PS. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 January-February; 33(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031209&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Lim U, Cassano PA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 December 15; 156(12): 1105-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480655&dopt=Abstract

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Hormone replacement therapy and its relationship to lipid and glucose metabolism in diabetic and nondiabetic postmenopausal women: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Author(s): Crespo CJ, Smit E, Snelling A, Sempos CT, Andersen RE; NHANES III. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 October; 25(10): 1675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351460&dopt=Abstract

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How benchmarking can improve patient nutrition. Author(s): Ellis J. Source: Nurs Times. 2002 October 29-November 4; 98(44): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451745&dopt=Abstract

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How common is hip pain among older adults? Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Christmas C, Crespo CJ, Franckowiak SC, Bathon JM, Bartlett SJ, Andersen RE. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 April; 51(4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978258&dopt=Abstract

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How effective is medical nutrition therapy in diabetes care? Author(s): Pastors JG, Franz MJ, Warshaw H, Daly A, Arnold MS. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 July; 103(7): 827-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830019&dopt=Abstract

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How nutrition and aging affect wound healing. Author(s): Zulkowski K, Albrecht D. Source: Nursing. 2003 August; 33(8): 70-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918489&dopt=Abstract

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How should nutrition goals change in end-of-life care? Author(s): Bouvier G. Source: Hiv Clin. 2002 Spring; 14(2): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055965&dopt=Abstract

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Hugh Sinclair and the study of nutrition. Author(s): Wadsworth GR. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2002 August; 95(8): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151498&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperhomocysteinemia and vitamin B-12 deficiency in elderly using Title IIIc nutrition services. Author(s): Johnson MA, Hawthorne NA, Brackett WR, Fischer JG, Gunter EW, Allen RH, Stabler SP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 77(1): 211-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499344&dopt=Abstract

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Hypersensitivity to vitamin preparation in parenteral nutrition: report of one case. Author(s): Wu SF, Chen W. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2002 September-October; 43(5): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607486&dopt=Abstract

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Hypocaloric jejunal feeding is better than total parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized comparative study. Author(s): Abou-Assi S, Craig K, O'Keefe SJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 September; 97(9): 2255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358242&dopt=Abstract

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Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Nesby-O'Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Hollis BW, Looker AC, Allen C, Doughertly C, Gunter EW, Bowman BA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 July; 76(1): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081833&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of early enteral nutrition after liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure: report of four cases. Author(s): Sekido H, Matsuo K, Takeda K, Morioka D, Kubota T, Tanaka K, Endo I, Togo S, Tanaka K, Shimada H. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 February; 35(1): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591444&dopt=Abstract

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Implementation of nutrition education and rehabilitation programs (NERPs) in Viet Nam. Author(s): Dickey VC, Pachon H, Marsh DR, Lang TT, Claussenius DR, Dearden KA, Ha TT, Schroeder DG. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 December; 23(4): 78-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503235&dopt=Abstract

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Implementing evidence-based guidelines for nutrition support in acute stroke. Author(s): Perry L, McLaren S. Source: Evidence-Based Nursing. 2003 July; 6(3): 68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882185&dopt=Abstract

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Infant feeding practices and associated factors in the first six months of life: the Norwegian infant nutrition survey. Author(s): Lande B, Andersen LF, Baerug A, Trygg KU, Lund-Larsen K, Veierod MB, Bjorneboe GE. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003; 92(2): 152-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710639&dopt=Abstract

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Infant nutrition and blood pressure in early adulthood: the Barry Caerphilly Growth study. Author(s): Martin RM, McCarthy A, Smith GD, Davies DP, Ben-Shlomo Y. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 77(6): 1489-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791629&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Author(s): Spranger J, Kroke A, Mohlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, Boeing H, Pfeiffer AF. Source: Diabetes. 2003 March; 52(3): 812-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606524&dopt=Abstract

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Influences of asthma and household environment on lung function in children and adolescents: the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Author(s): Chapman RS, Hadden WC, Perlin SA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 July 15; 158(2): 175-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851231&dopt=Abstract

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Influences of thoracic duct blockage on early enteral nutrition for patients who underwent esophageal cancer surgery. Author(s): Aiko S, Yoshizumi Y, Matsuyama T, Sugiura Y, Maehara T. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 July; 51(7): 263-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892455&dopt=Abstract

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Influencing public nutrition for non-communicable disease prevention: from community intervention to national programme--experiences from Finland. Author(s): Pekka P, Pirjo P, Ulla U. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027291&dopt=Abstract

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Innovative teaching strategies for training physicians in clinical nutrition: an overview. Author(s): Walker WA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 133(2): 541S-3S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566498&dopt=Abstract

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Insights on food and nutrition in the Federated States of Micronesia: a review of the literature. Author(s): Englberger L, Marks GC, Fitzgerald MH. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 February; 6(1): 5-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581460&dopt=Abstract

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Integrated program enhancements increased utilization of Farmers' Market Nutrition Program. Author(s): Conrey EJ, Frongillo EA, Dollahite JS, Griffin MR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 133(6): 1841-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771327&dopt=Abstract

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Integrating service-learning into a college-level nutrition course. Author(s): Ash SL. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 May-June; 35(3): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773288&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions between the enteric nervous system and the immune system: role of neuropeptides and nutrition. Author(s): Genton L, Kudsk KA. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 September; 186(3): 253-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946828&dopt=Abstract

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Intermittent enteral nutrition--a comparative study examining the effect on gastric pH and microbial colonization rates. Author(s): Gowardman J, Sleigh J, Barnes N, Smith A, Havill J. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2003 February; 31(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635391&dopt=Abstract

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Interrelationships between power-related and belief-related factors determine nutrition in populations. Author(s): Pelto GH, Backstrand JR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 297S-300S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514313&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal permeability in patients after surgical trauma and effect of enteral nutrition versus parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Jiang XH, Li N, Li JS. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 August; 9(8): 1878-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918144&dopt=Abstract

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Introducing a nutrition screening tool: an exploratory study in a district general hospital. Author(s): Jordan S, Snow D, Hayes C, Williams A. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003 October; 44(1): 12-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956665&dopt=Abstract

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Introducing a problem-based unit into a lifespan nutrition class using a randomized design produces equivocal outcomes. Author(s): Lohse B, Nitzke S, Ney DM. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 August; 103(8): 1020-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891152&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction of a community nutrition risk assessment tool. Author(s): Bartholomew CM, Burton S, Davidson LA. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2003 March 27- April 9; 12(6): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682586&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction to nutrition and oral health. Author(s): Romito LM. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 187-207, V. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699227&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction. Integrating nutrition therapy into medical management of human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Bartlett JG. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(Suppl 2): S51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652371&dopt=Abstract

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Investing in Oregon's expanded food and nutrition education program (EFNEP): documenting costs and benefits. Author(s): Schuster E, Zimmerman ZL, Engle M, Smiley J, Syversen E, Murray J. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 July-August; 35(4): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859884&dopt=Abstract

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Iodine deficiency associated with parenteral nutrition in extreme preterm infants. Author(s): Ibrahim M, de Escobar GM, Visser TJ, Duran S, van Toor H, Strachan J, Williams FL, Hume R. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2003 January; 88(1): F56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496228&dopt=Abstract

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Iodine nutrition and breast feeding. Author(s): Dorea JG. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2002; 16(4): 207-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530582&dopt=Abstract

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Is daily mvi required in patients receiving parenteral nutrition? Author(s): Firdose R, Chalekson J, Leonard J, Smith M, Elamin EM. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 December; 56(10): 728-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510943&dopt=Abstract

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Is nutrition an aetiological factor for inflammatory bowel disease? Author(s): Cashman KD, Shanahan F. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2003 June; 15(6): 607-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840670&dopt=Abstract

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Issues of nutrition and immunonutrition in the intensive care. Author(s): Takrouri MS. Source: Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2002 October; 16(6): 607-16. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503264&dopt=Abstract

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Italy: ad hoc committee on artificial nutrition and hydration of individuals in a permanent vegetative state. Author(s): Veronesi U. Source: J Int Bioethique. 2001 December; 12(4): 75-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953668&dopt=Abstract

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Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis Voigt, Coccinia cordifolia, Coccinia indica) in human nutrition and traditional applications. Author(s): Wasantwisut E, Viriyapanich T. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2003; 91: 60-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747088&dopt=Abstract

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IX Asian Congress of Nutrition, New Delhi, 23-27 February 2003. Author(s): Krishnaswamy K. Source: Natl Med J India. 2003 March-April; 16(2): 106-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816193&dopt=Abstract

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Japanese perspectives on nutrition for new millenium. Author(s): Kimura S. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2001 June; 14(1-2): 82-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594484&dopt=Abstract

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Jonathan Roads Symposium Papers. History of parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Vinnars E, Wilmore D. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2003 May-June; 27(3): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12757118&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effectiveness of short-term intravenous micronutrient nutrition in restoring plasma antioxidant status after surgery. Author(s): Baines M, Shenkin A. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 April; 21(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056787&dopt=Abstract

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Lactation, breast-feeding supplementation and nutrition. Author(s): Ahmed I, Farooq N, Jadoon H, Khan K, Seema N, Saleem. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2001 April-June; 13(2): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732220&dopt=Abstract

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Large-scale interventions and programmes addressing nutrition-related chronic diseases and obesity: examples from 14 countries. Author(s): Doak C. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 275-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027295&dopt=Abstract

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Legislating good sense. It's time for medical nutrition therapy to be part of standard care for people with HIV/AIDS. Author(s): Fenton M, Simon S. Source: Posit Living. 2002 February-March; 11(1): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942299&dopt=Abstract

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Length of life and quality of life on home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Howard LJ. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 September-October; 26(5 Suppl): S55-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216723&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin as a marker of nutrition and cardiovascular risk in peritoneal dialysis patients. Author(s): Aguilera A, Bajo MA, Rebollo F, Diez JJ, Diaz C, Paiva A, Codoceo R, Selgas R. Source: Adv Perit Dial. 2002; 18: 212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402621&dopt=Abstract

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Leptin role in advanced lung cancer. A mediator of the acute phase response or a marker of the status of nutrition? Author(s): Aleman MR, Santolaria F, Batista N, de La Vega M, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Milena A, Llanos M, Gomez-Sirvent JL. Source: Cytokine. 2002 July 7; 19(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12200109&dopt=Abstract

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Lessons on nutrition of displaced people. Author(s): Mason JB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 132(7): 2096S-2103S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097702&dopt=Abstract

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Letter 1: Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis (Br J Surg 2002; 89: 11031107). Author(s): Weale R, Edwards A. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 January; 90(1): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520591&dopt=Abstract

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Letter 2: Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis (Br J Surg 2002; 89: 11031107). Author(s): Rahman SH, Catton JA, McMahon MJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 January; 90(1): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520593&dopt=Abstract

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Lifecycle nutrition and cardiovascular health: the aged. Author(s): Kondo K, Lukito W, Savige GS. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001; 10(2): 118-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710350&dopt=Abstract

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Lipids and pulmonary function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Cirillo DJ, Agrawal Y, Cassano PA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 May 1; 155(9): 842-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978588&dopt=Abstract

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Lipoproteins, nutrition, and heart disease. Author(s): Schaefer EJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 February; 75(2): 191-212. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815309&dopt=Abstract

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Livelihoods, nutrition and health in Dhaka slums. Author(s): Pryer JA, Rogers S, Normand C, Rahman A; Urban Livelihoods Study. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 October; 5(5): 613-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372153&dopt=Abstract

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Liver and intestinal transplantation in children: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Sokal EM, Cleghorn G, Goulet O, Da Silveira TR, McDiarmid S, Whitington P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S159-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192185&dopt=Abstract

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Local antibiotic lock for the treatment of infections related to central catheters in parenteral nutrition in children. Author(s): Cuntz D, Michaud L, Guimber D, Husson MO, Gottrand F, Turck D. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 March-April; 26(2): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871733&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal assessment of outcome, health status, and changes in lifestyle associated with long-term home parenteral and enteral nutrition. Author(s): Malone M. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 May-June; 26(3): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005456&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term total parenteral nutrition with growth, development, and positive nitrogen balance. 1968. Author(s): Dudrick SJ, Wilmore DW, Vars HM, Rhoads JE. Source: Nutr Hosp. 2001 November-December; 16(6): 287-92; Discussion 286-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845800&dopt=Abstract

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Losses of vitamin A and E in parenteral nutrition suitable for premature infants. Author(s): Haas C, Genzel-Boroviczeny O, Koletzko B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 56(9): 906-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209380&dopt=Abstract

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Low lung function and incident lung cancer in the United States: data From the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow-up. Author(s): Mannino DM, Aguayo SM, Petty TL, Redd SC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 June 23; 163(12): 1475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824098&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose growth hormone in adult home parenteral nutrition-dependent short bowel syndrome patients: a positive study. Author(s): Seguy D, Vahedi K, Kapel N, Souberbielle JC, Messing B. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 February; 124(2): 293-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557135&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function and mortality in the United States: data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow up study. Author(s): Mannino DM, Buist AS, Petty TL, Enright PL, Redd SC. Source: Thorax. 2003 May; 58(5): 388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728157&dopt=Abstract

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Maintaining food sufficiency: Coping strategies identified by limited-resource individuals versus nutrition educators. Author(s): Kempson K, Keenan DP, Sadani PS, Adler A. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 July-August; 35(4): 179-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859882&dopt=Abstract

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Male sex predisposes the newborn surgical patient to parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis and to sepsis. Author(s): Albers MJ, de Gast-Bakker DA, van Dam NA, Madern GC, Tibboel D. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2002 July; 137(7): 789-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093333&dopt=Abstract

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Malnutrition and diarrhea: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Udall Jr JN, Bhutta ZA, Firmansyah A, Goyens P, Lentze MJ, Lifschitz C. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192186&dopt=Abstract

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Management of complications in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Howard L, Ashley C. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 May; 124(6): 1651-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761723&dopt=Abstract

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Manganese deposition in basal ganglia due to perioperative parenteral nutrition following gastrointestinal surgeries. Author(s): Iwase K, Higaki J, Mikata S, Tanaka Y, Kondoh H, Yoshikawa M, Hori S, Kamiike W. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2002; 19(3): 174-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119519&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal activity in relation to birth size in rural India. The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Author(s): Rao S, Kanade A, Margetts BM, Yajnik CS, Lubree H, Rege S, Desai B, Jackson A, Fall CH; Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 531-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700614&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal nutrition and low birth weight. Author(s): Doyle W. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2002; 12(6 Suppl): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630147&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal nutrition, health, and survival. Author(s): Christian P. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 2): S59-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035860&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal nutrition--effect on fetal growth and outcome of pregnancy. Author(s): Ramachandran P. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 2): S26-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035855&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal total parenteral nutrition and fetal subdural hematoma. Author(s): Sakai M, Yoneda S, Sasaki Y, Saito S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 May; 101(5 Pt 2): 1142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738131&dopt=Abstract

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Meal time teams at work: promoting nutrition goals in the individual education plan. Author(s): George VA, Wellman N. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 January-February; 33(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031210&dopt=Abstract

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Meat consumption in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts: results from 24-hour dietary recalls. Author(s): Linseisen J, Kesse E, Slimani N, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Ocke MC, Skeie G, Kumle M, Dorronsoro Iraeta M, Morote Gomez P, Janzon L, Stattin P, Welch AA, Spencer EA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Miller AB, KlipsteinGrobusch K, Lagiou P, Kalapothaki V, Masala G, Giurdanella MC, Norat T, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1243-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639230&dopt=Abstract

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Medical nutrition therapy for hypercholesterolemia positively affects patient satisfaction and quality of life outcomes. Author(s): Delahanty LM, Hayden D, Ammerman A, Nathan DM. Source: Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. 2002 Fall; 24(4): 269-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434938&dopt=Abstract

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Medical nutrition therapy for the prevention and treatment of unintentional weight loss in residential healthcare facilities. Author(s): Splett PL, Roth-Yousey LL, Vogelzang JL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 352-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616259&dopt=Abstract

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Medical nutrition therapy now required at many clinics. Author(s): Fenton M. Source: Posit Living. 2002 June-July; 11(4): 44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083058&dopt=Abstract

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Medical nutrition therapy of overweight adolescents. Author(s): Copperman N, Jacobson MS. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2003 February; 14(1): 11-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529187&dopt=Abstract

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Medicare medical nutrition therapy--one year later. Author(s): Pavlinac J. Source: Nephrol News Issues. 2003 January; 17(2): 51-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629827&dopt=Abstract

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Medicare reimbursement for medical nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and post-kidney transplant. Author(s): Pavlinac J. Source: Nephrology Nursing Journal : Journal of the American Nephrology Nurses' Association. 2003 February; 30(1): 74, 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674954&dopt=Abstract

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Mediterranean diet and the French paradox: two distinct biogeographic concepts for one consolidated scientific theory on the role of nutrition in coronary heart disease. Author(s): de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Paillard F, Laporte F, Boucher F, de Leiris J. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2002 June; 54(3): 503-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031696&dopt=Abstract

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Mental health care and nutrition. Integrating specialist services into primary care. Author(s): Kates N, Crustolo AM, Farrar S, Nikolaou L, Ackerman S, Brown S. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2002 December; 48: 1898-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520789&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic liver disease: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Perlmutter D, Azevedo RA, Kelly D, Shepherd R, Tazawa Y. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192187&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic programming by nutrition during early development. Author(s): Patel MS, Srinivasan M, Aalinkeel R. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 September; 38(9): 849-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561940&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolomics and individual metabolic assessment: the next great challenge for nutrition. Author(s): German JB, Roberts MA, Fay L, Watkins SM. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9): 2486-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221197&dopt=Abstract

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Methods for the measurement of nutrition impact and adaptation of laboratory methods into field settings to enhance and support community-based nutrition research. Author(s): Solomons NW. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 2): S126-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035850&dopt=Abstract

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Methods to increase fruit and vegetable intake with and without a decrease in fat intake: compliance and effects on body weight in the nutrition and breast health study. Author(s): Djuric Z, Poore KM, Depper JB, Uhley VE, Lababidi S, Covington C, Klurfeld DM, Simon MS, Kucuk O, Heilbrun LK. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(2): 141-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588694&dopt=Abstract

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Microencapsulation: its application in nutrition. Author(s): Schrooyen PM, van der Meer R, De Kruif CG. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2001 November; 60(4): 475-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069400&dopt=Abstract

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Mineral intakes of elderly adult supplement and non-supplement users in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Author(s): Ervin RB, Kennedy-Stephenson J. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 November; 132(11): 3422-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421862&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation by enteral nutrition of the acute phase response and immune functions. Author(s): Bengmark S. Source: Nutr Hosp. 2003 January-February; 18(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621806&dopt=Abstract

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Motility disorders in childhood: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Milla P, Cucchiara S, DiLorenzo C, Rivera NM, Rudolph C, Tomomasa T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192188&dopt=Abstract

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Multimodal analgesia and intravenous nutrition after surgery. Author(s): Lake AP, Phipps ME. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 September-October; 27(5): 535; Author Reply 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373711&dopt=Abstract

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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000: effect of observer training and protocol standardization on reducing blood pressure measurement error. Author(s): Ostchega Y, Prineas RJ, Paulose-Ram R, Grim CM, Willard G, Collins D. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2003 August; 56(8): 768-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12954469&dopt=Abstract

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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: where nutrition meets medicine for the benefit of health. Author(s): Blackburn GL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 78(2): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885696&dopt=Abstract

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National nutrition data: contributions and challenges to monitoring dietary supplement use in women. Author(s): Radimer KL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 133(6): 2003S-2007S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771354&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal status epilepticus caused by subarachnoidal content of total parenteral nutrition regimen. Author(s): Gazdik M, Robrevezmanic V, Saina G, Zubovic I, Ahel V, Dessardo S. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2003 June; 45(3): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828594&dopt=Abstract

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New diabetes nutrition resources. Author(s): Daly A, Franz M, Holzmeister LA, Kulkarni K, O'connell B, Wheeler M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 July; 103(7): 832-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830020&dopt=Abstract

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Nonprotein amino acids of plants: significance in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. Author(s): Bell EA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 May 7; 51(10): 2854-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720365&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing management of nutrition in cancer and palliative care. Author(s): Holder H. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2003 June 12-25; 12(11): 6678, 670, 672-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829966&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient intakes and physical growth of children with phenylketonuria undergoing nutrition therapy. Author(s): Acosta PB, Yannicelli S, Singh R, Mofidi S, Steiner R, DeVincentis E, Jurecki E, Bernstein L, Gleason S, Chetty M, Rouse B. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 September; 103(9): 1167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963945&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and acute leukemia in adults: relation to remission rate and survival. Author(s): Cederholm T, Eriksson K, Palmblad J. Source: Haematologia. 2002; 32(4): 405-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803115&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and food allergies: the dietitian's role. Author(s): Hubbard S. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 June; 90(6 Suppl 3): 115-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839125&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and genetics: an expanding frontier. Author(s): Olson RE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 78(2): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885698&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and immune function: a 1992 report. Author(s): Carpenter KJ, Roberts S, Sternberg S. Source: Lancet. 2003 June 28; 361(9376): 2247; Author Reply 2247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842391&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and nutritional assessment. Author(s): Omwega AM. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 March; 77(3): 121-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858883&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and respiratory health in adults: findings from the health survey for Scotland. Author(s): Kelly Y, Sacker A, Marmot M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 April; 21(4): 664-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762354&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and Women's Health Symposium. Introduction. Author(s): Welty FK. Source: Journal of Women's Health (2002). 2003 March; 12(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737708&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and wound healing. Author(s): Williams JZ, Barbul A. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 2003 June; 83(3): 571-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12822727&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition Care Process and Model: ADA adopts road map to quality care and outcomes management. Author(s): Lacey K, Pritchett E. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 August; 103(8): 1061-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891159&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition during pregnancy for the physically active woman. Author(s): Gunderson EP. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 June; 46(2): 390-402. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808389&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition ecology: the contribution of vegetarian diets. Author(s): Leitzmann C. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 657S659S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936962&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition for health promotion: phytochemicals, functional foods, and alternative approaches to combat obesity. Author(s): Bloch AS. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 411-23, Viii-Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699239&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition for open water sailing: an interview with Jeni Pearce, sports dietitian. Author(s): Burke LM. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2003 June; 13(2): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12945832&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition for optimal performance during exercise: carbohydrate and fat. Author(s): Brown RC. Source: Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002 August; 1(4): 222-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831699&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition in AIDS management. An opportunity being lost. Author(s): Henry FJ. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2003 June; 52(2): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12974056&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition in disease prevention & treatment. Author(s): Saltzman E. Source: Caring. 2002 August; 21(8): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739349&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition knowledge and food choice among black students in South Africa. Author(s): Peltzer K. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2002 January-February; 48(1-2): 4-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808781&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition support for the patient with an open abdomen after major abdominal trauma. Author(s): McKibbin B, Cresci G, Hawkins M. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781863&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition, infection, and periodontal disease. Author(s): Boyd LD, Madden TE. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 337-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699235&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition, saliva, and oral health. Author(s): Lingstrom P, Moynihan P. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 567-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781864&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition. BMI and BIA: they're often confused...so what's the difference? Author(s): Bouvier G. Source: Hiv Clin. 2003 Summer; 15(3): 6-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12945530&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women in Japan: a comparison with nonpregnant/non-lactating controls in the National Nutrition Survey. Author(s): Takimoto H, Yoshiike N, Katagiri A, Ishida H, Abe S. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2003 April; 29(2): 96-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755530&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity in children and adolescents worldwide: current views and future directions-Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Author(s): Koletzko B, Girardet JP, Klish W, Tabacco O. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 2: S205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192190&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Author(s): Steinberger J, Daniels SR; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young); American Heart Association Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Source: Circulation. 2003 March 18; 107(10): 1448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642369&dopt=Abstract

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Obesity, nutrition, and physical activity--call for papers. Author(s): Rivara FP, Whitaker R, Cuttler L, Sherman PM. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 September; 156(9): 852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197787&dopt=Abstract

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Obstructive and restrictive lung disease and markers of inflammation: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination. Author(s): Mannino DM, Ford ES, Redd SC. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 June 15; 114(9): 758-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829203&dopt=Abstract

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Obtaining and maintaining vascular access in the home parenteral nutrition patient. Author(s): Steiger E. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 September-October; 26(5 Suppl): S17-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216715&dopt=Abstract

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Oncologists' and naturopaths' nutrition beliefs and practices. Author(s): Novak KL, Chapman GE. Source: Cancer Practice. 2001 May-June; 9(3): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879299&dopt=Abstract

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Online nutrition resources. Author(s): Fischl AL. Source: Diabetes Self Manag. 2003 May-June; 20(3): 8-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778654&dopt=Abstract

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Opening remarks. Third Asian Conference on Food Safety and Nutrition October 3, 2000, Beijing, China. Author(s): Qing-Sheng Z. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2001 June; 14(1-2): V-Vi. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594488&dopt=Abstract

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Opportunities and challenges for future nutrition research in cancer prevention: a panel discussion. Author(s): Milner JA, Allison RG, Elliott JG, Go VL, Miller GA, Rock C, Roy R, Wargovich MJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7 Suppl): 2502S-2504S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840231&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal nutrition support (and the demise of the enteral versus parenteral controversy). Author(s): Woodcock N, MacFie J. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 June; 18(6): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044828&dopt=Abstract

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Optimizing the benefits and minimizing the risks of enteral nutrition in the critically ill: role of small bowel feeding. Author(s): Heyland DK, Drover JW, Dhaliwal R, Greenwood J. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 November-December; 26(6 Suppl): S51-5; Discussion S56-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405623&dopt=Abstract

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Oribasius (fourth century) and early Byzantine perinatal nutrition. Author(s): Lascaratos J, Poulakou-Rebelakou E. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 February; 36(2): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548052&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis and nutrition. Author(s): Eldridge R. Source: Pract Midwife. 2003 April; 6(4): 23-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715502&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome and quality of life in paediatric home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Candusso M, Faraguna D, Sperli D, Dodaro N. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2002 May; 5(3): 30914. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953657&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of patients with radiation enteritis treated with home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Scolapio JS, Ukleja A, Burnes JU, Kelly DG. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 March; 97(3): 662-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922561&dopt=Abstract

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Overweight, obesity and fat distribution in 50- to 64-year-old participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Author(s): Haftenberger M, Lahmann PH, Panico S, Gonzalez CA, Seidell JC, Boeing H, Giurdanella MC, Krogh V, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Skeie G, Hjartaker A, Rodriguez M, Quiros JR, Berglund G, Janlert U, Khaw KT, Spencer EA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Tehard B, Miller AB, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Benetou V, Kiriazi G, Riboli E, Slimani N. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1147-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639224&dopt=Abstract

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Parenteral hydration and nutrition in the geriatric patient: clinical and ethical issues. Author(s): Mion LC, O'Connell A. Source: Journal of Infusion Nursing : the Official Publication of the Infusion Nurses Society. 2003 May-June; 26(3): 144-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792372&dopt=Abstract

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Parenteral nutrition in infants and children. Author(s): Shulman RJ, Phillips S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 May; 36(5): 587-607. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12717082&dopt=Abstract

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Parenteral nutrition via an arteriovenous bypass graft. Author(s): Turner SM, Probert CS, Lear P. Source: Gut. 2003 August; 52(8): 1218. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865286&dopt=Abstract

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Parenteral nutrition with fish oil modulates cytokine response in patients with sepsis. Author(s): Mayer K, Gokorsch S, Fegbeutel C, Hattar K, Rosseau S, Walmrath D, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 May 15; 167(10): 1321-8. Epub 2003 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615625&dopt=Abstract

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Partially hydrolyzed guar gum: clinical nutrition uses. Author(s): Slavin JL, Greenberg NA. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 June; 19(6): 549-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781858&dopt=Abstract

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Participant reactions to a computerized telephone system for nutrition and exercise counseling. Author(s): Glanz K, Shigaki D, Farzanfar R, Pinto B, Kaplan B, Friedman RH. Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2003 February; 49(2): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566210&dopt=Abstract

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Past, present, and future of computer-tailored nutrition education. Author(s): Brug J, Oenema A, Campbell M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4 Suppl): 1028S1034S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663313&dopt=Abstract

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Patient information letters on nutrition: development and implementation. Author(s): van Binsbergen JJ, Drenthen AJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4 Suppl): 1035S1038S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663314&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of alcohol consumption in 10 European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project. Author(s): Sieri S, Agudo A, Kesse E, Klipstein-Grobusch K, San-Jose B, Welch AA, Krogh V, Luben R, Allen N, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Thiebaut A, Miller AB, Boeing H, Kolyva M, Saieva C, Celentano E, Ocke MC, Peeters PH, Brustad M, Kumle M, Dorronsoro M, Fernandez Feito A, Mattisson I, Weinehall L, Riboli E, Slimani N. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1287-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639233&dopt=Abstract

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Percentage body fat ranges associated with metabolic syndrome risk: results based on the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Author(s): Zhu S, Wang Z, Shen W, Heymsfield SB, Heshka S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 78(2): 228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885702&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Anderson AD, Palmer D, MacFie J. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 September; 90(9): 1048-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12945070&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological nutrition in inflammatory bowel diseases. Author(s): Campos FG, Waitzberg DL, Teixeira MG, Mucerino DR, Kiss DR, Habr-Gama A. Source: Nutr Hosp. 2003 March-April; 18(2): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723376&dopt=Abstract

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Physical activity and inactivity in Chinese school-aged youth: the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Author(s): Tudor-Locke C, Ainsworth BE, Adair LS, Du S, Popkin BM. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 September; 27(9): 1093-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917716&dopt=Abstract

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Physical activity and nutrition programs for couples: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Burke V, Giangiulio N, Gillam HF, Beilin LJ, Houghton S. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2003 May; 56(5): 421-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812815&dopt=Abstract

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Physical activity in Filipino youth: the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Author(s): Tudor-Locke C, Ainsworth BE, Adair LS, Popkin BM. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 February; 27(2): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586997&dopt=Abstract

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Physical activity of subjects aged 50-64 years involved in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Author(s): Haftenberger M, Schuit AJ, Tormo MJ, Boeing H, Wareham N, Bueno-deMesquita HB, Kumle M, Hjartaker A, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Andren C, Lindahl B, Peeters PH, Allen NE, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Bergmann MM, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Salvini S, Panico S, Riboli E, Ferrari P, Slimani N. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1163-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639225&dopt=Abstract

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Population distribution of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among US men: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Author(s): Ford ES, Giles WH, Myers GL, Mannino DM. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2003 April; 49(4): 686-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12651834&dopt=Abstract

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Position of the American Dietetic Association, Society for Nutrition Education, and American School Food Service Association--Nutrition services: an essential component of comprehensive school health programs. Author(s): Briggs M, Safaii S, Beall DL; American Dietetic Association; Society for Nutrition Education; American School Food Service Association. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 April; 103(4): 505-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669016&dopt=Abstract

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Position of the American Dietetic Association: child and adolescent food and nutrition programs. Author(s): Stang J, Bayerl CT. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 July; 103(7): 887-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830031&dopt=Abstract

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Post-genomic opportunities for understanding nutrition: the nutritionist's perspective. Author(s): Mensink RP, Plat J. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2002 November; 61(4): 401-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691168&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of hemoglobin A1c in a national sample of nondiabetic children: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Eldeirawi K, Lipton RB. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 April 1; 157(7): 624-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672682&dopt=Abstract

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Prescription and non-prescription analgesic use among the US adult population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Author(s): Paulose-Ram R, Hirsch R, Dillon C, Losonczy K, Cooper M, Ostchega Y. Source: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2003 June; 12(4): 315-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812012&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 August; 157(8): 821-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12912790&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of dyslipidemia and mean blood lipid values in Taiwan: results from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT, 1993-1996). Author(s): Chang HY, Yeh WT, Chang YH, Tsai KS, Pan WH. Source: Chin J Physiol. 2002 December 31; 45(4): 187-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817710&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of outsourcing and perception of clinical nutrition managers on performance of health care dietetics services. Author(s): Kwon J, Yoon BJ. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 August; 103(8): 1039-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891155&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of small bowel bacterial overgrowth and its association with nutrition intake in nonhospitalized older adults. Author(s): Parlesak A, Klein B, Schecher K, Bode JC, Bode C. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 June; 51(6): 768-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12757562&dopt=Abstract

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Procalcitonin and enteral nutrition tolerance in critically ill patients. Author(s): Brown RO, Alexander E Jr, Hanes SD, Wood GC, Kudsk KA, Dickerson RN. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2003 January-February; 27(1): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549604&dopt=Abstract

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Protein nutrition for ruminants in European countries, in the light of animal feeding regulations linked to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Author(s): Sellier P. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 2003 April; 22(1): 259-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793784&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary microcrystalline cellulose deposition from intravenous injection of oral medication in a patient receiving parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Ott MC, Khoor A, Scolapio JS, Leventhal JP. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2003 January-February; 27(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549606&dopt=Abstract

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Pump-assisted versus gravity-controlled enteral nutrition in long-term percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy patients: a prospective controlled trial. Author(s): Shang E, Geiger N, Sturm JW, Post S. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2003 May-June; 27(3): 216-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12757116&dopt=Abstract

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Qualitative manipulation of amino acid supply during total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. Author(s): Berard MP, Pelletier A, Ollivier JM, Gentil B, Cynober L. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 March-April; 26(2): 13643. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871738&dopt=Abstract

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Quality end-of-life care: where does nutrition fit? Author(s): Vogelzang JL. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 2001 February; 19(2): 110-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985221&dopt=Abstract

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Quality of life and length of survival in advanced cancer patients on home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Bozzetti F, Cozzaglio L, Biganzoli E, Chiavenna G, De Cicco M, Donati D, Gilli G, Percolla S, Pironi L. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 August; 21(4): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135587&dopt=Abstract

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Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding among United States infants: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Li R, Grummer-Strawn L. Source: Birth (Berkeley, Calif.). 2002 December; 29(4): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431264&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Olah A, Belagyi T, Issekutz A, Gamal ME, Bengmark S. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 September; 89(9): 1103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190674&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized controlled community-based nutrition and exercise intervention improves glycemia and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in rural Costa Rica. Author(s): Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Tristan ML, Nathan DM. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 January; 26(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502654&dopt=Abstract

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REAP and WAVE: new tools to rapidly assess/discuss nutrition with patients. Author(s): Gans KM, Ross E, Barner CW, Wylie-Rosett J, McMurray J, Eaton C. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 133(2): 556S-62S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566502&dopt=Abstract

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Receipt of nutrition and exercise counseling among medical outpatients with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Author(s): Desai MM, Rosenheck RA, Druss BG, Perlin JB. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2002 July; 17(7): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133146&dopt=Abstract

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Recognition, prevention, and treatment of home total parenteral nutrition central venous access complications. Author(s): Grant J. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 September-October; 26(5 Suppl): S21-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216716&dopt=Abstract

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Refeeding syndrome with enteral nutrition in children: a case report, literature review and clinical guidelines. Author(s): Afzal NA, Addai S, Fagbemi A, Murch S, Thomson M, Heuschkel R. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 December; 21(6): 515-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468372&dopt=Abstract

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Reflections on current issues concerning the stability of parenteral nutrition mixtures. Author(s): Allwood MC. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 July-August; 18(7-8): 6912. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093461&dopt=Abstract

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Registered dieticians are your link to nutrition and cancer information. Author(s): Gomez E. Source: Ons News / Oncology Nursing Society. 2002 December; 17(12): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514849&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between interdialytic weight gain, body weight and nutrition in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Ifudu O, Uribarri J, Rajwani I, Vlacich V, Reydel K, Delosreyes G, Friedman EA. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2002 July-August; 22(4): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169869&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of blood homocysteine and its nutritional determinants to age-related maculopathy in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Heuberger RA, Fisher AI, Jacques PF, Klein R, Klein BE, Palta M, MaresPerlman JA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 76(4): 897-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324306&dopt=Abstract

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Relations of serum ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol to diabetic retinopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Millen AE, Gruber M, Klein R, Klein BE, Palta M, Mares JA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 August 1; 158(3): 225-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882944&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between knowledge and claimed compliance with genuine and false nutrition messages. Author(s): Main FA, Wise A. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 15(5): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270015&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, vitamin B12 intake and status and socio-economic indices, in a subset of participants in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over. Author(s): Bates CJ, Schneede J, Mishra G, Prentice A, Mansoor MA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 57(2): 349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571671&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships among inflammation nutrition and physiologic mechanisms establishing albumin levels in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Kaysen GA, Dubin JA, Muller HG, Mitch WE, Rosales LM, Levin NW. Source: Kidney International. 2002 June; 61(6): 2240-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028466&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between nutrition screening checklists and the health and well-being of older Australian women. Author(s): Patterson AJ, Young AF, Powers JR, Brown WJ, Byles JE. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001980&dopt=Abstract

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Relative efficiency of government and non-government organisations in implementing a nutrition intervention programme--a case study from Bangladesh. Author(s): Khan MM, Ahmed S. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 February; 6(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581461&dopt=Abstract

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Reported eating behavior and attitudes improvement after a nutrition intervention program in a group of young female dancers. Author(s): Yannakoulia M, Sitara M, Matalas AL. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2002 March; 12(1): 24-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993620&dopt=Abstract

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Reproducibility and validity of the secondary level School-Based Nutrition Monitoring student questionnaire. Author(s): Hoelscher DM, Day RS, Kelder SH, Ward JL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 February; 103(2): 186-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589324&dopt=Abstract

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Research agenda for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition: introduction. Report of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition for the Children's Digestive Health and Nutrition Foundation. Author(s): Sherman PM, Grand RJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002; 35 Suppl 3: S235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394356&dopt=Abstract

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Research priorities child and maternal nutrition: a USAID perspective. Author(s): Barbiero VK, Kathuria A. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 May; 60(5 Pt 2): S14-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035852&dopt=Abstract

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Residential camps as a setting for nutrition education of Australian girls. Author(s): Payne J, Capra S, Hickman I. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 2002 August; 26(4): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12233962&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory symptoms correlating to smoking prevalence: the National Nutrition Survey and the National Life-style Survey in Japan. Author(s): Asahi S, Uehara R, Watanabe M, Tajimi M, Oki I, Ojima T, Nakamura Y, Oguri S, Okayama A, Matsumura Y, Yanagawa H. Source: J Epidemiol. 2003 July; 13(4): 226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12934966&dopt=Abstract

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Retaining school children and families in community research: lessons from the Study of Children's Activity and Nutrition (SCAN). Author(s): Frank GC, Nader PR, Zive MM, Broyles SL, Brennan JJ. Source: The Journal of School Health. 2003 February; 73(2): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643019&dopt=Abstract

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Review article: nutrition and adult inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Goh J, O'Morain CA. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 February; 17(3): 307-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562443&dopt=Abstract

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Role of fat replacers in diabetes medical nutrition therapy. Author(s): American Diabetes Association. Source: Diabetes Care. 2000 January; 23 Suppl 1: S96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017695&dopt=Abstract

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Role of nutrition in the management of HIV infection/AIDS. Author(s): Sherlekar S, Udipi SA. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2002 June; 100(6): 385-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416672&dopt=Abstract

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Role of vitamin D and calcium nutrition in disease expression and parathyroid tumor growth in primary hyperparathyroidism: a global perspective. Author(s): Rao DS, Agarwal G, Talpos GB, Phillips ER, Bandeira F, Mishra SK, Mithal A. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2002 November; 17 Suppl 2: N75-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412781&dopt=Abstract

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Roles of nutrition and physical activity in musculoskeletal complications before and after liver transplantation. Author(s): Vintro AQ, Krasnoff JB, Painter P. Source: Aacn Clinical Issues. 2002 May; 13(2): 333-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011603&dopt=Abstract

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Rural Nebraska elementary school educators teach nutrition concepts. Author(s): Pohlman HD, Driskell JA. Source: The Journal of Rural Health : Official Journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association. 2002 Fall; 18(4): 486-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380891&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and efficacy of home parenteral nutrition for chronic intestinal failure: a 16year experience at a single centre. Author(s): Pironi L, Paganelli F, Labate AM, Merli C, Guidetti C, Spinucci G, Miglioli M. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2003 May; 35(5): 314-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846403&dopt=Abstract

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School nutrition programs: a legislative perspective. Author(s): Stitzel K. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 April; 103(4): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669003&dopt=Abstract

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Sclerosing peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis managed by hemodialysis and home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Pearson S, Jackson MA, Rylance PB. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 September; 58(3): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356196&dopt=Abstract

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Selenium deficiency in a patient with Crohn's disease receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Ishida T, Himeno K, Torigoe Y, Inoue M, Wakisaka O, Tabuki T, Ono H, Honda K, Mori T, Seike M, Yoshimatsu H, Sakata T. Source: Intern Med. 2003 February; 42(2): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636234&dopt=Abstract

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Self-reported nutrition proficiency is positively correlated with the perceived quality of nutrition training of family physicians in Washington State. Author(s): Mihalynuk TV, Scott CS, Coombs JB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 77(5): 1330-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716690&dopt=Abstract

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Septicaemia in infants receiving parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Holden CE, Sexton E, Gray J. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 June; 54(2): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818595&dopt=Abstract

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Serum selenium levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Niskar AS, Paschal DC, Kieszak SM, Flegal KM, Bowman B, Gunter EW, Pirkle JL, Rubin C, Sampson EJ, McGeehin M. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2003 January; 91(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713024&dopt=Abstract

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Serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among US adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2000. Author(s): Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Source: Circulation. 2003 May 6; 107(17): 2185-9. Epub 2003 April 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719276&dopt=Abstract

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Sex, age, geographical location, smoking, and alcohol consumption influence serum selenium concentrations in the USA: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Author(s): Kafai MR, Ganji V. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2003; 17(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755496&dopt=Abstract

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Similarities and differences between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia from the viewpoint of nutrition. Author(s): Otsuka M, Yamaguchi K, Ueki A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 977: 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480746&dopt=Abstract

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Slim nutrition data from Durban whets the appetite for more research. Author(s): Singer S, Fenton M. Source: Posit Living. 2000 September; 9(8): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492033&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking among adolescents: relation to school success, socioeconomic status nutrition and self-esteem. Author(s): Yorulmaz F, Akturk Z, Dagdeviren N, Dalkilic A. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2002 August 10; 132(31-32): 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457303&dopt=Abstract

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Socio-demographic predictors of self-rated health in the Republic of Ireland: findings from the National Survey on Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition, SLAN. Author(s): Kelleher CC, Friel S, Nic Gabhainn S, Tay JB. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 August; 57(3): 477-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791490&dopt=Abstract

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Soy product consumption in 10 European countries: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Author(s): Keinan-Boker L, Peeters PH, Mulligan AA, Navarro C, Slimani N, Mattisson I, Lundin E, McTaggart A, Allen NE, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Haftenberger M, Lagiou P, Kalapothaki V, Evangelista A, Frasca G, Buenode-Mesquita HB, van der Schouw YT, Engeset D, Skeie G, Tormo MJ, Ardanaz E, Charrondiere UR, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639228&dopt=Abstract

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Special considerations for nutrition intervention with oncology patients. Author(s): Bloch AS. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 2003 February; 17(2 Suppl 2): 17-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632874&dopt=Abstract

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Special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC). Author(s): Lewis MT. Source: Tenn Med. 2003 June; 96(6): 278-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814069&dopt=Abstract

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Specialized nutrition support in critically ill patients. Author(s): Griffiths RD. Source: Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2003 August; 9(4): 249-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883278&dopt=Abstract

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Specialized nutrition support in the critically ill: for whom and when? Author(s): Griffiths RD. Source: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme. 2002; 7: 199-214; Discussion 214-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12481703&dopt=Abstract

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Specialized nutrition support: the pediatric perspective. Author(s): Schwenk WF 2nd. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2003 May-June; 27(3): 160-7, Viii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12757108&dopt=Abstract

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Specialty nutrition: new approaches and novel ingredients. Author(s): Voss AC, Thrush KE. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 2003 February; 17(2 Suppl 2): 12-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632871&dopt=Abstract

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Stages of change in clinical nutrition practice. Author(s): Molaison EF. Source: Nutrition in Clinical Care : an Official Publication of Tufts University. 2002 September-October; 5(5): 251-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455227&dopt=Abstract

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Strengthening the role of nutrition and improving the health of the elderly population. Author(s): Thorpe M. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 March; 103(3): 337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616255&dopt=Abstract

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Study on the relation between iodine nutrition of pregnant women in different occasions and thyroid function of their neonates. Author(s): Zhou R, Tao Y, Dong X, Liu Q, Liang Z, Du Y, Zhang X, Jia Y, Xin Y, Zhao R, Ji Y. Source: Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2002 October; 23(5): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482366&dopt=Abstract

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Successful jejunal nutrition therapy in a pregnant patient with apallic syndrome. Author(s): Wejda BU, Soennichsen B, Huchzermeyer H, Mayr B, Cirkel U, Dormann AJ. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 April; 22(2): 209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706140&dopt=Abstract

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Sugar's not-so-sweet revenge. Avoid added sugar, say nutrition experts. Author(s): Blackburn GL. Source: Health News. 2003 May; 9(5): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739452&dopt=Abstract

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Suggested lower cutoffs of serum zinc concentrations for assessing zinc status: reanalysis of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (1976-1980). Author(s): Hotz C, Peerson JM, Brown KH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 October; 78(4): 756-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522734&dopt=Abstract

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Summary version of the Standards, Options and Recommendations for palliative or terminal nutrition in adults with progressive cancer (2001). Author(s): Bachmann P, Marti-Massoud C, Blanc-Vincent MP, Desport JC, Colomb V, Dieu L, Kere D, Melchior JC, Nitenberg G, Raynard B, Roux-Bournay P, Schneider S, Senesse P; FNCLCC. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 August; 89 Suppl 1: S107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915911&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical infants on total parenteral nutrition have impaired cytokine responses to microbial challenge. Author(s): Cruccetti A, Pierro A, Uronen H, Klein N. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 January; 38(1): 138-42; Discussion 138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592637&dopt=Abstract

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Sustaining demand for medical nutrition therapy services: are you meeting the requirements? Author(s): Michalczyk D. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 September; 103(9): 1134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963939&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms of depression as a risk factor for incident diabetes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 19711992. Author(s): Carnethon MR, Kinder LS, Fair JM, Stafford RS, Fortmann SP. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 September 1; 158(5): 416-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936896&dopt=Abstract

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Teaching nutrition in an International Master of Public Health program. Author(s): Berry EM, Fatunmbi BS, Kaluski DN. Source: Public Health Rev. 2002; 30(1-4): 311-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613717&dopt=Abstract

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The (ir)relevance of framing nutrition education messages. Author(s): Brug J, Ruiter RA, van Assema P. Source: Nutr Health. 2003; 17(1): 9-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803277&dopt=Abstract

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The development and pilot evaluation of a nutrition education intervention programme for pregnant teenage women (food for life). Author(s): Wrieden WL, Symon A. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2003 April; 16(2): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662363&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of assessment and referral on immunization coverage in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. Author(s): Ashkar SH, Dales LG, Averhoff F, Shefer A, Higa J, Thompson L, Gomez J, Gee DC, Hurwitz EL. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2003 May; 157(5): 456-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742881&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiological transition: need to incorporate obesity prevention into nutrition programmes. Author(s): Uauy R, Kain J. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 223-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027288&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of nutrition in the care of persons with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Barber D, Foster D, Rogers S. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 2003 Summer; 26(2): 122-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828287&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of Enteral Nutrition in postoperative patients with poor liver function. Author(s): Hu QG, Zheng QC. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 April; 9(4): 843-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679945&dopt=Abstract

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The metabolic syndrome and antioxidant concentrations: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Brown DW. Source: Diabetes. 2003 September; 52(9): 2346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941775&dopt=Abstract

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The National Nutrition Summit: history and continued commitment to the nutritional health of the U.S. population. Author(s): Picciano MF, Coates PM, Cohen BE. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 133(6): 1949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771344&dopt=Abstract

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The need for a nutrition-related quality-of-life measure. Author(s): Barr JT, Schumacher GE. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 February; 103(2): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589322&dopt=Abstract

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The nutrition and health transition in Malaysia. Author(s): Noor MI. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 191-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027284&dopt=Abstract

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The nutrition and health transition in Thailand. Author(s): Kosulwat V. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 183-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027283&dopt=Abstract

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The nutrition transition in Egypt: obesity, undernutrition and the food consumption context. Author(s): Galal OM. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 141-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027277&dopt=Abstract

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The other side of the coin: impact of toxin generation and nutrition on the uremic syndrome. Author(s): Vanholder R, Glorieux G, Lameire N. Source: Seminars in Dialysis. 2002 September-October; 15(5): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358630&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of periodontal-related changes in adolescents with asthma: results of the Third Annual National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Shulman JD, Nunn ME, Taylor SE, Rivera-Hidalgo F. Source: Pediatr Dent. 2003 May-June; 25(3): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12889707&dopt=Abstract

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The role of early enteral nutrition in protecting premature infants from sepsis. Author(s): Strodtbeck F. Source: Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 15(1): 79-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597043&dopt=Abstract

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The role of nutrition and micronutrients in paediatric HIV infection. Author(s): Buys H, Hendricks M, Eley B, Hussey G. Source: Sadj. 2002 December; 57(11): 454-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674865&dopt=Abstract

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The role of older volunteers in promoting healthy nutrition for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Author(s): Sourtzi P, Amanatidou A, Velonakis E. Source: Promot Educ. 2003; 10(1): 11-6, 39, 47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838714&dopt=Abstract

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The shift in stages of the nutrition transition in the developing world differs from past experiences! Author(s): Popkin BM. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 205-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027286&dopt=Abstract

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The unique aspects of the nutrition transition in South Korea: the retention of healthful elements in their traditional diet. Author(s): Lee MJ, Popkin BM, Kim S. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027285&dopt=Abstract

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The use of total parenteral nutrition in protracted hyperemesis gravidarum. Author(s): Ghani R. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 March; 23(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751512&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco smoke exposure and decreased serum and red blood cell folate levels: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Mannino DM, Mulinare J, Ford ES, Schwartz J. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2003 June; 5(3): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791531&dopt=Abstract

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Total energy expenditure and physical activity in children treated with home parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Beghin L, Michaud L, Hankard R, Guimber D, Marinier E, Hugot JP, Cezard JP, Turck D, Gottrand F. Source: Pediatric Research. 2003 April; 53(4): 684-90. Epub 2003 February 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612198&dopt=Abstract

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Total parenteral nutrition associated crystalline precipitates resulting in pulmonary artery occlusions and alveolar granulomas. Author(s): McNearney T, Bajaj C, Boyars M, Cottingham J, Haque A. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 July; 48(7): 1352-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870794&dopt=Abstract

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Total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Mohandas KM, Shastri YM, Shirodkar M. Source: Natl Med J India. 2003 January-February; 16(1): 29-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715955&dopt=Abstract

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Trading nutrition for education: nutritional status and the sale of snack foods in an eastern Kentucky school. Author(s): Crooks DL. Source: Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 2003 June; 17(2): 182-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846116&dopt=Abstract

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Transcending reductionism in nutrition research. Author(s): Hoffmann I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 514S516S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936942&dopt=Abstract

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Transition of care between paediatric and adult gastroenterology. Assessment of growth and nutrition. Author(s): Gokhale R, Kirschner BS. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 April; 17(2): 153-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676112&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in cigarette smoking in the German centers of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): the influence of the educational level. Author(s): Rohrmann S, Becker N, Kroke A, Boeing H. Source: Preventive Medicine. 2003 April; 36(4): 448-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649053&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in self-reported past alcoholic beverage consumption and ethanol intake from 1950 to 1995 observed in eight European countries participating in the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Author(s): Klipstein-Grobusch K, Slimani N, Krogh V, Keil U, Boeing H, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Thiebaut A, Linseisen J, Schulze MB, Lagiou P, Papadimitrou A, Saieva C, Veglia F, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Kumle M, Brustad M, Martinez Garcia C, Barricarte A, Berglund G, Weinehall L, Mulligan A, Allen N, Ferrari P, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1297-310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639234&dopt=Abstract

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UK Food Standards Agency Optimal Nutrition Status Workshop: environmental factors that affect bone health throughout life. Author(s): Burns L, Ashwell M, Berry J, Bolton-Smith C, Cassidy A, Dunnigan M, Khaw KT, Macdonald H, New S, Prentice A, Powell J, Reeve J, Robins S, Teucher B. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 89(6): 835-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828800&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound bone measurement in children and adolescents. Correlation with nutrition, puberty, anthropometry, and physical activity. Author(s): Cvijetic S, Baric IC, Bolanca S, Juresa V, Ozegovic DD. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2003 June; 56(6): 591-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873655&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding nutrition communication between health professionals and consumers: development of a model for nutrition awareness based on qualitative consumer research. Author(s): van Dillen SM, Hiddink GJ, Koelen MA, de Graaf C, van Woerkum CM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4 Suppl): 1065S1072S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663320&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding the nutrition transition: measuring rapid dietary changes in transitional countries. Author(s): Popkin BM, Lu B, Zhai F. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6A): 947-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633520&dopt=Abstract

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Unique nutrition support for research at the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii. Author(s): Murphy SP. Source: Hawaii Med J. 2002 January; 61(1): 15, 17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868199&dopt=Abstract

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Update on pediatric nutrition: breastfeeding, infant nutrition, and growth. Author(s): Fulhan J, Collier S, Duggan C. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2003 June; 15(3): 323-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12806265&dopt=Abstract

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Upper digestive intolerance during enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: frequency, risk factors, and complications. Author(s): Mentec H, Dupont H, Bocchetti M, Cani P, Ponche F, Bleichner G. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 October; 29(10): 1955-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588461&dopt=Abstract

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USDA's Economic Research Service supports nutrition and health outcomes research. Author(s): Guthrie JF, Myers EF. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 February; 102(2): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11846127&dopt=Abstract

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Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis to predict energy expenditure of hospitalized patients receiving nutrition support. Author(s): Barak N, Wall-Alonso E, Cheng A, Sitrin MD. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2003 January-February; 27(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549597&dopt=Abstract

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Use of biomarkers of sub-clinical infection, nutrition and neonatal maturity to interpret plasma retinol in Nigerian neonates. Author(s): Adelekan DA, Northrop-Clewes CA, Owa JA, Oyedeji AO, Owoeye AA, Thurnham DI. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 August; 90(2): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908896&dopt=Abstract

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Use of cognitive interview techniques in the development of nutrition surveys and interactive nutrition messages for low-income populations. Author(s): Carbone ET, Campbell MK, Honess-Morreale L. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 May; 102(5): 690-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12008995&dopt=Abstract

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Use of enteral nutrition for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Author(s): MacLaren R, Jarvis CL, Fish DN. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 December; 35(12): 1614-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11793631&dopt=Abstract

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Use of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate in clinical nutrition of elderly patients. Author(s): Blonde-Cynober F, Aussel C, Cynober L. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 January; 19(1): 73-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507647&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) as a nutrition assessment tool in patients with cancer. Author(s): Bauer J, Capra S, Ferguson M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 August; 56(8): 779-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12122555&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the stages of change model in improving nutrition and exercise habits in enlisted Air Force men. Author(s): Veverka DV, Anderson J, Auld GW, Coulter GR, Kennedy C, Chapman PL. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 May; 168(5): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775172&dopt=Abstract

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Use of Web-based formative assessment to support student learning in a metabolism/nutrition unit. Author(s): Henly DC. Source: European Journal of Dental Education : Official Journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe. 2003 August; 7(3): 116-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846820&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of bioelectrical impedance analysis in monitoring nutrition status and survival of peritoneal dialysis patients. Author(s): Fein PA, Gundumalla G, Jorden A, Matza B, Chattopadhyay J, Avram MM. Source: Adv Perit Dial. 2002; 18: 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402618&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of soluble dietary fiber for the treatment of diarrhea during enteral nutrition in elderly patients. Author(s): Nakao M, Ogura Y, Satake S, Ito I, Iguchi A, Takagi K, Nabeshima T. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 January; 18(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827762&dopt=Abstract

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Using computer-based assessments to evaluate interactive multimedia nutrition education among low-income predominantly Hispanic participants. Author(s): Jantz C, Anderson J, Gould SM. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2002 September-October; 34(5): 252-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559060&dopt=Abstract

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Using focus groups to determine what constitutes quality of life in clients receiving medical nutrition therapy: first steps in the development of a nutrition quality-of-life survey. Author(s): Barr J, Schumacher G. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 July; 103(7): 844-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830022&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine glands provide histiotrophic nutrition for the human fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Burton GJ, Watson AL, Hempstock J, Skepper JN, Jauniaux E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 June; 87(6): 2954-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050279&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of an in vitro nutrition model using an enteral formula in aged neutrophils. Author(s): Farriol M, Venereo Y, Orta X, Rodriguez R. Source: Nutr Hosp. 2003 July-August; 18(4): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884475&dopt=Abstract

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Validity and reliability of simple nutrition screening tools adapted to the elderly population in healthcare facilities. Author(s): Laporte M, Villalon L, Thibodeau J, Payette H. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(4): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753498&dopt=Abstract

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Variability of fish consumption within the 10 European countries participating in the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Author(s): Welch AA, Lund E, Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, Brustad M, Kumle M, Rodriguez M, Lasheras C, Janzon L, Jansson J, Luben R, Spencer EA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Benetou V, Zavitsanos X, Tumino R, Galasso R, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Ocke MC, Charrondiere UR, Slimani N. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1273-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639232&dopt=Abstract

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Variations in occurrences of nutrition-related diseases in Sub-Saharan Africans in stages of transition: what of the future? Author(s): Walker AR, Walker BF, Sci DD, Adam F. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 January; 18(1): 71-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827769&dopt=Abstract

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Very-long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as markers for habitual fish intake in a population consuming mainly lean fish: the EPIC cohort of Gipuzkoa. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Author(s): Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, de Renobales M, Ruiz de Gordoa JC, Irigoien I; EPIC Group of Spain. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 October; 55(10): 827-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593343&dopt=Abstract

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Virtual seminars for medical nutrition education: case example. Author(s): Kolasa KM, Daugherty JE, Jobe AC, Miller MG. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 November-December; 33(6): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031173&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin D nutrition and bone disease in adults. Author(s): Mawer EB, Davies M. Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2001 April; 2(2): 153-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11705321&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin nutrition in older adults. Author(s): Johnson KA, Bernard MA, Funderburg K. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2002 November; 18(4): 773-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608503&dopt=Abstract

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Waist circumference and obesity-associated risk factors among whites in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds. Author(s): Zhu S, Wang Z, Heshka S, Heo M, Faith MS, Heymsfield SB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 76(4): 743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324286&dopt=Abstract

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WAVE: a pocket guide for a brief nutrition dialogue in primary care. Author(s): Barner CW, Wylle-Rosett J, Gans K. Source: Diabetes Educ. 2001 May-June; 27(3): 352-8, 361-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912796&dopt=Abstract

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Web-based tailored nutrition education: results of a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Oenema A, Brug J, Lechner L. Source: Health Education Research. 2001 December; 16(6): 647-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780705&dopt=Abstract

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Welcome address. Third Asian Conference on Food Safety and Nutrition October 3, 2000, Beijing, China. Author(s): Malaspina A. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2001 June; 14(1-2): Vii-Xi. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594489&dopt=Abstract

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What constitutes optimal nutrition? Author(s): While A. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2001 April; 6(4): 207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907448&dopt=Abstract

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What is China doing in policy-making to push back the negative aspects of the nutrition transition? Author(s): Zhai F, Fu D, Du S, Ge K, Chen C, Popkin BM. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 269-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027294&dopt=Abstract

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What types of nutrition research give the best benefits? Author(s): Wilson T. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 April; 18(4): 352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934552&dopt=Abstract

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WHEEL OF NUTRITION Game: nutrition in the round. Author(s): Dooley DA, Novotny R, Derrickson JP. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 2001 May-June; 33(3): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953236&dopt=Abstract

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Where does the black population of South Africa stand on the nutrition transition? Author(s): Bourne LT, Lambert EV, Steyn K. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 February; 5(1A): 157-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027279&dopt=Abstract

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Whey components: millennia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: what we know and what we may be overlooking. Author(s): Walzem RL, Dillard CJ, German JB. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002 July; 42(4): 353-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180777&dopt=Abstract

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Whipworm-nutrition interaction. Author(s): Pedersen S, Murrell KD. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2001 October; 17(10): 470. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642259&dopt=Abstract

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WHO's strategy on nutrition and noncommunicable diseases prevention. Author(s): Puska P. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 519-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484249&dopt=Abstract

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Why should gastroenterologists be interested in nutrition and obesity? Author(s): Klein S. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 October; 123(4): 967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360454&dopt=Abstract

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Wine polyphenols and optimal nutrition. Author(s): Ursini F, Sevanian A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 200-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074973&dopt=Abstract

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With the help of one's neighbors: externalities in the production of nutrition in Peru. Author(s): Alderman H, Hentschel J, Sabates R. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 May; 56(10): 2019-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697194&dopt=Abstract

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Withdrawing nutrition and hydration from children: legal, ethical, and professional issues. Author(s): Levi BH. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 March; 42(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659387&dopt=Abstract

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Withdrawing nutrition and hydration. The Catholic tradition offers guidance for the treatment of patients in a persistent vegetative state. Author(s): Panicola MR. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 2001 November-December; 82(6): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763577&dopt=Abstract

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Withholding and withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration--a legal perspective. Author(s): Mathes MM. Source: Medsurg Nursing : Official Journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses. 2000 October; 9(5): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11904907&dopt=Abstract

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Withholding nutrition at the end of life: clinical and ethical issues. Author(s): Slomka J. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2003 June; 70(6): 548-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828225&dopt=Abstract

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Women's perspectives on nutrition, health, and breast cancer. Author(s): Chapman GE, Beagan B. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 May-June; 35(3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773284&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION STUDIES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition.

Finding Nutrition Studies The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on nutrition: •

A nutrition open-learning pack for practising midwives. Source: Petrovska, B.B. Jordanoski, B. Stefov, V. Kulevanova, S. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Jan/February 2001. volume 31 (1) page 6-12. 0034-6659

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Approaches to the reversal of malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in endstage renal disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Gulhane Military Medical School, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Caglar, K Hakim, R M Ikizler, T A Nutr-Revolume 2002 November; 60(11): 37887 0029-6643

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Conference review: nutrition and health in younger women. Source: Stanner, S. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Mar/June 2001. volume 31 (2/3) page 67-70. 0034-6659

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Critique of report on “Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective”. Source: Campbell, T.C. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mar/April 2001. volume36 (2) page 80-87. 0029-666X

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Evidence required for nutritional health claims. Source: Goldin, B. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. May/June 2001. volume36 (3) page 142-143. 0029-666X

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Food consumption pattern and nutritional problems in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Source: Sheikholeslam, R Nutr-Health. 2001; 15(1): 69-70 0260-1060

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Food, nutrition, germs, and health: the 2001 Hazel K. Stiebeling Lecture. Source: Woteki, C.E. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Jan/February 2002. volume 37 (1) page 10-16. 0029-666X

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Guidelines for responsible nutrition counseling on complementary and alternative medicine. Source: Shapiro, A.C. Reddan, J. Winters, B. Hamilton, K. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nov/December 2001. volume 36 (6) page 291-297. 0029666X

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Intrauterine vascular development: programming effects of nutrition on vascular function in the new born and adult. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. Source: Poston, L Nutr-Health. 2001; 15(3-4): 207-12 0260-1060

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Maternal malnutrition in the UK and low birthweight. Author(s): Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, University of North London, UK. Source: Doyle, W Rees, G Nutr-Health. 2001; 15(3-4): 213-8 0260-1060

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New evidence on the nutrition of British school children and conclusions for school meals. Source: Wynn, M Wynn, A Nutr-Health. 2002; 16(2): 55-71 0260-1060

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Nutrition and cancer prevention: differing perspectives on the best research to achieve it. Source: Cohen, L.A. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mar/April 2001. volume36 (2) page 78-79. 0029-666X

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Nutrition in hospitals. Source: Blades, M. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. July/October 2000. volume 30 (4/5) page 227-229. 0034-6659

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Nutrition myths that refuse to die continue to create confusion. Source: Webb, D. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. Sept 2000. volume 23 (9) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

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Nutrition. Are you getting too much vitamin A? Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2002 March; 27(5): 4-5 1052-1577

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Nutrition. Fish for good health. Source: Anonymous Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2002 June; 9(10): 2 1070-910X

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Nutrition. Got water? Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2001 August; 26(10): 1-3 1052-1577

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Nutrition. Should you take a vitamin E supplement? Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2001 September; 26(11): 1-3 1052-1577

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Nutrition. Vitamin D: are you getting enough? Source: Harv-Health-Lett. 2001 October; 26(12): 6-7 1052-1577

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Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility. Source: Gibson, E.L. Green, M.W. Nutr-res-rev. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K. : CAB International. June 2002. volume 15 (1) page 169-206. 0954-4224

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Nutritional status of rural pregnant women of Haryana State, Northern India. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Source: Jood, S Bishnoi, S Khetarpaul, N Nutr-Health. 2002; 16(2): 121-31 0260-1060

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Reducing waiting lists for hospital admission: community nutrition services reduce the need for hospital beds. Source: Wynn, M Wynn, A Nutr-Health. 2001; 15(1): 3-16 0260-1060

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Salads: going beyond the green to boost nutrition. Source: Platzman, A. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. August 2002. volume 25 (8) page 5. 0893-4452

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Sociological analysis of food and nutrition in Iran. Source: Lahsaeizadeh, A. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Mar/June 2001. volume 31 (2/3) page 129-135. 0034-6659

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The emerging roles of zinc in infant nutrition, development, and infectious diseases. 1. Source: Black, R.E. Miguel, S.G. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nov/December 2001. volume 36 (6) page 281-290. 0029-666X

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The global perspective of the health inequality arising from inadequate maternal and neo-natal nutrition. Source: Stamps, T J Nutr-Health. 2001; 15(3-4): 151-4 0260-1060

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The influence of nutrition knowledge on eating behavior--the role of grade level. Source: Pirouznia, M. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. Mar/June 2001. volume 31 (2/3) page 62-66. 0034-6659

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The usefulness of elemental iron for cereal flour fortification: a SUSTAIN Task Force report. Sharing United States Technology to Aid in the Improvement of Nutrition. Author(s): Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. Source: Hurrell, R Bothwell, T Cook, J D Dary, O Davidsson, L Fairweather Tait, S Hallberg, L Lynch, S Rosado, J Walter, T Whittaker, P Nutr-Revolume 2002 December; 60(12): 391-406 0029-6643

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What trends today tell us about food and nutrition tomorrow. Source: McNutt, K. Nutr-today. Hagerstown, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nov/December 2001. volume 36 (6) page 298-302. 0029-666X

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Why nutrition advice flip-flops all the time--or does it. Source: Forman, A. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. March 2001. volume 24 (3) page 1, 6. 0893-4452

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “nutrition” (or a synonym): •

A new approach to classifying malnutrition in the hemodialysis patient. Author(s): San Diego Dialysis-National City, National City, CA, USA. Source: O'keefe, A Daigle, N W J-Ren-Nutr. 2002 October; 12(4): 248-55 1051-2276

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A nutritional care primer for the elderly home care patient. Author(s): [email protected] Source: Haney, P Caring. 2003 January; 22(1): 24-8 0738-467X

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Adequate nutrition creates positive outcomes and improves quality of life. Source: Kearsey, L ONS-News. 2002 December; 17(12): 1, 4-5 0890-5215

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Advanced glycation end products and nutrition. Author(s): Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Source: Krajcovicova Kudlackova, M Sebekova, K Schinzel, R Klvanova, J Physiol-Res. 2002; 51(3): 313-6 0862-8408

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Body composition in pediatrics to geriatrics: a lesson for nutritional monitoring. Author(s): New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, and Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N.Y., USA. Source: Heymsfield, S B Wang, Z Shen, W Nestle-Nutr-Workshop-Ser-Clin-PerformProgramme. 2002; 7: 239-50; discussion 250-5 1422-7584

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Changes in the nutritional state and immune-serological parameters of esophagectomized patients fed jejunaly with glutamine-poor and glutamine-rich nutriments. Author(s): Second Department of Surgery, Medical and Health Science Centre School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Krt. 22., Debrecen H-4004, Hungary. [email protected] Source: Hallay, J Kovacs, G Kiss Sz, S Farkas, M Lakos, G Sipka, S Bodolay, E Sapy, P Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Nov-December; 49(48): 1555-9 0172-6390

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Comparison of nutritional deficiencies after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and after biliopancreatic diversion with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Author(s): Nutrition Support and Morbid Obesity Clinic, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece. Source: Skroubis, G Sakellaropoulos, G Pouggouras, K Mead, N Nikiforidis, G Kalfarentzos, F Obes-Surg. 2002 August; 12(4): 551-8 0960-8923

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Diet & nutrition. Risks of herbal therapies...and a caution about “skinny pill for kids”. Source: Anonymous Child-Health-Alert. 2003 January; 21: 2 1064-4849

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Effect of the correction of metabolic acidosis on nutritional status in elderly patients with chronic renal failure. Author(s): Department of Nephrology, Dunkerque General Hospital, Dunkerque, France. Source: Verove, C Maisonneuve, N El Azouzi, A Boldron, A Azar, R J-Ren-Nutr. 2002 October; 12(4): 224-8 1051-2276

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Effects of nutritional conditions around weaning on carbonic anhydrase activity in the parotid gland and ruminal and abomasal epithelia of Holstein calves. Author(s): Department of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555 Japan. Source: Kitade, K Takahashi, K Yonekura, S Katsumata, N Furukawa, G Ohsuga, S Nishita, T Katoh, K Obara, Y J-Comp-Physiol-[B]. 2002 July; 172(5): 379-85 0174-1578

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Genotypic influences on metabolic alterations during inflammation and the nutritional outcome. Author(s): Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK. Source: Grimble, R F Nestle-Nutr-Workshop-Ser-Clin-Perform-Programme. 2002; 7: 113; discussion 13-8 1422-7584

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Inflammation and malnutrition as predictors of mortality in patients on hemodialysis. Author(s): Servicio de Nefrologia, H. General, Segovia, Spain. [email protected] Source: Fernandez Reyes, M J Alvarez Ude, F Sanchez, R Mon, C Iglesias, P Diez, J J Vazquez, A J-Nephrol. 2002 Mar-April; 15(2): 136-43 1120-3625

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Iodine deficiency associated with parenteral nutrition in extreme preterm infants. Author(s): Tayside Institute of Child Health, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Scotland, UK. Source: Ibrahim, M de Escobar, G M Visser, T J Duran, S van Toor, H Strachan, J Williams, F L Hume, R Arch-Dis-Child-Fetal-Neonatal-Ed. 2003 January; 88(1): F56-7 1359-2998

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Metabolic programming by nutrition during early development. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. [email protected] Source: Patel, M S Srinivasan, M Aalinkeel, R Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2000 September; 38(9): 849-55 0019-5189

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Neonatal nutrition: metabolic programming of pancreatic islets and obesity. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. Source: Srinivasan, M Laychock, S G Hill, D J Patel, M S Exp-Biol-Med-(Maywood). 2003 January; 228(1): 15-23 1535-3702

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Neonatal nutritional rehabilitation of morphological features in facial motoneurons altered by prenatally food deprivation in the rat. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, DF. [email protected] Source: Perez Torrero, E Torrero, C Salas, M Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 September; 5(4): 263-8 1028-415X

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New evidence on the nutrition of British school children and conclusions for school meals. Source: Wynn, M Wynn, A Nutr-Health. 2002; 16(2): 55-71 0260-1060

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Nutrition and inequalities. A note on sociological approaches. Author(s): Department of Sociology, City University, Northampton Square, London ECIV 0HB, UK. Source: Murcott, A Eur-J-Public-Health. 2002 September; 12(3): 203-7 1101-1262

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Nutrition and physical activity counseling practices of family practice residents. Author(s): Department of Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University. Source: Guo, J L Gottlieb, N H Smith, M M Huang, P P Huang, C M J-Cancer-Educ. 2002 Fall; 17(3): 128-37 0885-8195

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Nutrition knowledge and dietary composition in Italian adolescent female athletes and non-athletes. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy. Source: Cupisti, A D'Alessandro, C Castrogiovanni, S Barale, A Morelli, E Int-J-SportNutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 June; 12(2): 207-19 1526-484X

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Nutrition, adequacy of dialysis, and clinical outcome in Indo-Asian and White European patients on peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Renal Services, University Hospital Coventry, Walsgrave Hospital, Coventry, UK. [email protected] Source: Bakewell, A Higgins, R Edmunds, M QJM. 2002 December; 95(12): 811-20 14602725

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Nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Author(s): Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA. Source: Temple, J L Rissman, E F Prog-Brain-Res. 2002; 141: 303-14 0079-6123

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Nutrition. Are you getting too much vitamin A? Source: Anonymous Harv-Health-Lett. 2002 March; 27(5): 4-5 1052-1577

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Nutritional aspects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides: natural occurrence, chemistry, physiology and health implications. Author(s): Nutri-Health SA, Rueil-Malmaison, France. [email protected] Source: Bornet, F R Brouns, F Tashiro, Y Duvillier, V Dig-Liver-Dis. 2002 September; 34 Suppl 2: S111-20 1590-8658

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Nutritional assessment and therapeutic interventions for the preterm infant. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, A-340, MC 1-3460, Houston, TX 77030, USA. [email protected] Source: Anderson, D M Clin-Perinatol. 2002 June; 29(2): 313-26 0095-5108

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Nutritional intake of French soccer players at the clairefontaine training center. Author(s): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 147 rue de l'Universite, 75 338 Paris cedex 07, France. Source: Leblanc, JCh Le Gall, F Grandjean, V Verger, P Int-J-Sport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 September; 12(3): 268-80 1526-484X

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Nutritional regulation of hypothalamic leptin receptor gene expression is defective in diet-induced obesity. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA. [email protected] Source: Sahu, A Nguyen, L O'Doherty, R M J-Neuroendocrinol. 2002 November; 14(11): 887-93 0953-8194

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Nutritional requirements with aging. Prevention of disease. Author(s): Section of Geriatric Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Source: Meyyazhagan, S Palmer, R M Clin-Geriatr-Med. 2002 August; 18(3): 557-76 07490690

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Nutritional status of rural pregnant women of Haryana State, Northern India. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Source: Jood, S Bishnoi, S Khetarpaul, N Nutr-Health. 2002; 16(2): 121-31 0260-1060

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Nutritional support. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1173, USA. [email protected] Source: Trahan, K Gore, D C Chest-Surg-Clin-N-Am. 2002 May; 12(2): 227-49, v 10523359

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Part I. Malnutrition in the pediatric population. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Source: KuMarch, S Olson, D L Schwenk, W F Dis-Mon. 2002 November; 48(11): 703-12 0011-5029

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Part II. Common nutritional issues in older adults. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky, USA. Source: Ritchie, C S McClave, S A Dis-Mon. 2002 November; 48(11): 713-24 0011-5029

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Part IV. Enteral nutrition support. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Source: Atten, M J Skipper, A KuMarch, S Olson, D L Schwenk, W F Dis-Mon. 2002 December; 48(12): 751-90 0011-5029

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Postdischarge nutrition for high risk neonates. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. [email protected] Source: Griffin, I J Clin-Perinatol. 2002 June; 29(2): 327-44 0095-5108

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Reducing the risks of malnutrition by ensuring adequate dietary intake. Author(s): South Bank University, London. Source: Nazarko, L Prof-Nurse. 2002 December; 18(4): 211-4 0266-8130

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Smoking among adolescents: relation to school success, socioeconomic status nutrition and self-esteem. Author(s): Trakya University Medical Faculty Department of Public Health, Edirne, Turkey. Source: Yorulmaz, F Akturk, Z Dagdeviren, N Dalkilic, A Swiss-Med-Wkly. 2002 August 10; 132(31-32): 449-54 1424-7860

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Stages of change in clinical nutrition practice. Author(s): Louisiana Tech University, School of Human Ecology, P.O. Box 3167, Ruston, LA 71272, USA. Source: Molaison, E F Nutr-Clin-Care. 2002 Sep-October; 5(5): 251-7 1096-6781

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The influence of protein-calorie malnutrition on quality of life in nursing homes. Author(s): University of Arizona College of Nursing, Tucson 85721-0203, USA. [email protected] Source: Crogan, N L Pasvogel, A J-Gerontol-A-Biol-Sci-Med-Sci. 2003 February; 58(2): 159-64 1079-5006

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The lifecycle effects of nutrition and body size on adult adiposity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, India. [email protected] Source: Yajnik, C S Obes-Revolume 2002 August; 3(3): 217-24 1467-7881

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The minimum data set: predicting malnutrition in newly admitted nursing home residents. Author(s): College of Nursing, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, USA. Source: Crogan, N L Corbett, C F Short, R A Clin-Nurs-Res. 2002 August; 11(3): 341-53 1054-7738

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The role of nutrition and nutrients in the prevention of chronic diseases. Author(s): Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Box C-245, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA. [email protected] Source: Byers, T Prim-Care. 2002 September; 29(3): 615-27, x 0095-4543

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Trace elements: contribution to the efficacy of nutritional support. Author(s): Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liverpool, UK. Source: Shenkin, A Nestle-Nutr-Workshop-Ser-Clin-Perform-Programme. 2002; 7: 13345; discussion 145-9 1422-7584

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Twenty-year changes in the prevalence of overweight in Japanese adults: the National Nutrition Survey 1976-95. Author(s): National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yoshiike, N Seino, F Tajima, S Arai, Y Kawano, M Furuhata, T Inoue, S ObesRevolume 2002 August; 3(3): 183-90 1467-7881

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Variations in nutritional risk among black and white women who receive homedelivered meals. Author(s): UNC Institute on Aging Carolina Program in Healthcare and Aging Research, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27514, USA. [email protected] Source: Sharkey, J R Schoenberg, N E J-Women-Aging. 2002; 14(3-4): 99-119 0895-2841

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to nutrition; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based):

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Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Provitamin A Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10067,00.html Vitamin B1 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B2 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate, Folic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol, Calcitrol, Cholecalciferol, Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Vitamin D Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Minerals Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aluminum, Calcium, and Magnesium-Containing Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Biotin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Boron Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Boron Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,909,00.html Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carnitine (L-Carnitine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chondroitin Alternative names: chondroitin sulfate, sodium chondroitin sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Creatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Creatine Monohydrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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D-Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iodine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Iodine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iodine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com L-Carnitine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lecithin and choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Molybdenum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phosphocreatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Chloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadium Alternative names: Vanadate, Vanadyl Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin H (Biotin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Food and Diet Amaranth Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,69,00.html Atkins Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Avocados Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,46,00.html Bananas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,47,00.html Barley Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Beans, dried Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,169,00.html Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Beets Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,10,00.html

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Betaine (Trimethylglycine) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Beverages Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Blood Type Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bok choy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,148,00.html Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,11,00.html Brussels sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,12,00.html Buckwheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Buckwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,71,00.html Butternut squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,189,00.html Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carbo-Loading Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cartilage Alternative names: Shark Cartilage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chicken

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Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Chili peppers Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,132,00.html Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cold Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Complex carbohydrates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,993,00.html Corn, fresh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,17,00.html Diet Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diet Powders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Figs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,51,00.html Flaxseeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flour, nonwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,303,00.html Flour, wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,81,00.html Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Grapefruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Greens, cooking Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,22,00.html Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Hot Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kumquat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lamb Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,90,00.html Lemons Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lentils Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,99,00.html Lettuce & other salad greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Limes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Allergen Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html

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Monounsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Noodles, Asian Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,192,00.html Nutrition Booster Recipes Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nutritional Yeast Alternative names: Brewer's Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Nuts and Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oats Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,73,00.html Okra Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,26,00.html Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-3 fatty acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,992,00.html Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Omega-6 fatty acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1037,00.html Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Oranges Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,59,00.html Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peppers, sweet Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,31,00.html Pineapple Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,64,00.html Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,270,00.html Protein Powders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Prunes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,66,00.html Pumpkin Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Quinoa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html Radishes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,33,00.html Raspberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,109,00.html Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Scallions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,34,00.html Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Soy and Protein Shakes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,135,00.html Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Spinach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,35,00.html Sports Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Sports Gels Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,36,00.html Strawberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,108,00.html Tangerines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com The Pritikin Diet Program Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com The Zone Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,136,00.html Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html Tyramine-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ugli Tangelo Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Wakame Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,78,00.html Wheat-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Whey Protein Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wild rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,178,00.html Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NUTRITION Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to nutrition. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “nutrition” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Dietary Supplements Resource List Source: Beltsville, MD: Food and Nutrition Information Center. 2000. 10 p. Contact: Available from Food and Nutrition Information Center. National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, Room 304, Beltsville, MD 20705-2351. INTERNATIONAL: (301) 504-5719; TTY: (301) 504-6856; FAX: (301) 5046409; E-MAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Summary: This resource list, compiled by the National Agriculture Library, contains sources of information on the uses and risks of dietary supplements. The resources selected cover nutrition information on phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, and other plant-derived substances; melatonin; amino acids; fatty acids; concentrates; and metabolites. Resources are listed in alphabetical order under the following headings: books, magazines/newsletters, and resources including web sites on the Internet. Contact information is provided for web sites and organizations.

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Soy: Health Claims for Soy Protein, Questions About Other Components Source: FDA Consumer. 34(3): 13-15, 18-20. May-June 2000. Contact: Available from Food and Drug Administration. 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. (888) 463-6332. PRICE: Free. Summary: This Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Consumer magazine article discusses FDA permission to food manufacturers to put labels on products high in soy protein indicating that these foods may help lower heart disease risk. It includes information on concerns about certain components in soy products, particularly isoflavones, which have engulfed the health claim regulation in controversy. The article features quotes from Elizabeth A. Yetley, Ph.D., lead scientist for nutrition at FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied nutrition; Christine Lewis, acting Director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements; Margo Woods, D.Sc., associate professor of medicine at Tufts University; and Daniel Sheehan, Ph.D., director of the Estrogen Knowledge Base Program at FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research. The article also includes sections on soy benefits, the different types of soy products, trends in soy consumption, adding soy to the diet, and soy health claims. Organizations where consumers can obtain additional information on soy are listed at the end of the article.

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FOOD SAFETY: Improvements Needed in Overseeing the Safety of Dietary Supplements and 'Functional Foods' Source: Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office. July 2000. 47 p. Contact: Available from U.S. General Accounting Office. 441 G Street N.W., Room LM, Washington, DC 20548. (202) 512-6000; TTY (202) 512-2537; FAX (202) 512-6061. PRICE: Free. Summary: This United States General Accounting Office Report to Congressional Committees provides information on improvements needed in overseeing the safety of dietary supplements and 'functional foods' (foods that are claimed to have health benefits beyond basic nutrition). It discusses weaknesses in three areas of the regulatory system that increase the likelihood that unsafe products may reach consumers, including the lack of a clearly defined safety standard for new dietary ingredients in dietary supplements; the lack of safety-related information on the labels of some products; and the fact that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not investigate most reports it receives of health problems potentially caused by these products. The report includes recommendations to Congress and to the FDA. 3 Appendices. 3 Tables. 2 Figures. Multiple references.

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Criteria and Recommendations for Vitamin C Intake Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 281(15): 1415-1423. April 21, 1999. Summary: This journal article reviews the role of vitamin C in human metabolic processes, discusses criteria used to determine recommended doses of vitamin C, and presents recommendations for vitamin C intake. Recommendations for vitamin C intake are under revision by the Food and nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. Since 1989 when the last recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 60 mg of vitamin C was published, extensive biochemical, molecular, epidemiologic, and clinical data have become available. The authors note that new recommendations can be based on the following criteria: dietary availability, steady-state concentrations in plasma and

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tissues, bioavailability, urine excretion, adverse effects, biochemical and molecular function in relationship to vitamin concentration, beneficial dose effects, and prevention of deficiency. These criteria can be applied to the Food and nutrition Board's new guidelines, which include four Dietary Reference Intakes categories: the estimated average requirement, RDA, adequate intake amount, and tolerable upper intake level. This article presents the recommended values for each category. The values suggest that five servings of fruit and vegetables per day may be beneficial in preventing cancer and providing sufficient vitamin C intake for healthy people, and that 1 g or more of vitamin C may have adverse consequences in some people. The article has 3 figures, 1 table, and 107 references. •

Foods that Fight Pain: Revolutionary New Strategies for Maximum Pain Relief Source: New York, NY: Harmony Books. 1999. 347 p. Contact: Available from Harmony Books. 231 Broad Street, Nevada City, CA 95959. (530) 265-9564. PRICE: $14.00. ISBN: 0609804367. Summary: This book is intended to help people fight pain by using common foods, traditional supplements, and herbs. It explains which foods contribute to pain and how to avoid them, which foods are pain-safe but high in nutrition, and which foods can actively soothe pain by improving blood circulation, relieving inflammation, and balancing hormones. An introduction describes how food can fight pain at any of the stages of the pain process: the initial injury, the inflammatory response, the pain message traveling through the nerves, and the brain's perception of pain. Part 1 discusses conditions related to poor circulation, such as backaches and chest pain. Part 2 addresses conditions caused by food sensitivities and inflammation, including migraines, other headaches, joint ailments, stomach aches and digestive problems, and fibromyalgia. Part 3 discusses hormone-related conditions such as menstrual pain, breast pain, and cancer pain. Part 4 discusses metabolic and immune problems, including carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetes, herpes and shingles, sickle cell anemia, kidney stones, and urinary infections. Part 5 discusses the roles of exercise, rest, and sleep in pain relief; describes several stress-reducing exercises; and explains why the body rebels against certain foods. The book includes menus and recipes, a glossary of ingredients, a list of resources, a list of suggested readings, and an index.

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AMA Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs on Alternative Medicine Source: Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. Number 178: 135-145. January 1998. Summary: This journal article reports on the American Medical Association (AMA) Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs on Alternative Medicine. Several alternative systems and techniques are defined, including mind/body interventions, diet and nutrition, herbal remedies, osteopathy, chiropractic, energy healing, pharmacologic methods, acupuncture, homeopathy, naturopathy, Ayurveda, and folk therapies. The Office of Alternative Medicine and the context of the public's use of alternative medicine are discussed. The Council on Scientific Affairs makes several recommendations for dealing with alternative medicine, including (1) promoting well-designed, stringently controlled research studies to determine the efficacy of alternative therapies, (2) urging physicians to inquire routinely about their patients' use of alternative medicine and to educate themselves and their patients on the state of scientific knowledge on alternative therapy, and (3) urging medical schools to offer courses on alternative medicine that will present scientific views of unconventional theories, treatments, and practice as well as the potential therapeutic utility, safety, and efficacy of these modalities. Finally, the

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Council recommends that patients choosing alternative therapies should be educated as to the hazards that might result from postponing or stopping conventional medical treatments. This journal article contains 39 references. •

Element Family Encyclopedia of Health: The Complete Family Reference Guide to Alternative and Orthodox Medical Diagnosis, Treatment and Preventive Healthcare Source: Shaftesbury, England: Element Books Ltd. 1998. 720 p. Contact: Available from Element Books Ltd. Longmead, Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 8LP, England. Phone: 1747 851 339; FAX: 01747 851 394. PRICE: $35.60. ISBN: 1862043019. Summary: This book for consumers and health care providers is a reference guide to the holistic management of common health problems. It takes an integrated approach to health care, describing both alternative and conventional medical approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. An introduction provides background information about holistic medicine, health and healing, and recommended contents of the medicine cabinet. Chapters 1-6, the main body of the text, are organized around the different stages of life: (1) sex, fertility, and conception, (2) pregnancy and childbirth, (3) infancy and childhood, (4) young adult, (5) adult, and (6) middle age and onwards. Each chapter describes common health problems and the recommended treatments. Chapter 7 addresses nutrition, special diets, and the effects of specific foods and nutrients. Chapter 8 describes alternative and conventional diagnostic techniques. Chapter 9 describes a wide variety of alternative therapies. Chapter 10 discusses the uses, effects, and safety of different drugs. The book includes more than 200 illustrations and charts, a glossary, suggested readings, a directory of international resources, and an index.

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Alternative Medicine: Expanding Medical Horizons. A Report to the National Institutes of Health on Alternative Medical Systems and Practices in the United States Source: Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1994. 372 p. Contact: Available from U.S. Government Printing Office. Superintendent of Documents, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. (202) 512-1800; FAX: (202) 5122250. PRICE: $25.00. ISBN: 0160454794. Summary: This document was developed from a 1992 National Institutes of Health workshop and includes input from more than 200 practitioners and researchers of alternative medicine from throughout the United States. Part I of the report examines seven fields of alternative medicine: mind-body interventions, bioelectromagnetics applications in medicine, alternative systems of medical practice, manual healing methods, pharmacological and biological treatments, herbal medicine, and diet and nutrition in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. Part II addresses a number of cross-cutting issues relevant to all seven fields, including research infrastructure, research databases, research methodologies, the peer review process, and public information activities. Each chapter in this report includes major recommendations and references. A glossary and index are found at the back of the report. Numerous references.

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to nutrition and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to nutrition: •

A global response to a global problem: the epidemic of overnutrition. Author(s): Chopra M, Galbraith S, Darnton-Hill I. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(12): 952-8. Epub 2003 January 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571723&dopt=Abstract

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A qualitative exploration of rural feeding and weaning practices, knowledge and attitudes on nutrition. Author(s): Kruger R, Gericke GJ. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2003 April; 6(2): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675965&dopt=Abstract

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Alteration in epithelial permeability and ion transport in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Yang H, Finaly R, Teitelbaum DH. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 April; 31(4): 1118-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682482&dopt=Abstract

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Alternative nutrition in cancer: friend or foe? Author(s): Holmes S. Source: J R Soc Health. 2003 June; 123(2): 76. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852185&dopt=Abstract

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Barriers to nutrition as a health promotion practice for women with disabilities. Author(s): Hall L, Colantonio A, Yoshida K. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2003 September; 26(3): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14501578&dopt=Abstract

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Beliefs about feeding practices and nutrition for children with disabilities among families in Dharavi, Mumbai. Author(s): Yousafzai AK, Pagedar S, Wirz S, Filteau S.

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Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2003 March; 26(1): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601265&dopt=Abstract •

Bones and nutrition: common sense supplementation for osteoporosis. Author(s): Advani S, Wimalawansa SJ. Source: Curr Womens Health Rep. 2003 June; 3(3): 187-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734028&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States). Author(s): McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Carolyn J, Calle EE, Willett WC, Thun MJ. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2003 February; 14(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708719&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of randomized controlled trials included in systematic reviews of nutritional interventions reporting maternal morbidity, mortality, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age and birth weight outcomes. Author(s): Villar J, Merialdi M, Gulmezoglu AM, Abalos E, Carroli G, Kulier R, de Onis M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 2): 1632S-1639S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730477&dopt=Abstract

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Committee on food nutrition. Nonvitamin micronutrients. Author(s): Indyk H. Source: J Aoac Int. 2003 January-February; 86(1): 143-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607753&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of nutritional supplements among adolescents: usage and perceived benefits. Author(s): O'Dea JA. Source: Health Education Research. 2003 February; 18(1): 98-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608687&dopt=Abstract

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Current and future role of fluoride in nutrition. Author(s): Warren JJ, Levy SM. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 225-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699229&dopt=Abstract

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Dangerous nutrition? Calcium, vitamin D, and shark cartilage nutritional supplements and cancer-related hypercalcemia. Author(s): Lagman R, Walsh D. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2003 April; 11(4): 232-5. Epub 2003 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673461&dopt=Abstract

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Diversity of dietary patterns observed in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) project. Author(s): Slimani N, Fahey M, Welch AA, Wirfalt E, Stripp C, Bergstrom E, Linseisen J, Schulze MB, Bamia C, Chloptsios Y, Veglia F, Panico S, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ocke MC, Brustad M, Lund E, Gonzalez CA, Barcos A, Berglund G, Winkvist A, Mulligan A, Appleby P, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kesse E, Ferrari P, Van Staveren WA, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1311-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639235&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of supplementary feeding on the prevention of mild-to-moderate wasting in conditions of endemic malnutrition in Guatemala. Author(s): Rivera JA, Habicht JP. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(12): 926-32. Epub 2003 January 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571719&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of supplementation on physicochemical, sensory and nutritional characteristics of bread. Author(s): Dhingra S, Jood S. Source: Nutr Health. 2002; 16(4): 313-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617282&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of fish oil in parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Chen WJ, Yeh SL. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 March; 19(3): 275-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620534&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancing immunity to nematode parasites in single-bearing Merino ewes through nutrition and genetic selection. Author(s): Kahn LP, Knox MR, Gray GD, Lea JM, Walkden-Brown SW. Source: Veterinary Parasitology. 2003 March 10; 112(3): 211-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591197&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral nutrition with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants reduces alveolar inflammatory mediators and protein influx in patients with acute

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respiratory distress syndrome. Author(s): Pacht ER, DeMichele SJ, Nelson JL, Hart J, Wennberg AK, Gadek JE. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 February; 31(2): 491-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576957&dopt=Abstract •

Evaluation of the Geographical and Family Background of Student Nurses and Midwives and their Knowledge of Cancer and Nutrition. Author(s): Turkistanli EC, Ergun FE, Sari D, Dalli D, Aydemir G. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2002; 3(3): 257-261. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718584&dopt=Abstract

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Food labeling: trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims, and health claims. Final rule. Author(s): Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Source: Federal Register. 2003 July 11; 68(133): 41433-1506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856667&dopt=Abstract

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Food-based approaches to prevent and control micronutrient malnutrition: scientific evidence and policy implications. Author(s): Gopalan C, Tamber B. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2003; 91: 76-131. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747090&dopt=Abstract

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Free radical disease prevention and nutrition. Author(s): Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Ursinyova M, Blazicek P, Spustova V, Ginter E, Hladikova V, Klvanova J. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2003; 104(2): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839214&dopt=Abstract

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Glycomacropeptide and alpha-lactalbumin supplementation of infant formula affects growth and nutritional status in infant rhesus monkeys. Author(s): Kelleher SL, Chatterton D, Nielsen K, Lonnerdal B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 77(5): 1261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716681&dopt=Abstract

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Guest Editorial: Does Good Nutrition Conflict With Cultural Sensitivities? Author(s): Weaver CM. Source: Nutrition Today. 2003 May-June; 38(3): 76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813184&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on growth, nutritional status, and body composition of primary school children in western Kenya.

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Author(s): Friedman JF, Phillips-Howard PA, Hawley WA, Terlouw DJ, Kolczak MS, Barber M, Okello N, Vulule JM, Duggan C, Nahlen BL, ter Kuile FO. Source: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 April; 68(4 Suppl): 78-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749489&dopt=Abstract •

Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis Voigt, Coccinia cordifolia, Coccinia indica) in human nutrition and traditional applications. Author(s): Wasantwisut E, Viriyapanich T. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2003; 91: 60-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747088&dopt=Abstract

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'Malnutrition' in the aged: the dietary assessment. Author(s): Wahlqvist ML, Wahlqvist ML. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6A): 911-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633515&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic and nutritional support in acute cardiac failure. Author(s): Berger MM, Mustafa I. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2003 March; 6(2): 195201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589189&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and diet in the development of gastrointestinal cancer. Author(s): Thomson CA, LeWinn K, Newton TR, Alberts DS, Martinez ME. Source: Current Oncology Reports. 2003 May; 5(3): 192-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667416&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and lifestyle factors on the risk of developing breast cancer. Author(s): Gerber B, Muller H, Reimer T, Krause A, Friese K. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2003 May; 79(2): 265-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825861&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition ecology: the contribution of vegetarian diets. Author(s): Leitzmann C. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 657S659S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936962&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition for health promotion: phytochemicals, functional foods, and alternative approaches to combat obesity. Author(s): Bloch AS.

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Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 411-23, Viii-Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699239&dopt=Abstract •

Nutrition guidance by family doctors in a changing world: problems, opportunities, and future possibilities. Author(s): Truswell AS, Hiddink GJ, Blom J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4 Suppl): 1089S1092S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663323&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition support for the mechanically ventilated patient. Author(s): Parrish CR, McCray SF. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2003 February; 23(1): 77-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640963&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition therapy for dyslipidemia. Author(s): Carson JA. Source: Curr Diab Rep. 2003 October; 3(5): 397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12975030&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional and clinical evaluation of a modified soy protein with covalently bound branched-chain amino acids in cirrhotic sprague-dawley rats. Author(s): Rodriguez MF, Wall A, Kondrup J, Lopez-Cervantes G, Calderon de la Barca AM. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2003; 47(2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652060&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional aspects of HIV-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Miller TL. Source: Aids (London, England). 2003 April; 17 Suppl 1: S130-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870539&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional effects of carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Chazot C, Blanc C, Hurot JM, Charra B, Jean G, Laurent G. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 January; 59(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572927&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional interventions during pregnancy for the prevention or treatment of impaired fetal growth: an overview of randomized controlled trials. Author(s): Merialdi M, Carroli G, Villar J, Abalos E, Gulmezoglu AM, Kulier R, de Onis M.

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Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 2): 1626S-1631S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730476&dopt=Abstract •

Nutritional interventions during pregnancy for the prevention or treatment of maternal morbidity and preterm delivery: an overview of randomized controlled trials. Author(s): Villar J, Merialdi M, Gulmezoglu AM, Abalos E, Carroli G, Kulier R, de Onis M. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 2): 1606S-1625S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730475&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the evidence. Author(s): Rennie KL, Hughes J, Lang R, Jebb SA. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2003 April; 16(2): 97-109. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662368&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional supplements in Norwegian elite athletes--impact of international ranking and advisors. Author(s): Sundgot-Borgen J, Berglund B, Torstveit MK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2003 April; 13(2): 138-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641646&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional supplements, ergogenic aids, and herbals. Author(s): Rigassio Radler D. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 2003 April; 47(2): 245-58, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699230&dopt=Abstract

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Oral nutritional supplementation increases caloric and protein intake in peritoneal dialysis patients. Author(s): Boudville N, Rangan A, Moody H. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 March; 41(3): 658-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612990&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporosis and nutrition. Author(s): Eldridge R. Source: Pract Midwife. 2003 April; 6(4): 23-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715502&dopt=Abstract

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Palm oil: biochemical, physiological, nutritional, hematological, and toxicological aspects: a review. Author(s): Edem DO.

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Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2002 Fall; 57(3-4): 319-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602939&dopt=Abstract •

Pamidronate in a girl with chronic renal insufficiency dependent on parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Duke JL, Jones DP, Frizzell NK, Chesney RW, Hak EB. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 July; 18(7): 714-7. Epub 2003 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12750976&dopt=Abstract

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Parenteral nutrition with fish oil modulates cytokine response in patients with sepsis. Author(s): Mayer K, Gokorsch S, Fegbeutel C, Hattar K, Rosseau S, Walmrath D, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 May 15; 167(10): 1321-8. Epub 2003 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615625&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological nutrition in inflammatory bowel diseases. Author(s): Campos FG, Waitzberg DL, Teixeira MG, Mucerino DR, Kiss DR, Habr-Gama A. Source: Nutr Hosp. 2003 March-April; 18(2): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723376&dopt=Abstract

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Post-genomic opportunities for understanding nutrition: the nutritionist's perspective. Author(s): Mensink RP, Plat J. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2002 November; 61(4): 401-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691168&dopt=Abstract

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Potential cost-effectiveness of nutrition interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in the developing world. Author(s): Rouse DJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5 Suppl 2): 1640S-1644S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730478&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of Breastfeeding Duration for Employees of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Author(s): Whaley SE, Meehan K, Lange L, Slusser W, Jenks E. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 September; 102(9): 1290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792629&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing nutritional disorders in athletes: focus on the basics. Author(s): Earnest C. Source: Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002 June; 1(3): 172-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831710&dopt=Abstract

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Relations of serum ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol to diabetic retinopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Millen AE, Gruber M, Klein R, Klein BE, Palta M, Mares JA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 August 1; 158(3): 225-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882944&dopt=Abstract

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Research on Nutrition and Cancer: The Importance of the Standardized Dietary Assessments. Author(s): Aydemir G. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2002; 3(2): 177-180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718599&dopt=Abstract

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Response to Worthington on nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables, and grains. Author(s): Matthews RA. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 December; 8(6): 695-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614521&dopt=Abstract

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Selenium deficiency in a patient with Crohn's disease receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Ishida T, Himeno K, Torigoe Y, Inoue M, Wakisaka O, Tabuki T, Ono H, Honda K, Mori T, Seike M, Yoshimatsu H, Sakata T. Source: Intern Med. 2003 February; 42(2): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636234&dopt=Abstract

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Soy product consumption in 10 European countries: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Author(s): Keinan-Boker L, Peeters PH, Mulligan AA, Navarro C, Slimani N, Mattisson I, Lundin E, McTaggart A, Allen NE, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Haftenberger M, Lagiou P, Kalapothaki V, Evangelista A, Frasca G, Buenode-Mesquita HB, van der Schouw YT, Engeset D, Skeie G, Tormo MJ, Ardanaz E, Charrondiere UR, Riboli E. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639228&dopt=Abstract

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The nutritional significance of sterol metabolic constraints in the generalist grasshopper Schistocerca americana. Author(s): Behmer ST, Elias DO.

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Source: Journal of Insect Physiology. 1999 April; 45(4): 339-348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12770359&dopt=Abstract •

The Preventive Medicine Center in Hartford: effective disease prevention through 5 basic activities with a nutritional mantra. Author(s): Lento L. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2003 July-August; 9(4): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868259&dopt=Abstract

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The role of nutrition and micronutrients in paediatric HIV infection. Author(s): Buys H, Hendricks M, Eley B, Hussey G. Source: Sadj. 2002 December; 57(11): 454-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674865&dopt=Abstract

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Trading nutrition for education: nutritional status and the sale of snack foods in an eastern Kentucky school. Author(s): Crooks DL. Source: Med Anthropol Q. 2003 June; 17(2): 182-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846116&dopt=Abstract

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Transcending reductionism in nutrition research. Author(s): Hoffmann I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 514S516S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936942&dopt=Abstract

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Trend to better nutrition on Australian hospital menus 1986-2001 and the impact of cook-chill food service systems. Author(s): McClelland A, Williams P. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2003 August; 16(4): 245-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859706&dopt=Abstract

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Triple trouble: the role of malnutrition in tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Author(s): van Lettow M, Fawzi WW, Semba RD. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 March; 61(3): 81-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723640&dopt=Abstract

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UK Food Standards Agency Optimal Nutrition Status Workshop: environmental factors that affect bone health throughout life. Author(s): Burns L, Ashwell M, Berry J, Bolton-Smith C, Cassidy A, Dunnigan M, Khaw KT, Macdonald H, New S, Prentice A, Powell J, Reeve J, Robins S, Teucher B.

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Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 89(6): 835-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828800&dopt=Abstract •

Vitamin nutrition in older adults. Author(s): Johnson KA, Bernard MA, Funderburg K. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2002 November; 18(4): 773-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12608503&dopt=Abstract

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Why do we not make more medical use of nutritional knowledge? How an inadvertent alliance between reductionist scientists, holistic dietitians and drugoriented regulators and governments has blocked progress. Author(s): Horrobin D. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 90(1): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12844396&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to nutrition; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based):

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General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Rosacea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Acrodermatitis Enteropathica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Age-Related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Reaction, Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Allergy, Food Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Appendicitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteries, Hardening of Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arthritis, OsteoSource: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Athlete's Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bell's Palsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Birth Defects Prevention Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Blood Pressure, High Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Blood Sugar, Low Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BPH Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Inflammation, Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Inflammation, Viral Encephalitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brittle Nails Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bruising Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bursitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Capillary Fragility Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cataracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cholesterol, High Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cirrhosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cluster Headache

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Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colic Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cough Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cough, Whooping Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diverticular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diverticular Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Drug Reactions, Cutaneous Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dupuytren's Contracture Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eating Disorders, Anorexia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders, Bulimia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Encephalitis, Viral Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Epstein-Barr Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erectile Dysfunction Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fainting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fatigue, Chronic Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fever of Unknown Origin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Growth, Excessive Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Headache, Migraine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Headache, Sinus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Heart Failure, Congestive Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Infection, Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

224 Nutrition

Heat Exhaustion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemorrhoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hemorrhoids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothermia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Indigestion, Heartburn, and Low Stomach Acidity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Crohn's Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

226 Nutrition

Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron-Deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Jet Lag Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Leukoplakia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Liver Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low Back Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menkes' Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

228 Nutrition

Menorrhagia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstruation, Absence of Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mitral Valve Prolapse Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mononucleosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Morning Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Motion Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com MSG Sensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Night Blindness Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osgood-Schlatter Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pancreas, Inflammation of Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pap Smear, Abnormal Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Parasitic Infection, Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasitic Infection, Intestinal Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasitic Infection, Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

230 Nutrition

Parathyroid, Overactive Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylketonuria Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photosensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Preeclampsia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Enlargement Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

232 Nutrition

Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Restless Legs Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rickets/Osteomalacia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Shingles and Postherpetic Neuralgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sprains and Strains Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

234 Nutrition

Syncope Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tardive Dyskinesia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tendinitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid, Underactive Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tinnitus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com TMJ Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcer, Peptic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Deficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitiligo Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Warts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

236 Nutrition

Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wilson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yellow Nail Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy 3-Dimensional chi analysis Alternative names: Lane System analysis 3 analysis Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Abhyanga Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Alternative nutrition Alternative names: alternative nutritional treatments alternative nutrition strategies alternative nutrition therapies Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Angel Chiropractic Care Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html

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Applied kinesiology Alternative names: AK kinesiology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Applied kinesiology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,711,00.html Autoregulation Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Ayurveda Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ayurveda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,672,00.html Ayurvedic nutrition Alternative names: Ayurvedic diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Belly Bean diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html BEYOND MEDICINE Alternative names: Future Medicine Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Biblical Nutrition Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Chinese medicine Alternative names: Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html

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Chiropractic Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chiropractic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,681,00.html Clean-Me-Out Program Alternative names: Arise Shine Cleanse Thyself Program Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Combine Spirituality and Psychotherapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Contact Reflex Analysis Alternative names: CRA Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Detoxification therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10119,00.html Do-In Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html Gerson Therapy Alternative names: Gerson dietary regime GDR Gerson method Gerson treatment Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html Hallelujah Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html

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Herbal Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Holistic Referrals Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Imagery Alternative names: mental imagery Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/i.html Intuitive nutritional counseling Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/i.html Ionized Air (Negative Ions) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lane System of 3-dimensional bioenergy analysis and nutritional healing Alternative names: Lane System of bioenergy analysis and nutrition; Lane System of multilayer bioenergy analysis and nutrition; Lane System of multilayer bioenergy analysis and nutritional healing; 3-dimensional bioenergy analysis Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Lepore technique Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Lepore Technique of M.R.T. Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Life span nutrition Alternative names: Limbic Eating Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Macrobiotics Alternative names: the macrobiotic way; formerly called "Zen Macrobiotics" Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html

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Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html Morter HealthSystem Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Natural Health Program Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html Naturopathic Medicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Naturopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,722,00.html Nutripathy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nutrition Kinesiology Alternative names: NK Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html Nutritional herbology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html Orthomolecular Medicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Orthomolecular medicine Alternative names: orthomolecular nutritional medicine orthomolecular therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Orthopractic Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Osteopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Polarity nutrition Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Polarity Therapy Alternative names: Polarity polarity balancing Polarity Energy Balancing Polarity Energy Balancing system polarity energy healing polarity healing polarity system Polarity techniques Polarity Wellness Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Polarity therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,727,00.html Psycho-Neuroaligning Alternative names: PNA Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Rainbow Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Systematic Nutritional Muscle Testing Alternative names: SNMT Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html

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Taoist five element nutrition Alternative names: Taoist healing diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Testing for Stomach Acidity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vibrational medicine Alternative names: energetic medicine energetics medicine energy medicine subtleenergy medicine vibrational healing vibrational therapies Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/v.html Weigh Down Workshop Alternative names: Weight Down Workshop approach Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/w.html Whole System Healthscan Alternative names: W/S Healthscan Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/w.html Yoga Nutrition Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/y.html Zen-Touch Alternative names: Zen-Touch body balancing Zen-Touch therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/z.html

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Chinese Medicine Aifu Nuangong Wan Alternative names: Aifu Nuangong Pills; Aifu Nuangong Wan (Ai Fu Nuan Gong Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Aifu%20Nuangong%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Aiye Alternative names: Chenese Arborvitae Twig and Leaf; Cebaiye (Ce Bai Ye); Cacumen Platycladi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Angong Niuhuang San Alternative names: (An Gong Niu Huang San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Angong%20Niuhuang%20San &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Angong Niuhuang Wan Alternative names: Angong Niuhuang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Angong%20Niuhuang%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ankun Zanyu Wan Alternative names: (An Kun Zan Yu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ankun%20Zanyu%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Anshen Buxin Wan Alternative names: Anshen Buxin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Anshen%20Buxin%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

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Anwei Pian Alternative names: (An Wei Pian) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Anwei%20Pian&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Anxixiang Alternative names: Benzoin; Anxixiang (An Xi Xiang); Benzoinum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Anyang Jingzhi Gao Alternative names: (An Yang Jing Zhi Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Anyang%20Jingzhi%20Gao& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Anyou Alternative names: Eucalyptus Oil; Oleum Eucalypti Source: Chinese Materia Medica Awei Alternative names: Chinese Asafetida; Resina Ferulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Awei Haupi Gao Alternative names: Awei Huapi Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Awei%20Haupi%20Gao&mh= 10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Babao Kunshun Wan Alternative names: (Ba Bao Kun Shun Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Babao%20Kunshun%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Badou Alternative names: Croton Fruit; Fructus Crotonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Badoushuang Alternative names: Defatted Croton Seed Powder; Semen Crotonis Pulveratum Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Baibiandou Alternative names: White Hyacinth Bean; Semen Lablab Album Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baibu Alternative names: Stemona Root; Radix Stemonae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baidai Wan Alternative names: Baidai Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baidai%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Baifan Alternative names: Alum; Baifan (Bai Fan); Alumen Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baifuzi Alternative names: Giant Typhonium Rhizome; Rhizoma Typhonii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiguo Alternative names: Ginkgo Seed; Semen Ginkgo Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baihe Alternative names: Lily Bulb; Baihe (Bai He); Bulbus Lilii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baihe Gujin Wan Alternative names: Baihe Gujin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baihe%20Gujin%20Wan&mh= 10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Baiiaohuixiang Alternative names: Chinese Star Anise; Fructus Anisi Stellati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiji Alternative names: Common Bletilla Tuber; Rhizoma Bletillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bailian Alternative names: Japanese Ampelopsis Root; Radix Ampelopsis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

246 Nutrition

Baimaogen Alternative names: Lalang Grass Rhizome; Rhizoma Imperatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiqian Alternative names: Willowleaf Swallowwort Rhizome; Rhizome Cynanchi Stauntonii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baishao Alternative names: White Peony Root; Radix Paeoniae Alba Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baitouweng Alternative names: Chinese Pulsatilla Root; Radix Pulsatillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baiwei Alternative names: Blackend Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Atrati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baixianpi Alternative names: Densefruit Pittany Root-bark; Cortex Dictamni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baizhi Alternative names: Dahurian Angelica Root; Radix Angelicae Dahuricae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baizhu Alternative names: Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome; Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baizi Yangxin Wan Alternative names: Baizi Yangxin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baizi%20Yangxin%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Baiziren Alternative names: Chinese Arborvitae Kernel; Semen Platycladi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bajitian Alternative names: Morinda Root; Radix Morindae Officinalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Banbianlian Alternative names: Chinese Lobelia Herb; Herba Lobeliae Chinensis

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Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baniangen Alternative names: Isatis Root; Radix Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Banxia Alternative names: Pinellia Tuber; Rhizoma Pinelliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Banzhilian Alternative names: Barbated Skullcup Herb; Herba Scutellariae Darbatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baochi San Alternative names: Baochi Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baochi%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Baofukang Shuan Alternative names: Baofukang Suppositories Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baofukang%20Shuan&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Baohe Wan Alternative names: Bache Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baohe%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Baokening Keli Alternative names: Baokening Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baokening%20Keli&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Baolong Wan Alternative names: Baolong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Baolong%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Bawei Chenxiang San Alternative names: Bawei Chenxiang Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bawei%20Chenxiang%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Bawei Qingxin Chenxiang San Alternative names: Bawei Qingxin Chenxiang Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bawei%20Qingxin%20Chenxia ng%20San&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Bawei Tanxiang San Alternative names: Bawei Tanxiang Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bawei%20Tanxiang%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Bazhen Wan Alternative names: Bazhen Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bazhen%20Wan&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Bazhen Yimu Wan Alternative names: Bazhen Yimu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bazhen%20Yimu%20Wan&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Beidougen Alternative names: Asiatic Moonseed Rhizome; Rhizoma Menispermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Beiling Jiaonang Alternative names: Beiling Capsules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Beiling%20Jiaonang&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Beishashen Alternative names: Coastal Glehnia Root; Radix Glehniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bianxu Alternative names: Common Knotgrass Herb; Herba Polygoni Avicularis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bibo Alternative names: Long Pepper; Fructus Piperis Longi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bichengqie Alternative names: Mountain Spicy Fruit; Fructus Litseae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Biejia Alternative names: Turtle Shell; Carapax Trionycis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bimayou Alternative names: Castor Oil; Oleum Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bimazi Alternative names: Castor Seed; Semen Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Binglang Alternative names: Areca Seed; Semen Arecae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Binglang Sixiao Wan Alternative names: Binglang Sixiao Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Binglang%20Sixiao%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Bingpeng San Alternative names: Bingpeng Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bingpeng%20San&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records

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Bingpian Alternative names: Borneol; Bingpian (Bing Pi An); Borneolum Syntheticum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Biwen San Alternative names: Biwen Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Biwen%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Biyan Pian Alternative names: Biyan Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Biyan%20Pian&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Bohe Alternative names: Peppermint; Herba Menthae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Boyun Tuiyi Wan Alternative names: Boyun Tuiyi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Boyun%20Tuiyi%20Wan&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Bushen Guchi Wan Alternative names: Bushen Guchi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bushen%20Guchi%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Bushen Yinao Pian Alternative names: Bushen Yinao Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Bushen%20Yinao%20Pian&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Cang'erzi Alternative names: Siberian Cocklebur Fruit; Fructus Xanthii Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Cangzhu Alternative names: Atractylodes Rhizome; Rhizoma Atracylodis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caodoukou Alternative names: Katsumada Galangal Seed; Semen Alpiniae Katsumadai Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caoguo Alternative names: Fructus Tsaoko Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caowu Alternative names: Kusnezoff Monkshood Leaf; Caowuye; Folium Aconiti Kusnezoffii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caowuye Alternative names: Kusnezoff Monkshood Leaf; Folium Aconiti Kusnezoffii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cebaiye Alternative names: Chenese Arborvitae Twig and Leaf; Cebaiye (Ce Bai Ye); Cacumen Platycladi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chaihu Alternative names: Chinese Thorowax Root; Radix Bupleuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chaihu Koufuye Alternative names: Chaihu Oral Liquid Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chaihu%20Koufuye&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Chaihu Shugan Wan Alternative names: Chaihu Shugan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chaihu%20Shugan%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Chanfukang Keli Alternative names: Chanfukang Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chanfukang%20Keli&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Changshan Alternative names: Antifeverile Dichroa Root; Radix Dichroae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chansu Alternative names: Toad Venom; Venenum Bufonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chantui Alternative names: Cicada Slough; Periostracum Cicadae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chayou Alternative names: Tea-seed Oil; Oleum Camelliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chenpi Alternative names: Dried Tangerine Peel; Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chenxiang Alternative names: Chinese Eaglewood Wood; Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chenxiang Huaqi Wan Alternative names: Chenxiang Huaqi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chenxiang%20Huaqi%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Cheqiancao Alternative names: Plantain Herb; Herba Plantaginis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cheqianzi Alternative names: Plantain Seed; Semen Plantaginis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chishizhi Alternative names: Red Halloysite; Halloysitum Rubrum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chixiaodou Alternative names: Rice Bean; Semen Phaseoli Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Chongbaila Alternative names: Insect Wax; Cera Chinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chonglou Alternative names: Paris Root; Rhizoma Paridis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chongweizi Alternative names: Motherwort Fruit; Fructus Leonuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanbei Xueli Alternative names: Chuanbei Xueli Concentrated Decoction; Chuanbei Xueli Gao Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chuanbei%20Xueli&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Chuanbeimu Alternative names: Tendrilleaf Fritillary Bulb; Chuanbeimu (Chuan Bei Mu); Buibus Fritiliariae Cirrhosae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanlianzi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Fruit; Fructus Toosendan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanmutong Alternative names: Armand Clematis Stem; Caulis Clematidis Armandii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanmuxiang Alternative names: Common Vladimiria root; Radix Vladimiriae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanniuxi Alternative names: Medicinal Cyathula Root; Radix Cyathulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanshanjia Alternative names: Pangolin Scale; Squama Manitis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanwu Alternative names: Common Monkshood Mother Root; Radix Aconiti Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanxion Alternative names: Chuanxiong Chatiao Pills; Chuanxiong Chatiao Wan

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Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chuanxiong%20Chatiao%20W an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Chuanxiong Alternative names: Szechwan Lovage Rhizome; Rhizoma Chuanxiong Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanxiong Chatiao San Alternative names: Chuanxiong Chatiao Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Chuanxiong%20Chatiao%20Sa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Chuipencao Alternative names: Stringy Stonecrop Herb; Herba Sedi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chunpi Alternative names: Tree-of-heaven Bark; Cortex Ailanthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chushizi Alternative names: Papermulberry Fruit; Fructus Broussonetiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cishi Alternative names: Magnetite; Magnetitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ciwujia Jingao Alternative names: Manyprickle Acanthopanax Extract; Ciwujia Jingao (Ci Wu Jia Jin Gao)
Extractum Acanthopanacis Senticosi Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ciwujia%20Jingao&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Colla Carapacis et Plastri Testudinis Alternative names: Glue of Tortoise Shell Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Colla%20carapacis%20et%20Pl astri%20Testudinis&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

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Colla Corii Asini Alternative names: Donkey-hide Glue; %Colla Corii Asini%% Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Colla%20Corii%20Asini&mh= 10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Colla Cornus Cervi Alternative names: Deerhorn Glue; %Colla Cornus Cervi%% Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Colla%20Cornus%20Cervi&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Cuitang Wan Alternative names: Cuitang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Cuitang%20Wan&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Dabuyin Wan Alternative names: Dabuyin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dabuyin%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Dafupi Alternative names: Areca Peel; Pericarpium Arecae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dahuang Alternative names: Rhubarb; Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dahuang Qingwei Wan Alternative names: Dahuang Qingwei Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dahuang%20Qingwei%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Dahuang Zhechong Wan Alternative names: Dahuang Zhechong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dahuang%20Zhechong%20W an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Daige San Alternative names: Daige Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Daige%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Daii Alternative names: Japanese Thistle Herb; Herba Cirsii Japonici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daiwenjiu Gao Alternative names: Daiwenjiu Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Daiwenjiu%20Gao&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Dandouchi Alternative names: Fermented Soybean; Semen Sojae Preparatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danggui Alternative names: Chinese Angelica; Radix Angelicae Sinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danggui Longhui Wan Alternative names: Danggui Longhui Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Danggui%20Longhui%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Danggui Yangxue Wan Alternative names: Danggui Yangxue Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Danggui%20Yangxue%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Dangshen Alternative names: Medicinal Changium Root; Mingdangshen; Radix Changii Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Dannanxing Alternative names: Bile Arisaema; Dannanxing (Dan Nan Xing); Arisaema Cum Bile Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danshen Alternative names: Danshen Root; Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Danzhuye Alternative names: Lophatherum Herb; Herba Lophatheri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daochi Wan Alternative names: Daochi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Daochi%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Daodou Alternative names: Jack Bean; Semen Canavaliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daqingye Alternative names: Dyers Woad Leaf; Folium Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dashanzha Wan Alternative names: Dashanzha Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dashanzha%20Wan&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Daxueteng Alternative names: Sargentgloryvine Stem; Caulis Sargentodoxae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dazao Alternative names: Chinese Date; Fructus Jujubae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dengxincao Alternative names: Common Rush; Medulla Junci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Desheng Wan Alternative names: Desheng Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

258 Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Desheng%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Dieda Huoxue San Alternative names: Dieda Houxue Powder; Dieda Huoxue San
(Die Da Huo Xue San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dieda%20Huoxue%20San&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Dieda Wan Alternative names: Dieda Pills; Dieda Wan (Die Da Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dieda%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Difengpi Alternative names: Difengpi Bark; Cortex Illicii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Difuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Digupi Alternative names: Chinese Wolfberry Root-bark; Cortex Lycii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dihuang Alternative names: Digitalis Leaf; Yangdihuangye; Folium Digitalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dijincao Alternative names: Creeping Euphorbia; Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dilong Alternative names: Earthworm; Pheretima Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dinggongteng Alternative names: Obtuseleaf Erycibe Stem; Caulis Erycibes Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingkun Dan Alternative names: Dingkun Pills; Dingkun Dan (Ding Kun Dan)

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Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Dingkun%20Dan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Dingxiang Alternative names: Clove; Flos Caryophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingxiang Luoleyou Alternative names: Ocimum Oil; Oleum Ocimi Gratissimi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Diyu Alternative names: Garden Burnet Root; Radix Sanguisorbae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dongchongxiacao Alternative names: Chinese Caterpillar Fungus; Cordyceps Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dongguapi Alternative names: Chinese Waxgourd Peel; Exocarpium Benincasae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dongkuiguo Alternative names: Cluster Mallow Fruit; Fructus Malvae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Doukou Alternative names: Round Cardamon Fruit; Fructus Amomi Rotundus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duanshigao Alternative names: Calcined Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duanxueliu Alternative names: Clinopodium Herb; Herba Clinopodii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duhuo Alternative names: Doubleteeth Pubescent Angelica Root; Radix Angelicae Pubescentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duyi wei Pian Alternative names: Duyiwei Tablets; Duyi wei Pian (Du Yi Wei Pian) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Duyi%20wei%20Pian&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Duzhong Alternative names: Eucommia Bark; Cortex Eucommiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ebushicao Alternative names: Small Centipeda Herb; Herba Centipedae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ercha Alternative names: Cutch, Black Catechu; Catechu Source: Chinese Materia Medica Erchen Wan Alternative names: Erchen; Erchen Wan (Er Chen Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Erchen%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Erdong Gao Alternative names: Erdong Concentrated Decoction; Erdong Gao (Er Dong Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Erdong%20Gao&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Erlong Zuoci Wan Alternative names: Erlong Zuoci Pills; Erlong Zuoci Wan (Er Long Zuo Ci Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Erlong%20Zuoci%20Wan&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ermiao Wan Alternative names: Ermiao Pills; Ermiao Wan (Er Miao Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ermiao%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Ershiwuwei Shanhu Wan Alternative names: Ershiwuwei Shanhu Pills (Used by Tibetan Nationality)); Ershiwuwei Shanhu Wan (Er Shi Wu Wei Shan Hu Wan)

Alternative Medicine 261

Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ershiwuwei%20Shanhu%20W an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ershiwuwei Songshi Wan Alternative names: Ershiwuwei Songshi Pills (Used by Tibetan Nationality); Ershiwuwei Songshi Wan (Er Shi Wu Wei Song Shi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ershiwuwei%20Songshi%20W an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ershiwuwei Zhenzhu Wan Alternative names: Ershiwuwei Zhenzhu Pills (Used by Tibetan Nationality); Ershiwuwei Zhenzhu Wan (Er Shi Wu Wei Zhen Zhu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ershiwuwei%20Zhenzhu%20 Wan&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ertong Qingfei Wan Alternative names: Ertong Qingfei Pills; Ertong Qingfei Wan (Er Tong Qing Fei Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ertong%20Qingfei%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Erzhi Wan Alternative names: Erzhi Pills; Erzhi Wan (Er Zhi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Erzhi%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Extractum Belladonnae Liquidum Alternative names: Belladonna Liquid Extract; Dianqie Liujingao
Extractum Belladonnae Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Extractum%20Belladonnae%2 0Liquidum&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

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Extractum Glycyrrhizae Liquidum Alternative names: Liquorice Liquid Extract; Gancao Liujingao
Extractum Glycyrrhizae Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Extractum%20Glycyrrhizae%2 0Liquidum&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ezhu Alternative names: Zedoray Rhizome; Rhizoma Curcumae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fabanxia Alternative names: Prepared Pinellia Tuber; Rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fangfeng Alternative names: Divaricate Saposhnikovia Root; Radix Saposhnikoviae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fangfeng Tongsheng Wan Alternative names: Fangfeng Tongsheng Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fangfeng%20Tongsheng%20 Wan&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fangji Alternative names: Fourstamen Stephania Root; Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fenbixie Alternative names: Hypoglaucous Collett Yam Rhizome; Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengfang Alternative names: Honeycomb; Nidus Vespae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengla Alternative names: Beeswax; Cera Flava Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengliaoxing Fengshi Dieda Yaojiu Alternative names: Fengliaoxing Fengshi Dieda Wine Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

Alternative Medicine 263

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fengliaoxing%20Fengshi%20D ieda%20Yaojiu&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fengmi Alternative names: Honey; Mel Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fengxiangzhi Alternative names: Beautiful Sweetgum Resin; Resina Liquidambaris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fenqing Wulin Wan Alternative names: Fenqing Wulin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fenqing%20Wulin%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Foshou Alternative names: Finger Citron; Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fufang Danshen Pian Alternative names: Compound Saivia Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fufang%20Danshen%20Pian& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fufang Qianzheng Gao Alternative names: Compound Qianzheng Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fufang%20Qianzheng%20Gao &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fuke Fenqing Wan Alternative names: Fuke Fenqing Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fuke%20Fenqing%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fuke Tongjing Wan Alternative names: Fuke Tongjing Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fuke%20Tongjing%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fuling Alternative names: Indian Bread; Poria Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fupenzi Alternative names: Palmleaf Raspberry Fruit; Fructus Rubi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuping Alternative names: Common Ducksmeat Herb; Herba Spirodelae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuyanjing Jiaonang Alternative names: Fuyanjing Capsules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fuyanjing%20Jiaonang&mh=1 0&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Fuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Difuzi; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuzi Lizhong Wan Alternative names: Fuzi Lizhong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Fuzi%20Lizhong%20Wan&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Gancao Alternative names: Liquorice Root; Radix Glycyrrhizae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gancao Jingao Alternative names: Liquorice Extract; Gancao JingaoExtractum Glycyrrhizae
Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Gancao%20Jingao&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Ganji San Alternative names: Ganji Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ganji%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Ganjiang Alternative names: Zingiber (Dried Ginger); Rhizoma Zingiberis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ganmao Qingre Keli Alternative names: Ganmao Qingre Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ganmao%20Qingre%20Keli& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ganmao Tuire Keli Alternative names: Ganmao Tuire Granules; Ganmao Tuire Keli (Chongji) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Ganmao%20Tuire%20Keli&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Ganqi Alternative names: Dried Lacquer; Resina Toxicodendri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gansong Alternative names: Nardostachys Root; Radix seu Rhizoma Nardostachyos Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gansui Alternative names: Gansui Root; Radix Kansui Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gaoben Alternative names: Chinese Lovage; Rhizoma Ligustici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gaoliangjiang Alternative names: Lesser Galangal Rhizome; Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gegen Alternative names: Kudzuvine Root; Radix Puerariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gegen Qinlian Pian Alternative names: Gegen Qinlian Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Gegen%20Qinlian%20Pian&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Gegen Qinlian Weiwan Alternative names: Gegen Qinlian Micropilis Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Gegen%20Qinlian%20Weiwan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Geiie Dingchuan Wan Alternative names: Gejie Dingchuan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Geiie%20Dingchuan%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Gejie Alternative names: Tokay Gecko; Gecko Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gengnian'an Pian Alternative names: Gengnian'an Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Gengnian%27an%20Pian&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Geqiao Alternative names: Clam Shell; Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gonglaomu Alternative names: Chinese Mahonia Stem; Caulis Mahoniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gouguye Alternative names: Chinese Holly Leaf; Folium Ilicis Cornutae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gouji Alternative names: Cibot Rhizome; Rhizoma Cibotii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Goupi Gao Alternative names: Goupi Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

Alternative Medicine 267

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Goupi%20Gao&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Gouqizi Alternative names: Barbary Wolfberry Fruit; Fructus Lycii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gouteng Alternative names: Gambir Plant; Ramulus Uncariae cum Uncis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gualou Alternative names: Snakegourd Fruit; Fructus Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gualoupi Alternative names: Snakegourd Peet; Pericarpium Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gualouzi Alternative names: Snakegourd Seed; Semen Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guangfangii Alternative names: Southern Fangchi Root; Radix Aristolochiae Fangchi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guanghuoxiang Alternative names: Cablin Patchouli Herb; Herba Pogostemonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guangjinqiancoa Alternative names: Snowbellleaf Tickclover Herb; Herba Desmodii Styracifolii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guangzao Alternative names: Axillary Chocrospondias Fruit; Fructus Choerospondiatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guanmutong Alternative names: Manchurian Dutchmanspipe Stem; Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guanxin Danshen Pian Alternative names: Guanxin Danshen Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Guanxin%20Danshen%20Pian &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

268 Nutrition

Guanxin Suhe Alternative names: Guanxin Suhe Pills; Guanxin Suhe Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Guanxin%20Suhe&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Guifu Lizhong Wan Alternative names: Guifu Lizhong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Guifu%20Lizhong%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Guijia Alternative names: Tortoise Shell; Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guilu Bushen Wan Alternative names: Guilu Bushen Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Guilu%20Bushen%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Guizhi Alternative names: Cassia Twig; Ramulus Cinnamomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gujingcao Alternative names: Pipewort Flower; Flos Eriocauli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guogong Jiu Alternative names: Guogong Wine Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Guogong%20Jiu&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Gusuibu Alternative names: Fortune's Drynaria Rhizome; Rhizoma Drynariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Guya Alternative names: Millet Sprout; Fructus Setariae Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 269

Haifengteng Alternative names: Kadsura Pepper Stem; Caulis Piperis Kadsurae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Haijinsha Alternative names: Japanese Climbing Fern Spore; Spora Lygodii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hailong Alternative names: Pipe Fish; Syngnathus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Haima Alternative names: Sea-horse; Hippocampus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Haipiaoxiao Alternative names: Cuttlebone; Os Sepiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Haizao Alternative names: Seaweed; Sargassum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hamayou Alternative names: Forest Frog's Oviduct; Oviductus Ranae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heche Dazao Wan Alternative names: Heche Dazao Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Heche%20Dazao&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Hehuanhua Alternative names: Albizia Flower; Flos Albiziae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hehuanpi Alternative names: Silktree Albizia Bark; Cortex Albiziae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heizhima Alternative names: Black Sesame; Semen Sesami Nigrum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heizhongcaozi Alternative names: Fennelflower Seed; Semen Nigellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

270 Nutrition

Heshi Alternative names: Hematite; Zheshi; Haematitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heshouwu Alternative names: Fleeceflower Root; Radix Polygoni Multiflori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hetaoren Alternative names: English Walnut Seed; Semen Juglandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Heye Alternative names: Lotus Leaf; Folium Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hezi Alternative names: Medicine Terminalia Fruit; Fructus Chebulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongdaii Alternative names: Knoxia Root; Radix Knoxiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongdoukou Alternative names: Galanga Galangal Fruit; Fructus Galangae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongfen Alternative names: Red Mercuric Oxide; Hydrargyri Oxydum Rubrum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Honghua Alternative names: Safflower; Flos Carthami Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongling San Alternative names: Hongling Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Hongling%20San&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Hongqi Alternative names: Manyinflorescenced Sweetvetch Root; Radix Hedysari Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongshen Alternative names: Red Ginseng; Radix Ginseng Rubra Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 271

Hongyao Tiegao Alternative names: Hongyao Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Hongyao%20Tiegao&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Houpo Alternative names: Officinal Magnolia Bark; Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Houpohua Alternative names: Officinal Magnolia Flower; Flos Magnoliae Offcinalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaihua Alternative names: Pagodatree Flower; Flos Sophorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaijiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Huajiao; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaijiao Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huaijiao%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Huajiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huajuhong Alternative names: Pummelo Peel; Exocarpium Citri Grandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangbo Alternative names: Amur Cork-tree; Cortex Phellodendri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangjing Alternative names: Solomonseal Rhizome; Rhizoma Polygonati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huanglian Alternative names: Golden Thread; Rhizoma Coptidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

272 Nutrition

Huangqi Alternative names: Milkvetch; Radix Astragali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangqin Alternative names: Baical Skullcap Root; Radix Scutellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaruishi Alternative names: Ophicalcite; Ophicalcitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huashanshen Alternative names: Funneled Physochlaina Root; Radix Physochlainae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huashi Alternative names: Talc; Talcum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huashifen Alternative names: Talc Powder; Pulvis Talci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huatuo Zaizao Wan Alternative names: Huatuo Zaizao Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huatuo%20Zaizao%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Huazheng Huisheng Pian Alternative names: Huazheng Huisheng Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huazheng%20Huisheng%20Pi an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Hufeng Jiu Alternative names: Hufeng Wine Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Hufeng%20Jiu&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Hugan Pian Alternative names: Hugan Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

Alternative Medicine 273

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Hugan%20Pian&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Huhuanglian Alternative names: Figwortflower Picrorhiza Rhizome; Rhizoma Picrorhizae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huixiang Juhe Wan Alternative names: Huixiang Juhe Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huixiang%20Juhe%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Hujiao Alternative names: Pepper Fruit; Fructus Piperis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hujisheng Alternative names: Colored Mistletoe Herb; Herba Visci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huluba Alternative names: Common Fenugreek Seed; Semen Trigonellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huodan Wan Alternative names: Huodan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huodan%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Huomaren Alternative names: Hemp Seed; Semen Cannabis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huoxiang Zhengqi Koufuye Alternative names: Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huoxiang%20Zhengqi%20Kou fuye&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Huoxiang Zhengqi Shui Alternative names: Huoxiang Zhengqi Solution Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

274 Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huoxiang%20Zhengqi%20Shu i&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Huoxue Zhitong San Alternative names: Huoxue Zhitong Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Huoxue%20Zhitong%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Hupo Baolong Wan Alternative names: Hupo Baolong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Hupo%20Baolong%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Huzhang Alternative names: Giant Knotweed Rhizome; Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jianbu Wan Alternative names: Jianbu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jianbu%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Jiang Liujingao Alternative names: Ginger Liquid Extract; Jiang Liujingao
Extractum Zingiberis Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiang%20Liujingao&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Jianghuang Alternative names: Turmeric; Rhizoma Curcumae Longae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiangtang Wan Alternative names: Jiantang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiangtang%20Wan&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records

Alternative Medicine 275

Jiangxiang Alternative names: Rosewood; Lignum Dalbergiae Odoriferae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jianpi Wan Alternative names: Jianpi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jianpi%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Jiaobinglang Alternative names: Charred Areca Seed; Semen Arecae Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiawei Xiaoyao Wan Alternative names: Jiawei Xiaoyao Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiawei%20Xiaoyao%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jiebai Wan Alternative names: Jiebai Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiebai%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Jiegeng Alternative names: Platycodon Root; Radix Platycodi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jieji Ningsou Wan Alternative names: Jieji Ningsou Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jieji%20Ningsou%20Wan&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jiezi Alternative names: Mustard Seed; Semen Sinapis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiguanhua Alternative names: Cockcomb Flower; Flos Celosiae Cristatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

276 Nutrition

Jigucao Alternative names: Canton Love-pea Vine; Herba Abri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jili Alternative names: Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit; Fructus Tribuli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jindengiong Alternative names: Franchet Groundcherry Fruit; Calyx seu Fructus Physalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jineijin Alternative names: Chicken's Gizzard-skin; Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinfeicao Alternative names: Inula Herb; Herba Inulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jingdaii Alternative names: Peking Euphorbia Root; Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jingjie Alternative names: Fineleaf Schizonepeta Herb; Herba Schizonepetae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinguolan Alternative names: Tinospora Root; Radix Tinosporae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jingzhi Guanxin Pian Alternative names: Jingzhi Guanxin Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jingzhi%20Guanxin%20Pian& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jinmengshi Alternative names: Mica-schist; Lapis Micas Aureus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinqian Baihuashe Alternative names: Coin-like White-banded Snake; Jinqian Baihuashe (Jin Qian Bai Hua She); Bungarus Parvus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinqiancao Alternative names: Christina Loosestrife; Herba Lysimachiae

Alternative Medicine 277

Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinyinhua Alternative names: Honeysuckle Flower; Flos Lonicerae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jisheng Shenqi Wan Alternative names: Jisheng Shenqi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jisheng%20Shenqi%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jiucaizi Alternative names: Tuber Onion Seed; Semen Allii Tuberosi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiufen San Alternative names: Jiufen Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiufen%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Jiulixiang Alternative names: Murraya Jasminorage; Folium et Cacumen Murrayae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiuqi Niantong Wan Alternative names: Jiuqi Niantong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiuqi%20Niantong%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jiusheng San Alternative names: Jiusheng Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiusheng%20San&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Jiuwei Qianghuo Keli Alternative names: Jiuwei Oianghuo Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

278 Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiuwei%20Qianghuo%20Keli& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jiuwei Qianghuo Wan Alternative names: Jiuwei Qianghuo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiuwei%20Qianghuo%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jiuwei Shihuihua San Alternative names: Jiuwei Shihuihua Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiuwei%20Shihuihua%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Jiuxiangchong Alternative names: Stink-bug; Jiuxiangchong (Jiu Xiang Chong); Aspongopus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiuyi San Alternative names: Jiuyi Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jiuyi%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Jixingzi Alternative names: Garden Balsam Seed; Semen Impatientis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixuecao Alternative names: Asiatic Pennywort Herb; Herba Centellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixueteng Alternative names: Suberect Spatholobus Stem; Caulis Spatholobi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jixueteng Gao Alternative names: Jixueteng Concentrated Decoction Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jixueteng%20Gao&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records

Alternative Medicine 279

Juanbai Alternative names: Spikemoss; Herba Selaginellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juemingzi Alternative names: Cassia Seed; Semen Cassiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jufang Zhibao San Alternative names: Jufang Zhibao Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Jufang%20Zhibao%20San&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Juhe Alternative names: Tangerine Seed; Semen Citri Reticulatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juhong Alternative names: Pummelo Peel; Huajuhong; Exocarpium Citri Grandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juhong Wan Alternative names: Juhong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Juhong%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Juhua Alternative names: Chrysanthemum Flower; Flos Chrysanthemi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Juju Alternative names: Chicory Herb; Herba Cichorii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kaixiong Shunqi Wan Alternative names: Kaixiong Shunqi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Kaixiong%20Shunqi%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Kanggan Keli Alternative names: Kanggan Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

280 Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Kanggan%20Keli&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Kanggu Zengsheng Wan Alternative names: Kanggu Zengsheng Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Kanggu%20Zengsheng%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Kanlisha Alternative names: Kanli Coarse Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Kanlisha&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Kongxian Wan Alternative names: Kongxian Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Kongxian%20Wan&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Kuandonghua Alternative names: Common Coltsfoot Flower; Flos Farfarae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kulianpi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Bark; Cortex Meliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kumu Alternative names: Indian Quassiawood; Ramulus et Folium Picrasmae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kunbu Alternative names: Kelp or Tangle; Thallus Laminariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kushen Alternative names: Lightyellow Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Flavescentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kuxingren Alternative names: Bitter Apricot Seed; Semen Armeniacae Amarum Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 281

Laifuzi Alternative names: Radish Seed; Semen Raphani Source: Chinese Materia Medica Laoguancao Alternative names: Common Heron's Bill Herb, Wilford Granesbill Herb; Herba ErodiiHerba Geranii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Leiwan Alternative names: Thunder Ball; Omphalia Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianfang Alternative names: Lotus Receptacle; Receptaculum Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liangfu Wan Alternative names: Liangfu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Liangfu%20Wan&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Liangmianzhen Alternative names: Shinyleaf Pricklyash Root; Radix Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liangtoujian Alternative names: Radde Anemone Rhizome; Rhizoma Ahemones Daddeanae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianqiancao Alternative names: Longtube Ground Ivy Herb; Herba Glechomae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianqiao Alternative names: Weeping Forsythia Capsule; Fructus Forsythiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianxu Alternative names: Lotus Stamen; Stamen Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianzi Alternative names: Szechwan Chinaberry Fruit; Chuanlianzi; Fructus Toosendan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lianzixin Alternative names: Lotus Plumule; Plumula Nelumbinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

282 Nutrition

Liaodaqingye Alternative names: Indigoplant Leaf; Folium Polygoni Tinctorii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lidan Paishi Pian Alternative names: Lidan Paishi Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Lidan%20Paishi%20Pian&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Lingbao Huxin Dan Alternative names: Lingbao Huxin Micropills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Lingbao%20Huxin%20Dan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Lingxiaohua Alternative names: Trumpetcreeper Flower; Flos Campsis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lingyang Qingfei Wan Alternative names: Lingyang Qingfei Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Lingyang%20Qingfei%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Lingyangjiao Alternative names: Antelope Horn; Cornu Saigae Tataricae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liuhe Dingzhong Wan Alternative names: Liuhe Dingzhong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Liuhe%20Dingzhong%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Liuhuang Alternative names: Sulfur; Sulfur Source: Chinese Materia Medica Liuwei Anxiao San Alternative names: Liuwei Anxiao Powder

Alternative Medicine 283

Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Liuwei%20Anxiao%20San&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Liuying Wan Alternative names: Liuying Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Liuying%20Wan&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Lizhihe Alternative names: Lychee Seed; Semen Litchi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Longdan Alternative names: Chinese Gentian; Radix Gentianae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Longdan Xiegan Wan Alternative names: Longdan Xiegan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Longdan%20Xiegan%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Longyanrou Alternative names: Longan Aril; Longyanrou (Long Yan Rou); Arillus Longan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Loulu Alternative names: Globethistle Root; Yuzhou loulu; Radix Echinopsis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luganshi Alternative names: Calamine; Luganshi (Lu Gan Shi); Calamina Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lugen Alternative names: Reed Rhizome; Rhizoma Phragmitis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luhui Alternative names: Aloes; Luhui (Lu Hui); Aloe Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lujiaoshuang Alternative names: Degelatined Deer-horn; Cornu Cervi Degelatinatum

284 Nutrition

Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lulutong Alternative names: Beautiful Sweetgum Fruit; Fructus Liquidambaris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luobumaye Alternative names: Dogbane Leaf; Folium Apocyni Veneti Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luohanguo Alternative names: Grosvenor Momordica Fruit; Fructus Momordicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luoshiteng Alternative names: Chinese Starjasmine Stem; Caulis Trachelospermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lurong Alternative names: Hairy Deer-horn (Hairy Antler); Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Lusika Wan Alternative names: Lusika Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Lusika%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Luxiancao Alternative names: Pyrola Herb; Herba Pyrolae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mabiancao Alternative names: European Verbena Herb; Herba Verbanae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mabo Alternative names: Puff-ball; Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia Source: Chinese Materia Medica Machixian Alternative names: Purslane Herb; Herba Portulacae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Madouling Alternative names: Dutohmanspipe Fruit; Fructus Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mahuang Alternative names: Ephedra; Herba EphedraeHerba Ephedrae

Alternative Medicine 285

Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mahuanggen Alternative names: Ephedra Root; Radix Ephedrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maidong Alternative names: Liriope Root Tuber; Shanmaidong; Radix Liriopes Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maiwei Dihuang Wan Alternative names: Maiwei Dihuang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Maiwei%20Dihuang%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Maiya Alternative names: Germinated Barley; Fructus Hordei Germinatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mangxiao Alternative names: Sodium Sulfate; Natrii Sulfas1 Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manjingzi Alternative names: Shrub Chastetree Fruit; Fructus Viticis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manshanhong Alternative names: Dahurian Rhododendron Leaf; Folium Rhododendri Daurici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manshanhongyou Alternative names: Daurian Rhododendron Oil; Oleum Rhododendri Daurici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Manshanhongyou Diwan Alternative names: Daurian Rhododendron Oil Dripping Pills; Manshanhongyou Diwan
Pilulae Olei Rhododendri Daurici Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Manshanhongyou%20Diwan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Maohezi Alternative names: Belleric Terminalia Fruit; Fructus Terminaliae Billericae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

286 Nutrition

Maozhaocao Alternative names: Catclaw Buttercup Root; Radix Ranunculi Ternati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maqianzi Alternative names: Nux Vomica; Semen Strychni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Maqianzi San Alternative names: Maqianzi Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Maqianzi%20San&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Maren Runchang Wan Alternative names: Maren Runchang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Maren%20Runchang%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Mayou Alternative names: Castor Oil; Bimayou; Oleum Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Meiguihua Alternative names: Rose Flower; Flos Rosae Rugosae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Meihua Alternative names: Plum Flower; Flos Mume Source: Chinese Materia Medica Meihua Dianshe Wan Alternative names: Meihua Dianshe Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Meihua%20Dianshe%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Mengshi Guntan Wan Alternative names: Mengshi Guntan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Mengshi%20Guntan%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

Alternative Medicine 287

Mianbixie Alternative names: Sevenlobed Yam Rhizome; Rhizoma Dioscoreae Septemlobae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mianmaguanzhong Alternative names: Male Fern Rhizome; Rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Miaoji Wan Alternative names: Miaoji Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Miaoji%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Mimenghua Alternative names: Pale Butterflybush Flower; Flos Buddlejae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mingdangshen Alternative names: Medicinal Changium Root; Radix Changii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mohanlian Alternative names: Yerbadetajo Herb; Herba Ecliptae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mubiezi Alternative names: Cochinchina Momordica Seed; Semen Momordicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mudanpi Alternative names: Tree Peony Bark; Cortex Moutan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mugua Alternative names: Common Floweringquince Fruit; Fructus Chaenomelis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mugua Wan Alternative names: Mugua Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Mugua%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Muhudie Alternative names: Indian Trumpetflower Seed; Semen Oroxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica

288 Nutrition

Mujingye Alternative names: Hempleaf Negundo Chastetree Leaf; Folium Viticis Negundo Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mujingyou Alternative names: Negundo Chastetree Oil; Oleum Viticis Negundo Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muli Alternative names: Oyster Shell; Concha Ostreae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muxiang Alternative names: Slender Dutchmanspipe Root; Qingmuxiang; Radix Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muxiang Binglang Wang Alternative names: Muxiang Binglang PillsMuxiang Binglang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Muxiang%20Binglang%20Wa ng&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Muxiang Fenqi Wan Alternative names: Muxiang Fenqi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Muxiang%20Fenqi%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Muzei Alternative names: Common Scouring Rush Herb; Herba Equiseti Hiemalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nambaniangan Alternative names: Baphicacanthus Root; Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nanheshi Alternative names: Wild Carrot Fruit; Fructus Carotae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nanshashen Alternative names: Fourleaf Ladybell Root; Radix Adenophorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Naodesheng Pian Alternative names: Naodesheng Tablets

Alternative Medicine 289

Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Naodesheng%20Pian&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Naolejing Alternative names: Naolejing Syrup Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Naolejing&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Naoyanghua Alternative names: Yellow Azalea Flower; Flos Rhododendri Mollis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niubangzi Alternative names: Great Burdock Achene; Fructus Arctii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuhuang Alternative names: Cow-bezoar; Calculus Bovis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuhuang Baolong Wan Alternative names: Niuhuang Baolong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Niuhuang%20Baolong%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Niuhuang Jiedu Pian Alternative names: Niuhuang Jiedu Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Niuhuang%20Jiedu%20Pian& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Niuhuang Qingxin Wan Alternative names: Niuhuang Qingxin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Niuhuang%20Qingxin%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Niuhuang Zhenjing Wan Alternative names: Niuhuang Zhenjing Pills

290 Nutrition

Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Niuhuang%20Zhenjing%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Niuxi Alternative names: Twotoothed Achyranthes Root; Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Nuanqi Gao Alternative names: Nuanqi Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Nuanqi%20Gao&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Nuzhenzi Alternative names: Glossy Privet Fruit; Fructus Ligustri Lucidi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Oleum Menthae Alternative names: Peppermint Oil Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Oleum%20Menthae&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Oujie Alternative names: Lotus Rhizome Node; Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pangdahai Alternative names: Boat-fruited Sterculia Seed; Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Peilan Alternative names: Fortune Eupatorium Herb; Herba Eupatorii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pianjianghuang Alternative names: Wenyujin Concise Rhizome; Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pingbeimu Alternative names: Ussuri Fritillary Bulb; Pingbeimu (Ping Bei Mu); Bulbus Fritillariae Ussuriensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 291

Pinggan Shuluo Wan Alternative names: Pinggan Shuluo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Pinggan%20Shuluo%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Pipaye Alternative names: Loquat Leaf; Folium Eriobotryae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pugongying Alternative names: Dandelion; Herba Taraxaci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Puhuang Alternative names: Cattail Pollen; Pollen Typhae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianbai Biyan Pian Alternative names: Qianbai Biyan Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qianbai%20Biyan%20Pian&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiancao Alternative names: Longtube Ground Ivy Herb; Lianqiancao; Herba Glechomae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianghou Alternative names: Incised Notopterygium Rhizome or Root; Rhizoma seu Radix Notopterygii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qiangyang Baoshen Wan Alternative names: Qiangyang Baoshen Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qiangyang%20Baoshen%20W an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qianhu Alternative names: Hogfennel Root; Radix Peucedani Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianjin Zhidai Wan Alternative names: Qianjin Zhidai Pills

292 Nutrition

Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qianjin%20Zhidai%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qianjinzi Alternative names: Caper Euphorbia Seed; Semen Euphorbiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianlieshu Wan Alternative names: Qianlieshu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qianlieshu%20Wan&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiannianjian Alternative names: Obscured Homalomena Rhizome; Rhizoma Homalomenae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianniuzi Alternative names: Pharbitis Seed; Semen Pharbitidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qianshi Alternative names: Gordon Euryale Seed; Semen Euryales Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qibao Meiran Keli Alternative names: Qibao Meiran Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qibao%20Meiran%20Keli&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiju Dihuang Wan Alternative names: Qiju Dihuang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qiju%20Dihuang%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qili San Alternative names: Qili Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

Alternative Medicine 293

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qili%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Qingdai Alternative names: Natural Indigo; Indigo Naturalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfei Yihuo Wan Alternative names: Qingfei Yihuo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingfei%20Yihuo%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qingfen Alternative names: Calomel; Calomelas Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfengteng Alternative names: Orientvine Stem; Caulis Sinomenii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingguo Alternative names: Chinese White Olive; Fructus Canarii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingguo Wan Alternative names: Qingguo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingguo%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Qinghao Alternative names: Sweet Wormwood Herb; Herba Artemisiae Annuae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinghouyan Heji Alternative names: Qinghouyan Mixture Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qinghouyan%20Heji&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qingmazi Alternative names: Chingma Abutilon Seed; Semen Abutili Source: Chinese Materia Medica

294 Nutrition

Qingmengshi Alternative names: Chlorite Schist; Lapis Chloriti Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingmuxiang Alternative names: Slender Dutchmanspipe Root; Radix Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingnao Jiangya Pian Alternative names: Qingnao Jiangya Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingnao%20Jiangya%20Pian& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qingning Wan Alternative names: Qingning Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingning%20Wan&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Qingpi Alternative names: Green Tangerine Peel; Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingqi Huatan Wan Alternative names: Qingqi Huatan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingqi%20Huatan%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qingre Jiedu Koufuye Alternative names: Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingre%20Jiedu%20Koufuye& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qingwei Huanglian Wan Alternative names: Qingwei Huanglian Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingwei%20Huanglian%20W an&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records

Alternative Medicine 295

Qingxiangzi Alternative names: Feather Cockscomb Seed; Semen Celosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingxuan Wan Alternative names: Qingxuan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingxuan%20Wan&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Qingyan Wan Alternative names: Qingyan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingyan%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Qingyedan Alternative names: Mile Swertia Herb; Herba Swertiae Mileensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinjiao Alternative names: Largeleaf Gentian Root; Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinlian Pian Alternative names: Gegen Qinlian Tablets; Gegen Qinlian Pian Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qinlian%20Pian&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Qinpi Alternative names: Ash Bark; Cortex Fraxini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qipi Wan Alternative names: Qipi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qipi%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Qishe Alternative names: Long-noded Pit Viper; Qishe (Qi She); Agkistrodon Source: Chinese Materia Medica

296 Nutrition

Qishiwei Zhenzhu Wan Alternative names: Qishiwei Zhenzhu Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qishiwei%20Zhenzhu%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiwei Duqi Wan Alternative names: Qiwei Duqi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qiwei%20Duqi%20Wan&mh= 10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiwei Guangzao Wan Alternative names: Qiwei Guangzao Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qiwei%20Guangzao%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiwei Ketengzi Wan Alternative names: Qiwei Ketengzi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qiwei%20Ketengzi%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiwei Putao San Alternative names: Qiwei Putao Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qiwei%20Putao%20San&mh= 10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qiwei Tiexie Wan Alternative names: Qiwei Tiexie Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qiwei%20Tiexie%20Wan&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qizhen Wan Alternative names: Qizhen Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

Alternative Medicine 297

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qizhen%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Quanshen Alternative names: Bistort Rhizome; Rhizoma Bistortae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Quanxie Alternative names: Scorpion; Scorpio Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qufeng Shujin Wan Alternative names: Qufeng Shujin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qufeng%20Shujin%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qufeng Zhitong Pian Alternative names: Qufeng Zhitong Tablets; Qufeng Zhitong Pian(Qu Feng Zhi Tong Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qufeng%20Zhitong%20Pian& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Qumai Alternative names: Lilac Pink Herb; Herba Dianthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Rendongteng Alternative names: Honeysuckle Stem; Caulis Lonicerae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Renqing Changjue Alternative names: Renqing Changjue Pills; Renqing Changjue(Ren Qing Chang Jue) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Renqing%20Changjue&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Renqing Mangjue Alternative names: Renqing Mangjue Pills; Renqing Mangjue(Ren Qing Mang Jue) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

298 Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Renqing%20Mangjue&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Renshen Alternative names: Ginseng Leaf; Renshenye (Ren Shen Ye); Folium Ginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Renshen Jianpi Wan Alternative names: Renshen Jianpi Pills; Renshen Jianpi Wan(Ren Shen Jian Pi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Renshen%20Jianpi%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Renshenye Alternative names: Ginseng Leaf; Renshenye (Ren Shen Ye); Folium Ginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Reyanning Keli Alternative names: Reyanning Granules; Reyanning Keli
(Rey Yan Ning Ke Li) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Reyanning%20Keli&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Roudoukou Alternative names: Nutmeg; Semen Myristicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Rougui Alternative names: Cassia Bark; Cortex Cinnamomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Rouguiyou Alternative names: Cassia Bark Oil; Oleum Cinnamomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ruiren Alternative names: Hedge Prinsepia Nut; Nux Prinsepiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Rukuaixiao Pian Alternative names: Rukuaixiao Tablets; Rukuaixiao Pian
(Ru Ku Ai Xiao Pian) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Rukuaixiao%20Pian&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records

Alternative Medicine 299

Rupixiao Pian Alternative names: Rupixiao Tablets; Rupixiao Pian
(Ru Pi Xiao Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Rupixiao%20Pian&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Sanbaicao Alternative names: Chinese Lizardtail Rhizome or Herb; Rhizoma seu Herba Saururi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangbaipi Alternative names: White Mulberry Root-bark; Cortex Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangjisheng Alternative names: Chinese Taxillus Herb; Herba Taxilli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangpiaoxiao Alternative names: Egg Capsule of Mantid; Ootheca Mantidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangshen Alternative names: Mulberry Fruit; Fructus Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangye Alternative names: Mulberry Leaf; Folium Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sangzhi Alternative names: Mulberry Twig; Ramulus Mori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanleng Alternative names: Common Burreed Tuber; Rhizoma Sparganii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanliangban Yaojiu Alternative names: Wine; Sanliangban Yaojiu
(San Li Ang Ban Yao Jiu) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sanliangban%20Yaojiu&mh=1 0&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Sanmiao Wan Alternative names: Sanmiao Pills; Sanmiao Wan
(San Miao Wan)

300 Nutrition

Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sanmiao%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Sanqi Alternative names: Sanchi; Radix Notoginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanqi Shangyao Pian Alternative names: Sanqi Shangyao Tablets; Sanqi Shangyao Pian
(San Qi Shang Yao Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sanqi%20Shangyao%20Pian& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Sanwei Jili San Alternative names: Sanwei Jili Powder; Sanwei Jili San
(San Wei Ji Li San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sanwei%20Jili%20San&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records Sanzi San Alternative names: Sanzi Powder; Sanzi San
(San Zi San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sanzi%20San&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Shaii Alternative names: Seabuckthorn Fruit; Fructus Hippophae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shancigu Alternative names: Appendiculate Cremastra Pseudobulb or Common Pleione Pseudobulb; Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shandougen Alternative names: Vietnamese Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanglu Alternative names: Pokeberry Root; Radix Phytolaccae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 301

Shangshi Zhitong Gao Alternative names: Shangshi Zhitong Plaster; Shangshi Zhitong Gao
(Shang Shi Zhi Tong Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shangshi%20Zhitong%20Gao &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shanmaidong Alternative names: Liriope Root Tuber; Radix Liriopes Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shannai Alternative names: Galanga Resurrectionlily Rhizome; Rhizoma Kaempferiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanyao Alternative names: Common Yam Rhizome; Rhizoma Dioscoreae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanzha Alternative names: Hawthorn Fruit; Fructus Crataegi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shanzha Huazhi Wan Alternative names: Shanzha Huazhi Pills; Shanzha Huazhi Wan
(Shan Zha Hua Zhi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shanzha%20Huazhi%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shanzhuyu Alternative names: Asiatic Cornelian Cherry Fruit; Fructus Corni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shaofu Zhuyu Wan Alternative names: Shaofu Zhuyu Pills; Shaofu Zhuyu Wan
(Shao Fu Zhu Yu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shaofu%20Zhuyu%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Gao Alternative names: Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Plaster; Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Gao
(Shao Lin Feng Shi Die Da Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

302 Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shaolin%20Fengshi%20Dieda %20Gao&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Sharen Alternative names: Villous Amomum Fruit; Fructus Amomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shayao Alternative names: Shayao Pills; Shayao
(Sha Yao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shayao&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Shayuanzi Alternative names: Flatstem Milkvetch Seed; Semen Astragali Complanati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shechuangzi Alternative names: Common Cnidium Fruit; Fructus Cnidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shedan Chenpi San Alternative names: Shedan Chenpi Powder; Shedan Chenpi San
(She Dan Chen Pi San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shedan%20Chenpi%20San&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shedan Chuanbei San Alternative names: Shedan Chuanbei Powder; Shedan Chuanbei San
(She Dan Chu An Bei San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shedan%20Chuanbei%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shegan Alternative names: Blackberrylily Rhizome; Rhizoma Belamcandae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shengjiang Alternative names: Fresh Ginger; Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shengma Alternative names: Largetrifoliolious Bugbane Rhizome; Rhizoma Cimicifugae

Alternative Medicine 303

Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shengmai Yin Alternative names: Shengmai Yin Oral Liquid; Shengmai Yin
(Sheng Mai Yin) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shengmai%20Yin&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Shengxue Wan Alternative names: Shengxue Pills; Shengxue Wan
(Sheng Xue Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shengxue%20Wan&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Shenjincao Alternative names: Common Clubmoss Herb; Herba Lycopodii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shenling Baizhu San Alternative names: Shenling Baizhu Powder; Shenling Baizhu San
(Shen Ling Bai Zhu San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shenling%20Baizhu%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shenrong Baifeng Wan Alternative names: Shenrong Baifeng Pills; Shenrong Baifeng Wan
(Shen Rong Bai Feng Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shenrong%20Baifeng%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shenrong Baotai Wan Alternative names: Shenrong Baotai Pills; Shenrong Baotai Wan
(Shen Rong Bao Tai Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shenrong%20Baotai%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shenrong Guben Pian Alternative names: Shenrong Guben Tablets; Shenrong Guben Pian
(Shen Rong Gu Ben Pi An)

304 Nutrition

Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shenrong%20Guben%20Pian& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shensu Wan Alternative names: Shensu Pills; Shensu Wan
(Shen Su Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shensu%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Shetui Alternative names: Snake Slough; Periostracum Serpentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shexiang Alternative names: Musk; Moschus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shexiang Baoxin Wan Alternative names: Shexiang Baoxin Pills; Shexiang Baoxin Wan
(She Xiang Bao Xin Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shexiang%20Baoxin%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shichangpu Alternative names: Grassleaf Sweetflag Rhizome; Rhizoma Acori Talarinowii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shidi Alternative names: Persimmon Calyx; Calyx Kaki Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shi'erwei Yishou San Alternative names: Shi'erwei Yishou Powder; Shi'erwei Yishou San
(Shi’ Erwei Yi Shou San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shi%27erwei%20Yishou%20Sa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shigao Alternative names: Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 305

Shihu Alternative names: Dendrobium; Herba Dendrobii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shihu Yeguang Wan Alternative names: Shihu Yeguang Pills; Shihu Yeguang Wan
(Shi Hu Ye Guang Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shihu%20Yeguang%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shijueming Alternative names: Sea-ear Shell; Concha Haliotidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shijunzi Alternative names: Rangooncreeper Fruit; Fructus Quisqualis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiliupi Alternative names: Pomegranate Rind; Pericarpium Granati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiquan Dabu Wan Alternative names: Shiquan Dabu Pills; Shiquan Dabu Wan
(Shi Qu An Da Bu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shiquan%20Dabu%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shisanwei Bangga San Alternative names: Shisanwei Bangga Powder; Shisanwei Bangga San
(Shi San Wei Banq Qa San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shisanwei%20Bangga%20San &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shiwei Alternative names: Shearer's Pyrrosia Leaf; Folium Pyrrosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shiwuwei Chenxiang Wan Alternative names: Shiwuwei Chenxiang Pills; Shiwuwei Chenxiang Wan
(Shi Wu Wei Chen Xiang Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

306 Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shiwuwei%20Chenxiang%20 Wan&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shixiang Fansheng Wan Alternative names: Shixiang Fansheng Pills; Shixiang Fansheng Wan
(Shi Xiang Fan Sheng Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shixiang%20Fansheng%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shixiang Zhitong Wan Alternative names: Shixiang Zhitong Pills; Shixiang Zhitong Wan
(Shi Xiang Zhi Tong Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shixiang%20Zhitong%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shiyiwei Nengxiao Wan Alternative names: Shiyiwei Nengxiao Pills; Shiyiwei Nengxiao Wan
(Shi Yi Wei Neng Xiao Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shiyiwei%20Nengxiao%20Wa n&mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shouwu Wan Alternative names: Shouwu Pills; Shouwu Wan
(Shou Wu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shouwu%20Wan&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Shouwuteng Alternative names: Tuber Fleeceflower Stem; Caulis Polygoni Multiflori Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shudihuang Alternative names: Prepared Rehmannia Root; Radix Rehmanniae Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shufeng Dingtong Wan Alternative names: Shufeng Dingtong Pills; Shufeng Dingtong Wan
(Shu Feng Ding Tong Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

Alternative Medicine 307

Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shufeng%20Dingtong%20Wan &mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shugan Hewei Wan Alternative names: Shugan Hewei Pills; Shugan Hewei Wan
(Shu Gan He Wei Pills) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shugan%20Hewei%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shuihonghuazi Alternative names: Prince's-feather Fruit; Fructus Polygoni Orientalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shuiniujiao Alternative names: Buffalo Horn; Cornu Bubali Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shuizhi Alternative names: Leech; Hirudo Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shujin Huoluo Jiu Alternative names: Shujin Huoluo Wine; Shujin Huoluo Jiu
(Shu Jin Huo Luo Jiu) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shujin%20Huoluo%20Jiu&mh =10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shujin Wan Alternative names: Qufeng Shujin Pills; Qufeng Shujin Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shujin%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Shuxin Koufuye Alternative names: Shuxin Oral Liquid; Shuxin Koufuye
(Shu Xin Kou Fu Ye) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shuxin%20Koufuye&mh=10& sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shuxiong Pian Alternative names: Shuxiong Tablets; Shuxiong Pian
(Shu Xiong Pi An)

308 Nutrition

Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Shuxiong%20Pian&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Sigualuo Alternative names: Luffa Vegetable Sponge; Retinervus Luffae Fructus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sijunzi Wan Alternative names: Sijunzi Pills; Sijunzi Wan
(Si Jun Zi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sijunzi%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Sini Tang Alternative names: Sini Mixture; Sini Tang
(Si Ni Tang) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sini%20Tang&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Sishen Wan Alternative names: Sishen Pills; Sishen Wan
(Si Shen Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sishen%20Wan&mh=10&sb=--&view_records=View+Records Siwei Tumuxiang San Alternative names: Siwei Tumuxiang Powder; Siwei Tumuxiang San
(Si Wei Tu Mu Xiang San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Siwei%20Tumuxiang%20San& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Sizheng Wan Alternative names: Sizheng Pills; Sizheng Wan
(Si Zheng Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Sizheng%20Wan&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records

Alternative Medicine 309

Songhuafen Alternative names: Pine Pollen; Pollen Pini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Songjieyou Alternative names: Turpentine Oil; Oleum Terebinthinae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suanzaoren Alternative names: Spine Date Seed; Semen Ziziphi Spinosae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suhexiang Alternative names: Storax; Styrax Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suhexiang Wan Alternative names: Suhexiang Pills; Suhexiang Wan
(Su He Xiang Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Suhexiang%20Wan&mh=10&s b=---&view_records=View+Records Sumu Alternative names: Sappan Wood; Lignum Sappan Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suoluozi Alternative names: Buckeye Seed; Semen Aesculi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Suoyang Gujing Wan Alternative names: Suoyang Gujing Pills; Suoyang Gujing Wan
(Suo Yang Gu Jing Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Suoyang%20Gujing%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Taizishen Alternative names: Heterophylly Falsestarwort Root; Radix Pseudostellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tanxiang Alternative names: Sandalwood; Lignum Santaii Albi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Taoren Alternative names: English Walnut Seed; Hetaoren; Semen Juglandis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Tiandong Alternative names: Cochinchinese Asparagus Root; Radix Asparagi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianhuafen Alternative names: Snakegourd Root; Radix Trichosanthis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tiankuizi Alternative names: Muskroot-like Semiaquilegia Root; Radix Semiaquilegiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianma Alternative names: Tall Gastrodia Tuber; Rhizoma Gastrodiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianma Wan Alternative names: Tianma Pills; Tianma Wan
(Ti An Ma Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Tianma%20Wan&mh=10&sb= ---&view_records=View+Records Tiannanxing Alternative names: Jackinthepulpit Tuber; Rhizoma Arisaematis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianwang Buxin Wan Alternative names: Tianwang Buxin Pills; Tianwang Buxin Wan
(Ti An Wang Bu Xin Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Tianwang%20Buxin%20Wan& mh=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Tianxianteng Alternative names: Dutchmanspipe Vine; Herba Aristolochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tianxianzi Alternative names: Henbane Seed; Semen Hyoscyami Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tinglizi Alternative names: Pepperweed Seed; Semen Lepidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 311

Tongcao Alternative names: Stachyurus or Japanese Helwingia Pith; Xiaotongcao; Medulla Stachyuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tubeimu Alternative names: Paniculate Bolbostemma; Rhizoma Bolbostemmae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tubiechong Alternative names: Ground Beetle; Eupolyphaga seu Steleophaga Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tufuling Alternative names: Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome; Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tumuxiang Alternative names: Inula Root; Radix Inulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tusizi Alternative names: Dodder Seed; Semen Cuseutae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Walengzi Alternative names: Arc Shell; Concha Arcae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Weilingcai Alternative names: Chinese Cinquefoil; Herba Potentillae Chinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Weilingxian Alternative names: Chinese Clematis Root; Radix Clematidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wubeizi Alternative names: Chinese Gall; Galla Chinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wujiapi Alternative names: Sienderstyle Acanthopanax Bark; Cortex Acanthopanacis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wumei Alternative names: Smoked Plum; Fructus Mume Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wushaoshe Alternative names: Black-tail Snake; Zaocys Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Wuweizi Alternative names: Chinese Magnoliavine Fruit; Fructus Schisandrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wuyao Alternative names: Combined Spicebush Root; Radix Linderae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wuzhuyu Alternative names: Medicinal Evodia Fruit; Fructus Evodiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiakucao Alternative names: Common Selfheal Fruit-Spike; Spica Prunellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangfu Alternative names: Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome; Rhizoma Cyperi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangguozhi Alternative names: Spiceleaf Kernel Oil; Oleum Linderae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangjiapi Alternative names: Chinese Silkvine Root-bark; Cortex Periplocae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangru Alternative names: Haichow Elsholtzia Herb; Herba Mosiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiangyuan Alternative names: Citron Fruit; Fructus Citri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xianhecao Alternative names: Hairyvein Agrimonia Herb; Herba Agrimoniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xianmao Alternative names: Common Curculigo Rhizome; Rhizoma Curculiginis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaohuixiang Alternative names: Fennel; Fructus Foeniculi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaoji Alternative names: Field Thistle Herb; Herba Cirsii Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 313

Xiaotongcao Alternative names: Stachyurus or Japanese Helwingia Pith; Medulla Stachyuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiaoyelian Alternative names: Common Sinopodophyllum Fruit; Fructus Podophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiatianwu Alternative names: Decumbent Corydalis Rhizome; Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiebai Alternative names: Longstamen Onion Bulb; Xiebai (Xie Bai); Bulbus Aiiii Macrostemi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xiheliu Alternative names: Chinese Tamarisk Twig; Xiheliu (Xi He Liu); Cacumen Tamaricis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xihonghua Alternative names: Saffron; Stigma Croci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xinyi Alternative names: Biond Magnolia Flower; Flos Magnoliae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xionghuang Alternative names: Realgar; Realgar Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xixiancao Alternative names: Siegesbeckia Herb; Herba Siegesbeckiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xixin Alternative names: Manchurian Wildginger; Herba Asari Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuanfuhua Alternative names: Inula Flower; Flos Inulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuanmingfen Alternative names: Exsiccated Sodium Sulfate; Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica

314 Nutrition

Xuanshen Alternative names: Figwort Root; Radix Scrophulariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuchangqing Alternative names: Paniculate Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Paniculati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuduan Alternative names: Himalayan Teasel Root; Radix Dipsaci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xueyutan Alternative names: Carbonized Hair; Crinis Carbonisatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yadanzi Alternative names: Java Brucea Fruit; Fructus Bruceae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yahunu Alternative names: Common Cissampelos Herb; Herba Cissampelotis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yamazi Alternative names: Linseed; Semen Lini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yanbaicaisu Alternative names: Bergenin; Yanbaicaisu (Yan Bai Cai Su); Bergeninum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yangdihuangye Alternative names: Digitalis Leaf; Folium Digitalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yangjinhua Alternative names: Datura Flower; Flos Daturae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yejuhua Alternative names: Wild Chrysanthemum Flower; Flos Chrysanthemi Indici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yibeimu Alternative names: Sinkiang Fritillary Bulb; Yibeimu (Yi Bei Mu); Buibus Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yimucao Alternative names: Motherwort Herb; Herba Leonuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 315

Yimucao Gao Alternative names: Concentrated Decoction of Motherwort Herb; Yimucao Gao
Extractum Leonuri Inspissatum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Yimucao%20Gao&mh=10&sb =---&view_records=View+Records Yimucao Liujingao Alternative names: Liquid Extract of Motherwort Herb; Yimucao Liujingao
Extractum Leonuri Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Yimucao%20Liujingao&mh=1 0&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Yinchaihu Alternative names: Starwort Root; Radix Stellariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yinchen Alternative names: Virgate Wormwood Herb; Herba Artemisiae Scopariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yinyanghuo Alternative names: Epimedium Herb; Herba Epimedii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yiyiren Alternative names: Coix Seed; Semen Coicis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yizhi Alternative names: Sharpleaf Glangat Fruit; Fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuanzhi Alternative names: Thinleaf Milkwort Root; Radix Polygalae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuanzhi Liujingao Alternative names: Thinleaf Milkwort Liquid Extract; Yuanzhi Liujingao
Extractum Polygalae Liquidum Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Yuanzhi%20Liujingao&mh=10 &sb=---&view_records=View+Records

316 Nutrition

Yuganzi Alternative names: Emblic Leafflower Fruit; Fructus Phylianthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yujin Alternative names: Turmeric Root Tuber; Radix Curcumae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuliren Alternative names: Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed; Semen Pruni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuxingcao Alternative names: Heartleaf Houttuynia Herb; Herba Houttuyniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuyuliang Alternative names: Limonite; Limonitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuzhizi Alternative names: Akebia Fruit; Fructus Akebiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuzhou loulu Alternative names: Globethistle Root; Radix Echinopsis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuzhu Alternative names: Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome; Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zaojiaoci Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Spine; Spina Gleditsiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zelan Alternative names: Hirsute Shiny Bugleweed Herb; Herba Lycopi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zexie Alternative names: Oriental Waterplantain Rhizome; Rhizoma Alismatis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhebeimu Alternative names: Thunberg Fritillary Bulb; Zhebeimu (Zhe Bei Mu); Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhenzhu Alternative names: Nacre; Zhenzhumu; Concha Margaritifera Usta Source: Chinese Materia Medica

Alternative Medicine 317

Zhenzhumu Alternative names: Nacre; Concha Margaritifera Usta Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhichuanwu Alternative names: Monkshood Mother Root; Radix Aconiti Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhigancao Alternative names: Prepared Liauorice Root; Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhiheshouwu Alternative names: Prepared FLeeceflower Root; Radix Polygoni Multiflori Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhihongqi Alternative names: Prepared Manyinflorescenced Sweetvetch Root; Radix Hedysari Preparata Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhimu Alternative names: Common Anemarrhena Rhizome; Rhizoma Anemarrhenae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhiqiao Alternative names: Orange Fruit; Fructus Aurantii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhishi Alternative names: Immature Orange Fruit; Fructus Aurantii Immaturus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhizi Alternative names: Cape Jasmine Fruit; Fructus Gardeniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhongrushi Alternative names: Stalactite; Stalactitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhujieshen Alternative names: Japanese Ginseng; Rhizoma Panacis Japonici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuling Alternative names: Chuling; Polyporus Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Zhuru Alternative names: Bamboo Shavings; Caulis Bambusae in Taeniam Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhusha Alternative names: Cinnabar; Cinnabaris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuyazao Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Abnormal Fruit; Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuzishen Alternative names: Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome; Rhizoma Panacis Majoris Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zicao Alternative names: Arnebia Root Gromwell Root; Radix Arnebiae Radix Lithospermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ziheche Alternative names: Human Placenta; Placenta Hominis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zihuadiding Alternative names: Tokyo Violet Herb; Herba Violae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zirantong Alternative names: Pyrite; Pyritum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zishiyin Alternative names: Fluorite; Fluoritum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zisugeng Alternative names: Perilla Stem; Caulis Perillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zisuye Alternative names: Perilla Leaf; Folium Perillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zisuzi Alternative names: Perilia Fruit; Fructus Perillae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Ziwan Alternative names: Tatarian Aster Root; Radix Asteris

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Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zonglu Alternative names: Fortune Windmillpalm Petiole; Petiolus Trachycarpi Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Herbs and Supplements 5-HTP Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acidophilus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,748,00.html Activated charcoal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,832,00.html Adenosine Monophosphate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10106,00.html Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com ALA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Alpha-lipoic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10002,00.html Amino Acid K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amino Acids Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ananas comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Andrographis Alternative names: Andrographis paniculata Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Angkak Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antibiotic Combination: Sulfa Drugs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antibiotics (General) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com AZT Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Barbiturates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BCAAs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com B-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bee products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,756,00.html Beni-koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Carotene Alternative names: b-carotene, Trans-beta Carotene; Provitamin A, Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bisphosphonate Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bitter Melon Alternative names: Momordica charantia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Black Cohosh Alternative names: Cimicifuga racemosa (actea), Black Snakeroot Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Black Snakeroot Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Blue-Green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Bovine Colostrum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Branched-Chain Amino Acids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitrol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calophyllum Alternative names: Punna, Kamani; Calophyllum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Caprylic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10111,00.html Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cat's Claw Alternative names: Uncaria tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cephalosporins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cephalosporins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cetyl Myristoleate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chlorzoxazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cholecalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cimicifuga racemosa (actea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Clofibrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com CLOVES Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colchicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colestipol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colloidal Silver Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colostrum Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com CoQ10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cynara artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Digestive Enzymes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Digestive enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Doxorubicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com EDTA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com EPA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis, Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flaxseed Alternative names: Linum usitatissimum, Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com GABA (Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ginseng (Panax) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10029,00.html GLA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glimepiride Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glucosamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,790,00.html Glutamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glutamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glutamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Grape Seed Alternative names: Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grapefruit seed extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,985,00.html Green tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html Hawthorn Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Herbal decongestant Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,949,00.html Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hong Qu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Horsetail Alternative names: Equisetum arvense Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hung-chu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydralazine Alternative names: Apresoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org

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Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Inhalant, Systemic, and Topical Corticosteroids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ipriflavone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Isoniazid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Isoniazid Alternative names: Laniazid, Nydrazid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Levofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Linseed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Linum usitatissimum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lipase Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lipotropic combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,861,00.html L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Lubricant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Lysine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lysine Alternative names: Amino Acid K, L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lysine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,862,00.html Macrolides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Medium Chain Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Medium-Chain Triglycerides Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Melatonin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Methionine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Methyltestosterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Miscellaneous Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mistletoe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10109,00.html Monascus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Monophasic, Biphasic, and Triphasic Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com NADH Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nitrous Oxide Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oenothera biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ornithine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com PABA Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org

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Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phenobarbital Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phenobarbital Alternative names: Bellatal, Solfoton Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenothiazine Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylalanine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylalanine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenytoin Alternative names: Dilantin Infatab, Dilantin-125 Oral Suspension Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Piper nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Plantago isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Plantago major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Plantago psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Primidone Alternative names: Mysoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula,Plantago isphagula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyruvate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pyruvate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Leaven Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Angkak, Beni-koju, Hong Qu, Hung-chu, Monascus, Red Leaven, Red Rice, Red Koji, Zhitai, Xue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Resveratrol Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1040,00.html Ribes Alternative names: Black Currant; Ribes nigrum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Rifampin Alternative names: Rifadin, Rimactane Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Risperidone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com SAMe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Saw Palmetto Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Shark Cartilage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Silybum Alternative names: Milk Thistle; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Sitosterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Slippery Elm Alternative names: Ulmus fulva, Red Elm, Sweet Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sweet Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Tetracycline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Theophylline Alternative names: Accurbron, Aerolate, Aquaphyllin, Asmalix, Elixomin, Elixophyllin, Lanophyllin, Quibron-T, Quibron-T-SR, Slo-bid, Slo-Phyllin, T-Phyl, Theo-24, Theo-Dur, Theo-Sav, Theo-X, Theobid, Theochron, Theoclear L.A., Theoclear-80, Theolair, Theolair-SR, Theospan-SR, Theostat 80, Theovent, Uni-Dur, Uniphyl Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Theophylline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thioxanthene Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trans-Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulmus fulva Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Uncaria CatClaw Alternative names: Cat's Claw, Uno de Gato; Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Uncaria tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uricosuric Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10064,00.html Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vanadate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vanadyl Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Zhitai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zingiber officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the

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MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON NUTRITION Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to nutrition. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “nutrition” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on nutrition, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Nutrition ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to nutrition. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Food Procurement, Diet, Activities and Nutrition of Ngisonyoka, Turkana Pastoralists in an Ecological and Social Context (east Africa, Kenya) by Galvin, Kathleen, Phd from State University of New York at Binghamton, 1985, 399 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8514637

•

Food Systems Approach to Nutrition in Zimbabwe: the Case of Corn by Long, Jennifer Kathleen; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063722

•

Food, Nutrition and Digestive Efficiency in Oreochromis Nilotieus Linn. (pisces:cichlidae) in Lake Awasa, Ethiopia by Getachew, Teferra; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL35656

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•

Foods and Nutrition Education in the Home Economics Curriculum in Twenty-three Selected High Schools by Morrison, Peggy Jean, Edd from Auburn University, 1971, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7205341

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Foraging Ecology and Nutrition of Stone's Sheep by Seip, Dale R; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK64872

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Formative Evaluation of an Introductory Human Nutrition Telecourse: Validation of Course Content and Technical Video Objective by Maness, Marie Yost, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1996, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9701929

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Functional Assessment and Coping Behaviors among the Rural Black Elderly (health, Nutrition, Aged) by Nickens, Lois Carolyn, Phd from University of Florida, 1984, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8509960

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General and Iron Nutrition Knowledge of Two Adolescent Study Groups by Swaim, Marla Anne; Ms from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410096

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General Nutrition and Folate Knowledge of Two Adolescent Groups by Allen-white, Esther; Ms from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410079

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Gill Endosymbiont Respiration and Nutritional Strategies in the Chemosymbiotic Bivalve Family Lucinidae by Duplessis, Melinda Renee; Phd from University of California, San Diego, 2002, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071003

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Group Evaluation System Measuring Self-reported Cooperative Extension Nutrition Education Program Impact in Adult Limited Resource Audiences with Diverse Literacy Skills by Guarino, Annrose Mary; Phd from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2001, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3016550

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Growing Up among the Looms: the Growth and Nutrition of Children Living in a Peri-urban Environment in Kathmandu, Nepal by Moffat, Christina Sally; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1998, 294 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ42866

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Growth, Development, Nutrition and Health in Caboclo Populations from the Brazilian Amazon by Da Silva, Hilton Pereira; Phd from The Ohio State University, 2001, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3011041

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Growth, Mineral Uptake and Phosphorus Metabolism of Pisum Sativum L. As Influenced by Air and Soil Temperatures, Phosphorus Nutrition and Growth Retarding Chemicals by Adedipe, Nurudeen Olorun-nimbe; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03690

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Health and Nutrition in Self-reliant National Development: an Evaluation of the Jamaican Community Health Aide Programme. by Marchione, Thomas Joseph, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1978, 465 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7806132

Dissertations 339

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A Analysis of Home Economics Education and Nutrition Programs Determining Their Orientation toward the Mission of Home Economics by Knight, Ada Pearl, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1989, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8922073

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A Bioeconomic Model for Catfish Production with Emphasis on Nutrition (alabama) by Cacho, Oscar Jose, Phd from Auburn University, 1988, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8925601

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A Case Study of Curriculum Development Process in Nutrition Education by Cunha, Zeilma Da, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1996, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9635965

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A Community Nutrition Education Needs Assessment of Older Adults Living in Medina County, Ohio by Duerr, Lynn D. Phd from The University of Akron, 2001, 412 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3005891

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A Comparative Study of Two Instructional Methods Employed in Teaching Nutrition among Culturally Diverse Adolescents: Teacher-oriented Lecture and Studentoriented Instructional Design by Marshall, Joyce M., Phd from Oregon State University, 1986, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8619212

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A Comparative Study of Two Instructional Methods Employed in Teaching Nutrition: Lecture - Discussion and Self-directed Study by Macneil, Catherine, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1967, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6807353

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A Comparison of the Attitudes, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of Elementary Student-teachers with Those of Experienced Teachers of Elementary Grades by Franklin, Ruth Ann, Edd from Texas Tech University, 1971, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7125621

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A Comparison of the Effects of Three Different Nutrition Education Methods on the Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Female University Student-athletes by Franke, Nikki Valeria Tomlinson, Edd from Temple University, 1988, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8902992

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A Comparison of the Needs of the Elderly and Delivery of Services As Perceived by Directors of and Participants in Senior Centers and Nutrition Sites by Webb, Dorothea B., Phd from University of North Texas, 1984, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8423906

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A Comparison of Two Instructional Methods Aimed at Modifying Nutritional Behaviors and Attitudes of Elderly African-americans in Northeastern Ohio by Brown, Fannie L., Phd from The University of Akron, 1995, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9611365

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A Comparison of Two Nutrition Education Curricula: Cookshops and Food and Environment Lessons by Koch, Pamela Ann; Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 2000, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9976734

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A Consumer Health Behavior Paradigm for Dietary Nutrition Improvement by Cullwick, Thomas David Cartwright, Phd from Northwestern University, 1972, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7232414

340 Nutrition

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A Description of the Dietary Behaviors of Participants and Non-participants of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Guam by Camacho, Mary Elaine, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1993, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9414252

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A Descriptive Study of Speech-language Pathologists' Roles, Responsibilities, and Knowledge Levels of Alternative Nutrition by Davis, Lori Ann; Edd from Oklahoma State University, 2000, 328 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9987330

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A Follow-up Evaluation of the Effects of the Michigan Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program on Homemakers' Dietary Adequacy: Implications for Future Management by Kateregga, Crescentia Namalwa, Phd from Michigan State University, 1981, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8202461

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A Followup Study of the Small Group Teaching Approach Used in the Texas Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program/food Stamp Project by Valdez, Guillermina Guadalupe, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1987, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8808841

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A Formative Evaluation of a Nutrition Education and Training Program in Selected Rural Pennsylvania Schools by Martz, Gary Lee, Ded from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1981, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8118680

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A Grounded Theory to Understand How Low-income Families Meet Their Food and Nutrition Needs by Greder, Kimberly Ann Byrne; Phd from Iowa State University, 2000, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9990447

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A Longitudinal Study of the Retention of Foods and Nutrition Knowledge and Practices of Participants from the Michigan Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (low-income Families) by Nierman, Linda Gould, Phd from Michigan State University, 1986, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8707170

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A Model of Endowment Constrained Demand for Food in an Agricultural Economy (development, Nutrition, Bangladesh) by Khan, Qaiser Mahmood, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1984, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8420064

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A Nutrition Needs Assessment: the Dietary Practices, Nutrition Knowledge, and Perceived Body Image of Collegiate Female Athletes and Non-athletes by Wiley, Sarah Breen; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2003, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413003

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A Pilot Study in Aspects of Human Nutrition in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean, with Particular Attention to Trace Minerals in Several Populations from Different Time Periods by Bisel, Sara Louise Clark, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1980, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8019515

Dissertations 341

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A Pre-experimental Study of Attitudes and Behaviors of Health Care Providers and Consumers toward Nutrition in Health Care with Relations to Knowledge, Role, and Social Adjustment by Williams, Sue Rodwell, Phd from University of Wyoming, 1983, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8327755

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A Qualitative Study of the Meaning of Aging to European-american Middle-class and Native American Participants in a Senior Citizens' Nutrition Program by Theobald, Barbara J., Phd from Syracuse University, 1991, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9204558

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A Randomized Controlled Trial and Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Parenteral Nutrition and Enteral Nutrition in Severe Pancreatitis: a Model for Health Technology Assessment by Louie, Brian Edward; Mph from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ69674

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A Resource Allocation Model for Regional Development Planning in Sri Lanka Based on Poverty, Food Sufficiency, and Nutritional Status Criteria by Hettiaratchy, Don Nimal, Phd from Cornell University, 1992, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9211297

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A Single Subject Experiment Comparing the Rate of Change in the Dietary Eating Patterns of Four Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program Participants across Two Teaching Approaches with the Use of Two Evaluation Measures (dietary Measures, Nutrition by Johnson, Everlyn Sanford, Phd from Mississippi State University, 1993, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9331626

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A Spatial Systems Approach to Nutrition Intervention: the Case of Mexican-american Children in Southwestern United States by Khan, Chandra Chauhan, Phd from Kent State University, 1990, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9113537

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A Structural Model of Training and Confidence As Predictors of Time Spent Teaching Nutrition by Elementary School Teachers by Britten, Patricia, Phd from University of Hawaii, 1996, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9629813

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A Study of a Nutrition Education Training Program for Teachers and Cooks in Indiana Day Care Centers by Schollaert, Alice Jane, Edd from Indiana University, 1981, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8200865

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A Study of Expressed Nutrition Learning Needs, Preferred Learning Methods, and Preferred Learning Locations of a Selected Adult Population. by Mcgee, Bernestine Bass, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1978, 390 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7912884

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A Study of Mothers' Understanding and Use of Nutrition in Peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya by Waudo, Judith Naombi, Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1994, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN11414

342 Nutrition

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A Study of Nurses' Attitudes toward Maternal Nutrition Education in a Nigerian General Hospital by Ahia, Ruth Ngozi, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1986, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8622954

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A Study of Nutrition Knowledge and Preventive Nutrition Behaviour and Their Psychosocial Correlates of a Group of Men by Woolcott, Donna Myles; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK41802

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A Study of School Principals and the Promotion of Nutritional Health in Middle Grade Schools by Shahid, Barbara; Edd from University of the Pacific, 2002, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050045

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A Study of Selected Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Entering Freshman Medical Students by Mccabe, Beverly Jean Ward, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1983, 293 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8325163

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A Study of the Continuing Education Needs of Child Nutrition Program Managers As Perceived by Managers, Child Nutrition Program District Directors and State Consultants in North Carolina Public Schools by Robinson, Ann Ellis, Phd from Georgia State University, 1987, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8808107

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A Study of the Differences in Food And/or Nutrition Information Programming between Three Cable and Three Non-cable Television Networks by Mclaughlin, Lucille C., Edd from Boston University, 1986, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8704807

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A Study of the Effects of Three Weight Counseling Techniques and One Nutrition Education Technique on the Weight, Skinfold Measures, and Self-concepts of Black, Urban, Obese Elementary School Children. by Manchester, Carol Ann Freshwater, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1977, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7805879

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A Study of the Expanded Nutrition Program in Waco, Texas by Pope, Wanda Louise Shockey, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1972, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7224323

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A Study of the Impact of Level of Activity and Nutrition As It Affects Hypertension in Elderly African-americans at Two Senior Centers in Atlanta, Georgia by Maddox, Janice Helen Williams, Phd from The Union Institute, 1998, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9828440

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A Study of the Tip-of-the-tongue Experience and Its Relationship to the Variables of Age and Risk Factors for Poor Nutritional Health (nutrition) by Cruise, Sandra E. Ogle, Phd from University of Idaho, 1993, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9327071

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A Study of the Use of Computer-mediated Communication by State Child Nutrition Program Agencies by King, Martha Beth Franklin, Phd from The University of Mississippi, 1994, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9522476

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A Study to Determine the Contribution Regular Exercise and Following the Usda Recommended Daily Nutritional Guidelines Make in Teacher Job Satisfaction and

Dissertations 343

Retention by Hannaman, John Seaborn; Edd from University of La Verne, 2000, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9987883 •

A Study to Integrate Nutrition Education into the Secondary High Schools in Four Academic Subjects: English, Mathematics, Social Studies, Science (interdisciplinary, Curriculum, Massachusetts, California) by Crumlin, Mary Elizabeth Lang, Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1986, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8612026

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A Survey of Consumer Affairs Specialists' Perceptions of Current Nutrition Education Program Goals, Delivery Methods, and Effectiveness in United States Supermarkets by Stone, Mary Mccall, Edd from University of South Carolina, 1985, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8528215

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A Worksite Nutrition Education Program Increased Firefighters' Knowledge and Resulted in Healthier Attitudes toward Fad Diets by Winton, Stacy Jill; Ms from Florida International University, 2002, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409102

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Adoption of Practices Following an Adult Education Program in Nutrition by Dickson, Anita, Edd from Indiana University, 1966, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6704007

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Adult Health, Nutrition, Labor Productivity and Rural Household Incomes: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh by Sur, Mona; , Phd from University of Minnesota, 2000, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9991471

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Agricultural Technology, Income, and Nutrition: a Study of Farm Households in the Middle Hills of Nepal (household Economics) by Belbase, Krishna Prasad, Phd from Cornell University, 1991, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9204014

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Altered Fetal Development of the Pig Through Maternal Nutrition by Musser, Robert Eldon; Phd from Kansas State University, 2002, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076106

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Altitudinal Migration As a Factor in the Nutrition of Bighorn Sheep by Hebert, D. M; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17184

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An Analysis of Demand for Food and Nutrition in India by Suresh Chandra Babu, N. B., Phd from Iowa State University, 1989, 337 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9014962

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An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Targeting Strategies for Nutrition Programs in Developing Countries by Timmons, Robert James, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1983, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8402388

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An Analysis of the Relationships among Selected Teaching Variables and Cognitive Growth in Nutrition Knowledge of Elementary School Children. by Cleaver, Vicki Lynn, Edd from West Virginia University, 1978, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7816970

344 Nutrition

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An Application of the Rasch One Parameter Logistic Measurement Model to the National League for Nursing Achievement Test in Normal Nutrition. by Passmore, David Lynn, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1974, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7417271

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An Assessment of Nutrition Education in Kansas Secondary Home Economics Programs by Stroh, Meredith Pearson, Phd from Kansas State University, 1988, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8819249

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An Assessment of Nutrition Education Needs of Elderly Blacks and a Comparison of Four Methods of Instruction. by Monroe, Lillie Mae, Phd from Howard University, 1978, 322 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7917006

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An Assessment of the Home Economics Teachers' Perceptions of Their Preparedness to Teach in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (nutrition Education) by Moyo-ncube, Beatrice Mantyi, Phd from Kansas State University, 1986, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8624662

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An Attempt to Confirm the Assumption That the Eating Behavior of Young Children Is Related to Their Knowledge of Nutrition: a Study of Fifth and Sixth Grade Children by Baribault, Joan Koehler, Edd from Temple University, 1983, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8311524

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An Economic Analysis of Cassava Flour and Its Effect on Nutrition: a Case Study in Ceara, Brazil. by Ferreira, Jose Carlos, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1977, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7812414

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An Economic Analysis of Malnutrition among Young Children in Rural Thailand: Determinants and Implications by Chutikul, Sirilaksana, Phd from University of Hawaii, 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f66806

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An Economic Analysis of Nutrition and Fertility Behavior in Developing Countries by Blau, David Michael, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1980, 297 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8028170

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An Evaluation of a Heart Health Nutrition Program in Columbia, South Carolina Elementary Schools by O'hara, Nancy Mary, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1984, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8510272

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An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Families First: Nutrition Education and Wellness System Program (texas) by Nobles, Carolyn Jamerson; Phd from Texas A&m University, 2000, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9994308

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An Evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (louisiana) by Linder, Diane Ball, Edd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1983, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8318017

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An Evaluation of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, Orleans Parish, Louisiana, 1983-86 by Fletcher, Bobby Hugh, Edd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1986, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8625335

Dissertations 345

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An Evaluation of the Women, Infant and Children Nutrition Education Intervention Program for High Risk Pregnant Women in Three Centers of Illinois by Drayton, Patricia Kay Dougherty, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1983, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8414008

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An Evaluation Study on Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers in Accra, Ghana by Colecraft, Esi Komeley; Drph from University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, 2002, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058741

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An Examination of Three Perspectives on Nutrition Education Materials: the Curriculum Expert, the Dietitian, and the Patient by Mercer, Kathleen H. Clark, Edd from University of Georgia, 1998, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9920064

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An Experimental Study to Determine the Effectiveness of Behaviorally Stated Nutrition Education Objectives. by Hoops, Donald Lee, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1975, 215 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7813550

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An Experimental Study to Investigate the Role of Nutrition As a Food-purchase Motivator. by Gallay, Ralph, Phd from New York University, Graduate School of Business Administration, 1975, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7601254

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An Exploratory Study of Nutrition and Academic Performance by Kalman, Cheryl A., Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1997, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9732296

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An Exploratory Study of Supervision in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in the Virginia Extension Service by Rapking, Morrell Edward, Jr., Edd from North Carolina State University, 1973, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7329571

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An Investigation of Nutrition Knowledge, Beliefs and Dietary Intake of Women in a Poor Community As a Basis for Nutrition Education by Parks, Carolyn Patricia, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1993, 456 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9331722

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An Investigation of Some Metabolic Effects of the Infection of Hordeum Vulgare by Helminthosporium Teres, with Special Reference to the Nutrition of the Hostparasite Complex by Rowe, Janet; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK16905

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An Investigation of the Relationship(s) between Selected Instructional Techniques and Identified Field Dependent and Field Independent Cognitive Styles As Evidenced among High School Students Enrolled in Studies of Nutrition by Tanenbaum, Rhoada Kuhlik, Edd from St. John's University (new York), 1982, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8210420

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An Investigation of the Relationships between Mineral Nutrition and the Phytoextraction of Zinc by Indian Mustard (brassica Juncea Czern.) by Hamlin, Russell Lawrence; Phd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2002, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056234

346 Nutrition

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Analysis of Nutrition in the Hospitality Industry (marketing Nutrition, Restaurants, Food Chemistry, Foodservice) by Carlson, Beth Lori, Phd from Cornell University, 1986, 323 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8623179

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Analytical Models for Testing Joint Policy Interventions in Education, Nutrition, and Other Social Planning (guatemala; Incap) by Balderston, Judith Braude, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1982, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8300424

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Application of Nutrition Knowledge among Elderly Texans by Shafer, Jill Ellen, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1991, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9217021

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Artificial Nutrition and Hydration Practices and the American Nursing Home: Currents of Social Change and Adaptation by an Industry in Transition by Almgren, Gunnar Robert, Phd from University of Washington, 1990, 308 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9108434

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Ascorbic Acid in the Nutrition of Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri R. by Hilton, John W; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK41728

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Aspects of Iron and Nitrogen Nutrition in Two Red Tide Dinoflagellates, Gymnodinium Sanguineum, Hirasaka and Protogonyaulax Tamarensis (lebour), Taylor by Doucette, Gregory John; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL50751

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Assessing Nutritional Information by Source, Dietary Guideline, and Health Risk by Harris, Wesley Darrell, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1994, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9520376

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Assessing the Impact on Achievement and Attitudes of Fifth and Sixth Grade Students in a Selected Unit in the Nutrition Education Program - Food... Your Choice by Gelatko, Kathleen, Edd from University of Pittsburgh, 1980, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8202240

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Assessment of the Nature of Nutrition Education in Selected Health Programs in Louisiana and Mississippi. by Shoaf, Linda Ross, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1977, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7802932

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Association of Homemaker Attitudes to Nutrition Knowledge. by Kreutz, Barbara L., Phd from Michigan State University, 1974, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7514772

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Behavioral and Nutritional Ecology of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in African Bovids by Ezenwa, Vanessa Olivia; Phd from Princeton University, 2002, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048727

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Biological, Nutritional, and Processing Factors Affecting Breast Meat Quality of Broilers by Santiago Anadon, Hector Luis; Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2002, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087502

Dissertations 347

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Branched-chain Amino Acid Nutrition and Respiratory Stability in Premature Infants by Nelson, Christy Le Ann; Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2002, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074432

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Branched-chain Amino Acid Nutrition of Grow-finish Pigs and Young Chicks by Parr, Theresa Margaret; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2003, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086156

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Breast-fed Low Birth Weight Premature Infants: a Description of Nutritional Intake and Growth and Development in the First Six Months of Life by Zukowsky, Ksenia G. Phd from New York University, 2002, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045737

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Breastfeeding Attitudes and Practices among Persian and Southeast Asian Immigrant/refugee Women in California: Implications for Health and Nutrition Education by Ghaemi-ahmadi, Sonia Rahime, Edd from University of San Francisco, 1988, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9008380

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Breastfeeding Patterns, Nutrition and Postpartum Amenorrhea in Guatemalan Women: a Multi-state Hazard Approach by Pinto-aguirre, Guido, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1994, 315 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9508876

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Bureaucratic Behavior in a Political Setting: Reactions to the Reagan Administration in Four Federal Agencies (national Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Food and Nutrition Service, Civil Rights Division, Environmental Protection Agency) by Golden, Marissa Martino, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1993, 361 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9430498

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Characteristics of Inner-city Pregnant African-american Adolescents: Impact of Nutrition on Maternal Health, Fetal Bone Development and Adverse Birth Outcomes by Chang, Shih-chen; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080635

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Childhood Nutrition, Growth and Development: Relations to the Long-term Risk of Breast Cancer in Human Populations (anthropometry, Migration, Menarche, Seular Trend, Japanese-american) by Micozzi, Marc S., Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1986, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8624011

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Children's Malnutrition in Rural Guatemala: a Multilevel Statistical Analysis by Gragnolati, Michele, Phd from Princeton University, 1999, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9927803

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Client Perceptions of a Multidisciplinary Team Approach in Care Management: Nutrition and Medication by Moore, Kimberly Ann; Msw from California State University, Long Beach, 2002, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409304

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College Athletic Trainers and Nutrition Education: a Vital Link for Athletes by Swanton, Deborah Lynne; Edd from Boston University, 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034783

348 Nutrition

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Communication Processes among Community and Rural School District Members As Indicated by the Growth of Nutrition Education by Konior, Marianne Hustosky, Ded from The Pennsylvania State University, 1980, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8105750

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Comparative Evaluation of Graduates of Internship and Coordinated Undergraduate Programs (dietetic Education, Nutrition) by Gregoire, Mary Busch, Phd from Kansas State University, 1985, 293 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8515937

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Comparative Nutritional Ecology of Two Genera of Vampire Bats: Desmodus Rotundus and Diaemus Youngi by Coen, Claudia Esther; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050413

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Comparative Ratings of Printed Nutrition Materials Developed by Industry and Government Producers by Holmes, Cheryl Lynn, Edd from Western Michigan University, 1981, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8126350

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Comparing Exact Tests and Asymptotic Tests with Colorectal Cancer Variables Within the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Iii by Musial, Joseph Leonard, Iii; Phd from Wayne State University, 1999, 60 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9954538

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Comparisons of Lecture, Discussion, and Poster Modes of Instruction of Adults Ages 59 to 90 Attending Nutrition Sites by Dubes, Margaret Joanne, Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1987, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8810315

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Competencies Perceived Essential by Educators for Baccalaureate Nutrition Curricula. by Holmes, Ruth Whitaker, Phd from Boston College, 1979, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7920454

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Competency Needs of Cooperative Extension Home Economics Personnel Involved with Food and Nutrition Programs in Kansas by Natino, Norma Bueno, Phd from Kansas State University, 1983, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8321110

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Comprehensive Nutrition Education Curriculum for Kindergarten by Aby-valestrino, Mollie Suzanne; Ma from California State University, Dominguez Hills, 2002, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409103

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Computer-assisted Interactive Video Instruction: an Alternative to the Lecture Method for Nutrition Education in Baccalaureate Nursing (video Instruction) by Tabar, Cynthia R., Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1990, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9100121

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Conceptions and Preconceptions: Childbirth and Nutrition in Rural Malaysia by Laderman, Carol Ciavati, Phd from Columbia University, 1979, 454 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8204505

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Confronting Neoliberalism: Food Security and Nutrition among Indigenous Coffeegrowers in Oaxaca, Mexico by Sesia, Paola Maria; Phd from The University of Arizona, 2002, 448 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073254

Dissertations 349

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Consumer Behavior in Relation to Nutrition: a Brazilian Case Study. by Rosenberg, Elca Rubinstein, Phd from Vanderbilt University, 1976, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7622362

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Consumer Information Processing: Nutrition Information and Food Choice. by Rudell, Fredrica, Phd from Columbia University, 1978, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7819423

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Consumer Search for Nutrition Information by Feick, Lawrence F., Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1981, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8205906

•

Content Analysis of Saturday Morning Children's Television for Food and Nutrition Information by Herbold, Nancie Harvey, Edd from Boston University, 1985, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8508910

•

Context Dependent Outcomes in a Butterfly-ant Mutualism: the Role of Ant Nutrition and Signaling by Weeks, Jennifer Ashley; Phd from The University of Arizona, 2002, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073274

•

Continuity/discontinuity of Life Patterns among Minority Elderly in Nutrition Programs. by Chen, Pei Ngor, Dsw from University of Southern California, 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2475958

•

Correlates and Risk Factors Associated with Coronary Heart Disease and the Likelihood of Engaging in Selected Nutrition Health-promoting Behaviors among Women by Covington, Carolyn Frances; Phd from Howard University, 2002, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066487

•

Counseling Skills Identified by Practitioner Dietitians As Required for Entry into Diverse Dietetic Practice (nutrition) by New, Judy Victoria, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1994, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9432743

•

Creating Consumers (how the Food Industry Delivers Its Products and Messages to Elementary School Students and What Nutrition Professionals Know and Think about It) by Levine, Jane, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1998, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9839087

•

Creating Healthy Communities One Byte at a Time: a Tailored Web-based Nutrition Education Project by Sutherland, Lisa Ann; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061727

•

Critical Nutrition Education for Social Change: toward Reducing Inequities Through Participatory Research and Community Organization by Travers, Kim Denise Raine, Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1993, 394 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN87502

•

Crop Production and Nutrition in Bangladesh by Billah, Kaafee; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050429

•

Cross-cultural Competency of Head Start Food and Nutrition Services by Mtika, Annie, Phd from Washington State University, 1995, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9640190

350 Nutrition

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Culinary Professional Training: Measurement of Nutrition Knowledge among Culinary Students Enrolled in a Southeastern Culinary Arts Institute by Hughes, Marilyn Hill; Phd from Auburn University, 2003, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081583

•

Cultural Components of Diet and Nutrition in Rural Costa Rica. by Rawson, Ian Grant, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1975, 404 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7608818

•

Cultural Ecology and Change of the Machiguenga Indians of the Peruvian Amazon (subsistence, Nutrition, Well-being) by Baksh, Michael George, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1984, 499 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8505602

•

Curriculum Planning Implications in the Study of Nutrition in the Baccalaureate Nursing Program by Kanski, Genevieve Zoltowicz, Edd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1984, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8411483

•

Demand for Food Commodities in the Dominican Republic and Some Implications for Nutritional Policies by Chanlatte, Marino Armando, Phd from University of Florida, 1983, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8324949

•

Depression and Physical Illness: a Longitudinal Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data by Skarupski, Kimberly Ann, Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 1996, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9720448

•

Determining the Dietary Practices of Participants of the Weld County Food Stamp Program with Implication for Nutrition Education. by Osuchukwu, Rosanna U., Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1978, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7902848

•

Developing and Evaluating a Cable Televised Nutrition Curriculum for Second Grade Students. (volumes I-iii) by Stoia, Joseph Paul; Stoia, Rose Greer, Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1982, 766 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8215528

•

Development and Evaluation of a Nutrition Curriculum to Prevent Obesity in Innercity Teens by Taitano, Rachael Tatiana, Phd from Colorado State University, 1998, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9835036

•

Development and Evaluation of a School Curriculum on Nutrition and Heart Disease for Young Adolescents by Bottom, Julia Stewart, Phd from Colorado State University, 1987, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8725618

•

Development and Preventive Health Behaviors: the Case of Taibei, Taiwan (food, Nutrition, Epidemiology) by Hanson, Karen Joyce, Phd from Columbia University, 1984, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8427404

•

Development of a Concept-based Sports Nutrition Curriculum by Shock, Melissa Anne Moore, Phd from Oklahoma State University, 1992, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9236770

Dissertations 351

•

Development of a Diagnostic Methodology for Nutrition Education in a Developing Country. by Ross, Emma Jean, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1978, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7816812

•

Development of a Questionnaire to Evaluate the Likeability of a Nutrition Education Curriculum by Elementary School Teachers, Kindergarten Through Fifth Grade by Hendricks, Melissa Dianne; Ms from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408615

•

Development of Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (bars) for Evaluation of Paraprofessionals in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program by Rodgers, Michelle S., Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1997, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9732358

•

Development of Concepts about Food and Nutrition by Breazeale, Vicki Diane, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1984, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8512762

•

Development of Culturally Appropriate Nutrition Education Materials for Dietetic Practitioners Working in the Cajun and Creole Regions of Southern Louisiana by Leistner, Colette Guidry, Phd from The Florida State University, 1993, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9318520

•

Development Policy and Nutrition: a Case Study of the Nutrition Education Campaign of the Sistema Alimentario Mexicano (sam) (mexico) by Navarro De Macias, Martha A., Phd from Stanford University, 1988, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8906717

•

Diabetes Prevention among First Nations School Children in Sandy Lake, Ontario: Evaluation of a Culturally Appropriate School-based Nutrition and Physical Activity Intervention by Saksvig, Brit Irene; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 398 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046553

•

Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Interrelationships among Nutrition Attitudes, Knowledge, Practice and Biodemographic Characteristics of Adult Members of Community Centres by Sullivan, Ann Dolores; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK51806

•

Diet and Nutrition in Hawaiian Prehistory: a Study of the Nutritional Status Represented by the Keopu Burials by Collins, Sara Lois, Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1992, 249 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN73906

•

Diet Quality, Physical Activity, and Prevalence of Overweight in 12--16 Year Olds Related to Television Viewing: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (nhanes Iii); 1988--1994 by Abbott, Debbie; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2003, 40 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412974

•

Dietary Behavior and Nutrition Knowledge, Values, Age, and Race of College Freshmen by King, Edna Jean, Edd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1982, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8326822

352 Nutrition

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Dietary Energy and Fat As Factors in the Nutrition of Developing Egg Strain Pullets and Young Hens by Cunningham, David Clifton; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24713

•

Dietary Intake of Developmentally Disabled Children As Explained by Selected Variables (nutrition, Handicapped, Diets, Computer Analysis, Mentally Retarded) by Eardley, Sandra Parrish, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1985, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8526666

•

Differences in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Nutrition between Aged Adult Exercise Program Participants and Nonparticipants (health Promotion) by Thomas, Susan Ellen, Edd from The University of Alabama, 1990, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9028338

•

Dimensions of Malnutrition and Hunger among Children in an Andean Community by Graham, Margaret Anne, Phd from Michigan State University, 1991, 265 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9216307

•

Do Nutrition and Health Affect Worker Productivity in the Philippine Labor Market? a Test of the Efficiency Wage Hypothesis by Korjenek, Patrice Marie A., Phd from University of Oregon, 1990, 297 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9025490

•

Does Nutrition Education Impact Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density in Children? by Kallio, Abby Kyrel; Ms from Texas Woman's University, 2003, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413510

•

Early Nutrition and Development of the Congeneric Parasitoids, Encarsia Formosa and Encarsia Pergandiella (hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) by Donnell, David Michael; Phd from The University of Arizona, 2002, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061009

•

Educational Modalities As Predictors of Success in the Health Science 331 Course: Principles of Diet and Nutrition (health Science) by Hunter, Ann Pendlebury, Phd from Kansas State University, 1991, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9128498

•

Effect of a Glucose-polymer Dietary Supplement on Exercise Performance and Substrate Utilization during a Simulated Triathlon (diet, Nutrition) by Millard, Melinda Louise, Phd from University of Georgia, 1986, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8628900

•

Effect of a Heart Health Nutrition Program on Elementary School Children in Piedmont, North Carolina (nutrition Education) by Leddon, Kay Ragsdale, Phd from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1990, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9110074

•

Effective Methods of Teaching Nutrition in Nigerian Schools or Communities. by Deeyah, Dorothy Dornu-bari, Phd from Colorado State University, 1978, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7905227

•

Effectiveness of Extension Volunteer Leaders in Consumer Nutrition Education. by Williamson, Alyce L., Phd from Kansas State University, 1978, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7906807

Dissertations 353

•

Effectiveness of Puppetry in Nutrition Education Lessons and Kindergarteners' Willingness to Taste Healthy Foods by Brown, Kathryn (katie) A. Edd from University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2002, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043435

•

Effectiveness of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Mississippi: a Planned Program of Intervention. by Linder, William Wiley, Phd from Mississippi State University, 1976, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7620764

•

Effectiveness of Three Methods of Teaching Nutrition. by Brunton, Ruth Carolyn, Phd from Colorado State University, 1975, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7613625

•

Effects of a Physical Activity and Nutrition Intervention on Body Image in Preadolescents by Gehrman, Christine Ameika; Phd from University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2003, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083465

•

Effects of Aerobic Walking and Nutrition on Blood Lipids, Body Composition, Weight, and Cardiovascular Fitness by Jones, Carol Ann, Edd from East Texas State University, 1992, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9235097

•

Effects of Body Condition Score and Nutrition on Estrous Behavior and Endocrine Function in Beef Heifers and Cows by Lents, Clay Austin; Phd from Oklahoma State University, 2002, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066180

•

Effects of Inserted Postquestions and Feedback on Student Recall of Material in an Information Mapped Nutrition Text Developed for Associate Degree Nursing Students by Tanenbaum, Barbara G., Edd from University of Georgia, 1988, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8903531

•

Effects of In-service Program on Nutrition Attitudes and the Teaching of Nutrition by Elementary Teachers. by Sutter, Sally A., Ded from The Pennsylvania State University, 1978, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7909139

•

Effects of Nitrogen Availability and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Enrichment on Growth, Water Use and Nutrition of Seedlings of Boreal Trees by Brown, Kevin R; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL52942

•

Effects of Nutrition in Early Life on Body Size, Body Composition, and Intellectual Functioning in Young Adulthood by Li, Haojie; Phd from Emory University, 2002, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059012

•

Effects of Physical Activity and Nutrition on Bone Density Measured by Radiographic Techniques. by Emiola, Monsuru Lasun, Phd from Oregon State University, 1977, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7720147

•

Effects of Scientific Weight Training and Muscle Building Nutrition on Self-reports of Mild to Moderate Depression by Pendola, David P., Edd from United States International University, 1995, 373 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9543294

354 Nutrition

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Effects of Soil Heterogeneity and Nitrogen Nutrition on Estimation of Cotton Growth and Development Using Remote Sensing Techniques (gossypium Hirsutum) by Peterson, William Matthew; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2002, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410599

•

Effects of Verbal and Behavioral Methods of Nutrition Instruction on Changes in Attitudes, Knowledge, and Action: an Experimental Field Investigation by Walbek, Nancy Hodges, Phd from Northwestern University, 1972, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7232601

•

Elementary Educators' Attitude and the Implementation of Fitness, Nutrition and Wellness Curriculum by Wooderson, Linda Kay, Edd from University of Missouri Columbia, 1998, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9901306

•

Elements of Fourth-grade Nutrition Education Curricula: a Content Analysis by Love, Anna Marie; Phd from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059170

•

Embryo Sac Development in Soybean Megasporogenesis Through Early Embryogenesis and the Functional Anatomy of Nutrition by Folsom, Michael Warren; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL32467

•

Empowerment As a Way to Improve Nutrition in Pregnancy in Waru Jaya, West Java, Indonesia: an Action Research Study by Wiarsih, Wiwin; Mn from Memorial University of Newfoundland (canada), 2002, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ73645

•

Energy Balance in Healthy and Chronically Ill Children: Sickle Cell Disease As a Model of Nutritional Stress by Barden, Elizabeth Marie; Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1999, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9953504

•

Enhancing Behaviors toward Adequate Nutrition: Continuing Education Model by Gibb, Mary Collegia, Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1972, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7315361

•

Enhancing the Nutritional Status of an Older Population: an Educational Intervention to Improve the Nutrition Knowledge of Persons over 60 Living in a Rural Texas Community by Lane, Bridget Maureen; Mph from University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 2002, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408765

•

Enteral Nutrition and Selected Health Care Outcomes among Elderly Residents of Long-term Care Facilities by Mueller, Charles Morrison; Phd from New York University, 2002, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060302

•

Essential Knowledge for a Doctoral Degree in Nutrition Education by Ferrermansoori, Belinda Laroco, Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1993, 202 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9329940

•

Estimation of Health Demand and Health Production Functions for Children in Brazil (nutrition Economics, Malnutrition) by Kassouf, Ana Lucia, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1993, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9328353

Dissertations 355

•

Etat Nutritionnel, Morbidite Et Mortalite: Le Cas Des Awa-kwaiker, Des Embera Et Des Paez De La Colombie, Un Modele Bioculturel En Anthropologie (french Text) by Tabares Trujillo, Rosa Elizabeth; Phd from Universite De Montreal (canada), 2002, 417 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ72311

•

Etude Du Processus D'application D'une Approche Participative Comme Strategie D'evaluation Formative De Programme (french Text, Nutrition Education) by Johnson, Helene, Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1992, 414 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN79631

•

Etude Sur La Nutrition De L'erable a Sucre Acer Saccharum, Marsh. by Gysi, Christian; Dsc from Universite Laval (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14264

•

Evaluation of a Nutrition Intervention for Improvement of Behavior, Attitudes, and Math Achievement by Duke, Marsha Jan, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1986, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8702200

•

Evaluation of the Seaside Health Education Conferences and Nutrition Education Training Programs in the Oregon School Systems by Drolet, Judy Catherine, Phd from University of Oregon, 1982, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8301771

•

Expectations of the Aide's Role on the Part of Aides and Home Economists in the Expanded Foods and Nutrition Education Program. by Burkart, Audrey Constance, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1975, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7603246

•

Exploring the Connection between the Nutritional Status of Low-income Female Caregivers and Their Children by Wabuyele, Sikhoya L. Ms from Michigan State University, 2002, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410739

•

Factors Affecting Bone Mineralization of Neonatal Pigs Nourished by Total Parenteral Nutrition by Yuen, Doris Elizabeth; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37948

•

Factors in the Life Patterns of Paraprofessionals: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program Aides in New York State (women, Supports, Opportunities, Cooperative Extension) by Rauch, Marian D. Peterson, Phd from Cornell University, 1985, 250 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8516928

•

Factors That Affect Continued Use of a Curriculum Innovation (nutrition Education) by Lewis, Mary Elizabeth Daly, Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, 1987, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8712029

•

Factors That Affect Nutritional Adequacy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition Support by O'leary-kelley, Colleen Marie; Phd from University of California, San Francisco, 2003, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088644

356 Nutrition

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Feast and Famine in Republican Shanghai: Urban Food Culture, Nutrition, and the State (china) by Swislocki, Mark Steven; Phd from Stanford University, 2002, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038163

•

Female Winter Sport Athletes: Nutrition Issues during the Preparation for the 2002 Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City by Meyer, Nanna Lucia; Phd from The University of Utah, 2003, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079043

•

Female-headed Households Versus Male-headed Households: the Health and Nutritional Status of Adult Women and Their Children (colombia) by Staten, Lisa Kay, Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1995, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9613307

•

Fitness and Nutrition Curriculum for Grades One and Two by Shinners, Carla Jane, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1983, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8322656

•

Folate Nutrition and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease by Lim, Unhee; Phd from Cornell University, 2003, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075849

•

Food and Nutrition Competencies Needed by Older Adolescents for Personal and Family Living. by Ofei, Beatrice Asantewa, Phd from Iowa State University, 1978, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7907272

•

Food and Nutrition Patterns among Black Adult Males in Selected Louisiana Parishes, 1974. by Hodgkins, Earl Eugene, Edd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1974, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7501931

•

Food Behavior and Cultural Transmission in a Rural Southern Town: Some Implications for Nutrition Education. by Moorehead, Charles Wesley, Phd from The Florida State University, 1977, 257 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7724783

•

Food Consumption and Poverty among Small-scale Kenyan Farmers (nutrition, Agriculture) by Greer, Joel William, Phd from Cornell University, 1985, 268 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8504447

•

Food Habits and Dietary Practices of Young Adults Including Food Fads, Fallacies and Nutrition Quackery. by Coatney, Barbara Doland, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1974, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7605053

•

Food Matters: the Influence of Gender on Science and Practice in the Nutrition Profession. an Institutional Ethnography by Liquori, Toni, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1995, 374 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9606663

•

Health Care Utilization, Nutrition, and Pregnancy Outcome among Adolescent Primigravidas in Kwazulu/natal, South Africa: a Rural/urban Perspective by Varga, Christine Amalia, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1998, 462 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9830004

Dissertations 357

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Health Deficits As Reproductive Cost in Mexican-american Women in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Survey, 1982--1984 by Lawton, Patricia Eileen; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2000, 343 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9973206

•

Health, Nutrition, and Economic Growth (korea) by Sohn, Byungdoo; Phd from Brown University, 2000, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9987838

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Height, Health, Nutrition and Wealth: a History of Living Standards in Mexico, 1870-1950 by Lopez-alonso, Moramay; Phd from Stanford University, 2000, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9986152

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Historical Review: the Parent Movement to Improve School Nutrition in a New England Town (massachusetts) by White, Roberta M., Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1988, 227 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8822856

•

Home Economics Teachers As Resource Persons for Nutrition Education in Elementary Schools by Winand, Lois Ann Laughery, Edd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1981, 296 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8205992

•

Selected Environmental and Personal Factors Influencing Fourth-grade Children's Diet Quality: a Social Cognitive Theory Study Approach (fourth Graders, Nutrition) by Corwin, Sara Jane, Phd from University of South Carolina, 1996, 297 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9623059

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Self-directed Nutrition Learning Activity of Women 50 Years of Age and Older: the Extent and Quality of Participation As Related to Self-efficacy (nutrition Education) by Darling, Mary Elizabeth, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1991, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9134504

•

Sex Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality in Egypt (nutrition, Breastfeeding) by Makinson, Carolyn, Phd from Princeton University, 1986, 318 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8629436

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Sharing the Fruits of Your Daring: the Diffusion of Computer-mediated Communication Programs in a Midwestern Animal Nutrition Products Company by Rahoi, Rita Lynn Johnson, Phd from Ohio University, 1996, 530 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9639708

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Shiva's Trident: the Impact on Income, Employment, and Nutrition of Developing Horticulture in the Trisuli Watershed, Nepal. by Calkins, Peter Hollis, Phd from Cornell University, 1976, 391 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7708352

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Significant Influences on Children's Food Behavior (language Acquisition, Nutrition Education, Cognitive Development, Sociolinguistics, Eating Disorders) by Coletta, Frances Alexandria, Phd from Saint Louis University, 1985, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8604363

•

Site-specific Growth and Nutrition of Planted Picea Mariana in the Ontario Clay Belt by Munson, Alison Dale; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51016

•

Skimmed Milk Replacement in the Nutrition of Newborn Dairy Calves by Diaz Castañeda, Mario; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL25348

358 Nutrition

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Socioeconomic Status and Other Determinants of Breastfeeding: the Experience of Urban Tunisian Women (maternal/child Health, Infant Feeding, Nutrition) by Smith, Janet M., Phd from Boston University, 1986, 375 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8616144

•

Some Aspects of Boron, Copper and Iron Nutrition on Lodgepole Pine and Douglasfir by Majid, Nik Muhamad; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL20590

•

Identification and Analysis of Misconceptions in Health and Nutrition Held by Selected College Students in New England by Smullin, Robert Jay, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1980, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8103240

•

Identification and Placement of Nutrition Education Competencies in Medical Curricula by Mays, Mary Helen, Phd from Texas Tech University, 1984, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8507452

•

Immediate and Late Effects of Nutrition during Weaning in the Rat by Back, Donald W; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60503

•

Impact of Socioeconomic Characteristics on the Nutritional Status of Adolescents from Low-income Households in Florida by Moussie, Menwouyellet, Phd from University of Florida, 1981, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8203701

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Impact of the Indian Food and Nutrition Policy on Foodgrain Consumption and Imports (india) by Chellaraj, Gnanaraj, Phd from Purdue University, 1990, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9031306

•

Impact of Three Approaches to Nutrition Instruction on Fourth-, Fifth-, and Sixthgrade Puerto Rican Students by Litchfield Garcia, Fernando, Ded from The Pennsylvania State University, 1981, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8213327

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Importance De L'acide Folique Dans La Nutrition De La Truie Gestante by Matte, Jacques; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67124

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Improved Nutritional Support in Cancer Patients by Persson, Christina; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2002, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f674577

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Incidence De La Fertilisation Sur La Nutrition Et La Croissance Du Sapin Baumier (abies Balsamea (l.) Mill.) En Foret Naturelle by Brazeau, Marcel; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43117

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Incidental Learning--unintended and Unanticipated Learning Attained Through the Illinois Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program by Hernecheck Buck, Marilyn Sue, Edd from Northern Illinois University, 1986, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705227

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Income and Nutrition in the Guatemalan Highlands by Smith, Gary Howland, Phd from University of Oregon, 1972, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7313768

Dissertations 359

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Incorporating Nutrition into Agricultural Development Projects: a Model and Case Study (lesotho) by Graham, Patricia E., Phd from Colorado State University, 1988, 289 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8821291

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Indonesian Food Demand System: an Analysis of the Impacts of the Economic Crisis on Household Consumption and Nutritional Intake by Moeis, Jossy Prananta; Phd from The George Washington University, 2003, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085547

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Infant Nutrition and Economic Growth in Western Europe from the Middle Ages to the Modern Period by Williams, Martha Weidner, Phd from Northwestern University, 1988, 317 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8811522

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Infant/child Feeding among Resettled Cambodians in Dallas: Intracultural Variation in Reference to Iron Nutrition (texas, Refugees, Dallas County) by Rasbridge, Lance Andrew, Phd from Southern Methodist University, 1991, 390 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9218596

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Influence De La Temperature De La Photoperiode Et De La Nutrition Minerale Sur L'acclimatation Et La Tolerance Au Gel De Juniperus Chinensis 'pfitzerana' Et De Juniperus Chinensis 'pfitzerana Aurea' by Bigras, Francine; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41469

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Influence De L'eclairement Sur La Nutrition Minerale De La Tomate De Serre (lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) by Tremblay, Nicolas; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL31529

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Influence of Plant Nutrition on the Uptake and Effectiveness of Systemic Acaricides by Yu, Shyi-jian; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03254

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Influence of the Vagus Nerve and Urocortin on the Nutrition-reproduction Axis of the Ovine by Holmberg, Bradford James; Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2002, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074407

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Instructional Strategies for Teaching Food and Nutrition to Adults in Thailand by Pratoomsindh, Wattana, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1984, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8500598

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Integrating Healthy Nutrition Education into an English As a Second Language Adult Education Curriculum by Sweeny, Rory Scoppa, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1995, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9539871

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Interactions between Nutrition and Health or Stress in Poultry by Persia, Michael Edward; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2003, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086158

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Interactions between Saprotrophic Microbes and Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in the Nitrogen Nutrition of Red Pine (pinus Resinosa Ait.) by Wu, Tiehang; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2002, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077022

360 Nutrition

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Interdisciplinary Diffusion of Nutrition Directives: a Bibliometric Analysis of Literature in Medicine, Nursing, Nutrition/dietetics, and Health Education by Chudyk, Mary Ellen, Phd from Kent State University, 1995, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9612369

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Intra-community Variation in Cooking Patterns and Nutritional Implications among the Tikar of Northwest Cameroon by Ford, Iris Carter, Phd from The American University, 1989, 387 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8923188

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Investigation of the Relationship of Nutrition and School Achievement. by Belisle, Lenore Breetwor, Edd from University of South Carolina, 1976, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7706745

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Irish Agriculture and Nutrition (linear Programming, Planning, Policy, Social) by Fitzgerald, James Thomas, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1985, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8520896

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Iron Nutrition and Metabolism of the Marine Diazotrophic Cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium Spp. by Kustka, Adam Blath; Phd from State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2002, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078571

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Iron Nutrition in Plants and Yeast: Studies on the Fro1 Gene of Pisum Sativum and the Fet4 Gene of Sacharomyces Cerevisiae by Waters, Brian Matthew; Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2002, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060158

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Job Burnout: a Study of Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (efnep) Paraprofessionals in South Carolina by Thames, Brenda Joyce Jumper, Edd from Clemson University, 1992, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9233364

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Knowledge Production and Dissemination in Food and Nutrition Examined Through an Informal Communication Network by Cessna, Mary Ann Theresa, Ded from The Pennsylvania State University, 1983, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8409022

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Kwashiorkor on Kilimanjaro: the Social Handling of Malnutrition by Howard, Mary Theresa, Phd from Michigan State University, 1980, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8106387

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Labor Use, Nutrition and Household Behavior: Results from Western India by Horton, Susan Elizabeth, Phd from Harvard University, 1982, 328 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8222645

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Learning about Plant Nutrition: Peer Collaboration and Concept Development by Lumpe, Andrew Todd, Phd from Kansas State University, 1992, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9235638

•

Lecture Size and Its Relationship to Student Performance, Attitudes and Behavior and Faculty Attitudes and Behavior in a College-level Introductory Nutrition Course by Allen, Amy M., Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1998, 221 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9836360

Dissertations 361

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Les Metabolites Secondaires Des Plantes Dans La Nutrition Du Campagnol Des Champs Une Relation Avec Les Fluctuations Cycliques? by Jean, Yves; Phd from Universite De Sherbrooke (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL33508

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Let Them Eat Horsemeat: Science, Philanthropy, State, and the Search for Complete Nutrition in Nineteenth-century France by Krinsky, Alan David; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2001, 337 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3020767

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Low Birthweight, Infant Mortality, Acculturation, and Nutrition: an Explanation of between Group Differences among Latinos by Lopez, David Anthony, Phd from Michigan State University, 1996, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9631308

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L'utilisation Des Connaissances De L'alphabetisation Fonctionnelle En Hygiene Et En Nutrition Familiale Par Les Femmes Rurales Du Burkina Faso (french Text) by Sanou, Segue Sylvie; Phd from Universite De Montreal (canada), 1999, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ47644

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Macrotextual Analysis of Nutrition Messages from Selected Broadcasts on Canadian Prime Time Television by Wadsworth, Laurie Ann, Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1997, 291 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ23888

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Manufacturers' Responses to New Nutrition Labeling Regulations by Mojduszka, Eliza Maria, Phd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1997, 245 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9809371

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Material and Structural Determinants of Nutritional Behavior: towards a Holistic Sociological Approach (food Habits) by Boxill, Ian O'brian, Phd from Colorado State University, 1992, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9231769

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Maternal and Child Health in Rural Uganda: the Role of Nutrition (mortality, Depletion) by Costello, Christine Anne, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1986, 414 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8703193

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Maternal and Infant Nutrition Attitudes and Practices of Physicians in British Columbia by Johnston, Elizabeth Macleod; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25890

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Maternal Nutrition, Fetal Growth, and Cardiovascular Risk in Filipino Adolescents by Kuzawa, Christopher William; Phd from Emory University, 2001, 453 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3032648

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Maternal Schooling, Child Care Practices and Child Nutrition in Rural Bangladesh: Mediating and Modifying Influences by Menon, Purnima; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 256 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063724

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Mature Forests, Litterfall and Patterns of Forage Quality As Factors in the Nutrition of Black-tailed Deer on Northern Vancouver Island by Rochelle, James Arthur; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK50035

362 Nutrition

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Mayan Women: Work, Nutrition, and Child Care by Daltabuit, Magali, Phd from University of Massachusetts, 1989, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8917341

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Meal Patterns and Food Preferences of North Florida Teenagers and the Impact of a Mass Media Campaign on Their Nutrition Knowledge. by Axelson, Julein Marie, Phd from University of Florida, 1976, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7716996

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Measurement and Implications of the Relative Importance of Product Attributes: the Nutrition Factor in Breakfast Cereal Brand Choice Behavior. by Quelch, John Anthony, Dba from Harvard University, 1977, 594 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7722785

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Mechanisms of Parenteral Nutrition Effects on Drug Metabolism by Zheng, Yi Jenny; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ68646

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Meeting the Nutritional Needs of Children with Disabilities and Their Families by Secrist-mertz, Christine A., Phd from Iowa State University, 1995, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9540941

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Mental Models of Learners about Energy Metabolism (nutrition) by Leeds, Marcy Jill, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1986, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8626959

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Midmorning Nutrition and Its Effect on School-type Tasks. by Matheson, Neil Edwin, Phd from University of Southern California, 1970, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7107726

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Migrant Nutrition and the School Lunch Program: a Policy Analysis (mexicanamerican) by Gutierrez-mayka, Marcela Claudia, Phd from University of South Florida, 1991, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9135806

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Migrants to Amazonia: a Study of the Nutrition and Health of Settlers on the Santiago River, Peru by Berlin, Elois Ann, Phd from Univ. of Calif., San Francisco with the Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 1981, 292 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8212167

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Migration, Health, and Nutrition: Haitians in Immokalee, a South Florida Farmworker Town by Bernstein, Bruce Alan, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1986, 399 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8710260

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Motivations and Barriers Associated with School Food and Nutrition Professionals Choosing to Participate in a National Credentialing Exam by Carr, Deborah Carolyn Hutcherson; Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 2001, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038677

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Multinational Corporations, Foreign Aid, and Basic Needs Satisfaction in the Worldsystem: a Cross-national Study (third World, Mortality, Life Expectancy, Nutrition, Education) by Wimberley, Dale W., Phd from The Ohio State University, 1986, 378 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8612423

Dissertations 363

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Nitrogen Nutrition of Cotton: Agronomic, Physiological, and Molecular Studies by Fritschi, Felix Beat; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2002, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051527

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Nitrogen Nutrition of Sugar Cane in N.e. Brazil by Lima, Mario Alves; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60506

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Nonnutritional Effects of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program As Perceived by Its Graduates in North Carolina by Hobbs, Alma Cobb, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1981, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8121730

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Nurturing Social Networks As a Household Resource: a Comparative Study of Child Nutrition in Fishing Villages in Northwest Madagascar by Colburn, Lisa Lynne; Phd from The University of Connecticut, 2000, 371 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9969071

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Nutrient Intake of Low-income Homemakers in the Alabama Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program by Crayton, Evelyn Ford, Edd from Auburn University, 1991, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9201210

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Nutrient Intake, Body Mass Index, and Ethnographic and Lifestyle Characteristics of Women 20--39 Years Old: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (nhanes Iii) by Asmus, Andrea Rachelle; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2002, 36 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408317

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Nutrient Intake, Frequently Consumed Foods, Child Care Participation, and the Risk for Overweight in Adolescents 12--16 Years Old: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (nhanes Iii); 1988--1994 by Agostinelli, Alisa Jo Ann; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2003, 59 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412975

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Nutrition and Behavior in Highland Ecuador. by Greene, Lawrence Stephen, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1976, 522 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7622695

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Nutrition and First Aid/safety Knowledge of Physical Education Teachers in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia by Al-rashed, Jamel F., Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1996, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9716184

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Nutrition and Mental Health: Nutrition Counseling As an Adjunct to the Group Process with a Food Journal Component (orthomolecular Psychiatry) by Boswell, Susan Elizabeth Kulesa, Edd from Northern Arizona University, 1986, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8617394

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Nutrition and Social Scale: the Impact of Social Differentiation on Dietary Intake by Magallanes, Josefino Macapayag, Phd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1982, 248 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8310704

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Nutrition and the Cognitive Ability of Children: Evidence from Egypt by Cortez, Maria Patricia A., Phd from Iowa State University, 1999, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9924711

364 Nutrition

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Nutrition Behaviour Analysis Food Perceptions As Determinants of Food Use by Lau, Daisy Shuk-chun; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66785

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Nutrition Education and Manipulated Diet As Causative Factors in Industrial Workers' Self-reported Dietary Practices, Their Physical Status, and Job Performance by Sutton, Marcia, Phd from The University of New Mexico, 1980, 313 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8123967

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Nutrition Education Competencies for Elementary Students As Perceived by Elementary Teachers and University Food and Nutrition Faculty by Stone, Deborah Ross, Phd from Texas Tech University, 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2721925

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Nutrition Education Emphasizing Calcium and Its Effect on Bone Mineral Measurements by Salhab, Nada G. Ms from Texas Woman's University, 2003, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413516

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Nutrition Education for Cambodian Refugees: Evaluating a Health Intervention Media Project by Poremba, Barbara Ann, Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1991, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9132898

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Nutrition Education for Navajo Elders: Use of Diffusion of Innovation Attributes by Cunningham-sabo, Leslie Derry; Phd from The University of New Mexico, 2000, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9993495

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Nutrition Education in Israel: a Sequenced Curriculum for Grades One, Two, and Three. by Lipsky, Rachel, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1976, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7617284

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Nutrition Education in the Curricula of Selected Health Care Professionals: Nutritional Care Competencies for Physicians, Dentists, Nurses, and Clinical Dietitians by Watson, Donna R., Edd from Oklahoma State University, 1986, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8709757

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Nutrition Education Planning for Native Canadians an Application of the Ethnography of Communication by Farkas, Carol Spindell; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK62118

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Nutrition Education: Knowledge and Commitment Level of Student Teachers by Sommers, Penelope Browning, Edd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1985, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8607959

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Nutrition Intervention for Hypertension during Health Care Visits in Community Health Care Clinics by Mattfeldt-beman, Mildred Kay, Phd from Saint Louis University, 1992, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9233814

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Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes of Direct Care Staff from Community-based, Individual Residential Alternatives for People with Developmental Disabilities by Smyers, Renee S. Ms from D'youville College, 2002, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408500

Dissertations 365

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Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes: the Effect on Caregiver Behavior at Mealtime in Child Care Programs in Rural Southern Illinois (rural Child Care) by Nahikian-nelms, Marcia L., Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1995, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9536574

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Nutrition Knowledge, Fat Discrimination Skills, and Perceived Health Education Needs of New York City Firefighters by Locastro, Frank J., Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1989, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9002563

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Nutrition Label Information: an Assessment of Consumer Reaction. by Freiden, Jon Barry, Phd from The University of Oklahoma, 1977, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7721372

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Nutrition Labeling: Information Effects on Consumer Behavior and Welfare by Teisl, Mario F., Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1997, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9808672

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Nutrition Labels and Elderly Consumers: Comprehension, Usage and Preference by Omohundro, Delight Dixon, Phd from Syracuse University, 1994, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9433997

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Nutrition of Nermis Higrescens (nematoda:mermithidae) and Its Effects on the Host Schistocerca Gregaria (orthoptera:acrididae) by Rutherford, Thomas Alexander; Phd from Simon Fraser University (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35972

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Nutrition Policy Making in the United States Congress by Porter, Donna Viola, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1980, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8022326

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Nutrition Promotion for Mature Adults a Case Study in Peer Education by Lynde, Beverly Doris; Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54562

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Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers: an Institutional Approach to the Treatment of Severe Undernutrition in Chile by Garcia-huidobro, Francisca Rosene, Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1981, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8203163

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Nutrition, Food Demand and Policy by Thomson, Anne Margaret, Phd from Stanford University, 1980, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8016869

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Nutrition, Gender and Education: Nutritional Status and Differential Education Participation and Achievement among Kenyan Adolescents by Mukudi, Edith Sumba, Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1998, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9905288

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Nutrition, Health and Labor Productivity Analysis of Male and Female Workers: a Test of the Efficiency Wage Hypothesis by Aziz, Fahima, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1995, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9521533

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Nutrition, Health, and Wages in Rural South India (labor, Agriculture, Development) by Vosti, Stephen Anthony, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1984, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8505138

366 Nutrition

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Nutritional Adaptation and Dietary Change in the Southern Peruvian Andes by Leonard, William Rowe, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1987, 299 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8801361

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Nutritional Effects on Children's Short-term Memory Functioning by Moresco Goniu, Carol Lynn, Phd from Marquette University, 1982, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8307064

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Nutritional Health in Community Dwelling Old-old by Callen, Bonnie Louise; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072877

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Nutritional Impact of Food Policies in the Philippines by Domdom, Aleta C., Phd from North Carolina State University, 1991, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9206147

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Nutritional Knowledge of Wrestlers and Wrestling Coaches in the State of Minnesota (wrestlers, Coaches, Minnesota) by Sterner, Michael James, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1984, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8505593

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Nutritional Regulation of Reproduction and Ovarian Function in Postpartum Beef Cows by Ciccioli, Norberto Horacio; Phd from Oklahoma State University, 2002, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066165

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Nutritional Regulation of Reproduction in the Female Musk Shrew (suncus Murinus) by Temple, Jennifer Lenore; Phd from University of Virginia, 2002, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057499

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Nutritional Status As a Determinant of Functional Transition among Homebound Older Adults by Sharkey, Joseph Richard; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070911

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Nutritional Status of Postmenopausal Women with and without Rheumatoid Arthritis by Woolf, Kathleen; Phd from Arizona State University, 2002, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057423

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Nutritional Studies of Marine Fungi Imperfecti with Emphasis on Nitrogen Nutrition in Zalerion Maritimum by Churchland, L. M; Phd from Simon Fraser University (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35895

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Nutrition-related Variables Reflective of Protein-energy Malnutrition That Predict Morbidity and Mortality in Younger, Middle-aged, and Older Adults Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis by Burrowes, Jerrilynn Denise; Phd from New York University, 2002, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045703

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Observations on the Growth and Physiology of Pinus Strobus L. Seedlings Grown under Various Conditions of Soil Moisture and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition by Lister, Geoffrey Richard; Advdeg from Simon Fraser University (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01778

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Opinion Leadership in Family Living among Low Income Homemakers in the Expanded Nutrition Program in Ohio by Steele, Doris Hosmer, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1971, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7204657

Dissertations 367

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Optimum Nutrition and Wood Ash Recycling in a Forest: Investigations and Impacts Concerning the Output of Nutrients by Hallenbarter, Dionys; from Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (switzerland), 2002, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f209057

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Organizational Relationships Through the Family Nutrition Program As Affected by Time and Rural and Urban Settings by Wilson, Larry W. Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1999, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9953177

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Patterns of Change in Selected Non-nutritional Outcomes of the North Carolina Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program As Perceived by Program Graduates by Burke, Peter James, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1982, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8308535

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Peer Nutrition Education: a Model for Nutrition Education among Spanish-language Participants of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (wic) by Mejia, Maximino Alfredo; Drph from Loma Linda University, 2002, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059033

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Perceptions and Behaviors of Elders Who Receive Nutrition Education at a Congregate Meal Site by Johnson, Linda Daily; Phd from The Florida State University, 2001, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3014351

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Perceptions of the Role of Paraprofessionals Employed in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program Held by State Extension Program Leaders and County Extension Supervising Home Economists in the Southern Extension Region. by Cavender, Dorothy Carol Haggard, Edd from Auburn University, 1978, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7815855

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Phosphorus in Haddock (melanogrammus Aeglefinus L.) Nutrition and Bone Metabolism by Roy, Prabir K. Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 2002, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ75709

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Phosphorus Nutrition of Maize for Maximum Yield Seedling Requirement and Diagnosis Using Ear Leaf and Seedling Samples by Barry, Dean Arthur John; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL44896

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Phosphorus Nutrition of Zea Mays L. Hybrid Seedlings in Relation to Purpling by Cobbina, Joseph; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65584

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Piagetian Cognitive Gains and Food Acceptance in a Nutrition Curriculum for Preschool Children. by Coddington, Helen Sue, Phd from Texas Woman's University, 1975, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7611131

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Planning for Development: a Systemic Analysis of Food and Nutrition Projects in Rural Zaire by Mpanya, Mutombo, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1982, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8215053

368 Nutrition

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Planning for Nutrition in Rural Mexico: a Case Study in Household Food Consumption Behavior by Rose, Donald Murray, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1992, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9305055

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Planning Nutrition Interventions: Case Studies of High-nutrition - Low-cost Projects in Developing Countries. by Kohli, Satish Chander, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1978, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7908761

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Plant Tannins in Nonruminant Nutrition by Mitaru, Barnabas Njiru; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK60507

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Plate Waste Index: an Instrument for Measuring School Food Waste (nutrition, Behavioral, Evaluation) by Chmielinski, Hilary Edward, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1984, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8411261

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Positioned Perspectives: Understanding Childhood Malnutrition in Niger by Rothenberg, Debra Ann; Phd from Michigan State University, 2001, 440 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3021838

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Positive and Negative Factors Affecting Nutrition Education Curriculum Change in Florida School Districts by O'farrell, Michael James, Phd from The Florida State University, 1971, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7213548

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Primary School Teachers' Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes: a Study in Belize by Hegamin, Nanette, Edd from University of Massachusetts, 1987, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8710459

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Private Voluntary Organizations and the State: International Relief, Food Aid, and Health and Nutrition by Da Soller, Claudio, Phd from University of Missouri Columbia, 1995, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9705227

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Propagation of Castanopsis Sclerophylla and Lindera Umbellata by Stem Cuttings and Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Ternstroemia Gymnanthera by Conden, Peter John; Ms from North Carolina State University, 2002, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412405

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Prospects for Technical Change and Family Nutrition Effects in the Caqueza Integrated Rural Development Project of Colombia: an Economic Evaluation under Risk by Escobar, German, Phd from Oregon State University, 1980, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8028651

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Protective Care: Mothering a Child Dependent on Parenteral Nutrition by Judson, Lorie H. Phd from University of San Diego, 2002, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045938

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Protein Energy Nutrition and Long-term Change in Muscle and Fat Mass: a Case Study of Urbanization-related Change among Healthy Elderly Mainland Chinese by Stookey, Jodi Dunmeyer; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2002, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047080

Dissertations 369

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Public Law 99-457 and Nutrition Services in the North Carolina Early Intervention Program by Bellamy, Markita Moore, Drph from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1990, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9034785

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Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of the Protein Nutrition of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (oncorhynchus Tshawytscha by Mccallum, Ian; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL24136

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Reasoning about Causality and Treatment of Childhood Nutritional Deficiencies in Rural India: Role of Indigenous Knowledge and Practices (nutritional Deficiencies, Rural Health) by Sivaramakrishnan, Malathi, Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1991, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN72161

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Regulation Du Metabolisme Du Glucose Par Le Froid, L'exercice Et La Nutrition Chez Le Rat by Vallerand, André L; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29172

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Relationship of Nutrition Knowledge and Attitude toward Teaching Nutrition of Early Education Classroom Teachers in Memphis City Schools by Pate, Henri Elizabeth, Phd from The University of Alabama, 1983, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8303350

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Relationships among Nutrition Attitudes, Knowledge, and Food Purchasing Practices of Parents by Kelly, Margaret Janet Mckenzie, Phd from Iowa State University, 1981, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8128833

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Risk Factors for Refeeding Syndrome in Patients Given Total Parenteral Nutrition by Rinne, Erin Elizabeth; Ms from Rush University, 2002, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410273

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Status of Nutrition Education in Mississippi Delta Secondary Schools: a Survey of School Principals, Food Service Administrators, and Teachers by Pang, Seng Puang; Edd from Delta State University, 2001, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3029813

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Stratification and Nutrition in a Population in Southern India. by Montgomery, George Edward, Phd from Columbia University, 1972, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7512331

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Students' Utilization of Health Services: an Exploratory Study of the University of Michigan Nutrition Clinic by Akpan, Rosemary Okon, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1982, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8214954

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Studies on the Nutrition and Digestive Development of the Pig between 7 and 35 Days of Age by Rodriguez, Juan Ponciano; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59598

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Subsistence, Nutrition, and Dental Disease among Prehistoric Ohio Amerindians (caries, Trace Elements; Fort Ancient) by Schneider, Kim Nan, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1984, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8426473

370 Nutrition

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Sulfur Nutrition of Rapeseed by Janzen, Helmut Henry; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65346

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Summative Evaluation of the Indiana Family Nutrition Program by Clary, Jane M. Phd from Purdue University, 2000, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3033078

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Tables Turned, Palates Curbed: Elements of Energy, Economy, and Equilibrium in American Nutrition Science, 1880--1930 by Hamin, Mark Thomas; Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1999, 578 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3031745

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Teacher Characteristics Related to Effective Nutrition Education for Adolescents. by Skinner, Jean Dingman, Phd from Oregon State University, 1978, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7824540

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Teaching Health Messages in Adult Education Curriculums: a Nutrition Education Program Designed for Low-literate Populations by Murphy, Peggy Waddell, Phd from Walden University, 1994, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9520587

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Teaching Style Preferences of Nutrition Education Assistants Employed in the Oklahoma State Cooperative Extension Service by Brown-ukpaka, Carolynn; Edd from Oklahoma State University, 1999, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9968488

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Teaching Styles Being Utilized in the Higher Education of Nutrition Practitioners by Corcoran, Virginia Mcdermott, Phd from Temple University, 1997, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9724223

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Teaming to Teach Nutrition: Prediction of Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices by Jozwiak, Wilma Wohlwend, Phd from The University of Tennessee, 1983, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8408681

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Teenage Mothering and Infant Nutrition in an Aging Milltown by Swanson, Nancy Margaret, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1989, 594 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9010699

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Testing the Feasibility of Friedson's Professionalization Model: the Case of Dietetics in the Domain of Nutrition (elliot Friedson) by Morssink, Christiaan Berend; Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 2001, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3019393

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The Adequacy of Nutritional Knowledge in High School Students by Renn, Nicole G. Ms from D'youville College, 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408501

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The Allocation of Resources in the Nonmechanized Small Farm Household of Dumila, Mkundi and Magole Villages and the Kilosa District, Tanzania: a Nutrition Based Approach by Gillard-byers, Thomas Edward, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1984, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8422068

Dissertations 371

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The Characteristics and Needs of the Eugene-springfield Elderly Nutrition Congregate Meals Program Participants and Their Perceptions of the Program's Effect and Operation. by Postma, James Stephen, Ded from University of Oregon, 1974, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7503907

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The Cognitive Effects of a Health Education Program on Nutrition for Selected Primary Grades. by Beougher, Jane Emch, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1979, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7915953

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The Comparison of Individualized Computer Game Reinforcement Versus Peerinteractive Board Game Reinforcement on Nutrition Label Knowledge Retention of Fifth Graders by Grechus, Marilyn Lou, Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1997, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9841145

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The Construction and Validation of an Instrument Designed to Measure Nutritional Behavior of Low Ses Female Clients (inventory, Test, Scale) by Rodill, Diane, Phd from Temple University, 1984, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419784

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The Contribution of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (wic) to Food Security by Herman, Dena R. Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076619

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The Cost Effectiveness of Education for Cholesterol Reduction: a Three State Clinical Investigation (nutrition Education) by Splett, Patricia Louise, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1990, 283 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9103343

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The Determinants of Pregnancy Outcome for Nomadic Turkana Women of Kenya (maternal Nutrition, Infant Growth) by Pike, Ivy Lynne, Phd from State University of New York at Binghamton, 1996, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9634215

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The Development and Comparative Evaluation of a Course in Basic Nutrition and Food Science Taught by Self-instruction Methods by Short, Sarah Harvey, Phd from Syracuse University, 1970, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7110981

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The Development and Evaluation of a Food and Nutrition Education Program for Community Health Workers in Eastern Sierra Leone by Massaquoi, Allieu Braima, Edd from Boston University School of Education, 1980, 296 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8101913

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The Development and Evaluation of a Self-instruction Learning Module, Using Food Exchange Lists, for Associate of Science Degree Nursing Students (teaching, Nutrition, Audiovisual) by Hansberry, A. Rae, Phd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1985, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8517443

372 Nutrition

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The Development and Evaluation of an Activity Program and a Nutrition Education Program and Their Effect on the Body Composition and Physical Fitness of Overweight Girls. by Bloomquist, Lorraine E. Colson, Edd from Boston University School of Education, 1974, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7420420

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The Development and Validation of Instructional Videotapes to Assist in the Training of Nutrition Educators. by Poley, Janet Kathleen Wirth, Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1975, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7602050

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The Development of a Curriculum Schema for Early Childhood Nutrition Education by Friedman, Rochelle Shoot, Edd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1983, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8311515

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The Development of a Dynamic Simulation Model Used As a Tool in Policy Analysis in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. by Krueger, Richard Arnold, Phd from University of Minnesota, 1979, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7926145

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The Development of a Food and Nutrition Evaluation Instrument for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (low-income Homemakers, Kansas) by Lang, Grace Miller, Phd from Kansas State University, 1986, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705842

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The Development of a Practical Needs Assessment Technique for the Identification of Nutrition Education Needs of Older Adults in a Congregate Meals Program by Williams, Delphia Shaw, Phd from The Florida State University, 1982, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8214943

•

The Development of an Instrument to Assess Oregon High School Students' Nutrition Knowledge by Passwater, Glenn Darrell, Edd from Oregon State University, 1980, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8016274

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The Development of Nutritional Practical Problem Solving Tailored Response Tests for Adolescents Using a Practical Reasoning Framework by Kulkarni, Usha, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1995, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9612216

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The Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Nutrition Education Video for Adolescent Hispanic Females: a Focus on Folate, Calcium, Iron, and Zinc by Nijjer, Avtar Kaur; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2002, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065286

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The Diffusion of New Medical Technology in the Presence of Health Insurance: the Cases of Renal Dialysis and Home Total Parenteral Nutrition by De Lissovoy, Gregory V., Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1987, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8722284

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The Ecology of Food and Nutrition: Patterns of Land Use and Nutritional Status among Caboclo Populations on Marajo Island, Para, Brazil by Siqueira, Andrea Dalledone, Phd from Indiana University, 1997, 404 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9810794

Dissertations 373

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The Economics of Nutrition, Body Build, and Health: Waaler Surfaces and Physical Human Capital by Kim, John Ming, Phd from The University of Chicago, 1996, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9711196

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The Effect of a Breakfast Program on Nutritional Status, Quality of Life, and Health Care Use among Frail Homebound Older Adults by Gollub, Elizabeth Ann; Phd from Florida International University, 2002, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049782

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The Effect of a Nutrition Education Program at the Fourth Grade Level by Blecharczyk, Stephanie Adams, Phd from The University of Connecticut, 1980, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8017012

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The Effect of an Activity-based Nutrition Program on the Nutrition Knowledge of Students by Albright, Theresa Jane, Phd from Indiana State University, 1990, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9120989

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The Effect of an Integrative Nutrition Curriculum on the Health Attitudes and Dietary Behaviors of Second Grade Students in a California Public School District by Murphy, Lynn S., Edd from Pepperdine University, 1999, 372 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9934598

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The Effect of Behavioral Objectives upon Student Achievement and Performance in a College Nutrition Course. by Lynn, Margaret Mary Dunnigan, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1979, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7922519

•

The Effect of Commodity Price Policy and Household Structure on Nutritional Status in Cote D'ivoire (africa) by Alwang, Jeffrey Roger, Phd from Cornell University, 1989, 318 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8915059

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The Effect of Communicator Similarity and Expertise upon Nutrition Attitudes and Behavior among Brazilian Adolescents: a Cross-cultural Perspective by Doyle, Eva Irene, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1991, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9133057

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The Effect of Dietary Arachidonic Acid in Varying Amounts on Bone Growth and Mineralization in Formula-fed and Sow-fed Growing Piglets: Implications for Infant Nutrition by Blanaru, Janice Lynn; Msc from The University of Manitoba (canada), 2002, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76893

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The Effect of Exercise, Body Composition, and Nutritional Intake on Bone Mineral Status of Women in the United States by Bass, Martha Ann; Phd from University of Arkansas, 2002, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067025

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The Effect of Including Parents in a School-based Nutrition Program to Improve Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Third-grade Students by Munoz, Kathy Denise, Edd from University of Southern California, 1996, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9636732

374 Nutrition

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The Effect of Memory Aid Instruction on Remote Recall of Dietary Patterns (nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes) by Zemel, Paula Carney, Phd from Wayne State University, 1985, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8514166

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The Effect of Nutrition Education on Motor Performance: Children K-8, Kern County, California, 1982-83 by Ford, Barbara Hannon, Edd from Brigham Young University, 1983, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8322665

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The Effect of Nutrition Information on Brand Rating: Test for a Non-use Benefit - an Extension by Totten, Jeffrey Wayne, Dba from Louisiana Tech University, 1983, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8314516

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The Effect of Nutrition-related Factors on Preterm Birth in a Rural Population of Kenya by Wu, Cynthia Chien; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045593

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The Effect of Parent Involvement in a Nutrition Education Program for Primary Grade Pupils by Kirks, Barbara Aileen, Edd from Utah State University, 1981, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8121913

•

The Effect of the Extension Service's Youth Nutrition Lesson Series and Selected Factors in the Teaching/learning Environment on Nutrition Behavior Change in Disadvantaged Youth. by Johnson, Martha Ruth, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1975, 310 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7602433

•

The Effect of the Extension Service's Youth Nutrition Lesson Series and Selected Socio-psychological Factors on Nutrition Behavior Change in Disadvantaged Youth. by James, Margaret Ann, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1975, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7602432

•

The Effect of Total Enteral Nutrition Formulated with Arginine, Citrulline, or Ornithine on the Nitric Oxide and Cytokine Response after an Endotoxin Challenge in Rats by Heinrich, Allison Ann; Ms from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 42 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408614

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The Effect of Total Parenteral Nutrition on Pancreatic and Gastric Endocrine Secretion by Wheeler, Michael Brent; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47318

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The Effect of Training on the Gathering of Nutrition Information Relevant to Weight Control Treatment by Snetselaar, Linda Gae Van Wyk, Phd from The University of Iowa, 1983, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8325185

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The Effect of Village Modernization and the Family Planning & Nutrition Program on Household Knowledge and Behavior in East Java and Bali, Indonesia by Junadi, Purnawan, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1987, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8712142

Dissertations 375

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The Effectiveness of Cartoon Booklets in Disseminating Nutrition Information to Low-income Homemakers. by Pintozzi, Frank Joseph, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1978, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7915544

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The Effectiveness of the Maryland Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Improving the Diets of Enrolled Homemakers by Amstutz, Mardelle K., Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1982, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8224583

•

The Effects of a Nutrition Instruction Model on the Dietary Habits of the Elderly by Mitic, Wayne Robert, Edd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1980, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8016223

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The Effects of Goal Setting and Self-monitoring on Dietary Behavior Change in an Introductory Non-major College Nutrition Class by Schnoll, Roseanne, Phd from City University of New York, 1997, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9732970

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The Effects of Hypoxia and Nutrition on Premenopausal Sherpa Women Living at High and Low Altitude in Nepal (pregnancy, Body Composition, Birthweight) by Smith, Cheryl Fay, Phd from Indiana University, 1994, 470 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9500447

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The Effects of Income on Food and Nutritional Status in the Middle Eastern Area (1960-1985) by Younis, Sadoon Jumah, Phd from The University of Arizona, 1993, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9410654

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The Effects of Intensity of Participation in the Nutrition Program on Senior Adults' Well-being (ohio) by Zborowsky, Elizabeth Kerns, Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 1986, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8611479

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The Effects of Nutrition Food Television Commercials on the Subsequent Food Choice Behavior of College Students by Shorr, Jonathan Louis, Phd from University of Cincinnati, 1981, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8201256

•

The Effects of Nutrition on Population Size at Pueblo Arroyo Hondo, New Mexico. (volumes I and Ii) by Wetterstrom, Wilma Elaine, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1976, 441 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7627614

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The Effects of Persuasive Communication and Cognitive Dissonance in Influencing the Food Selection Behavior of University Cafeteria Patrons (nutrition, Education) by Hussain, Syed Ajaz, Phd from University of Missouri - Kansas City, 1983, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8404797

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The Effects of Producing Public Service Announcements for Cable Television on Knowledge and Behavioral Change in Nutritional Practices of Teenage Youth by Grant, Genelle Georgeanne, Edd from Boston University School of Education, 1982, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8220928

376 Nutrition

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The Effects of Seasonal Migration on Fertility: Taking into Account Migration's Effects on the Proximate Determinants of Fertility (nutrition, Health) by Rosenhouse Persson, Sandra, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1985, 265 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8603986

•

The Effects of Soil Nutrition, Temperature, Mechanical Site Preparation and Wildfire on Trembling Aspen (populus Tremuloides Michx.) Root Suckering by Fraser, Erin Cristine; Msc from University of Alberta (canada), 2002, 66 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ69708

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The Effects of Stimulus-induced Motivation and Ability on the Processing of Nutrition Information Disclosures by Moorman, Christine, Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 1988, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8905601

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The Effects of Taking a Course in Nutrition on Dietary Practices of College Students by Phillips, Beatrice Willis, Edd from Auburn University, 1990, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9109113

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The Effects of the Traditional Lecture Method of Instruction and the Personalized System of Instruction on Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge in a College Nutrition Class by Drake, Mary Anne, Phd from University of Kansas, 1987, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8727592

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The Effects of Three Instructional Approaches on Knowledge Gain and Attitude Change of Paraprofessionals in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. by Saddam, Alma Montano, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1977, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7731967

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The Efficacy of a Nutrition and Physical Activity Curriculum in Fifth Graders by Powell, Brandi Jean; Ms from Texas Woman's University, 2003, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413514

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The Elementary Level Food and Fitness Curriculum of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service: Program Effectiveness and Management (nutrition Education) by Gentry, Peggy Cain, Edd from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1985, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8610638

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The Healthy Heart Project: a Bilingual Nutrition Intervention Program and Standarized Open-ended Interviews by Fidalgo-cordova, Gloria; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2002, 540 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070300

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The Impact of Agricultural Commercialization on Child Nutrition: a Case Study of Smallholder Households in Malawi (commercialization) by Randolph, Thomas Fitz, Phd from Cornell University, 1992, 353 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9235976

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The Impact of Contracting and Decision-making Activities on Nutritional Knowledge and Behavior by Richards, Barbara Jayne, Edd from The University of Utah, 1982, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8302176

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The Impact of Label Use on Dietary Quality: a Baseline Study for the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act by Mok, Chiu-fi Joyce, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1995, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9544645

Dissertations 377

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The Impact of Nutrition Education Through the Supplementary Food Program Wic in Effecting Change in Participant Knowledge, Attitude and Food Intake Patterns (north Carolina) by Hill, Patty Maynard, Edd from North Carolina State University, 1986, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8613109

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The Impact of Nutrition on Classroom Attention by Derelian, Doris, Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 1993, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9418865

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The Impact of Nutrition Teaching Strategies on the Eating Behavior of Young Adults by Baldwin, Theresa T., Edd from University of Cincinnati, 1996, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9637368

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The Impact of Nutritional Awareness on Food Demand: a Complete Systems Approach (demand Analysis) by Schmitz, John David, Phd from Texas A&m University, 1991, 306 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9133997

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The Impact of Pre-transplant Nutrition on Growth and Development Children Awaiting Liver Transplant by Falkenstein, Kathleen P. Phd from New York University, 2003, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086906

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The Impact of Social Networks, Interpersonal and Mediated Communication on Selfefficacy Expectancies for Performing Preventive Dietary Behaviors (social Support, Mass Media, Nutrition Education, Cardiovascular Disease, Health) by Visvanathan, Nalini Bhavani, Phd from Stanford University, 1985, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8602559

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The Impact of Socio-economic Characteristics on Demand for Food and Nutrition in Tanzania: Evidence from a Household Survey by Aubert, Dominique Antoine; Drsctech from Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (switzerland), 2002, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f408609

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The Impact of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Maryland on Consumption of Foods from the Fifth Food Group by Enrolled Homemakers by Dixon, Dolores Lloyd, Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1982, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8224615

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The Influence of Analogous Models on Student Understanding of Abstract Nutrition Concepts Measured at Two Levels of Questioning by Weiss, Edward Hervey, Iii, Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 1982, 310 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8213360

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The Influence of Culture on Participation in Nutrition Programs: a Case Study of Rural Appalachian Elderly by Concotelli, James Anthony, Phd from University of Kentucky, 1996, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9623972

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The Influence of Schooling on the Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Ethiopian School Children and Mothers by Girma, Beshah, Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1992, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN74630

378 Nutrition

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The Influence of Treatment-related Symptoms on the Nutritional Practices of Cancer Patients by Cole, Kara Lea; Ms from University of Nevada, Reno, 2002, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410205

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The Interaction of Nutrition and Fertility among Au Forager-horticulturalists of Papua New Guinea by Tracer, David Philip, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1991, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9135710

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The Interaction of Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Dietary Patterns in Rural and Urban Sonora, Mexico (food, Migration, Nutrition) by Baer, Roberta Dale, Phd from The University of Arizona, 1984, 345 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8421963

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The Interrelationships of Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, Health Locus-of-control and Dietary Practices by Sweeney, Kay Lorraine Fischer, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1986, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8702841

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The Knowledge and Use of Problem-based Learning by Professors of Clinical Nutrition in Undergraduate, Dietetics Didactic Programs in the United States and Puerto Rico by Teng, Barbara Marie, Phd from Saint Louis University, 1997, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9803831

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The Knowledge of and the Choices of Snack Foods of Suburban Primary Grade Students Following Computer-assisted Instruction or Teacher-initiated Instruction in Nutrition Education by Middleton, Dawn E., Ded from The Pennsylvania State University, 1984, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8429114

•

The Mojui Project: the Role of an Applied Anthropologist in a Central Amazon Health and Nutrition Project by Poats, Susan Virginia, Phd from University of Florida, 1979, 377 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8005489

•

The Most Efficient Production Techniques for Providing Nutrition and Income from the Agricultural Sector of Nigeria by Yaghoobi-rahmatabadi, Hossein, Phd from Michigan State University, 1971, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7123260

•

The Need for Nutrition Curricula in Higher Education Dance Programs: University Dance Students' Knowledge of Basic Human Nutrition by Rohrback, Joan Elaine; Phd from University of Hawaii, 2000, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9977570

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The Newsletter As a Communication Medium in Teaching Low-income Homemakers. Based upon a Study of Randomly Selected Group of Low-income Families Participating in the Expanded Nutrition Programs in Dayton, Ohio by Efionayi, Joseph Aibangbee Ben, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1970, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7107443

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The Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes of Allied Health Students by Ogrodnick, Marcy F. Ms from D'youville College, 2002, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408502

Dissertations 379

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The Nutrition Knowledge and Sources of Nutrition Information Used by Elementary Classroom Teachers and Elementary Education Majors by Logan, Jane Ramsey, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1980, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8107361

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The Nutritional Impact of Rural Development among Subsistence Producers in the Northwest Province of Cameroon (africa) by Rice, Richard Edward, Phd from The University of Michigan, 1983, 302 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8402363

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The Political Economy of Fisheries Development in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand (nutrition, Fish Consumption) by Floyd, J. M., Phd from University of Hawaii, 1985, 284 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8528786

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The Politics of Nutrition Education. by Finn, Matia, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1977, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7805840

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The Politics of Nutrition: Issue Definition, Agenda-setting, and Policy Formulation in the United States by Zebich, Michele L., Phd from The University of New Mexico, 1979, 274 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8003094

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The Reexamination of the Definitions of Vital Processes, Nutrition and Growth: a Problem in the Philosophy of Biology by Biller, M. Catherine Siena, Phd from St. John's University (new York), 1966, 349 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6711454

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The Relation between Life-long Patterns of Emotional and Social Loneliness and Activity and Current Loneliness States and Activity Patterns in the Elderly Attending Congregate Nutrition Sites by Gardner, Eileen Kaufman, Edd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1992, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9231374

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The Relation between Nutrition Knowledge and the Dietary Intake of Selected Women: a Basis for Adult Education Program Development by Davis, Reba Jones, Edd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1971, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7206908

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The Relationship between Milk Consumption and Obesity among Low-income Hispanic Children Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Wic Program by Grafton, Laura; Mph from Southern Connecticut State University, 2002, 57 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410370

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The Relationship between Optimal Aging and Nutrition Behavior among the Elderly: Using the Transtheoretical Model by Jenkins Reid, Lynn Anne Marie; Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 1999, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9957162

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The Relationship between Physical Fitness, Nutrition, Other Energy Stimulants and Energy Level in Leaders of Organizations by Wozniak, Peggy J., Edd from University of La Verne, 1994, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9512223

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The Relationship between Reading Achievement and School-sponsored Breakfast Programs (nutrition, Relationship, Learning, Protein, Malnutrition, Mississippi) by

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Brumfield, George Rogers, Edd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1985, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8611208 •

The Relationship between the Nutritional Status of the Elderly in Southwest Mississippi and Their Knowledge and Education in Nutrition by Waid, John Winston, Phd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1980, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8023995

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The Relationship of Local School Food Policies and Nutritional Indices of Students in Two Florida School Districts by Kale, Karen Elizabeth, Edd from University of Florida, 1980, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8105589

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The Relationship of Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes to Previous Nutrition Education Experiences of Postpartum Patients. by Penland, Lynn Rickey, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1976, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7710583

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The Relationship of Nutrition Knowledge Structures to Accuracy of Food Label Interpretation in Adults by Mcculloch, Myrtle Rose, Edd from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9520751

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The Relationship of Nutrition Knowledge to Eating Behavior Patterns among Ohio Sophomores and Seniors by Root, David Bruce, Edd from The University of Akron, 1987, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8713624

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The Relationship of Nutrition to the Development of Multiple Leadered Seedlings of White Spruce in Conifer Nurseries by Ensing, John; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL31951

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND NUTRITION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning nutrition.

Recent Trials on Nutrition The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to nutrition.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Adjuvant Nutrition for Critally Ill Trauma Patients Condition(s): Trauma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Of the four million trauma cases each year that will require hospitalization, 200,000 will be classified as severe trauma. During the hospital stay, malnutrition is a major complication in about 50% of the patient population. The result is muscle wasting which is a major risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. In this study we postulate that supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine and glutamine (HMB/Arg/Gln)or HMB alone to these severely traumatized patients can stem the loss of muscle tissue and whole body nitrogen and in turn decrease morbidity and mortality. This hypothesis is based on two recent studies showing the same nutritional mixture of HMB/Arg/Gln can reverse the muscle wasting associated with AIDS and Cancer. The hypermetabolic state seen in AIDS and cancer have a similar multilifactorial etiology as seen in trauma. There is an increase in the mobilization of fat and muscle, increased or normal metabolic rate, increased protein breakdown, and an increased or normal glucose turnover. In addition, HMB alone has been shown to reduce nitrogen loss, decrease muscle proteolysis and muscle damage within the first 48 hours to three weeks after initiating supplementation during a strenuous exercise program. Male and female patients (n=100) will be recruited at the time of admittance to the Trauma ICU with an ISS of greater than 18. Patients who meet

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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the inclusion/exclusion criteria will be randomized to receive either 1) standard tube feed plus HMB/Arg/Gln, 2) standard tube feed plus HMB alone, or 3)standard tube feed (control) in a double-blinded fashion. Clinical outcomes measures will be assessed through out the hospital stay and on an outpatient basis at weeks 4 and 12. Muscle proteolysis and nitrogen economy will be evaluated on daily basis while in the hospital and after 4 weeks on an out patient basis. If as expected, Phase I results confirm the effectiveness of the nutrient mixture in trauma patients, expanded multicenter studies will be proposed in Phase II. Phase(s): Phase I; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067132 •

Diet and Exercise-Based Counseling Program Compared With a Standard Counseling Program in Patients With Early-Stage Prostate or Breast Cancer Condition(s): Breast Cancer; Nutrition; Prostate Cancer; Quality of Life Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: An individualized, computer-designed health program may promote changes in diet and physical activity and may improve quality of life in patients who have early-stage prostate or breast cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized clinical trial to compare the effectiveness of an individualized, computer-designed diet and exercise-based counseling program with that of a standard counseling program in promoting health in patients who have early-stage prostate cancer or breast cancer. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044980

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Evaluation of California's SB 19 Pupil Nutrition Act Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); UCLA Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research; UC Berkeley Center on Weight or Health; California Department of Education; The California Endowment Purpose - Excerpt: Four California school districts will be randomized to early implementation of California's SB 19 Pupil Nutrition Act or to business as usual. Over 5000 4th, 5th and 7th graders will be evaluated at baseline, 4-month, and 16-month follow-up in order to determine if the SB 19 nutrition and physical activity policies have had an impact on students' risk of excess body weight. The impact of early implementation of SB 19 on academic achievement will also be assessed. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067847

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Gemcitabine Compared With Pancreatic Enzyme Therapy Plus Specialized Diet (Gonzalez Regimen) in Treating Patients Who Have Stage II, Stage III, or Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer Condition(s): stage II pancreatic cancer; stage III pancreatic cancer; stage IV pancreatic cancer; Nutrition; adenocarcinoma of the pancreas Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Pancreatic enzymes may help kill cancer cells. It is not yet known if gemcitabine is more effective than pancreatic enzyme therapy plus specialized diet for pancreatic cancer. PURPOSE: Phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of gemcitabine with that of pancreatic enzyme therapy plus specialized diet (Gonzalez regimen) in treating patients who have stage II, stage III, or stage IV pancreatic cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003851

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Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion Condition(s): Infant, Low Birth Weight; Hyperglycemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); Baylor College of Medicine Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Very low birth weight infants have problems maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis is the production of sugar from amino acids and fats. The best combination of amino acids, fat, and sugar to help very low birth weigh infants maintain normal blood sugar levels is not yet known. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study how very low birth weight infants break down amino acids, fat, and sugar given by intravenous infusion, and the effect of different combinations of nutrients on the infants' ability to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005889

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Metformin to Treat Obesity in Children with Insulin Resistance Condition(s): Hyperinsulinemia; Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the safety and effectiveness of the medicine metformin to help overweight children control their food intake, weight, insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride (blood fat) levels. Obesity and high insulin levels can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels and heart

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disease. Metformin-approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus-helps lower insulin levels and may control weight gain in adults. Overweight children 6 to 11 years old who are in general good health may be eligible for this study. Children will be studied at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, and at the Phoenix Indian Medical Center and the Gila River Reservation in the Phoenix, Arizona area. Candidates will have a medical history and physical examination and fasting blood test, and will provide a 7-day record of their food intake as part of the screening process. Those enrolled will be randomly assigned to receive either metformin or placebo (a look-alike tablet with no active medicine) twice a day for a six month period. After the 6 month study period, all children will be offered the opportunity to take metformin for another 6 months. Participants will be hospitalized for 2-3 days for the following procedures: history and physical examination; fasting blood test; several urine collections; X-ray studies to determine bone age and amount of body fat and muscle; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to measure body fat; "hyperglycemic clamp study" to evaluate insulin resistance; food intake testing; nutrition consultation; resting metabolic rate; and a "doubly labeled water" test. For the hyperglycemic clamp study, a catheter (thin flexible tube) is inserted into a vein in each arm. A sugar solution is given through one tube and blood samples are drawn every 5 minutes through the other to measure insulin. For the food intake testing, the child is asked about his or her hunger level, then given various foods he or she may choose to eat, then questioned again at various intervals both during and after finishing eating about his or her hunger level. The doubly labeled water study involves drinking "heavy water" (water which is enriched to have special kinds of hydrogen and oxygen). Urine specimens are collected 2, 3 and 4 hours after drinking the water. The child also drinks a special milk shake called a Scandishake and repeats the calorie intake and hunger study. (Two food intake studies are done on separate days.) One week after the heavy water test, additional urine samples are collected one week later. After completing the tests, the child will begin treatment with metformin or placebo, plus a daily vitamin tablet. Participants will be followed once a month with a brief history and physical examination, including a blood test. After 6 months, all of the tests described above will be repeated. All children who complete the second round of tests-both those who took metformin and those who took placebo-will be offered metformin for an additional 6 months and will be seen once a month for follow-up evaluations. Parents will not be told which children received metformin and which received placebo until all children in the study complete the first 6 months of the trial. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005669 •

Randomized Study of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid in Prophylactic Therapy of Total Parenteral Nutrition Associated Cholestasis in Infants Condition(s): Cholestasis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; Children's Hospital Medical Center - Cincinnati Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine whether infants treated with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) have a lower peak direct bilirubin, ALT, AST, glutamyltranspeptidase levels and a reduced duration of cholestasis compared to the

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nontreatment arm. II. Determine the significance of lower birth weight and longer duration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on increasing risk of TPN associated cholestasis and increasing benefit from TUDCA therapy. III. Determine whether TUDCA therapy leads to significant reduction in the appearance of biliary tract sludge and/or stone formation in these infants. IV. Determine whether TUDCA therapy leads to reduced urinary excretion of potentially hepatotoxic bile acids as compared to the untreated arm matched for birth weight and duration of TPN. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004410 •

Sincalide (Cholecystokinin Octapeptide) versus Placebo in Neonates at High Risk for Developing Parenteral Nutrition Associated Cholestasis Condition(s): Cholestasis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; University of Michigan Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Compare conjugated bilirubin levels and serum bile acid levels in severely premature newborns on long term parenteral nutrition and given either sincalide or placebo. II. Compare morbidity and mortality rates in this patient population. III. Evaluate ultrasonographic images of the hepatobiliary tree during and 1 to 2 years after the administration of sincalide or placebo to assess the development of biliary sludge and biliary stone formation. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004414

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Total Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease Condition(s): Liver Diseases Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study to determine whether choline, when added to total parenteral nutrition (TPN), can help prevent the development of hepatic steatosis, a liver disease, in patients on TPN. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031135

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Type 2 Diabetes Primary Prevention for At Risk Girls Condition(s): Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus; Prediabetic State Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

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Purpose - Excerpt: Purpose: To evaluate two approaches to prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes in young girls. The Need: We are experiencing an epidemic of childhood obesity. Rates of obesity have doubled to tripled in the past two decades, with the highest rates among poor and ethnic minority girls. Type 2 diabetes (what used to be called adult-onset diabetes) is now showing up in overweight children, and more children are manifesting precursors of heart disease and stroke. Our Two Approaches: 1. A state-of-the-art nutrition education program with monthly newsletters mailed to girls and their parents and quarterly evening lectures/educational events at school sites, including cooking demonstrations and games to improve nutrition and increase physical activity. 2. After-school dance classes held five days per week all year long at school sites from the time school lets out until 6PM. Dance classes will include a 1-1.5 hour supervised homework study hall each day, and emphasize both traditional ethnic dances and popular dance. Participants: Second, third and fourth grade girls and their families will be eligible to participate. All activities are free of charge. To be able to perform a valid evaluation, to be able to accommodate all girls at their own school, and to be fair about which girls receive which program, families who wish to participate will be randomly selected to participate in either one program or the other (nutrition education or dance classes). Each family will participate for two years. Evaluation: Trained Stanford staff will perform all evaluation procedures with participating families in their own homes at the beginning and every six months. Families will be compensated for their participation. Phase(s): Phase II; Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063674 •

A Study on the Effect of High-Calorie Infant Formula on Growth and Nutrition in HIV-Infected Infants Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: This study examines the effects of an infant formula containing increased calories, as compared to commercial formulas, when given during the first 6 months of life. It will examine effects on growth, disease progress, immune system, and quality of life of infected infants. HIV disease in infants often leads to nutritional deficiencies. Providing increased nutrition early in their lives may help the quality of life of children who contract HIV from their mothers. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000873

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Benefits and Risks of Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis Condition(s): Cystic Fibrosis; Lung Disease; Pseudomonas Infections Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients.

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Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: Although cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common, life-threatening autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the white population, there are often delays in diagnosis and hence start of treatment. Advances of the past two decades have made CF screening feasible using routinely collected neonatal blood specimens and measuring an enzyme level followed by CF mutation DNA analysis. Our overall goal of the study is to see if early diagnosis of CF through neonatal screening will be medically beneficial without major risks. ''Medically beneficial'' refers to better nutrition and/or pulmonary status, whereas '' risks'' include laboratory errors, miscommunication or misunderstanding, and adverse psychosocial consequences. Specific aims include assessment of the benefits, risks, costs, quality of life, and cognitive function associated with CF neonatal screening and a better understanding of the epidemiology of CF. A comprehensive, randomized clinical trial emphasizing early diagnosis as the key variable has been underway since 1985. Nutritional status has been assessed using height and weight measurements and biochemical methods. The results have demonstrated significant benefits in the screened (early diagnosis) group. We are now focusing on the effect of early diagnosis of CF on pulmonary outcome. Pulmonary status is measured using chest radiographs, chest scans using high resolution computerized tomography, and pulmonary function tests. Other factors that we are looking at include risk factors for the acquisition of respiratory pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, quality of life and cognitive function of children with CF who underwent early versus delayed diagnosis, as well as the cost effectiveness of screening and the costs of diagnosis and treatment of CF throughout childhood. If the questions underlying this study are answered favorably, it is likely that neonatal screening using a combination of enzyme level (immunoreactive trypsinogen) and DNA test will become the routine method for identifying new cases of CF not only in the State of Wisconsin, but throughout the country. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00014950 •

Building Better Bones in Children Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: Calcium is important for healthy bone growth in children. Poor bone growth and development during childhood can lead to osteoporosis later in life. This study will evaluate a nutrition education program designed to increase the amount of calcium children receive. The study will determine whether the program will result in long-term dietary changes and healthier bones in children. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063037

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Healthy Youth Places: A Program to Promote Nutrition and Physical Activity in Adolescents Condition(s): Health behavior Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: To reduce the risk for chronic disease, adolescents should eat at least five servings of fruit and vegetables and be physically active daily. This study will implement and evaluate a school-based program to encourage adolescents to achieve and maintain a healthy diet and exercise regimen. Phase(s): Phase IV; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00059527

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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (NHANES (IV) Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Heart Diseases; Hypertension; Blood Disease; Lung Diseases Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To supplement the fourth National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey protocol to include data on the common heart, vascular, lung, and blood diseases. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005154

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Nutrition in Pregnancy, Birth Weight, and Childhood Asthma Condition(s): Lung Diseases; Asthma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the role of maternal diet and birth weight in the etiology of childhood asthma and other allergic disorders. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006404

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Prenatal Nutrition and Adult Disease Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, non-insulin dependent; Insulin Resistance; Obesity; Hypertension Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

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Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether maternal undernutrition in pregnancy is associated with differences between siblings for cardiovascular risk factors in adulthood. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00024583 •

Randomized Study of the Use of Intravenous Choline Supplementation in Long Term Total Parenteral Nutrition Condition(s): Fatty Liver Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; University of Texas Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine whether intravenous choline supplementation will reverse the hepatic steatosis and improve liver function in patients who receive long term total parenteral nutrition. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004697

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Study of Health Promotion in Patients With Early-Stage Breast or Prostate Cancer Condition(s): stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer; stage I prostate cancer; stage II prostate cancer; Fatigue; Nutrition; psychosocial effects/treatment; Quality of Life; Depression Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Telephone counseling by a nutritionist and a personal trainer may improve physical function and quality of life in patients who have earlystage breast cancer or prostate cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized clinical trial to compare the effectiveness of a home-based, diet and exercise-based counseling program with that of a standard home-based counseling program in promoting health in patients who have early-stage breast cancer or prostate cancer. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00037024

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The BONES Project: Building Healthy Bones in Children Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: The Beat Osteoporosis: Nourish and Exercise Skeletons (BONES) Project is an after-school program that includes weight loading physical activity, nutrition and bone health education, and calcium-rich snacks. The program is designed to improve bone health in early elementary school children.

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065247 •

A School-Based Osteoporosis Prevention Program for Adolescent Girls Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: The Incorporating More Physical Activity and Calcium in Teens (IMPACT) study was a behaviorally-based middle school nutrition and physical activity program for the prevention of osteoporosis. The goal of IMPACT was to increase calcium intake and physical activity to help build bone mass in girls. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067925

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Children's Activity and Nutrition III Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Hypertension; Coronary Disease Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To track blood pressure from childhood through adolescence. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007111

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CVD Nutrition Education Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To conduct a randomized, controlled trial of cardiovascular disease nutrition education using a cluster design with two conditions, special intervention (SI) and usual care (UC). Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005727

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CVD Nutrition Education for Low Literacy ESL Students Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

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Purpose - Excerpt: To promote cardiovascular health through nutritional education in a low literacy population enrolled in English as a Second Language (ESL) courses in the San Diego Community College District. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005729 •

CVD Nutrition Modules Tailored to Low Literacy Skills Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To develop cardiovascular disease nutrition modules tailored to subjects with low literacy skills. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005724

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Emphysema: Physiologic Effects of Nutritional Support Condition(s): Emphysema; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine if enteral nutrition support (ENS) restores normal body weight and improves muscle strength, exercise performance, sensation of dyspnea, and quality of life in malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000573

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Evaluation of Low Literacy CVD Nutrition Education Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Coronary Heart Disease Risk Reduction Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To develop and evaluate a nutrition education program to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in persons with low literacy skills. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005726

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Framingham Cycle V Offspring-Spouse Nutrition Studies Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Heart Diseases; Hypertension; Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus; Atherosclerosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine the associations between diet, nutrition and coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence over seven years using the Cycle V Framingham Offspring/Spouse examination; to examine the cross-sectional associations between dietary variables and major cardiovascular disease risk factors, to examine changes in dietary behaviors and their determinants over seven years; and to characterize the influences of dietary behavior changes on risk factor status between 1984-88 and 199194. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005347

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Framingham Nutrition Studies Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Coronary Disease; Hypertension Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To examine hypotheses concerning the relationships between nutrient intake (in particular, specific fatty acids, antioxidant nutrients, and B vitamins), dietary patterns, plasma lipoproteins, and heart disease endpoints in the populationbased Framingham Offspring Studies. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005513

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Glutamine Supplementation to Prevent Death or Infection in Extremely Premature Infants Condition(s): Sepsis; Infant, Premature, Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: In this large multicenter trial, extremely premature newborns are randomized to early parenteral nutrition with or without glutamine to test whether glutamine will reduce the risk of death or infection. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005775

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NEW DAY: Nutrition, Exercise, Weight loss, Diabetes And You Condition(s): Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Obesity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This clinical trial examines whether the addition of individual sessions of a motivational intervention to a state-of-the art behavioral group weight loss intervention for overweight women with Type 2 diabetes improves the weight losses and glycemic control outcomes. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007800

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Nutrition Education Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To utilize a community-based approach to nutrition education in an urban African American community. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005728

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Nutrition Intervention in AIDS Wasting Condition(s): HIV Wasting Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: There are no guidelines for appropriate nutritional management of weight loss or wasting in HIV infection. Some treatments may increase weight, but without improving muscle mass or quality of life. In this clinical trial AIDS patients with wasting are randomized to one of three nutritional strategies and studied over a 12week period: 1) optimal oral nutrition with counseling and protein and calorie supplementation, and a placebo pill; 2) optimal oral nutrition with the oral androgen, oxandrolone at 20 mg daily; and 3) optimal oral nutrition with progressive resistance training (PRT). In all participants, dietary intervention is maximized by weekly personalized counseling to address individual issues and concerns. Two primary outcomes are assessed: thigh muscle mass and quality of life. Our findings can be used to develop guidelines for standards of nutritional care among AIDS patient with the wasting syndrome. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006167

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Physical Activity, Calcium, and Bone in Children Condition(s): Physical activity; Nutrition Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: Doctors recommend that young children participate in daily physical activity to promote bone health. However, studies in adults show that physical activity and increased calcium intake cause noticeable benefits for bone health only when both factors occur together. The goal of this study is to find out whether calcium intake changes the response of bone to activity in children 3 to 4 years old. Children will participate in one of two programs conducted in childcare centers 5 days a week for 1 year. One program will involve activities that use large muscles (gross motor activity). The other will involve activities using small muscles (fine motor activity). We will give a calcium supplement (1 gram per day) to half of the children in each program and give the other half an inactive pill. We will measure bone mass and bone mineral density at the beginning and end of the study. We will take measurements 12 months after the program's completion to see if physical activity and/or calcium supplements have longterm effects on bone mineral density and physical activity. Phase(s): Phase II; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000415

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Promoting Healthy Lifestyles Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Cancer; Physical activity; Nutrition Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: Promoting Healthy Lifestyles: Alternative Models' Effects (PHLAME) is a research study to evaluate and compare two ways to promote healthy behaviors, (regular physical activity, less than 30% calories from fat, 5 or more servings of fruits plus vegetables each day and maintain a healthy weight). Unhealthy nutrition practices and sedentary (inactive) lifestyles are the two most common harmful behaviors in the United States. Our two health promotion methods are 1) a team-based approach and 2) a one-on-one approach involving meetings with a health counselor. A third group only receives the same evaluation and their results and is the control group. Study participants are firefighters from 36 fire stations in Oregon and Washington. The goals of the study are increased physical activity and fitness, improved nutrition, and improved energy balance (reduced body fat). Changes in these factors can help lower risks for heart disease, some types of cancer, diabetes, hypertension and musculoskeletal injuries. Results from PHLAME will provide information on how best to help adults achieve and maintain healthy lifestyles. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006181

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Study of Children's Activity and Nutrition (SCAN) Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Coronary Disease; Hypertension; Obesity; Hypercholesterolemia; Coronary Heart Disease Risk Reduction Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: In the first study, to identify children at high and low risk for cardiovascular disease and study their nutritional and physical activity behaviors as they relate to cardiovascular disease. In the second study, to make yearly assessments over a four year period of diet and physical activity among children and their parents. The initial effort redefined and retested methods to collect data on dietary intake and activity levels of young children. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005178

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Study of Children's Activity and Nutrition (SCAN)--Extended Analyses Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Coronary Heart Disease Risk Reduction Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To continue analysis of data from a longitudinal study of 246 urban Black preschool children and their families in order to identify the long-term effects of social and environmental influences on nutrition and activity and the consequences of these influences for the children's cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk status. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005411

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Weight Gain in CF Condition(s): Cystic Fibrosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: The current study examines the efficacy of two treatments to help children with cystic fibrosis (CF) meet their dietary calorie requirements of 120% to 150% of the recommended daily allowance of energy and the effect of these treatments on weight gain and maintenance. One treatment provides children with CF and their parents nutrition education about the best foods for meeting their dietary needs. The second treatment gives children with CF and their families similar nutritional information plus behavioral parenting methods for motivating children to eat the recommended foods. Children with CF and their families are seen weekly for 7 treatment sessions across 9 weeks for the active phase of treatment. Families are then followed for 2 years after treatment in order to better understand how long the treatments are effective and to determine the health benefits of better nutrition status and weight gain.

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Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006169

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “nutrition” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON NUTRITION Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “nutrition” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on nutrition, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Nutrition By performing a patent search focusing on nutrition, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on nutrition: •

Amino acid nutritional supplement and regimen for enhancing physical performance through sound nutrition Inventor(s): Gerlich; Stanley J. (11434 Loyola, Cypress, TX 77429), Guinn; Edward J. (23 S. Brokenfern, The Woodlands, TX 77380), Dudrick; Stanley J. (702 Pine St., Philadelphia, PA 19106), Feste; Andrew S. (4219 S. Judson, Houston, TX 77005) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,026,721 Date filed: June 5, 1989 Abstract: An amino acid nutritional supplement and administration regimen for enhancing physical performance through sound nutrition is provided. The amino acid supplement comprises a mixture of biologically active amino acids including at least glutamic acid, arginine, leucine, valine and lysine. The amino acid mixture may also optionally include one or more of histidine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. These amino acid supplements are consumed orally prior to and/or during exercise to achieve the performance enhancement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions of specific nutrients for enhancing physical performance and to the regimens associated with the administration of those particular nutrient compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates to particular combinations of certain biologically active amino acids and their oral administration to accomplish this enhancing of physical performance.... Achieving peak physical performance has long been a goal for self-improvement as well as athletic competitive purposes. The most effective means for improving physical performance involves prolonged systematic exercise and diet training.... Other means, namely pharmaceuticals such as anabolic steroids, are sometimes utilized for enhancing physical performance in conjunction with exercise and diet control. Anabolic steroids are testosterone derivatives which have been reported to promote tissue growth, increase muscle mass, increase hemoglobin concentration and blood volume, improve fatigue recovery and generally improve overall strength and power. For these reasons, anabolic steroids are widely used, often illegally, by numerous persons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05026721__

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Amino acid solutions for parenteral nutrition and methods of formulation and use Inventor(s): Heird; William C. (New York, NY), Winters; Robert W. (Summit, NJ), Dell; Ralph B. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,491,589 Date filed: April 29, 1983 Abstract: For parenteral nutrition, an aqueous L-amino acid solution having an amino acid content consisting essentially of essential and non-essential amino acids in proportions for producing and maintaining, in a subject to whom the same is

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administered, a steady-state plasma amino acid pattern within established ranges for the normal subject's post-prandial plasma amino acid pattern. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to amino acid solutions for administration to patients who require parenteral nutrition, and to methods of formulating and using such solutions. More particularly, the invention relates to parenteral solutions containing L-amino acids in proportions for promoting anabolism in pediatric patients to attain growth, and in depleted adult patients to attain repletion of lean body mass, as well as to methods of formulating and using the same.... It is recognized that parenteral nutrition, especially total parenteral nutrition (TPN), also called "hyperalimentation," can provide dramatic or even life saving nutritional support for patients with a wide variety of illnesses, varying from infants with surgically reparable anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract or with chronic intractable diarrhea to adults with short gut syndromes, inflammatory bowel disease and even certain patients with advanced malignant disease. This technique as usually practiced involves the insertion of a plastic catheter into the central venous circulation and the provision of all nutrients in their most elemental chemical form by this route, although the nutritional regimen may be delivered through a peripheral vein under some circumstances. As is well known, the supply of amino acids in such manner constitutes an important aspect of parenteral nutrition.... Of the total population of patients who are candidates for TPN, the fundamental intent in the majority is to support anabolism--i.e., somatic growth (in infants) or replenishment or "regrowth" of previously depleted lean body mass, which has occurred due to a failure of the oral intake to provide an adequate nutritional intake in the face of an accelerated rate of catabolism of lean body mass due to an on-going stress. The purpose of parenteral nutrition and hence the nutritional regimen in these groups of patients differ from patients who have specific defined disorders in the metabolism of given amino acids, such as those with hepatic encephalopathy, or those with acute renal failure in whom a parenteral nutritional regimen delivering only the essential amino acids is the preferred nutritional treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04491589__ •

Animal health care, well-being and nutrition Inventor(s): Dodds; W. Jean (Santa Monica, CA) Assignee(s): Hemopet (Santa Monica, CA) Patent Number: 6,537,213 Date filed: July 2, 2001 Abstract: Dynamic management of the health care, nutrition and well-being of pet animal, such as a dogs and cats. Data relating to the species of the animal, a selected group of the species, and the animal, including diagnostic laboratory test data of the animal are related by a computer. A management regimen for the animal is based on this. Updating the data picks up drifts in different populations of the animals, groups and species over time to enhance the management. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with animal health diagnosis. More particularly the invention is directed to the testing, diagnosis and prediction of diseases and disorders of animal companions, for instance dogs and cats.... Further this invention relates to a method, system and apparatus for the management of comprehensive and cumulative genetic and health assessment databases in relation to animals worldwide. In particular, the invention relates to a bioinformatics system and its implementation in

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relation to animal biological data.... More specifically the invention is directed to animal health care, well-being and nutrition, and methods and systems for enhanced determination of these factors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537213__ •

Aqueous solution for the parenteral nutrition Inventor(s): Wolf; Martin (Melsungen, DE), Guardiola; Jaime (Homburg, DE) Assignee(s): B. Braun Melsungen (DE) Patent Number: 6,337,094 Date filed: June 26, 2000 Abstract: The invention refers to an aqueous solution for the parenteral nutrition of mammals consisting of:a) a pattern of amino acids calculated on the basis of 100 g/l of amino acids: Excerpt(s): The invention refers to an aqueous solution for the parenteral nutrition of mammals.... In the same way DE 43 16 326 C1 discloses different patents of amino acids for the total parenteral nutrition by perivenous application.... Similar to that disclosure of DE 43 16 326 C1, DE 39 16 903 A1 discloses an aqueous composition of parenteral nutrition which is in particular defined by a specific amino acid pattern. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06337094__

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Device ensuring permanent nutrition of pot plants Inventor(s): Gombert; Jean-Marie (Mignaloux-Beauvoir, FR) Assignee(s): Airwick AG (Basel, CH) Patent Number: 4,539,038 Date filed: April 25, 1983 Abstract: Device for the permanent nutrition of pot plants and containing a granulated slow-release fertilizer comprising at least one fertilizing element selected from nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, consisting of a flat support, on the upper surface of which adhere the granules, and a water-permeable sheet covering the flat support so as to enclose the granules. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a device designed to ensure the permanent and regular nutrition of pot plants over a long period.... There are, on the market, a large number of slowly-diffusing fertilisers either in the form of granules or of small rods. However, the use of these products leads to unsatisfactory results or presents difficulties in operation; in effect, the rodlets which are used uniformly and slightly sunken in the soil of the pot feed only the favoured part of the soil where they are found and only the roots adjacent to this part receive the fertilising elements arising from the rodlets; moreover, taking into account the necessarily small size of the rodlet, the quantity of fertiliser available is relatively minor and results in limited duration of action. The granules, which are placed on the surface of the soil, are not irrigated by the water contained in it, except during the very short watering time, and their yield is therefore very low; a good yield can be obtained by distributing the granules in a homogeneous manner in the soil but this necessitates tipping out the soil and mixing it with the

Patents 403

granules, which is hardly appropriate in places where pot plants are usually situated; one can well understand that the owners of pot plants do not like the thought of this operation.... It was found that an action of long duration and excellent regularity can be obtained in the nutrition of pot plants, starting from slow-release granules, if these are distributed and fixed on a surface placed under the pot. This method, whatever the manner of watering adopted, be it from above the pot, be it from below the pot and whatever the degree and frequency or watering, maintains excellent nutrition over a long period. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04539038__ •

Enteral diet and method for providing nutrition to a diabetic Inventor(s): Laughlin; Philip (Winnetka, IL), Alexander; John (Kenilworth, IL), Melin; Christian (Winnetka, IL), Grasset; Etienne (Boulogne-Billancourt, FR), Reddy; Sekhar (New Milford, CT), Chang; Shen-Youn (Wadsworth, IL), Lin; Paul (Fullerton, CA), Dobbie; Robert P. (Lincolnshire, IL), Kamarei; A. Reza (Wilmette, IL) Assignee(s): Clintec Nutrition Company (Deerfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,470,839 Date filed: July 6, 1994 Abstract: A composition and method for providing nutrition, or a nutritional supplement, to a diabetic patient. Pursuant to the present invention, a low carbohydrate, high fat enteral formulation is provided. The fat comprises, in part, medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). Preferably, the composition includes a high percent of monounsaturated fats, high amylose starch, and soluble dietary fiber. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods of treating diabetes. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for providing nutrition, or a nutritional supplement, to a patient having diabetes without substantially increasing blood glucose levels.... The second variant of idiopathic diabetes is referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult onset diabetes mellitus. This variant accounts for the remainder of the idiopathic diabetic population.... All diabetics, regardless of their genetic and environmental backgrounds or age of onset of the disease, have in common an apparent lack of insulin or inadequate insulin function. Because transfer of glucose from the blood to the muscle and fat is insulin dependent, diabetics lack the ability to utilize glucose adequately. Further, because glycogenolysis is ordinarily inhibited by insulin, the rate of glycogenolysis is elevated in diabetics. Both of these "derangements" from normal metabolic events lead to the accumulation of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) to the point where renal glucose reabsorption capacity is exceeded and glycosuria occurs. A major source of energy for the diabetic becomes fatty acids derived from triglycerides stored in fatty tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05470839__

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Enteral nutrition delivery system Inventor(s): Reese; Robert (Seymour, CT), Srebnik; Jack (Guilford, CT) Assignee(s): Sherwood Medical Company (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 4,688,595 Date filed: February 20, 1986 Abstract: An enteral nutrition delivery system which comprises an integral molded plastic base which includes a first platform to which is secured an infusion pump and a second platform having a recess in which is secured a specially designed bottle containing nutritional fluid to be fed a patient. A tubing network is included for interconnecting the pump, bottle and the patient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an enteral nutrition delivery system.... Enteral nutrition delivery systems generally include a bottle which contains the enteral fluid which is to be fed to the digestive tract of a patient, an infusion pump to regulate the rate of flow of the fluid from the bottle to the patient, and tubing interconnecting the bottle, pump, and patient. Typically, the bottle is mounted on a pole in an inverted position and the pump is separately mounted to the pole. If the patient wishes to move about, the pole must be rolled or carried along with the patient. This is inconvenient.... The present invention provides an integrated delivery system that makes it possible for the patient to move about without the inconvenience of having to move a mounting pole. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04688595__

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Fermentation process for producing lysine sulphate for animal nutrition Inventor(s): Rouy; Noel (Yerres, FR) Assignee(s): Rhone-Poulenc Sante (FR) Patent Number: 5,133,976 Date filed: February 28, 1991 Abstract: A stable composition containing 35 to 48% lysine sulphate for animal nutrition is prepared by culturing a lysine-producing microorganism in a culture medium and adding sulfuric acid or ammonium sulphate during culturing to convert lysine as it is formed to lysine sulphate. The culture medium contains ammonia and ammonium sulphate, and a carbon source selected from glucose, sucrose and starch hydrolyzates in an amount such that the total weight ratio of fermentable substances/solids is greater than 80%. The concentration of the carbon source is maintained at 5 to 15 g/liter and ammonia is added during culturing to maintain an ammonium ion concentration of 1 to 5 g/liter. After allowing concentration of the carbon source to fall to less than 2 g/liter, culturing is stopped and the resultant cultured medium is concentrated and dried. The composition has good stability in moist air and preferably has a microporosity of about 0.3 cm.sup.3 /g and a surface area of about 0.5 m.sup.2 /g. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides lysine-containing concentrates for animal nutrition, and a process for their preparation.... Lysine is an essential amino acid for monogastric animals, and is used, in particular, in animal nutrition. It can be prepared either by a chemical route or by a biochemical route. Although the biochemical processes are of more interest economically than the chemical processes, only low yields of lysine are obtained and therefore special installations and expensive components

Patents 405

need to be used.... Lysine intended for animal nutrition is mixed with various foodstuffs, such as cereals, the composition of which is quite poorly defined. Under these conditions, it has not appeared necessary to use purified lysine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05133976__ •

Fitness and nutrition game apparatus and method of play Inventor(s): Schondorf; Phyllis (21 Herthstone Dr., Riverside, CT 06878), Goodman; Meri (14 Clover Pl., Cos Cob, CT 06807) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,062,645 Date filed: November 5, 1990 Abstract: A fitness and nutrition education game apparatus and method of play. The game apparatus includes a playing board having a playing path defined by a plurality of contiguous spaces; a set of playing pieces that are separate representations of an obese body image, a chubby body image and a slim body image; a die; a first plurality of playing cards each having printed thereon a first question of moderate difficulty about nutrution, diet, exercise and fitness and the corresponding answer; and a second plurality of playing cards each having printed thereon a second question of advanced difficulty about nutrition, diet, exercise and fitness and the corresponding answer.Play is conducted by advancing the playing piece along the playing path for the number of spaces determined by a throw of the die. Player directives marked on the contiguous spaces further determine the number of spaces and direction that a playing piece advances. When a playing piece lands on a space having a player directive to select and answer a first question about nutrition, diet, exercise and fitness, the playing piece can be advanced only by correctly answering the question. When a playing piece lands on a space having a player directive to select and answer a second question about nutrition, diet, exercise and fitness and the player correctly answers the second question, a body image can be exchanged for a more fit body image and the player can advance the playing piece. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to boardgames and in particular to nutrition and fitness education boardgames.... A dieting game board apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,040,628 to Pope which emphasizes positive and negative steps for dieting. The Pope game board apparatus includes chance generating means, a plurality of playing pieces representing a dieter, weight recording means for each dieter which functions as a scoring device, a playing board having a plurality of playing spaces in substantially contiguous relationship defining a playing path, a first plurality of spaces indicating a weight gain, and a second plurality of spaces indicating a weight loss. A second embodiment of the dieting game board apparatus of the Pope invention further includes a supply of game money, a plurality of weight cards having player directives, at least one space where weight can be lost for payment of money, at least one space where weight can be gained for payment of money, and at least one space indicating that a player is to follow the directives of a weight card. Players move their playing pieces along the playing path for the number spaces indicated by the chance generating means and mark the weight recording means in turn. The winner is the first player to reduce his/her weight to zero, or in the second embodiment, the first player to lose twenty-five pounds.... In U.S. Pat. No. 4,159,117 to Kuna a boardgame designed around the theme of gaining and losing weight and counting calories is disclosed. The Kuna boardgame includes a game board having a plurality of stations defining a travel

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path, hollow playing pieces, a plurality of weight elements receivable within the hollow playing pieces as representations of calories, chance means which determine the number of stations traversed on a turn and the number of weight elements added to a playing piece, scale means for comparing the weight of opposing playing pieces, and second chance means to provide random gains or losses of calories. The object of the game is to finish with the least number of accumulated calories. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05062645__ •

Fitness triage system and nutrition gets personal Inventor(s): Pfeffer; Linda (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): Aerobics and Fitness Association of America (Sherman Oaks, CA) Patent Number: 6,620,078 Date filed: December 11, 2000 Abstract: Fitness Triage.RTM. is a system and method for prioritizing delivery of personalized exercise and injury prevention information based on identification and analysis of user-specific health and fitness indicators. By providing answers to questions concerning key health risk factors, conditions, and habits, exercise information is delivered to the user based on the level of potential risk and other considerations associated with his/her participation in an fitness program. Based on the Fitness Triage.RTM. analysis of user data, the delivery of information is identified and prioritized according to one of three levels of potential risk. The user is thus informed of the level of risk associated with his/her participation in exercise, and the recommended precautions based on his/her individual health profile. The Fitness Triage.RTM. system is accessed by the user directly through the Internet or licensed Intranet, or through the guidance of an intake coordinator, personal trainer, or other qualified health/fitness professional.Working in tandem with Fitness Triage.RTM., Nutrition Gets Personal.RTM. relies upon Fitness Triage.RTM.'s screening indicators of health and exercise risk before posing its own questions of nutritionally-specific risk factors. Nutrition Gets personal.RTM. provides meal plans based on a consumer's nutritional goals, exercise habits and goals, following its own nutritionally-specific screening questions identifying health and nutritional risks which serve to modify the meal plans themselves. Information concerning nutritional risks is similarly delivered to the consumer, along with access to topical resources on the Web and general tips towards healthy eating. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of nutrition science and individualized identification and enhancement of potential nutritional benefits and the prevention of adverse nutritional contra-indications and physical injuries as related to diet according to individual habits and health risk indicators.... On May 30-31st, 2000 the new dietary guidelines (5th edition) for Americans was issued by the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Agriculture at the National Nutrition Summit. According to DHHS Secretary Donna Shalala, Ph.D. she noted that these new guidelines "offer most practical value and scientific information than ever before to help American consumers make the smartest possible decisions when it comes to what we eat.".sup.1 Those guidelines offer information to help select the right kinds of foods and in proper amounts. However, it is up to the consumer to make the appropriate choices, without any benefit of performing health risk assessments beforehand.... There are Web sites galore that appeal to those who wish to lose weight, however, none offer health risk assessments. That is, there is no follow-up information targeting their health risks prior

Patents 407

to engaging a new meal program. Moreover, not all diet plans are designed by a registered dietician. For those that are, not all make accommodations for allergy-specific consumers or for those with varied dietary restrictions..sup.2 For those whose goals are other than weight loss, there also remains a dearth of resources to reach consumers with athletic performance needs, muscle building requirements, general health or pregnancy status. Since a key component to healthy eating includes exercise and health risk assessment beforehand, there isn't a comprehensive nutritional program that includes all these elements into one integrated program, except for Fitness Triage.RTM. and Nutrition Gets Personal.RTM.. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06620078__ •

Food product for health, nutrition and weight management Inventor(s): Northrop; Rena (Putnam Valley, NY), Kiley; Joyce (Briarcliff, NY), Grace; Margery (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Indoor Tennis Consultants, Inc. (Katonah, NY) Patent Number: 6,426,077 Date filed: August 4, 2000 Abstract: A wholesome food product with many uses, for weight control, health and nutrition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a wholesome food product and meal substitute, with a nutritional balance that makes it appropriate for weight maintenance or weight loss, and which provides a therapeutic benefit for medical/surgical patients.... There are many commercially available weight loss, or diet, drinks. Products such as Slimfast.TM. and Nestle's Success.TM. claim to be low calorie, high energy, meal substitutes. In fact, diet drinks in this category range from about 200 calories to about 300 calories per serving, or meal. In addition, they contain a large amount of sugar, which with the milk solids are intended to provide the energy of a meal. SlimFast.TM. Strawberries and Cream, for example, has 220 calories, with 42 g. of carbohydrate, 37 g. of sugar, and 5 g. of fiber, in an 11-oz. serving. The theory behind these diet drinks is reduction in fat, control of serving size, and sense of fullness created by thickeners such as cellulose gums.... All these drinks are fortified; for example, the Slimfast.TM. Strawberries N' Cream is said to be fortified with 23 vitamins and minerals, but the approximately 22 g. of added sugar places a price on the nutrition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426077__

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Home parenteral nutrition trainer Inventor(s): Steiger; Ezra (Beachwood, OH) Assignee(s): The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (Cleveland, OH) Patent Number: 4,474,559 Date filed: March 3, 1983 Abstract: The following specification sets forth a parenteral nutrition trainer. The trainer specifically incorporates a water and stain resistant chest shield with adjustable straps. A storage pouch is fitted to the underside of the chest shield. The shield is formed in a bib-like manner in conjunction with adjustable straps. A training catheter is affixed to

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the chest shield to simulate an actual implanted catheter. The catheter exits the chest shield in a location where it would normally be used. The catheter is capped with a screw fitting closure that can be used in conjunction with a syringe for training purposes. The catheter extends a distance behind the shield to a plastic fluid receptacle. When not in use, the catheter tubing with its fluid receptacle can be coiled and placed in a storage pouch behind the shield or bib. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention lies within the medical arts. More specifically, it resides within the total parenteral nutrition or intravenous hyperalimentation technology and field. This field incorporates the feeding of essential nutrients intravenously directly into the blood stream.... The specific area in which this invention is directed toward, is the training of home parenteral nutrition patients in the proper asceptic handling and maintenance of their permanent in-dwelling central venous catheters. The device provides for this in the manner as set forth hereinafter to solve the problems of the prior art with regard to training such home parenteral nutrition patients.... There has been a long standing need that has been recognized for parenteral means of providing calories in excess of five hundred to seven hundred calories. The provision should be safely provided by the peripheral intravenous infusion of five percent dextrose solutions that have been standard for many years. Higher concentrations frequently cause inflammation of the veins and even thrombophlebitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04474559__ •

Independent universal connector for enteral nutrition tubes Inventor(s): Justal; Pierre (St-Gratien, FR), Plevin; Serge (Gratien, FR) Assignee(s): Medical Plastiques (Montlignon, FR) Patent Number: 4,969,565 Date filed: May 25, 1989 Abstract: Device (1) for connecting an enteral nutrition tube (7) to a nutrient composition container and having a neck (8A-8D), of the type comprising a transverse closure wall (4) and a skirt (3) forming with said wall a plug adapted to be fixed to said neck (8A-8B), characterized in that it is independent of the tube (7), in that the transverse closure wall comprises a reduced thickness area (5) adapted to be perforated by a perforator endpiece (6) mounted on one end of said tube, and in that said skirt forms part of a set of at least two coaxial elastic cylindrical skirts (2, 3) fastened to the transverse closure wall and each adapted to engage inside or outside the necks of containers having at least two different predetermined formats. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a connector for enteral nutrition tubes.... As is well known, the enteral nutrition of a patient consists in conducting into the stomach or the intestine by means of a probe passed down the oesophagus a nutrient composition packaged in a container situated at a distance and to which the probe is connected by means of a so-called enteral nutrition tube.... There currently exist numerous types of container with necks of different predetermined format, chosen by the manufacturers of nutrient compositions, and to each of these necks, and therefore to each of these types of container, there currently corresponds a specific tube fitted at one end with a connector adapted to cooperate with said neck. In practice a drip chamber is interposed between this connector and the flexible part of the tube. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04969565__

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Infant formula compositions and nutrition containing genetically engineered human milk proteins Inventor(s): Gaull; Gerald E. (2949 Harrison St., Evanston, IL 60201) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,020,015 Date filed: September 6, 1991 Abstract: Compositions containing human milk proteins, including the so-called host resistance factors of human milk, prepared by chemically synthesizing the human milk proteins or by genetic engineering techniques for producing recombinant human milk proteins, are useful for supplementing or enhancing the diet of infants, particularly very-low-birth-weight infants. The human milk proteins include the host resistance factors (HRF) found in human milk, such as lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase (LP), lysozyme (LZ), immunoglobulin-A (IgA), alpha-lactalbumin, alpha, beta, kappa-caseins, and others. The compositions may also include components other than the human milk proteins useful for improved infant nutrition. In the utilization of the compositions of this invention, the compositions would be administered to an infant in at least an amount that the infant would receive if fed substantially only fresh human milk. Also, the proportions of the human milk proteins would preferably be present in the compositions in about the proportions these proteins are found in human milk. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to infant nutrition and in one embodiment it is particularly applicable to the enhancement or improvement of synthetic infant formulas. Another embodiment of this invention is concerned with improving the nutrition of very-low-birth-weight infants.... It has been considered for a long time by nutritionists that the best food or nutrition supplied to an infant is its own mother's milk; i.e. fresh human milk. It is recognized, however, that many situations arise wherein the infant cannot be fed mother's milk and as a result synthetic infant milk formulas, predominantly based on cow's milk, have been prepared and used to nourish an infant. However, since it is generally believed that human milk provides superior nutrition for infants, much effort has been made to improve synthetic infant milk formulas to more closely similate mother's milk. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,692 (1981) discloses a synthetic infant milk formula which includes taurine at a level substantially equivalent to that found in human milk. In the manufacture of synthetic infant formula based on cow's milk, the taurine content of the cow's milk is low and may be diluted during the manufacture of the synthetic infant formula with the result that the produced synthetic infant formula contains a very low level of taurine. This was corrected, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,692, by the addition of taurine to synthetic infant formula to bring its taurine content up to the level taurine is present in human milk. However, there are still many other components of fresh human milk which are not found in synthetic infant milk formulas, either cow milk-based formulas or soy protein-based formulas, which can and have usefully been added to synthetic infant formulas to provide an improved product for infant nutrition.... The protein and non-protein composition of the human milk and cow milk is described and set forth in the article by N.C.R. Raiha entitled "Nutritional Proteins in Milk and the Protein Requirement of Normal Infants", which appeared in the publication Feeding the Normal Infant-Supplement, Pediatrics pp. 136141 (1985), published by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Among those proteins in human milk are listed alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, serum albumin, lysozyme, the immunoglobulins, mainly IgA and other proteins as well.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06020015__ •

Infusion solution for parenteral nutrition Inventor(s): Kawajiri; Seizo (Nagaokakyo, JP) Assignee(s): Daigo Nutritive Chemicals, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,604,286 Date filed: September 17, 1984 Abstract: Infusion solutions for parenteral nutrition which contain amino acids, dextrose and electrolytes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an infusion solution for parenteral nutrition containing dextrose, amino acids and electrolytes.... It is known that an infusion solution for the total parenteral nutrition should contain dextrose, amino acids and electrolytes. For amino acids, it is essential to use essential amino acids such as isoleucine, leucine, methionine phenylalanine, threonine, valine, tryptophane and lysine. In addition thereto there may be used one or more of arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, cystine, aminoacetic acid, proline, serine and thyrosine. As for the electrolytes there have been used those which can provide ions of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate and chlorine. Generally these electrolytes are in the form of chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and organic acid salts.... However there has been encountered with difficulty for an infusion solution containing dextrose, amino acids and electrolytes at the same time. Thus such solution is unstable and, particularly, coloration occurs upon its sterilization and storage. Therefore it has been conventional to prepare two separate solutions i.e. one containing dextrose and the other containing amino acids (the electrolytes may be added to either one or both of these separate solutions), and the two separate solutions are mixed together just prior to the administration to patients. If it were possible to prepare a stable single solution containing dextrose, amino acids and electrolytes at the same time there should be advantages, for example, that a troublesome operation for mixing two separate solutions in advance to administration is avoided and possibility of bacterial contamination or the like at the time of mixing the two solutions is reduced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04604286__

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Method and apparatus for determining the energy balance of a living subject on the basis of energy used and nutrition intake Inventor(s): Schmidt; Volker (Erlangen, DE), Birkhoelzer; Thomas (Weisendorf, DE) Assignee(s): Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Munich, DE) Patent Number: 5,989,188 Date filed: September 24, 1998 Abstract: In a method and apparatus for determining the energy balance of a living subject on the basis of the energy use and on the basis of nutrition intake, the energy balance is calculated on the basis of a determined energy use of the subject and on the basis of an input of the nutrition intake of the subject via an input unit. This calculation takes place in a calculating unit supplied with a signal corresponding to the energy use,

Patents 411

using a value of the calorific value of the food that can be obtained from a memory. A signal corresponding to this energy balance can be generated on a display unit. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for determining the energy balance of a living subject on the basis of energy use and nutrition intake. As used herein, the term "nutrition intake" means nutrition which is currently being supplied to a subject, or nutrition which will be supplied to a subject.... It is known to use calorie tables for weight increase or weight reduction programs, these tables indicating how much energy can be derived respectively from various foods. If, for example, a person would like to achieve a weight reduction, then he sets his nutritional intake such in conjunction with such a table so that the person ingests only a specific number of calories per day.... This method is very complicated; moreover, the "energy use", based on an energy conversion, of the person is not taken into consideration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05989188__ •

Method and apparatus for supplying nutrition Inventor(s): Wilk; Peter J. (185 W. End Ave., New York, NY 10023) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,318,519 Date filed: August 19, 1992 Abstract: A medical method for providing nutrition to a patient comprises the steps of providing a container having an inlet, an outlet and a pump at the outlet and surgically inserting the container into the abdominal cavity. The container outlet is surgically connected to a selected vein in the portal vein system so that the container communicates with the liver via the container outlet and the selected vein of the portal vein system. The pump is then operated to move a liquid nutritive composition from the container to the selected vein in the portal vein system. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for supplying nutrition. More particularly, this invention relates to a method for total parenteral nutrition. This invention also relates to an apparatus for use in implementing the method.... A significant number of ailing individuals are unable to obtain nutrition through the normal channels, namely, through the mouth and the gastrointestinal tract. Such individuals are provided periodically with a liquid nutritive composition from a reservoir or supply which may be provided on a stand or attached to the person, e.g., on a belt or on a back harnass. A tube or central intravenous line extends from the reservoir to a vein in the person's chest. The nutritive composition then moves to the heart and through the body until it is eventually absorbed.... This conventional technique for providing liquid nutrition is sometimes intolerably inconvenient. The patient is saddled with a bag or container which is uncomfortable and embarassing in some situations. Alternatively, the patient must be connected to a supply of liquid nutrition by a health professional. This latter method is especially undesirable in that the freedom of the individual is restricted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05318519__

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Method and composition for providing nutrition to a renal failure patient Inventor(s): Chang; Shen-Youn (Wadsworth, IL), Tucker; Hugh N. (Barrington, IL), Madsen; David (Libertyville, IL), Twyman; Diana (Chicago, IL), Trimbo; Susan (Evanston, IL) Assignee(s): Nestec Ltd. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 5,728,678 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides a composition as well as method for providing nutrition to renal patients. Pursuant to the present invention, the enteral composition includes an effective amount of a protein source including whey protein and free amino acids that provide essential as well as nonessential amino acids. The composition is calorically dense and has a moderate osmolality. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nutritional compositions for the support and therapy of individuals. More specifically, the present invention relates to nutritional compositions and methods of using same for preventing or treating renal failure.... Renal failure may be classified as acute or chronic. An abrupt, often reversible impairment (partial or total) of renal function, manifested by inadequate urine formation characterizes acute renal failure (ARF). ARF refers to the clinical conditions associated with rapid, steadily increasing azotemia, with or without oliguria (<500 mL/day). The causes of ARF can be grouped into three diagnostic categories: pre-renal (inadequate renal perfusion); post-renal (obstruction); and renal. Merck Manual, 16th Edition, p. 1661 (1992).... Patients with ARF very often are subject to such complications as sepsis and hypercatabolism. Using dialysis, the fluid and electrolyte abnormalities of ARF can be regulated, and uremic symptoms reduced. However, dialysis cannot alone prevent the ravages of catabolism, including poor wound healing, the risk of infections and increased mortality. Nutritional support must be used to maintain nutritional status until the ARF improves. Handbook of Clinical Nutrition, 2nd Edition, p. 336 (1989). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05728678__

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Method and device for raising worms, method of raising worms in nutrition limited by inhibiting means, method of producing worm castings, and holder for raising worms Inventor(s): van Es; Antonie F. (Maziestraat 18, 2514 GT The Hague, NL), Frijters; Petrus J. G. (v.d. Duynstraat 152, 2515 NL The Hague, NL) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,513,685 Date filed: March 30, 1983 Abstract: A method and a device are disclosed for raising worms. The worms are fed in accordance with a continuously growing nutritional chain in a manner such that a migration of a worm population following said chain is produced. At least once an accretion of the worm population is separated leaving a migrating stock population in the nutritional chain, whereas the accretion migrates in the direction of an accretion nutritional chain which starts from the stock nutritional chain, and can be harvested therefrom. Apparatus is described for raising the worms under conditions which are optimal for the farmer and depend, for instance, on economical and seasonal

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conditions.The method and/or device can be advantageously used for producing worm casting, since the worms can be maintained under conditions whereby the conversion velocity of the nutrition offered to the worms is maximal over a long period of time. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for raising a worm population, in which nutrition is added to a worm population containing bedding, periodically accretion is separated from the worm population, and the remaining part of the worm population is maintained as a stock population.... Such a method is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,961,603 which discloses a device for the cultivation of earth worms, which comprises a number of stacked pans which, with the exception of the bottom pan, are provided with orifices. The bottom pan is filled with gravel and water in order to maintain the relative humidity in the device at a constant level, whereas the uppermost pan is provided with a cover. The pans are so filled with bedding, that via the orifices the worms can travel from one pan to another and are always able to reach the nutrition which is added to the uppermost pan. Periodically the uppermost pan is removed and the worms, worm eggs, castings and bedding present therein, are separated from one another. Subsequently this pan is provided with fresh bedding and is replaced in the stack as the penultimate pan towards the bottom pan. Repeated harvesting of the worms from the converted nutrition and bedding is disadvantageous in that the job is labour intensive.... A similar method is described inter alia in the book "Raising Earthworms for Profit" by E. B. Shields (7th Edition, 1978, Shields Publications, Eagle River, Wis., U.S.A.). According to the known method a wooden or concrete trough, length 2.4 ms, width 90 cms and depth 30 to 40 cms is filled with bedding material. The bedding may consist of peat, horsedung, straw, sawdust, wood mould and/or tree-bark and an important feature thereof is that it can contain water and has only little protein food. The bedding is stocked with such a concentration of worms that the worms can easily find one another and will reproduce. A trough of the abovementioned dimensions is stocked with about 100,000 worms. Suitable are, for example, earthworms such as Lumbricidae, Eiseniae, Allolobophorae, Dendrobaenae and the African night-crawler. After a period of ten days to one month the worms will seek food and come upwards. The nutrition is frequently deposited on the bedding and may be formed by organic refuse, dung, composte, sewerage mud, if necessary completed with commercially available food such as ground poultry fodder. After about two months the number of worms has doubled and the worm population has to be split up. For this purpose a further trough is half filled with bedding material and it is half filled of the worm-containing bedding from the first trough. Subsequently the remaining half of the initial trough is completed with new bedding material. This splitting-up process may be repeated about three times. After about six months the bedding of the initial trough contains such a large quantity of worm excrements that the worms living in this trough have to be separated from the bedding. Repeated splitting up the bedding in a trough containing a worm population has the disadvantage that the worms are disturbed, which adversely affects their behaviour. Additionally, gathering the worms from the worked-up nutrition and the bedding material is a labour-intensive process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04513685__

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Method for providing nutrition to elderly patients Inventor(s): Chang; Shen-Youn (Wadsworth, IL), Lin; Paul M. (Fullerton, CA), Kruzel; Chris (Wheeling, IL) Assignee(s): Nestec Ltd (CH) Patent Number: 5,686,429 Date filed: December 17, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for providing nutrition to elderly patients. Pursuant to the present invention, the enteral composition includes a protein source, a lipid source, and a carbohydrate source. Preferably, the protein source includes at least 18% of the total calories. In an embodiment, the carbohydrate source includes a source of dietary fiber including a balance of soluble to insoluble fiber ratio of approximately 1:3. Still further, the composition of the present invention also includes increased levels of certain vitamins and minerals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the treatment and nutritional support of patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to providing nutrition to elderly patients.... Americans greater than 65 years old were, at the turn of the century, 4% of the population; currently, they are greater than 12% of the population. Though only 12% of our population, the elderly account for greater than 40% of our acute hospital bed days, buy greater than 30% of all prescription drugs and spend 30% of our greater than 600 billion dollar health budget. Still further, it is estimated that in 2030, greater than 70 million Americans (1:5) will be over the age of 65, and the "over 85's" are expected to experience the highest percentage increase of all. The Merck Manual, 16th Edition, p. 2540.... As the average age of the population increases, obtaining a better understanding of the unique aspects of aging in relation to nutritional needs and treatment is imperative. Many physiologic functions decline progressively throughout adult life and have an impact on nutrition. For instance, a reduction in the number of functioning cells and the resultant slowing of metabolic processes results in a decrease in caloric requirements among the elderly. Also, the reduction in physical activity that generally accompanies aging further decreases energy requirements. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05686429__

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Method for providing nutrition to elderly patients Inventor(s): Kruzel; Chris (Boulder, CO), Lin; Paul M. (Fullerton, CA), Chang; ShenYoun (Weford, PA) Assignee(s): Nestec Ltd. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: RE36,288 Date filed: July 9, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for providing nutrition to elderly patients. Pursuant to the present invention, the enteral composition includes a protein source, a lipid source, and a carbohydrate source. Preferably, the protein source includes at least 18% of the total calories. In an embodiment, the carbohydrate source includes a source of dietary fiber including a balance of soluble to insoluble fiber ratio of approximately 1:3. Still further, the composition of the present invention also includes increased levels of certain vitamins and minerals.

Patents 415

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the treatment and nutritional support of patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to providing nutrition to elderly patients.... Americans greater than 65 years old were, at the turn of the century, 4% of the population; currently, they are greater than 12% of the population. Though only 12% of our population, the elderly account for greater than 40% of our acute hospital bed days, buy greater than 30% of all prescription drugs and spend 30% of our greater than 600 billion dollar health budget. Still further, it is estimated that in 2030, greater than 70 million Americans (1:5) will be over the age of 65, and the "over 85's" are expected to experience the highest percentage increase of all. The Merck Manual, 16th Edition, p. 2540.... As the average age of the population increases, obtaining a better understanding of the unique aspects of aging in relation to nutritional needs and treatment is imperative. Many physiologic functions decline progressively throughout adult life and have an impact on nutrition. For instance, a reduction in the number of functioning cells and the resultant slowing of metabolic processes results in a decrease in caloric requirements among the elderly. Also, the reduction in physical activity that generally accompanies aging further decreases energy requirements. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US0RE36288__ •

Method of providing high-protein nutrition by the oral administration of a predigested protein composition Inventor(s): Gorenberg; Eli M. (Fair Lawn, NJ), Gans; Arnold M. (Closter, NJ), Goren; Alvin J. (North Bergen, NJ) Assignee(s): Control Drug, Inc. (Port Reading, NJ) Patent Number: 4,042,688 Date filed: June 22, 1976 Abstract: A mwethod for providing high-protein nutrition, such as to aid the process of body build-up before surgery and of tissue repair after surgery or in other situations where rapid body build-up is desirable, which comprises ingestion of a pre-digested protein composition containing all of the essential amino acids and having a palatable taste and odor. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and composition for providing a highly efficient source of nutrition without undesirable side effects, and it especially relates to the provision of a source of protein in concentrated but highly palatable form.... One of the most significant aspects of the present invention is its utilization in the prevention of nutritional deficiency, and particularly that form of nutritional deficiency which is caused by disease or which is an undesirable condition in the treatment of a disease or surgical procedure.... The crucial effect in the body's response to nutritional deficiency or starvation is the preservation of the size and character of the body cell mass. The term "body cell mass" denotes the total mass of living, functioning, energy-exchanging, and mitotically active cells of the body comprising two large groups of tissues, namely skeletal muscle and visceral parenchyma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04042688__

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Method of providing nutrition to adolescents Inventor(s): Lowry; Carol J. (Minneapolis, MN), Schmidl; Mary K. (Arden Hills, MN) Assignee(s): Novartis Nutrition AG (Berne, CH) Patent Number: 5,719,134 Date filed: September 17, 1996 Abstract: A dietary composition comprising, based on total caloric content of the composition,a) a carbohydrate component which comprises from 50 to 65% of the total caloric content;b) a lipid component which comprises from 20 to 35% of the total caloric content; andc) an amino acid component which comprises from 10 to 20% of the total caloric content and which comprises specified amino acids and amounts thereof is useful providing nutrition to human adolescents. Excerpt(s): c) an amino acid component which comprises from 10 to 20% of the total caloric content of said composition and which comprises 2.3 to 2.8% L-histidine, 6.1 to 7.4% L-soleucine, 8.5 to 10.2% L-leucine, 7.0 to 8.4% L-valine, 6.6 to 8.0% L-lysine, 3.1 to 3.8% L-methionine, 5.5 to 6.6% L-phenylalanine, 4.8 to 5.8% L-threonine, 1.7 to 2.1% Ltryptophan, 5.7 to 6.9% L-alanine, 6.2 to 7.5% L-arginine, 5.9 to 7.1% L-aspartic acid, 2.3 to 2.8% L-cystine, 12.9 to 15.5% L-glutamine, 3.8 to 4.6% L-glutamic acid, 3.2 to 3.9% glycine, 5.0 to 6.0% L-proline, 5.4 to 6.5% L-serine, and 4.0 to 4.8% L-tyrosine, all based on total weight of said amino acid component.... The compositions are useful for administering nutrition to adolescents particularly those ages 1 to 10 years, for diseases or conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, intractable diarrhea, lactose intolerance, short bowel syndrome, cystic fibrosis, cow's milk protein enteropathy or sensitivity, pre or post surgery, AIDS, malabsorption syndrome, gastroenteritis, GI fistula, and pancreatic disorder.... Providing proper nutrition to adolescents is important in growth and development. Nutrition is especially important to adolescents who are undergoing certain conditions or disease, and who are unable to consume food orally and must be fed enterally. Physicians have had to use baby formulas or modify existing adult enteral formulas to meet the needs of their adolescent patients. They have added fats and carbohydrates to increase the calories, lowered the protein content or reduced the water used in preparing powdered or concentrated varieties. These modifications do not provide for a well-balanced formula as the sodium and vitamins and minerals are not appropriate. Some physicians have added iron, vitamins and calcium, but again an appropriately balanced formula was not achieved. Thus, a strong need exists for improved enteral or oral formulas designed for the nutritional needs of adolescents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05719134__

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N,N'-bis-L-amino acid-L-cystine-peptide containing amino acid preparations for oral parenteral nutrition Inventor(s): Furst; Peter (Stuttgart, DE), Stehle; Peter (Stuttgart, DE), Fekl; Werner (Rottenbach, DE) Assignee(s): Pfrimmer + Co. Pharmazeutische Werke Erlangen GmbH + co. KG (Erlangen, DE) Patent Number: 4,968,696 Date filed: June 24, 1988

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Abstract: N-N-bis-L-amino acid-L-cystine- peptides which are suitable as water soluble cystine donors in oral or parenteral nutrition. Excerpt(s): The sulfur containing amino acid cysteine and its stable dimeric disulfide product cystine, which is formed therefrom readily upon oxidation, do not belong to the classic essential amino acids, but nevertheless cystine is considered an indispensible component in amino acid preparations provided for the nutrition of babies, for chronical uremia, hepatic cirrhosis and of the injured. The reason for the essentiality in said cases is a non-sufficient or completely missing synthesis of cystine from the respective sulfurcontaining amino acids methionine and cystine serving as intermediates in the body.... Since in many cases newborn or premature infants as well as patients showing the above syndromes have to be fed intravenously, it is essential to incorporate cystine in adequate amounts into the respective nutritious solutions. However, this is prevented by the very poor solubility of free cystine in water, which is only 0:1 g/l H.sub.2 O.... A soluble derivative has been provided by the acetylation of cystine, the product being used in small amounts in amino acid preparations. However, this cysteine compound, too, is readily oxidized to the disulfide product in aqueous solution. On the other hand, in contrast to free cystine, this N,N'-bis-acetylcystine has a relatively high solubility in water and therefore stays in solution, which is the reason why it has been tried to use this diacetyated cystine in infusion preparations. However, new studies show unambiguously that acetylated amino acids have a poor utilization in man only and can be used to a small extent only for the synthesis of endogenous protein. Diglycylcystine is known as a soluble cystine compound for a long time and has been used as a substrate for peptidase studies, as the cleavage of this peptide can be readily measured due to the precipitation of insoluble cystine, cf. J. Biol. Chemistry, vol. 128, 241-243 (1939). In spite of an existing need, this cystine peptide has not been used for nutritional purposes in practice so far. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04968696__ •

N-phenoxy(or thio)hydrocarbon 3,4,5-trihydroxypiperidine derivatives, their use in medicine and in animal nutrition Inventor(s): Sitt; Rudiger (Wuppertal, DE), Muller; Lutz (Wuppertal, DE), Stoltefuss; Jurgen (Haan, DE), Junge; Bodo (Wuppertal, DE), Krause; Hans-Peter (Wuppertal, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 4,407,809 Date filed: February 5, 1981 Abstract: The invention relates to 3,4,5-trihydroxypiperidine compound of Formula (I) as methods for the preparation of said compounds. Also included in the invention are compositions containing said piperidine compounds and methods for the use of said piperidine compounds and compositions. The invention further includes veterinary compositions containing said piperidine compounds and their use in animal nutrition.The piperidine compounds of Formula (I) are useful as agents against prediabetes, gastritis, constipation, infections of the gastro-intestinal tract, meteorism, flatulence, caries, arteriosclerosis and hypertension and in particular against diabetes, hyperlipaemia and adiposity, and also in animal nutrition for influencing the meat/fat ratio in favor of the meat content. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to certain new 3,4,5-trihydroxypiperidine compounds, to processes for their production and to their use as agents against

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prediabetes, gastritis, constipation, infections of the gastro-intestinal tract, meteorism, flatulence, caries, arteriosclerosis and hypertension and in particular against diabetes, hyperlipaemia and adiposity, and also in animal nutrition for influencing the meat/fat ratio in favour of the meat content.... R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are identical or different and independently of one another denote a hydrogen or halogen atom, an alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aroxy, alkylthio, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, alkyl- and di-alkylamino, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, acylamino, sulfonylamino, acyloxy, carboxyl, carbalkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or formyl radical or an optionally substituted carbonamide or sulphonamide radical.... The invention preferentially relates to compounds of the formula (I) in which X denotes a saturated or mono-, di- or poly-unsaturated alkyl radical with 1 to 10 and preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms and Y, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meaning indicated above. R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 preferably independently denote a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or alkoxy group, a halogen atom or a carboxyl, carbalkoxy, amino, acylamino, aryl or aminoalkyl group. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04407809__ •

Nutrition Inventor(s): Lindmark; Lars (Falsterbo, SE), Horrobin; David F. (Surrey, GB) Assignee(s): Scotia Holdings Plc (GB) Patent Number: 5,922,345 Date filed: January 11, 1996 Abstract: Countering side effects of parenteral or fluid-diet enteral nutrition by adding one or more 6-desaturated essential fatty acids (EFAs) to parenteral or enteral composition (particularly low-fat compositions) being given, or giving them in addition to the compositions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to nutrition and in particular to countering side effects of parenteral or fluid-diet enteral nutrition.... There are increasing numbers of patients who are being fed completely via parenteral fluids for short and long periods of time. The most obvious examples are patients undergoing post-operative care. But there are also many patients who for various reasons cannot take a diet of normal food and are fed enterally with defined enteral preparations, often containing relatively low levels of fat in general or essential fatty acids (EFAs) in particular (e.g. M. Pettei et al, "Essential fatty acid deficiency with the use of chemically-defined diets", Gastroenterology 1989; 96:A391).... A number of complications can develop in these patients. The include intestinal atrophy, biliary abnormalities, insulin resistance, accumulation of fat in the liver, abnormal activation of the reticulo-endothelial system (particularly with parenteral lipids), abnormal lipoprotein levels and increased protein catabolism. This invention addresses these issues and three of them in particular all of which can occur with both enteral and parenteral artificial nutrition regimes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05922345__

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Nutrition and exercise education game and method of play thereof Inventor(s): Mueller; Laverne J. (5491 Crathes Ct., St. Louis, MO 63119) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,986,757 Date filed: September 8, 1989 Abstract: A board game aimed at three to six year olds which is designed to teach and promote good nutrition and exercise habits which result in healthy cardiovascular systems to young children as well as provide entertainment and reinforcement for normative values. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to games, and more particularly, to instructional games designed to teach and promote good nutrition and exercise habits in young children as well as provide entertainment and reinforcement of normative values.... A growing number of Americans, as well as scientists and health professionals, are becoming increasingly aware of the interrelatedness of good nutrition and exercise habits and a healthy cardiovascular system. Similarly, there is a growing awareness that it is easier to instill good habits at an early age rather than to effect a change in poor habits at a later age. As a result a number of nutrition-oriented games have been developed which attempt to provide educational features which impart information to allow informed choices regarding calories, sodium intake, saturated and polyunsaturated fats, cholesterol, and the like. Among the games developed are U.S. Pat. No. 4,040,628 (Pope), a diet game which concerns itself with weight loss, U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,840 (Curtiss), a game which emphasizes the relationship between food consumption, exercise, and weight control, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,721 (McKay), a game which concerns itself with a nutritional characteristic and daily requirements for good health.... All of the aforementioned games are directed to older individuals and attempt to modify established behavior through instruction. The game of the present invention is directed toward three to six year olds and attempts to teach good nutrition and exercise habits in the formative years thereby ensuring that individuals will recognize and practice informed choices throughout their lives. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04986757__

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Nutrition board game Inventor(s): Bandieri; A. Louise (4 Brichwood Rd., Bristol, RI 02809) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,454,263 Date filed: September 22, 2000 Abstract: A nutrition board game is disclosed which has a game board, movable pieces, food group cards, a menu card, and a spinner for simulating a healthful eating diet. The board piece is marked to follow a path with the movable pieces based on the roll of a die. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the art of board games for multiple players and, more particularly, to a board game which teaches a basic understanding of the fundamentals of eating a healthful balanced meal based on the foundations of the food pyramid.... It is common knowledge among nutritionists and teachers that there are five basic food groups. In order to balance a daily diet one must eat food from each of the

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five food groups. This game deals with the minimum daily requirements according to the USDA guidelines for a balanced meal which are: one food from the milk group, one food from the protein group, one food from the fruit group and two foods from the grain and vegetable groups. Devices such as charts, books, and pyramid diagrams exist which are used to teach children and adults the suggested minimum and maximum food requirements for a balanced daily diet. However, some individuals and, specifically, children do not have the attention span or desire to learn these principles from the existing medium. Thus, it is readily apparent that it would be highly desirable to provide a means by which the principles of eating a well-balanced diet can be taught and reinforced in a multifaceted, highly compressed time frame and in a manner which is both educational and entertaining. This game provides a way to learn, reinforce and apply the knowledge imparted in both the English and Spanish languages.... The present invention provides a board game which is specifically adapted for multiple players. A purpose of the game is to teach the fundamental aspects of nutrition. The present invention is an improvement over existing devices and charts. It provides a board game particularly adapted for multiple players that teaches the fundamental aspects of nutrition in both the English and Spanish languages. The cards, menus and spinners are printed in both the English and Spanish languages thus simultaneously exposing the players to both languages. Another aspect unique to this game is the use of a menu as its paradigm. The players use their menu to record the food that is named on the card he/she has drawn during play. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06454263__ •

Nutrition indicating device Inventor(s): Kapp; Lois (1127 E. Del Mar Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91106) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,977,106 Date filed: December 12, 1974 Abstract: There is disclosed a nutrition-indicating device comprising a flat circular chart with a flat wheel rotatably pivoted at each side of the chart. The diameters of the wheels are the same and are less than the diameter of the chart so that a peripheral margin is left uncovered by the wheels on both sides of the chart. The names of different foods appear around this exposed periphery on both sides of the chart and the areas occupied by a number of the food names are given a color which is not the same for all foods. There are a plurality of such colors and the different colors represent different amounts of cholesterol in the food associated with the color. The particular colors disclosed are yellow, green, blue, purple, red and orange, which represent respectively: absence, trace, small, medium, large and abundance of cholesterol. Sectors of the chart are provided with a plurality of the same colors, representing respectively: absence, trace, small, medium, large and abundance of various named food items including vitamins which appear on each wheel. Thus, there is a column radially extending from the food on the chart toward the center of the circle. Overlying the radially extending colors there is a system of numbers, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, representing respectively: absence, trace, small, medium, large and abundance of the respective food items. The use of the numbers overlying the colors in the same areas increases the amount of food item information provided by the device. For the purpose of further increasing the amount of space for identification of the various food items on the wheels, there are provided two of the columns of holes through the wheels in proximity but spaced somewhat from

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each other. In addition to the listing of food items, one of the holes of each wheel represents calories and the corresponding numbers on the chart are in terms of number of calories in 100 grams of the food. The number system and the color system for relative quantities of food items appears on the wheels so that the color or number of the food item corresponding to any listed food can readily be ascertained in terms of absence, trace, small, medium, large or abundance of that food item. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a nutrition-indicating device, more particularly to such a device which can indicate relative quantities of items in a food.... Nutrition charts containing a rotatable wheel have heretofore been known and used, but none of them has been comprehensive in furnishing qualities of foods and none has heretofore afforded a ready reading of a relative quantity of a nutrient or vitamin.... An object of the present invention is to show quantities of items in a relatively great number of foods on a relatively small device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03977106__ •

Orally-ingestible nutrition compositions having improved palatability Inventor(s): Kvamme; Candis (Brooklyn Park, MN), Greenberg; Norman A. (New Hope, MN), Schmidl; Mary K. (Arden Hills, MN) Assignee(s): Novartis Nutrition AG (Basel, CH) Patent Number: 5,780,039 Date filed: April 23, 1992 Abstract: An orally-ingestible nutrition composition having improved taste comprises a low pH (<7.0) form of an amino acid selected from arginine, valine and compounds associated with the synthesis of polyamines. Preferred low pH forms are salts such as arginine phosphate and mixtures thereof with arginine citrate. Preferred nutrition composition also comprise encapsulated polyunsaturated fatty acid. Excerpt(s): Greater and greater attention is being given to nutrition and its critical role in health and in fighting diseases and other infections. A variety of nutritional compositions have been administered in the past to hospitalized patients, particularly critically ill patients, to stimulate the immune system and minimize the risk of infections. The prior art has shown that nutritional adjunctive therapy given to patients either enterally or parenterally is efficacious in reversing catabolism and stimulating anabolism. This improvement in the metabolic state of the patient is believed to be critical to the healing process and patient survival.... Surgical procedures are an extreme assault upon the body and can affect the immune response system of the patient. It has been shown that nutrition can also affect the immune response system after surgery or other major assaults to the body. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,844 describes a method to improve immune response and resistance to infection by administering to a patient, for at least 10 days prior to surgery, a diet having 20-60 kilocalories per kilogram body weight wherein 20-80% of the calories are derived from linoleic acid.... U.S. Pat. No. 4,752,618 discloses a method of minimizing infections by administering a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids. U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,553 describes compositions of nucleic acid components for nutritional replenishment which enhances the efficient use of the amino acids in the body and assures nutrition control and nitrogen balance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05780039__

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Organic liquid nutrition source for plants and manufacturing method for same Inventor(s): Kawamoto; Hidekatsu (370-2 Toya, Numazu-shi, Shizuoka-ken, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,080,222 Date filed: March 1, 1999 Abstract: An organic liquid source of nutrition for plants includes a liquid mixture made from animal-derived raw materials decomposed naturally through the autolysis of cells, separated by addition of hydrochloric acid into a first liquid consisting primarily of fatty acids to which alcohol is added, and a second liquid consisting primarily of soluble protein to which surfactant is added, and a sugar-containing liquid mixed and agitated with these liquids. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an organic liquid source of nutrition (fertilizer) for plants that is made from the entrails, skin and heads of fish, or the entrails or blood of other animals or the like as the raw materials, exhibits stable quality and a long shelf life, and is also easy to use and can be absorbed directly by the roots and root hairs of plants, and also to the manufacturing method for same.... As is generally known, fertilizer is typically applied as a source of nutrition for plants in general agriculture and horticulture, but most of the fertilizer used up until now has been inorganic in nature. In addition, while liquid fertilizer is widely used, nearly all of this liquid fertilizer is inorganic, as virtually no liquid organic fertilizer is available.... However, since the tissues of plants are organic in nature, consisting of glucose, proteins (amino acids) and fatty acids, inorganic fertilizer applied to plants cannot be incorporated directly as tissue. So typically, when inorganic fertilizer is applied to plants, only the glucose formed by photosynthesis has the ability to enlarge the plant tissues, so the fertilizer itself cannot effectively form the tissues of plants. Moreover, conventional inorganic fertilizer is low in concentration and has poor shelf life, and also does not supply nutrients in a balance that is good for the soil microbes that contribute to plant growth. It is also expensive and impractical. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080222__

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Parenteral nutrition therapy with amino acids Inventor(s): Veech; Richard L. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): British Technology Group, Ltd. (London, GB2) Patent Number: 5,719,119 Date filed: April 26, 1993 Abstract: Parenteral nutrition aqueous solutions are provided which preferably contain glutamine together with other organic nitrogen containing compounds. The respective concentrations of the compounds present in any given such solution are typically approximately multiples of the concentration of the same compounds as found in normal human plasma, and the respective mole ratios of various such compounds in any given such solution relative to one another are approximately the same mole ratio associated with the same compounds as found in normal human plasma. Processes for using such solutions are provided. Excerpt(s): This invention lies in the field of parenteral nutrition therapy, and especially in the field of amino-acid containing solutions and methods for practicing such

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therapy.... The use of acetate in parenteral fluids developed in the late 40's and early 50's following reports that "acetate could serve as an alternative source of fixed base such as bicarbonate" (Mudge G H, Manning J A, Gilman A. Sodium acetate as a source of fixed base. Proc Soc Exptl Biol Med 71:136-138, 1949; Fox C L, Winfield J M, Slobody L B, Swindler C M, Lattimer J K. Electrolyte solution approximating plasma concentrations with increased potassium for routine fluid and electrolyte replacement. J Am Med Asso 148: 827-833, 1952), The routine use of acetate in parenteral fluids has grown over the past 40 years to the point where the present commercially available amino acid supplements now contain from 40 to 150 mM acetate (Facts and Comparisons March 1984, pp 36-37d. Lippincott, St. Louis) even though the normal level of blood acetate is generally controlled at below 0.2 mM in blood (Bergmeyer H U, Moellering H. Enzymatische besimmung von acetat. Biochem Z 344:167-189, 1966).... The fourth reason acetate was included in the amino acid mixtures, particularly those containing sulfur, was to avoid a metabolic acidosis. By adding acetate to the mixture, an alkalizing agent was administered, which, at the time, was thought to be harmless. This has now been proven not to have been the case. The improvement here consists in substituting for acetate other anionic metabolites which may accomplish this function in a non-harmful manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05719119__ •

Parenteral nutrition with medium and long chain triglycerides Inventor(s): Cotter; Richard (Libertyville, IL), Bistrian; Bruce (Ipswich, MA), Babayan; Vigen K. (Waban, MA), Blackburn; George L. (Cambridge, MA), Moldawer; Lyle L. (Molndal, SE) Assignee(s): Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. (Deerfield, IL) Patent Number: 4,703,062 Date filed: September 9, 1985 Abstract: Medium chain triglyceride containing lipid emulsions for the nutrition of liver diseased or septicemic patients are improved by the inclusion in the emulsions of long chain triglycerides. The emulsions may also contain amino acids in proportions desirable for the nutrition of liver diseased patients, as well as carbohydrates, drugs, vitamins and electrolytes. Excerpt(s): This relates to total parenteral nutrition of patients with liver disease or septicemia. It is particularly concerned with providing such nutrition via lipid emulsions. Lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition are available commercially or can be manufactured in accordance with known processes. Generally, such emulsions have been made using the triglycerides of long chain fatty acids (LCTs). LCTs are obtained conventionally from soybean or safflower oil. Long chain fatty acids are fatty acids having 14 or more carbon atoms, usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms.... More recently, lipid emulsions which contain triglycerides of medium chain fatty acids (MCTs) have become available. MCTs are triglyceride esters of fatty acids which contain a preponderance of C.sub.8 and C.sub.10 fatty acids (caprylic and capric acid, respectively). Emulsions of this type are disclosed in European Patent Application No. 0071995 and Eckart et al., "J. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition" 4(4):360-366 (1980). The above cited European Patent Application discloses an isotonic LCT/MCT emulsion for parenteral use, which contains a fat content of 3 to 30%, an LCT/MCT ratio between 4/1 and 1/4, a physiologically unobjectionable polyhydric alcohol and egg phosphatide as emulsifier.... Early studies involving enteral administration of MCT emulsions to animals and man indicated that

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MCTs are handled by a physiological pathway other than the one known for LCTs. Indepth studies revealed that MCTs are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids in the intestinal lumen at a rate five times faster than the hydrolysis rate for LCTs. Further, these MCTderived fatty acids are absorbed by the intestinal cell at a rate twice the absorption rate of LCT-derived fatty acids. The most striking difference between MCT and LCT was shown to be the mechanism of transport to sites of utilization and, as a result, their predominant mode of utilization. MCT-derived fatty acids pass through the intestinal epithelial cell without reesterification to MCT. They then enter the portal vein, bind to albumin, and are transported in this bound form in the bloodstream. LCT-derived fatty acids, on the other hand, after absorption are reesterified in intestinal cells to form LCT and packaged with protein and phospholipids to form lipid particles (chylomicrons) that enter the lymph system and, later, the circulatory system for distribution to the tissues of utilization. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04703062__ •

Pediatric formula and methods for providing nutrition and improving tolerance Inventor(s): Borschel; Marlene W. (Worthington, OH), Costigan; Timothy (Upper Arlington, OH), Luebbers; Steven T. (Columbus, OH), Black; Cynthia J. (Westerville, OH), McKamy; Daniel L. (Simpsonville, SC) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,589,576 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an improved pediatric formula and methods for providing nutrition to and enhancing tolerance in pediatric patients. The formula may be provided in powder, concentrate or ready-to-feed forms. The pediatric formula comprises, based on a 100 kcal basis, about 8 to about 16 grams carbohydrate (preferably about 9.4 to about 12.3 grams), about 3 to about 6 grams lipid (preferably about 4.7 to about 5.6 grams), about 1.8 to about 3.3 grams protein (preferably about 2.4 to about 3.3 grams), and a tolerance improver comprising a sufficient quantity for xanthum gum to produce a viscosity of no greater than about 200 centipoise at a pH of 4.0, or less. The formula may also be provided in a powder. The formula preferably further comprises vitamins and minerals and may further comprise a stabilizer. The methods comprise administering to a pediatric patient an effective amount of a pediatric formula according to the invention, as described above. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a pediatric formula, and particularly relates to enhancing the tolerance of pediatric patients fed the formula. Pediatric patients include both infants (children 12 months of age or less) and children (children more than 12 months of age but less than 13 yrs of age). (Therefore, all infants are children, but not all children will be infants.) More specifically, the invention is a pediatric formula comprising xanthan gum that has been found effective in increasing tolerance in patients fed such a formula. The invention is also a method of providing nutrition and a method of improving tolerance comprising administering an effective amount of a pediatric formula comprising xanthan gum.... Pediatric formulas may be classified into three general types based on the type of protein: intact protein-based, hydrolyzed protein-based, and free amino acid-based. (Pediatric formulas encompass infant formulas and formulas intended for children one year and older.) Commercial pediatric formulas may also contain, in addition to a protein source, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals. Free amino acids are currently utilized as the pediatric source in

Patents 425

pediatric formulas (EleCare.TM., Ross Products Division of Abbott Laboratories) intended for children one year and older who have one or more of the following: problems digesting and absorbing regular foods, severe food allergies, gastrointestinal tract problems, or other conditions in which an elemental diet is needed.... Many pediatric patients experience intolerance to certain formulas (formula intolerance). The terms intolerance and formula intolerance are used interchangeably herein. Intolerance is a non-immune system associated reaction and may be evidenced by behavior or stool or feeding pattern changes such as increased spit-up or vomiting, an increased number of stools, more watery stools, and increased fussiness as compared to normal infants who tolerate formula well. Intolerance is most often indicated by gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. emesis, stool patterns and gas) as well as behavioral characteristics (e.g. acceptance of formula, fussing and crying). In clinical study settings such behavior may be cause for parents to remove their infants from a particular study. Infants removed from a study because of such behaviors are referred to as exits for intolerance. In a nonclinical setting such behavior often causes parents to switch formulas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589576__ •

Pharmaceutical composition for total parenteral nutrition Inventor(s): Cavazza; Claudio (35, Via Marocco, 00144 Rome, IT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,254,147 Date filed: May 23, 1979 Abstract: A composition for total or supplemental parenteral nutrition of patients in need thereof for the treatment of shock and trauma, is disclosed. The composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of triglycerides and an amount of carnitine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sufficient to increase free fatty acid oxidation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical composition for total or supplemental parenteral nutrition of patients in need thereof for treatment of shock and other trauma.... More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel composition for use in total or supplemental intravenous nutrition of patients in need thereof, such composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of triglycerides. The present invention also relates to a therapeutical method of increasing the efficiency of triglyceride administration to patients in need thereof because of their condition of shock and trauma.... Up until recently, total parenteral nutrition was limited to the use of carbohydrates and protein hydrolysates, whereas intravenous administration of fats as caloric source was actually avoided in spite of its acknowledged utility based on the long-standing knowledge that several tissues, particularly the muscular tissue and the myocardium, utilize fatty acids as preferential energy substrate. Consequently, intravenous administration of exogenous fats would result in markedly beneficial effects in all those clinical situations wherein unbalanced conditions of some metabolic systems may occur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04254147__

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Reducing gastrointestinal irritation in infant nutrition Inventor(s): Tso; Patrick (Shreveport, LA), Crissinger; Karen D. (Shreveport, LA) Assignee(s): Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. (Tucson, AZ) Patent Number: 5,411,751 Date filed: January 26, 1994 Abstract: Food products for nutrition of infants which contain no more than subirritant amounts of free long-chain (C.sub.16 -C.sub.22) fatty acids and triglycerides thereof are disclosed. Providing esters, such as ethyl esters, of such fatty acids in infant food products essentially eliminates the tendency of the fatty acid to damage the infant intestinal epithelium, but permits absorption and processing of the fatty acid moiety. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to infant nutrition, and more particularly to the nutrition of premature infants and infants of low birthweight. Such infants are at risk of irritation and damage to the intestinal lining (epithelium), which can lead to serious disorders such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Such disorders can lead to chronic gastrointestinal distress, and can even be fatal to the infant.... It would obviously be desirable to be able to reduce or even to prevent occurrence of intestinal damage in the infant. It is all the more desirable to be able to achieve this objective by enteral administration of an appropriate agent in the infant's food. However, while the etiology of intestinal damage leading to necrotizing enterocolitis is not known, it appears that infants fed exclusively with infant formulas are at higher risk for incurring such damage than are infants fed with breast milk. Confronting this condition through any modification directed at the fatty acid content of formula has not been considered because heretofore it has been presumed that lipids are benign to the infant.... Surprisingly, it has now been discovered that digestion products of triglycerides, in particular free long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides, can damage the intestinal epithelium of infants and thus could mediate the onset of disorders such as necrotizing enterocolitis. One aspect of the present invention is thus food products for infant nutrition which contain no free fatty acids and no triglycerides which can be broken down into such free fatty acids, or contain such substances only in amounts thereof which are insufficient to cause such damage. Another aspect of the present invention is the discovery that on enteral administration to infants of monoesters of long-chain fatty acids, including especially esters of linolenic acid and of linoleic acid, the esters can be absorbed and transported through the intestinal epithelium, thus enabling the infant to process the fatty acid moiety, without causing damage to the intestinal epithelium. The esters can be provided to the infant as a supplement to the infant's formula, or can be provided in an infant formula which also provides subirritant amounts of long-chain free fatty acids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05411751__

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Soluble and stable sources of tyrosine, cysteine and glutamine for total parenteral nutrition Inventor(s): Hilton; Mary A. (Louisville, KY) Assignee(s): Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. (Tucson, AZ) Patent Number: 5,206,220 Date filed: August 8, 1991

Patents 427

Abstract: The present invention provides soluble and/or stable sources of tyrosine, cysteine and glutamine for use in total parenteral nutrition (TPN), as well as a gradual release source of glutamic acid. In particular, these sources are gamma-glutamyltyrosine (.gamma.-GluTyr) gamma-glutamylcysteine derivatives (.gamma.-GluCys) and gammaglutamylglutamine (.gamma.-GluGln). This invention provides TPN formulations, and methods of formulating and using such solutions containing.gamma.-GluTyr,.gamma.GluCys and/or.gamma.-GluGln to provide adequate nutritional levels of tyrosine, cysteine or glutamine during TPN. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides soluble and/or stable sources of tyrosine, cysteine and glutamine for use in total parental nutrition (TPN) as well as a sustainedrelease source of glutamic acid. In particular, these sources are gamma-L-glutamyl-Ltyrosine (.gamma.-GluTyr) gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine (.gamma.-GluCys) gamma-Lglutamyl-L-glutamine (.gamma.-GluGln) and their derivatives, water soluble peptides that, after parenteral administration, are hydrolysed by tissue enzymes to release free tyrosine and glutamic acid, free cysteine and glutamic acid, or free glutamine and glutamic acid, respectively. These peptides are formulated into amino acid solutions for administration in TPN, to produce normal plasma levels of tyrosine, cysteine, glutamine and glutamic acid in humans and animals. This invention provides TPN formulations, and methods of formulating and using TPN solutions containing.gamma.GluTyr,.gamma.-GluCys,.gamma.-GluGln either singly or in combination.... Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is designed to meet the nutritional requirements for humans and animals unable to obtain proper enteral nutrition orally or via the gastrointestinal tract. TPN solutions must provide all nutrients including carbohydrates, amino acids (as a substitute for protein), lipids, vitamins, and other essential compounds such as electrolytes and trace elements. The optimal desirable composition for TPN solutions is well known yet cannot always be achieved for each component because of intrinsic limitations imposed by the physiochemical properties of that component. Such limitations include poor solubility and instability during storage. In the case of TPN amino acid solutions, the optimal composition is one that produces a normal pattern of plasma amino acids (i.e., a normal plasma aminogram). The plasma amino acid levels are determined by the balance between the rate of administration of each amino acid and its rate of utilization. For example, a normal plasma aminogram corresponds to one produced after digestion of dietary protein and hepatic release of amino acids or one produced in normal breast-fed infants. Examples of normal plasma amino acid patterns in normal breast-fed infants is described by Wu, P. Y. K. (1986) J. Pediatr. 109: 347-349, and in adults is described by Perry, R. T. et al. (1969) Clin. Chim. Acta 25: 53-58.... However, because of the limited solubility of tyrosine and cyst(e)ine as well as the instability of cysteine asparagine and glutamine, solutions using free amino acids cannot be produced containing adequate, let alone optimal, amounts of these amino acids, as deduced from current knowledge of amino acid metabolism. Moreover, high levels of glutamate may lead to excitotoxicity, [Barinaga, M. (1990) Science 247: 20-22]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05206220__

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System and method for mixing parenteral nutrition solutions Inventor(s): Horner; Gary (3098 Glendon Rd., Bethlehem, PA 18017), Raines; Kenneth (1760 Easthill Dr., Bethlehem, PA 18017) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,037,390 Date filed: December 28, 1989 Abstract: An apparatus and method for mixing parenteral nutrition solutions from additives in a plurality of vials containing the additives, in which a vented spike is inserted through a disposable rack and into the stoppered end of each vial, with the vials secured on the rack. The rack is engaged on a stand through a quick release fitting, and maintains the vials in a vertical orientation with the labels clearly visible. A dedicated syringe is connected with each vial in aligned relationship therewith through a unique two-way valve which is mounted to a manifold. In one form of the invention, the valve is attached directly on the manifold to reduce dead space volume and consequently reduce residual fluid in the system between purges. A flushing system is attached to one end of the manifold to flush any residual fluids into the final container at the end of a transfer process. The other end of the manifold may be attached in tandem with a further manifold in a further apparatus containing additional vials for admixing even further additives. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the medical arts, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for mixing parenteral nutrition solutions.... Parenteral nutrition typically involves the infusion into a patient of diverse active ingredients usually including pharmaceutically-active chemicals. These substances often cannot be premixed, packaged, sterilized, prepared or stored together, however, for medical as well as practical reasons, their administration as mixtures is often preferred. Accordingly, the concept of parenteral nutrition has evolved into a process in which a complex mixture of pharmaceutically-active substances is made for administration to a patient. These mixtures generally include multiple base solutions to which are added numerous additives, sometimes as many as twelve or more. Once mixed, these parenteral materials are drawn from individual vials, capped with rubber stoppers, and with capacities ranging in size from 5 ml to 100 ml. Generally, different patients require different combinations of additives in varying concentrations, with each mixture adapted and customized to meet the needs of a particular patient and supplement the body's nutritional needs indicated by various diagnostic and blood chemistry tests routinely performed.... In a typical prior art method of parenteral nutrition, a basic parenteral nutrition solution of amino acid and 50% dextrose is prepared by trained personnel. Sterile, sealed, rubber-stoppered vials containing the various additives are assembled and placed under a laminar flow hood to produce a sterile environment. The sterility cap is removed from each vial and an empty sterile syringe is placed in front of each vial. Usually a pharmacist, knowing the drug additive order, picks up each vial, one at a time, verifies the contents, swabs the rubber stopper with alcohol, inserts the syringe needle, inverts the bottle and withdraws the desired amount of the additive. The needle is then withdrawn and the vial set down and moved toward the final parenteral administration container, where the site of injection on the bag or bottle is cleaned with alcohol and the needle inserted into the final container to insert the additive. Extreme care must be maintained not to puncture the side of the injection port of the bag during insertion and withdrawal of the needle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05037390__

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Use of a choline salt to inhibit fatty liver in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition Inventor(s): Dubin; Mark D. (1609 S. Veteran Ave. #1, Los Angeles, CA 90024), Breslow; Kenneth (3651 Meier St., Los Angeles, CA 90066), Ament; Marvin E. (291 S. Glenroy, Los Angeles, CA 90049), Buchman; Alan L. (1280 W. Peachtree St., Atlanta, GA 30309), Jenden; Donald J. (3814 Castlerock Rd., Malibu, CA 90265) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,567,736 Date filed: September 6, 1994 Abstract: Choline is added as a supplement to nutrient solutions used in total parenteral nutrition. Addition of choline to the TPN solution maintains plasma-free choline levels within normal limits and inhibits fatty liver. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to techniques for meeting a patient's nutritional needs by intravenous feedings. More particularly, the present invention relates to the nutrient solutions which are used in such intravenous feeding techniques.... Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) involves satisfying a patient's nutritional needs by means of intravenous feedings. TPN, which sometimes is also referred to as hyperalimentation, provides all of the carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, electrolytes, vitamins and minerals needed for the building of tissue, expenditure of energy and other physiologic activities.... Parenteral nutrition, whether it be total or supplemental, has been employed in a wide variety of chronic conditions. For example, patients suffering malnutrition from acute and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases many times require total parenteral nutrition. In addition, patients suffering from partial or total obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract that cannot be relieved immediately by surgery are also candidates for TPN. Other patients who receive TPN are those suffering from massive burns that produce critical protein loss and those patients suffering from other disorders in which malnutrition is a threat to their life and they cannot receive or absorb nutrients via the digestive tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05567736__

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Use of sebacic acid and derivatives thereof in enteral and parenteral nutrition and pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds Inventor(s): Mingrone; Geltrude (Rome, IT) Assignee(s): Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A. (Rome, IT) Patent Number: 5,272,177 Date filed: January 29, 1992 Abstract: Sebacic acid and the pharmacologically acceptable derivatives thereof, such as the novel compounds sodium sebacate and potassium sebacate, the sebacic acid triglyceride and the sodium and potassium salts of the triglyceride are useful for manufacturing pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the enteral and parenteral nutrition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of sebacic acid and pharmacologically acceptable sebacic acid derivatives in enteral and parenteral

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nutrition.... According to the present invention, by "pharmacologically acceptable sebacic acid derivatives" the following compounds are meant: the pharmacologically acceptable salts, particularly the alkaline metal salts, preferably the sodium and potassium salts, the sebacic acid triglyceride and the pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof, preferably the sodium and potassium salts. The sodium and potassium salts of the sebacic acid triglycerides are novel compounds.... In clinical practice, whereas lipid emulsions of triglycerides of long chain monocarboxylic fatty acids have been in general use for total parenteral nutrition for a number of years, only recently the use of some medium chain triglycerides has met with satisfactory results. However, these emulsions suffer from serious drawbacks. Indeed, in some frequently occurring pathological conditions, such as sepsis, conflicting experimental evidences do exist as to the effectively viable utilization of long chain triglycerides. Supposedly, this impaired utilization would be caused by a relative deficiency of carnitine which, in turn, would bring about an impaired mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Further experimental evidences suggest that high doses of medium chain triglycerides administered to experiment animals wherein ketoacidosis had been induced can bring about toxic effects encompassing narcosis. It is, therefore, felt the need of relying on substrates other than those used to-date. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05272177__ •

Withering-preventing gramineous plants

and

quick-acting

nutrition

supplementing

agent

for

Inventor(s): Sato; Hiroyuki (Kawasaki, JP), Kurauchi; Masahiko (Kawasaki, JP), Miyazawa; Yuki (Kawasaki, JP), Takeuchi; Makoto (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,448,202 Date filed: October 26, 2000 Abstract: Herein is disclosed a withering-preventing and quick-acting nutrition supplementing agent for a gramineous or the like plant such as a lawn grass or the like which agent comprises, as the effective ingredient (s), proline alone or both proline and inosine concurrently, according to which a withering preventing and quick-acting nutrition supplementing agent which is not a chemical fertilizer and does not adversely affect environment and humans and animals, as well as a method for applying the same, can be provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a withering-preventing and quick-acting nutrition supplementing agent for a plant such as a gramineous plant, more particularly to a withering-preventing and quick-acting nutrition supplementing agent for a plant such as a gramineous plant which agent comprises proline which is effective for, e.g., a lawn grass going to wither and die by a stress caused by temperature or pruning or leaf rot disease.... Hitherto, some examples have been known where an amino acid-related compound, e.g., proline is applied to a plant.... For example, (a) Japanese Patent Application Laid-open (Kokai) No. 67051/1973 discloses a fruiting and fruit-enlarging promoting agent containing at least one nucleoside or nucleotide and proline. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06448202__

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Patent Applications on Nutrition As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to nutrition: •

Additive tube for enteral nutrition apparatus Inventor(s): Thorball, Jorgen; (Virum, DK), Casas, Ivan A. (Raleigh, NC) Correspondence: Lynn E. Barber; P.O. Box 16528; Fort Worth; TX; 76162; US Patent Application Number: 20030006159 Date filed: July 23, 2001 Abstract: An additive tube containing a selected material, such as bacterial cells or other additive, for addition a liquid enteral nutrition product dispensed from an enteral bag or bottle. Additive tubes are separately packaged to reduce exposure of the additive that is within the additive tube to water and oxygen. Adapters on each end of the additive tube enable attachment of the additive tube to tubing of the enteral nutrition system (the delivery line, other tubes, and enteral bag or bottle) just prior to use with a patient. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending Ser. No. 09/387,947, filed Sep. 1, 1999.... This invention relates to device comprising an additive tube used to add a sensitive component to liquid enteral nutrition products by adding the sensitive component during the feeding of the enteral nutrition product into the gastrointestinal tract of the patient.... Liquid enteral nutrition products are normally fed to patients from a bottle or bag that is hung near the patient. The liquid typically drips from the bottle or bag into a drip chamber, and then flows by gravity through a flexible tube that leads either to a nasogastric tube extending through a nasal passage and the esophagus to the stomach, or to a feeding tube extending through the abdominal wall to the stomach or small intestine. The nasogastric tube or feeding tube is typically attached to one or more connected pieces of tubing leading from the drip chamber, by means of a connector element or adapter. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Choline acids as feed additive in animal nutrition Inventor(s): Raczek, Nico N. (Kelkheim, DE), Mollenkopf, Christoph; (Frankfurt, DE) Correspondence: ProPat, L.L.C. 2912 Crosby Road; Charlotte; NC; 28211-2815; US Patent Application Number: 20030170342 Date filed: March 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention relates to choline acids for use as performance enhancers in animal nutrition. The choline acids are synthesized from choline and an organic acid selected from the group consisting of sorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid, formic acid and fumaric acid. In addition, the invention relates to the use of the choline acids alone in feeds or in a mixture with other feed additives for improving health.

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a product which comprises choline acids and can be used alone in feeds or in a mixture with other feed additives for growth promotion in animal nutrition.... Growth promoters are ergotropic substances which, when added in small amounts to the feed, increase animal performance, especially the growth of young farm animals, and finally bring about favorable feed utilization. Growth-promoting products differ widely in their chemical nature, and generally have antibiotic activity. Antibiotics is a term applied to metabolic products of certain bacteria, fungi, and also some higher plants, which inhibit or prevent the growth of many microorganisms. Therefore, in animal nutrition, a nutritive use of antibiotics as growth promoters is described, in contrast to antibiotics which are administered for medical purposes. In the animal feeds sector, antibiotics are frequently used as growth promoters. The use of antibiotics in this sector is suspected to be responsible for hazards which are due to resistant bacteria which can also damage human health in the long term. Therefore, products which are of less concern for health must be sought for this application. Thus, in other sectors also, increasingly substances which are of physiological and epidemiological health concern, or else are damaging for the environment, for example antibiotics, substances releasing formaldehyde, halogenated substances and many others, for example in foods, feeds, petfood, cosmetics, food-contact articles, silage, pomace or other wastes from the food industry, are being replaced by less hazardous substances. The purpose of these substances is firstly directed toward maintaining the value of the actual product. Secondly, however, their sanitary state is also to be enhanced and/or improved keeping quality is to be achieved.... The use of choline and its salts such as choline chloride ((2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, formula: C.sub.5H.sub.14NOCl, MW: 139.6 g/mol, (CAS-No. 67-48-1), sometimes also called vitamin B.sub.4, in the animal feed industry is added to the feed as a vitamin. However, for choline the term "vitamin" is scarcely applicable in the original sense because of its function and high requirement. Choline, as a lipotropic substance, participates in fat metabolism and must therefore be fed at a higher rate (g/kg of feed) than the actual vitamins. Choline can be synthesized as a intermediate from excess methionine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition for enteral nutrition comprising fibres Inventor(s): Saniez, Marie-Helene; (Saint Andre, FR) Correspondence: HENDERSON & STURM LLP; 1213 MIDLAND BUILDING; 206 SIXTH AVENUE; DES MOINES; IA; 50309-4076; US Patent Application Number: 20030039740 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: The subject of the invention is a fibre-enriched composition for enteral nutrition, characterized in that it comprises 0.5 to 20%, preferably 1 to 10%, and still more preferably 1 to 5% by dry weight of branched maltodextrins having between 15 and 35% of 1.fwdarw.6 glucoside linkages, a reducing sugar content of less than 20%, a polymolecularity index of less than 5 and a number-average molecular mass Mn at most equal to 4500 g/mol. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition for enteral nutrition comprising fibres.... More precisely, the object of the invention is a composition for enteral nutrition comprising branched maltodextrins.... Artificial nutrition makes it possible, in adults as in children, to compensate for a defective intestine, to put an inflammatory intestine to

Patents 433

rest, to correct severe undernourishment in a patient unable or unwilling to eat, either because of a serious condition, or because of a cumbersome treatment. Its duration can extend from a few days to four weeks to several months or years. Depending on the cases, the artificial nutrition will be performed by the digestive route (enteral nutrition) or by the venous route (parenteral nutrition). Always introduced in a hospital setting, in medicine, surgery and intensive care, artificial nutrition can now be continued at home in cases requiring a very prolonged treatment. The basic principle of enteral or parenteral artificial nutrition is the supply of all the nutrients necessary for life: sugars, fats, proteins, minerals, trace elements, vitamins, which the subject can no longer take in by the usual oral route. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Computer program, method, and system for monitoring nutrition content of consumables and for facilitating menu planning Inventor(s): Bisogno, Joesph J. (Lenexa, KS) Correspondence: HOVEY, WILLIAMS, TIMMONS & COLLINS; Suite 400; 2400 Grand; Kansas City; MO; 64108; US Patent Application Number: 20030165799 Date filed: June 11, 2001 Abstract: A computer program, method, and system for dynamically and interactively providing nutrition content information for consumables such that a user may monitor, tailor, plan, and review their intake thereof in light of a health-related interest or concern, such as, for example, weight-loss, food allergies, or diabetes or other nutrition affected illnesses or disabilities. Consumables are categorized and displayed in lists associated with an appropriate color to draw attention to relative nutrition content and to facilitate quicker and easier evaluation of a consumable of interest. Summaries are provided of a user's actual intake in light of a pre-established target intake for a particular day. Detailed reports may be generated showing consumption over a userspecifiable time period. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a computer program, method, or system for providing nutrition content information for consumables. More particularly, the present invention relates to a computer program, method, or method for dynamically and interactively providing nutrition content information for consumables such that a user may monitor, tailor, plan, and review their intake thereof in light of a health-related interest or concern, such as, for example, weight loss, food allergies, or diabetes or other nutrition-affected illnesses or disabilities.... It is often desirable to monitor nutrition content of consumables, including, for example, calories, fat, sugar, protein, or carbohydrates. This is particularly true where such nutrition content may affect a healthrelated interest or concern, including, for example, weight loss, food allergies, or diabetes or other nutrition-affected illnesses or disabilities. Relatedly, it is further desirable to plan future consumption based upon nutrition content, and to review past consumption summarized for a specifiable time period.... Various print resources exist to facilitate monitoring nutrition content. Books, for example, provide long lists of consumables and related nutrition information. Furthermore, most packaged consumables provide nutrition information on the packaging. Unfortunately, print resources suffer from a number of limitations and disadvantages. Books, for example, are bulky and difficult to conveniently tailor for efficient use by any particular person (short of adding or removing pages), which reduces likelihood of consistent use.

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Package-based information is, of course, limited to packaged foods. Furthermore, print resources are generally unable to practically present nutrition information in a visually descriptive manner operable to conveniently impart to a user a sense of a particular consumable's place in an overall monitoring scheme. Additionally, print resources are generally unable to practically provide a convenient mechanism whereby future consumption can be dynamically planned and past consumption can be reviewed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Fitness triage system and nutrition gets personal Inventor(s): Pfeffer, Linda; (Los Angeles, CA) Correspondence: Patrick F. Bright, Esq. BRIGHT & LORIG P.C. 633 West Fifth Street, Suite 3330; Los Angeles; CA; 90071; US Patent Application Number: 20020082144 Date filed: December 11, 2000 Abstract: Fitness Triage.RTM. is a system and method for prioritizing delivery of personalized exercise and injury prevention information based on identification and analysis of user-specific health and fitness indicators. By providing answers to questions concerning key health risk factors, conditions, and habits, exercise information is delivered to the user based on the level of potential risk and other considerations associated with his/her participation in an fitness program. Based on the Fitness Triage.RTM. analysis of user data, the delivery of information is identified and prioritized according to one of three levels of potential risk. The user is thus informed of the level of risk associated with his/her participation in exercise, and the recommended precautions based on his/her individual health profile. The Fitness Triage.RTM. system is accessed by the user directly through the Internet or licensed Intranet, or through the guidance of an intake coordinator, personal trainer, or other qualified health/fitness professional.Working in tandem with Fitness Triage.RTM., Nutrition Gets Personal.RTM. relies upon Fitness Triage.RTM.'s screening indicators of health and exercise risk before posing its own questions of nutritionally-specific risk factors. Nutrition Gets Personal.RTM. provides meal plans based on a consumer's nutritional goals, exercise habits and goals, following its own nutritionally-specific screening questions identifying health and nutritional risks which serve to modify the meal plans themselves. Information concerning nutritional risks is similarly delivered to the consumer, along with access to topical resources on the Web and general tips towards healthy eating. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of nutrition science and individualized identification and enhancement of potential nutritional benefits and the prevention of adverse nutritional contra-indications and physical injuries as related to diet according to individual habits and health risk indicators.... The Fitness Triage.RTM. and Fitness Gets Personal.RTM. fill this void by providing consumers and professionals a reliable system, program and method of access that provides individualized identification, evaluation and prioritized delivery of exercise information and precautions according to an established database of researched information. Nutrition Gets Personal.RTM. offers meal plans based on a consumer's nutritional goals, exercise habits and goals, following screening questions identifying health and nutritional risks which serve to modify the meal plans themselves. Information concerning nutritional risks is similarly delivered to the consumer, along with access to topical resources on the Web and general tips towards healthy eating.... The invention enables the user/consumer to access reliable

Patents 435

information regarding his/her actual/planned exercise and nutritional experience, thus enhancing the potential for both safe and effective physical activity and nutritional adherence. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Infant formula compositions and nutrition Inventor(s): Heffernan Gaull, Florence McSherry; (Washington, DC), Gaull, Gerald E. (Washington, DC) Correspondence: McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 32nd Floor; 300 S. Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20020192296 Date filed: April 24, 2002 Abstract: Compositions containing human milk proteins, including the so-called host resistance factors of human milk, prepared by chemically synthesizing the human milk proteins or by genetic engineering techniques for producing recombinant human milk proteins, are useful for supplementing or enhancing the diet of infants, particularly very-low-birth-weight infants. The human milk proteins include the host resistance factors (HRF) found in human milk, such as lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase (LP), lysozyme (LZ), immunoglobulin-A (IgA), alpha-lactalbumin, alpha, beta, kappa-caseins, and others. The compositions may also include components other than the human milk proteins useful for improved infant nutrition. In the utilization of the compositions of this invention, the compositions would be administered to an infant in at least an amount that the infant would receive if fed substantially only fresh human milk. Also, the proportions of the human milk proteins would preferably be present in the compositions in about the proportions these proteins are found in human milk. Excerpt(s): The present application is a Continuation-in-Part (CIP) of Application U.S. Ser. No. 07/247,981 filed on Sep. 22, 1988 which is hereby expressly abandoned.... This invention relates to infant nutrition and in one embodiment it is particularly applicable to the enhancement or improvement of synthetic infant formulas. Another embodiment of this invention is concerned with improving the nutrition of very-low-birth-weight infants.... It has been considered for a long time by nutritionists that the best food or nutrition supplied to an infant is its own mother's milk; i.e. fresh human milk. It is recognized, however, that many situations arise wherein the infant cannot be fed mother's milk and as a result synthetic infant milk formulas, predominantly based on cow's milk, have been prepared and used to nourish an infant. However, since it is generally believed that human milk provides superior nutrition for infants, such effort has been made to improve synthetic infant milk formulas to more closely simulate mother's milk. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,692 (1981) discloses a synthetic infant milk formula which includes taurine at a level substantially equivalent to that found in human silk. In the manufacture of synthetic infant formula based on cow's milk, the taurine content of the cow's milk is low and say be diluted during the manufacture of the synthetic infant formula with the result that the produced synthetic infant formula contains a very low level of taurine. This was corrected, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,692, by the addition of taurine to synthetic infant formula to bring its taurine content up to the level taurine is present in human silk. However, there are still many other components of fresh human milk which are not found in synthetic infant milk formulas, either cow milk-based formulas or soy protein-based formulas, which can and

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have usefully been added to synthetic infant formulas to provide an improved product for infant nutrition. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for combating fungi in plants maintained in a closed nutrition system, especially a greenhouse Inventor(s): De Lasson, Aksel; (Braband, DK), Jensen, Orla Lund; (Mundelstrup, DK), Buehre, Werner; (Friedland, DE) Correspondence: CROWELL & MORING LLP; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GROUP; P.O. BOX 14300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20044-4300; US Patent Application Number: 20030073578 Date filed: September 23, 2002 Abstract: A method and apparatus for combating fungi in plants (24) that are kept in a closed nutrition system, particularly plants maintained under greenhouse cultivation, by adding Cu ions to a circulating plant nutrient solution (2). The nutrient solution concentration is measured continuously by monitoring its conductivity and maintained at a constant value by controlled addition of nutrients. Free Cu ions are released into the nutrient solution by at least one electrode pair (5) composed of a Cu anode (3) and a cathode (4), disposed in the nutrient solution. The release of free Cu ions is regulated by an associated control unit (6), depending on the requirements of the system, such that the Cu ion binding threshold of the nutrient solution is exceeded, and the nutrient solution delivered to the plants has a free Cu ion concentration of 0.1 to 0.8 ppm. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of international patent application no. PCT/DE01/01103, filed Mar. 22, 2001, designating the United States of America, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Priority is claimed based on Federal Republic of Germany patent application no. DE 100 14 176,5, filed Mar. 23, 2000.... The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for combating fungi in plants that are kept in a closed nutrition system, particularly under greenhouse cultivation, by adding Cu ions to the nutrient solution, the concentration of the nutrient solution being continuously measured via its conductivity and kept at a constant value by measured addition of nutrients.... In plant cultivation in greenhouses having closed nutrition systems, problems may occur due to fungi, whose spores are spread via the circulating nutrient solution. The fungi, predominantly Pythium and Phytophthora, colonize in the region of the roots of the plants and damage them. The fungi are typically combated using fungicides. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method and apparatus for providing nutrition to intervertebral disc tissue Inventor(s): Ferree, Bret A. (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: John G. Posa; Gifford, Krass, Groh, Sprinkle,; Anderson & Citkowski, P.C. 280 N. Old Woodward Ave., Suite 400; Birmingham; MI; 48009; US Patent Application Number: 20020128630 Date filed: May 10, 2002

Patents 437

Abstract: An intervertebral disc is treated by providing supplemental nutrition to increase viability and longevity. In the preferred embodiment, the invention uses one or more porous stents that function to irrigate the disc space. The stents provide channels for diffusion of fluids and nutrients from the vertebral endplates. The stents may extend across the vertebral endplates to facilitate the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the vertebral bodies. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/639,309, filed Aug. 14, 2000, which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/148,913, filed Aug. 13, 1999; and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/688,716, filed Oct. 16, 2000, which is a continuationin-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/638,726, filed Aug. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,369. The entire content of each application is incorporated herein by reference.... This invention relates generally to the treatment of intervertebral discs, and more particularly, to apparatus and methods for providing supplemental nutrition to intervertebral discs.... Intervertebral discs provide mobility and a cushion between the vertebrae. At the center of each disc is the nucleus pulposus which, in the adult human, is composed of cells and an insoluble extracellular matrix which is produced by the nucleus itself. The extracellular matrix is composed of collagen, proteoglycans, water, and noncollagenous proteins. The nucleus pulposus is surrounded by the annulus fibrosis, which is composed of cells (fibrocyte-like and chondrocyte-like), collagen fibers, and non-fibrillar extracellular matrix. The components of the annulus are arranged in 15-25 lamellae around the nucleus pulposus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pediatric formula and methods for providing nutrition and improving tolerance Inventor(s): Black, Cynthia J. (Westerville, OH), Costigan, Timothy; (Upper Arlington, OH), Luebbers, Steven T. (Columbus, OH), Borschel, Marlene W. (Worthington, OH), Mckamy, Daniel L. (Simpsonville, SC) Correspondence: ROSS PRODUCTS DIVISION OF ABBOTT LABORATORIES; DEPARTMENT 108140-DS/1; 625 CLEVELAND AVENUE; COLUMBUS; OH; 432151724; US Patent Application Number: 20020176911 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an improved pediatric formula and methods for providing nutrition to and enhancing tolerance in pediatric patients. The formula may be provided in powder, concentrate or ready-to-feed forms. The pediatric formula comprises, based on a 100 kcal basis, about 8 to about 16 grams carbohydrate (preferably about 9.4 to about 12.3 grams), about 3 to about 6 grams lipid (preferably about 4.7 to about 5.6 grams), about 1.8 to about 3.3 grams protein (preferably about 2.4 to about 3.3 grams), and a tolerance improver comprising a sufficient quantity for xanthum gum to produce a viscosity of no greater than about 200 centipoise ata pH of 4.0, or less The formula may also be provided in a powder. The formula preferably further comprises vitamins and minerals and may further comprise a stabilizer. The methods comprise administering to a pediatric patient an effective amount of a pediatric formula according to the invention, as described above. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/498,350 filed Feb. 4, 2000, now allowed which is hereby incorporated by reference....

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The invention relates to a pediatric formula, and particularly relates to enhancing the tolerance of pediatric patients fed the formula. Pediatric patients include both infants (children 12 months of age or less) and children (children more than 12 months of age but less than 13 yrs of age). (Therefore, all infants are children, but not all children will be infants.) More specifically, the invention is a pediatric formula comprising xanthan gum that has been found effective in increasing tolerance in patients fed such a formula. The invention is also a method of providing nutrition and a method of improving tolerance comprising administering an effective amount of a pediatric formula comprising xanthan gum.... Pediatric formulas may be classified into three general types based on the type of protein: intact protein-based, hydrolyzed protein-based, and free amino acid-based. (Pediatric formulas encompass infant formulas and formulas intended for children one year and older.) Commercial pediatric formulas may also contain, in addition to a protein source, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals. Free amino acids are currently utilized as the pediatric source in pediatric formulas (EleCare.TM., Ross Products Division of Abbott Laboratories) intended for children one year and older who have one or more of the following: problems digesting and absorbing regular foods, severe food allergies, gastrointestinal tract problems, or other conditions in which an elemental diet is needed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Sweet and savory food bars for meal-equivalent nutrition segments Inventor(s): Kemeny, Emanuel S. (Arlington, VA) Correspondence: EMANUEL S. KEMENY; 1400 S. JOYCE ST. #602; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030087004 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: Sweet and savory (non-sweet) ready-to-eat food bars can provide improved nutrition and flavor by minimizing sugar and sugar-substitutes in a balanced-nutrition bar. Such improved bars are advantageously eaten singly or as segments of a mealequivalent food bar assembly. Specifically, sugars (mono- and di-saccharides) and sugar-substitutes (sugar-related short-chain polymers) are powerful flavor sweeteners but should be used minimally--because they can stimulate unhealthy sugar-craving in athletes, diabetics, and overweights, and can overwhelm subtle flavors in sweet and savory bars. Unhealthy forms of fats are also minimized. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/909,014, filed Jul. 20, 2001, co-pending.... The invention is in the field of ready-to-eat food bars, and more particularly, sweet and savory (non-sweet) food bars which can be eaten singly or as segments of a meal-equivalent food bar assembly.... "Common" food bars taste either sweet or savory--for example, sweet candy bars versus savory meat jerky bars. However, these bars do not provide a healthy balance of dietary nutrients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 439

•

Use of GLP for the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis of bone-related and nutrition-related disorders Inventor(s): Henriksen, Dennis Bang; (Alleroed, DK) Correspondence: PENNIE AND EDMONDS; 1155 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; NEW YORK; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20020037836 Date filed: September 18, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for prevention and treatment of bone-related or nutrition-related disorders using a GLP molecule or GLP activator either alone or in combination with another therapeutic. The present invention also encompasses methods of diagnosing or monitoring the progression of a disorder. The invention also encompasses methods of monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of the invention. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to co-pending United Kingdom Patent Application No. GB 0022844.5, filed Sep. 18, 2000 and co-pending United Kingdom Patent Application No. GB 0029920.6, filed Dec. 7, 2000, the entire contents of each are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.... The present invention relates to methods for prevention and treatment of bone-related or nutrition-related disorders using a GLP molecule or GLP activator either alone or in combination with another therapeutic. The present invention also encompasses methods of diagnosing or monitoring the progression of a disorder. The invention also encompasses methods of monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of the invention.... Glucagon is a hormone that is released in response to low glucose levels and stimulates glucose production. Thus, it plays a role in counteracting insulin in blood glucose homeostasis (Unger and Orci, 1990, Glucagon in Diabetes Mellitus, 4th edition, Elsevier p. 104-120). Glucagon arises from the post-translational processing of a larger precursor molecule, proglucagon. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with nutrition, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” You will see two broad options: (1) Patent Grants, and (2) Patent Applications. To see a list of granted patents, perform the following steps: Under “Patent Grants,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on nutrition. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning nutrition. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” Select “Quick Search” under “Patent Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON NUTRITION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to nutrition. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on nutrition include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on nutrition: •

User's Guide to AIDS/Washington Population, Health and Nutrition Programs Contact: US Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support and Research, Center for Population Health and Nutrition, Ronald Reagan Bldg, Washington, DC, 20523-0016, (202) 712-4120, http://www.info.usaid.gov. Summary: This directory is a guide to the functions, staff, and projects in USAID's Population, Health, and Nutrition (PHN) sector. Part I of the guide provides a basic overview of USAID's PHN program, as well as a short description of the PHN Center and the offices that comprise it. Part II briefly describes the service and functions of the Office of Field and Program Support. Parts III, IV, and V give a comprehensive listing of PHN projects, including selected regional bureau projects. The descriptions are organized by office, alphabetically within the offices by division, and alphabetically within the divisions by project title. Each project/activity description includes a short summary of the services and activities that each perform, as well as names of contractors

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and USAID contact persons. Part VI of the guide includes several phone and contact directories for parties listed in the guide. •

Eating Positive: A Nutrition Guide and Recipe Book for People With HIV/AIDS Contact: Haworth Press, 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY, 13904-9981, (800) 342-9678. Summary: This monograph contains recipes, menu plans, and dietary guidelines for people with HIV/AIDS. The introduction is an overview of nutritional issues associated with HIV/AIDS and discusses the intended use of the book. The second section includes actual recipes. Recipes are organized into chapters arranged by diet type; each chapter describes the type of diet, benefits and specific restrictions, and step-by-step recipes. Each recipe is accompanied by its respective nutritional values, such as calories, fat, protein, carbohydrates, and percent of daily recommended allowances. The final section is an index arranged by food groups or recipe type and an alphabetical index. A glossary of terms is included.

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Nutrition and HIV: A New Model for Treatment Contact: Jossey - Bass Publishers, PO Box 44305, San Francisco, CA, 94144-4305, (415) 433-1767. Summary: This monograph offers a conceptual approach to understanding the nature and progression of HIV infection, particularly from the standpoint of nutrition. Written for those living with HIV and their caregivers, it emphasizes taking control of one's own health through better nutrition. The author, an internist on staff at St. Francis Memorial Hospital in San Francisco who has a private practice specializing in HIV and nutrition, indicates that HIV infection causes changes in nutritional status from its earliest stages on. She emphasizes practical approaches to recognizing, diagnosing, treating, and preventing the causes of wasting in HIV and AIDS. The first section outlines selfassessment procedures, vitamins and other supplements, exercises, improving environments and appetites, and designing a personal nutritional program. Other sections discuss actions to be taken in partnership with physicians and directing one's own healing.

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Nutrition Guidebook for People Living With HIV/AIDS. [Nutrition Guidebook for People Living With HIV / AIDS.] Contact: Clintec Nutrition Company, PO Box 760, Deerfield, IL, 60015-0760, (800) 422ASK2. Summary: This monograph contains nutritional guidelines for persons with HIV/AIDS. It presents the food guide pyramid and nutrition priorities. Sections discuss how HIV/AIDS affects utilization of nutrients, how to cope with intolerances caused by HIV, and how to prevent weight loss and wasting. The brochure also addresses nutritional needs for various HIV-related problems, such as diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Other topics discussed include safe food and food handling, fluids and hydration, exercise, and nutritional supplements.

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Nutrition and AIDS Contact: CRC Press, Incorporated, 2000 Corporate Blvd NW, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, (561) 994-0555. Summary: This monograph examines nutritional aspects of HIV infection and AIDS. The first chapter presents an overview of the topic, outlining the biology of HIV,

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wasting syndrome, nutritional intervention, home care, body composition in AIDS, megadoses of nutrients, carotenoid effects, and AIDS and nutrition in women and children. Other chapters focus on the following subjects: nutrition and AIDS in Africa and Europe; nutrition in HIV-positive drug abusers; AIDS and food safety; traditional food therapies; and nutritional support in HIV disease. Two chapters examine aspects of nutrition in HIV-positive patients, including energy metabolism and effects of diarrhea. Several chapters explore the functions and therapeutic possibilities of various vitamins, including ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and the B-complex vitamins. •

Nutrition for HIV/AIDS. Contact: Academisch ziekenhuis (Academic Hospital), Leiden. Summary: This guide helps HIV-infected persons to cope with AIDS-related nutritional problems. Principally, persons with AIDS (PWA's) should follow the same nutritional guidelines as healthy persons: eating a balanced diet including the proper number of servings from all food groups and drinking about 1.5 liters of liquids a day. However, to avoid the weight loss frequently associated with AIDS, PWA's should supplement their meals with high-calorie snacks. PWA's also often experience a loss of appetite that can be alleviated by preparing foods in new, appetizing ways and by having frequent smaller meals each day rather than three large ones. For problems with swallowing and chewing, the guide advises to avoid certain kinds of food (e.g., alcohol, or spicy, sour, and salty food) and to switch to softer, moister foods such as mashed potatoes, chopped, boiled vegetables, and chopped meat. Suggestions for treating diarrhea, a major problem for many PWA's, include drinking plenty of fluids, eating frequent small meals, and avoiding certain milk products. The brochure also includes suggestions for improved hygiene in food preparation and a survey of dietary supplements and highenergy foods available in the Netherlands.

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Nutrition: Your Ammunition for AIDS Contact: University of California San Diego, Medical Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 225 Dickinson St H-802, San Diego, CA, 92103-1990, (619) 543-3783. Summary: This monograph addresses nutritional needs, especially for persons with HIV/AIDS. It states that the best nutritional status is maintained with a well-balanced diet and an ample amount of calories to prevent weight loss. It explains that symptoms of AIDS, such as fevers, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, candidiasis (thrush), infection, and herpetic and Kaposi's sarcoma lesions have a direct effect on specific nutritional needs and lists ways to reduce such symptoms. Eating a variety of food from the basic food groups in frequent but small amounts is also recommended. It encourages taking vitamins, minerals, protein, and calorie supplements. Difficulties with chewing, swallowing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, are also addressed. It offers suggestions for eliminating loss of appetite, feeling full too soon, and being too tired to cook food. It also includes intake guidelines for males, females, and vegetarians with HIV/AIDS, highcalorie recipes, and foods that can be stored for days when a person with HIV/AIDS may be too tired to cook.

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AIDS: Nutritional Care of the Patient With AIDS Contact: Bristol Meyers Squibb Company, Mead Johnson Nutritional Group, 2400 W Lloyd Expy, Evansville, IN, 47721, (812) 429-5000, http://www.meadjohnson.com. Summary: This manual provides information on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and nutrition, and guidelines on caring for patients with nutritional problems.

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The first section examines the pathophysiology of nutritional complications, including anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, and metabolic disorders. The second section explains the effects that nutrition may have on the functioning of the immune system. The manual then outlines components of nutritional care, including goals and assessment. Recommendations are given on nutrients, symptom-management, food safety, and nutritional support. The manual concludes with a look at future trends in care and treatment. •

Nutrition and HIV: Your Choices Make a Difference Contact: Tennessee Department of Health, Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, STD/HIV Surveillance, 425 5th Ave N 4th Fl, Nashville, TN, 37247-4911, (615) 741-7500. Summary: This monograph presents information about nutrition for persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It explains basic nutrition and complications found in HIV infection. It provides meal planning guidance with sample menus and recipes. It also discusses food safety, commercial diet products, and mental health issues, and lists Tennessee AIDS programs and service organizations.

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Basic Guidelines for Nutritional Assessment, Enteral, Parenteral and ARC/AIDS Nutritional Therapy Contact: Ontario Ministry of Health, Community and Health Promotion Branch, AIDS Bureau, 5700 Yonge St 8th Fl, North York, (800) 268-1153. Summary: This monograph provides tables detailing nutritonal assessment guidelines related to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It also covers enteral nutritional therapy guidelines and parenteral nutritional therapy guidelines including standard central total parenteral nutritional (TPN) therapy, special central TPN therapy, standard peripheral nutritional (PPN) therapy, special PPN therapy, and amino acid preparations.

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Nutrition Support in Home Health Contact: Aspen Publishers, 200 Orchard Ridge Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, (301) 4177500, http://www.aspenpub.com. Summary: This monograph provides detailed information on the clinical management of home oral, enteral, and parenteral nutrition, and can be applied to cases involving Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objectives of the monograph are to introduce the practice of home nutrition support; to provide a user-friendly manual on methods, materials, and tools for patient management by the dietitian; and to apprise health-care providers of the wide range of technological, medical, nutritional, ethical, psychosocial, and economic factors of nutrition care in home health. The monograph covers topics including patient identification and selection, monitoring systems, management of complications, and education. While most of the monograph refers to adult nutrition care, an extensive chapter on pediatric home nutrition support is included. Administrative chapters focus on regulations and reimbursement issues, supply and management structures, determination of cost benefit and cost effectiveness, establishment of the health team structure, and establishment of standards and criteria for home nutrition support. Ethical issues surrounding withholding and withdrawing feeding are examined.

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The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle Changes. First International Conference on Traditional and Complementary Therapies in the Prevention and Treatment of AIDS; Washington, D.C., February Contact: Institute for Learning Mastery, PO Box 314, Baltimore, MD, 21203, (410) 3667373. Summary: This sound recording presentation given at the First International Conference on Traditional and Complementary Therapies in the Prevention and Treatment of AIDS, held in Washington, D.C. on February 17 - 19, 1989, deals with nutrition and lifestyle changes as a way of living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The speaker explains that acupuncture, herbs, and a macrobiotic diet are parts of a system, and that individuals must choose what parts work for them. Nourishment may be visual and aural so within this system, one must also choose carefully what one views or hears. Medical research has shown a link between nutrition, allergies, and chronic diseases such as HIV.

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Nutrition for the AIDS Carrier Contact: R and E Publishers, PO Box 2008, Saratoga, CA, 95070, (408) 977-0691. Summary: This monograph explores the relationship between nutrition and immunity as it relates to maintaining good health in the face of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The three branches of the immune system are described, followed by discussions on the impact of various nutrients and vitamins on it. The effects of bacterial infection on malabsorption, nutrition, and immunity are examined.

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The Nutritional Challenge of AIDS: Just Eating Contact: New York University, School of Education, Department of Health Studies, Health Education, 35 W 4th St, New York, NY, 10012-1172, (212) 998-5780, http://www.nyu.edu/education/health/healthed/index.html. Summary: This teaching guide presents a teaching module to be used in conjunction with a videorecording (AD0004404) for teaching dietitians about food use and nutrition problems, particularly those related to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It covers factors affecting food intake of Persons with AIDS (PWA's), social aspects in a food environment, nutrition assessment parameters, barriers to food consumption, alternative food therapies for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, and ethical issues. It provides pointers for discussion questions and role playing.

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Nutritional Support Source: Nursing Care of the Person With AIDS / ARC. Contact: Aspen Publishers, 200 Orchard Ridge Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, (301) 4177500, http://www.aspenpub.com. Summary: This book chapter discusses the nutritional needs of HIV-positive persons and those with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC). An overview of nutritional requirements, descriptions of complications that affect nutritional status, and patient nutritional assessments are described.

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Impact of Psychotropic Drugs on Health and Nutritional Status Source: Chilton, WI: Kobriger Presents, Inc. 1999. 158 p.

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Contact: Available from Kobriger Presents, Inc. PO Box 55, Chilton, WI 53014. (888) 6874806, (920) 849-7806; FAX: (920) 849-3904. Internet: http://www.kobriger.com. PRICE: $99.95 plus $9.95 shipping. Summary: This manual, intended for nutrition professionals, addresses psychotropic drug use and the nutritional status of patients, primarily in the elderly long-term care population. Chapters include psychotropic drug use in long-term care and clinical practice, the brain and the nervous system, neurotransmitters and the effect of aging, delirium and depression, psychosocial well-being and anxiety, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, behavioral symptoms, and anti- Parkinson's and anti-seizure drugs. Includes a resident assessment screening form and bibliography. •

Care Planning for Nutrition, Hydration and Tube Feeding for Dietary and Nursing Source: Chilton, WI: Kobriger Presents, Inc. 1998. 196 p. Contact: Available from Kobriger Presents, Inc. PO Box 55, Chilton, WI 53014. (920) 8497806. Internet: http://www.kobriger.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus $6.95 shipping and handling. Product number: CB112. Summary: This book is a guide to care planning for nutrition, hydration, and tube feeding for dietary and nursing staff. It follows the Minimum Data Set (MDS) 2.0 Guidelines and Triggers for Nutrition, Hydration, and Pressure Sores, and suggests specific interventions to use with residents. First, it presents the MDS triggers and guidelines for nutrition, hydration, and pressure sores. Then, it reviews the steps involved in developing a care plan to assess the patient, and document problems, goals, and interventions. Finally, it provides care plans for the guidelines and triggers listed in the MDS 2.0. Each plan includes the rationale for the intervention, as well as the identified problems, goals, treatment approaches, and disciplines involved in implementing the plan. The book includes a copy of the MDS Quarterly Assessment Form and a list of commonly used medical abbreviations.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “nutrition” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “nutrition” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “nutrition” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

40-30-30 Fat Burning Nutrition: The Dietary Hormonal Connection to Permanent Weight Loss and Better Health by Joyce Daoust (Introduction), Gene Daoust (Introduction); ISBN: 1569120862; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569120862/icongroupinterna

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Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism by James L. Groff, Sareen S. Gropper; ISBN: 0534555217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534555217/icongroupinterna

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Alive & Well: One Doctor's Experience With Nutrition in the Treatment of Cancer Patients by Philip E. Binzel (1994); ISBN: 0912986174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912986174/icongroupinterna

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American Academy of Pediatrics Guide to Your Childs Nutrition: Making Peace at the Table and Building Healthy Eating Habits for Life by William H. Dietz (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0375754873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375754873/icongroupinterna

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American Dietetic Association Complete Food and Nutrition Guide (2nd Edition) by American Dietetic Association (Author), Roberta Larson Duyff (Author); ISBN: 0471229245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471229245/icongroupinterna

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Annual Editions: Nutrition 03/04 by Dorothea J. Klimis-Zacas, Dorothea Klimis-Zacas; ISBN: 0072838590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0072838590/icongroupinterna

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Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy by Sue Rodwell, Phd Williams, Mosby Publishing; ISBN: 0323005691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323005691/icongroupinterna

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Basic Nutrition Counseling Skill Development by Kathleen D. Bauer, Carol Sokolik; ISBN: 0534589774; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534589774/icongroupinterna

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Beating Cancer With Nutrition - Revised by Patrick Quillin, et al; ISBN: 0963837281; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963837281/icongroupinterna

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Beyond Pritikin: A Total Nutrition Program for Rapid Weight Loss, Longevity, and Good Health by Ann Louise Gittleman, J. Maxwell Desgrey (Contributor); ISBN: 0553574000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553574000/icongroupinterna

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Bicycling Medicine : Cycling Nutrition, Physiology, Injury Prevention and Treatment For Riders of All Levels by Arnie Baker (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0684844435; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684844435/icongroupinterna

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Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Human Nutrition by Martha H. Stipanuk (Editor); ISBN: 072164452X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072164452X/icongroupinterna

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Candida Albican Yeast-Free Cookbook, The : How Good Nutrition Can Help Fight the Epidemic of Yeast-Related Diseases by Pat Connolly, et al; ISBN: 0658002929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0658002929/icongroupinterna

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Challenge Cancer and Win! Step-By-Step Nutrition Action Plans for Your Specific Cancer by Kim Dalzell, et al (2002); ISBN: 0971255873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971255873/icongroupinterna

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Child Growth and Nutrition in Developing Countries: Priorities for Action (Food Systems and Agrarian Change) by Per Pinstrup-Andersen, et al (1995); ISBN: 0801481899; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801481899/icongroupinterna

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Clinical Nutrition: Parenteral Nutrition by John L., MD Rombeau (Editor), Rolando H., MD Rolandelli (Editor); ISBN: 0721681204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721681204/icongroupinterna

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Contemporary Nutrition by Gordon M. Wardlaw (2002); ISBN: 0072316160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0072316160/icongroupinterna

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Creationist Diet: Nutrition and God-Given Foods According to the Bible by Gary F. Zeolla (2000); ISBN: 1587218526; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587218526/icongroupinterna

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Diet for Dancers: A Complete Guide to Nutrition and Weight Control by Robin D. Chmelar, Sally S. Fitt (Contributor) (1995); ISBN: 0916622894; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916622894/icongroupinterna

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Discovering Nutrition by Paul M. Insel, et al; ISBN: 0763709107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0763709107/icongroupinterna

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Disease-Related Malnutrition: An Evidence-Based Approach to Treatment by Marinos Elia, et al (2003); ISBN: 0851996485; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851996485/icongroupinterna

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Doctor, What Should I Eat?: Nutritional Prescriptions for Ailments in Which Diet Can Really Make a Difference by Isadore, Dr. Rosenfield, Isadore Rosenfeld (2000); ISBN: 0446609226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446609226/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Abravanel's Body Type Diet and Lifetime Nutrition Plan by Elliot D. Abravanel, et al; ISBN: 0553380419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553380419/icongroupinterna

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Eat Well, Lose Weight While Breastfeeding: Complete Nutrition Book for Nursing Mothers, Including a Healthy Guide to Weight Loss Your Doctor Promise by Eileen Behan (1992); ISBN: 0679733558; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679733558/icongroupinterna

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Eating Do's & Don'ts for Nutritional Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome by Mary Tumosa-Lawler; ISBN: 097022110X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/097022110X/icongroupinterna

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Eating for Pregnancy: An Essential Guide to Nutrition with Recipes for the Whole Family by Catherine Jones, Rose Ann Hudson (Contributor) (2003); ISBN: 1569245118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569245118/icongroupinterna

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Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements: The Essential Guide for Improving Your Health Naturally by Michael T. Murray (1996); ISBN: 0761504109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761504109/icongroupinterna

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End Your Addiction Now : The Proven Nutritional Supplement Program That Can Set You Free by Charles Gant, Greg Lewis (2002); ISBN: 0446527238; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446527238/icongroupinterna

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Endometriosis: A Key to Healing Through Nutrition by Michael Vernon, et al (2002); ISBN: 0007133103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007133103/icongroupinterna

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Endurance Sports Nutrition by Suzanne Girard Eberle (2000); ISBN: 0736001433; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736001433/icongroupinterna

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Equine Clinical Nutrition: Feedings and Care by Lon D. Lewis; ISBN: 0683049623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683049623/icongroupinterna

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Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy by Sue Rodwell Williams, Eleanor Schlenker; ISBN: 0323016359; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323016359/icongroupinterna

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Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance by William D. McArdle, et al; ISBN: 0781725445; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781725445/icongroupinterna

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Feeding the Young Athlete: Sports Nutrition Made Easy for Players and Parents by Cynthia Lair, Scott, Ph.D. Murdoch (Contributor); ISBN: 0966034694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966034694/icongroupinterna

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Fight Back With Food: Use Nutrition to Heal What Ails You by Reader's Digest, Editors of Reader's Digest (2003); ISBN: 0762103426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762103426/icongroupinterna

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Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health (California Studies in Food and Culture, 3) by Marion Nestle (2003); ISBN: 0520240677; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520240677/icongroupinterna

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Foundations and Clinical Applications of Nutrition by Michele Grodner, et al; ISBN: 0323020097; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0323020097/icongroupinterna

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Genetic Nutritioneering by Jeffrey S. Bland, Sara H. Benum (Contributor) (1999); ISBN: 087983921X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087983921X/icongroupinterna

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Good Enough to Eat : A Kid's Guide to Food and Nutrition by Lizzy Rockwell (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0060274344; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060274344/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Clinical Nutrition by Douglas C. Heimburger, Roland L. Weinsier; ISBN: 0815192746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815192746/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Nutrition & the Kidney by William E. Mitch (Editor), Saulo Klahr (Editor); ISBN: 0781736447; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781736447/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of the Nutritional Value of Foods in Common Units by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (Author) (1986); ISBN: 0486213420; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0486213420/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Vitamins (Cnh Clinical Nutrition in Health and Disease) by Robert B. Rucker (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0824704282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824704282/icongroupinterna

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Healing With Whole Foods: Asian Traditions and Modern Nutrition by Paul Pitchford (2002); ISBN: 1556434308; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556434308/icongroupinterna

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Health and Nutrition Secrets That Can Save Your Life by Russell L. Blaylock; ISBN: 0929173422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929173422/icongroupinterna

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Health, Safety, and Nutrition for the Young Child by Lynn R. Marotz, et al; ISBN: 0766809463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766809463/icongroupinterna

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Healthy Food for Healthy Kids: A Practical and Tasty Guide to Your Child's Nutrition by Bridget Swinney (2003); ISBN: 0671317253; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671317253/icongroupinterna

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Healthy Foods : An Irreverent Guide to Understanding Nutrition and Feeding Your Family Well by Leanne Ely; ISBN: 1891400207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891400207/icongroupinterna

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Healthy Foods Unit Study : A guide for nutrition and wellness (Grade K-5) by Leanne Ely; ISBN: 1891400150; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891400150/icongroupinterna

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High-Performance Nutrition: The Total Eating Plan to Maximum Your Workout by Susan M. Kleiner (Author), Maggie Greenwood-Robinson (Author); ISBN: 0471115207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471115207/icongroupinterna

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Introduction to Nutrition, Exercise, and Health by Frank I. Katch, William D. McArdle; ISBN: 0812115554; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812115554/icongroupinterna

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Janice VanCleave's Food and Nutrition for Every Kid : Easy Activities That Make Learning Science Fun by Janice VanCleave (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0471176656; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471176656/icongroupinterna

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Know Your Fats : The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol by Mary G. Enig; ISBN: 0967812607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967812607/icongroupinterna

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Krause's Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy by L. Kathleen Mahan (Editor), Sylvia EscottStump (Editor); ISBN: 0721679048; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721679048/icongroupinterna

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Lose Weight with The Power of One: A Motivational Journey to Nutritional Sanity by Stephen Moss; ISBN: 0973322802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0973322802/icongroupinterna

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Medical Nutrition & Disease: A Case-Based Approach by Lisa Hark (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0632046589; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632046589/icongroupinterna

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Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease by Maurice E. Shils (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 068330769X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068330769X/icongroupinterna

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Nancy Clark's Sports Nutrition Guidebook by Nancy Clark (2003); ISBN: 073604602X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/073604602X/icongroupinterna

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Natural Highs: Supplements, Nutrition, and Mind-Body Techniques to Help You Feel Good All the Time by Hyla Cass, Patrick Holford (2002); ISBN: 1583331336; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583331336/icongroupinterna

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Nutricide: The Nutritional Destruction of the Black Race by Llaila O. Afrika (2000); ISBN: 1886433305; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886433305/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition : Science & Applications by Lori A. Smolin (Author), Mary B. Grosvenor (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0471268798; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471268798/icongroupinterna

Books 451

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Nutrition Across the Life Span by Mary Kay Mitchell; ISBN: 0721692923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721692923/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition Almanac, Fifth Edition by Lavon J. Dunne; ISBN: 0071373381; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071373381/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition and Diagnosis-Related Care by Sylvia Escott-Stump; ISBN: 0781737605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781737605/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition and Diet Therapy by Ruth A. Roth, et al; ISBN: 0766835677; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766835677/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition and Diet Therapy, Fourth Edition by Peggy S. Stanfield, Y. H. Hui; ISBN: 0763721409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0763721409/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition and HIV : A New Model for Treatment by Mary Romeyn (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0787939641; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787939641/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition and Mental Illness: An Orthomolecular Approach to Balancing Body Chemistry by Carl Curt Pfeiffer (1988); ISBN: 0892812265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892812265/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition and Physical Degeneration by Weston A. Price; ISBN: 0879838167; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879838167/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition Concepts and Controversies With Infotrac by Frances Sizer Webb, Eleanor Noss Whitney (2002); ISBN: 0534577997; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534577997/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition For Dummies® by Carol Ann Rinzler (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0764551809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764551809/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition for Foodservice and Culinary Professionals by Karen Eich Drummond (Author), Lisa M. Brefere (Author) (2003); ISBN: 047141977X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047141977X/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport with PowerWeb by Melvin H. Williams; ISBN: 0072489413; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0072489413/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition for Serious Athletes by Dan Benardot (2000); ISBN: 0880118334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880118334/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition for Women, Second Edition: How Eating Right Can Help You Look and Feel Your Best by Elizabeth Somer; ISBN: 0805070818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805070818/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition in Clinical Practice: A Comprehensive, Evidence-Based Manual for the Practitioner by David L., Md. Katz (2000); ISBN: 0683306383; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683306383/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition in Pediatrics by W. Allan Walker, et al (2003); ISBN: 155009226X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155009226X/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition In Pregnancy and Lactation by Bonnie S. Worthington-Roberts, et al; ISBN: 0815195222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815195222/icongroupinterna

452 Nutrition

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Nutrition in Sport by Ron J. Maughan (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0632050942; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632050942/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition of the Very Low Birthweight Infant (Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, Pediatric Programme, Vol 43) by Ekhard E. Ziegler (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0781722152; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781722152/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition: Chemistry and Biology, Second Edition by Julian E. Spallholz (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849385040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849385040/icongroupinterna

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Nutritional Anthropology: Biocultural Perspectives on Food and Nutrition by Alan H. Goodman (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0767411978; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0767411978/icongroupinterna

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Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis by Peter Burckhardt (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0121417034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121417034/icongroupinterna

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Nutritional Assessment by David Nieman, et al; ISBN: 0072927313; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0072927313/icongroupinterna

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Nutritional Biochemistry by Tom Brody; ISBN: 0121348369; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121348369/icongroupinterna

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Nutritional Epidemiology by Walter Willett; ISBN: 0195122976; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195122976/icongroupinterna

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PDR for Nutritional Supplements by Sheldon Saul Hendler (Editor), David Rorvik (Editor); ISBN: 1563633647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563633647/icongroupinterna

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Personal Nutrition: With Infotrac by Marie A. Boyle, Sara Long Anderson (2003); ISBN: 0534558674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534558674/icongroupinterna

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Perspectives in Nutrition by Gordon M. Wardlaw, et al (2003); ISBN: 0072921633; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0072921633/icongroupinterna

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Perspectives in Nutrition with Food Wise and OLC passcard by Gordon M. Wardlaw, et al; ISBN: 0072535091; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0072535091/icongroupinterna

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Play Hard, Eat Right : A Parent's Guide to Sports Nutrition for Children by The American Dietetic Association (Author); ISBN: 0471346950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471346950/icongroupinterna

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Pregnancy Nutrition : Good Health for You and Your Baby by The American Dietetic Association (Author), Elizabeth M. Ward (Author); ISBN: 0471346977; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471346977/icongroupinterna

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Prescription for Nutritional Healing: A Practical A-Z Reference to Drug-Free Remedies Using Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, and Food Supplements (Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd Ed) by Phyllis Balch, James Balch (2000); ISBN: 1583330771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583330771/icongroupinterna

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Prescription for Nutritional Healing: The A-To-Z Guide to Supplements by Phyllis A. Balch, James F. Balch (2002); ISBN: 1583331433; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583331433/icongroupinterna

Books 453

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Putting It All Together: The New Orthomolecular Nutrition by Abram Hoffer, et al (1996); ISBN: 0879836334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879836334/icongroupinterna

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Pythons: Everything About Selection, Care, Nutrition, Diseases, Breeding, and Behavior (Complete Pet Owner's Manual) by Patricia Pope Bartlett, et al (1998); ISBN: 0812093658; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812093658/icongroupinterna

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Quick Meals for Healthy Kids and Busy Parents : Wholesome Family Recipes in 30 Minutes or Less From Three Leading Child Nutrition Experts by Sandra K. Nissenberg (Author), et al; ISBN: 0471346985; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471346985/icongroupinterna

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Sports & Exercise Nutrition by William D. McArdle, et al; ISBN: 0683304496; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683304496/icongroupinterna

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Sports Nutrition for Endurance Athletes by Monique Ryan (2002); ISBN: 1931382158; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931382158/icongroupinterna

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Sports Nutrition Guide: Minerals, Vitamins & Antioxidants for Athletes by Michael Colgan (2002); ISBN: 0969527284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969527284/icongroupinterna

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Super Nutrition for Menopause by Ann Louise Gittleman; ISBN: 0895298775; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895298775/icongroupinterna

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Sweet Kids : How to Balance Diabetes Control and Good Nutrition with Family Peace by Betty Page Brackenridge, Richard R. Rubin; ISBN: 1580401244; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580401244/icongroupinterna

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Swine Nutrition, Second Edition by Austin J. Lewis (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849306965; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849306965/icongroupinterna

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Syndrome X: The Complete Nutritional Program to Prevent and Reverse Insulin Resistance by Burton Berkson (Author), Jack Challem (Author); ISBN: 0471398586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471398586/icongroupinterna

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Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Acid Reflux: Nutrition You Can Live With (Tell Me What to Eat) by Elaine Magee (2002); ISBN: 1564145743; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564145743/icongroupinterna

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Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Diabetes: Nutrition You Can Live With (Tell Me What to Eat) by Elaine Magee (1999); ISBN: 1564144267; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564144267/icongroupinterna

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Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Nutrition You Can Live With (Tell Me What to Eat) by Elaine Magee (2000); ISBN: 1564144445; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564144445/icongroupinterna

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The Add Nutrition Solution: A Drug-Free Thirty-Day Plan by Marcia Zimmerman (1999); ISBN: 0805061282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805061282/icongroupinterna

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The Backbone of History : Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere by Richard H. Steckel (Editor), Jerome C. Rose (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0521801672; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521801672/icongroupinterna

454 Nutrition

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The Biochemistry of Human Nutrition: A Desk Reference by Sareen S. Gropper; ISBN: 0534515436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534515436/icongroupinterna

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The Bodybuilder's Nutrition Book by Franco Columbu, Lydia Fragomeni; ISBN: 0809254573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809254573/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Book of Running for Women: Everything You Need to Know About Training, Nutrition, Injury Prevention, Motivation, Racing and Much, Much More by Claire Kowalchik (Introduction) (1999); ISBN: 0671017039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671017039/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Guide to Health and Nutrition by Gary Null, et al; ISBN: 0440506123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440506123/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Idiot's Guide to Total Nutrition (3rd Edition) by Joy Bauer; ISBN: 0028644247; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028644247/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Nutrition Counter by Lynn Sonberg; ISBN: 0425138593; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425138593/icongroupinterna

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The Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible : A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating by Hope S. Warshaw, et al; ISBN: 158040037X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/158040037X/icongroupinterna

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The Down Syndrome Nutrition Handbook: A Guide to Promoting Healthy Lifestyles by Joan E. Guthrie Medlen, et al (2002); ISBN: 1890627232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890627232/icongroupinterna

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The Family Nutrition Book: Everything You Need to Know About Feeding Your Children from Birth Through Adolescence by William Sears, Martha Sears (1999); ISBN: 0316777153; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316777153/icongroupinterna

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The Fibromyalgia Nutrition Guide: Contains Valuable Dietary Guidelines, Recipes, and More for Overcoming Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Sydrome... by Mary Moeller, Joe M., Ed.D. Elrod; ISBN: 1580540538; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540538/icongroupinterna

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The Inflammation Syndrome: The Complete Nutritional Program to Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease, Arthritis, Diabetes, Allergies, and Asthma by Jack Challem (Author); ISBN: 0471202711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471202711/icongroupinterna

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THE LCP SOLUTION: The Remarkable Nutritional Treatment for ADHD, Dyslexia, and Dyspraxia by B. Jacqueline, Ph.D. Stordy, et al (2000); ISBN: 0345438728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345438728/icongroupinterna

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The Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants by Horst Marschner; ISBN: 012473541X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012473541X/icongroupinterna

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The Navy SEAL Nutrition Guide by Patricia A. Deuster, et al (2002); ISBN: 1578261074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578261074/icongroupinterna

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The New Age Herbalist: How to Use Herbs for Healing, Nutrition, Body Care, and Relaxation by Richard Mabey, Michael McIntyre (1988); ISBN: 068481577X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068481577X/icongroupinterna

Books 455

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The New Eating Right for a Bad Gut : The Complete Nutritional Guide to Ileitis, Colitis, Crohn's Disease, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease by James Scala; ISBN: 0452279763; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0452279763/icongroupinterna

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The New Laurel's Kitchen: A Handbook for Vegetarian Cookery and Nutrition by Laurel Robertson, et al (1986); ISBN: 089815166X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089815166X/icongroupinterna

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The Nutrition Solution: A Guide to Your Metabolic Type by Harold J. Kristal, et al (2002); ISBN: 1556434375; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556434375/icongroupinterna

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The Omega Diet: The Lifesaving Nutritional Program Based on the Diet of the Island of Crete by Artemis P. Simopoulos (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0060930233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060930233/icongroupinterna

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The Politics of Fat: Food and Nutrition in America (Bureaucracies, Public Administration and Public Policy) by Laura S. Sims (1998); ISBN: 076560194X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076560194X/icongroupinterna

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The Pro-Vita! Plan: Your Foundation for Optimal Nutrition: Featuring the Wheelwright 5 + 5 Meal Plan by Dr. Jack Tips (1992); ISBN: 0929167058; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929167058/icongroupinterna

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The Ultimate Healing System: The Illustrated Guide to Muscle Testing & Nutrition by Donald Lepore (1996); ISBN: 1885670087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670087/icongroupinterna

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The Vegetarian Sports Nutrition Guide : Peak Performance for Everyone from Beginners to Gold Medalists by Lisa Dorfman (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0471348082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471348082/icongroupinterna

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The Yeast Connection Cookbook: A Guide to Good Nutrition and Better Health by William G. Crook, et al (1989); ISBN: 093347816X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093347816X/icongroupinterna

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Training Manual for Total Parenteral Nutrition by Richard E. Dean (1993); ISBN: 0944496180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944496180/icongroupinterna

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Training Nutrition: The Diet and Nutrition Guide for Peak Performance by Ed Burke, et al; ISBN: 1884125220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884125220/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition With Infotrac by Eleanor Noss Whitney, et al (2002); ISBN: 0534589952; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534589952/icongroupinterna

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Vegetarian Cooking for Healthy Living : An Ultra Low-Fat Nutrition Guide for Living Well by Mary Ter Meer, et al; ISBN: 0962047198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962047198/icongroupinterna

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What Your Doctor Doesn't Know About Nutritional Medicine May Be Killing You : by Ray D. Strand (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0785264868; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785264868/icongroupinterna

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What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Hypertension: The Revolutionary Nutrition and Lifestyle Program to Help Fight High Blood Pressure by Barry Fox, et al

456 Nutrition

(2003); ISBN: 0446690848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446690848/icongroupinterna •

Wild Fermentation: The Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-Culture Foods by Sandor Ellix Katz, Sally Fallon (Foreword) (2003); ISBN: 1931498237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931498237/icongroupinterna

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Your Health Your Choice: Your Complete Personal Guide to Wellness Nutrition & Disease Prevention by M. Ted Morter; ISBN: 0811906671; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811906671/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Amino acids in animal nutrition Author: D'Mello, J. P. Felix. Amino acids in farm animal nutrition.; Year: 2003; Wallingford, U.K. Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub., c2003; ISBN: 085199654X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085199654X/icongroupinterna

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Cellulose in animal nutrition. Author: Hungate, Robert Edward.; Year: 1964; Boston, Heath, 1965]

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Dietetics and nutrition; a textbook for nurses and dietitians. Author: Baker, Audrey Zillah.; Year: 1964; London, Faber and Faber [1964]

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Introduction to clinical nutrition Author: Sardesai, Vishwanath M.,; Year: 2003; New York: Marcel Dekker, c2003; ISBN: 0824740939 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824740939/icongroupinterna

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Legumes in human nutrition, by W. R. Aykroyd and Joyce Doughty. Author: Aykroyd, W. R. (Wallace Ruddell),; Year: 1963; Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1964

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Molecular basis of human nutrition Author: Sanders, Tom,; Year: 2003; London; New York: Taylor; Francis, 2003; ISBN: 0415299179 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415299179/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition [by] B. Haller Igel and Doris H. Calloway. Author: Igel, B. Haller.; Year: 1959; [Palo Alto, Calif.] Behavioral Research Laboratories [c1964]

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Nutrition and critical care Author: Cynober, Luc A.; Year: 2003; Basel; New York: Karger, 2003; ISBN: 3805575408 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805575408/icongroupinterna

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books 457

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Nutrition and hygiene. Author: Johnson, David William,; Year: 1955; Brisbane, Brooks [1963]

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Nutrition in Britain 1950-60; a critical discussion of the standards and findings of the National Food Survey. Author: Lambert, Royston.; Year: 1964; Hertfordshire, Eng., Codicote Press [1964]

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Nutrition: your key to good health. Author: Fredericks, Carlton.; Year: 1964; North Hollywood, Calif., London Press [c1964]

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Nutrition; a comprehensive treatise, ed. by George H. Beaton and Earle Willard McHenry. Author: Beaton, George H.; Year: 2003; New York, Academic Press, 1964

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Nutrition; a handbook for nurses, suitable also for school and home. Author: Jeanne,; Year: 1964; [Sydney] Angus; Robertson [1961]

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Nutritional factors and enzymological disturbances in animals. Author: Gallagher, Clifford Harold.; Year: 1962; London, Lockwood [1964]

Chapters on Nutrition In order to find chapters that specifically relate to nutrition, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and nutrition using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on nutrition: •

How Vocal Abilities Can Be Enhanced by Nutrition and Body Movement Source: in Thurman, L. and Welch, G., eds. Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education, Volumes 1-3. 2nd ed. Collegeville, MN: VoiceCare Network. 2000. p. 637-645. Contact: Available from National Center for Voice and Speech (NCVS). Book Sales, 334 Speech and Hearing Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. Website: www.ncvs.org. PRICE: $75.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874141230. Summary: This chapter on the impact of nutrition and body movement on vocal abilities is from a multi-volume text that brings a biopsychosocial approach to the study of the voice. The authors use the phrase 'bodyminds' to describe the interrelationship of perception, memory, learning, behavior, and health, as they combine to affect all environmental interactions, adaptations, and learning. The books are written for teachers, voice professionals, people who use their voices on an avocational basis, and interested members of the general public. This chapter emphasizes how eating and moving well support and enhance the physiochemical realities that make one feel good and energetic, that support the optimum function of the immune system, and that underlie the production of skilled, expressive speaking and singing. Detailed guidelines are given for readers who want to incorporate healthy nutrition and body movement into their overall program of healthy singing and speaking. The chapter concludes by reiterating that in order to maintain normal mucosal secretions, a strong immune system to fight infection, and the ability of muscles to recover from heavy use, one needs rest, proper nutrition and hydration, and appropriate exercise and muscular conditioning. 1 table. 88 references.

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Nutrition and the Professional Voice User Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 337-354. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter on nutrition and the professional voice user is from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice. Performers must understand why attention to their own nutritional status is important to their lives and livelihoods. Laryngeal and vocal health cannot be separated from general health and longevity. The authors stress that nutritional status is extremely important to the singer or actor who wants to be vital and energetic, maintain appropriate body weight, resist the colds and common maladies that often travel through an entire cast or choir. Stress and fatigue are endemic in performers, due in no small part to grueling audition, rehearsal, and performance schedules, working second and third jobs, intense competition, and self scrutiny. Without proper instruction and attention to nutrition and food choices, a performer's lifestyle demands can result in an unstable, inadequate nutritional status that invites illness. The authors discuss basic nutrition and dietary guidelines, recent research in nutrition, free radical pathology and antioxidant defenses, determining nutritional status, choosing supplements, nutrition fact food labels, food as medicine, vocal longevity and nutrition, and nutritional goals for performers. One extensive table summarizes the functions, RDA levels, and food sources of common nutrients, including fluids, carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, biotin, folic acid, calcium, other minerals, and trace elements. 2 figures. 1 table. 118 references.

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Nutritional Implications of Taste and Smell Disorders Source: in Doty, R.L., ed. Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1995. p. 731-744. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 228-1160 or (212) 696-9000; Fax (212) 685-4540. PRICE: $225.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824792521. Summary: This chapter, from a medical text on olfaction and gustation, summarizes the chemosensory changes associated with cancer, hypertension, hypothyroidism, obesity, diabetes, renal disease, and liver diseases; these changes are then related to the dietary practices of these patient groups. The author notes that experience from chemosensory clinical research centers has provided insights for using dietary approaches to promote optimal nutrition and enhance the quality of life for patients with taste and/or smell abnormalities, but no approaches have been systemically evaluated. The author presents a consideration of the best available guidelines in this area. Finally, the author focuses on the effects of chemosensory disorders on diet and nutritional status. The effects of nutritional status on chemosensory function are not addressed. 101 references. (AA-M).

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Taking Care of Yourself Nutritionally: Guidelines for Healthy Nutrition in Liver Disease Source: in Everson, G.T. Weinberg, H. Living with Hepatitis B: A Survivor's Guide. Long sland, NY: Hatherleigh Press. 2002. p.78-98.

Books 459

Contact: Available from Hatherleigh Press. 5-22 46th Avenue Suite 200, Long Island City, NY 11101. (800) 528-2550. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://store.yahoo.com/hatherleighpress/index.html. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1578260841. Summary: Chronic hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis (liver scarring), liver cancer, and the need for liver transplantation. This chapter on nutrition is from a book that helps readers diagnosed with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection educate themselves about the disease and its treatment. The authors discuss some general nutritional concepts, outline what happens with liver disease affects nutrition, and address some specific deficiencies and their treatments. Topics include ideal body weight, a normal diet, carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, bile, vitamins, and nutritional needs for hepatitis B patients with and without cirrhosis. Tips are offered in the areas of caloric requirements, vitamin supplements, nutritional (herbal) therapies, herbs that are harmful to the liver, and salt and fluid restriction. Throughout the chapter the authors include quotes from real people who are living with hepatitis. 1 figure. 2 tables. 7 references. •

Week Two: Nutrition Basics Source: in Green, W.F. First Year: Hepatitis B. New York, NY: Marlowe and Company. 2002. p. 87-98. Contact: Available from Marlowe and Company. 161 William Street, 16th Floor, New York, NY 10038. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1569245339. Summary: Viral hepatitis B (liver infection) is one of the most preventable medical conditions due to the availability of a hepatitis B vaccine, yet an estimated 100,000 people in the United States are infected each year, and 6,000 die from complications. When the author of this book was diagnosed in 1993, he decided to be proactive in his quest to understand and manage his illness. In this chapter, the author focuses on what readers can expect to experience during the second week after they receive their diagnosis of hepatitis B virus HBV) infection, discussing the issue of nutrition. The chapter is in two parts: first, a focus on the psychosocial aspects that the reader might experience, followed by a section of instructional material. In nontechnical language, the author reviews the basic building blocks of nutrition (including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, supplements), and the role of the liver in processing those nutrients. The second section outlines other symptoms that may be due to HBV (beyond fatigue, which was discussed in a previous chapter). These can include liver pain or discomfort, joint pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, varicose veins, night sweats, rashes, and itching.

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Nutritional and Metabolic Liver Diseases Source: in Sherlock, S. Dooley, J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002. p.423-452. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $178.95. ISBN: 0632055820. Summary: This chapter on nutritional and metabolic liver diseases is from a textbook that presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of diseases of the liver and biliary system. The chapter covers malnutrition; fatty liver, including diagnosis and

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classification; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, including hepatic steatosis, steatonecrosis, the effects of the jejuno-ileal bypass, parenteral nutrition, and vitamins; carbohydrate metabolism in liver disease, including hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia; the liver in diabetes mellitus, including insulin and the liver, hepatic histology, clinical features, and liver function tests; hepatobiliary disease and diabetes, including the glucose intolerance of cirrhosis and the treatment of diabetes in patients with cirrhosis; glycogen storage disease (types I through VI) and hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency; hereditary fructose intolerance; glutaric aciduria type II, galactosemia; mucopolysaccharidoses; familial hypercholesterolemia; amyloidosis; alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency; hereditary tyrosinemia; cystic fibrosis; liver and thyroid, including thyrotoxicosis, myxoedema, and changes with hepatocellular disease; liver and adrenal; liver and growth hormone; hepatic porphyrias, including acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic protoporphyria, hepato-erythropoietic porphyria, and secondary coproporphyrias; hereditary hemorrhagic teleangiectasia; and dystrophic myotonica. Each section includes its own list of references for further reading. 19 figures. 6 tables. 184 references. •

Growth and Nutritional Problems in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 245-249. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on growth and development in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflamatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is recognized increasingly as a common diagnosis in the pediatric age group, accounting for approximately 25 percent of all patients with IBD, with CD outnumbering UC by approximately 4 to 1. A small but notable fraction of IBD cases are being diagnosed during infancy. As in adults, a wide variety of gastrointestinal manifestations and extraintestinal complications are commonly encountered in children and adolescents with CD. In view of the added metabolic requirements for growth, children are more likely to suffer from malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies than adults. Further-more, growth failure is a complication unique to the pediatric age group, which occurs in up to half of the cases of CD and in about 10 percent of those with UC. Although medications often achieve symptomatic relief, malnutrition and growth failure commonly persist, particularly in pediatric CD. The goal of completely suppressing disease activity and minimizing daily steroid use is detailed in another chapter on therapy of CD in children and adolescents. Growth failure may be the presenting complaint, at times in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The combination of short stature and delayed puberty is often more disturbing to the patient than all other symptoms. Thus, nutritional therapy represents a very important adjunctive to effective medical or surgical management strategies for many children, particularly when their disease is accompanied by growth failure. In this chapter, the extent of nutritional problems in pediatric IBD is reviewed, along with an evidence-based review of the role of nutritional therapy in IBD. 2 figures. 17 references.

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Bowel Rest and Parenteral Nutrition Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 405-408. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on the use of bowel rest and parenteral (outside the gastrointestinal tract) nutrition to manage Crohn's disease (CD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with CD and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The author first describes the possible rationale for bowel rest, but cautions that there is data from in vitro and in vivo studies as well as postoperative studies demonstrating that excluding nutrients from the lumen of the intestine will result in mucosal atrophy and may result in further malabsorption and perhaps even bacterial translocation. One must be very careful to distinguish what role malnutrition itself plays in mucosal atrophy, as opposed to the absence of luminal nutrients and the accompanying hormonal stimuli. As the understanding of the role of nutrition in the maintenance of the gastrointestinal mucosa and the role of various nutrients in cellular functions increases, it has become less clear that putting the bowel to rest will result in any benefit to the patient of alter the course of their disease. Of course, the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as an adjunct to standard drug therapy is essential if the patient is unable to take nutrients in adequate supply to maintain their energy needs and protein stores. Data also shows that bowel rest and TPN, and in some cases the addition of octreotide, will result in the closure of non CD related enterocutaneous fistulae (abnormal passageways between sections of the intestine) in some patients, with high rates of longterm closure in patients who are postoperative. 28 references.

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Enteral Nutrition and Dietary Management Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 409-413. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: Many patients with Crohn's disease (CD) feel that their condition is caused by or in need of a particular diet. This chapter on enteral nutrition (administration of formulated food) and dietary management is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with CD and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The site of intestinal inflammation may influence the likelihood of response to nutritional therapy in that Crohn's colitis responds less well to enteral feeding than does ileocolitis or isolated small bowel disease. The practicing gastroenterologist must choose a formula based on the available data. Polymeric formulae are certainly more palatable, but given the limited published experience with their efficacy, in pediatric practice the more standard low-fat elemental or semi-elemental formulae are preferred, recognizing that nasogastric infusion (a feeding tube through the nose) is required. When treating active Crohn's disease with enteral nutrition, initially clear fluids by mouth are the only other

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allowed food source. Although such exclusivity of enteral nutrition is not proven to be essential, a stomach full of other food will certainly compromise tolerance of a nasogastric infusion and thereby jeopardize the success of the regimen. Once the patient is comfortable with the enteral feeding and the activity of disease is lessened, the stringency of the bowel rest can be modified. One of the limitations of liquid diet therapy has been the observed tendency for symptoms to recur promptly following its cessation. Three different nutritional strategies have been employed after attainment of remission through use of exclusive enteral nutrition: cyclic enteral nutrition, supplementary enteral nutrition, and a specific foods exclusion diet. Children with CD need special approaches to therapy because of their need to grow. Reduction of intestinal inflammation and provision of adequate nutrition are of crucial importance. 1 table. 19 references. •

Perioperative Nutrition Support Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 449-451. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on perioperative nutrition support for patients undergoing surgery for Crohn's disease (CD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with CD and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nutritional therapy has become an integral part of the treatment of patients with IBD. The author stresses that nutritional treatments are used for various purposes in these patients, such as reversal of nutritional deficits due to IBD, primary treatment of the inflammatory disorder, or prevention of complications associated with IBD surgery. The goals of nutritional therapy should clearly be established at the outset, as these will determine the most appropriate type and duration of treatment. In this chapter, issues related primarily to nutrition and surgical management of IBD are discussed. Other chapters in this book explore nutrition as primary therapy, the approach to specific nutritional complications, the special nutritional considerations of children with IBD and the short-bowel syndrome. Recent studies have raised concerns about the standard course of preoperative total parenteral (outside the gastrointestinal tract) nutrition (TPN), noting that patients who had undergone this course had more postoperative infections. The patient's preoperative nutritional status also has an impact on postoperative complications, regardless of the use of TPN. These observations emphasize the importance of performing a nutritional assessment of patients with IBD prior to surgery. Enteral nutrition (through the use of nasogastric feeding tubes) should be the first choice when preoperative nutrition is necessary. 10 references.

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Nutritional Consultation and Guidance Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 547-549. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220.

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Summary: This chapter on nutritional consultation and guidance is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This chapter focuses on the issues that commonly arise during patient visits, particularly those soon after a patient is diagnosed with IBD. Unfortunately, there is no good evidence to suggest that UC is caused by diet. Bowel rest alone, with total parenteral (outside the gastrointestinal system) nutrition, elemental diet, or even diverting ostomy, will decrease the number of bowel movements but does not result in bowel healing or disease remission. Thus, diet manipulation does not play a primary role in the management of patients with UC (although patients do have individual dietary idiosyncrasies). In contrast to UC, dietary and luminal factors may play a role in initiating and perpetuating CD activity. Both total parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition with an elemental diet have been shown to control disease activity in up to 75 percent of patients with active, uncomplicated CD. In some studies, these approaches have been found to be as efficacious as corticosteroids in inducing remission. Although induction of disease remission using parenteral nutrition or elemental diets can be readily accomplished, the identification of specific dietary triggering factors that must be avoided poses a daunting challenge. Patients with partial bowel obstruction will have symptoms of pain triggered by eating almost any solid food. When disease is clinically active, almost any food passing through inflamed bowel may produce cramping pain or diarrhea. In contrast, when the disease is in completeremission and the bowel is healed, if a dietary factor is responsible for inflammation, repeated exposure may be necessary to produce enough inflammation to produce symptoms. The authors briefly discuss specific nutrients, including potassium, calcium and vitamin D, iron, caloric supplementation, and fish oil. 11 references. •

Nutrition and Crohn's Disease: What to Eat Source: in Trachter, A.B. Coping with Crohn's Disease. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 2001. p.155-175. Contact: Available from New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 5674 Shattuck Avenue, Oakland, California 94609. (800) 748-6273 or (510) 652-0215. Fax: (510) 652-5472. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.newharbinger.com/contactus.htm. PRICE: $15.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572242655. Summary: Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disease that may affect any part of the digestive tract. This chapter is from a book that offers a comprehensive discussion of the emotional and physical aspects of living with a chronic illness. The book provides basic medical information, but it is primarily designed to be used as a tool to aid the activities of daily life, as well as to promote a healthy lifestyle, despite the disease. This chapter on nutrition is from the portion of the book that focuses on emotional challenges. In this chapter, the author stresses that no one food or group of specific foods causes Crohn's disease. Additionally, there is no specific diet that will make the disease go away. Topics covered include malnutrition, anemia, how the digestive system works, why nutrition is important, malabsorption, increased secretion and nutrient loss, drugs or medications that affect nutrients, increased need for nutrients, the use of total parenteral (outside the digestive tract) nutrition (TPN), finding the right foods, low residue diets, emotions and eating patterns (denial, depression, anxiety), and medications and eating patterns.

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Steroids or Nutrition? Source: Jewell, D.P. Warren, B.F. Mortensen, N.J., eds. Challenges in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 2001. p.111-120. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $145.95. ISBN: 0632051698. Summary: In this chapter, from a book that offers an approach to the subject of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that highlights current areas of controversy, the author considers the role of steroids (glucocorticoids) and medical nutrition therapy for IBD. The author first examines the use of glucocorticoids. The authors stresses that the disadvantages associated with steroids are particularly relevant in diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) with a clinical course characterized by frequent relapses that may need repeated courses of treatment. There are esthetic sideeffects, metabolic consequences including growth failure in children and adolescents, and the development of osteopenia (bone disease) associated with the use of steroids in IBD. The author then introduces the rationale for the use of nutritional management as primary therapy in IBD and reviews numerous studies that consider this treatment approach. The author concludes that enteral nutrition is indicated as first choice treatment for CD in children and adolescents, because in addition to the observed clinical, biological and endoscopic antiinflammatory effect, it will prevent or minimize growth failure, sexual development delay, and osteopenia. For similar reasons enteral nutrition can be used as the first treatment in other patient populations with CD, including the elderly, patients with undiagnosed abdominal abscess, and patients with steroid dependence. 2 figures. 2 tables. 103 references.

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Role of Nutrition in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Williams, C.N., et al., eds. Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy 1999. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2000. p. 207-216. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Customer Service Deparment, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (781) 871-6600. Fax (781) 6819045. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wkap.nl. PRICE: $145.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0792387627. Summary: Nutritional management (diet therapy) is used as a therapeutic tool in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This chapter on the role of nutrition in the treatment of IBD is from a monograph that reprints the presentations given at the Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy Symposium, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in August 1999. The general objective of the conference was to provide an update in the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). In this chapter, the author stresses that the nutritional approach to IBD has a common target: to avoid the use of steroids or other immunosuppressive drugs, by influencing metabolic routes involved in the inflammatory response. There is no evidence that either parenteral (outside the digestive tract, i.e., intravenous) or enteral (inside the digestive tract, i.e., gastrostomy or nasogastric tube feeding) nutrition has any primary therapeutic effect on the outcome of patients with severe UC. The research on the nutritional approach to the maintenance treatment of UC has show little or no effect. Greatest interest in the nutritional approach in IBD has centered on the possibility of using chemically defined enteral formula diets as primary treatment in CD. Some diets have been shown to

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induce remission in active CD. Compared to steroid induced remission (80 percent of cases), enteral nutrition resulted in remission levels of 60 to 65 percent. The authors note that enteral nutrition appears particularly effective in children and adolescents (a population that should be especially protected from steroid side effects) in moderate first and subsequent attacks, and possibly as maintenance treatment in clincally inactive disease. In addition, enteral (or in some cases parenteral) nutrition should be used as adjuvant therapy to prevent or reverse nutritional deficiencies whatever primary treatment is used. 98 references. •

Diet and Nutrition Source: in Stein, S.H. and Rood, R.P. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Guide for Patients and Their Families. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 1999. p. 93110. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 932-2423. Fax (212) 779-4098. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ccfa.org. PRICE: $17.00 for members; $22.00 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397517718. Summary: This chapter on diet and nutrition is from a text written specifically for people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is the collective term for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine (the colon), that is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of its inner lining. By contrast, Crohn's disease can affect any area of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, and there can be areas of normal intestine as well. The author first considers normal nutrition and then looks at how IBD interferes with normal nutrition and what the potential therapeutic interventions relating to the diet are. Nutritional problems associated with IBD include weight loss, water and nutrient deficiencies, the impact of medications on nutrition and metabolism, and anemia. The author notes that no good scientific evidence has implicated any dietary factors in the etiology of UC. There has been speculation that some component of the diet (particularly a dietary protein) is responsible for CD. The author concludes by discussing the use of nutrition therapy in IBD. 9 references.

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Diabetic Gastropathy and Medical Nutrition Therapy Source: in Franz, M.J. and Bantle, J.P., eds. American Diabetes Association Guide to Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. p. 330-334. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $39.95 for members; $49.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040006X. Order number 561601. Summary: Diabetic gastropathy (also known as diabetic gastroparesis) is characterized by abnormally delayed emptying of foods, particularly solid foods, from the stomach. This chapter on diabetic gastropathy and medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is from a textbook on MNT for people with diabetes. Treatments suggested for diabetic gastropathy include optimal glycemic control, dietary modifications, various pharmacological options, and surgery. While there is no scientific evidence for effective treatment by dietary modification, professional judgement and clinical practice indicate the efficacy of small frequent meals, low fat foods, and use of liquid or blenderized meals. It is also noted that because exercise appears to increase solid meal gastric

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emptying rates in healthy individuals, it might do the same in people with diabetic gastropathy. Although the results of one report were inconclusive, postprandial (after eating) exercise, such as walking, is an excellent recommendation for anyone, with or without diabetic gastropathy. 21 references.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to nutrition have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 •

Directory of African-American Nutrition Programs Source: Washington, DC: National Council of Negro Women, Inc. Procter and Gamble Company. 1994. 63 p. Contact: Available from Lori George, Account Supervisor. Porter/Novelli, 1120 Connecticut Avenue NW., 11th floor, Washington, DC 20036-3902. (202) 973-5874. PRICE: Single copy free. Also available from Office of Minority Health Resource Center. (800) 444-6472. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This directory was created as a step to better the nutritional awareness and health of African Americans by serving as a guide for organizations planning to develop their own nutrition initiatives and partnerships. Divided into two sections, the directory features alphabetical lists of national, regional, state, and local organizations committed to nutrition education among African Americans; and an annotated bibliography of articles focusing on African American nutrition-related topics written over the past 8 years. The alphabetical list provides a description of each organization, its mission and program resources, and materials developed in recent years; addresses, phone numbers, and contact names are also provided. The bibliography is sectioned by dietary practices, nutritional differences, and prevention education programs. (AA-M).

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Directory of Food and Nutrition Information for Professionals and Consumers. Second Edition Source: Phoenix, AZ, Oryx Press, Second Edition, 332 p., 1992. Contact: Oryx Press, 4041 North Central at Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ 85012-3397. Summary: Directory of Food and Nutrition Information for Professionals and Consumers, Second Edition, helps nutritionists, dietitians, health professionals, educators, librarians, and consumers in identifying sources of food and nutrition information. The emphasis is on nutrition education, food service management, and related aspects of applied nutrition. The directory is divided into two major parts. Part one lists (1) organizations (name, address, telephone and fax numbers, contact name, organization type, purpose, geographic area served, areas of interest, clientele, audience, and services); (2) academic programs (name, address, telephone and fax numbers,

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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “nutrition” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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contact name, program type, enrollment, number of total and department faculty, degrees granted, curriculum, and faculty research interests); (3) software (name, address, telephone and fax numbers, contact name, host system requirements, program focus, intended audience, and price); and (4) databases (name, address, telephone and fax numbers, contact name, major subject areas, food and nutrition subjects, update frequency, file size, source documents, search aids, vendors, and CD-Rom vendors). Part two presents annotated bibliographic entries for (1) key reference materials; (2) abstracting, indexing, and current awareness services; (3) professional journals and newsletters; (4) museums and special collections; (5) book, audiovisual, and software producers; (6) cookbooks; (7) consumer magazines; (8) consumer reading lists; (9) tollfree numbers, hotlines, helplines, and clearinghouses; and (10) regional, state, and area agencies and organizations. There are two major subject indexes. The subject index for part one is generated by terms or key words that were assigned to each entry. The subject index for part two refers to the page number on which the entry appears. The appendixes offer the Food Guide Pyramid and the Recommended Dietary Allowances. •

Nutrition Monitoring in the United States: The Directory of Federal and State Nutrition Monitoring Activities Source: Hyattsville, MD, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, 117 p., September 1992. Contact: Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. (202) 512-1800. DHHS Publication no. (PHS) 92-1255-1. Summary: Nutrition Monitoring in the United States: The Directory of Federal and State Nutrition Monitoring Activities is a guide to federal and state surveys, surveillance, and research activities that are a part of the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program (NNMRRP) designed to improve dissemination of nutrition monitoring data. The directory is organized into five areas within the NNMRRP: (1) Nutrition and related health measurements; (2) food and nutrient consumption; (3) knowledge, attitudes, and behavior assessments; (4) food composition and nutrient data bases; and (5) food supply determinations. Descriptive information is provided for each activity in the following categories: (1) sponsoring agency(s) (agencies that developed or helped to develop the survey or were responsible for conducting the survey or research activity); (2) purpose (why the survey was conducted, aspects of nutrition or health assessed, and unique characteristics of the survey); (3) when conducted (year or years data was collected); (4) target population (characteristics of the population surveyed); (5) sample size and response rate(s) (size of the sample population and percentage that were respondents); (6) design and methods (description of the survey or study design and how data are collected); (7) methodologies used (especially for dietary data); (8) descriptive variables (data that describe the population); (9) outcome variables of interest (other data collected from respondents related to nutrition monitoring; (10) contact people (people who may be contacted for additional information on the survey); and (11) selected key publications (publications considered important by the agency). Information also is included on 19 nutrition and health surveys; 17 food consumption surveys; 14 knowledge, attitudes, and behavior assessments; 5 food composition and nutrient databases; 4 food supply determinations; 3 nutrition monitoring activities in states; and information on searching AGRICOLA and MEDLINE databases.

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Filipino-American nutrition and fitness directory Source: San Diego, CA: Kalusugan Community Services. 1999. 31 pp.

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Contact: Available from Kalusugan Community Services, 5814 Hardy Avenue, San Diego, CA 92182-1991. Telephone: (619) 594-2795 or (619) 594-6703. $2.00 plus shipping. Summary: This resource directory begins by describing the Filipino American population of California and summarizes the NUTRI-FIT project, which assessed the nutritional status of Filipino American youth in California and made efforts to improve it. The directory lists local nutrition assistance and consultation programs as well as grocery stores, restaurants, bakeries, and fitness programs. •

Afterschool snacks: A food and nutrition resource list for child care providers Source: Beltsville, MD: U.S. Food and Nutrition Information Center. 1999. 12 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, Room 304, Beltsville, MD 20705-2351. Telephone: (301) 504-5719 / fax: (301) 504-6409 / e- mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic. Available at no charge. Summary: This publication is a compilation of resources for people involved in the planning, preparation or serving of afterschool snacks to young children under the Child and Adult Care Food Program. It also serves as a resource to others interested in serving healthful snacks to children, including parents and other child care providers. Topics addressed in this document include: (1) snacking and general nutrition; (2) food preparation; (3) food safety; and (4) background information on the afterschool component of the the Child and Adult Care Food Program. Each listing includes a brief description of print materials, audiovisuals and/or World Wide Web information. In addition, education materials such as food models, kits, lesson plans and newsletters are also described in this document.

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Early childhood nutrition resource guide Source: Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health. 1998. 44 pp. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This guide is designed to promote the exchange of information that will help children and their families learn healthy eating habits with a lifetime of benefits. The guide is designed to assist providers of nutrition services to children ages 2 to 6 years and their families. The guide has two sections. The first section contains materials developed since 1995, organized into these categories: activities for children; bibliographies and catalogs; books; curricula, manuals and modules; guidelines; pamphlets and brochures; reports; resource packets; and videotapes. The second section lists federal agencies, federally supported projects, professional organizations, and voluntary organizations that may serve as resources. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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Resource directory for displays: Nutrition Education for Diverse Audiences Source: Champaign, IL: Nutrition Education for Diverse Audiences. 1997. 73 pp.

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Contact: Available from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Nutrition Education for Diverse Audiences, Champaign, IL / Web site: http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/~necd. Available only through web site. Summary: This directory lists a variety of resources, programs, and services dealing with nutrition education for diverse audiences. The resources are arranged alphabetically by state. Each entry consists of the following: 1) author, 2) his/her affiliation, 3) state of origin, 4) publication date, 5) the type of resource, 6) target audience, 7) basic description, 8) keywords, 9) target audience ethnicity (if any), 10) cost, and 11) contact person. •

Nutrition education resources and bibliography Source: Columbus, OH: Nutrition Education and Training Program, Ohio Department of Education. 1994. 165 pp. Contact: Available from Ohio Department of Education, Nutrition Education and Training Program, 65 South Front Street, Columbus, OH 43215-4183. Telephone: (614) 752-8997. Summary: This publication lists resource organizations and materials useful in nutrition education, including cookbooks, pamphlets, children's and professional literature, audiovisual materials, and materials in several foreign languages, including Spanish, Hmong, and Chinese.

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Food and Nutrition Information Center microcomputer software collection Source: Beltsville, MD: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1993. 72 pp. Contact: Available from U.S. Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, Room 304, Beltsville, MD 20705-2351. Telephone: (301) 504-5719 / fax: (301) 504-6409 / e- mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic. Single copies available at no charge. Onsite use of the software is by appointment only, Monday through Friday, 8AM to 4:30PM EST. Summary: This catalog includes annotated listings of nutrition-related software programs and demonstration disks available for on site preview. The software types are organized into the following categories: diet analysis/diet planning; food service management; food industry; nutrition education; and recipes. A description of the software program is given including types of computers for which the software is available, the producer or distributor, and cost. Information is given on how to schedule and prepare for a visit to preview the software at FNIC.

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Nutrition resource guide for children with special health care needs Source: Boston, MA: Massachusetts Department of Public Health. 1990. 27 pp. Contact: Available from Cynthia Taft Bayerl, R.D., M.S., Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Nutrition Services for Children with Special Health Care Needs, 150 Tremont Street, Fourth floor, Boston, MA 02111. Telephone: (617) 727-5822 or (617) 7279283. Available at no charge. Summary: This reference guide is designed to help those interested in finding nutrition counseling and education for children with special health care needs in Massachusetts. The guide provides a list of names and addresses of counseling services, other support services, food assistance programs which provide food at reduced or no cost, special

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needs publications, general nutrition information, professional organizations, and related department of public health programs. A special needs publications list provides information on PKU, cerebral palsy, cleft lip and palate, spina bifida, and developmental disabilities. A list of books for parents, caregivers, and professionals is included. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. •

Sources of free or low-cost food and nutrition materials Source: Beltsville, MD: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1990-. annual. Contact: Available from U.S. Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, Room 304, Beltsville, MD 20705-2351. Telephone: (301) 504-5719 / fax: (301) 504-6409 / e- mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic. Available at no charge. Summary: This annual directory lists organizations that provide free or low-cost food and nutrition education materials for consumers. The list has three sections: 1) Nutrition, Medical, and Health Organizations; 2) Food-Related Associations; and 3) Food Companies. Organizations that have materials in non-English languages are identified.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON NUTRITION Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on nutrition. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on nutrition is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “nutrition” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on nutrition: •

Good Nutrition for People With HIV/AIDS Contact: Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Secure the Future, 345 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10154, (212) 546-4343, http://www.securethefuture.com/. Summary: This video explains the role that good nutrition plays in the management of HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS patients need adequate germ-free foods and fluids to help their bodies counteract infection-related energy loss and weakened immune systems. The video demonstrates utensil and surface care, as well as cleaning and preparation. Foods to avoid (such as shellfish and raw fish products) are listed, and the correct amounts of protein, carbohydrates, calories, and fluids are discussed. Extra calories can be obtained through the intake of canned food supplements, and important electrolytes can be refurbished with sports drinks and electrolyte-replenishing beverages. In some cases, HIV/AIDS patients will use an appetite stimulant before meals to increase and enhance their appetite. A variety of other issues are covered, including dehydration, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, exercise, and vitamin supplements.

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Nutrition Strategies in HIV Management Teleconference Contact: TKN - TV, 2000 5th Ave R-101, River Grove, IL, 60171. Summary: This videorecording documents a teleconference on the subject of nutrition and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Hosted by Novella Dudley, it features a panel of four experts from various areas of the field who discuss aspects of HIV and nutrition; they then field questions from both the studio audience and over the telephone. Short video segments introduce each new topic. The panel includes Dr. Donald Kotler, of St. Luke's - Roosevelt Hospital; Joyce Fitzpatrick, a nursing consultant; Frank San Miguel, coordinator of HIV services for travelers and immigrants in Chicago; and Annette Smerko of Caremark. The teleconference opens by considering nutrition as part of the psychosocial needs of a Person with AIDS (PWA). The symptoms of malnutrition are discussed, such as weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, fever, and painful chewing or swallowing. It addresses financial issues of the cost of medication being so great that some patients cannot afford food. It looks at the different nutritional needs of PWA's, who must avoid weight loss by eating extra calories. The panel addresses the philosophy behind providing nutritional care for someone who is dying, and looks at the effect of alcohol use on nutrition. Case studies are examined; they say that the lack of ability to eat may be due to neurologic disease, drugs, or local pathology. PWA's are encouraged to consult with a dietitian, a physican, and a social worker. The connection between depression and malnutrition is established. The panel looks at specific opportunistic infections that may affect the appetite, such as hepatitis, thrush, and candida. A demonstration is given on safe handling of food to prevent salmonella and other foodborne diseases. The videorecording examines the devastating effects of weight loss on a patient, and looks at the barriers to motivating a patient to eat. It studies ethical concerns in treatment and legal issues involved in refusal to treat. The concluding segment studies the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal disorders. It touches on steroid use and the use of nutritional supplements. At the end of the videorecording, viewers are urged to complete an evaluation.

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Nutrition for Persons With HIV Infection Contact: University of Michigan, Medical Center, Biomedical Communications, Media Library, 1327 Jones Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, (313) 763-2074. Summary: This videorecording tells home-care workers who take care of persons with HIV infection about their special nutritional needs. It says that proper nutrition is one way that an HIV-infected person can exert come control over his or her health, and outlines a balanced diet for someone with AIDS. It emphasizes their special need for extra calories and gives tips on adding calories to food. It encourages persons with AIDS (PWAs) to eat junk foods for additional calories as needed after meeting their nutritional requirements, because they cannot afford to loss body weight. Those who have trouble eating a lot at one time are encouraged to eat several smaller meals, and dietary supplements are recommended as needed. Home-care workers learn about the symptoms of HIV infection, such as diarrhea, that may affect a person's appetite, and how to cope with these symtoms. If symptoms remain persistent, consult a dietitian. The videorecording gives information on the safest way to handle food to avoid food poisoning and tips on how to motivate patients to eat.

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Dementia: The Power of Nutrition in Caregiving Source: Bozeman, MT: Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services, 1998.

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Contact: Montana Aging Services, Division of Senior and Long Term Care. PO Box 4210, Helena, MT 59604. (406) 444-4077; FAX: (406) 444-7743. PRICE: $40.00. Summary: This kit contains a 12-minute video and a series of handouts and transparencies intended for speakers addressing caregivers on the subject of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and nutrition. The video consists of interviews with nutritionists and AD care staff and footage of actual AD patients. The first section describes the role of nutrition in maintaining the health of AD patients; weight loss, caloric intake, and hydration are discussed. The second section focuses on making dining a pleasurable experience, in which aromas and presentation stimulate the appetite, and individual preferences are considered. The final section focuses on the needs of severely impaired patients who require special diets or feeding devices. The handouts and transparencies reinforce the points made in the video and provide information on caregiver resources. Presentation evaluation forms are also included in the kit. •

Total Parenteral Nutrition Part 1: Screening, Assessment, Clinical Monitoring Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. Distribution Department, 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. Fax (919) 942-3689. PRICE: $276.50 for HSC members, $395.00 for nonmembers (as of 1996). Item Number N950-VI-031. Two-part series $442.40 for HSC members; $632.00 for nonmembers. Rentals: $55.00 (HSC members); $80.00 (nonmembers). Summary: Today, almost any patient in any situation can receive proper nutrition through intravenous feeding. This videotape program describes total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and the need for strict guidelines in order to effectively provide TPN. Topics include the patient screening process, how to assess types and amount of nutrients to be given, and guidelines for the clinical monitoring of patients receiving TPN. (AA-M).

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Total Parenteral Nutrition Part 2: Nursing Implications, Central Line Site Care, Dressing Change Procedure Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. Distribution Department, 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. Fax (919) 942-3689. PRICE: $276.50 for HSC members, $395.00 for nonmembers (as of 1996). Item Number N950-VI-032. Two-part series $442.40 for HSC members; $632.00 for nonmembers. Rentals: $55.00 (HSC members); $80.00 (nonmembers). Summary: This videotape program describes total parenteral nutrition (TPN), the intravenous administration of amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes. TPN is used to provide adequate nutrition for patients unable to obtain it through the digestive tract. The program demonstrates the proper administration of TPN, bedside care of a TPN patient, central line site care, and dressing change. (AA-M).

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Nutrition and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Bethesda, MD: Weight-Control Information Network. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Weight-Control Information Network. 1 WIN Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3665. (202) 828-1025 or (877) 946-4627. Fax (202) 828-1028. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niddk.nih.gov. PRICE: $5.00.

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Summary: This videotape program presents coverage of a slide lecture presentation given by Dr. Michael Sitrin, the Director of the Clinical Nutrition Research Center at the University of Chicago. Dr. Sitrin discusses the nutritional therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including enteral and parenteral nutrition therapies. He first covers the pathogenesis of malnutrition in patients with these types of disorders. Factors that contribute to malnutrition in IBD include decreased food intake (often to avoid symptoms), malabsorption (especially in patients with resections), excessive secretion of nutrients across the diseased mucosa, and increased nutrient requirements. Dr. Sitrin describes the prevalence of malnutrition in patients with IBD, particularly various vitamin deficiencies. The remainder of Dr. Sitrin's lecture discusses the five reasons that nutritional therapy might be utilized in a patient with IBD: as primary therapy for the disease itself, as preoperative nutritional support, to manage Crohn's disease and intestinal fistulas, to prevent growth retardation in children with IBD, and to maintain survival in patients with gut failure (accomplished predominantly through home total parenteral nutrition, or TPN). The videotape focuses primarily on Dr. Sitrin as he lectures, with shots of each slide as he shows them. •

It's a Snap!: The Stanford Nutrition Action Program Source: Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention. 1997. (audiovisual instructional package). Contact: Available from Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention. HPRC Distribution Center, 730 Welch Road, Suite B, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1583. (650) 723-0003. Fax (650) 498-7775. PRICE: $199.00. Summary: This information package presents an innovative curriculum, the Stanford Nutrition Action Program (SNAP). SNAP was designed and tested to teach low-literate women how to reduce their risk of heart disease. SNAP teaches students methods of identifying, choosing, and preparing low-fat, low-cost food through participation in small and large group activities, skill building activities, interactive discussions, and food tastings. The package includes a step-by-step teacher's guide, duplication masters, instructions for preparing demonstrations, three instructional videos on one tape, 32 food cards, and seven instructional posters. The teacher's guide presents lesson plans for the SNAP curriculum. The lessons can be taught as either six 90-minute sessions or seven 60-minute sessions. An introductory section provides instructors with the basic information and tools needed to prepare for the first lesson. This section also provides information about the SNAP curriculum and lesson preparations; offers tips for teaching low literate adults and for setting goals; describes the kinds of teaching strategies that can promote student learning about nutrition; lists references and contacts for additional information; and presents a glossary of fat-related nutrition items, a class evaluation form, and a student survey. Remaining sections are devoted to each lesson topic. Each lesson section contains background information, directions for conducting activities, and a script. Lessons focus on meat fat, plant foods, milk, fats, sweets and snacks, and eating out. The video comprises three segments on improving eating habits. The first segment discusses ways to reduce fat intake from meat, including buying lean meat, removing fat from meat, and eating less meat. The second segment describes the components of the Food Guide Pyramid. The third segment presents ways of creating low fat meals. The instructional posters present pictures of meats, plant foods, fast foods, and fruits and vegetables. The posters also depict sample protein menus, fat and sugar content in various foods, and examples of fat and lean cuts of meat.

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Diabetes and Nutrition: Eating for Health Source: Timonium, MD: Milner-Fenwick, Inc. 1994. Contact: Available from Milner-Fenwick, Inc. 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, MD 21093. Voice (800) 432-8433 or (410) 252-1700; Fax (410) 252-6316. PRICE: $200. Item Number DB-22. Summary: This videotape teaches healthy food choices and modified eating habits. The program explains the importance of limiting high fat and sugary foods to best maintain healthy weight, blood glucose levels, and the cardiovascular system. Patients also learn how to work with a dietitian to develop a person meal plan. The video is available in Spanish and with closed captioning. (AA-M).

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Nutrition Plan for Gestational Diabetes Source: Dallas, TX: St. Paul Medical Center, Diabetes Management Institute. 1993. Contact: Available from St. Paul Medical Center, Diabetes Management Institute, 2010 Record Crossing, Dallas, TX 75235. (214) 879-3285. PRICE: $39.95 plus $3.50 shipping and handling (as of 1995). Summary: This videotape program is designed to help viewers newly diagnosed with gestational diabetes (GDM) learn about nutrition. Topics covered include a brief discussion of the emotional aspects of GDM; how the disease occurs; the control of GDM with diet therapy, notably selecting the right foods at the right time in the right amounts; monitoring one's blood glucose levels; the basics of the GDM diet; working with dietitians; and the use of artificial sweeteners. Also included is a detailed, step-bystep guide to avoiding table sugar, incorporating three meals and three snacks per day, food selection, and the exchange list system of food groups for diabetes.

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Women and Nutrition Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, Inc. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Health Video, Inc. 12021 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: Women are often seen as the nutrition caregiver gender but too often they are not aware of their own nutritional needs. This health education videotape program focuses on the differences between men and women in the area of nutrition. The program addresses nutrition and weight management, iron levels, contraception (birth control), osteoporosis (a bone disease characterized by loss of bone density), menopause, PMS (premenstrual syndrome), cancer, and heart disease. The program notes that weight management efforts are often guided only partly by health concerns. Social goals, such as conforming to unrealistic fashion standards, are often more powerful. Women have special needs for nutrients such as iron and calcium that exceed those for men. Heart disease is the number one cause of female mortality. The program stresses that nutrition is important for all women, no matter what their ages. Viewers are reminded to eat a variety of foods, especially grains, fruits, vegetables, lean meat and low fat dairy foods, and reducing fats, sodium (salt), and sweets. The accompanying teacher's guide includes a transcript of the video narration, a list of learning activities and teaching objectives, and a quiz for pre and posttesting. The video features many different people of different ethnic groups and ages; a variety of interactions with health

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care providers are also depicted. Simple graphics are used to explore some of the scientific concepts covered. •

Shop Smart for Good Nutrition Source: Minneapolis, MN: International Diabetes Center. 199x. (slides; videocassette; audiocassette). Contact: Available from International Diabetes Center. 5000 West 39th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55416. (612) 927-3393. Fax (612) 927-1302. PRICE: $98 for 80 slides; $10 for cassette; $95 for video (as of 1995); shipping and handling not included. Summary: This instructional program provides detailed instructions for increasing consumer awareness and becoming a nutrition-conscious shopper. The program teaches how to analyze product labels by studying ingredient lists and nutrition information and how to calculate the percentage of calories that are protein, carbohydrate, and fat in any particular item, using the nutritional information on the label. The viewer is guided through an imaginary grocery store, learning about items in the dairy; meat; bread and cereal; snack; dietetic; frozen; and canned food departments. The overall emphasis of the instructional program is to encourage good shopping habits and help create a healthy diet. The final section shows examples of how to use nutrition information to calculate the dieabetic exchange value for a serving of food. A table for converting the nutrition information to exchanges is included. Available in videocassette or slide/tape formats. The program has been revised to include new food labeling regulations.

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Barbershop Talk: Benny's Advice on Healthy Eating: A Nutrition Video for the Black Community Source: Southampton, PA: Dairy Council, Inc. 199x. (videocassette with leader's guide, participant cards, and education materials). Contact: Available from Dairy Council, Inc. 1225 Industrial Highway, Southampton, PA 18966-4010. (215) 322-0450. PRICE: $15 for video and all instructional materials. Video alone available for $12. Additional Leader's Guides and participant cards also available separately. Summary: This nutrition videotape on health targets black males. The videotape shows a group of African American men in an everyday setting talking about nutrition and health. Topics include high blood pressure, controlling dietary fats, lactose intolerance, the basic four food groups, soul food, and weight control. The packet includes the videotape, a leader's guide, 25 participant's cards, and Dairy Council education materials. The materials focus on the prevention of common health problems in this population, notably hypertension and diabetes.

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People Like Us: Good Nutrition: Eating Right to Stay Healthy. [Gente Como Nosotros: Buena nutricion: Como comer lo adecuado para mantenerse saludable] Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 1994. (instructional package). Contact: Available from Amgen, Inc. 1840 DeHavilland Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1789. (800) 282-6436. PRICE: Part of an instructional package free to dialysis centers, transplantation centers, and hospitals with dialysis or transplantation units. Summary: This videotape and booklet package is part of a patient education program designed to educate patients and their families about kidney disease and its options for treatment. In this segment about good nutrition, the message that diet and fluid intake

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are essential to the treatment of kidney disease is stressed. The dietitian explains the basics of good nutrition, discussing calories, fluids, carbohydrates, proteins, and important minerals like potassium, phosphorus, and calcium. The dietitian clarifies that for each type of treatment there are important variations in diet, and that for each individual there may be other specific differences in diet therapy. Patients are also reassured that they do not have to abandon all the foods they love, although they do have to make important adjustments in their diets. The booklet reiterates the material covered in the videotape, and includes a quiz for self-testing, a glossary, and blank spaces to record questions and information about health care team members. (AA-M). •

Nutrition Connection: Guidelines for Early Kidney Disease Source: Houston, TX: National Kidney Foundation of Southeast Texas. 1993. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation of Southeast Texas. 1535 West Loop, Suite 320, Houston, TX 77027. (713) 622-7440, (713) 622-8375 (FAX). PRICE: $75. Summary: This patient education videotape presents guidelines for the dietary management of early kidney disease. Topics include the rationale for and elements of the renal diet, suggestions for ways to increase caloric intake, and how to structure a meal plan and menu. A one-day menu is illustrated. The videotape utilizes a cartoonlike kidney-shaped character to present complex concepts in comprehensive, yet simple and interesting ways.

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Su Nutricion: Indicaciones Nutricionales para la Enfermedad Temprana del Rinon. [The Nutrition Connection: Guidelines for Early Kidney Disease] Source: Houston, TX: National Kidney Foundation of Southeast Texas. 1993. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation of Southeast Texas. 1535 West Loop, Suite 320, Houston, TX 77027. (713) 622-7440, (713) 622-8375 (FAX). PRICE: $75. Summary: This Spanish-language videotape for patients presents guidelines for the dietary management of early kidney disease. Topics covered include the rationale for and elements of the renal diet, suggestions for ways to increase caloric intake, and how to structure a meal plan and menu. A one-day menu is illustrated. The videotape utilizes a cartoon-like kidney-shaped character to present complex concepts in comprehensive, yet simple and interesting ways.

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Nutrition Needs for Peritoneal Dialysis Source: Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Dietary Department. 199x. Contact: Available from University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Publications, Dietary Department, Iowa City, IA 52242. (319) 356-2692. PRICE: $100 (purchase), $35 (rental). Summary: This videotape discusses basic nutrition guidelines for the peritoneal dialysis patient and demonstrates how these guidelines can be incorporated into three typical meals. The videotape is useful for educating peritoneal dialysis patients, as well as students and professionals who work with these patients. Topics include protein, sodium, fluids, energy, potassium, phosphorus, cholesterol, fiber, and alcohol use. (AAM).

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Renal Nutrition Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video. 199x.

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Contact: Available from National Health Video. 12021 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. PRICE: $89.95 (as of 1995). Item Number 163. Summary: This patient education videotape emphasizes the crucial role of nutrition for patients with kidney disease. Topics discussed include fluid balance; phosphorus; potassium; protein; phosphate binders; and sodium. Guidelines for eating out are also included. (AA-M). •

Feeding for the Future. Exceptional Nutrition in the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) Source: Tallahassee, FL, Florida Department of Education, Multivision Video and Film, 19-minute VHS videotape, 1995. Contact: Florida Department of Education, Food and Nutrition Management Section, Tallahassee, FL 32399. Summary: Feeding for the Future is a videotape which helps care-givers of exceptional children build self-feeding skills and improve the nutritional health of these children. A complete mealtime team should include the child, parent or caregiver, registered dietitian, occupational therapist, physical therapist, speech pathologist, teacher, and food-service staff. Menus for children with special needs should be based on standard dietary guidelines and should include meat or meat alternative, fruits and vegetables, grains, and milk. Children with special needs may have feeding difficulties such as refusing to eat, may be underweight or overweight, and may experience food allergies. Other common feeding problems are tongue thrust, abnormal oral reflexes, poor lip closure, and gagging or choking. However, there is eating equipment available to facilitate self-feeding. Other modifications may include pureeing food until the child is able to eat chopped or regular food. Since children with special needs are more susceptible to foodborne illnesses, the program gives advice concerning how to create a sanitary environment. Mealtime for children with special needs should be a pleasurable experience and is possible with the cooperation of the entire mealtime team.

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Consuming cues: Helping children reach their potential through good nutrition Source: [Boston, MA]: Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center. [1997]. 1 guidebook (36 pp.), 1 videotape (16 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from Nora Saul, New England Medical Center, Frances Stern Nutrition Center, 750 Washington Street NEMC No. 783, Boston, MA 02111. Telephone: (617) 636-5273. $25.00 for first copy; $20.00 for each additional copy. Summary: This videotape and guidebook are designed to help health professionals recognize and solve common nutrition issues and concerns of young children, especially those with special health needs. The videotape discusses problems with growth, feeding and swallowing issues, bowel issues, effects of medicines, and dental issues. It shows how to recognize when children are having difficulties in each of these areas and provides suggestions for managing the problems. The guidebook has sections for selfassessment for caregivers, handouts on nutrition cues summarizing each of the five areas of the videotape, questions for thought, and the script of the videotape for following along.

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[Annotated bibliographies on audiovisual materials on various nutrition topics] Source: Beltsville, MD: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1996. 5 items. Contact: Available from U.S. Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, Room 304, Beltsville, MD 20705-2351. Telephone: (301) 504-5719 / fax: (301) 504-6409 / e- mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic. Available at no charge. Summary: This set of annotated bibliographies lists audiovisual materials focusing on various nutrition topics of interest to consumers and educators. Titles include: 'Audiovisuals about Weight Control' by A. Arrowsmith, 'Videocassettes about Food Labeling Education' by G. McNeal, 'Audiovisuals about Nutrition and Diabetes' by A. Arrowsmith, 'Audiovisuals about Nutrition and a Healthy Heart' by A. Arrowsmith, and 'Audiovisuals about Basic Nutrition' by A. Arrowsmith. Contact information is included for the entries in each bibliography and the presence of supporting materials is noted. Some materials are available in Spanish; others are available with close captions for the hearing impaired.

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University of Minnesota instructional video: Nutrition for adolescent pregnancy Source: Minneapolis, MN: Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota. 1996. 2 videotapes (VHS, 1/2 inch, 17:32 minutes and 15:49 minutes). Contact: Available from Margie Konopliv, University of Minnesota, Public Health Nutrition, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1015. Telephone: (612) 626-7933 / fax: (612) 624-0315 / e-mail: [email protected]. $30.00 includes shipping and handling; prepayment required. Summary: These videotapes give nutrition information for pregnant adolescent girls. One, called Nutrition for Adolescent Pregnancy, is aimed at healthcare personnel, and nutrition and dietetics students. It is accompanied by a 3-page teaching guide. The other, called Hey Baby, is to be shown to the adolescents.

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Team nutrition community nutrition action kit: For people where they live, learn and play Source: Alexandria, VA: Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1996. 214 pp., 1 videotape (8 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch), 2 brochures, 2 posters. Contact: Available from Team Nutrition, U.S. Food and Nutrition Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 503, Alexandria, VA 22302. Telephone: (703) 305-2554 / fax: (703) 305-2576 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.usda.gov. Available at no charge. Summary: This action kit, a program of Team Nutrition, contains information that enables communities to become more effective in demonstrating their commitment to improved nutritional experiences for children wherever they live, learn and play. The manual is divided into five major sections. Section 1 is the introductory session, and provides an overview of the program and kit, information about its origins and development, and an introduction to Team Nutrition, including its mission, principles, and messages. This section also describes how the kit is organized, including its elements and program features. Sections 2, 3, and 4 present the learning activities which

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are the heart and soul of the kit, and includes master copies for reproducing selected handouts and other materials. Section 5 contains a variety of resource material needed when implementing the activities, including two posters and information on the Food Guide Pyramid. It also contains references for the learning activities, a list of state extension Team Nutrition contracts, and the regional USDA Team Nutrition network and supporters. The videotape promotes the program. •

Consuming concerns: Nutrition services in early intervention Source: [Boston, MA]: Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center. ca. 1996. 1 trainer's guide (30 pp.), 1 videotape (VHS 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from Nora Saul, New England Medical Center, Frances Stern Nutrition Center, 750 Washington Street NEMC No. 783, Boston, MA 02111. Telephone: (617) 636-5273. $25.00 for first copy; $20.00 for each additional copy. Summary: This videotape and trainer's guide provide in-service training in nutrition issues concerning children ages newborn to 3 who have special health care needs. The materials are directed toward health and education professionals working in early intervention programs. The videotape discusses six common nutritional concerns in the early intervention population, and the role of the nutritionist as a member of, or consultant to, the early intervention team. The trainer's guide includes a pretest, description of nutrition services stipulated in P.L. 102-119 (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), outline of the components of nutrition screening, reproducible handouts, and discussion questions. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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WIC nutritionists: Making a difference Source: Alexandria, VA: Supplemental Food Programs Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1996. 52 pamphlets, 2 videotapes (7 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from Doris Dvorscak, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Supplemental Food Programs Division, 3101 Park Center Drive, no. 540, Alexandria, VA 22304. Telephone: (703) 305-2730. Summary: On this videotape WIC nutritionists and dietitians discuss what they accomplish in their jobs and the satisfaction their jobs bring them, how WIC helps them develop as professionals, and types of work WIC staff do. The videotape was developed by the Texas State Department of Health through a grant from the Department of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Service.

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Nutrition: Fostering good eating habits Source: [Albany, NY]: New York State Department of Social Services. 1995. 1 videotape (25:30 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch), 1 booklet (17 pp.). Contact: Available from State University of New York at Albany, Early Childhood Education and Training Program, State University Plaza, Albany, NY 12246. Telephone: (518) 433-8202 / fax: (518) 433-8496 / e-mail: [email protected]. $12.95. Summary: This videotape is designed to help early childhood professionals increase their knowledge of nutrition, enhance their understanding of the nutritional needs of young children, and assist in planning nutritious meals and snacks for the children in their care. It covers meeting infants' nutritional needs, encouraging toddlers to eat

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healthy foods, involving preschoolers in food activities, and increasing the professionals' own knowledge. •

Eating for two: Prenatal nutrition for a healthy baby Source: Charleston, WV: Cambridge Educational. 1993. 1 videotape (39 minutes), 1 book (345 pp.). Contact: Available from Charlotte Braley, Cambridge Educational, P.O. Box 2153, Charleston, WV 25328-2153. Telephone: (800) 468-4227 or (304) 744-9323 / fax: (304) 7449351. $79.95; includes the book ' What to eat when you're expecting'; preview copy available. Summary: This videotape focuses primarily on pregnancy and covers exercise, diet, weight gain, meal planning, and harmful substances, while emphasizing the importance of regular medical visits. Health care providers and parents make points that are highlighted by the visual presentations. The commentators call for a nutrient rich, lowfat, high-fiber diet during pregnancy and also explain why such a diet should be continued during breastfeeding and for a lifetime. This videotape is accompanied by the book, 'What to Eat When You're Expecting,' by Eisenberg, Eisenberg-Murkoff, and Eisenberg-Hathaway. This book focuses on nutrition for the pregnant woman and features a diet plan with tips for maintaining proper weight gain, establishing good eating habits, and ordering in a restaurant, among other hints; it includes 100 recipes.

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Barely bear learns about good nutrition Source: University, MS: National Food Service Management Institute, University of Mississippi. 1993. 1 teaching guide, 1 poster, 2 videotapes, 1 storybook. Contact: Available from National Food Service Management Institute, University of Mississippi, P.O. Drawer 188, University, MS 38677-0188. Telephone: (601) 232-7658 / fax: (601) 232-5615 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/nfsmi. $35.00; make checks payable to the National Food Service Management Institute. Summary: This nutrition education package, which uses a cartoon depiction of a bear as its theme, is designed to teach basic nutrition lessons to preschool through third grade children. Components of the package include a notebook of instructions and activities, a storybook, two videotapes, and a Food Guide Pyramid poster for young children. The teaching notebook contains a description of the Food Guide Pyramid and a story, play, puppet patterns, snack ideas, and activities to help children become familiar with the Food Guide Pyramid and food groups. One video focuses on dietary guidelines and supports the idea of tasting parties to introduce children to new foods or to new ways of eating favorite foods. The other video encourages children to become familiar with new foods by using their five senses. In the storybook, the bear journeys to the Food Guide Pyramid and meets friends from each of the food groups along the way. Appropriate for the classroom, the color poster depicts the Food Guide Pyramid with the bear and the food group friends that he meets in the story.

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Nutrition: Keep your balance Source: Niles, IL: United Learning. 1993. 1 videotape (19 minutes, VHS), 1 teacher's guide (16 pp.), 6 handout masters.

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Contact: Available from United Learning, 6633 West Howard Street., P.O. Box 48718, Niles, IL 60714. Telephone: (800) 424-0362 / fax: (708) 647- 0918). $59.50 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape is designed for use with grades two through four. It introduces children to the food guide pyramid, and discusses proper eating habits and the role that food plays as fuel for the human body. The teacher's guide contains a program overview, suggested activities, and a transcript of the video. •

Chart smart: Reimbursing nutrition services for low birth weight infants and children with special needs Source: Knoxville, TN: Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee. 1992. 1 videotape, 1 workbook (67 pp.), 1 leader's guide (11 p.). Contact: Available from Betsy Haughton, University of Tennessee, Department of Nutrition, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Room 229, Knoxville, TN 37996-1900. Telephone: (615) 974-5445 or (615) 974-3491 / fax: (615) 974-2617. $70.00 per set; workbook and leader's guide $7.50. Summary: This package contains a videotape, a workbook, and a leader's guide from the CHART SMART teleconference held on April 10, 1992. CHART SMART was sponsored by the University of Tennessee Public Health Nutrition graduate program with funding from a SPRANS grant from the Maternal and Child Health Bureau. The goal of the overall program was to improve the documentation skills of public health nutrition providers to justify appropriate reimbursement for nutrition services, particularly for low birthweight infants and children with special needs. The three-hour videotape includes the two teleconference speakers and an expert panel who discussed the importance of charting and the relationship between documentation and reimbursement. Answers to questions from Region IV viewers are also included on the videotape. The 67-page workbook was designed for use at local workshops following the teleconference. It provides an overview of current federal programs for nutrition reimbursement, selected Region IV examples of documentation to improve reimbursement of nutrition services, the basic SOAP format, and tips for writing with clarity. Appendices include a glossary and a list of medical abbreviations used in the workbook. The 11-page leader's guide tells how to lead the workshop activities and gives examples of answers for the activities. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

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Nutrition and feeding problems of children with developmental disabilities: Order form Source: Columbus, OH: Nisonger Center, Ohio State University. n.d. 1 videotape (30minutes). Contact: Available from Betty Kozlowski, Ph.D., Ohio State University, Nisonger Center, 434A McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210-1296. Telephone: (614) 292-0825. Order form available at no charge; videotape $150 or $40 for preview/rental. Summary: This videotape provides an overview of major nutrition and feeding problems of young children with developmental delays or disabilities and selected factors that contribute to those problems. This training tape was developed for instructor-augmented use in upper-division pre-professional training, and in-service and continuing education of professionals concerned with the provision of health and

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educational services to young children, and particularly to children with developmental delays and disabilities. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. •

Nutrition: Building media skills for better nutrition: A satellite video conference Source: Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. n.d. 1 videotape (VHS, 1/2 inch). Summary: This videotape shows an interactive video conference on using mass media to promote better nutrition. It describes how presenters interact with groups at local sites that are participating in the video conference, reviews the contents of the participant packets, shows call-ins from participating sites, and includes program breaks for group assignments at local sites. It shows many samples of media coverage of nutrition messages, including TV, radio, print, and outdoor and bus advertising. It discusses ways media can be used, what media can and cannot do, how to decide whether to use media, and ways to partner with others via coalitions. It is one of a proposed series of videoconferences in a public health training network.

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Food for thought: Nutrition and children Source: [Muncie, IN: Ball State University]. n.d. 1 teaching guide. Contact: Available from Resource Sales, National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1509 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036-1426. Telephone: (202) 232-8777 or (800) 424-2460 / fax: (202) 328-1846 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.naeyc.org\naeyc. $39.00 for single copy; no shipping and handling if prepaid; for educational institutions requesting multiple copies, contact Christi Szakaly at Ball State University, TC910, Muncie, IN 47306, (765) 285-7369. Summary: This videotape and accompanying teaching guide are designed to help students recognize how nutrition is the essential element for a childs development, to be able to recognize appropriate foods and food preparation skills to enhance the childs diet and development, and to gain and practice skills to enhance the social development of children during mealtime.

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Nutrition/Oral Hygiene Source: St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1992. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $159.00. Stock Number 21738. Summary: This tape is designed as part of a training program for nursing assistants. The tape covers nutrition and oral hygiene, including the factors that influence the patient's ability to eat and drink; special diets, including regular, clear liquid, full liquid, soft diet, sodium-restricted, low-and high-residue, and low-and high-calorie diets; the nursing assistant's responsibilities regarding special diet orders; the technique of feeding adults who require assistance; and the process of providing oral hygiene, including assisting those patients who can help themselves, providing denture care, and caring for those who are completely dependent on the caregiver for oral care. The videotape shows vignettes of nursing assistants performing all of the tasks covered.

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Nutrition and Dental Health Source: Evanston, IL: Altschul Group Corporation. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Altschul Group Corporation. AGC Educational Media, 1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100, Evanston, IL 60201. (800) 421-2363 or (847) 328-6700; Fax (847) 328-6706; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.agcmedia.com. PRICE: $199.00 for single title; $500.00 for series of three programs. Order Number 7865. Summary: This videocassette on nutrition and dental health is part of a videotape series designed to educate parents on the importance of dental care for the entire family. Topics covered include the role that nutrition plays in keeping a healthy smile; how sugars and starches combine with plaque to form cavities; the importance of a good dental care routine; healthy snack food alternatives; and how fluoride can help promote strong, decay-resistant teeth. (AA-M).

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on nutrition: •

Aloe Vera and Nutrition: Advanced Immune Discoveries Symposium Contact: Human Energy Press, 493 Beach Park Blvd Ste 210, Foster City, CA, 94404, (415) 349-0718. Summary: This sound recording deals with the use of aloe vera and improved nutrition in treating Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The speaker feels that good nutrition delays the progression from Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to AIDS. He also analyzes the effects of using Azidothymidine (AZT), pentamidine, and other prescription drugs in conjunction with the aloe vera and nutritional supplements. Several Persons with AIDS (PWA's) discuss their treatment and its results. An overview of all aloe vera research to date is included at the end.

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New Developments in Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Source: Timonium, MD: Milner-Fenwick, Inc. 199x. (audiocassette). Contact: Available from Milner-Fenwick, Inc. 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, MD 21093-9989. (800) 638-8652 or (301) 252-1700. PRICE: $14.95. Order number CAS 18. Summary: This audiocassette includes three programs about new developments in parenteral and enteral nutrition. The topics are: the effects of soluble fiber and short chair fatty acids on intestinal structure and function (Dr. John Rombeau, Philadelphia, PA); the use of recombinant human growth hormone as an adjuvant in nutritional support (Dr. Thomas Ziegler, Boston, MA); and the role of glutamine in maintaining a healthy gut (Dr. Wiley Souba, Gainesville, FL). (AA-M).

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New Nutritional Guidelines for a New Day in Diabetes Care: Most Commonly Asked Diet Questions Source: Van Nuys, CA: Prana Publications. 1995. (audiocassette). Contact: Available from Prana Publications. 5623 Matilija Avenue, Van Nuys, CA 91401. (800) 735-7726 or (818) 780-1308. Fax (818) 786-7359. E-Mail [email protected]. PRICE: $11.95 plus $3.25 shipping and handling (as of 1995). Order Number A12. Summary: In this audiocassette program for people with diabetes, Betty Brackenridge, former president of the American Association of Diabetes Educators, explains the American Diabetes Association's 1994 nutritional guidelines. Topics include changes in the guidelines; new guidelines regarding sugar; weight loss and determining appropriate weight levels; and other common concerns. (AA-M).

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Use of Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition in the Malnourished Hemodialysis Patient Source: Bethlehem, PA: St. Luke's Hospital. 1991. Contact: Available from St. Luke's Hospital. Nutrition Services-Renal. 801 Ostrum Street, Bethlehem, PA 18015. (215) 954-4000. PRICE: contact directly for details. Summary: This audiocassette presents a program from a one-day symposium, held in October 1991, that focuses on the nutritional assessment and nutritional intervention in the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The speaker, Anita Knerr, a clinical nutritionist, discusses the use of intradialytic parenteral nutrition in the malnourished hemodialysis patient. The symposium was designed for dietitians and for students studying to become dietitians.

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Nutrition in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hypertension Source: Bethlehem, PA: St. Luke's Hospital. 1991. Contact: Available from St. Luke's Hospital. Nutrition Services-Renal, 801 Ostrum Street, Bethlehem, PA 18015. (215)954-4000. PRICE: Contact directly for details. Summary: This audiocassette presents a program from a one-day symposium, held in October 1991, that focuses on the nutritional assessment and nutritional intervention in the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The speaker, G. Gopal Krishna, an associate professor of medicine, discusses nutrition in the pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension. The symposium was designed for dietitians and for students studying to become dietitians.

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Introductory Remarks: Causes and Treatment of Malnutrition in Chronic Renal Failure Source: Bethlehem, PA: St. Luke's Hospital. 1991. Contact: Available from St. Luke's Hospital. Nutrition Services-Renal, 801 Ostrum Street, Bethlehem, PA 18015. (215)954-4000. ATTN: Emilia Johns. PRICE: contact directly for information. Summary: This audiocassette presents a program from a one-day symposium, held in October 1991, that focuses on the nutritional assessment and nutritional intervention in the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The speaker, Joel D. Kopple, discusses the causes and treatment of malnutrition in CRF. The symposium was designed for dietitians and for students studying to become dietitians.

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Neonatal Nutrition Conference Source: Charleston, SC: Medical University of South Carolina. 1993. 20 audiotapes, 1 syllabus (95 pp.), 1 program flyer (2 pp.), 1 tape order form (3 pp.). Contact: Available from Diane M. Anderson, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425-3313. Telephone: (803) 792-2112 / fax: (803) 792-9223. $5.00 for syllabus; $5.00 per audio tape; price includes postage. Summary: The Neonatal Nutrition Conference presented by the Medical University of South Carolina March 7-10, 1993, was an intensive course with the purpose of providing an interdisciplinary approach on the nutritional management of high risk infants for health care professionals who provide direct care to this population. The overall objectives were: 1) to define basic nutritional requirements for neonatal growth; 2) to describe specific nutritional problems faced by the low birthweight and/or premature infant; and 3) to identify nutritional concerns of the premature infant after hospital discharge. The syllabus provides outlines or texts of presentations, references, and supplemental materials. The 20 presentations are on 20 audiotapes.

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Kids: What's on your menu?: A two lesson program for increasing nutritional knowledge in children Source: Fenton, MI: The Authors. n.d. 69 pp. Contact: Available from Jennifer Gardner-Cardani, 854 Whisperwood Trail, Fenton, MI 48430. Telephone: (810) 750-1953 / e-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This curriculum provides a two-lesson unit for children aged seven to twelve, explaining nutrition and healthy eating. The curriculum contains instructions for instructors, exercises for children, and general information about food. An audio cassette containing a song about remembering to drink your milk is also included.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Nutrition The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in nutrition (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on nutrition: •

Foundations and clinical applications of nutrition: a nursing approach Source: Michele Grodner, Sara Long, Sandra DeYoung; Year: 2004; St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby, c2004

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Modern nutrition [videorecording] Source: Emory University School of Medicine; Year: 1973; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta: Georgia Regional Medical Television Network: [for loan or sale by A. W. Calhoun Medical Library, 1973]

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Nutrition in the injured patient [motion picture] Source: Eaton [Laboratories]; Year: 1973; Format: Motion picture; Norwich, N. Y. Eaton: [for loan by Norwich-Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Film Library], 1973

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Nutrition is-- [motion picture] Source: a presentation of the Sugar Association, Inc. produced by West Glen Films; Year: 1976; Format: Motion picture; [United States]: West Glen Films, c1976

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NUTRITION Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover nutrition.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on nutrition is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to nutrition. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “nutrition” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for nutrition: •

No evidence for nutritional enhancement of rehabilitation in COPD patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 18, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/09/18/professional/links/20030918clin0 10.html

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Detrimental changes in nutritional intake follow ongoing tooth loss Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 12, 2003

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Depression may be an independent risk factor for malnutrition in dialysis patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 09, 2003

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Nutritional supplements are new focus of doping tests Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 18, 2003 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “nutrition” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to nutrition, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “nutrition” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Nutrition Find newsletters on nutrition using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “nutrition.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Alagille Syndrome and Nutrition Source: Liver Link. 1(2): 3. Spring 1994. Contact: Available from Alagille Syndrome Alliance. 10630 S.W. Garden Park Place, Tigard, OR 97223. (503) 639-6217. Summary: This newsletter article examines Alagille syndrome and nutrition. The author notes that one of the most serious features of Alagille syndrome is impaired liver function resulting from a scarcity of bile ducts in the liver and, consequently, reduced bile production. Topics include bile flow; blood cholesterol levels; the digestion of dietary fat; and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. The author focuses primarily on the effects of Alagille syndrome in children and dietary recommendations to offset potential problems. One sidebar summarizes the functions of the liver.

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Diabetes: Nutrition Guidelines Emphasize Personal Touch Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 12(8): 4-5. August 1994. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. Subscription Services, P.O. Box 53889, Boulder, CO 80322-3889. (800) 333-9037. Summary: This brief newsletter article reports on the new set of nutrition guidelines for people with diabetes. The guidelines, recently released by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), underscore the important role of diet in keeping blood glucose levels under control. The new recommendations stress the need for individualizing the diet and developing a meal plan based on the individual's food preferences, health concerns such as weight or blood cholesterol level, and insulin therapy. The article concludes by urging readers to work closely with a registered dietitian and other members of the diabetes care team in planning the diet.

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Nutrition and WIC Update Source: Topeka, KS, Kansas Department of Health and Environment, 4 p., October 1993. Contact: Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Landon State Office Building, 900 Southwest Jackson, Topeka, KS 66612.

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Summary: The quarterly newsletter Nutrition and WIC Update offers information about the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) in Kansas. This issue highlights the 1992 Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System for Kansas, which provides ongoing data on the health status of Kansas WIC children. Demographic data from the survey indicate that 68,605 records were placed in the system. Of those, 71 percent were primarily white, followed by blacks (14.4 percent), Hispanic Americans (11.7 percent), Asian Americans (1.8 percent), and Native Americans (1.1 percent). Anthropometric data showed that in 1992, the prevalence of short stature, a measure of chronic undernutrition, was 7.1 percent, a drop of 0.6 percent from the previous year and less than the national average of 8.6 percent. Birthweight data indicate that in Kansas, the 1992 prevalence of 8.9 percent is a decrease from 1991 (9.1 percent) and is below the national average of 9.4 percent. Screening for the risk of anemia showed a continued downward trend in children seen with low hemoglobin or hematocrit values. Finally, in 1992, increasing breast feeding incidence and duration were seen: 57.8 percent of infants on WIC were breast fed at hospital discharge and nearly all of them continued at 1 week; at 6 months, 28.9 percent were still being breast fed. Another article concerns the iron needs of the breast-fed infant. It states that exclusively breast-fed term infants should receive iron-rich weaning foods by age 6 months, and preterm and low-birth-weight, breast-fed infants should receive iron supplements by age 2 months. The possible need for new growth charts for breast-fed infants is discussed. Because of the slower growth velocity of breast-fed infants after the first 2-3 months, they often appear to be faltering when their growth is plotted on current growth charts. The World Health Organization is exploring the development of new growth charts for breast-fed infants. In the meantime, the article urges health care providers counseling parents to be aware of the differences in growth patterns of breastfed and formula-fed infants. •

Nutrition Update Source: Atlanta, GA, Georgia Department of Human Resources, Division of Public Health, Maternal and Child Health Branch, Office of Nutrition, 2 p., July-August 1993. Contact: Georgia Department of Human Resources, Division of Public Health, Maternal and Child Health Branch, Office of Nutrition, Two Peachtree Street, NE., Atlanta, GA 30303. Summary: The Nutrition Update newsletter offers counseling tips from the Office of Nutrition of the Georgia Department of Human Resources. This issue discusses the Georgia Nutrition Surveillance System. Under cooperative agreements with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, two separate nutrition surveillance systems were established: The Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System and the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System. Both gather nutritional risk information from participants in the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). Georgia has been part of the pediatric system since 1986, with a systematic method for identifying and tracking six nutritional risk factors among infants and children ages 0 to 60 months. The risk factors are low birthweight, short stature, overweight, underweight, low hemoglobin, and low hematocrit. Since 1988, there has been a decline in the percent prevalence of all six nutrition risk indicators. The pregnancy nutrition surveillance system, initially implemented in Georgia in 1991 with six pilot sites, is currently in 20 districts statewide. Information on nutritional and behavioral risk factors affecting pregnancy outcome, such as prepregnancy weight status, weight gain during pregnancy, anemia, smoking, alcohol use, medical care, parity, and breast feeding trends, is obtained from WIC participants. Both surveillance systems allow state and

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local health departments to evaluate and monitor existing maternal and child health programs to plan appropriate nutrition-related health activities. In Georgia, health officials plan to use the surveillance data to determine staff training and education needs; enhance fiscal accountability, including personnel allocation; develop patient education programs and materials; and disseminate information to appropriate private, public, and legislative officials. •

Nutrition Notes Source: Jefferson City, MO, Missouri Department of Health, Section of Food and Nutrition, 8 p., Vol. 17, no. 3, July-September 1991. Contact: Missouri Department of Health, Section of Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 570, Jefferson City, MO 65102. Summary: Nutrition Notes, a newsletter developed by the Missouri Department of Health, Section of Food and Nutrition, provides updated information on nutrition and food. This issue focuses on concerns of pregnancy and breast feeding. For example, the cover story alerts readers to the shift in recommendations for pregnancy weight gain issued by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. They recommended that higher weight gains be obtained during pregnancy for optimum infant birthweight and health. This recommendation was made after studies suggesting a correlation between birthweight and the absolute weight of the mother at conception. Another article in the newsletter discusses global, national, and state actions to promote breast feeding of newborns. Highlights of the article include 10 steps to successful breast feeding developed by the World Health Organization and UNICEF; and both national and state activities such as the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children, that can be implemented to promote breast feeding. An article on new approaches to overcoming barriers to breast feeding discusses the results of 35 focus groups conducted with economically disadvantaged women. Perceptions about breast feeding from focus group participants centered on factors that attract women to breast feeding, barriers to breast feeding, and opinions about health care professionals, relatives, and friends. The final article describes Missouri's participation in the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, a program developed and operated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to monitor the prevalence of nutritionrelated problems and behavioral risk factors among high-risk prenatal populations.

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Nutrition and children with special health care needs: The state of the union Source: ASTPHND Newsletter. (Supplement): 1-20. Winter 1993. Contact: Available from Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors, 1275 K Street, N.W., Suite 800, Washington, DC 20005. Telephone: (202) 5466963 / fax: (202) 544- 9349. Summary: This supplement to the newsletter of the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Nutrition Directors is devoted to descriptions of programs in 19 states which address the nutritional needs of children with special health care needs. In addition, there are regional reports, and a short bibliography.

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Nutrition in practice Source: White Plains, NY: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. 1990-. semi-annual. Contact: Available from Jeanine Bono, Professional Services Department, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605.

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Telephone: (914) 428-7100 or (888) MODIMES or (914) 997-4764 TTY / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.modimes.org. Summary: This newsletter is for persons who educate health professionals using the curriculum 'Maternal Nutrition: Contemporary Approaches to Interdisciplinary Care.' Published twice a year, the newsletter includes descriptions of educational programs using the curriculum; survey results; feature articles; a user's exchange; updates to information about maternal nutrition resources; news about conferences; and announcements of new publications related to the curriculum. The newsletter is sponsored by March of Dimes and the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health. •

Perinatal nutrition update Source: Berkeley, CA: Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Nutrition Leadership Program, University of California at Berkeley. 1994-. semi-annual. Contact: Available from University of California at Berkeley, Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Nutrition Leadership Program, School of Public Health, 426 Earl Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720. Telephone: (415) 642-2523 / fax: (510) 643-6981 / e-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This semiannual newsletter provides abstracts of current research and studies on prenatal nutrition, lactation, and maternal health that have been published in peer-reviewed journals. The newsletter provides a snapshot of new directions in perinatal nutrition instead of a comprehensive review of the literature. Highlights of the first issue include the following topics: maternal diet and childhood brain cancer, whether caffeine is a risk in pregnancy, postpartum weight loss, and lactation and breast cancer. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on nutrition: •

Nutrition and Dementia Source: Contemporary Nutrition. [Newsletter] 15(6): 1-2. 1990. Contact: Contemporary Nutrition, General Mills, Inc. P.O. Box 5588, Stacy, MN 55079. (612) 540-2311. PRICE: $0.25 for a single issue. Summary: This article for the general public and families of people with Alzheimer's disease discusses the relationship between nutrition and dementia. Some forms of dementia, those due to excessive alcohol intake or vitamin deficiencies, may be entirely preventable and at least partially reversible through dietary means. Patients with Alzheimer's disease frequently become malnourished as a result of altered food intake and, in some cases, increased energy requirements. Correction of malnutrition in the

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early stages of dementia may improve physical well-being of these patients, help maximize their remaining functions and improve their quality of life. 31 references. (AA-M). •

Nutritional Concerns for Caregivers of AD-Dementia Victims Source: Advocate. Alzheimer's Association of Greater Washington, DC Chapter. [Newsletter] p. 2, 7. May 1990. Contact: Available from Advocate. Alzheimer's Association of Greater Washington, DC Chapter. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 1100, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 652-6446. Summary: The ability to provide a healthy, nourishing diet to loved ones who have dementia is a crucial part of the caregiving role. This is an area that also can produce tremendous frustration and anxiety. The way to monitor nutritional adequacy is to take and record weights at regular intervals. It is important to try and maintain weights within a normal range. The types of problems regarding food, mealtimes, appetite, etc., are wide ranging, but can be broken down into two broad areas: overeating and undereating. Recording weights on a regular schedule, such as every week, is the caregiver's best guide.

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Caring Tips for the Caregiver: Nutritional Concerns Source: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, Inc., Greater Charleston Area Newsletter. 2(1): 6. March 1987. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association, Greater Charleston Area. P.O. Box 268, Charleston, WV 25312. Summary: This article gives advice to caregivers of Alzheimer's patients on nutritional concerns. It explains why so many Alzheimer's patients have problems eating and offers practical solutions to such problems as restlessness, difficulties in swallowing or drinking liquids, and table settings.

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Sjogren's Syndrome and Nutrition Source: Lupus Letter. 2(3): 9-10. 1998. Contact: Available from Lupus Center. 5671 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, Suite 630, Atlanta, GA 30342. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have Sjogren's syndrome with information on the negative effects of the condition on nutrition. A common symptom of Sjogren's syndrome is dryness of the mouth. Saliva is necessary for eating because it moistens dry foods and contains substances that begin digestion. Besides being an important aid in chewing and swallowing, saliva is needed to clean the teeth and protect them from decay and loss. The lack of saliva can make it difficult for people who have Sjogren's syndrome to eat drier foods and cause tooth decay and earlier tooth loss. In addition, Sjogren's syndrome can reduce absorption of nutrients and produce mouth infections. The newsletter offers suggestions on compensating for the lack of saliva, maintaining good oral hygiene, counteracting nutrient malabsorption, and healing oral sores before they become infected or healing infected sores more quickly.

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Taming the Wolf: The Role of Nutrition in Lupus Management Source: Lupus Foundation Network. 1,3-4; Winter 1997.

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Contact: Lupus Foundation of Greater Washington, 515 A Braddock Road, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 684-2925. Summary: This newsletter article for individuals with lupus examines the role of nutrition in lupus management. The importance of eliminating saturated fats from the diet and adding polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly essential fatty acids (EPAs), linolenic acid (Omega-3), and linoleic acid (Omega-6) is discussed. Ways in which these dietary changes affect conditions in the body, particularly immune system functioning, are explained. In addition, sources of EPAs, Omega-3, and Omega-6 are identified. •

Meeting the Challenge of Good Nutrition: A Guide for Parents of Kids with IBD Source: Intestinal Fortitude. 12(1): 6-8. 2002. Contact: Available from Intestinal Disease Foundation. 1323 Forbes Avenue, Suite 200, Pittsburgh, PA 15219. (412) 261-5888. Summary: This newsletter article offers guidelines on nutrition for parents of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The author stresses that there is no evidence that diet in any way contributes to the development of IBD, but the foods the child eats may, at times, worsen or lessen symptoms. And, nutrition can positively support the healing process and promote growth in children with IBD. Improvement in nutrition may even enhance the response to medications, including steroids. The author reviews nutritional dilemmas, the role of exercise, participation in support groups, resources, practical techniques, the use of the food pyramid guide, coping with flare-ups of the disease, dehydration and its treatment, and lactose intolerance and meeting calcium needs. The author concludes that parents can have an impact on the way children approach their illness by helping them to understand the importance of their choices, including food and exercise choices. 4 references.

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Nutritional Considerations Following Total Colectomy for Motility Disorders Source: Messenger. 9(3): 4-7. 1999. Contact: Available from American Pseudo-obstruction and Hirschsprung's Disease Society, Inc. 158 Pleasant Street, North Andover, MA 01845. (978) 685-4477. Fax (978) 685-4488. Summary: This article reviews the nutritional considerations for patients following total colectomy (removal of the colon) for motility disorders. The article is from a newsletter for people with Hirschsprung's disease (HD), a motility disorder of the large bowel caused by absence of parasympathetic ganglion (nerve) cells. The most common symptom of HD is constipation; associated symptoms include abdominal pain and distention, bilious vomiting, anorexia, and failure to thrive. Once the diagnosis has been confirmed, the only definitive treatment of children with HD is operative relief of the functional obstruction. The author reviews colon anatomy and physiology, the consequences of resection, the use of parenteral nutrition (supplemental feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract), and the use of enteral feeding (tube feeding). The author notes that the amount of bowel resected in HD is variable. Parenteral nutrition is useful in Hirschsprung's disease, particularly total colon Hirschsprung's disease, especially as necessary to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Enteral nutrition is often initially accomplished with tube feeding and ultimately, a modified oral nutrition program becomes the mainstay of nutrition. Of prime importance is a balanced nutritional program. Absolute restriction of any particular food group should be

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avoided unless a direct negative correlation with stool output is identified. 2 figures. 1 table. •

Nutrition and Bowel Management Source: Pull-Thru Network News. 4(2): 4-5. Spring 1995. Contact: Available from Greater New York Pull-Thru Network. c/o Scott and Karen Brownlow, 4 Woody Lane, West Port, CT 06880. (201) 221-7530. Summary: In this newsletter article, the author provides an overview of nutrition and bowel management, focusing on the importance of diet for an effective bowel management program for children. Written primarily for parents of children with anorectal malformations, the article addresses how to establish good eating habits and determine which foods are problematic, as well as the role of an elimination diet and how to undertake one with a small child. The author stresses that, with practice, both parents and children will learn to make educated choices about food intake, with a successful bowel management program the end result.

•

Nutrition: Preserving Muscle and Providing Energy for Rehabilitation Source: Renal Rehabilitation Report. 6(3): 7. May-June 1998. Contact: Available from Life Options Rehabilitation Program. Medical Education Institute, Inc, 414 D'Onofrid Drive., Suite 200, Madison, WI 53719. (608) 833-8033. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This brief article reviews the role of nutrition in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), particularly the importance of adequate nutrition as a prerequisite for rehabilitation. Dialysis patients have an increased need for protein, however, due to such factors as anorexia, nausea, comorbid conditions, or restrictive and unpalatable diets, they often have difficulty taking in enough protein to meet this increased need. When inadequate dietary protein is combined with chronic renal failure, patients often experience loss of lean tissue mass (muscle), muscle fiber deterioration, and decreased muscle function. The article emphasizes that the need for adequate dietary protein intake must be balanced with other aspects of the renal diet, including control of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, fluids, and in the case of patients with diabetes, simple sugars. The article briefly discusses the use of recommendations for the assessment and monitoring of patients nutritional status. The article concludes that good nutrition can prevent or reverse the effects of malnutrition, enabling patients to preserve the strength and energy they need for rehabilitation. 5 references.

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Nutritional Management of the Renal Transplant Recipient Source: Clinical Strategies: The AKF Newsletter for Nephrology Professionals. 3(2): 5, 10, 13-14. Fall 1996. Contact: Available from American Kidney Fund. 6110 Executive Boulevard, Suite 1010, Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 638-8299 or (301) 881-3052. Fax (301) 881-0898. Summary: This newsletter article reminds health care providers of the importance of the nutritional management of renal transplant recipients. The authors note that, although nutritional requirements have not been expressly defined for this population, diet can be used to lessen and in some cases prevent renal transplant-related complications. Topics include pre-transplant considerations, such as malnutrition, morbidity, mortality, nutrition assessment parameters, obesity, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and

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dyslipidemia, and renal osteodystrophy; issues for acute post-transplantation nutrition management, including protein catabolism and protein requirements, assessing fluid and electrolyte needs, maintaining appropriate hydration, hyperkalemia, posttransplant hypertension, drug-nutrient interactions, and hypophosphatemia; and longterm nutritional issues, including accelerated atherosclerosis, diet therapy and exercise, problems with weight gain, the management of obesity, preventing bone disease, hypertension, the development of post-transplant diabetes mellitus, and the role of diet in the progression of renal disease in the transplanted kidney. The authors conclude with suggestions of lifestyle changes to optimize outcome for kidney transplantations. 2 tables. 14 references. •

Malnutrition in the Hemodialysis Patient Source: Renal Nutrition Forum. 14(4): 1-4. Fall 1995. Contact: Available from Renal Nutrition Forum. 2246 Poinciana Road, Winter Park, FL 32792. (407) 774-0631. Summary: This article presents a brief overview of research addressing nutritional status in the hemodialysis (HD) patient and the relationship between malnutrition, morbidity, and mortality. The article is also intended to help the dietitian in preventing malnutrition in the HD patient by offering suggestions for therapy. Dialysis factors which may contribute to malnutrition include an increase in muscle protein degradation caused by blood contact with the dialyzer membrane; inadequate dialysis resulting in a uremic state which leads to nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite; and loss of amino acids and peptides in dialysate. Hormonal disturbances include insulin resistance, increased circulating levels of catabolic hormones such as insulin and parathyroid hormone, and decreased levels of anabolic hormones such as growth factor and erythropoietin caused by deterioration of kidney function. Gastrointestinal factors include gastroparesis, malabsorption, gastritis, esophagitis, and constipation. The author reports on studies documenting that malnutrition greatly increases morbidity and mortality in the HD patient. HD patients should ingest 1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of actual body weight, where 50 percent is high biological value protein. An adequate energy intake is vital for the efficient utilization of dietary protein. The most important factor in improving malnutrition in this population is to assure adequate dialysis. The author concludes with a section on interventions for patients who continue to have poor appetites, even if dialysis delivery is optimal. 1 table. 15 references.

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Nutrition in Kansas Source: Kansas Behavioral Health Risk Bulletin. 1(7):1-4, August 28, 1995. Contact: INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.kdhe.state.ks.us/pdf/bhp/nutriti.pdf. Summary: This article focuses on the consumption of dietary fat, fruits, and vegetables in Kansas, also noting interventions that may help improve people's dietary habits and examining the Healthy Kansans 2000 objectives that relate to nutrition. The 1993 Kansas Nutritional Assessment Survey found that 70 percent of adult Kansans consume over 30 percent of their calories from fat, with women less likely than men to consume this much fat. The percentage of Kansans who eat more than 30 percent of their calories from fat increases with age until age 55 years, and then it decreases again. The prevalence of consuming more than 30 percent of total calories in fat decreases with increasing education. The 1993 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey showed that 31 percent of Kansans eat at least five servings daily of fruits and vegetables, with women slightly more likely than men to consume this amount of fruits and vegetables. Kansans

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with a higher education are more likely to eat more fruits and vegetables. Overall, dietary habits are poor for all demographic groups in Kansas. The article provides recommendations to improve the dietary practices of Kansans and Healthy Kansans 2000 Objectives related to nutrition. 6 figures, 1 table, 3 references. •

Eating Your Way to Better Health: How Important Is Nutrition for Sjogren's Syndrome? Source: Moisture Seekers Newsletter. p. 1,3. Winter 1999. Contact: Available from Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation, Inc. 8120 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 530, Bethesda MD 20814-1437. (301) 718-0300 or (800) 475-6473. Fax (301) 718-0322. Website: www.sjogrens.org. Summary: This patient newsletter article considers the role of nutrition for patients with Sjogren's syndrome. The article is a reprint of a chapter from a book entitled Power Nutrition for Your Chronic Illness (Warner Books, 1998). The author first reviews the negative impact of Sjogren's syndrome on nutrition, including problems with eating (due to lack of saliva), tooth decay and earlier tooth loss, malabsorption of some nutrients, and the need for increased nutrient intake to recover from mouth infections, which are a common concern for people with Sjogren's syndrome. The author then focuses on Sjorgren's syndrome as an autoimmune disease and offers strategies to boost the immune system, based on general nutrition. The list of nutrients important to the immune system is quite long, which is why it is so important to eat a varied diet. The author cautions against overdosing on vitamins and minerals. Two final sections offer suggestions for coping with the lack of saliva that is typical in patients with Sjogren's syndrome and suggestions that may help counter nutrient malabsorption.

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Nutrition Management of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Source: News from SPOHNC. News from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. 8(2): 4-5. October 1998. Contact: Available from Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC). P.O. Box 53, Locust Valley, NY 11560-0053. (516) 759-5333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.spohnc.org. Summary: There is a strong association between malnutrition and cancer, and no group manifests this more than patients with malignancies of the head and neck. This article on the nutrition management of patients with head and neck cancer is from a newsletter for people with oral or head and neck cancer. The author notes that nearly 60 percent of newly diagnosed head and neck cancer patients are in poor nutritional status at diagnosis; this can have a great impact on prognosis. The author discusses nutrition screening and assessment, the need to identify the level of nutrition risk (for malnutrition), the goals of nutrition therapy for patients receiving radiation treatment to the head and neck, the use of enteral (feeding tubes) and parenteral (intravenous) nutrition, the use of diet history taking, helping patients to understand the changes that may occur during radiation therapy (changes in taste and tolerance for consistency and texture), and expected weight loss during radiation therapy. The author concludes that nutrition assessment and intervention can alleviate many anticipated complications, and often ensure completion of radiation therapy, with decreased morbidity and acceptable functional performance status.

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Nutrition Bars and Running Source: Running and Fitnews. p. 1. September/October 2002. Contact: The American Running Association. 4405 East West Hwy. Number 405. Bethesda, MD 20814. 800/776-2732. www.americanrunning.org. Summary: This article compares two sports nutrition bars with a non- caloric, nonnutritive placebo. The makers of sports nutrition bars typically claim that these food products will improve utilization of fat, speed recovery, and increase energy levels. In a randomized, double-blind study, 12 runners completed 5 endurance running sessions following the consumption of an energy bar or placebo. Various exercise measurements were taken at specific intervals and no significant differences between the three treatments were observed. The original study was published in the 'Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research'.

Academic Periodicals covering Nutrition Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to nutrition. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering nutrition that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for nutrition. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with nutrition. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to nutrition: Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html

Beta-Carotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html

Calcium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Mints; Amitone; Calcarb 600; Calci-Chew; Calciday 667; Calcilac; Calci-Mix; Calcionate; Calcium 600; Calglycine; Calphosan; CalPlus; Caltrate 600; Caltrate Jr; Chooz; Citracal; Citracal Liquitabs; Dicarbosil; Gencalc 600; Liquid Cal-600; Liquid-Ca http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202108.html

Copper Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202164.html

Enteral Nutrition Formulas •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: 206 Shake; Accupep HPF; Advera; Alitraq; Amin-Aid; Attain; Carnation Instant Breakfast; Carnation Instant Breakfast No Sugar Added; Casec; CitriSource; Citrotein; Compleat Modified; Compleat Regular; Comply; Criticare HN; Crucial; Deliver 2.0; DiabetiSo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202673.html

Fat Emulsions •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Intralipid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202236.html

Folic Acid (Vitamin B 9 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Folvite http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202250.html

Infant Formulas •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alimentum; Alsoy; Carnation Follow-Up Formula; Carnation Good Start; Enfamil; Enfamil Human Milk Fortifier; Enfamil Premature Formula; Enfamil Premature Formula with Iron; Enfamil with Iron; Gerber Baby Formula with Iron; Gerber Soy Formula; Isomil; Iso http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202678.html

Researching Medications 503

Iron Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DexFerrum; Femiron; Feosol; Feostat; Feostat Drops; Feratab; Fer-gen-sol; Fergon; Fer-In-Sol Capsules; Fer-In-Sol Drops; Fer-In-Sol Syrup; Fer-Iron Drops; Fero-Gradumet; Ferospace; Ferralet; Ferralet Slow Release; Ferralyn Lanacaps; Ferra-TD; Ferretts; http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202305.html

Magnesium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Almora; Chloromag; Citroma; Concentrated Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Mag-200; Mag-L-100; Magonate; Mag-Ox 400; Mag-Tab SR; Magtrate; Maox; MGP; Phillips' Chewable Tablets; Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Slow-Mag; Uro-Mag http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202644.html

Molybdenum Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Molypen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202619.html

Niacin (Vitamin B 3 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Endur-Acin; Nia-Bid; Niac; Niacels; Niacor; Nico-400; Nicobid Tempules; Nicolar; Nicotinex Elixir; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202405.html

Phosphates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: K-Phos M. F. K-Phos Neutral; K-Phos No. 2; K-Phos Original; Neutra-Phos; Neutra-Phos-K; Uro-KP-Neutral http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202463.html

Potassium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cena-K; Effer-K; Gen-K; Glu-K; K+ 10; K+ Care; K+ Care ET; K-8; Kaochlor 10%; Kaochlor S-F 10%; Kaon; Kaon-Cl; Kaon-Cl 20% Liquid; Kaon-Cl-10; Kato; Kay Ciel; Kaylixir; K-Dur; K-Electrolyte; K-G Elixir; K-Ide; KLease; K-Lor; Klor-Con 10; Klor-Con 8; Kl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202473.html

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Beesix; Doxine; Nestrex; Pyri; Rodex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202493.html

Selenium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202633.html

Sodium Fluoride •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fluoritab; Fluorodex; Flura; Flura-Drops; Flura-Loz; Karidium; Luride; Pediaflor; Pharmaflur; Phos-Flur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202527.html

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Sodium Iodide •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Iodopen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202621.html

Thiamine (Vitamin B 1 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biamine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202560.html

Vitamin B 12 •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alphamin; Cobex; Cobolin-M; Crystamine; Crysti-12; Cyanoject; Cyomin; Hydrobexan; Hydro-Cobex; Hydro-Crysti-12; HydroxyCobal; LA-12; Nascobal; Neuroforte-R; Primabalt; Rubramin PC; Shovite; Vibal; Vibal LA; Vitabee 12 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202596.html

Vitamin D and Related Compounds •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calciferol; Calciferol Drops; Calcijex; Calderol; DHT; DHT Intensol; Drisdol; Drisdol Drops; Hectorol; Hytakerol; Rocaltrol; Zemplar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202597.html

Vitamin E •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html

Vitamin K •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202599.html

Zinc Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orazinc; Verazinc; Zinc 15; Zinc-220; Zinca-Pak; Zincate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202622.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

Researching Medications 505

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to nutrition by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for nutrition: •

Multi-vitamin infusion (neonatal formula) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=175

•

Oxandrolone (trade name: Hepandrin) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=328

•

Dianeal peritoneal dialysis solution with 1.1% ami (trade name: Nutrineal (Peritoneal Dialysis Solution with 1.1% ) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=484

506 Nutrition

•

Choline chloride (trade name: Intrachol) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=636

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

509

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

13

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

510 Nutrition

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 511

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

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Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “nutrition” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: Report of the 29th Session Symposium Contact: United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, c/o WHO, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unsystem.org/scn/. Summary: This report presents papers from the 29th symposium on Nutrition and HIV/AIDS held on April 3-4, 2001 in Nairobi, Kenya, by the United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC), Sub-committee on Nutrition (SCN). This report contains the keynote address by the executive director of UNAIDS, the Dr. Abraham Horwitz Memorial Lecture, papers by representatives from Uganda, Zambia, Swaziland, Kenya, and the International Food Policy Research Institute representatives, as well as discussions on each lecture. The papers discussed development impacts at micro and macro levels, principles of food security and nutrition programming and grassroots community-driven efforts to provide care services. The panel and audience discussion highlighted a number of important points concerning gaps and opportunities in the delivery of nutrition programs, and the Dr. Abraham Horwitz Memorial Lecture described field research on mother's infant feeding choices and implications for policy makers. In the main themes emerging from the papers and the discussion that followed priority areas for action were identified for the ACC/SCN Working group on Nutrition and HIV/AIDS.

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Putting the Pieces Together : A Companion Guide to Improving Nutrition and Food Safety for Persons Living With HIV/AIDS Contact: Florida Department of Health, Pasco County Health Department, New Port Richey Office, 10841 Little Rd, New Port Richey, FL, 34654-2533, (727) 862-0782, http://www.doh.state.fl.us/chdpasco/default.html. Summary: This guideline informs persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) about proper nutrition to maintain their health and to help overcome the effects of their medical treatments. The guideline emphasizes the importance of good nutrition, exercise, and stress reduction in maintaining the health of persons with HIV/AIDS. The guideline explains that proper food safety can help prevent opportunistic infections and provides information about how to prevent certain diseases through good personal hygiene. It describes various

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types of diets and their benefits and disadvantages for persons with HIV/AIDS. It supplies the readers with recipes for nutritious meals and guidelines for taking therapeutic drugs with food. The guideline provide information concerning fraudulent HIV/AIDS treatments and provides a list of general resources. •

Nutrition, HIV and AIDS: A Handbook for Pacific Island Health Workers Contact: South Pacific Commission, Community Health Services Programme, Pacific Islands AIDS and STD Programme, BP D5 98848, Noumea Cedex. Summary: This report explains why good nutrition is so important for people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and provides information about preparing, storing, and eating the right foods, as well as other ways to stay healthy and lead active lives for a long time. The report includes planning and managing diets, food hygiene and health, cooking tips, the value of exercise and of a healthy body weight. It also discusses the nutritional needs of women and children with HIV/AIDS, understanding the roles of tradition, culture, and food beliefs that are important to the person living with HIV/AIDS, and foods that help specific health problems of HIV/AIDS. Recipes for health are included.

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Eat Up! Nutrition Advice and Food Ideas for People Living With HIV and AIDS Contact: Charlie Smigelski, RD, 107 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, (617) 876-4310. Summary: This manual contains guidelines on nutrition, meal planning, and diet information for patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The manual provides advice on taking mineral and vitamin supplements, eating extra calories to enhance the immune system, and eating extra protein to prevent opportunistic infections and wasting syndrome. It explains the link between nutrition and immunity, discusses weight loss patterns in people with HIV, and provides a weight tracking chart and sample menus. Tips are provided for coping with drug side effects and symptoms of HIV such as significant weight loss, sore mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The guideline presents sample shopping guides, snacking strategies, tips on exercise, and recipe suggestions.

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Nutritional Healing: A Guide for Pregnant Women, Infants, and Children Contact: Gods Love We Deliver, 166 Ave of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013-1207, (212) 294-8100, http://www.godslovewedeliver.org. Summary: This booklet provides information on nutrition for HIV-positive pregnant women, infants, and children. The food guides, recipes, and menu plans in the booklet identify the foods that are the best sources of energy, growth, and protection. General nutrition and healthy lifestyle suggestions are presented, including exercise, medical care, and vitamin supplements. Suggestions for coping with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are presented along with tips for shopping, safe food handling, and safe food preparation.

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La Nutricion y el Virus HIV: Normas Dieteticas Practicas Para la Gente Infectada con el Virus HIV o el SIDA... [Nutrition and HIV: Practical Dietary Guidelines for People With HIV Infection or AIDS.] Contact: Abbott Laboratories/US, Ross Laboratories, 625 Cleveland Ave, Columbus, OH, 43215, (614) 227-3333.

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Summary: This manual is provided to health care professionals as an aid in counseling HIV/AIDS patients on nutrition. It discusses the benefits of good nutrition, offers guidelines on building a nutritious diet, and suggests ways of increasing the calorie and protein content of a diet without serving larger portions. Directions for proper food handling are provided, as are tips for managing nutrition and alleviating symptoms in the event of fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, sore mouth or throat, and changing sense of taste. The manual promotes the use of the nutritional product Advera, designed to meet the nutritional needs of people with HIV and AIDS. Patents are pending on the low-fat, high-fiber product, meant to be used as an oral supplement or meal replacement. Several recipes are included using chocolate and orange cream flavors of Advera. •

Making It to Home Plate: School, Family, and Community Nutrition: National Health Education Week 1998 Source: Washington, DC, Society for Public Health Education, 40-page booklet, 2-fold brochure, leaflet, brochure order form, 1998. Contact: Society for Public Health Education, 1015 15th Street NW., Suite 410, Washington, DC 20005. FAX: (202) 408-9815. Summary: Making It to Home Plate: School, Family, and Community Nutrition: National Health Education Week 1998 provides materials for the 1998 campaign by the National Center for Health Education's program to bring into focus the need for schools, families, and communities to recognize the impact of a healthy diet and active lifestyle on good health and quality of life. This guide can be used as a starting point to celebrate health education efforts by reaching others with messages and programs designed to promote their health. The guide is meant to complement existing knowledge of sound health education principles, such as careful identification of the needs of one's intended audiences and their involvement in program planning. The guide can help (1) organize and plan activities, (2) determine which settings to target, (3) identify primary and secondary populations of interest, (4) determine ways to reach populations of interest, (5) find resources to assist in these efforts, and (6) evaluate activities.

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The Wasting Report: Current Issues in Research and Treatment of HIV - Associated Wasting and Malnutrition Contact: Treatment Action Group, 350 7th Ave Ste 1603, New York, NY, 10001, (212) 971-9022, http://www.aidsinfonyc.org/index.html. Summary: This report presents an overview of HIV/AIDS-related wasting syndrome and puts the complexities and current understanding of weight loss and wasting into a useful context for non-nutrition scientists, people with HIV/AIDS, and their caregivers. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, public education, and information dissemination are provided. Wasting and weight loss data in the areas of epidemiology, basic science, diagnosis, and treatment is evaluated and the report concludes with recommendations intended to streamline future research and provide more conclusive findings in all aspects of AIDS-related wasting.

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Health Care and HIV: Nutritional Guide for Providers and Clients. Translated title Contact: Nutrition and HIV Manual, 8180 Greensboro Drive Suite 1050, McLean, VA, 22102-3823, (703) 442-9824. Summary: This manual provides a practical approach for the integration of nutrition services into the care of a patient with HIV disease. The manual is designed to resemble

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a cookbook, providing assessment tools, client education materials, and supporting information for the care provider. The manual is divided into several sections that are labeled as "provider" or "client" for easy access. Sections include guidance for the health care provider, nutrition screening and assessment, health assurance and patient handouts, general nutrition guidance and handouts, nutritional tips, nutrition guidance for women, nutrition guidance for children, Spanish language material, tables and charts, algorithms for nutrition care, and background information. Specific ideas are presented regarding the eating and food issues that people with HIV confront on a daily basis. •

Nutritional Care for HIV - Positive Persons: A Manual for Individuals and Their Caregivers Contact: CRC Press, Incorporated, 2000 Corporate Blvd NW, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, (561) 994-0555. Summary: This manual is a practical treatment of the principles, rules, and directions needed to address issues related to diet and nutrition in persons living with HIV and AIDS. The manual targets HIV-positive persons and their caregivers, particularly those who have not been formally trained for the task. Chapters examine the following topics: diet and nutrition for optimum immune function; body weight, illness, and death; chronic diarrhea; nutritional management of oral and esophageal complications and drug-induced complications; defensive eating; and alcohol. The final chapter discusses HIV infection in women, infants, and children.

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Good Nutrition Makes A Difference Contact: Children's Medical Center of Dallas, 1935 Motor St, Dallas, TX, 75235, (214) 6402000. Summary: This manual explains that good nutrition is especially important for people with special needs. It addresses nutrition throughout childhood, focusing on these topics: good nutrition, safe feeding of preschoolers, and the special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children (WIC). After discussing the four major food groups, it suggests nutritious meals for brown bagging to work or school, discusses how to make the food dollar stretch for the most nutritious foods, and explains how to eat defensively to prevent illness. It emphasizes special diets for special situations: nausea and vomiting, constipation and diarrhea, and times when it hurts to eat or food tastes funny. It also provides a section on delicious high-calorie recipes and a basic food groups coloring book.

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Community - Based Nutrition Support for People Living With HIV and AIDS; A Technical Assistance Manual Contact: Gods Love We Deliver, 166 Ave of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013-1207, (212) 294-8100, http://www.godslovewedeliver.org. Summary: This manual describes programs that provide food and nutrition for PWAs. The manual also establishes community-based nutrition support (CBNS) standards of care. The issues discussed in the manual include the role of diet in preventing and managing HIV-related malnutrition, the importance of providing culturally competent programs and services, a how-to description of programs that provide food and nutrition services, the structural and administrative issues for agencies that serve PWAs, the activities that support effective service provision, and the basics of how to evaluate the effectiveness of an agency's programs and services. The manual is divided into four

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sections: the outline, CBNS program models, support services and evaluation, and appendixes. •

Eat Well, Think Well, Feel Well: Wellness and HIV; A Nutrition Guide Contact: Metropolitan AIDS Neighborhood Nutrition Alliance, PO Box 30181, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, (215) 496-2662. Summary: This manual, using a question-and-answer format, discusses nutrition and HIV-positive individuals. It addresses why eating well is important, what foods should be eaten, and how to handle food safely. Special circumstances, like pregnancy or the lack of kitchen facilities, are included. The manual offers information on eating and nutrition, suggests recipes for healthy drinks, and points out the possible relationships between medication and diet.

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Positive Eating for Health & Growth: A Guide to Nutrition for Parents and Carers of HIV Positive Children Contact: Commonwealth Department of Health, Housing and, Community Services, AIDS Policy and Programs Branch, GPO Box 9848, Canberra. Summary: This monograph provides information on nutrition for the parents or caregivers of children with HIV infection. It discusses the nutritional effects and needs of HIV infection, focusing on growth, energy and protein needs, and vitamins and minerals. A section on positive eating includes guidelines for age- appropriate diets, vitamin and mineral supplements, avoiding food poisoning, food processing, seeking advice if a child is unwell, and preparing infant formula safely. Advice is given for symptom control for fever, weight loss and poor appetite, chewing difficulties, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. A resource listing, bibliography, and glossary are included.

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Positive Eating, Continuing Care: A Guide to Nutrition and HIV for Health Care Providers Contact: Commonwealth Department of Health, Housing and, Community Services, AIDS Policy and Programs Branch, GPO Box 9848, Canberra. Summary: This monograph provides information on nutrition and HIV for health care providers. It discusses the nutritional effects of HIV infection, focusing on wasting, changes in body composition, and drug-nutrient interactions. A section on managing nutrition in HIV infection covers the following topics: basic nutrition information, monitoring nutritional status, excluding treatable conditions, oral health, recreational drug use, multi-vitamin and mineral supplements, regular exercise, pediatric HIV infection, avoiding food poisoning, alternative nutritional therapies, and nutritional supplements. Advice is given for symptom control for fever, taste changes, weight loss, weight loss with fat intolerance, poor appetite (anorexia), nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and chewing difficulties or painful mouth. An appendix presents nutrition and HIV guidelines for Australia, to provide guidance on nutritional intervention in HIV infection for HIV-positive adults and children.

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Guide For Nutrition and HIV/AIDS. [Guide For Nutrition and HIV / AIDS.] Contact: CVS ProCare Pharmacy, 600 Penn Center Blvd, Pittsburgh, PA, 15235-5810, (800) 238-7828, http://www.stadtlander.com. Summary: This manual provides practical information and recommendations for HIVpositive individuals. The first recommendation involves the various aspects of good

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nutrition and discusses food groups, balanced diets, foods to eat and to avoid, nutrition and the immune system, key nutrients (vitamins/minerals), weight gain/loss, supplement drinks, and food handling and storage. Secondly, routine exercise is encouraged and guidelines are provided. The manual asserts that regular exercise provides more flexibility and endurance, greater lung capacity, more muscle and less fat, more energy, better sleep patterns, stress reduction, more hunger, quicker cure of injuries, and normal intestinal activity. The third recommendation is control of stress factors and includes tips on maintaining a positive attitude, rest, and mental relaxation exercises. Finally, the manual lists the names and addresses of various support agencies, dietitians, and references. •

Targeted Nutra - Ceuticals: Nutritional Support for the Immune System Contact: American Preferred Plan, PO Box 9019, Farmingdale, NY, 11735-9019, (631) 845-5300. Summary: This manual describes a line of nutritional supplements targeted to the needs of people with HIV and AIDS. Provided by a prescription membership organization, the manual details 14 products, including vitamins and minerals, amino acids, a weight gain formula, anti-oxidants, an acidophilus and bifido complex, and an herb extract. The manual also includes CD4 charts, a drug nutrient interaction guide, a nutritional assessment, a medication/nutritional planner, and a glossary of terms.

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Nutrition & Immunity: Eating Right With HIV Contact: San Bernardino County, Department of Public Health, AIDS Program, 799 E Rialto Ave, San Bernardino, CA, 92415-0011, (909) 383-3060. Summary: This manual addresses the special nutritional needs and problems of individuals with HIV or AIDS. It begins with a review of the importance of eating well and an explanation of the food groups. It urges healthful living and includes information on the roles of exercise, stress, smoking, alcohol, and drugs on the immune system. Tips on cooking and mealtimes, keeping food safe to eat, coping with physical problems, and stretching food dollars are included. The document includes charts for personal evaluations of nutritional habits, and concludes with lists of resources for nutrition information.

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Surviving With AIDS: A Comprehensive Program of Nutritional Co - Therapy Contact: Little, Brown and Company, PO Box 9131, Waltham, MA, 02254, (617) 890-2125. Summary: This manual presents guidelines on using nutritional therapy to alleviate wasting syndrome associated with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The author does not advocate nutritional therapy as a cure for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but rather as a co-therapy to treat some of the associated symptoms. The chapters of the manual look at the toll malnutrition takes on the body, getting enough food, reversing nutrient deficiencies, restoring metabolic balance, and taking a nutritional inventory. The manual also gives tips and guidelines for practical eating, lists specialized food plans and recipes, gives suggestions for what to when eating is impossible, and makes other recommendations toward improving the quality of life for infected persons.

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Quality Food and Nutrition Services for AIDS Patients Contact: Aspen Publishers, 200 Orchard Ridge Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, (301) 4177500, http://www.aspenpub.com. Summary: This manual stresses the importance of optimal nutritional management in treating Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An introductory section provides a medical overview, covering pathogenesis and clinical disease, therapies, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, and education. The primary thrust of the manual is to outline a food service personnel education program on AIDS. The syllabus lists lessons, handouts, patient education materials, recipes, and policies. The monograph describes a quality assurance/quality improvement program to monitor food-related services provided to Persons with AIDS (PWA's) and provides guidelines to assist personnel in dealing with unexpected problems. Issues related to nutrition and AIDS that are examined in the monograph include causes of malnutrition in PWA's; contributions of clinical course to malnutrition, nutrients and immunity; and unproven nutrition theories. The role of nutritional support consists of several elements, including choosing the nutritionist, discharge planning, and pediatric care. A separate section deals with decisionmaking related to feeding and discusses setting goals for nutritional care, establishing a need for tube feedings, selecting a formula, hyperalimentation, nutrient contributions of hyperalimentation, and monitoring. Questions involving outpatient nutritional care include clinical setting, home health care services, oral hygiene, and foodborne diseases. A list of information sources is provided.

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Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition Intervention in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Contact: American Dietetic Association, 216 W Jackson Blvd Ste 800, Chicago, IL, 606066995, (800) 877-1600, http://www.eatright.org. Summary: This report states the position of the American Dietetic Association on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), specifically that nutritional intervention and education programs should become a priority for health professionals. In addition, the article notes the need for research in the area of nutrition and AIDS.

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Nutrition and HIV Infection: A Review and Evaluation of the Extant Knowledge of the Relationships Between Nutrition and HIV Infection Contact: Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20814, (301) 530-7030. Summary: This report examines the relationship between nutrition and AIDS. It says that the manifestations of HIV infection include many symptoms that affect food intake or nutrition, such as oral lesions, fever, nausea, and diarrhea. Drug treatments may also interfere and contribute to weight loss, malnutrition, and severe metabolic wasting. The report goes on to look at background information on HIV infection, including etiology, groups at risk, viral transmission, diagnosis, associated diseases, classification criteria, and the clinical course of HIV infection in both adults and children. It looks at the effects of HIV infection on the general nutritional state; studying evidence for general malnutrition, including changes in body weight and metabolism; vitamin and mineral deficiencies; and mechanisms of malnutrition, such as reduced food intake, drugnutrient interactions, malabsorption, and altered metabolism. The report then turns to the effects of the nutritional state on HIV infection, starting with the altered immune system function. It looks at increased morbidity and mortality rates, along with altered

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organ function, impaired tolerance to treatment, greater dependency, longer hospital stays, decreased quality of life, nutritional intervention trials, and food safety. It gives information on current nutritional practices in HIV therapy, including unproven nutritional therapies and unconventional diets. Special considerations for children with AIDS are examined, and general conclusions and recommendations are made. Among these are summary statements about the relationship between nutrition and HIV infection, looking at the impact of HIV infection on nutritional status and the impact of nutritional status on the course of HIV infection, the role of nutrition in health care, and suggestions for future consideration on experimental design, risk groups, and collaborative ventures. •

Nutrition Handbook for AIDS Contact: Carrot Top Nutrition Resources, PO Box 460172, Aurora, CO, 80015, (303) 6903650. Summary: This manual provides information about the nutritional implications, care, and delivery of care to Persons with AIDS (PWA's). It explains Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and related opportunistic infections, as well as the effect of nutrition on the immune system. It then discusses energy expenditure, food intake, and nutrient absorption as possible causes of malnutrition in PWA's. The manual discusses the nutritional complications of the gastrointestinal, hepatic, and neurological systems, and then focuses on nutritional assessment and appropriate intervention for a particular complication. In addition, it examines considerations for delivery of nutritional care and provides case studies, including pediatric PWA's. Updates have been received for various pages.

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Bibliography: Nutrition and AIDS, Gastrointestinal Tract Lesions, Physiology, and Organ Function Contact: Cutting Edge, PO Box 922, Cary, IL, 60013, (847) 516-2455. Summary: This bibliography of literature on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and nutrition, gastrointestinal tract lesions, physiology, and organ function contains over 550 article citations with emphasis on publications appearing after August 1985.

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Nutrition and AIDS: A Selected Annotated Bibliography Contact: Cutting Edge, PO Box 922, Cary, IL, 60013, (847) 516-2455. Summary: This bibliography lists literature on the nutritional aspects of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and on some of the most current nutrition-related research for health care professionals working with HIV-positive persons. Among the subject areas covered are the immune system, gastrointestinal diseases and disorders, malnutrition, diarrhea, and pediatrics.

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Communicating Nutrition Information to Low - Literate Individuals: An Assessment of Methods; Revised Final Report Contact: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Pediatric Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10 Room 13N240, Bethesda, MD, 20892, (301) 402-0696.

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Summary: This is the final report of a study designed to gather information on the experiences of public health nutritionists working with low-literate clients. This information will be used to help develop nutrition education tools and materials for English-speaking, low-literate adults. The objectives of the study are outlined and include: to assess the effectiveness of visual, written, and auditory tools for communicating nutrition information to low-literate individuals; and to identify successful and unsuccessful methods used by public health nutritionists to communicate nutrition information to low-literate individuals. The report describes the methodology of the study including measures of literacy, respondent selection, and questionnaire development.This is followed by a discussion of the data collection and analysis and results. Key findings indicate that visual tools are the most effective means for communicating nutrition information to low-literate clients, and print and auditory tools are rated as the least effective. Recommendations to the National Cancer Institute complete this report. •

Good Food Choices: A Nutrition Handbook and Recipes for People With AIDS/ARC Contact: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, (617) 732-5500. Summary: Addressed to people with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and their caregivers, this manual explains basic nutrition principles and presents recipes for high-calorie meals that are easy to prepare and appetizing. The text emphasizes the connection between diet and the function of the immune system and notes that needs for protein and calories are greater during illness, treatment, and recovery.

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Safe Practices for Parenteral Nutrition Formulations Source: JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 22(2): 49-66. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 8630 Fenton Street, Suite 412, Silver Spring, MD 20910. (301) 587-6315. Fax (301) 587-3323. Summary: This article presents the guidelines for safe practices for parenteral nutrition (PN) formulations. The practices are organized into six sections. Each section includes an introduction to the problem area addressed, with examples of cases in which harm or data support the need for practice guidelines based on consensus of the National Advisory Group (NAG) members; summary of areas requiring further work; and a list of supporting references. The sections are an introduction, which summarizes the process used to develop the guidelines; Labeling Parenteral Nutrition Formulas, including PN ingredients and the PN label template; Standard Nutrient Ranges and Sample PN Formulations, including those for adults, children, and infants; Extemporaneous Compounding of Parenteral Nutrition Formulations, including the complications attributed to PN formulations having inappropriate nutrient compositions, PN compounding, and quality assurance; Stability and Compatibility of Parenteral Nutrition Formulations; and In-Line Filtration of PN Admixtures. 5 figures. 10 tables. 65 references.

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Nutritional Issues in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 12(4): 424-438. May 1991. Summary: This report presents an overview of nutritional issues related to the pediatric patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The authors present a state-of-the-art

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summary and practical approach to nutritional management, including the use of nutrition as an adjunctive therapy in IBD, to prevent or reverse malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Nutritional management strategies to control disease activity in IBD are also reviewed, including the role of diet or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to induce remission, reverse complications, and prevent relapses. The authors also highlight current research issues relevant to the potential role of dietary factors in the pathogenesis of IBD. 6 tables. 92 references. (AA-M). •

Developing Written Nutrition Information for Adults with Low Literacy Skills Source: Journal of Nutrition Education. 25(1): 11-16. January-February 1993. Summary: This article reports on a project undertaken to develop nutrition materials for use by adults with low literacy skills. A booklet testing at the fifth-grade level was designed and tested using qualitative research methods. Participants included 131 women and 21 men, 16 to 60 years of age (mean age 30 years). All possessed reading skills from the third-to eighth-grade levels and years of education completed ranged from sixth grade to high school graduate. Two sets of interviews were conducted and the booklet was revised, based upon results from the first set of interviews. Participants were especially interested in 'How To' and 'Did You Know' information and calorie and nutrient contents of food. Findings from the interviews provide evidence of the need for nutrition information among these low-literate adults. The authors contend that further research with this population is needed to define typical dietary practices, beliefs and perceptions, and barriers to change. 1 figure. 2 tables. 24 references. (AA-M).

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Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System: Summary of 2000 Data Source: Pierre, SD, South Dakota Department of Health, 55 p., 2001. Contact: South Dakota Department of Health, 600 East Capitol, Pierre, SD 57501-2536. (800) 738-2301. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.state.sd.us/doh/Stats/pednutri00.pdf. Summary: Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System: Summary of 2000 Data provides nutritional data collected in South Dakota through the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS) in 2000. PedNSS is a program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that was started in 1973. The data were collected by using records of infants and children participating in the South Dakota Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). The report presents data for the state as a whole and by county for each of six nutrition indicators: (1) Low birthweight, (2) short stature, (3) underweight, (4) overweight, (5) low hemoglobin and/or hematocrit, and (6) breast feeding. In the fiscal year 2000, WIC served 4,557 infants per month, indicating that about 44 percent of total births in South Dakota were infants on WIC. This analysis included 31,484 records. Results showed that (1) the low birthweight rate was 7.3 percent, up from 6.9 percent in 1999; (2) the short stature rate was 6.8 percent, unchanged from 1998; (3) the percent of underweight infants and children was 1.7 percent, down from 2.0 percent in 1999; (4) the rate of overweight among children age 6 to 11 years was 10.0 percent, up from 8.7 percent in 1999; (5) the percent prevalence of low hemoglobin was 8.6 percent, up from 8.5 percent in 2000; and (6) the breast-feeding initiation rate was 52.3 percent, up from 51.2 percent in 1999.

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Eat Well Australia: An Agenda for Action for Public Health Nutrition: 2000-2010 Source: Canberra, Australia, National Public Health Partnership, Strategic Intergovernmental Nutrition Alliance (SIGNAL), 126 p., 2001.

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Contact: Nutrition and Physical Activity Section, MDP 15, Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, GPO Box 9848, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. (02) 6289 7358. FAX: (02) 6289 8121. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.nphp.gov.au/signal; [email protected]. Summary: Eat Well Australia: An Agenda for Action for Public Health Nutrition: 20002010 supports the Eat Well Australia (EWA) Strategic Framework for improving nutrition with a detailed coordination mechanism. EWA has been designed to provide government and other sectors with a strategic framework and an agenda for action on public health nutrition for the first decade of the twenty-first century. This document provides the detailed EWA Agenda for Action. The Action Plan itself includes a national framework for action in public health nutrition, a framework for a decade of improvement in public health nutrition, and steps to implement the action plan. A section of strategic management discusses steering the implementation of EWA and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nutrition Strategy and Action Plan, developing nutrition policy, establishing criteria for resource allocation, and managing partnerships. Under EWA Health Gain Initiatives, the report considers vulnerable groups, promoting healthy weight, importance of vegetables and fruit, and maternal and child health. The fourth section, EWA Capacity-building Initiatives, explores research and development, workforce development, communication, and monitoring and evaluation of the system. •

Eat Well Australia: A Strategic Framework for Public Health Nutrition: 2000-2010 Source: Canberra, Australia, Strategic Inter-governmental Nutrition Alliance of the National Public Health Partnership, 35 p., 2001. Contact: Strategic Inter-governmental Nutrition Alliance (SIGNAL) Secretariat, Nutrition and Physical Activity Section, MDP 15, Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, GPO Box 9848, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.nphp.go.au/signal; [email protected]. Summary: Eat Well Australia: A Strategic Framework for Public Health Nutrition, 2000 to 2010 presents an overview of the Eat Well Australia (EWA) initiative for improving the health and well-being of all Australians. EWA is a proposed national program developed by the Strategic Inter-governmental Nutrition Alliance (SIGNAL), the nutrition arm of the National Public Health Partnership. EWA was developed by SIGNAL under the assumption that food and nutrition play an important role in health and well-being. It represents a 10-year strategy for improving nutrition of the Australian population. The report summarizes the rationale for and the guiding principles and structure of EWA and discusses various specific interventions to be implemented under the program. The specific initiatives are grouped into health gain, capacity building, and strategic management. The initiatives in the health gain category are designed to (1) promote fruit and vegetable consumption, (2) promote healthy weight, (3) promote good nutrition for mothers and infants, (4) promote good nutrition for school-age children, (5) improve nutrition for vulnerable groups, and (6) address structural barriers to safe and healthy food. The initiatives in the capacity building category are designed to (1) invest in public health nutrition research, (2) improve the effectiveness of nutrition based interventions, (3) build human resource capacity, and (4) communicate the objectives of EWA to the public. Initiatives in the strategic management category are designed to (1) steer and develop EWA, (2) develop nutrition policy and resources, and (3) monitor progress made with the EWA initiatives.

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Working Together in Partnerships: What Do Community Action Program for Children (CAPC) and Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP) in Alberta and Saskatchewan Say Is Important? Source: Ottawa, Canada, Health Canada, 24 p., March 2000. Contact: Health Canada, A.L. 0900C2, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0K9. (613) 957-2991. FAX: (613) 941-5366. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/childhoodyouth/cbp/pdf/WorkingTogether.pdf. Summary: Working Together in Partnerships: What Do Community Action Program for Children (CAPC) and Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP) in Alberta and Saskatchewan Say Is Important? presents guidance for building successful partnerships for developing community interventions to provide prenatal care to pregnant women and improve the health of children. The report is based on experience gained by two Canadian projects conducted in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, CAPC and CPNP. CAPC and CPNC represent an umbrella of projects that are usually guided by a partnership consisting of community groups to deliver services to pregnant women and young children living in conditions that put them at risk. The report summarizes findings from (1) in-depth interviews with 11 people, either project staff or members of the partnership, selected from seven CAPC or CPNC projects; (2) questionnaire surveys of 164 partners from 66 different CPAC or CPNC projects; and (3) discussions with an advisory panel consisting of the executive director of the sponsoring agency, members of several CPNP and CAPC projects in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Health Canada staff, and researchers. Among survey respondents, 49 percent were involved with CAPC projects, 32 percent with CPNP projects, and 15 percent were from projects that were a combination of CAPC and CPNP. Each CPNP and CAPC project was visualized as evolving in a four-stage process: (1) Initiation, (2) partnership development, (3) program implementation, and (4) sustainability. Each stage had certain tasks, and decision making, conflict resolution, and communication ability affected the ability to perform well at each stage. The four-stage process utilized in developing CPNP and CAPC projects can be generalized to other partnership-based health promotion projects.

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Heart Healthy Communities: A Policy and Environmental Approach: Special Project on Physical Activity and Nutrition Phase I and II Summary Report Source: Jefferson City, MO, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, 99 p., July 2000. Contact: Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, P.O. Box 570, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0570. (573) 751-6400. FAX: (573) 751-6010. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.dhss.state.mo.us. Summary: Heart Healthy Communities: A Policy and Environmental Approach: Special Project on Physical Activity and Nutrition Phase I and II Summary Report focuses on phase I and phase II of a special policy and environmental project on physical activity and nutrition developed by the Missouri Department of Health as part of its statewide Cardiovascular Health Program. Phase I sought application from the State's counties to pilot a newly developed package of materials to assist counties in making policy and environmental changes that affect physical inactivity or poor nutrition. A summary of phase I Policy and Environmental Change Projects is described by county, policy and environmental barrier chosen for change (e.g., creating walking paths or offering healthy menu options), and project plan and activities. The report includes samples of promotional materials used in this phase. Counties that successfully completed phase I activities could apply for a second year of funding (Phase II). They could either develop

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a plan to further their initial activities or develop a plan to address a new policy and environmental barrier to physical activity and nutrition. The report presents a summary of the projects chosen by county (e.g., improvements to existing walking trails or creating a community garden), including the plan, outcome, publicity, and budget. The seven appendixes include phase I and phase II maps, initial phase I policy/environmental inventory materials, revised policy and environmental inventory materials, request for proposals for phase II, phase II monthly report, and excerpts from policy/environmental special survey.

The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 202447 10000 929 766 142 214284

HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “nutrition” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov. 16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

17

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 18 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 19 20

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

21 Adapted 22

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on nutrition can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to nutrition. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to nutrition. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “nutrition”:

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Guides on nutrition Nutrition for Seniors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nutritionforseniors.html

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Other Guides Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to nutrition, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Medical Foods Source: Food and Drug Administration http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/ds-medfd.html

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Treatment Central Venous Access Catheters (CVAC) and Gastrostomy (Feeding) Tubes Source: Society of Interventional Radiology http://www.sirweb.org/patPub/venousAccessCatheters.shtml Vascular Access Procedures Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/interventional/vascular-access.htm

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Artificial Hydration and Nutrition Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/629.html Artificial Hydration: Hypodermoclysis Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/718.html HEN Complication Chart http://c4isr.com/oley/newHEN.pdf HPN Complication Chart http://c4isr.com/oley/newHPN.pdf Managing Your PICC/SICC Catheter http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/pepubs/PICC.pdf Nutrition in Cancer Care (PDQ) Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/supportivecare/nutrition

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Journals/Newsletters LifeLineLetter Source: Oley Foundation http://c4isr.com/oley/lifeline/artind.html

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Latest News Diet Boost Doesn't Speed Rehab in Lung Disease Source: 09/18/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14020 .html

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Organizations American Dietetic Association http://webdietitians.org/Public/index.cfm Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on nutrition. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Good Nutrition for People With HIV Contact: Channing L. Bete Company Incorporated, 200 State Rd, South Deerfield, MA, 01373-0200, (800) 477-4776, http://www.channing-bete.com. Summary: This brochure, written for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), discusses good nutrition. The brochure identifies nutritional concerns for individuals with HIV/AIDS and provides dietary advice for symptom management of diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, sores in the mouth and/or throat, fatigue, gas/bloating, lactose intolerance, weight loss, and digestion problems. It provides instructions on maintaining sanitary conditions around food preparation. The brochure advises individuals with HIV/AIDS to get nutritional advice from their health care providers, to build support networks, and to keep their medical appointments.

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The Standards for Basic Nutrition Contact: AIDS Services of Austin, PO Box 4874, Austin, TX, 78765-9836, (512) 458-2437, http://www.asaustin.org. Summary: This brochure discusses the basic nutritional standards for persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fundamental nutrients, vitamin and mineral needs, and nutrition controversies related to AIDS are discussed.

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Nutrition for Persons With HIV Contact: Escambia AIDS Services and Education, PO Box 13584, Pensacola, FL, 325913584, (850) 456-7079, http://www.red-ribbon.org/community-aso.asp. Summary: This brochure addresses nutrition requirements for Persons with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and those infected with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It maintains that a high-calorie, high-protein diet and exercise will help bolster the immune system. Menu suggestions, preparation guidelines, and recipes are also included.

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Nutrition Source: Information Series for Positive People: No. 2. Contact: National AIDS Manual Publications, 16a Clapham Common Southside, London, http://www.aidsmap.com. Summary: This brochure, written for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), discusses nutrition. The brochure presents nutrition information for HIV-positive individuals regarding assistance from dietitians, appropriate vitamins and minerals, the use of alcohol, and proper food sanitation. It examines the relationships, some beneficial and some negative, between individuals' diets and the anti-HIV drugs in their regimens. The brochure makes recommendations about what food individuals who are taking protease inhibitors should eat and suggestions about how to eat to avoid weight loss that often accompanies HIV/AIDS. The brochure also discusses how to build muscle mass, how to improve the appetite, and how diarrhea is diagnosed and treated in individuals with HIV/AIDS.

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A Practical Guide to Nutrition for Persons with HIV Disease Contact: Community AIDS Treatment Information Exchange, PO Box 1104, Toronto, (416) 203-7122, http://www.catie.ca. Summary: This brochure provides information on the benefits of proper nutrition for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It discusses the role of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and fluids in daily nutrition; the safe preparation of foods including poultry and eggs; how antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals work in the body and how they can help individuals with HIV/AIDS; how proper nutrition can help to combat HIV-related conditions including wasting syndrome, diarrhea, and nausea; how to afford to buy nutritious foods, vitamins, and nutritional supplements; and the importance of exercise.

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The Inside Story: Nutrition and HIV/AIDS Contact: Clintec Nutrition Company, PO Box 760, Deerfield, IL, 60015-0760, (800) 422ASK2. Summary: This brochure explores the relationship between nutrition and HIV/AIDS. The brochure provides advice for using the Food Guide Pyramid to structure and follow a healthful and balanced diet, defines the role of the individual components of the gastrointestinal tract, and explains how a gastrointestinal tract impaired by HIV/AIDSrelated infections and cancers may not absorb or digest foods properly. These infections and cancers include yeast infections, herpes simplex, and Kaposi's sarcoma. The role of Peptamen Diets, which are nutritional supplements for HIV/AIDS patients, is described.

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Nutrition, Stress, Immunity and HIV/AIDS Contact: AIDS Education/Services for Minorities Incorporated, PO Box 87277, Atlanta, GA, 30337, (404) 753-2900. Summary: This brochure discusses the effects of stress and nutrition on the immune system. It lists manifestations of AIDS, including diarrhea and nausea, and points out that these may lead to diminished nutritional intake and absorption. A brief description of nutritional management of these manifestations includes the recommendation that maintaining optimum nutritional intake from the four food groups is the best approach toward nutritionally strengthening the immune system. The brochure also describes symptoms of stress, and suggests several exercises, coping behaviors, and other methods for stress reduction and management.

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Nutrition Basics Contact: CVS ProCare Pharmacy, 600 Penn Center Blvd, Pittsburgh, PA, 15235-5810, (800) 238-7828, http://www.stadtlander.com. Summary: This brochure summarizes nutritional standards for recommended quantities and foods, food safety techniques, weight management, and nutritional supplements primarily for people with HIV. It highlights the food pyramid, recommended serving sizes, and improved nutrition labels found on grocery items. The article discusses food handling safety in the kitchen, in the grocery store, during food preparation, and when dining out by focusing on key sanitation and storage habits. It describes weight control and its relationship to diet, exercise, and stress management. The pros and cons of nutritional supplements are specified.

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Nutrition and HIV/AIDS. [Nutrition and HIV / AIDS.] Contact: Asian Community AIDS Services, 33 Isabella St Ste 107, Toronto, (416) 9634300, http://www.acas.org. Summary: This brochure discusses the value of a nutritious diet in maintaining the health of persons with HIV. The four major food groups are presented, with an emphasis on cooking techniques that preserve nutrients. A reference to Asian food therapy points out the usefulness of incorporating herbal remedies into various dishes. The brochure includes a table of tips on what type of foods to eat to alleviate various HIV symptoms, focusing on foods commonly found in Asian diets.

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Health Care; Support; Exercise; Nutrition Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This brochure describes the ways that individuals living with HIV/AIDS can take control of their lives by: gathering information; finding comfortable health care; getting support from family, friends and others living with HIV/AIDS; and by getting exercise and eating well. Advice on telling others about HIV/AIDS status is included. Photographs and quotes of persons living with HIV/AIDS are featured. Phone numbers for more information are provided.

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What You Need to Know About Nutrition for Your Baby Contact: Childrens Hospital of New Orleans, Family Advocacy Care and Education Services, 3308 Tulane Ave 6th Fl, New Orleans, LA, 70119-0119, (504) 821-4611, http://www.facesonline.net. Summary: This brochure offers families advice on the nutritional needs and feeding of babies with HIV infection. Specific diet changes are suggested for the following problems related to HIV infection: weight loss, watery stool, lack of hunger, fever, nausea or vomiting, mouth sores, painful swallowing, and thrush. Age appropriate food guidelines are given for babies from birth through 1 year of age, along with detailed instructions on introducing solid foods.

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AIDS: Nutrition Intervention, the Sooner, the Better Contact: Abbott Laboratories/US, Ross Laboratories, 625 Cleveland Ave, Columbus, OH, 43215, (614) 227-3333. Summary: This brochure discusses AIDS and nutrition intervention. It states early nutrition assessment and intervention are important to the care and treatment of patients with HIV disease. A chart with a timeline of the nutritional implications of HIV disease shows stages of HIV disease; signs, symptoms, and associated nutritional problems; nutrition assessment; goals; and intervention. The pamphlet also includes advertising for recommended products.

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Healthy Foods, Healthy Bodies: Nutrition for People With HIV Contact: Indiana University, Medical Center, Infectious Disease Research Clinic, AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, 550 N University Blvd Rm 5550, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5250, (317) 274-8456. Summary: This brochure outlines various nutritional considerations associated with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or infection with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including following a balanced diet and the risk of contracting foodborne opportunistic infections. The enclosures discuss specific problems and recommendations related to thrush, diarrhea, and anorexia.

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Nutrition Guidelines for People With HIV Infection Contact: Abbott Laboratories/US, Ross Laboratories, 625 Cleveland Ave, Columbus, OH, 43215, (614) 227-3333. Summary: This brochure describes nutritional practices that should be followed as part of a treatment program for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The brochure discusses essential nutrients, adding

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calories to a basic diet, foods to eat when experiencing certain symptoms associated with AIDS or side effects of medications, and medical nutritionals to add to one's diet. •

Good Nutrition Is Crucial: Nutritional Guidelines for Persons With HIV Contact: Jackson Memorial Hospital, Nutrition Services, 1611 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, (305) 585-5298, http://www.um-jmh.org/pages/jackson.html. Summary: Addressed to persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection which causes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), this manual explains basic nutritional principles and presents guidelines on meeting nutritional goals through food choices. It lists food groups and required nutrients for dealing with AIDS. Problems such as fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea, sore mouth or painful swallowing, nausea and vomiting, taste changes, feeling of fullness and weight loss, and an increased need for protein, and suggestions to overcome these problems, are also discussed.

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Your Diet and Psoriasis: Does Nutrition Play a Role? Source: Portland, OR: National Psoriasis Foundation. 1998. 20 p. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. P.O. Box 9009, Portland, OR 97207-9009. (800) 723-9166 Ext. 12 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: $0.35 each plus shipping and handling; bulk orders available. Summary: This pamphlet provides people who have psoriasis with information on the possible role of nutrition in treating it. Although there appears to be little statistical verification that manipulating diet is a valid treatment option, people who have psoriasis may want to consider changing or supplementing their diet if it seems to improve their condition and does not endanger their overall health. Guidelines on maintaining overall well being, are followed by research findings about psoriasis and diet, focusing on findings about the turkey diet, the low protein diet, starvation and weight loss, oral zinc, fish oil, evening primrose oil, lecithin, shark cartilage, and the Edgar Cayce regimen. Traditional Chinese medicine, herbal remedies, and vitamins and supplements are also discussed. In addition, the pamphlet recommends evaluating diet claims for psoriasis and offers advice on evaluating advertised claims for psoriasis cures and treatments. The pamphlet concludes with information on nutritional resources and on the National Psoriasis Foundation. 10 references.

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Diet and Nutrition in Porphyria Source: Houston, TX: American Porphyria Foundation. 199x. 10 p. Contact: Available from American Porphyria Foundation. P.O. Box 22712, Houston, TX 77227-2712. (713) 266-9617. Fax (713) 871-1788. Website: www.enterprise.net/apf/. PRICE: Single copy free to members only ($30.00 membership fee); online version available for $5.00 access fee. Summary: This brochure for health professionals and people with porphyria discusses the importance of diet and nutrition, and explains why diet influences the manifestations of certain types of porphyria. The brochure provides general nutritional recommendations for patients with acute porphyrias, including consuming enough of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals; avoiding alcoholic beverages; and maintaining a normal body weight. Other topics are devising a plan to achieve the goals of a dietary prescription, weight reduction in patients with acute porphyria, nutritional management in acute attacks, additive effects of other factors causing acute attacks, and

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abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors. The brochure also presents some dietary recommendations for types of porphyria other than the acute varieties. It concludes with a discussion of diet and food choices, focusing on the composition of the diet, nutritional requirements, guidelines for healthy people, and strategies for changing one's diet. 1 table. •

About Artificial Nutrition and Hydration Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1999. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete, Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. PRICE: $1.05 each for 1-99 copies; plus shipping and handling; quantity discounts available. Order number 20690A0299. Summary: This Scriptographic booklet educates readers about artificial nutrition and hydration, a technique of delivering nutrients and fluids to a patient through a tube (tube feeding) or an intravenous (IV) line. Artificial nutrition and hydration may be used for a patient who is unable to swallow, recovering from surgery, or unconscious; some people, such as those with chronic digestive diseases, use artificial nutrition and hydration at home. The booklet is designed to help patients and caregivers make potentially difficult decisions about the use of artificial nutrition and hydration. The booklet describes enteral nutrition (tube feeding) as liquid nutrients and fluids delivered to the stomach or small intestine, and parenteral nutrition (IV feeding) as a method that bypasses the digestive tract. The benefits of artificial nutrition and hydration can include better recovery, longer life, and fulfilling a patient's wishes; possible risks include sore nostrils, injury to the esophagus or stomach, abdominal discomfort, pneumonia, infections, changes in blood sugar, fluid buildup, or bone pain (after long term total parenteral nutrition). Legal issues involved with these techniques can include informed consent, the ability to make decisions, the right to request a transfer, and advanced medical directives (including living wills and power of attorney). The booklet concludes with a section focusing on the decisionmaking efforts that may be utilized regarding artificial nutrition and hydration, a section on getting treatment at home, and a section regarding care at the end of life (particularly if artificial nutrition and hydration are withheld or withdrawn as the patient nears death). One sidebar notes that the use of restraints may be necessary to keep patients from pulling out tubing or an IV line. The booklet also reminds readers that there is a variety of sources of help, including the health care team, the ethics committee, members of the clergy, the National Hospice Organization (800-658-8898), or Choice In Dying (800-989-9455). The booklet is illustrated with cartoon figures of men, women, and children undertaking various activities of daily life and health care procedures.

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Q and A. Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Diet and Nutrition Source: New York, NY: Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. 1999. 8 p. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. (CCFA). 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (800) 9322423 or (212) 685-3440. Fax (212) 779-4098. Website: www.ccfa.org. E-mail: [email protected] PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are known together as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This brochure points out that there is no evidence that dietary factors cause or contribute to IBD, but that once IBD has developed, attention to diet may reduce symptoms and promote healing. Specific topics addressed include how IBD's interfere with digestion; how a low-fiber diet may be beneficial for those with

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Crohn's disease; the special importance of nutrition to IBD patients; milk and lactose; allergies; absorption; supplemental vitamins and minerals; the importance of adequate fluid intake; how nutrition affects growth; and recent developments in nutritional therapy. •

Nutrition Guide to Food Allergies Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. 1999. 40 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030-2208. (800) 929-4040. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.foodallergy.org. PRICE: $5.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: A food allergy is the immune system's abnormal response to a food; these allergies occur in 1 to 3 percent of school children. While any food potentially can cause a food allergy, the few foods that are responsible for most food allergic reactions in children include eggs, cow milk, peanuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts. This booklet answers common questions about food allergies and how they are treated. The booklet focuses on nutrition and the importance of balanced meals in the treatment of a food allergy. The booklet defines adverse food reactions, then discusses the differences between food allergy and food intolerance, the common food allergies in children, the diagnostic tests used to confirm food allergies, treatment options, the likelihood of outgrowing food allergies, the use of elimination diets, the symptoms of food allergy, and how a registered dietitian can help. The booklet then describes common foods that cause allergies, including milk, eggs, legumes (peanuts and soybeans), tree nuts, seafood (including fish and shellfish), and wheat; for each of these foods, the booklet discusses nutritional value, how to recognize when these items are in foods, and alternatives. The latter part of the booklet includes sample meal patterns for a strict diagnostic elimination diet, guidelines for reading food labels, a chart of alternative sources of nutrients lost through elimination diets, and a list of organizations and books through which readers can get additional information.

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What Every Teenager Needs to Know About Good Nutrition Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1998. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. South Deerfield, MA 01373. (800) 628-7733 or (413) 665-7611. Booklet Number 14829D896. Summary: This illustrated booklet is designed to teach teenagers the importance of nutrition. Information is included on: the types of nutrients and their function; foods rich in these nutrients; dietary things to avoid or control; and the importance of weight control. A daily food chart is included for recording foods eaten from each of the basic food groups at each meal throughout the week; the chart can be used to find out if one is eating enough servings from the basic food groups.

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Nutrition, Diet and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Toronto, Canada: Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada. 1997. 8 p. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada. 21 St. Clair Avenue East, Suite 30, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4T 1L9. (800) 387-1479 or (416) 920-5035. Fax (416) 929-0364. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free.

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Summary: This booklet describes the relationship between nutrition and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a term used to describe two similar, yet distinct conditions: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). These diseases affect the digestive system and cause the intestines to become inflamed, form sores (ulcers), bleed easily, scar, and lose the normal smoothness of their inner lining. Symptoms of IBD include abdominal pain, cramping, fatigue, and diarrhea. Malabsorption refers to the reduced ability of the digestive tract to absorb nutrients. Malabsorption may happen in IBD when nutrients are lost through bleeding and diarrhea, when medications interact adversely with nutrients, or when part of the intestine is surgically removed, leaving less absorptive tissue to process ingested nutrients. A healthy diet is a key component in the treatment of IBD. The booklet concludes with a nutrition checklist to help readers determine whether they ought to consult a physician or dietitian. 1 figure. 3 tables. •

Nutrition Handouts for HIV/AIDS Contact: Carrot Top Nutrition Resources, PO Box 460172, Aurora, CO, 80015, (303) 6903650. Summary: This is a series of 10 camera-ready nutrition handouts of interest to HIV/AIDS clients. The handouts present tips and strategies designed to help HIV/AIDS patients plan and eat a nutritionally dense diet at all stages of the disease. HIV/AIDSrelated complications can compromise the nutritional status of the patient; nutritional and dietary measures may provide significant symptomatic relief. Handout topics include appetite loss, reduced lactose tolerance, safe foods, vitamins and minerals, and difficulties associated with swallowing.

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AIDS & Nutrition Program; Try These Tips Contact: Mount Zion Hospital and Medical Center, Better Health Programs, AIDS and Nutrition Program, 2107 Van Ness Ave Ste 408, San Francisco, CA, 94109, (415) 7755921. Summary: This information package presents specific suggestions for use by Persons with AIDS (PWA's) in coping with problems such as dehydration, loss of appetite, thrush, nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss.

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Nutrition Kit: Four Steps to Good Nutrition Source: Palo Alto, CA: Health Promotion Resource Center. Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention. 1993. (information package). Contact: Available from Health Promotion Resource Center. HPRC Distribution Center. 730 Welch Road, Suite B, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1583. (650) 723-0003. Fax (650) 498-7775. PRICE: $3.25 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This nutrition kit presents four steps to good nutrition. Separate sheets are used for each step. The front of each sheet provides information about the step, and the reverse side lists changes that people can make in their eating habits with regard to that step. Step one involves eating less saturated fat from red meat; eating less meat, chicken, and fish; and cutting down on foods that are high in cholesterol. Step two consists of eating less dairy fat, cutting down on saturated fat in processed or cooked foods, and cutting down on total fat. Step three involves eating at least six servings of grain foods every day, eating at least three vegetables a day, and eating at least two servings of fruit a day. Step four focuses on maintaining good eating habits.

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Renal Nutrition Handbook for Patients. Rev. ed Source: Dedham, MA: Council on Renal Nutrition of New England. 1991. 105 p. Contact: Available from Council on Renal Nutrition of New England. National Kidney Foundation of Massachusetts. 180 Rustcraft Road, Dedham, MA 02026-4525. PRICE: $12 plus $1 shipping/handling per order. Make checks payable to CRNNE. Summary: A handbook for renal disease patients details information on dietary guidelines to help such patients choose their foods wisely. The text includes an introduction to nutrition and kidney disease; a brief examination of important nutrients; a meal planning guide; detailed information on key nutrients (calories, protein, potassium, phosphorus, fiber, sodium, fluids); food labeling; guidelines for eating out; the nutritional composition of fast foods; and menu suggestions. A glossary and a bibliography are appended.

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Nutrition: Making a Difference in Schools: PHTN Course no. VC-0016 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Divisions of Nutrition and Media and Training Services, 90-minute videotape, 38-page training manual, 1996. Contact: Public Health Training Network, (800)41-TRAIN. Summary: Originally presented as a satellite broadcast in January 1996, this course was developed as a video/self-study course. The program provides training and information on creating nutrition education programs in the schools. Case studies include programs in Atlanta, Georgia, and Kansas elementary schools. The course targets (1) nutritionists, (2) dietitians, (3) health educators, (4) community leaders, and (5) other practitioners interested in learning more about developing nutrition education programs in the schools. To view the video and complete the corresponding handbook requires about 2 hours. A final examination and evaluation will be sent when one registers for the course. The course is designed in accordance with the criteria and guidelines of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and the International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is accredited by IACET to award (0.2) Continuing Education units and ADA will award two (2.0) credits.

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Nutrition: Making a Difference in Worksites: PHTN Course no. VC-0014 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Divisions of Nutrition and Media and Training Services, 99-minute videotape, 28-page training manual, 1995. Contact: Public Health Training Network, (800)41-TRAIN. Summary: Originally presented as a satellite broadcast in October 1995, this course was developed as a video/self-study course. The program provides training and information on creating nutrition education programs in the workplace. Case studies of the CocaCola program and several state worksite programs are featured. The course targets (1) nutritionists, (2) dietitians, (3) health educators, (4) community leaders, and (5) other practitioners interested in learning more about developing nutrition education programs in the workplace. To view the video and complete the corresponding handbook requires about 2 hours. A final examination and evaluation will be sent when one registers for the course. The course is designed in accordance with the criteria and guidelines of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and the International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is accredited by IACET to award (0.2) Continuing Education units and ADA will award two (2.0) credits.

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Nutrition: Making a Difference in Supermarkets: PHTN Course no. VC-0014 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Divisions of Nutrition and Media and Training Services, 102-minute videotape, 28-page training manual, 1995. Contact: Public Health Training Network, (800)41-TRAIN. Summary: Originally presented as a satellite broadcast in June 1995, this course was designed as a video/self-study course. The program provides training and information on creating nutrition education programs for supermarkets. The course targets (1) nutritionists, (2) dietitians, (3) health educators, (4) community leaders, and (5) other practitioners interested in learning more about creating nutrition education programs for supermarkets. To view the video and complete the corresponding handbook requires about 2 hours. A final examination and evaluation will be sent when one registers for the course. The course is designed in accordance with the criteria and guidelines of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and the International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is accredited by IACET to award (0.2) Continuing Education units and ADA will award two (2.0) credits.

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Chefs Creating LEAN: A Nutrition Course for Food Professionals Source: Chicago, IL, American Dietetic Association, 71-page instructor manual, 132 slides, 19 course materials reproducible masters, 1994. Contact: American Dietetic Association, 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606. (312) 899-0040. Summary: In an effort to reduce the nation's consumption of dietary fat, the Kaiser Foundation initiated Project LEAN (Low-fat Eating for America NOW), which has led to a community campaign and nutrition course for food professionals called Chefs Creating Lean. This 6-part program is designed to empower culinary professionals to develop delicious low-fat menu items for use in restaurant and food service industries. Lesson plans for the instructor provide measurable objectives, suggestions for activities, reproducible handouts, evaluation tools, and suggested message points for the slide presentation. The course guide is divided into six lessons as well as a preface and program overview, which describes the course objectives, audience, participant recruitment, where to hold classes, the number of classes, course packets, additional resources, how to analyze recipes, and continuing education credit. Each lesson begins with a description of the objectives and includes a warmup activity, slide presentation, handouts, and most also include a menu evaluation and an assignment. After Lesson One, Current Trends, Future Goals, chefs should be able to identify current nutrition trends among restaurant patrons, demonstrate awareness of preparation methods that affect fat content in current menu items, and identify their own goals for implementing the course. Lesson Two, Diet and Disease, teaches chefs how to relate dietary fat intake to disease states, relate personal health concerns to dietary habits, and discuss analysis of current menu items. In Lesson Three, Fat: More Than Meets the Eye, chefs are taught to identify food sources of fat, to differentiate between dietary fat and dietary cholesterol, and how to identify caloric contribution of fat to food. Lesson Four, LEAN Becomes Luscious, chefs learn to identify ways to modify a recipe for lower fat and identify preparation methods to lower fat while maintaining taste and quality and to identify appropriate ingredient substitutions to lower the fat content of the menu item. Lesson Five, Fat: There Is a Difference, shows chefs how to identify different kinds of fat and foods and food products that contain significant amounts of different fats. Lesson Six, Putting It All Together, enables chefs to apply principles of dietary guidelines for

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Americans to their food service operation and to develop appropriate menu items that comply with the dietary guidelines for Americans for their restaurant. •

Teaching for a Lifetime: Nutrition Education for Young Children: Nutrition Education Training Resource Manual Source: Delphi, IN, Noteworthy Creations, Inc., 12-minute VHS videotape, 70-page resource manual, 1994. Contact: Noteworthy Creations, Inc., P.O. Box 335, Delphi, IN 46923. (800) 305-4167; (317) 564-4167. Item no. TL-600. Summary: Teaching for a Lifetime: Nutrition Education for Young Children: Nutrition Education Training Resource Manual includes a videotape about nutrition education approaches to use with preschool children, an in-service training program, a pretest/posttest for assessing children's knowledge of nutrition, a sample nutrition education lesson, self-assessments for instructors, and an introduction to Kid's Club, a nutrition education program. The videotape shows situations where nutrition education is presented in preschools. Activities in the Kid's Club curriculum include songs, puppets, cooking, eating, art projects, and games. Preschool teachers and parents describe their approaches to teaching young children about good foods and nutrition. The in-service training examines the importance of nutrition education for young children and how to most effectively provide nutrition education for a lifetime of positive health behaviors. Components of effective nutrition education include selflearning, concrete/active learning, and meaningful learning, which occurs when the teacher helps children connect the ideas and information to be learned to prior knowledge. To make a lesson developmentally appropriate, the teacher must recognize the different abilities and characteristics of the children he or she is teaching. The assessment tool for children determines gains in knowledge and skills as a result of the nutrition lessons provided. Expected outcomes by age (of preschoolers) include food identification levels. The sample nutrition education lesson, I Try New Foods, Oh Yes I Do!, is one of 26 Kid's Club lesson plans and includes a purpose, objectives, and content, which may be either a puppet show or story read to the children. The introduction to Kid's Club describes the program as a comprehensive framework for providing nutrition education to young children. The manual for the program includes 26 complete lesson plans on topics about nutrition and health. An order form for Kid's Club materials is included in this resource manual.

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Building Media Skills for Better Nutrition: PHTN Course no. VC-0013 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Divisions of Nutrition and Media and Training Services, 97-minute videotape, 44-page instruction manual, 1994. Contact: Public Health Training Network, (800)41-TRAIN. Summary: Originally presented as a satellite broadcast in June 1994, this course was developed as a video self-study course. The program provides training and information on media relations, media channels, media planning, and evaluation for nutrition education. The course targets nutritionists, dietitians, health educators, community leaders, and other practitioners interested in learning more about media skills within the context of nutrition education. The course is designed in accordance with the criteria and guidelines of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and the International Association for Continuing Education and Training (IACET). IACET will award 0.2 continuing education units and ADA will award two credits. Students will (1) learn why and how to establish a media workgroup, (2) decide what role nutrition media messages

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will serve in a community program, (3) recognize what media partners are looking for, (4) develop media strategies, (5) write messages for the media, (6) prepare to respond to the media, (7) keep nutrition on the media and community agendas, and (8) assess media efforts. •

Nutrition Kit: Four Steps to Good Nutrition. 2nd Edition Source: Stanford, CA, Stanford University, Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention, 6 sheets, 1988. Contact: Stanford University, Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention, Stanford, CA 94305. Summary: The Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention developed the Nutrition Kit: Four Steps to Good Nutrition to help those who are interested in eating healthier food, but are not sure how best to go about it. The kit leads the learner to make changes gradually through four steps. Step one involves a gradual reduction in meat fat, cholesterol, and salt used at the table; step two involves a gradual reduction in salt used in cooking, dairy fat, and processed fats (e.g., hidden saturated fats in packaged products). Step three involves increasing consumption of carbohydrates and fiber, and decreasing consumption of salty processed foods (e.g., pickles, ham, bacon, and crackers). Step four involves exploring new, low risk foods and avoiding canned vegetables, soups, stews, sauces, and frozen dishes with sauce or seasoning. The kit provides a monitoring sheet for self-evaluation.

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Health and Wellness: Fitness and Nutrition Source: San Francisco, Parlay International, (Kopy Kit series), 201 p., 1987. Contact: Parlay International, 4017 24th Street, Suite 35, San Francisco, CA 94114. (415) 647-2824. Summary: The first volume in the Kopy Kit series is Health and Wellness: Fitness and Nutrition, a compendium of 210 reproducible full-page, half-page, and quarter-page articles on a wide range of fitness, nutrition, and general health topics. Purchasers of this volume are authorized to reproduce any of the articles and accompanying illustrations for their own health education communications, such as newsletters, flyers, announcements, posters, press releases, class materials, and handouts. These materials can be used in hospital health promotion, health fairs, employee health promotion, school health, patient education, health clubs, and libraries, etc. Sample topics include family fitness, illustrated stretching exercises, aerobic metabolism, fitness quizzes, exercises for air travel, food labels, fiber, sodium, sugar, caffeine, nutrition quizzes, vegetarianism, recipes, relaxation techniques, breast self-examination, eating disorders, back care, AIDS, marijuana, cocaine, the Heimlich maneuver, and dental self-care.

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Nutrition Nonsense Source: Seattle, WA, the Council, 10 pieces in a folder, 1985. Contact: Washington State Dairy Council, 3830 Stone Way North, Seattle, WA 98103. Summary: Nutrition Nonsense is a nutrition resource packet on food fads and facts developed by the Washington State Dairy Council. It is designed as a resource for health professionals in preparing presentations on the subject of food faddism. The contents provide current, scientifically sound information on food faddism and why it has become such a public health problem, as well as suggestions for activities, handouts,

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and a list of selected references. Food faddists or quacks (1) attempt to undermine public confidence in the nation's food supply, saying it has become devitalized through overprocessing of foods and the use of pesticides and additives; (2) make broad, sweeping claims about food; (3) almost always try to sell something; (4) reject scientific organizations and recognized authorities, claiming a conspiracy to withhold the truth from the public; (5) refuse to accept the tried and proven methods of scientific research; and (6) often take bits and pieces of substantiated, reliable information and twist it to fit their own biases. 21 references. •

Nutrition and Physical Performance: A Winning Combination Source: Seattle, WA, the Council, 12 pieces in a folder, 1985. Contact: Washington State Dairy Council, 3830 Stone Way North, Seattle, WA 98103. Summary: Nutrition and Physical Performance: A Winning Combination is a resource packet developed by the Washington State Dairy Council to aid health professionals in preparing presentations on the subject of nutrition for athletes and other physically active people. The resource packet provides scientifically sound, current information on this topic as well as suggestions for activities, handouts, and a list of selected references. Topics discussed include (1) nutritional needs of athletes, (2) the temporal relationship between feeding and athletic performance, (3) principles of weight control, and (4) nutritional needs of female athletes. The best way for an athlete to meet his or her nutritional needs is to consume a variety of foods and to pay attention to fluid intake and the need for additional calories. 9 references.

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Soundbites: Nutrition and oral health guidelines for pregnant women, infants, and young children. [Video and video guidebook] Source: Boston, MA: Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine. 2002. 29 pp., 1 videotape (15 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from Carole A. Palmer, (617) 636-6808, Fax: (617) 636- 6834, [email protected], Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Francis Stern Nutrition Center, One Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111. Telephone: (617) 636-6828 / fax: (617) 636-6834 / Web site: http://www.tufts.edu/dental. $50.00. Summary: This videotape and guidebook are designed to help promote good nutrition and oral health for pregnant women, infants, children, and are written for parents and caregivers. The videotape discusses common oral health issues such as care of the mouth, nutrition to promote good oral health, and how to prevent the common oral health problems of childhood. The guidebook includes the following sections: pregnancy, birth to 6 months, 6 months to 1 year, 1 year to 2 years, 2 years to 3 years, and children with special health care needs. Additional sections include a review of the goals of the program and suggestions for learning, the importance of nutrition and oral health care during pregnancy and childhood, the narration to the videotape, and an evaluation form.

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Bright futures for adolescents and families: Empowering youth through nutrition: National videoconference, Indiana University Medical Center, November 2, 2000 Source: Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University School of Medicine. 2000. 14 items, 1 videotape (120 minutes, VHS 1/2 inch). Contact: Available from National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802

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/ fax: (703) 524-9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This packet contains conference materials given to participants of a videoconference course presented to physicians and other health professionals involved in the care of youth and adolescents. The course featured the book, Bright Futures in Practice: Nutrition. Emphasis was placed on adolescent health behaviors and ways to empower youth through nutrition. Topics addressed were: Adolescents in the World Today: Overview of Health Risk and Health Promotion Behaviors; Bright Futures in Practice: Nutrition; and Empowering Youth through Nutrition: Using Bright Futures. A videotape of the conference is included. [Funded in part by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau]. •

Folic acid: Eating for a healthier future: The complete trainer's guide on the role of folic acid in preconceptional nutrition Source: New Port Richey, FL: Pasco County Public Health Department. [1997?]. 36 pp., 20 slides, 4 other items. Contact: Available from Pasco County Public Health Department, 10841 Little Road, New Port Richey, FL 34654. Summary: This information package gives a health educator a variety of information and presentation materials for a lecture on folic acid and the prevention of neural tube defects. One section contains a set of 20 color slides, a script with suggested text to accompany the slide presentation, cards for attendees on cooking and storage tips to preserve food folate content, a color brochure on folic acid and eating for a healthier future, and a food folic acid content counter. A second section contains handout masters for reproduction on food sources of folate, questions and answers about folate, and cooking and storage tips to preserve food folate, plus a public resource list, sample menus, and a sample nutrition facts label. A third section contains a professional reading and resource list, additional handout masters, sample press releases, and a participant evaluation form.

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Nutrition: Making a difference in schools: A satellite video conference Source: [Atlanta, GA?]: Division of Nutrition, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1996. 4 items. Contact: Available from Public Health Nutritionist, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341. Telephone: (770) 488-6042 / fax: (703) 488-4728 or (703) 488-4479 / Web site: http://www.cdc.gov. Summary: This information package contains materials used in the January 25, 1996 video conference for dietitians, home economists, school food service workers, and health educators. The conference highlighted how participants could incorporate nutrition education activities into comprehensive school health programs. The items include a 'Participant's Guide,' a draft edition of 'Guidelines for School Health Programs to Promote Health Eating,' an issue of 'Team Nutrition Connections,' and a copy of videotape used with the other materials. The video conference was sponsored by the Public Health Television Network, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Association of County and City Health Officials.

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Nutrition guidance for child care centers Source: Alexandria, VA: Food and Consumer Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1995. 5 items. Contact: Available from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street, North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax: (703) 524- 9335 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Available for loan. Summary: This training package for Child and Adult Care Food Program participants contains material for instructing sponsors and providers on how to implement the Dietary Guidelines for Americans within the current meal pattern requirements. The items are: (1) Building for the Future: Nutrition Guidance for the Child Nutrition Programs, including a poster; (2) Nutrition Guidance for Child Care Homes; (3) Nutrition Guidance for Child Care Centers; (4) Activity Package, reproducible sheets on a variety of subjects; and (5) Nutrition Guidance for Child Care, videotape, 30 minutes.

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Five a day bingo: A fun nutrition game for all ages: A fresh approach to promoting good nutrition to everyone from preschoolers to seniors Source: Billings, MT: Food Services of America. 1995. ca. 50 pp. plus 1 set clue cards, 1 set bingo cards. Contact: Available from Food Services of America, P.O. Box 20997, Billings, MT 59104. Telephone: (406) 238-7854. $30.00 includes shipping and handling. Summary: This nutrition game is designed to increase awareness of the importance of 5 a Day nutrition concepts, encourage players to eat more fruits and vegetables, and reward players for trying new produce items. The game is designed for users from small children to senior citizens. The game of bingo is the basis for this learning game.

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Food time: An integrated approach to teaching nutrition Source: Jefferson City, MO: Scholastic Inc. 1995. 1 videotape (VHS 1/2 inch), 1 teacher's guide (25 pp.), 30 student magazines, 2 booklets duplicating masters, 1 poster (22 x 33 1/2 inches), 1 booklet of newsletters. Contact: Available from Scholastic, Inc., 2931 East McCarty Street, Jefferson City, MO 65101. Telephone: (800) 724-6527 / fax: (314) 635- 5881. Summary: This information package is designed to teach students how to choose a variety of foods; add more grains, vegetables and fruit to the foods they already eat; and construct a diet lower in fat. The kit contains a teacher's curriculum, a booklet of recording sheets to be photocopied and distributed to students along with each lesson, a set of magazines that introduce students to the topics of the kit with simple activities and features, a newsletter for parents (available in English and Spanish), a videotape introducing children to the message of healthy eating with songs and jokes, and a motivational poster.

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Nutrition Education and Training Program Source: Alexandria, VA: Nutrition and Technical Services Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1994. 5 items. Contact: Available from U.S. Food and Nutrition Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room

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503, Alexandria, VA 22302. Telephone: (703) 305- 2554 / fax: (703) 305-2576 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.usda.gov. Summary: This information package contains materials describing the Nutrition Education and Training Program (NET) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. NET operates through local, state, and federal partnerships to promote healthy eating habits among the nation's children. The package contains a brochure that describes the program, presents its philosophy and operations, and explains how the program affects children and their nutrition needs. An executive summary provides similar information, and it includes goal statements from NET's strategic plan and outlines future activities. A reprint of a journal article reviews the impact of the program on school nutrition programs in New York state. Another reprint also describes the program and highlights activities in various state programs. The packages also includes a list of state NET coordinators. •

Nutrition for pregnancy: Focus on healthy outcomes: An educational module for health care professionals. (Rev. ed.) Source: White Plains, NY: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. 1994. 85 pp., 39 color slides. Contact: Available from Fulfillment Center, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605. Telephone: (914) 428-7100 or (888) MODIMES or (914) 997-4764 TTY / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.modimes.org. $25.00 plus $4.50 shipping and handling. Summary: This information package provides materials for teaching health care professionals about the importance of nutrition during pregnancy. It includes a leader's guide, a participant's guide, and a list of reference materials; it also contains instructional materials such as handouts and slides. The leader's guide suggests ways to prepare for a session, highlights topics to be emphasized, and provides an outline for the session which coordinates the use of the handouts and slides. The participant's guide outlines the objectives and suggests ways to prepare for the session. These materials were revised at the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health with support from a grant from the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation.

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Nutrition screening, assessment, and guidance during pregnancy: An educational module for health care professionals. (Rev. ed.) Source: White Plains, NY: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. 1994. 99 pp., 1 brochure (27 pp.), 1 brochure (29 pp.). Contact: Available from Fulfillment Center, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605. Telephone: (914) 428-7100 or (888) MODIMES or (914) 997-4764 TTY / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.modimes.org. $25.00 plus $4.50 shipping and handling. Summary: This information package contains materials needed in an educational module for health care professionals on nutrition assessment, nutrition screening, and counseling during pregnancy. It contains a leader's guide, a participant's guide, reference materials which contain a bibliography and selected readings, and provides instructional materials which include originals for making transparencies, handouts, and two brochures. The leader's guide provides an overview of the session, suggests ways to prepare for the session, and includes an outline indicating how to use the instructional materials during the session. The participant's guide presents the objectives

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of the session and suggests steps to take to prepare for it. These materials were revised at the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health with support from a grant from the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. •

Children's nutrition: Balancing the messages Source: San Mateo, CA: Dole Food Company. 1993. 12 items. Contact: Available from Dole Food Company, 155 Bovet, Suite 476, San Mateo, CA 94402. Summary: This information packet contains various material on a children's nutrition education CD-ROM for third graders entitled 5 A Day Adventures, which includes a fact sheet, some promotional material, and the nutrition section from the report on the Healthy People 2000 Initiative. It focuses on teaching students to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day.

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Kids make the nutritional grade Source: Washington, DC: International Food Information Council. 1992. 7 pp. Contact: Available from International Food Information Council, 1100 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036. Telephone: (202) 296-6540 / fax: (202) 296-6547 / e-mail: food [email protected] / Web site: http://ificinfo.health.org. Limited quantities available at no charge. Also available for loan from Librarian, National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000 15th Street North, Suite 701, Arlington, VA 22201-2617. Telephone: (703) 524-7802 / fax (703) 524-9335 / email: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ncemch.org. Summary: This information kit summarizes the results of a survey called 'Kids Make the Nutritional Grade,' which was conducted by YOUTH Research, a firm that specializes in surveying children. This survey was conducted in June 1992 with four hundred children who were personally interviewed in five locations across the nation. Survey results are presented in four press releases called 'Kids Make the Nutritional Grade;' 'Parents Set the Menu, Kids Set the Table;' 'Learning the ABCs of Nutrition;' and 'Kids Get Up and Go - Not!' A copy of the brochure/poster, '10 Tips to Healthy Eating for Kids,' and a press release describing it are also included. The complete survey is available from IFIC for $75.00.

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N-Squared Computing. The Power of Good Nutrition Nutritionist IV Diet Analysis, Nutritionist IV Food Labeling, Auto-Nutritionist IV for Windows Version 4.0 Source: San Bruno, CA: The Hearst Corporation, 1995. Contact: The Hearst Corporation, 1111 Bayhill Drive, San Bruno, CA 94066. (800) 6333453, (415) 588-5454. Summary: This information packet introduces a system of software products for analyzing diet and providing nutrition evaluation for private practices and nutrition consultants. A fact sheet describes each of the software packages: Nutritionist IV Diet Analysis, Auto-Nutritionist IV, and Nutritionist IV Food Labeling. A customer list is also included.

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Nutrition and Weight Maintenance Contact: Project Inform, HIV Treatment Hotline, 205 13th St Ste 2001, San Francisco, CA, 94103, (415) 558-8669, http://www.projectinform.org.

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Summary: This fact sheet provides information concerning nutrition and weight management for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nutrition and exercise should be evaluated early in the treatment process. When weight loss occurs, the cause should be identified and treatment should begin immediately. It advises the readers to consider using nutritional and vitamin supplements, and provides information about safe food preparation for persons with HIV/AIDS. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of nutrition and weight maintenance supplements. It also examines the nutritional concerns of women with HIV/AIDS. The fact sheet outlines how to overcome nutritional problems experienced by persons with HIV/AIDS. •

HIV/AIDS Nutritional Checklist Contact: Abbott Laboratories/US, Ross Laboratories, 625 Cleveland Ave, Columbus, OH, 43215, (614) 227-3333. Summary: This fact sheet identifies warning signs of poor nutritional health. It uses a checklist format to calculate a nutritional score, evaluate that score, and recommend action based on the information provided. The fact sheet also advertises a specialized, complete nutrition formula especially developed to meet the needs of people with HIV/AIDS.

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But Why Is Nutrition & Exercise So Important, Clift? Contact: AIDS Library, 1233 Locust St 5th Fl, Philadelphia, PA, 19107-5400, (215) 9854851, http://www.aidslibrary.org. Summary: This fact sheet urges the public to get their facts straight about AIDS by contacting the AIDS Library of Philadelphia for information. The front of the sheet presents the address of the library, and a line drawing depicts a young man on the phone, saying: "But why is nutrition and exercise so important, Clift?" The back of the sheet describes the AIDS Library's collection of AIDS-related books, tapes, periodicals, and on-line databases. The address and hours of the library are included.

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Information on Nutrition for People With HIV Infection/AIDS Contact: AIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts, 131 Clarendon St, Boston, MA, 02116, (617) 450-1316, http://www.aac.org. Summary: This fact sheet gives nutritional guidelines for persons with HIV infection. It recommends a generally healthy diet, and gives specific suggestions for Persons with AIDS (PWAs) that will help them keep their weight up or deal with problems such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and oral thrush.

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Nutrition HIV Contact: Planned Parenthood of Central Washington, Walla Walla Clinic, 828 S First St, Walla Walla, WA, 99362, (509) 529-3570, http://www.ppcentwa.org. Summary: This fact sheet gives tips on handling food to prevent contamination and possible foodborne illnesses. It says that persons with impaired immune systems (which includes persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection) are particularly susceptible to these illnesses.

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Common Nutritional Problems Contact: AIDS Services of Austin, PO Box 4874, Austin, TX, 78765-9836, (512) 458-2437, http://www.asaustin.org. Summary: This fact sheet briefly discusses some of the nutritional problems associated with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These include weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, and lactose intolerance. A shopping list of staple foods and suggestions on vitamin intake are provided.

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AIDS and Nutrition, for a Person With AIDS: Recipes and Tips... When Eating Is a Chore Contact: AIDS Prevention Project, City of Toronto, Department of Public Health, City Hall 7th Fl, E Tower 100 Queen St, Toronto, (800) 668-2437. Summary: This fact sheet provides recipes and guidelines on preparing nutritional supplements as part of a strategy to treat Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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Lupus Guide Patient Information Handouts: Nutrition and Lupus Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1998. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675. (877) 226-4267 or (301) 495-4484. Fax (301) 718-6366. TTY (301) 565-2966. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niams.nih.gov. PRICE: Available only as part of a package of patient information sheets; single copy of package free. Order Number: AR-205. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have systemic lupus erythematosus and the patient care team with information about the role of good nutrition in treating lupus. Good nutrition has an important role in the overall treatment plan. Although there are no specific dietary guidelines for people with lupus, they should be aware of such issues as weight loss or poor appetite, weight gain, and gastrointestinal problems associated with medications. In addition to discussing these issues, the fact sheet explains the role of diet in various conditions, including osteoporosis, steroid-induced diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. The fact sheet also includes space for making additional notes.

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50 Top Nutrition Tips Source: Nursing96. 26(7): 55-56. July 1996. Summary: This fact sheet, designed to be duplicated and distributed by health care providers to their patients, provides 50 tips for improving nutrition and reducing the risk of developing cancer or heart disease. The suggestions are in three categories: eating more fruits, vegetables, and grains; substituting for fat; and living healthy. Topics include ways to incorporate more fruits and vegetables into the diet; eating a variety of grains; adding fiber to the diet; using seasonings; reducing the fat content of favorite recipes; using low-fat versions of dairy foods; bringing healthy eating to one's favorite restaurants; quick meal ideas; preventing foodborne illness; and reading nutrition labels on food items.

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Nutrition Practice Guidelines for Dysphagia Source: Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 1996. 19 p. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606. (800) 877-1600 or (312) 899-0040. Fax (312) 899-4899. PRICE: $9.95 for members, $11.50 for nonmembers. Summary: This publication provides Nutrition Guidelines for Practice for Dysphagia developed by the Dietetics in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation dietetic practice group. The group recognized the importance of aggressive nutrition intervention to maximize positive outcomes for patients with dysphagia, then developed and field tested the Guidelines for Practice outlined in the publication. The authors emphasize that the team approach, including the coordinated efforts of the dysphagia therapist, registered dietitian (RD), nurse, and physician, is particularly important in managing dysphagia. The ability of a patient with dysphagia to safely meet nutrient needs lies on a continuum between nothing by mouth (NPO) and total oral feedings. The guidelines address the challenges of oral and enteral feedings, and the critical transition between these two modalities. Nutrition assessment and planning, dysphagia diets, discharge planning, and patient and caregiver education are also addressed. The authors provide a field test synopsis that includes the field test objects, field test sites and design, and results. 2 tables. 10 references. (AA-M).

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Parenteral Nutrition Source: in Kerestes-Smith, J. Chua, G. Sullivan, K. Guidelines for Nutritional Care. Ann Arbor, MI: Food and Nutrition Services, University of Michigan Medical Center. 1995. Chapter 25, p. 25.1-25.5. Contact: Available from Guidelines for Nutritional Care. Food and Nutrition Services, 2C227-0056, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0056. (313) 936-5199. Fax (313) 936-5195. PRICE: $79.00 including shipping and handling (as of 1996). ISBN: 0964799405. Summary: This chapter, from a manual that outlines the impact of nutrition on promoting health and in preventing and treating disease, provides a general overview of parenteral nutrition (PN). Included are sections detailing indications for use, contraindications, a description of the diet including a brief physiological and/or biochemical rationale, guidelines for nutritional management, nutrient adequacy, ordering procedures, and references for both the health care providers and the layperson. 12 references.

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What is Enteral Nutrition? Source: Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 8630 Fenton Street, Suite 412. Silver Spring, MD 20910-3805. (800) 220-3499 or (301) 587-3323. PRICE: Single copy free or $35 for 50 copies. Summary: This brochure presents basic information about tube feeding (enteral nutrition). Written in a question-and-answer format, the brochure reviews the technique of enteral nutrition; describes how tube feeding is supplied; and discusses the use of tube feeding in different patient populations. One diagram provides a simple illustration of the gastrointestinal system, a nasogastric tube, a gastrostomy, and a

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jejunostomy. The brochure includes information about the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). 3 figures. •

Nutrition: A Lifelong Concern Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Aging. 1991. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Institute on Aging (NIA) Information Center. P.O. Box 8057, Gaithersburg, MD 20898-8057. (800) 222-2225 or (301) 495-3450. Fax (301) 589-3014. TTY (800) 222-4225. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: This Age Page discusses nutrition and a well balanced diet for people who are older. It describes the special needs of older people in regard to protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals, and the kinds of foods that provide them. A final section discusses the importance of fiber in the diet.

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Nutritional Guidelines for Women with Gestational Diabetes Source: Clinical Diabetes. 17(4): 177. 1999. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article provides nutritional guidelines for women who have gestational diabetes. Guidelines include eating three meals and three snacks per day, omitting foods high in sugar and concentrated sweets, eating whole pieces of fruit instead of drinking fruit juices, spreading carbohydrates out throughout the day, eating foods high in fiber and low in fat, limiting foods from fast food restaurants, and gaining at least 1/2 pound per week.

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Nutrition Place Mat for Diabetes Source: Sammamish, WA: Tabletop Nutrition, LLC. 1999. (information packet). Contact: Available from Tabletop Nutrition, LLC. 704 228th Avenue, NE, Suite 352, Sammamish, WA 98074. (425) 898-9431. Fax (425) 898-9431. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.tabletopnutrition.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This double sided laminated place mat and its accompanying materials provide practical, user friendly nutrition and diabetes information for diabetes practitioners and their clients. The place mat, which was created to be used as an actual place mat for the table, can be used to teach diabetes nutrition, the plate method for meal planning, weight loss portion control, and a program for increasing servings of fruits and vegetables. The plate side of the nutrition place mat includes yellow areas that depict carbohydrate calories available to the person who has diabetes. The plate method shows one carbohydrate choice from the fruit group, one serving each of the starch and bread group and the more carbohydrates group, and one serving from the milk group. The food list side of the place mat presents carbohydrates in a yellow area, vegetables in a green area, meats and meat substitutes in a red area, fats in a blue area, and free foods in a pink area. This side of the mat also offers suggestions for healthy meal planning. Accompanying materials include a dry erase marker; an eraser cloth; and copy ready handouts, meal plans, and instructions.

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Diabetes and Nutrition Source: American Family Physician. 60(2): 654. August 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have diabetes with information on the role of nutrition in diabetes management. People who have diabetes need to understand how food affects their blood sugar level. In general, people who have diabetes can have up to 60 grams of carbohydrate foods at each meal, one choice of protein, and a certain amount of fat. The article provides tips for selecting carbohydrates, protein, and fat; comments on the consumption of sugar; and discusses blood glucose monitoring and the symptoms and treatment of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.

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Nutrition Guide for People with Diabetes Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $11.95 for package of 50; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This nutrition guide provides people who have diabetes with information on creating an individualized food plan. People who have diabetes, like everyone, should focus on eating less fat, fewer sugary foods, and a variety of fresh fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and fish. A food plan should provide enough calories to maintain a healthy weight. For people who have type 1 diabetes, a food plan should help them keep their blood glucose level as near to normal as possible and to prevent or treat very low blood glucose. For people who have type 2 diabetes, a food plan should help them control their blood glucose levels and attain better blood fat levels, more normal blood pressure, and a healthy weight. A modest weight loss of 10 to 20 pounds can help improve blood glucose and blood fat levels and lower blood pressure. The best way to lose weight is to eat fewer calories and to increase activity level. The guide presents daily guidelines for protein, fat, carbohydrate, and alcohol consumption. The guide recommends that people work with a registered dietitian to create a food plan and know their health goals to make their meal plan a success.

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Diabetes Nutrition Care Summary Source: West Hills, CA: Nutrition Prescriptives. 1997. 1 p. Contact: Available from Nutrition Prescriptives. P.O. Box 4417, West Hills, CA 91308. (818) 347-4760. Fax (818) 992-4319. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $9.00 per photocopyable master copy. Summary: This copier-ready, interactive counseling tool is designed to help health care professionals educate patients about diabetes self-care. The fact sheet provides a place to record individualized instructions for insulin injections, meal and snack timing, carbohydrate ranges, sick days, and exercise. The fact sheet includes several computergenerated illustrations and is printed on durable stock. Purchase of a master fact sheet includes a non-transferable license to make copies for patients. (AA-M).

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Diabetes Nutrition Principles. [Principios de Nutricion para Diabetes] Source: West Hills, CA: Nutrition Prescriptives. 1997. 1 p. Contact: Available from Nutrition Prescriptives. P.O. Box 4417, West Hills, CA 91308. (818) 347-4760. Fax (818) 992-4319. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $10.00. Summary: This copier-ready, interactive counseling tool is designed to help health care professionals educate patients about diabetes nutrition techniques to help control blood glucose levels. The fact sheet provides an action plan for combining food groups, eating the right amount of carbohydrates, eating at regular times, observing blood glucose patterns, reaching a healthy weight, and avoiding foods high in saturated fats. Space is provided for patients to personalize the suggestions given. The fact sheet includes several computer-generated illustrations and is printed on durable stock. Purchase of a master fact sheet includes a non-transferable license to make copies for patients. The fact sheet is available in English or Spanish. (AA-M).

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Hypertension Nutrition Recommendations Source: West Hills, CA: Nutrition Prescriptives. 1997. 1 p. Contact: Available from Nutrition Prescriptives. P.O. Box 4417, West Hills, CA 91308. (818) 347-4760. Fax (818) 992-4319. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $10.00. Summary: This copier-ready, interactive counseling tool is designed to help health care professionals educate patients about the relationship between nutrition and hypertension. The fact sheet provides an action plan for reducing sodium intake, reaching and maintaining a reasonable body weight, drinking less alcohol, choosing foods rich in potassium and calcium, and exercising regularly. Space is provided for patients to personalize the suggestions given. The fact sheet includes several computergenerated illustrations and is printed on durable stock. Purchase of a master fact sheet includes a non-transferable license to make copies for patients. (AA-M).

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Living with Diabetes: Balance Your Blood Glucose with Good Nutrition, Exercise, and Medication Source: Washington, DC: Egg Nutrition Center. 1997. 2 p. Contact: Available from Egg Nutrition Center. 1819 H Street, NW, Suite 520, Washington, DC 20006. (202) 833-8850. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.enconline.org. Summary: This fact sheet focuses on the use of diet, exercise, and medication to effectively treat diabetes. It explains that diabetes is a disease in which the body cannot control blood glucose either because it does not produce any or enough insulin or because it does not properly use the insulin it does produce. The fact sheet discusses the type of diet a person with diabetes should follow. This diet consists of a variety of foods found in the Food Guide Pyramid, with a heavy emphasis on whole grain products, fruits, and vegetables. Foods from meat and diary groups should also be included, and moderate amounts of alcohol and sweets can occasionally be incorporated into a person's dietary plan. Snacks or meals made with eggs can satisfy hunger without adversely increasing blood glucose levels. The fact sheet also examines the importance of exercise and medication in controlling diabetes, identifies its long-term complications, and lists the signs of high and low blood glucose.

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The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “nutrition” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Altered nutritional status Source: American Medical Directors Association - Professional Association; 2001; 32 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3304&nbr=2530&a mp;string=nutrition

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: guidelines for the management of malnutrition and cachexia, chronic diarrhea, and hepatobiliary disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 December (reviewed 2001); 31 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=837&nbr=41& string=nutrition

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: parenteral nutrition Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 May 18; 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3056&nbr=2282&a mp;string=nutrition

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Care of the neonate requiring parenteral nutrition Source: National Association of Neonatal Nurses - Professional Association; 1999; 34 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2144&nbr=1370&a mp;string=nutrition

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Chronic kidney disease (non-dialysis) medical nutrition therapy protocol Source: American Dietetic Association - Professional Association; 2002 May; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3293&nbr=2519&a mp;string=nutrition

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Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure Source: National Kidney Foundation - Disease Specific Society; 2000 June; 121 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2545&nbr=1771&a mp;string=nutrition

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Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications Source: American Diabetes Association - Professional Association; 2001 October (republished 2002 Jan); 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3127&nbr=2353&a mp;string=nutrition

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Hyperlipidemia medical nutrition therapy protocol Source: American Dietetic Association - Professional Association; 2001 June; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3295&nbr=2521&a mp;string=nutrition

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Nutrition practice guidelines for gestational diabetes mellitus Source: American Dietetic Association - Professional Association; 2001 September; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3294&nbr=2520&a mp;string=nutrition

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Nutritional strategies efficacious in the prevention or treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) Source: Nutrition Screening Initiative - Professional Association; 1998; 16 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1418&nbr=591&am p;string=nutrition

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Nutritional strategies efficacious in the prevention or treatment of hypertension Source: Nutrition Screening Initiative - Professional Association; 1998; 15 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1417&nbr=590&am p;string=nutrition

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Practice management guidelines for nutritional support of the trauma patient Source: Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma - Professional Association; 2001; 112 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2961&nbr=2187&a mp;string=nutrition

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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

A.S.P.E.N. Journals Summary: Descriptions, abstracts and subscription information for the Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (JPEN) and Nutrition in Clinical Practice (NCP). Source: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4202

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About Web Site Ratings - The Nutrition Navigator Summary: Details of Tufts University Nutrition Navigator's criteria for evaluating websites. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2504

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Active Aging: A Lifetime of Good Health - Publications for Older Consumers Summary: FDA has a wide range of publications with important health information for older adults, ranging from nutrition and choosing medical treatments to some common chronic diseases. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3721

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Alaska Traditional Knowledge and Native Foods Database Summary: This database provides the nutrition value of native foods. Source: Alaska Native Science Commission http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6779

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American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Summary: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is the official Journal of the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Source: American Society for Clinical Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1334

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Ask NOAH About: Nutrition Summary: Also available In: Source: NOAH: New York Online Access to Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3354

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Better Nutrition for Mature Adults Summary: Also available In: Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7580

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Breast Milk or Formula: Making the Right Choice for Your Baby Summary: This online consumer health advisory is designed to assist new mothers in making the right nutrition choice for their babies. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2095

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CDC Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States Summary: Data and recommendations intended for primary health care providers to prevent and control iron deficiency -- the most common nutritional deficiency. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5239

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Child Care Nutrition Resource System Summary: The mission of the Child Care Nutrition Resource System is to provide resources, recipes, and information on preparing nutritious meals as well as food safety to those who participate in the USDA's Source: National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6711

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Child Nutrition Home Page Summary: This page provides links to information about the National School Lunch Program, the School Breakfast Program, the Special Milk Program, and the Summer Food Service Program. Source: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7146

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Childhood and Adolescent Nutrition: Why Milk Matters Now for Children and Teens Summary: This fact sheet focuses on the importance of including milk in the diet of adolescents -- more specifically, teenaged girls -- to build strong bones. Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3782

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Consumer Advice on Food and Illness Summary: This page provide links to information on the relationship between food and nutrition and a wide range of health conditions and illnesses. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=300

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Consumer Corner--Food and Nutrition Information Center Summary: Developed by the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, Consumer Corner is for members of the public and professionals who work with them. Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6452

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Consumer.gov: Food Summary: From this page users can link to Food and Drug Administration fact sheets, policy, and regulations on fish, fruits and vegetables, meat and poultry, nutrition, product recalls, and safety. Source: General Government Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1840

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Delicious Decisions -- American Heart Association's Nutrition Web Site Summary: The information on this web site is designed to show you how to enjoy delicious meals and have the benefit of good nutrition all at the same time. Source: American Heart Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3894

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Diabetes - Food & Nutrition Summary: Also available In: Source: New South Wales Multicultural Health Communication Service http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7482

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Eat Smart. Play Hard. Summary: EAT SMART. PLAY HARD.TM is a national nutrition education and promotion campaign. Source: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7147

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Eating Right the Girl Power! Way Summary: Girls learn about good nutrition, choosing healthy foods and using food labels to make smart snack choices. Dieting advice and word games are included. Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5801

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Elderly Nutrition Program Summary: The Administration on Aging’s (AoA) Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) provides grants to support nutrition services to older people throughout the country. Source: U.S. Administration on Aging, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3873

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Examples of Revised Nutrition Facts Panel Listing Trans Fat Summary: On July 11, 2003 FDA published a final rule requiring manufacturers to list trans fatty acids, or trans fat, on the Nutrition Facts panel of conventional foods and some dietary supplements (Food Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7624

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Family Nutrition Summary: Healthy nutrition is not just about diet. Here are some things you should know about what makes a balanced diet. Source: Native Hawaiian Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7401

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FAQ - About Food, Nutrition, and Cosmetics Summary: This site contains over 100 food safety, nutrition and cosmetic questions that consumers frequently ask. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=549

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FAQ - About the Child Nutrition Programs Summary: Answers to frequently asked questions regarding USDA food and nutrition programs. Source: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4989

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FDA Acts to Provide Better Information to Consumers on Trans Fats Summary: The Food and Drug Administration has published a final rule requiring manufacturers to list trans fatty acids, or trans fat, on the Nutrition Facts panel of conventional foods and some dietary Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7625

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FDA Information for Older People Summary: FDA has numerous articles, brochures and other publications with information for older people on a wide range of health issues, including arthritis, cancer, health fraud, and nutrition. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2109

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Federal/State Food Programs (FDA Prime Connection References) Summary: FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition provides information about retail food protection, milk safety, and seafood safety. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1229

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Feed the Monster Summary: Kids, play this game and see how much you know about nutrition and eating smart so you can grow up strong and healthy. Source: National Dairy Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5761

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Food & Nutrition Publications Summary: A list of publications about food and nutrition available online and from the Consumer Information Center (CIC), U.S. Source: Federal Citizen Information Center, U.S. General Services Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=817

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Food and Cosmetic International / Foreign Language Documents - U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Summary: Selected documents from the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition are available in the following languages: English, Russian, Spanish, and French Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=614

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Food and Nutrition Information Center Databases Summary: This page enables users to search FNIC databases simultaneously (except FSRIO and IBIDS). Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6889

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Food and Nutrition Information Center Resource Lists Summary: Food and Nutrition Information Center resource lists are subject-specific bibliographies for consumers and professionals. Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6890

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Food and Nutrition Information Center: Food and Nutrition Topics from A to Z Summary: This page links to information on a variety of food and nutrition topics arranged alphabetically. Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6888

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Food and Nutrition Research Information: Alaska Native Science Commission Summary: This page links to food and nutrition research projects specific to Alaska Native and American Indian populations. Source: Alaska Native Science Commission http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6896

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Food Guide Pyramid Summary: Take a tour of the Food Guide Pyramid, learn about the five food groups and nutrition that keeps you healthy and strong! Source: National Dairy Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5764

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Food Guide Pyramid for Young Children: A Daily Guide for 2 to 6 Year Olds Summary: This food and nutrition guide presents a fun way for 2 to 6 year olds to learn about how good nutrition and daily physically active will help them grow up strong and healthy. Source: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5596

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Food Labeling and Nutrition Summary: These FDA Food Labeling web pages address the labeling requirements for foods under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act and its amendments. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=307

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Food Safety and Nutrition Information Summary: This online site presents information on child and adolescent nutrition, food additives, pesticides, food labeling, sweeteners, and other food and food safety issues. Source: International Food Information Council Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=860

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Food Stamp Nutrition Connection Summary: healthfinder® — your guide to reliable health information health library just for you health care organizations search: go help | about healthfinder® Food Stamp Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6561

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Glossary of Food-Related Terms Summary: This glossary defines some basic and scientific terms associated with food and nutrition. Source: International Food Information Council Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1995

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Good Nutrition – Kids’ Recipes Summary: This web site offers easy recipes for nutritious meals that kids can make and a link to a kids' contest page where young people can enter to win the American Heart Association Kids’ Cookbook and learn Source: Nonprofit/Professional Entity--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5534

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Growing Older, Eating Better Summary: This article reviews the importance of good nutrition, reasons older people often eat poorly, and government-funded food programs that are designed to provide solutions. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=534

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Guidance on How to Understand and Use the Nutrition Facts Panel on Food Labels Summary: Also available In: Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7533

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healthfinder® just for you: Hispanics Summary: healthfinder®'s just for you: Hispanics section features topics such as diabetes, domestic violence, and nutrition. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7022

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HealthierUS.gov Summary: The President's HealthierUS initiative focuses on physical fitness, prevention, nutrition, and risk avoidance, and it is a source of credible, accurate information to help Americans choose to live Source: White House http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6693

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Healthy Living Tips Summary: This consumer health information brochure provides basic prevention measures an individual can adopt to stay healthy. Discusses diet and nutrition, annual physical exams and more. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2311

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Healthy School Meals Resource System Summary: The mission of the Healthy School Meals Resource System (HSMRS) is to provide access to resources and training materials for child nutrition personnel, to facilitate dissemination of pertinent Source: National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6710

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Human Growth Disorders Summary: This site includes information on nutrition related growth disorders, human growth hormone deficiencies, and diseases that affect human growth, such as Russell Silver Syndrome. Source: Human Growth Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2577

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Information about Cancer Summary: Information from the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA for female cancer patients. Includes healthy food choices, cosmetic suggestions and links to other resources. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1325

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Information about Dietary Supplements Summary: Current news items, advisories and information about dietary supplements from the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition and FDA. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1050

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Information about Nutrition Summary: This web site provides links to nutrition information provided by CFSAN, other Federal government agencies and non-government agencies. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3628

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Information for Women on Food Safety, Nutrition and Cosmetics Summary: This Web site presents information on women's health by categories -women who are pregnant, adolescents, working women, the elderly, women with infants, toddlers and pre-school children. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=311

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Journal of Nutrition Summary: The Journal of Nutrition has as its goal the publication of papers based on original nutrition research in humans and other animal species. Source: American Society for Nutritional Sciences http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7149

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•

JPEN Abstracts Summary: Visit this site to review abstracts from the Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (JPEN) beginning with the November-December 1996 issue. Source: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3831

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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Summary: A survey report containing nutrition monitoring data that are used for food fortification policy, establishing dietary guidelines, and assessing government programs and initiatives. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4558

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Native American Nutrition Education Database Summary: Search by keyword or by nutrition topics for information on Native American nutrition. Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7464

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New OTC Drug Facts Label Summary: Patterned after the Nutrition Facts food label, the new Drug Facts label uses simple language and an easy-to-read format to help people compare and select OTC medicines and follow dosage instructions. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4775

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News and Press Releases - Agriculture, Food Safety, Nutrition Programs, USDA Summary: Visit this site for current press releases, advisories and announcements relative to the services and programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1874

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News Page - Food and Nutrition Service/USDA Summary: This page provides visitors with current news, events and announcements related to the programs and services of this division of the U.S. Department Agriculture. Source: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2037

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•

Nutrition and Wellness Information for American Indian/Alaska Native Women Summary: This brief fact sheet describes how nutrition and wellness affect minority women. Source: National Women's Health Information Center, U.S. Public Health Service's Office on Women's Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6938

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Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans Summary: The Dietary Guidelines provide easily understood, science-based information on how Americans can choose diets that promote good health. Source: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=373

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Nutrition Assistance Programs Summary: Links to information on Federal nutrition assistance programs -- WIC, food stamps, school nutrition, food distribution -- administered by the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). Source: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4593

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Nutrition During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Summary: An online bibliography of print materials focusing on nutrition during the pregnancy and breast feeding phase. Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4834

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Nutrition Education Materials for Schools Summary: This Web page includes nutrition programs and curricula for both elementary and middle school children. Source: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6412

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Nutrition Explorations: The Fun and Easy Way to Teach Nutrition Summary: This interactive web site was developed by National Dairy Council® for use by nutrition educators, parents and children to teach children about nutritious food and a healthy diet. Source: National Dairy Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4980

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Nutrition Insights from the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion Summary: Links to food and nutrition-related reports and advisories issued intermittently by the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. These are mostly Adobe Acrobat PDF files available for downloading. Source: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4594

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Nutrition Navigator - Tufts University Summary: The Tufts University Nutrition Navigator is designed to help you sort through the large volume of nutrition information on the Internet and find accurate, useful nutrition information you can trust. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1329

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Nutrition.gov Summary: A federal resource that provides easy access to all online federal government information on nutrition -- including healthy eating and food safety. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5958

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On the Teen Scene Summary: FDA Consumer magazine periodically runs articles with important health information for teenagers, ranging from nutrition and sun safety to eating disorders and attention deficit disorder. Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1282

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Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Research Programs Summary: This web site provides information about research programs supported by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Source: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3832

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Physical Activity and Good Nutrition: Essential Elements for Good Health Summary: This report discusses physical inactivity and unhealthy eating as major health risk behaviors with critical impact on health, and CDC's programs that pursue changes to the community environment and Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2937

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Physical Activity and Nutrition: Administration on Aging Summary: Inactivity often increases with age. Surveys show that by age 75, one-in-three men and one-in-two women are not physically active. Source: U.S. Administration on Aging, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=438

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Powerful Bones, Powerful Girls: The National Bone Health Campaign Summary: This bone health campaign for girls features tips on nutrition and exercise. Girls have fun playing quizzes and games as they learn about how to keep their bones strong. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6362

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Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS): Executive Summary Summary: This report covers behavioral and nutritional risk factors for pregnant women participating in public health programs. The document is available for viewing online or downloading in PDF format. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5238

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Questions and Answers about Trans Fat Nutrition Labeling Summary: Answers are provided to questions consumers may have about fat, trans fatty acid (trans fat) and cholesterol. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7626

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Retirement and Financial Planning: Online Resources Summary: Annotated directory of on-line resources links users to information on retirement and financial planning and other useful resources, including news, weather, tax, and nutrition information. Source: U.S. Administration on Aging, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=435

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School Health Index for Physical Activity and Healthy Eating: A Self-Assessment and Planning Guide Summary: School Health Index is a tool designed to assist schools to: identify the strengths and weaknesses of their physical activity and nutrition policies and programs; develop an action plan for improving Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5236

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Team Nutrition Resources Summary: This Web site contains nutrition resources for students and teachers. Topics include the food guide pyramid and healthy eating at home and at school. Source: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3311

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Test Your Food Label Knowledge! Summary: Test how well you read food labels for nutrition facts. Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7534

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Today's Special: Nutrition Information Summary: This article addresses the accuracy of the labels Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3574

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Using the Food Guide Pyramid for Young Children 2 to 6 Years Old Summary: This new Pyramid for children ages 2 to 6 years old is meant to help parents start their children off on the right track nutritionally and is based on actual eating patterns of young children. Source: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4597

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Vegetarian Nutrition Resource List Summary: This publication is a compilation of resources on vegetarian nutrition for the consumer. Source: Food and Nutrition Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7251

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•

Vietnamese Community Health Promotion Project Archives Summary: These booklets in Vietnamese provide information on cervical cancer, hepatitis B, breast cancer, smoking, and nutrition. Source: Vietnamese Community Health Promotion Project http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7416

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Why Am I Constipated? Summary: This easy-to-read consumer health information booklet contains basic information about the causes of constipation and provides nutrition advice for alleviating the problem. Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2697

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Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Summary: The WIC Program mission is to safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutritional risk by providing nutritious foods to supplement diets, information on Source: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7148

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www.4girls.gov Summary: This site, part of HHS' National Women's Health Information Center, provides girls ages 10-16 with information on fitness, nutrition, stress management, relationships with friends and family, peer Source: National Women's Health Information Center, U.S. Public Health Service's Office on Women's Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6913

•

YMCA Strong Families Zone Summary: Welcome to the YMCA Strong Families Zone, your source for sound tips and expert advice on the subjects that matter to you and your family: child care, exercise, nutrition, youth development and more. Source: YMCA of the USA http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7664 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to nutrition. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not

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organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Nutrition The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to nutrition: •

Ambulatory Pediatric Association Telephone: (703) 556-9222 Fax: (703) 556-8729 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ambpeds.org/ Background: The Ambulatory Pediatric Association (APA) is a professional medical association dedicated to improving the teaching of general pediatrics, improving services in general pediatrics, and affecting public and government opinion regarding issues vital to teaching, research, and patient care in general pediatrics. The Association has also developed a web site entitled 'APA Online' that is dedicated to extending the research of the APA to a worldwide audience via the Internet. The Ambulatory Pediatric Association was founded in 1960 and currently consists of approximately 1,500 members. To fulfill its mission and goals, the Association has standing committees on education, research, health care delivery, and public policy and offers a variety of special interest groups on such interests as adolescence, advocacy training, AIDS/HIV, behavioral pediatrics, child abuse, complementary and alternative pediatrics, emergency medicine, injury control, international health, managed care, medical informatics, medical student education, nutrition, pediatrics for family practice, school and community health, and serving the underserved. The Ambulatory Pediatric Association's activities include providing recognition through several awards, such as the APA Health Care Delivery Award, Research Award, Teaching Award,

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Distinguished Career Award, and International Health Award; offering APA-NET, an electronic bulletin board that enables members to communicate about shared concerns via the Internet; and publishing the 'Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association.' The principal purposes of the Journal are to provide a forum for the publication of general pediatric materials, further define the field of academic general pediatrics, and strengthen the field's research and educational base. The Journal's content areas reflect the general interests of Association members as viewed from the topic areas of the Association's special interest groups, including such diverse topics as emergency medicine, behavioral pediatrics, international pediatrics, abuse, education, day care, holistic medicine, child health services, injury, and the environment. The Journal publishes research studies in primary care, general pediatrics, and child/adolescent health services; systematic reviews of primary care and general pediatric topics; studies and descriptions of educational interventions; educational symposia and methodologic papers; products of the Association's committees, special interest groups, and board; and APA policy statements. •

American Kidney Fund, Inc Telephone: (301) 881-3052 Toll-free: (800) 638-8299 Fax: (301) 881-0898 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.akfinc.org Background: The American Kidney Fund, Inc. (AKF) is a national not-for-profit health organization dedicated to providing direct financial aid to dialysis patients, transplant recipients, and donors to help cover the cost of treatment-related expenses. Grants are available to help patients afford the costs of medication, transportation, transient dialysis, and special dietary needs. Established in 1971, the American Kidney Fund promotes and supports research for kidney diseases, kidney donor development, and public and professional education. The American Kidney Fund publishes a newsletter as well as several brochures on kidney diseases, other related disorders, treatments, nutrition, and organ donation. Some selections are written specifically for children. Several brochures are also available in Spanish.

•

Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada Telephone: (416) 920-5035 Toll-free: (800) 387-1479 Fax: (416) 929-0364 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ccfc.ca Background: The Crohn s and Colitis Foundation of Canada (CCFC) is a not-for-profit voluntary health organization dedicated to raising funds for research to determine the cause of and the cure for Crohn s disease and colitis. Crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis, known as inflammatory bowel diseases, are chronic digestive disorders of unknown cause. Crohn s disease may affect any part of the digestive tract and often results in swelling, soreness, and inflammation of layers of the large and/or small intestinal wall. Ulcerative colitis affects the colon (large intestine), causing inflammation of the inner lining and resulting in diarrhea, often mixed with blood, cramping abdominal pain, and other symptoms. Established in 1974, CCFC s mission is to help find the cure for Crohn s disease and ulcerative colitis. The Foundation provides

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educational programs for affected individuals, their families, health professionals, and the general public. In addition, the Foundation provides educational and awareness initiatives through approximately 75 local CCFC volunteer groups and CCFC community education events, featuring leading IBD specialists. The Foundation publishes a brochure series in both French and English. Titles include 'Surgery and Inflammatory Bowel Disease,' 'Nutrition, Diet and Inflammatory Bowel Disease,' 'Medication for Inflammatory Bowel Disease,' 'Sexuality, Fertility, Pregnancy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease,' and 'Living with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.' 'The Journal,' a regularly published newsletter, is also available. •

Heart Foundation of Australia Telephone: 61 2 6269 2631 Fax: 61 2 6282 5877 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.heartfoundation.com.au/ Background: The Heart Foundation of Australia is an independent, not-for-profit organization dedicated to reducing disability and life-threatening complications from heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease and improving the cardiovascular health of Australians. Established in 1959, the Foundation currently has divisional offices in every state and territory in Australia. The Heart Foundation of Australia works to fulfill its mission and objectives by supporting research concerning cardiovascular health and disease as well as offering educational and other programs directed to health professionals, patients, family members, and the general public that will help to promote cardiovascular health. The Foundation supports research programs in major Australian hospitals and universities and establishes links with leading research institutions in the United States and Europe. In addition, the Foundation offers a comprehensive series of publications on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. The Foundation provides such resource materials to affected individuals, family members, physicians, allied health professionals, teachers, employers, community groups, journalists, and the general public. In addition, the Heart Foundation of Australia has a web site on the Internet that discusses its mission, objectives, and services; provides divisional office contact information; and offers access to factsheets on cardiovascular disease, including those entitled 'The Heart,' 'Risk factors for heart disease,' Nutrition and cardiovascular disease,' and 'What is heart disease?'.

•

National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias Telephone: (618) 566-2020 Fax: (618) 566-4718 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.nfed.org Background: The National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias (NFED), which was established in 1981, is a not-for-profit service organization committed to helping people with ectodermal dysplasias (ED) live not only normal lifespans, but also normal lifestyles. Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) are a group of rare inherited multisystem disorders that typically affect the hair, teeth, nails, and/or skin. The foundation provides informational materials and support for families affected by ectodermal dysplasias in the United States and around the world. It also provides medical and

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dental professionals with useful information on early diagnosis and treatment options. NFED maintains a database of health care professionals who have experience in treating people with ectodermal dysplasia. It conducts educational meetings, provides financial assistance to qualified families for medically necessary care, publishes educational materials, and provides a scholarship program and a dental implant program. Current research projects include studies to identify the genes responsible for the various types of ectodermal dysplasia, the mechanisms by which these genes cause the features of ED, cognitive assessments, clinical evaluation of the ear canals and teeth, and a growth and nutrition study. •

Oley Foundation Telephone: (518) 262-5079 Toll-free: (800) 776-6539 Fax: (518) 262-5528 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.oley.org Background: The Oley Foundation is a national non-profit organization dedicated to providing educational and emotional support, outreach activities, and clinical outcome information for individuals who depend on home intravenous (parenteral) and tube (enteral) nutrition, their families, professionals, and others. Individuals who depend on such nutrition include those who cannot receive enough nutrients from the food they eat because of severe gastrointestinal disorders that may impair their swallowing or intestinal absorption. Founded in 1983, the Foundation publishes a bimonthly newsletter entitled 'LifelineLetter' that includes articles contributed by individuals who depend on home nutrition for their survival, their families and caregivers, clinicians, researchers, and homecare services. The Foundation facilitates a national network of regional volunteers who provide emotional support and outreach at the local level. Comprised of individuals who are themselves users of home nutrition and their family members, the network offers services ranging from telephone support and hospital visitation to lectures and self-help get-togethers. The Oley Foundation also sponsors yearly conferences that bring together home nutrition users with experts in the field. Educational materials produced by the Oley Foundation include brochures, audiovisual aids, and information about travel, swimming, and other topics.

•

Second Wind Lung Transplant Association, Inc Toll-free: (888) 222-2690 Fax: (727) 442-9762 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.2ndwind.org Background: Second Wind Lung Transplant Association, Inc. is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to improving the quality of life for lung transplant recipients, lung surgery candidates, people with related pulmonary concerns, and their families. The Association provides support, advocacy, education, information, and guidance through a spirit of service, 'adding years to their lives and life to their years.' Established in 1995 by a group of lung transplant recipients, candidates, and their families, Second Wind has quarterly support group meetings to provide educational programs (e.g., on nutrition, effects of medications and exercise, physical therapy) for both lung transplant candidates and recipients; to share experiences; and to enjoy social activities. In

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addition, the organization provides educational programs; seeks to increase Organ Donor Awareness; and provides a quarterly newsletter entitled 'AirWays' to its members.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to nutrition. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with nutrition. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about nutrition. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “nutrition” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “nutrition”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “nutrition” (or synonyms) into the “For these

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words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “nutrition” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

24

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

25

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 579

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

580 Nutrition

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

581

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on nutrition: •

Basic Guidelines for Nutrition Nutrition and athletic performance Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002458.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Nutrition Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Thirst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003085.htm Weight gain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003084.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm

582 Nutrition

•

Nutrition for Nutrition Caffeine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm Carbohydrate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Complex carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Fats Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Fiber Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002470.htm Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Simple sugars Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Sugars Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Vitamins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002399.htm

•

Background Topics for Nutrition Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Food Guide Pyramid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002093.htm Physical activity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm

Online Glossaries 583

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

585

NUTRITION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it

586 Nutrition

enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Health Services: Organized services to provide health care to adolescents, ages ranging from 13 through 18 years. [NIH] Adolescent Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adult-Onset Diabetes: Former term for noninsulin-dependent or type II diabetes. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the

Dictionary 587

complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-lactalbumin: supplement. [NIH]

A human milk protein which could be used as a nutritional

Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.

588 Nutrition

Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative nutrition: One of two or more host species that may form the food base for a parasite but is not essential for the completion of the latter's life history. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Amylose: An unbranched glucan in starch. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]

Dictionary 589

Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Anthropometric measurements: Measurements of human body height, weight, and size of component parts, including skinfold measurement. Used to study and compare the relative proportions under normal and abnormal conditions. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH]

590 Nutrition

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antrectomy: An operation to remove the upper portion of the stomach, called the antrum. This operation helps reduce the amount of stomach acid. It is used when a person has complications from ulcers. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]

Dictionary 591

Arabidopsis: A genus of flowering plants found in north temperate regions. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-aminoacids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Audition: The sense of hearing. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH]

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Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Autolysis: The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Azotemia: An excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterial Translocation: The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH]

Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Behavioral Symptoms: Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning. [NIH]

Benchmarking: Method of measuring performance against established standards of best practice. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene

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causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Bezoar: A ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach. Bezoars can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biliopancreatic Diversion: A surgical procedure which diverts pancreatobiliary secretions via the duodenum and the jejunum into the colon, the remaining small intestine being anastomosed to the stomach after antrectomy. The procedure produces less diarrhea than does jejunoileal bypass. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioenergy: All forms of energy originating from the transformation of biomasses. [NIH] Biological Sciences: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from biology, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and

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clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH]

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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]

Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Brassica: A large genus of edible, Cruciferous plants including the large species Brassica oleracea. Included are cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprout, kale, and collard green (all are the same species), turnip (B. napa), rutabaga (B. napobrassica), rapeseed (B. napus), and mustard (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra). [NIH] Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH]

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Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Calorimeter: Measures the amounts of heat absorbed or given off by a solid, a liquid, or a gas. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH]

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Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalogs: Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH]

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Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH]

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Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]

Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Child Health Services: Organized services to provide health care for children. [NIH] Child Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 2-12 years. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]

Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs,

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all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: emphysema. [NIH]

Collective term for chronic bronchitis and

Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clodronate: A drug used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). It may decrease pain, the risk of fractures, and the development of new bone metastases. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a

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sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colectomy: An operation to remove the colon. An open colectomy is the removal of the colon through a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy uses a thin, lighted tube attached to a video camera. It allows the surgeon to remove the colon without a large incision. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon:

The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The

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remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colorectal Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH]

Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and

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theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conflict of Interest: A situation in which an individual might benefit personally from official or professional actions. It includes a conflict between a person's private interests and official responsibilities in a position of trust. The term is not restricted to government officials. The concept refers both to actual conflict of interest and the appearance or perception of conflict. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the

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new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cost-benefit: A quantitative technique of economic analysis which, when applied to radiation practice, compares the health detriment from the radiation doses concerned with the cost of radiation dose reduction in that practice. [NIH] C-Reactive Protein: A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH]

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Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of

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consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH]

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Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietetics: The study and regulation of the diet. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the

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extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Ectodermal Dysplasia: A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, focal dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia cutis congenita. [NIH]

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Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of

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a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work.

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Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food

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passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU]

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Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Flour: A flour made of pulverized, dried fish or fish parts. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste.

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[NIH]

Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]

Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Deprivation: The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation. [NIH] Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences. [NIH] Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fraud: Exploitation through misrepresentation of the facts or concealment of the purposes of the exploiter. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or

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suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fructose Intolerance: An autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to deficient fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 2.1.2.13) activity, resulting in accumulation of fructose-1phosphate. The accumulated fructose-1-phosphate inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, causing severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic failure and death. Patients develop a strong distaste for sweet food, and avoid a chronic course of the disease by remaining on a fructose- and sucrose-free diet. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galactosemia: Buildup of galactose in the blood. Caused by lack of one of the enzymes needed to break down galactose into glucose. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Bypass: Surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. The resulting proximal remnant is joined to a loop of the jejunum in an end-to-side anastomosis. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria,

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forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Transit: Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH]

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Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric Assessment: Evaluation of the level of physical, physiological, or mental functioning in the older population group. [NIH] Germ-free: Free of bacteria, disease-causing viruses, and other organisms that can cause infection. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen

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frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Storage Disease: A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosuria: The presence of glucose in the urine; especially the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine, i.e., more than 1 gm. in 24 hours. [EU] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH]

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Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Government Programs: Programs and activities sponsored or administered by local, state, or national governments. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Grasshoppers: Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth Disorders: Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Haemostasis: The arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Harmony: Attribute of a product which gives rise to an overall pleasant sensation. This sensation is produced by the perception of the product components as olfactory, gustatory,

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tactile and kinaesthetic stimuli because they are present in suitable concentration ratios. [NIH]

Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Fairs: Community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Health Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The transference of stem cells from one animal or human to another (allogeneic), or within the same individual (autologous). The source for the stem cells may be the bone marrow or peripheral blood. Stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms. [NIH]

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Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatology: The field of medicine concerned with the functions and disorders of the liver. [NIH]

Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH]

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Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hospice: Institution dedicated to caring for the terminally ill. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human growth hormone: A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which promotes growth of the whole body by stimulating protein synthesis. The human gene has already been cloned and successfully expressed in bacteria. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hymenoptera: An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants. [NIH] Hyperammonemia: blood. [NIH]

Metabolic disorder characterized by elevated level of ammonia in

Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperemesis: Excessive vomiting. [EU] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH]

Dictionary 623

Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity:

Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign

624 Nutrition

microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Infant Food: Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infant Nutrition: Nutrition of children from birth to 2 years of age. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins,

Dictionary 625

intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Information Science: The field of knowledge, theory, and technology dealing with the collection of facts and figures, and the processes and methods involved in their manipulation, storage, dissemination, publication, and retrieval. It includes the fields of communication, publishing, library science and informatics. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis,

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secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Fistula: Abnormal passage communicating with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]

Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH]

Dictionary 627

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. [NIH] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Jejunoileal Bypass: A surgical procedure consisting of the anastomosis of the proximal part of the jejunum to the distal portion of the ileum, so as to bypass the nutrient-absorptive segment of the small intestine, to treat morbid obesity. [NIH] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels

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under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: another. [NIH]

The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to

Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactoperoxidase: An enzyme derived from cow's milk. It catalyzes the radioiodination of tyrosine and its derivatives and of peptides containing tyrosine. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]

Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH]

Dictionary 629

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH] Lithiasis: A condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Living will: A health care directive that tells others how a person would like to be treated if they lose their capacity to make decisions about health care; it contains instructions about the person's choices of medical treatment and it is prepared in advance. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Loc: A brain region associated with object recognition. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different

630 Nutrition

degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and

Dictionary 631

spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Informatics: The field of information science concerned with the analysis and dissemination of medical data through the application of computers to various aspects of health care and medicine. [NIH] Medical Records: illnesses. [NIH]

Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or

Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicine, Herbal: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: anaemia. [EU]

A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious

Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the

632 Nutrition

layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Meteorism: Tympanites; the presence of gas in the abdomen or intestine. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH]

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Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH]

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Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucopolysaccharidoses: Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter Studies: Controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple Organ Failure: A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be

Dictionary 635

necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematoda: A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal Screening: The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]

Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light

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hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; conducted every 10 years by the National Center for Health Statistics to survey the dietary habits and health of U.S. residents. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Nutrition Assessment: Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment. [NIH] Nutrition Policy: Governmental guidelines and objectives pertaining to public food supply and nutrition including recommendations for healthy diet and changes in food habits to ensure healthy diet. [NIH] Nutrition Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. Data from these surveys are used in preparing nutrition assessments. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the

Dictionary 637

diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncorhynchus: A genus of the family Salmonidae (salmons and trouts). They are named for their hooked (onco) nose (rhynchus). They are usually anadromous and occasionally inhabit freshwater. They can be found in North Pacific coastal areas from Japan to California and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean. Salmon and trout are popular game and food fish. Various species figure heavily in genetic, metabolism, and hormone research. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthomolecular Therapy: The use of very large doses of vitamins or other naturally occurring substances normally present in the body, frequently for the treatment of mental

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disorders. [NIH] Orthoptera: An order of insects comprising two suborders: Caelifera and Ensifera. They consist of grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (Gryllidae). [NIH] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ostomy: Surgical construction of an artificial opening (stoma) for external fistulization of a duct or vessel by insertion of a tube with or without a supportive stent. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or

Dictionary 639

concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH]

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Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologist: A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Team: Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. [NIH] Pentosephosphate Pathway: A pathway of hexose oxidation in which glucose-6-phosphate undergoes two successive oxidations by NADP, the final one being an oxidative decarboxylation to form a pentose phosphate. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Performance status: A measure of how well a patient is able to perform ordinary tasks and carry out daily activities. [NIH]

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Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH]

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Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plant Physiology: Physiological functions characteristic of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH]

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Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Population Characteristics: Qualities and characterization of various types of populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status, and socioeconomic factors. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the

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liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Period: The period following a surgical operation. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU]

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Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation

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by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]

Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease

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and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays,

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gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recessive gene: A gene that is phenotypically expressed only when homozygous. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH]

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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Osteodystrophy: Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Response rate: treatment. [NIH]

The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after

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Resting metabolic rate: RMR accounts for 65 to 75 percent of daily energy expenditure and represents the minimum energy needed to maintain all physiological cell functions in the resting state. The principal determinant of RMR is lean body mass (LBM). Obese subjects have a higher RMR in absolute terms than lean individuals, an equivalent RMR when corrected for LBM and per unit surface area, and a lower RMR when expressed per kilogram of body weight. Obese persons require more energy for any given activity because of a larger mass, but they tend to be more sedentary than lean subjects. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets:

A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and

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childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: rodents. [NIH]

Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other

Role Playing: The adopting or performing the role of another significant individual in order to gain insight into the behavior of that person. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories

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should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH]

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Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Short Bowel Syndrome: A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of small bowel. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Sincalide: A polypeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from

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the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of both bile from the gallbladder, and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Snails: Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man. [NIH] Social Class: A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Sciences: Disciplines concerned with the interrelationships of individuals in a social environment including social organizations and institutions. Includes Sociology and Anthropology. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH]

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Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Space Flight: Travel beyond the earth's atmosphere. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech pathologist: A specialist who evaluates and treats people with communication and swallowing problems. Also called a speech therapist. [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenic Vein: Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus epidermidis: A species of Staphylococcus that is a spherical, non-motile,

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gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader. [NIH] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stringency: Experimental conditions (e. g. temperature, salt concentration) used during the

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hybridization of nucleic acids. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At

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classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

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Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH]

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Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transketolase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the conversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to D-ribose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate in the pentosephosphate pathway. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.2.1.1. [NIH]

Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous

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chromosome. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triage: The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH]

662 Nutrition

Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

Dictionary 663

Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vegetarianism: Dietary practice of consuming only vegetables, grains, and nuts. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vial: A small bottle. [EU] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin D:

The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium

664 Nutrition

metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Waiting Lists: Prospective patient listings for appointments. [NIH] Wasps: Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Xylulose: A 5-carbon keto sugar. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

665

INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 239, 585 A Abdomen, 585, 594, 595, 601, 611, 626, 629, 632, 639, 641, 655, 656, 663 Abdominal Pain, 496, 536, 570, 585, 614, 616, 630, 661 Abortion, 585, 645 Abscess, 464, 585 Acceptor, 585, 638, 660 Acculturation, 361, 585 Acetylcholine, 10, 585, 599, 635 Acidosis, 177, 423, 585, 627 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 6, 513, 585 Acrylonitrile, 585, 651 Acute renal, 401, 412, 585 Adaptation, 346, 366, 585 Adenocarcinoma, 383, 586 Adenosine, 319, 586, 595, 642 Adipocytes, 586, 628 Adjunctive Therapy, 421, 521, 586 Adjustment, 341, 585, 586 Adjuvant, 381, 465, 484, 586, 616 Adjuvant Therapy, 465, 586 Adolescence, 390, 454, 569, 586, 640 Adolescent Health Services, 570, 586 Adolescent Nutrition, 494, 556, 560, 586 Adrenal Glands, 586, 588 Adult-Onset Diabetes, 386, 586 Adverse Effect, 201, 586, 653 Aerobic, 353, 540, 586, 612, 638 Aerobic Metabolism, 540, 586, 638 Aerobic Respiration, 586, 638 Afferent, 586, 613, 628 Affinity, 586, 654 Agar, 587, 643 Age of Onset, 403, 587, 661 Ageing, 10, 522, 587 Alanine, 400, 410, 416, 587 Albumin, 9, 424, 587, 643 Alertness, 587, 595 Algorithms, 515, 587, 594 Alimentary, 587, 607, 611, 639 Alkaline, 430, 585, 587, 588, 596, 642, 658 Alkaloid, 587, 601 Allogeneic, 587, 620 Aloe, 283, 319, 484, 587

Alpha Particles, 587, 647 Alpha-lactalbumin, 206, 409, 435, 587 Alternative medicine, 201, 202, 490, 587 Alternative nutrition, 203, 236, 516, 588 Aluminum, 81, 184, 588 Ameliorating, 81, 588 Amenorrhea, 215, 347, 588, 589 Amino Acid Sequence, 588, 589, 616 Ammonia, 404, 588, 618, 622, 657, 662 Amniotic Fluid, 588, 617 Amphetamines, 588, 601 Ampulla, 588, 599, 610 Amyloidosis, 215, 460, 588 Amylose, 403, 588 Anabolic, 4, 400, 498, 588, 638 Anabolic Steroids, 4, 400, 588 Anaerobic, 588, 651, 653, 655 Anaesthesia, 588, 624 Anal, 13, 589, 602, 611, 629 Anaphylatoxins, 589, 602 Anastomosis, 589, 615, 627 Anatomical, 589, 594, 599, 610, 624, 652 Androgenic, 589, 638 Animal model, 14, 589 Anionic, 423, 589 Anions, 587, 589, 627, 653 Ankle, 589, 662 Anode, 436, 589 Anomalies, 401, 589, 634 Anorectal, 497, 589 Anorexia, 6, 215, 221, 444, 472, 496, 497, 516, 532, 588, 589, 616, 662 Anorexia Nervosa, 215, 589 Antagonism, 589, 595 Anthropology, 452, 589, 654 Anthropometric measurements, 589 Anthropometry, 347, 589 Antibacterial, 589, 655 Antibiotic, 320, 432, 589, 640, 655, 658 Antibodies, 79, 589, 590, 630, 643 Antibody, 587, 590, 602, 624, 625, 631, 633, 647, 648 Anticoagulant, 590, 646 Antiemetic, 590, 632 Antigen, 587, 589, 590, 602, 623, 624, 625, 631 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 590, 602 Anti-infective, 590, 614

666 Nutrition

Anti-Infective Agents, 590, 614 Anti-inflammatory, 13, 590, 617 Antioxidant, 13, 392, 458, 590, 591, 638 Antrectomy, 590, 593 Anus, 589, 590, 595, 602, 613, 648 Anxiety, 215, 446, 463, 495, 590 Aplasia, 590, 608 Apolipoproteins, 590, 629 Aponeurosis, 590, 615 Apoptosis, 590, 605 Aqueous, 400, 402, 417, 422, 590, 592, 605, 610, 628 Arabidopsis, 78, 80, 591 Arginine, 374, 381, 400, 410, 416, 421, 589, 591 Aromatic, 591, 642, 657 Arterial, 591, 599, 604, 617, 623, 646, 658 Arteries, 215, 591, 594, 604, 630, 632, 634 Arterioles, 591, 594, 596 Arteriolosclerosis, 591 Arteriosclerosis, 215, 417, 418, 591, 623 Artery, 219, 591, 604, 639, 647, 651 Ascorbic Acid, 182, 183, 211, 346, 443, 502, 591, 622 Aseptic, 591, 656 Aspartic, 400, 410, 416, 591, 610 Aspartic Acid, 400, 410, 416, 591 Aspiration, 591 Asymptomatic, 591, 639 Atrophy, 418, 461, 591, 629 Audition, 458, 591 Auditory, 520, 591 Aural, 445, 591 Autodigestion, 591, 639 Autoimmune disease, 499, 591, 634 Autologous, 591, 592, 620 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 592, 620 Autolysis, 422, 591, 592 Autonomic, 585, 592 Azotemia, 412, 592, 662 B Bacteremia, 592, 651 Bacterial Physiology, 586, 592 Bacterial Translocation, 461, 592 Bacteriophage, 592, 643, 651 Basal Ganglia, 592, 615 Basement Membrane, 592, 612 Bed Rest, 592 Behavior Therapy, 592 Behavioral Symptoms, 446, 592 Benchmarking, 592

Benign, 216, 426, 591, 592, 615, 620, 635, 647 Benzene, 592, 627 Benzoic Acid, 431, 593 Bezoar, 289, 593 Bifida, 593 Bilateral, 593, 635 Bile, 257, 321, 385, 459, 491, 593, 615, 616, 627, 629, 654, 656, 658 Bile Acids, 385, 593, 616, 656, 658 Bile Acids and Salts, 593 Bile duct, 491, 593 Bile Pigments, 593, 627 Biliary, 385, 418, 459, 593, 596, 599, 639 Biliary Tract, 385, 593, 596, 639 Biliopancreatic Diversion, 177, 593 Bilirubin, 384, 385, 587, 593, 622 Bioavailability, 201, 593 Biochemical, 9, 10, 11, 200, 209, 387, 404, 447, 548, 593, 653 Bioenergy, 239, 593 Biological Sciences, 593 Biomarkers, 13, 14, 593 Biophysics, 593 Biotechnology, 77, 78, 456, 490, 511, 593 Biotin, 184, 188, 458, 594 Bladder, 216, 594, 602, 634, 635, 645, 649, 662, 664 Blastocyst, 594, 603, 609 Bloating, 529, 594, 616, 624, 630 Blood Cell Count, 594, 620 Blood Coagulation, 594, 596, 659 Blood Glucose, 10, 403, 439, 475, 491, 550, 551, 594, 621, 625 Blood pressure, 383, 390, 476, 550, 594, 597, 617, 623, 633, 654 Blood Volume, 400, 594 Blood-Brain Barrier, 594, 658 Body Composition, 6, 7, 206, 353, 372, 373, 375, 443, 516, 594 Body Fluids, 593, 594, 595, 608, 614, 636, 654, 661 Body Image, 340, 353, 405, 594 Body Mass Index, 7, 13, 363, 594, 638 Body Regions, 594, 601 Bolus, 594 Bolus infusion, 594 Bone Density, 353, 475, 594 Bone Marrow, 217, 592, 593, 595, 611, 620, 630, 633, 656 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 595 Bone metastases, 595, 600

Index 667

Bone scan, 595, 652 Bowel Movement, 463, 595, 607, 656 Brachytherapy, 595, 626, 647 Branch, 179, 444, 492, 516, 519, 579, 595, 605, 609, 616, 630, 640, 646, 655, 658 Brassica, 345, 595 Breakdown, 381, 595, 607, 615 Breast Self-Examination, 540, 595 Bronchitis, 217, 595, 600 Buccal, 595, 630 Burns, 212, 217, 429, 595 Burns, Electric, 595 Bypass, 177, 460, 595, 627 C Cachexia, 552, 595 Caffeine, 494, 540, 582, 595, 647 Calcification, 591, 596 Calculi, 596, 619, 629 Calibration, 596 Caloric intake, 4, 473, 477, 596 Calorimeter, 596 Candidiasis, 218, 443, 596 Candidosis, 596 Capillary, 217, 596, 617, 663 Capsules, 248, 264, 503, 596, 616, 617 Carcinogen, 14, 596 Carcinogenesis, 596, 598 Carcinogenic, 14, 593, 596, 625, 656 Carcinoma, 596 Cardiac, 207, 217, 322, 595, 596, 604, 609, 610, 611, 612, 616, 618, 634, 650, 656 Cardiovascular disease, 180, 390, 391, 392, 395, 547, 571, 597, 629 Cardiovascular System, 419, 475, 597 Carnitine, 185, 186, 208, 425, 430, 597 Carotene, 321, 334, 502, 597, 650 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 201, 218, 448, 597 Case report, 597, 600 Case series, 597, 600 Caseins, 409, 435, 597 Catabolism, 401, 412, 421, 597 Catalogs, 468, 597 Cataract, 597 Catheter, 384, 401, 407, 528, 597, 626 Catheterization, 597, 626 Cathode, 436, 589, 597 Cations, 597, 627 Causal, 597, 611, 626 Cause of Death, 4, 597 Cecum, 598, 628 Celiac Disease, 218, 598

Cell Division, 592, 598, 605, 642 Cell membrane, 598, 626, 627, 642 Cell proliferation, 591, 598, 625 Cell Respiration, 586, 598, 638, 649 Cell Transplantation, 598 Cellobiose, 598 Cellulose, 407, 456, 598, 615, 642 Central Nervous System, 585, 587, 588, 593, 595, 598, 601, 615, 617, 618, 620, 634, 640, 653, 658 Centrifugation, 598, 620 Cerebral, 470, 592, 594, 598, 606, 610, 611, 646, 658 Cerebral Palsy, 470, 598 Cerebrovascular, 597, 598 Cerebrum, 598, 658 Cervical, 218, 568, 598, 631 Cervix, 585, 598 Character, 415, 477, 598, 605, 618 Chemoprevention, 14, 598 Chemopreventive, 14, 598 Chemotactic Factors, 599, 602 Chemotherapy, 323, 383, 586, 599 Chest Pain, 201, 599 Child Behavior, 599 Child Care, 361, 362, 363, 365, 468, 543, 555, 568, 599 Child Health Services, 570, 599 Child Nutrition, 342, 361, 363, 376, 453, 528, 543, 555, 558, 561, 599 Chin, 599, 632 Chiropractic, 201, 236, 238, 599 Chlorides, 410, 599 Chlorine, 410, 599 Cholestasis, 384, 385, 599 Cholesterol Esters, 599, 629 Choline, 186, 385, 389, 429, 431, 432, 506, 599 Chondroitin sulfate, 185, 599 Chromatin, 590, 599 Chromium, 185, 599 Chromosomal, 599, 651 Chromosome, 599, 619, 629, 651, 660 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 218, 391, 600 Chronic renal, 177, 210, 485, 497, 553, 600, 662 Chylomicrons, 424, 600, 629 Ciliary, 600, 653 Ciliary Body, 600, 653 Circadian, 600 Circadian Rhythm, 600

668 Nutrition

Circulatory system, 424, 600 Cirrhosis, 218, 226, 417, 459, 460, 600 Citrus, 591, 600 Clamp, 384, 600 Cleft Lip, 470, 600 Clinical Medicine, 176, 600, 644 Clinical study, 425, 600 Clinical trial, 381, 383, 393, 396, 511, 600, 603, 604, 608, 634, 640, 646, 648 Clodronate, 600 Cloning, 594, 600 Coagulation, 594, 600, 619, 643, 659 Coca, 537, 601 Cocaine, 540, 601 Cod Liver Oil, 601, 610 Coenzyme, 323, 324, 591, 601 Cofactor, 601, 646, 659 Cognition, 11, 601 Cognitive restructuring, 601, 656 Cohort Studies, 601, 611 Colectomy, 496, 601 Colic, 219, 601 Colitis, 235, 455, 461, 465, 534, 535, 570, 601 Collagen, 13, 437, 588, 592, 601, 616, 645 Collapse, 595, 601 Colloidal, 324, 587, 601, 641, 653 Colon, 14, 79, 219, 465, 496, 570, 593, 601, 602, 625, 628, 661 Colorectal, 14, 15, 204, 219, 348, 602 Colorectal Cancer, 14, 15, 204, 219, 348, 602 Colorectal Surgery, 602 Communicable disease, 602 Complement, 514, 589, 602, 617, 643 Complementary and alternative medicine, 174, 199, 203, 335, 602 Complementary medicine, 203, 602 Complete remission, 602, 649 Compliance, 15, 602 Computational Biology, 511, 602 Computed tomography, 594, 603, 652 Computerized tomography, 387, 603 Conception, 202, 493, 585, 603, 613, 645, 656 Conflict of Interest, 603 Confounding, 603 Congenita, 603, 608 Congestion, 233, 603, 605 Congestive heart failure, 603 Conjugated, 324, 385, 593, 603

Connective Tissue, 591, 595, 601, 603, 613, 615, 616, 617, 630, 650, 651, 658 Consciousness, 603, 606, 621, 646, 650 Constipation, 219, 417, 418, 496, 498, 515, 568, 603 Constriction, 603, 627, 651, 663 Consultation, 384, 462, 463, 468, 603 Contamination, 410, 546, 603 Continuum, 548, 603 Contraception, 475, 603 Contraindications, ii, 548, 603 Control group, 13, 15, 394, 603, 648 Controlled study, 604 Coordination, 512, 522, 604, 634 Cor, 604, 617 Coronary, 219, 349, 388, 390, 391, 392, 395, 553, 597, 604, 632, 634 Coronary heart disease, 392, 553, 597, 604 Coronary Thrombosis, 604, 632, 634 Corticosteroids, 328, 463, 604, 617 Cortisol, 587, 604 Cost-benefit, 604 C-Reactive Protein, 604 Creatine, 12, 185, 604 Creatinine, 11, 604, 662 Critical Care, 203, 206, 208, 210, 456, 604 Cross-Sectional Studies, 605, 611 Cues, 9, 478, 605 Curative, 605, 636, 651, 658 Cutaneous, 220, 221, 596, 605, 628, 630, 642 Cyclic, 220, 462, 595, 605, 644, 652 Cyst, 427, 605 Cysteinyl, 605 Cystine, 400, 410, 416, 417, 605 Cytogenetics, 605, 651 Cytokine, 210, 374, 605 Cytoplasm, 590, 598, 605, 610, 633, 650 D Dairy Products, 204, 605, 651 Data Collection, 520, 605, 614 Day Care, 8, 9, 341, 570, 605 De novo, 605 Deamination, 605, 662 Decision Making, 523, 605 Decongestant, 327, 605 Degenerative, 605, 621 Dehydration, 471, 496, 536, 605 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 13, 324, 605 Delirium, 446, 605 Dementia, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 220, 232, 446, 472, 494, 495, 585, 606

Index 669

Demography, 606, 643 Dendritic, 606, 655 Density, 15, 352, 394, 594, 598, 606, 608, 629, 637 Dental Care, 484, 606, 640 Dental Caries, 606 Dental implant, 572, 606 Dermal, 606, 608 Deuterium, 606, 622 Developed Countries, 606, 614 Developing Countries, 343, 344, 368, 447, 606 Diabetic Retinopathy, 211, 606 Diagnostic procedure, 399, 490, 606 Dialysate, 498, 606, 607 Dialyzer, 498, 607, 621 Diaphragm, 607, 643 Diarrhoea, 607, 616 Diastolic, 607, 623 Dietary Fats, 476, 607 Dietary Fiber, 403, 414, 533, 607 Dietitian, 5, 7, 345, 444, 472, 475, 477, 478, 491, 498, 535, 536, 548, 550, 607 Digestion, 426, 427, 491, 495, 529, 534, 587, 593, 595, 607, 608, 616, 624, 626, 629, 656 Digestive system, 397, 463, 536, 607, 616, 634 Digestive tract, 404, 429, 463, 464, 473, 534, 536, 570, 607, 654 Dilatation, 585, 607, 645 Dilution, 607, 611 Diploid, 607, 642 Direct, iii, 364, 384, 443, 486, 497, 501, 570, 600, 607, 608, 620, 644, 649, 658 Disease Progression, 4, 607 Disorientation, 606, 607 Distal, 607, 609, 616, 627, 646 Distention, 496, 607 Diuresis, 595, 607 Domestic Violence, 561, 607 Dopamine, 601, 607, 632, 635, 642 Doping, 490, 608 Double-blind, 382, 500, 608 Double-blinded, 382, 608 Drip, 408, 431, 608 Drug Interactions, 504, 505, 608 Drug Tolerance, 608, 659 Duct, 588, 597, 608, 612, 638, 651, 657 Duodenum, 593, 608, 610, 615, 627, 639, 656 Dyes, 608, 641, 657 Dyslipidemia, 208, 498, 608

Dyspepsia, 608, 624 Dysphagia, 548, 608 Dysplasia, 218, 572, 608 Dyspnea, 391, 608 Dystrophic, 460, 608 E Eating Disorders, 221, 357, 540, 565, 608 Ectoderm, 608 Ectodermal Dysplasia, 571, 608 Edema, 221, 606, 609, 662 Effector, 585, 602, 609 Effector cell, 609 Efficacy, 4, 12, 180, 201, 357, 376, 377, 395, 461, 465, 609 Elastic, 408, 609, 618, 657 Elasticity, 591, 609 Elastin, 601, 609 Elective, 609 Electrode, 436, 589, 597, 609 Electrolysis, 589, 597, 609 Electrolyte, 412, 423, 471, 496, 498, 503, 606, 609, 614, 636, 644, 654, 662 Electroplating, 609, 657 Emaciation, 585, 609 Embryo, 354, 585, 594, 608, 609, 613, 624, 632, 645, 655 Embryo Transfer, 609, 645 Emergency Medicine, 569, 609 Emergency Treatment, 609 Emesis, 425, 609 Emodin, 587, 609 Emphysema, 391, 600, 609 Empirical, 343, 609 Emulsion, 423, 609 Enamel, 606, 610 Encapsulated, 421, 610 Encephalocele, 610, 635 Endemic, 205, 458, 610, 655 Endocarditis, 221, 223, 596, 610 Endogenous, 417, 607, 610, 638 Endopeptidases, 610, 645 Endoscope, 610 Endoscopic, 464, 610 Endoscopy, 610 Endotoxic, 610, 629 Endotoxins, 602, 610, 627 End-stage renal, 174, 497, 600, 610 Energetic, 242, 457, 458, 610 Energy balance, 394, 410, 411, 610, 628 Energy Intake, 498, 611 Enhancers, 431, 611 Enterocolitis, 426, 611

670 Nutrition

Environmental Health, 510, 512, 611 Enzymatic, 588, 596, 597, 602, 606, 611, 621, 632, 650 Epidemic, 203, 386, 447, 611, 655 Epidemiologic Studies, 611 Epidemiological, 13, 14, 432, 611 Epidermis, 608, 611 Epidural, 611 Epigastric, 611, 639 Epinephrine, 607, 611, 635, 661 Epithelial, 203, 424, 586, 600, 611 Epithelial Cells, 611 Epithelium, 426, 592, 611, 615 Erythrocyte Volume, 594, 611 Erythrocytes, 589, 594, 595, 611, 648 Erythropoietin, 498, 611 Esophageal, 515, 611, 635 Esophagitis, 498, 612 Esophagus, 431, 534, 607, 611, 612, 616, 620, 630, 642, 656 Ethnic Groups, 475, 612 Eukaryotic Cells, 612, 637, 661 Evacuation, 603, 612, 615, 628, 647 Excipients, 612, 614, 641 Excitability, 612, 634 Excitatory, 612, 618 Excitotoxicity, 427, 612 Exercise Test, 612 Exercise Tolerance, 612 Exhaustion, 12, 224, 589, 612 Exocrine, 612, 639 Exogenous, 425, 610, 612, 661 Extensor, 612, 646 External-beam radiation, 612, 647 Extracellular, 78, 437, 603, 612, 654, 658 Extracellular Matrix, 437, 603, 612 Extracellular Space, 612 Extravasation, 612, 620 F Facial, 11, 178, 613, 639 Facial Expression, 11, 613 Facial Nerve, 613, 639 Failure to Thrive, 496, 613 Family Planning, 374, 511, 613 Family Practice, 178, 569, 613 Fatigue, 6, 218, 222, 389, 400, 442, 454, 458, 459, 514, 516, 529, 533, 536, 546, 613, 620 Fatty Liver, 389, 429, 459, 613 Feces, 603, 613, 656 Fermentation, 404, 456, 613, 614, 651, 653 Fertilization in Vitro, 613, 645 Fertilizers, 613, 657

Fetal Development, 343, 613, 635 Fetus, 585, 611, 613, 645, 655, 656, 662 Fibrosis, 220, 386, 387, 395, 416, 437, 460, 613, 652 Fish Flour, 613 Fish Products, 471, 613, 652 Fistula, 416, 613 Flatulence, 417, 418, 613 Flatus, 613, 615 Flavoring Agents, 613, 614, 641 Fluid Therapy, 614, 636 Flush, 428, 614 Flushing, 428, 614 Focus Groups, 493, 614 Folate, 11, 12, 183, 186, 338, 356, 372, 542, 614 Fold, 514, 614, 632 Folic Acid, 182, 183, 458, 502, 542, 614 Follow-Up Studies, 614 Food Additives, 560, 614 Food Deprivation, 178, 614 Food Habits, 339, 356, 614, 636 Food Handling, 442, 513, 514, 517, 531, 614 Food Labeling, 476, 479, 537, 545, 560, 614 Food Preferences, 362, 491, 614 Food Preservatives, 614 Foodborne Illness, 478, 546, 547, 614 Forearm, 594, 614, 631 Fraud, 558, 614 Free Radicals, 590, 614 Fructose, 460, 615, 626 Fructose Intolerance, 460, 615 Fungi, 80, 359, 366, 432, 436, 615, 619, 632, 633, 655, 659, 664 Fungistatic, 593, 615, 655 Fungus, 259, 596, 615 G Galactosemia, 460, 615 Gallbladder, 585, 593, 607, 615, 616, 629, 654 Gamma Rays, 615, 647, 648 Ganglia, 585, 615, 635 Ganglion, 496, 615, 637 Gas, 425, 529, 588, 596, 599, 613, 615, 622, 624, 630, 632, 636, 637 Gastric, 177, 374, 465, 591, 597, 615, 616, 620, 621, 622, 654 Gastric Bypass, 177, 615 Gastric Emptying, 466, 615, 616 Gastric Mucosa, 615, 654 Gastrin, 616, 622

Index 671

Gastritis, 222, 417, 418, 498, 616 Gastroenteritis, 416, 616, 651 Gastroenterologist, 461, 616 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 222, 616 Gastrointestinal Transit, 616 Gastroparesis, 465, 498, 616 Gastrostomy, 464, 528, 548, 611, 616 Gelatin, 616, 618, 659 Gemcitabine, 383, 616 Gene, 179, 360, 446, 456, 594, 616, 617, 622, 648 Gene Expression, 179, 616 General practitioner, 616 Genetic Code, 616, 636 Genetic Engineering, 409, 435, 594, 600, 617 Genetics, 591, 605, 617, 640 Genomics, 617 Genotype, 617, 642 Geriatric Assessment, 11, 617 Germ-free, 471, 617 Gestation, 617, 641, 655 Gestational, 204, 223, 475, 549, 553, 617 Gestational Age, 204, 617 Ginger, 13, 265, 274, 302, 326, 617 Ginseng, 270, 298, 317, 318, 326, 330, 617 Gland, 177, 617, 630, 639, 645, 652, 656, 657, 659 Glomerular, 617, 626, 649 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 617 Glomerulus, 617 Glucocorticoids, 464, 617 Gluconeogenesis, 383, 615, 617 Glucose Intolerance, 460, 606, 617 Glucose tolerance, 617, 618 Glucose Tolerance Test, 617, 618 Glutamate, 81, 427, 612, 618 Glutamic Acid, 400, 410, 416, 427, 614, 618, 635, 645 Glutamine, 82, 176, 326, 381, 392, 416, 422, 426, 427, 484, 618 Glutathione Peroxidase, 618, 652 Gluten, 191, 598, 618 Glycerol, 618, 642 Glycerophospholipids, 618, 642 Glycine, 400, 416, 588, 593, 618, 635, 653 Glycogen, 460, 617, 618 Glycogen Storage Disease, 460, 618 Glycosaminoglycan, 599, 618 Glycosidic, 598, 618, 637 Glycosuria, 403, 618 Goats, 605, 618

Gonadal, 619, 656 Gonads, 619, 623 Gout, 223, 619 Governing Board, 619, 644 Government Agencies, 562, 619, 644 Government Programs, 563, 619 Graft, 619, 622 Gram-negative, 592, 610, 619, 651 Gram-positive, 619, 628, 655, 656, 658 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 619, 658 Grasses, 614, 619 Grasshoppers, 619, 638 Gravidity, 619, 639 Growth Disorders, 562, 619 H Habitual, 598, 619 Haematemesis, 609, 619 Haemostasis, 619 Haploid, 619, 642 Harmony, 201, 619 Hazardous Substances, 432, 620 Headache, 218, 223, 228, 233, 234, 595, 620, 623, 645 Health Behavior, 339, 350, 539, 542, 620 Health Education, 178, 204, 355, 360, 365, 371, 389, 445, 475, 514, 540, 620 Health Fairs, 540, 620 Health Services, 369, 513, 620 Health Status, 9, 492, 620, 643 Health Surveys, 467, 620 Heart attack, 597, 620 Heart failure, 620 Heartburn, 223, 225, 620, 624 Helminths, 620, 635 Hematocrit, 9, 492, 521, 594, 620 Hematoma, 620 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 620 Heme, 593, 621, 643, 644, 662 Hemodialysis, 80, 176, 177, 208, 366, 485, 498, 606, 607, 621, 628 Hemoglobin, 9, 400, 492, 521, 589, 594, 611, 621, 627, 628, 644 Hemoglobin A, 521, 621, 644 Hemorrhage, 620, 621, 657, 664 Hepatic, 385, 389, 401, 417, 427, 460, 519, 587, 606, 615, 618, 621, 643, 644 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 401, 621 Hepatitis, 224, 458, 459, 472, 568, 621 Hepatocellular, 460, 621 Hepatocyte, 599, 621 Hepatotoxic, 385, 621

672 Nutrition

Hereditary, 460, 608, 619, 621 Heredity, 616, 617, 621 Hernia, 621 Herpes, 201, 223, 224, 235, 531, 621 Herpes Zoster, 224, 235, 621 Heterotrophic, 615, 621 Histamine, 327, 589, 621 Histidine, 13, 400, 410, 416, 621 Histology, 460, 621 Homeostasis, 80, 439, 622 Homogeneous, 402, 591, 603, 622 Hormonal, 4, 446, 461, 498, 591, 622, 664 Hormone therapy, 586, 622 Hospice, 534, 622 Host, 345, 365, 409, 435, 467, 588, 592, 596, 622, 663 Human growth hormone, 484, 562, 622 Hybridization, 622, 657 Hydration, 10, 346, 442, 446, 457, 473, 498, 528, 534, 622 Hydrochloric Acid, 422, 599, 622 Hydrogen, 384, 418, 585, 592, 596, 606, 618, 622, 633, 636, 638, 641, 646 Hydrolysis, 424, 591, 598, 622, 626, 646 Hydrophobic, 618, 622, 629 Hydroxylysine, 601, 622 Hydroxyproline, 588, 601, 622 Hymenoptera, 352, 622 Hyperammonemia, 622 Hyperbilirubinemia, 622, 627 Hypercalcemia, 205, 600, 622 Hypercholesterolemia, 225, 395, 460, 608, 622 Hyperemesis, 622 Hyperglycemia, 383, 403, 460, 550, 622 Hyperlipidemia, 553, 608, 623 Hypersensitivity, 13, 623, 650 Hypertension, 191, 223, 225, 342, 364, 388, 390, 392, 394, 395, 417, 418, 455, 458, 476, 485, 498, 551, 553, 591, 597, 604, 620, 623, 662 Hypertriglyceridemia, 608, 623 Hyperuricemia, 619, 623 Hypoglycaemia, 606, 623 Hypoglycemia, 10, 225, 460, 550, 615, 623 Hypogonadism, 3, 623 Hypoplasia, 608, 623 Hypothalamic, 179, 623 Hypothalamus, 623 Hypothyroidism, 225, 458, 623 Hypoxia, 10, 375, 606, 623

I Id, 181, 213, 552, 553, 569, 578, 580, 623 Idiopathic, 403, 623 Ileal, 460, 623 Ileostomy, 623, 634 Ileum, 598, 623, 627 Imidazole, 594, 621, 623 Immune function, 4, 5, 515, 623 Immune response, 81, 421, 586, 590, 591, 623, 624, 657, 663 Immunity, 81, 205, 445, 513, 517, 518, 531, 585, 587, 623, 624, 637 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 6, 7, 443, 444, 445, 484, 517, 518, 519, 520, 530, 532, 533, 547, 624 Immunogenic, 624, 629 Immunoglobulin, 409, 435, 589, 624, 633 Immunologic, 599, 617, 624, 648 Immunology, 586, 587, 624 Immunosuppressive, 464, 624 Impairment, 11, 412, 599, 606, 624, 632 Implant radiation, 624, 626, 647 Implantation, 603, 624 In situ, 8, 624 In vitro, 461, 609, 624 In vivo, 461, 624, 638 Incision, 601, 624, 626 Incompetence, 616, 624 Indicative, 446, 624, 640, 662 Indigestion, 225, 624, 628 Induction, 82, 463, 624 Infancy, 202, 460, 624, 650 Infant Behavior, 599, 624 Infant Food, 426, 624 Infant Mortality, 361, 624 Infant Nutrition, 175, 359, 361, 370, 373, 409, 426, 435, 624 Infarction, 624 Information Science, 625, 631 Informed Consent, 534, 625 Infusion, 383, 404, 408, 410, 417, 428, 461, 505, 625 Ingestion, 415, 614, 615, 618, 620, 625, 643, 658 Inhalation, 620, 625, 643 Initiation, 521, 523, 625 Inorganic, 422, 599, 625, 634, 642, 657 Insecticides, 625, 641 Insight, 625, 651 Insomnia, 226, 625, 645 Insulator, 625, 634 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 625

Index 673

Intensive Care, 81, 433, 625 Interleukins, 625 Intermittent, 226, 460, 614, 626, 630, 641, 644 Internal Medicine, 13, 178, 179, 616, 626 Internal radiation, 626, 647 Interstitial, 595, 612, 626, 649 Intervention Studies, 626 Intervertebral, 436, 437, 626 Intestinal Fistula, 474, 626 Intestinal Mucosa, 592, 598, 611, 626 Intestine, 408, 432, 461, 465, 536, 593, 595, 602, 616, 626, 628, 632, 653 Intoxication, 606, 626, 664 Intracellular, 595, 625, 626, 631, 644, 652 Intramuscular, 626, 639 Intrinsic, 427, 587, 592, 626 Intubation, 597, 626 Inulin, 617, 626 Invasive, 623, 626, 630 Involuntary, 626, 634, 659 Ion Channels, 626 Ion Transport, 203, 626 Ions, 239, 410, 436, 592, 609, 622, 626, 627 Ischemia, 591, 627 Isoflavones, 200, 627 Isoleucine, 400, 410, 627 Isotonic, 423, 627 J Jaundice, 622, 627 Jejunoileal Bypass, 593, 627 Jejunostomy, 549, 611, 627 Jejunum, 593, 615, 627 Joint, 201, 234, 346, 459, 627, 657, 658 K Kb, 510, 627 Keratolytic, 606, 627 Keto, 627, 660, 664 Ketoacidosis, 430, 627 Ketone Bodies, 627 Ketosis, 627 Kidney Failure, 610, 627 Kidney stone, 201, 628, 662 Kidney Transplantation, 498, 628 L Labile, 602, 628 Lactation, 451, 494, 628 Lactobacillus, 628 Lactoperoxidase, 409, 435, 628 Lactose Intolerance, 6, 226, 416, 476, 496, 529, 547, 628

Large Intestine, 465, 570, 598, 602, 607, 626, 628, 648, 654 Laxative, 587, 609, 628 Leishmaniasis, 628, 640 Lens, 597, 603, 628 Leptin, 179, 628 Lethal, 592, 628 Lethargy, 623, 628 Leucine, 400, 410, 416, 628 Leukocytes, 594, 595, 599, 625, 628, 633 Library Services, 578, 628 Life cycle, 615, 628 Ligament, 629, 645 Linkages, 432, 621, 629 Lip, 478, 600, 629 Lipid A, 629 Lipodystrophy, 629 Lipopolysaccharides, 629 Lipoprotein, 418, 608, 619, 629, 630 Lipoprotein(a), 629 Lithiasis, 629 Liver cancer, 459, 629 Liver scan, 629, 652 Liver Transplantation, 459, 629 Living will, 534, 629 Lobe, 246, 622, 629, 639 Loc, 629 Localized, 588, 606, 610, 620, 625, 629, 642, 643, 661 Locomotion, 629, 642 Longitudinal study, 395, 629 Long-Term Care, 8, 9, 11, 446, 630 Loop, 328, 477, 615, 621, 623, 630 Low-density lipoprotein, 608, 629, 630 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 616, 630 Lumen, 424, 461, 630 Lupus, 227, 234, 495, 496, 547, 630, 658 Lymph, 424, 592, 598, 600, 630 Lymph node, 592, 598, 630 Lymphatic, 227, 625, 630, 655 Lymphatic system, 630, 655 Lymphocyte, 585, 590, 630, 631 Lymphocyte Count, 585, 630 Lymphoid, 589, 604, 630 Lysine, 328, 329, 400, 404, 410, 416, 622, 630 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 384, 630, 652 Malabsorption, 227, 416, 445, 461, 463, 474, 495, 498, 499, 518, 536, 598, 630, 653 Malabsorption syndrome, 416, 630, 653

674 Nutrition

Malignant, 401, 585, 586, 591, 629, 630, 635, 647, 651 Manifest, 631 Marital Status, 15, 631 Mass Media, 362, 377, 483, 631 Mastication, 631 Maxillary, 600, 631 Meat Products, 607, 631 Medial, 591, 600, 631 Median Nerve, 597, 631 Mediate, 426, 608, 631 Mediator, 631, 653 Medical Informatics, 569, 631 Medical Records, 7, 9, 631 Medical Staff, 608, 631 Medicine, Herbal, 533, 631 MEDLINE, 467, 511, 631 Megaloblastic, 614, 631 Melanin, 631, 642, 661 Membrane Lipids, 631, 642 Memory, 366, 374, 411, 457, 589, 606, 632 Menarche, 347, 632 Meninges, 598, 632 Menopause, 227, 453, 475, 632, 644 Menstrual Cycle, 632, 645 Menstruation, 228, 588, 632, 645 Mental Disorders, 397, 632, 638, 646 Mental Health, v, 7, 363, 397, 444, 510, 524, 632, 647 Mental Processes, 632, 646 Mesenteric, 592, 632, 644 Mesoderm, 600, 632 Meta-Analysis, 632 Metabolic disorder, 444, 618, 619, 622, 632 Meteorism, 417, 418, 632 Methionine, 329, 400, 410, 416, 417, 432, 632, 657 Metoclopramide, 632 MI, 436, 472, 486, 548, 583, 632 Microbe, 632, 660 Microbiology, 586, 632 Micronutrients, 9, 204, 212, 632 Microorganism, 404, 601, 632, 640, 664 Micro-organism, 606, 633, 642 Migration, 343, 347, 362, 376, 378, 412, 600, 633 Milliliter, 594, 633 Minority Groups, 633 Mobility, 437, 633 Mobilization, 381, 633 Modeling, 9, 633 Modification, 426, 465, 588, 617, 633, 647

Molecular mass, 432, 633 Molecule, 439, 590, 592, 599, 601, 602, 609, 618, 622, 633, 638, 648 Monitor, 433, 493, 495, 518, 522, 604, 633, 636, 663 Monoclonal, 633, 647 Monocytes, 628, 633 Mononuclear, 633 Monophosphate, 319, 633 Morphological, 178, 587, 609, 615, 633 Morphology, 597, 633 Motility, 496, 633, 653 Motion Sickness, 228, 633, 634 Motivations, 362, 633 Motor Activity, 394, 634 Mucinous, 615, 634 Mucins, 634, 651 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 460, 634 Mucosa, 461, 474, 616, 630, 634 Mucositis, 634 Mucus, 593, 634, 661 Multicenter Studies, 382, 634 Multicenter study, 634 Multiple Organ Failure, 634 Multiple sclerosis, 634 Myelin, 634 Myocardial infarction, 604, 632, 634 Myocardium, 425, 632, 634 N Narcosis, 430, 634 Nasogastric, 12, 431, 461, 462, 464, 548, 611, 634 NCI, 1, 382, 389, 394, 396, 509, 634, 640 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 426, 634 Nematoda, 365, 620, 635 Neonatal, 177, 178, 355, 387, 486, 505, 552, 624, 635 Neonatal Screening, 387, 635 Neoplasia, 14, 635 Neoplasm, 635, 651, 661 Neoplastic, 14, 595, 635 Nephropathy, 627, 635 Nerve, 359, 496, 599, 613, 615, 616, 631, 634, 635, 637, 650, 652, 656, 661 Networks, 342, 363, 377, 529, 635 Neural, 542, 586, 610, 635 Neural tube defects, 542, 635 Neurologic, 472, 610, 635 Neuromuscular, 585, 635, 662 Neuromuscular Junction, 585, 635 Neuronal, 634, 635 Neurons, 601, 612, 615, 635, 658

Index 675

Neurotransmitter, 585, 586, 588, 591, 607, 618, 621, 626, 635, 652, 657 Neutrons, 587, 635, 647 NHANES, 13, 351, 363, 388, 563, 636 Niacin, 182, 183, 503, 636, 661 Nosocomial, 636 Nuclear, 592, 612, 615, 636 Nuclei, 587, 617, 630, 635, 636, 646 Nucleic acid, 421, 616, 622, 636, 647, 657 Nucleus, 437, 590, 599, 605, 606, 612, 615, 633, 636, 646, 647 Nulliparous, 636 Nursing Staff, 12, 446, 636 Nutrition Assessment, 445, 497, 499, 532, 544, 636 Nutrition Policy, 181, 358, 365, 522, 560, 565, 567, 636 Nutrition Surveys, 79, 636 Nutritive Value, 614, 636 O Observational study, 637 Odds Ratio, 637, 649 Olfaction, 458, 637 Oligosaccharides, 191, 637 Oliguria, 412, 628, 637 Omega-3 fatty acid, 14, 78, 193, 421, 637 Oncorhynchus, 369, 637 On-line, 546, 566, 581, 637 Opacity, 597, 606, 637 Opportunistic Infections, 472, 512, 513, 519, 532, 585, 637 Optic Disk, 606, 637 Oral Health, 516, 541, 637 Oral Hygiene, 483, 495, 518, 637 Organelles, 598, 605, 633, 637 Orthomolecular Therapy, 241, 637 Orthoptera, 365, 638 Osmolality, 412, 638 Osmoles, 638 Osmotic, 587, 638, 653 Osteoporosis, 78, 204, 209, 229, 387, 389, 390, 452, 475, 547, 638 Ostomy, 463, 638 Outpatient, 382, 518, 638 Ovaries, 638, 653 Overweight, 180, 181, 351, 363, 372, 383, 386, 393, 478, 492, 521, 638 Ovum, 617, 628, 638, 645, 664 Oxandrolone, 393, 505, 638 Oxidants, 517, 638 Oxidation, 417, 425, 430, 585, 590, 605, 618, 638, 640

Oxidation-Reduction, 638 Oxidative metabolism, 586, 638 P Paediatric, 212, 638 Palate, 470, 639 Palliative, 639, 658 Pancreas, 229, 383, 585, 593, 594, 607, 616, 625, 639, 654, 655, 661 Pancreatic, 177, 229, 374, 383, 416, 597, 616, 639 Pancreatic cancer, 383, 639 Pancreatic Juice, 616, 639 Pancreatitis, 229, 341, 639 Parasite, 345, 588, 639 Parathyroid, 230, 498, 639, 651, 658 Parathyroid Glands, 639, 651 Parathyroid hormone, 498, 639 Parietal, 639, 641, 643 Parity, 492, 639 Parotid, 177, 639 Partial remission, 639, 649 Partnership Practice, 639, 645 Pathogen, 640, 656 Pathogenesis, 10, 464, 474, 485, 518, 521, 640 Pathologic, 585, 590, 596, 604, 622, 623, 640, 644, 646, 663 Pathologist, 640 Pathophysiology, 444, 640 Patient Care Team, 547, 640 Patient Education, 476, 477, 478, 493, 518, 529, 540, 576, 578, 583, 640 Patient Satisfaction, 640 PDQ, 528, 640 Pediatric Dentistry, 640 Pelvic, 640, 645 Penicillin, 331, 589, 640, 662 Pentamidine, 484, 640 Pentosephosphate Pathway, 640, 660 Peptide, 5, 416, 417, 588, 610, 628, 640, 645, 646, 659 Perception, 201, 457, 603, 619, 640, 652 Performance status, 499, 640 Perfusion, 412, 623, 641 Pericardium, 641, 658 Perinatal, 494, 624, 641 Periodontal disease, 641 Perioperative, 462, 641 Peripheral blood, 620, 641 Peritoneal, 178, 209, 477, 505, 606, 641 Peritoneal Cavity, 641

676 Nutrition

Peritoneal Dialysis, 178, 209, 477, 505, 606, 641 Peritoneum, 641 Peroxide, 618, 641 Pesticides, 541, 560, 625, 641 Petrolatum, 610, 641 PH, 211, 594, 641 Phagocyte, 638, 641 Pharmaceutic Aids, 614, 641 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 598, 616, 641 Pharmacist, 428, 642 Pharmacologic, 201, 642, 660 Pharynx, 616, 642 Phenolphthalein, 610, 642 Phenotypes, 642 Phenylalanine, 331, 400, 410, 416, 642, 661 Phosphates, 410, 503, 642 Phospholipids, 424, 613, 629, 631, 642 Phosphorus, 80, 331, 338, 366, 367, 402, 477, 478, 497, 537, 596, 639, 642 Photosensitivity, 230, 642, 643 Physical Examination, 384, 617, 642 Physical Fitness, 372, 379, 561, 642 Physical Therapy, 572, 642 Physicochemical, 205, 642 Physiologic, 391, 414, 415, 429, 613, 626, 627, 632, 642, 648 Pigments, 593, 597, 642, 650 Pilot study, 7, 642 Plana, 642, 653 Plant Physiology, 591, 642 Plaque, 484, 643 Plasma cells, 589, 643 Plasma protein, 587, 604, 643, 653 Pleura, 643 Pleural, 643 Pleural cavity, 643 Pleural Effusion, 643 Pneumonia, 534, 603, 640, 643 Poisoning, 222, 472, 516, 606, 614, 616, 626, 634, 643, 651, 653 Policy Making, 619, 643 Polymers, 438, 643, 646, 657 Polyposis, 602, 643 Polysaccharide, 590, 598, 618, 643, 646 Polyunsaturated fat, 14, 419, 421, 496, 643 Population Characteristics, 643 Porphyria, 460, 533, 643, 644 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 460, 643, 644 Porphyria, Hepatic, 643, 644 Porphyrins, 643, 644

Port, 415, 428, 497, 512, 542, 644 Port-a-cath, 644 Portal Vein, 411, 424, 644 Posterior, 589, 639, 644 Postmenopausal, 366, 638, 644 Postnatal, 644, 656 Postoperative, 461, 462, 634, 644 Postoperative Complications, 462, 644 Postoperative Period, 644 Postprandial, 466, 644 Post-translational, 439, 644 Potassium, 78, 80, 187, 402, 410, 423, 429, 430, 463, 477, 478, 497, 503, 537, 551, 644 Practice Guidelines, 520, 524, 548, 552, 553, 644 Precancerous, 598, 644 Precipitation, 417, 644 Preclinical, 644 Precursor, 3, 439, 599, 607, 609, 611, 642, 644, 661, 662, 664 Pregnancy Outcome, 210, 356, 371, 492, 645 Pregnancy Tests, 617, 645 Premenstrual, 230, 231, 475, 645 Premenstrual Syndrome, 231, 475, 645 Prenatal, 5, 388, 481, 493, 494, 523, 609, 645 Prenatal Care, 523, 645 Preoperative, 462, 474, 645 Prevalence, 7, 10, 180, 351, 474, 492, 493, 498, 521, 637, 645 Private Practice, 442, 545, 645 Probe, 408, 645 Progesterone, 645, 656 Progression, 4, 6, 439, 442, 484, 498, 589, 645 Progressive, 393, 591, 600, 606, 608, 619, 634, 645, 649, 661 Proline, 400, 410, 416, 430, 601, 622, 645 Proportional, 13, 638, 639, 645 Prospective study, 629, 645 Prostate, 231, 382, 389, 593, 645, 661 Protease, 530, 645 Protease Inhibitors, 530, 645 Protein C, 79, 409, 415, 416, 418, 498, 514, 587, 588, 590, 592, 629, 645, 662 Protein S, 79, 195, 412, 414, 424, 438, 456, 461, 594, 616, 622, 646, 650 Proteins, 78, 409, 422, 429, 433, 435, 437, 458, 459, 477, 530, 588, 590, 591, 594, 597, 598, 599, 601, 602, 605, 622, 627, 631, 633, 636, 640, 643, 646, 653, 659, 660 Proteoglycans, 437, 592, 646

Index 677

Proteolytic, 602, 646 Protocol, 388, 552, 553, 646 Protons, 587, 622, 646, 647 Protozoa, 628, 632, 646, 655, 661 Proximal, 607, 615, 627, 646 Psoriasis, 231, 533, 646, 650 Psychiatric, 7, 632, 646 Psychiatry, 363, 646, 657 Psychic, 632, 646, 652 Psychoactive, 646, 664 Psychology, 646 Psychomotor, 606, 610, 646 Psychopharmacology, 78, 646 Psychotropic, 445, 446, 646 Psyllium, 332, 646 Puberty, 460, 646 Public Policy, 455, 511, 569, 647 Pulmonary, 387, 572, 594, 599, 603, 604, 612, 628, 647, 657, 663 Pulmonary Artery, 594, 647, 663 Pulmonary Edema, 599, 628, 647 Pulposus, 437, 647 Pulse, 633, 647 Purgative, 609, 628, 647 Purines, 647, 653 Purulent, 585, 647, 662 Pyrimidines, 647, 653 R Race, 351, 450, 608, 633, 647 Radiation, 499, 585, 586, 604, 612, 615, 626, 647, 652, 664 Radiation therapy, 499, 585, 586, 612, 626, 647 Radioactive, 595, 622, 624, 626, 629, 636, 647, 652 Radiography, 617, 647 Radiolabeled, 647 Radiotherapy, 595, 647 Random Allocation, 648 Randomization, 15, 648 Randomized clinical trial, 382, 387, 389, 648 Randomized Controlled Trials, 204, 208, 209, 648 Reagent, 599, 622, 648 Receptor, 179, 586, 590, 608, 648, 653 Recessive gene, 387, 648 Recombinant, 409, 435, 484, 648 Reconstitution, 648 Rectal, 79, 232, 648 Rectum, 589, 590, 595, 602, 607, 613, 615, 625, 628, 645, 648

Recur, 462, 648 Recurrence, 598, 600, 648 Red blood cells, 611, 644, 648, 651, 654 Refer, 1, 595, 602, 615, 621, 629, 636, 649, 660 Refraction, 649, 655 Refractory, 649 Regeneration, 648, 649 Regimen, 5, 8, 383, 388, 400, 401, 462, 533, 609, 649 Regurgitation, 616, 620, 649 Relapse, 649 Relative risk, 13, 649 Relaxation Techniques, 540, 649 Reliability, 649 Remission, 462, 463, 465, 521, 648, 649 Renal failure, 412, 606, 649 Renal Osteodystrophy, 498, 649 Renal pelvis, 628, 649 Reproduction Techniques, 645, 649 Research Design, 649 Resection, 496, 649, 653 Respiration, 338, 633, 649, 650 Respiratory distress syndrome, 206, 649 Response rate, 16, 467, 649 Resting metabolic rate, 384, 650 Restoration, 642, 648, 650, 651, 664 Resuscitation, 609, 650 Retina, 600, 606, 628, 650, 651, 653 Retinal, 606, 637, 650, 663 Retinoids, 650, 663 Retinol, 11, 12, 187, 188, 650 Retrospective, 11, 650 Rheumatic Diseases, 12, 650 Rheumatism, 650 Rheumatoid, 209, 232, 366, 638, 650 Rheumatoid arthritis, 209, 650 Riboflavin, 11, 182, 183, 650 Ribose, 586, 650, 660 Ribosome, 650, 660 Rickets, 232, 650, 664 Rigidity, 642, 651 Rod, 600, 628, 651 Rodenticides, 641, 651 Role Playing, 445, 651 Rubber, 428, 585, 651 S Saliva, 495, 499, 651 Salivary, 607, 613, 639, 651 Salivary glands, 607, 613, 651 Salmonella, 472, 616, 651 Sanitary, 9, 432, 478, 529, 651

678 Nutrition

Sanitation, 530, 531, 651 Saponins, 651, 656 Sarcoma, 443, 531, 651 Satellite, 483, 537, 538, 539, 542, 651 Saturated fat, 14, 496, 536, 540, 551, 651 Scans, 387, 652 Schizoid, 652, 664 Schizophrenia, 232, 652, 664 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 652, 664 Sclerosis, 228, 591, 634, 652 Seafood, 535, 558, 652 Second Messenger Systems, 652 Secretion, 374, 463, 474, 600, 617, 621, 623, 625, 626, 628, 634, 652 Sedentary, 394, 650, 652 Seizures, 606, 652 Selenium, 5, 187, 211, 503, 652 Senile, 9, 11, 232, 638, 652 Sensibility, 588, 653 Sepsis, 210, 392, 412, 430, 592, 653 Septic, 591, 653 Septicemia, 423, 653 Serine, 400, 410, 416, 610, 653 Serotonin, 635, 653, 661 Serrata, 322, 600, 653 Serrated, 653 Serum, 9, 11, 12, 79, 211, 232, 385, 409, 587, 589, 602, 627, 630, 648, 653 Serum Albumin, 9, 409, 653 Sex Characteristics, 586, 646, 653, 658 Sharpness, 653, 663 Shock, 233, 350, 425, 653, 661 Short Bowel Syndrome, 416, 653 Side effect, 415, 418, 465, 501, 505, 513, 533, 586, 623, 653, 657, 660 Signs and Symptoms, 9, 649, 653, 662 Sil, 338, 653 Silage, 432, 653 Sincalide, 385, 653 Skeletal, 415, 600, 619, 654 Skeleton, 627, 654 Skin graft, 654 Skull, 610, 635, 654, 658 Sludge, 385, 654 Small intestine, 431, 465, 534, 593, 598, 600, 608, 622, 623, 626, 627, 634, 654 Smooth muscle, 588, 589, 595, 621, 654, 657 Snails, 654 Social Class, 654 Social Environment, 647, 654 Social Sciences, 654

Social Security, 648, 654 Social Support, 654, 656 Social Work, 472, 654 Socioeconomic Factors, 643, 654 Soft tissue, 595, 654 Solvent, 592, 618, 638, 654 Soma, 654, 655 Somatic, 401, 586, 655 Sorbic Acid, 431, 655 Soybean Oil, 643, 655 Space Flight, 655 Specialist, 573, 655 Spectrum, 634, 655 Speech pathologist, 478, 655 Spike, 312, 428, 655 Spina bifida, 470, 635, 655 Spinal cord, 598, 599, 611, 615, 631, 632, 635, 655 Spleen, 588, 592, 630, 655 Splenic Vein, 644, 655 Spontaneous Abortion, 233, 645, 655 Sporadic, 643, 655 Spores, 436, 655 Stabilizer, 424, 437, 655 Staging, 652, 655 Staphylococcus, 616, 655 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 655 Statistically significant, 15, 656 Steatosis, 385, 389, 460, 613, 656 Steel, 600, 656, 661 Stem cell transplantation, 620, 656 Stem Cells, 611, 620, 656 Stent, 638, 656 Sterile, 428, 591, 639, 656 Sterility, 428, 656 Sterilization, 410, 656 Steroid, 460, 464, 465, 472, 547, 593, 604, 651, 656 Stillbirth, 645, 656 Stimulant, 471, 595, 621, 656, 658, 662 Stimulus, 376, 591, 608, 609, 626, 656, 659 Stoma, 638, 656 Stool, 425, 497, 532, 602, 628, 656 Stress management, 531, 568, 656 Stringency, 462, 656 Stroke, 7, 233, 386, 397, 510, 597, 657 Stupor, 628, 634, 657 Styrene, 651, 657 Subacute, 625, 657 Subclinical, 625, 652, 657 Subcutaneous, 586, 609, 629, 639, 657 Subspecies, 655, 657

Index 679

Substance P, 648, 652, 657 Substrate, 352, 417, 425, 657 Sulfates, 410, 657 Sulfur, 79, 81, 187, 282, 370, 417, 423, 632, 657 Sulfuric acid, 404, 657 Supplementation, 5, 11, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 381, 389, 392, 393, 463, 657 Support group, 496, 572, 657 Supportive care, 640, 657 Surfactant, 422, 657 Sweat, 623, 657 Sweat Glands, 657 Symphysis, 599, 645, 657 Symptomatic, 460, 536, 639, 657 Synapses, 655, 657 Synergistic, 658, 659 Systemic disease, 653, 658 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 547, 658 Systolic, 623, 658 T Tachycardia, 592, 658 Tachypnea, 592, 658 Tacrine, 8, 658 Taurine, 409, 435, 593, 658 Teicoplanin, 658 Telencephalon, 592, 658 Temporal, 541, 658 Tendon, 615, 658 Testosterone, 400, 588, 658 Tetany, 639, 658 Therapeutics, 505, 658 Thiamine, 11, 12, 182, 504, 658 Thigh, 393, 659 Thoracic, 607, 631, 643, 659, 664 Threonine, 400, 410, 416, 653, 659 Threshold, 436, 612, 623, 659 Thrombin, 646, 659 Thrombomodulin, 646, 659 Thrombophlebitis, 408, 659 Thrombosis, 646, 657, 659 Thrombus, 604, 624, 659 Thrush, 443, 472, 532, 536, 546, 596, 659 Thyroid, 234, 460, 623, 639, 659, 661 Thyroid Gland, 639, 659 Thyrotoxicosis, 460, 659 Thyrotropin, 623, 659 Thyroxine, 587, 642, 659 Tic, 387, 659 Time Management, 656, 659 Tin, 597, 659

Tolerance, 5, 78, 80, 359, 424, 437, 438, 462, 499, 519, 536, 618, 659 Tome, 323, 335, 659 Tomography, 603, 652, 660 Tone, 637, 660 Tonicity, 627, 660 Tooth Loss, 490, 495, 499, 660 Tooth Preparation, 586, 660 Topical, 328, 406, 434, 641, 660 Toxic, v, 430, 592, 608, 619, 621, 624, 640, 652, 657, 660 Toxicity, 608, 609, 660 Toxicology, 512, 660 Toxin, 82, 610, 659, 660 Toxoplasmosis, 660 Trace element, 4, 10, 180, 427, 433, 458, 599, 659, 660 Trachea, 642, 659, 660 Traction, 600, 660 Transaminases, 81, 660 Transfection, 594, 660 Transketolase, 11, 660 Translating, 660 Translation, 588, 660 Translational, 660 Translocating, 592, 660 Transmitter, 585, 607, 626, 631, 658, 661, 663 Transplantation, 476, 498, 600, 609, 661 Trauma, 381, 425, 553, 606, 612, 620, 639, 661 Trees, 353, 651, 661 Triage, 406, 407, 434, 661 Triglyceride, 383, 423, 425, 429, 430, 623, 661 Trypanosomiasis, 640, 661 Tryptophan, 400, 416, 601, 653, 661 Tumor marker, 593, 661 Tumour, 615, 661 Tungsten, 597, 661 Tunica, 634, 661 Type 2 diabetes, 384, 386, 393, 550, 661 Tyrosine, 334, 400, 416, 426, 427, 607, 628, 661 U Ubiquitin, 661 Ulcer, 230, 235, 661, 662 Ulceration, 465, 661 Ulcerative colitis, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 534, 536, 570, 625, 661 Ultrasonography, 617, 661 Unconscious, 534, 623, 662

680 Nutrition

Unsaturated Fats, 403, 662 Uraemia, 639, 662 Urea, 592, 657, 662 Uremia, 417, 628, 649, 662 Ureters, 628, 662 Urethra, 645, 662 Uric, 619, 623, 647, 662 Urinary, 201, 216, 235, 385, 596, 629, 637, 662 Urinary tract, 629, 662 Urinate, 662, 664 Urine, 201, 384, 412, 594, 604, 607, 618, 627, 628, 637, 649, 650, 662 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 643, 662 Uterus, 585, 598, 632, 638, 645, 662 V Vaccine, 459, 586, 646, 662 Vagina, 596, 598, 628, 632, 662 Vaginitis, 235, 596, 662 Valine, 400, 410, 416, 421, 662 Varicose, 235, 459, 662 Varicose vein, 459, 662 Vascular, 174, 230, 388, 528, 624, 625, 659, 662 Vasculitis, 639, 663 Vasoconstriction, 611, 619, 663 Vegetarianism, 540, 663 Vegetative, 79, 663 Vein, 384, 401, 411, 626, 636, 639, 644, 651, 655, 659, 663 Venous, 218, 401, 408, 433, 528, 594, 646, 663 Ventricle, 604, 623, 647, 658, 663 Venules, 594, 596, 663 Vertebrae, 437, 626, 655, 663 Vertebral, 437, 593, 642, 655, 663 Veterinary Medicine, 511, 663 Vial, 428, 663

Video Recording, 471, 663 Videodisc Recording, 663 Villous, 302, 598, 663 Viral, 217, 221, 459, 518, 663 Virulence, 660, 663 Viscera, 655, 663 Visceral, 235, 415, 628, 641, 663 Viscosity, 424, 437, 663 Visual Acuity, 663 Vitamin A, 13, 81, 182, 188, 516, 518, 530, 650, 663 Vitamin D, 175, 183, 184, 474, 494, 504, 651, 663 Vitreous, 606, 628, 650, 664 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 606, 664 Vitro, 664 Vivo, 664 Void, 434, 664 W Waiting Lists, 175, 664 Wasps, 622, 664 Weight Gain, 13, 384, 395, 405, 481, 492, 493, 498, 517, 547, 613, 664 White blood cell, 590, 628, 630, 634, 643, 664 Windpipe, 642, 659, 664 Withdrawal, 10, 214, 428, 606, 664 Wound Healing, 197, 412, 664 X Xenograft, 589, 664 X-ray, 384, 594, 597, 603, 615, 636, 647, 652, 655, 664 Xylulose, 660, 664 Y Yeasts, 596, 615, 664 Z Zygote, 603, 664 Zymogen, 645, 664

Index 681

682 Nutrition

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Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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