Nabumetone - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

NABUMETONE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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NABUMETONE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Nabumetone: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84520-4 1. Nabumetone-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on nabumetone. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NABUMETONE .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Nabumetone .................................................................................. 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NABUMETONE................................................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Nabumetone................................................................................. 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NABUMETONE .......................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 32 General References ....................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON NABUMETONE ....................................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patents on Nabumetone ............................................................................................................... 35 Patent Applications on Nabumetone ........................................................................................... 41 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NABUMETONE ............................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 45 Academic Periodicals covering Nabumetone ............................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 49 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 50 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 69 NABUMETONE DICTIONARY ................................................................................................... 71 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 93

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with nabumetone is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about nabumetone, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to nabumetone, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on nabumetone. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to nabumetone, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on nabumetone. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NABUMETONE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on nabumetone.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and nabumetone, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Safety and Efficacy of Nabumetone in Osteoarthritis: Emphasis on Gastrointestinal Safety Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 14(4): 443-452. April 2000. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to compare the efficacy and gastrointestinal (GI) safety of nabumetone with two comparator nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diclofenac SR and piroxicam. Two randomized, doubleblind, multicenter parallel group trials were carried out in patients with moderate to severe osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. During the 6 month treatment

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phase, the safety and efficacy of nabumetone (1500 to 2000 mg per day) was compared to diclofenac SR (100 mg per day) or piroxicam (20 to 30 mg per day). Most of the efficacy parameters showed no significant differences between the NSAIDs, although diclofenac SR was significantly better than nabumetone in one of the 18 efficacy parameters. Nabumetone treated patients experienced significantly fewer ulcer and bleeding events compared to patients treated with the comparator NSAIDs. More importantly, complications associated with either ulcers (perforation) or bleeding (leading to hospitalization or withdrawal) occurred in significantly fewer patients receiving nabumetone (0 percent) than with comparator NSAIDS (1.4 percent). The authors conclude that nabumetone was similar in efficacy by most criteria to diclofenac SR and piroxicam, however nabumetone offers a superior GI safety profile. 1 figure. 5 tables. 32 references.

Federally Funded Research on Nabumetone The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to nabumetone. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to nabumetone. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore nabumetone. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for nabumetone: •

Project Title: MK-0966 VS NABUMETONE IN PATIENTS WITH OA OF THE KNEE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lane, Nancy L.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NABUMETONE, CELCOXIB & IBUPROFEN ON BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcgill, Janet; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with nabumetone, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for nabumetone (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 12-month postmarketing surveillance study of nabumetone. A preliminary report. Author(s): Jenner PN. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081502

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A 6-month, double-blind study comparing nabumetone to naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Author(s): Pisko EJ, Strader K, Rice D, White R, Goodman LA. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1987; 5(2): 90-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3310020

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A comparative study of nabumetone and indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Palferman TG, Webley M. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1991; 11(2): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1365469

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A comparative study of the effectiveness and safety of two non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents, nabumetone and naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Fostiropoulos G, Croydon EA. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(4): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6749576

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of the effects of nabumetone vs meloxicam on serum thromboxane B2 and platelet function in healthy volunteers. Author(s): van Kraaij DJ, Hovestad-Witterland AH, de Metz M, Vollaard EJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 June; 53(6): 644-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047490

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A controlled study comparing the effects of nabumetone, ibuprofen, and ibuprofen plus misoprostol on the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Author(s): Roth SH, Tindall EA, Jain AK, McMahon FG, April PA, Bockow BI, Cohen SB, Fleischmann RM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1993 November 22; 153(22): 2565-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239849

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A double-blind study of the effect on hemostasis of nabumetone (Relafen) compared to placebo. Author(s): Jennings MB, Alfieri DM, Jules KT, Lesczczynski C. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 2000 May-June; 39(3): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10862388

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A double-masked comparison of Naprelan and nabumetone in osteoarthritis of the knee. Naprelan Study Group. Author(s): Fleischmann RM, Flint K, Constantine G, Kolecki B. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1997 July-August; 19(4): 642-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9377610

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A longterm endoscopic evaluation of patients with arthritis treated with nabumetone vs naproxen. Author(s): Roth SH, Bennett R, Caldron P, Mitchell C, Swenson C, Koepp R. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 June; 21(6): 1118-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7932425

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A microcomputer-assisted study of nabumetone and slow release diclofenac in osteoarthritis. Author(s): Laws D, Saul S, Fehilly B. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081489

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A multicenter study of nabumetone and diclofenac SR in patients with osteoarthritis. Author(s): Bellamy N, Bensen WG, Beaulieu A, Siminovitch KA, Kraag GR, Lussier A, Ahmad S, Khanna VN, Davis P, Bell MJ, et al. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 May; 22(5): 915-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8587082

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A pharmacokinetic study of the active metabolite of nabumetone in young healthy subjects and older arthritis patients. Author(s): Kendall MJ, Chellingsworth MC, Jubb R, Thawley AR, Undre NA, Kill DC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 36(3): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2744071

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A placebo-controlled study of interaction between nabumetone and acenocoumarol. Author(s): Pardo A, Garcia-Losa M, Fernandez-Pavon A, del Castillo S, Pascual-Garcia T, Garcia-Mendez E, Dal-Re R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 April; 47(4): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10233210

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An open label study to establish dosing recommendations for nabumetone in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Goodman S, Howard P, Haig A, Flavin S, Macdonald B. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 April; 30(4): 829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672207

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An overview of the clinical pharmacokinetics of nabumetone. Author(s): Hyneck ML. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 20-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474531

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An overview of the long-term safety experience of nabumetone. Author(s): Willkens RF. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081490

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Analgesic activity of nabumetone in postoperative pain. Author(s): Movilia P, Restelli L, Miriano F, Vaiani G, Grossi E. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081499

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Analgesic activity of nabumetone versus naproxen in acute exacerbation of osteoarthritis. A short term study. Author(s): Cazzola M, Montrone F, Azzolini V, Vaiani G, Caruso I. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081501

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Analysis of nabumetone in human plasma by HPLC. Application to single dose pharmacokinetic studies. Author(s): Kobylinska K, Barlinska M, Kobylinska M. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 June 1; 32(2): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12763542

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Bioequivalence study of nabumetone: tablet versus suspension. Author(s): Daigneault EA, Ferslew KE, Stanton P. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3687999

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Blood and tissue fluid levels of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparation of nabumetone. Author(s): Torre D, Sampietro C, Maggiolo F. Source: J Int Med Res. 1987 November-December; 15(6): 368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3436484

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Cardiac arrest due to severe hyperkalaemia in patient taking nabumetone and low salt diet. Author(s): Pal B, Hutchinson A, Bhattacharya A, Ralston A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 December 2; 311(7018): 1486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8520342

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Chemoprevention of intestinal tumorigenesis by nabumetone: induction of apoptosis and Bcl-2 downregulation. Author(s): Roy HK, Karoski WJ, Ratashak A, Smyrk TC. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 May 18; 84(10): 1412-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11355956

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Clinical efficacy and safety of nabumetone in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Author(s): Fleischmann RM. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 32-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474533

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Clinical efficacy and tolerance of nabumetone in articular and non-articular rheumatic disorders: personal experience during 12 weeks of treatment. Author(s): Coaccioli S, Allegra A, Di Cato L, Puxeddu A. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1998 June; 40(2): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689831

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Clinical pharmacokinetics of nabumetone. The dawn of selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibition? Author(s): Davies NM. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1997 December; 33(6): 404-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9435990

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Comparative effects of nabumetone, sulindac, and ibuprofen on renal function. Author(s): Cook ME, Wallin JD, Thakur VD, Kadowitz PJ, McNamara DB, Garcia MM, Lipani JA, Poland M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 June; 24(6): 1137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9195523

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Comparative effects of nabumetone, sulindac, and indomethacin on urinary prostaglandin excretion and platelet function in volunteers. Author(s): Freed MI, Audet PR, Zariffa N, Krishna GG, Ilson BE, Everitt DE, Brown LE, Rizzo SM, Nichols AI, Jorkasky DK. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1994 November; 34(11): 1098-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876402

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Comparative gastrointestinal blood loss associated with placebo, aspirin, and nabumetone as assessed by radiochromium (51Cr). Author(s): Lussier A, Davis A, Lussier Y, Lebel E. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 March; 29(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2786009

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Comparison of cardiovascular thrombotic events in patients with osteoarthritis treated with rofecoxib versus nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, and nabumetone). Author(s): Reicin AS, Shapiro D, Sperling RS, Barr E, Yu Q. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 January 15; 89(2): 204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792343

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Comparison of indomethacin and the prodrugs, fenbufen and nabumetone, on human gastric morphology and blood flow. Author(s): Shorrock CJ, Rees WD. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474544

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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of naproxen CR and nabumetone in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Cha HS, Koh JH, Jeon CH, Lee CK, Kim JS, Koh EM. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 December; 39(12): 539-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770835

10

Nabumetone

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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of oxaprozin and nabumetone in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Weaver A, Rubin B, Caldwell J, McMahon FG, Lee D, Makarowski W, Offenberg H, Sack M, Sikes D, Trapp R, et al. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 July-August; 17(4): 735-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565037

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Comparison of the safety and efficacy of nabumetone and aspirin in the treatment of osteoarthritis in adults. Author(s): Appelrouth DJ, Baim S, Chang RW, Cohen MH, Englund DW, Germain BF, Hartman SS, Jaffer A, Mullen BJ, Smith FE. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 78-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318434

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Comparison of the upper gastrointestinal safety of Arthrotec 75 and nabumetone in osteoarthritis patients at high risk for developing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal ulcers. Author(s): Agrawal NM, Caldwell J, Kivitz AJ, Weaver AL, Bocanegra TS, Ball J, Dhadda S, Hurley S, Hancock L. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1999 April; 21(4): 659-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10363732

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Controlled evaluation of nabumetone in the treatment of active adult rheumatoid arthritis. Nabumetone versus naproxen double-blind parallel study. Author(s): Vasey FB, Germain BF, Espinoza LR, Box P, Bockow BI, Lipani JA, Mullen BJ, Brodsky AL, Fleischmann RM, Fogari RA, et al. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318430

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Double-blind crossover study of nabumetone versus naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Author(s): Ginsberg F, Famaey JP. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(4): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7117677

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Double-blind crossover study of nabumetone versus naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Author(s): Verbruggen LA, Cytryn E, Pintens H. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(4): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7117678

Studies

11

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of the safety and efficacy of orally administered etodolac and nabumetone in patients with active osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Schnitzer TJ, Ballard IM, Constantine G, McDonald P. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 July-August; 17(4): 602-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565024

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Economic and gastrointestinal safety comparisons of etodolac, nabumetone, and oxaprozin from insurance claims data from patients with arthritis. Author(s): Simon LS, Zhao SZ, Arguelles LM, Lefkowith JB, Dedhiya SD, Fort JG, Johnson KE. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1998 November-December; 20(6): 1218-35; Discussion 1192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9916614

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Effect of nabumetone (BRL 14777), a new anti-inflammatory drug, on human platelet reactivity ex vivo: comparison with naproxen. Author(s): Nunn B, Chamberlain PD. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1982 September; 34(9): 576-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6127382

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Effect of nabumetone and aspirin on colonic mucosal bleeding time. Author(s): Basson MD, Panzini L, Palmer RH. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 April; 15(4): 539-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284783

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Effect of nabumetone on hemostasis during arthroscopic knee surgery. Author(s): Schnitzer TJ, Donahue JR, Toomey EP, Holtby RM, Scuderi GR, Adams PL, Poland MP. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1998 January-February; 20(1): 110-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9522109

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Effect of nabumetone on metabolism of renal arachidonate in humans. Author(s): De Caterina R, Giannessi D, Lazzerini G, Filipponi P, Mannarelli C, Vaiani G, Grossi E. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474540

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Effect of nabumetone on patients with RA evaluated by isokinetic muscle strength. Author(s): Gam A, Nawrocki A, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081497

12

Nabumetone

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Effects of nabumetone compared with naproxen on platelet aggregation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Knijff-Dutmer EA, Martens A, vd Laar MA. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 April; 58(4): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10364907

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Effects of nabumetone on prostanoid biosynthesis in humans. Author(s): Cipollone F, Ganci A, Panara MR, Greco A, Cuccurullo F, Patrono C, Patrignani P. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 September; 58(3): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554708

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Effects of nabumetone, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on urinary prostaglandin excretion in man. Author(s): Giannessi D, Lazzerini G, Filipponi P, Mannarelli C, Vaiani G, Grossi E, De Caterina R. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1993 October-November; 28(3): 229-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8108313

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Effects of nabumetone, celecoxib, and ibuprofen on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Palmer R, Weiss R, Zusman RM, Haig A, Flavin S, MacDonald B. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2003 February; 16(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12559680

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Effects of naproxen and nabumetone on serum cholesterol levels in patients with osteoarthritis. Author(s): Young D, Peterson C, Basch C, Halladay SC. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 March-April; 17(2): 231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7614523

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Effects of the prodrug nabumetone, and its active metabolite, 6-MNA, on human and rat gastric mucosal prostanoids and platelet function. Author(s): Jeremy JY, Mikhailidis DP, Barradas MA, Kirk RM, Dandona P. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081494

Studies

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Efficacy and safety of nabumetone in 4,541 elderly patients from a drug monitoring study. Author(s): Munzel P, Lemmel EE. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081496

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Efficacy and safety of nabumetone in 5,421 patients with osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee joints. A subgroup evaluation of an outpatient study involving 18,047 patients. Author(s): Fedder M, Stroehmann I. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081500

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Efficacy and safety of nabumetone in long-term treatment of osteoarthritis. Author(s): Verbruggen LA, Pintens H. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1984; 6(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6396271

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Efficacy and safety of nabumetone in patients with rheumatic diseases. Results of an outpatient study involving 8,865 patients. Author(s): Stroehmann I, Giersch KH, Zeidler H, Munzel P. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081493

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Efficacy and safety of nabumetone versus diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, and piroxicam in the elderly. Author(s): Morgan GJ, Poland M, DeLapp RE. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 August 9; 95(2A): 19S-27S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8356998

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Efficacy and tolerability of nabumetone in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee joint: an open trial. Author(s): Ben Dallah SK, Lenghi M. Source: J Int Med Res. 1994 July-August; 22(4): 218-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7958381

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Efficacy of nabumetone versus diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, and piroxicam in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Lister BJ, Poland M, DeLapp RE. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 August 9; 95(2A): 2S-9S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8356999

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Endoscopic studies of nabumetone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A comparative endoscopic and histologic evaluation. Author(s): Greb WH, von Schrader HW, Cerlek S, Dominis M, Hauptmann E, Zenic N. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318423

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Endoscopy-controlled study of the safety of nabumetone compared with naproxen in arthritis therapy. Author(s): Roth SH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318424

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Evaluation of nabumetone in the treatment of active adult rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Lanier BG, Turner RA Jr, Collins RL, Senter RG Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318427

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Extractionless determination of 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, a major metabolite of nabumetone, in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): de Jager AD, Hundt HK, Hundt AF, Swart KJ, Knight M, Roberts J. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 April 14; 740(2): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10821411

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Gastroduodenal tolerability of nabumetone versus naproxen in the treatment of rheumatic patients. Author(s): Porro GB, Montrone F, Petrillo M, Caruso I, Imbesi V. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 September; 90(9): 1485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7661175

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Gastrointestinal safety profile of nabumetone: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Hunt RH. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1999 December 13; 107(6A): 55S-61S; Discussion 61S-64S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10628594

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Gastroscopic evaluation of the effects of nabumetone on the gastrointestinal mucosa of rheumatic patients. Author(s): Bianchi Porro G, Petrillo M, Ardizzone S, Caruso I, Montone F. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1991; 11(3): 38-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1365479

Studies

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German drug monitoring studies with nabumetone. Author(s): Stroehmann I, Fedder M, Zeidler H. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081491

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GI bleeding associated with nabumetone. Author(s): Voss GD, Schweitzer P. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994 October 1; 51(19): 2506, 2508. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7847412

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Health-related quality-of-life effects of oxaprozin and nabumetone in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Zhao SZ, Dedhiya SD, Bocanegra TS, Fort JG, Kuss ME, Rush SM. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1999 January; 21(1): 205-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090436

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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of a new anti-inflammatory agent, nabumetone, and its major metabolite in plasma using fluorimetric detection. Author(s): Ray JE, Day RO. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1984 December 7; 336(1): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6526922

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Interaction between nabumetone--a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug--and the haemostatic system ex vivo. Author(s): al Balla S, al Momen AK, al Arfaj H, al Sugair S, Gader AM. Source: Haemostasis. 1990; 20(5): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2289708

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Lack of enterohepatic circulation of the active metabolite of nabumetone in humans. Author(s): Brett MA, Buscher G, Ellrich E, Greb WH, Kurth HJ, Rulander G, Schmerenbeck B, Haddock R, Thawley A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474541

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Liver insufficiency as a factor modifying the pharmacokinetic characteristic of the preparation nabumetone. Author(s): Maleev A, Vlahov V, Gruev I, Dierdorf D, Kostova N, Bacracheva N. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986 August; 24(8): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3759278

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Long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis comparing nabumetone with aspirin. Author(s): Bernhard GC, Appelrouth DJ, Bankhurst AD, Biundo J, Bockow BI, Brobyn RD, Brodsky AL, Burch FX, Chang RW, Cohen MH, et al. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318428

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Meta-analysis of Italian clinical trials of nabumetone. Author(s): Vaiani G, Grossi E. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2150505

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Metabolism of nabumetone (BRL 14777) by various species including man. Author(s): Haddock RE, Jeffery DJ, Lloyd JA, Thawley AR. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1984 April; 14(4): 327-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6464502

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Nabumetone (BRL 14777) presystemic elimination and disposition in patients with liver impairments. Author(s): Terziivanov D, Maleev A, Vlahov V. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1987 April; 25(4): 208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2884189

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Nabumetone compared with indomethacin in the treatment of osteoarthritis in general practice. Author(s): Carle WK, Wade AG, Kill DC, Poland M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474536

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Nabumetone compared with naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter, double blind, randomized, parallel group trial in hospital outpatients. Author(s): Emery P, Clarke A, Williams P, Kill D, Cree F, Redhead R, Poland M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 41-7. Erratum In: J Rheumatol 1993 May; 20(5): 924. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474534

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Nabumetone in elderly patients with osteoarthritis: economic benefits versus ibuprofen alone or ibuprofen plus misoprostol. Author(s): Bentkover JD, Baker AM, Kaplan H. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1994 April; 5(4): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10160575

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Nabumetone in the treatment of active adult rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Brobyn RD. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318429

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Nabumetone in the treatment of skin and soft tissue injury. Author(s): Jenner PN. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318420

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Nabumetone induced pseudoporphyria in childhood. Author(s): Cron RQ, Finkel TH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 July; 27(7): 1817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914877

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Nabumetone induces less gastrointestinal mucosal changes than diclofenac retard. Author(s): Becvar R, Urbanova Z, Vlasakova V, Vitova J, Rybar I, Maldyk H, FilipowiczSosnowska A, Bernacka K, Mackiewicz S, Gomor B, Rojkovich B, Siro B, Bereczki J, Toth K, Sukenik S, Green L, Ehrenfeld M, Pavelka K. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1999; 18(4): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468165

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Nabumetone kinetics in the young and elderly. Author(s): McMahon FG, Vargas R, Ryan JR, Fitts DA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688002

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Nabumetone pharmacokinetics in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. Author(s): Boelaert JR, Jonnaert HA, Daneels RF, Schurgers ML, Thawley AR, Undre NA, Cooper DL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3687998

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Nabumetone therapy of osteoarthritis. A six-week, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Blechman WJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318432

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Nabumetone versus naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis. A six-month trial. Author(s): Poiley JE. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318435

18

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Nabumetone, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: a comparison with naproxen. Author(s): Richards AM, Burry HC, Treadwell BL, Tweed JM, Mowles E. Source: N Z Med J. 1983 December 14; 96(745): 1015-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6361628

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Nabumetone. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in rheumatic diseases. Author(s): Friedel HA, Todd PA. Source: Drugs. 1988 May; 35(5): 504-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3293969

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Nabumetone. A reappraisal of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in rheumatic diseases. Author(s): Friedel HA, Langtry HD, Buckley MM. Source: Drugs. 1993 January; 45(1): 131-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7680981

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Nabumetone. Evidence for the lack of enterohepatic circulation of the active metabolite 6-MNA in humans. Author(s): Brett MA, Buscher G, Ellrich E, Greb WH, Kurth HJ, Rulander G, Schmerenbeck B, Haddock RE, Thawley AR. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081498

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Nabumetone: a “nonacidic” nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. Author(s): Dahl SL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 April; 27(4): 456-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8477124

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Nabumetone: a clinical appraisal. Author(s): Helfgott SM. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994 April; 23(5): 341-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8036523

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Nabumetone: a double-blind study in osteoarthrosis. Author(s): Gillgrass J, Grahame R. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1984; 3(9): 592-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6374679

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Nabumetone: a new NSAID for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Author(s): Roth SH. Source: Orthop Rev. 1992 February; 21(2): 223-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1538889

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Nabumetone: a single-center three-week comparison with placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Turner RA Jr, Brindley DA, Mitchell FN. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318426

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Nabumetone--a novel anti-inflammatory drug: bioavailability after different dosage regimens. Author(s): von Schrader HW, Buscher G, Dierdorf D, Mugge H, Wolf D. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 December; 22(12): 672-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6526543

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Nabumetone--a novel anti-inflammatory drug: the influence of food, milk, antacids, and analgesics on bioavailability of single oral doses. Author(s): von Schrader HW, Buscher G, Dierdorf D, Mugge H, Wolf D. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1983 June; 21(6): 311-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6688407

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Nabumetone-associated interstitial nephritis. Author(s): Blackwell E, Loughlin K, Dumler F, Smythe M. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1995 September-October; 15(5): 669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8570441

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Nabumetone-associated pseudoporphyria. Author(s): Antony F, Layton AM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 142(5): 1067-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10809892

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy and gastric side effects. Does nabumetone provide a solution? Author(s): Dandona P, Jeremy JY. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 16-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081487

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Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use in patients receiving warfarin: emphasis on nabumetone. Author(s): Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Lucas BD Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 August 9; 95(2A): 30S-34S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8357000

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and renal response to exercise: a comparison of indomethacin and nabumetone. Author(s): Olsen NV, Jensen NG, Hansen JM, Christensen NJ, Fogh-Andersen N, Kanstrup IL. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1999 October; 97(4): 457-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10491346

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NSAIDs for the new decade--nabumetone? Author(s): Huskisson EC. Source: Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1991; 11(3): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1365475

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Penetration of the active metabolite of nabumetone into synovial fluid and adherent tissue of patients undergoing knee joint surgery. Author(s): Miehlke RK, Schneider S, Sorgel F, Muth P, Henschke F, Giersch KH, Munzel P. Source: Drugs. 1990; 40 Suppl 5: 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081495

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Polymorphonuclear leukocytes activation: in vitro modulation by 6-methoxy-2naphthylacetic acid, the major active metabolite of nabumetone. Author(s): Allegrezza-Giulietti A, Serretti R, Peroni M, Cervini C. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1993 September; 28(2): 163-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8278307

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Population pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of nabumetone in renal dysfunction. Author(s): Brier ME, Sloan RS, Aronoff GR. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 June; 57(6): 622-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7781261

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Potentiation of oral anticoagulation and hemarthrosis associated with nabumetone. Author(s): Dennis VC, Thomas BK, Hanlon JE. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 February; 20(2): 234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678303

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Preclinical overview of nabumetone. Pharmacology, bioavailability, metabolism, and toxicology. Author(s): Mangan FR, Flack JD, Jackson D. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 6-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688000

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Pseudoporphyria associated with Relafen therapy. Author(s): Magro CM, Crowson AN. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1999 January; 26(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10189244

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Pseudoporphyria caused by nabumetone. Author(s): Varma S, Lanigan SW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 138(3): 549-50. Erratum In: Br J Dermatol 1998 August; 139(2): 361. Br J Dermatol 1998 October; 139(4): 759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9580823

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Pseudoporphyria induced by nabumetone. Author(s): Krischer J, Scolari F, Kondo-Oestreicher M, Vollenweider-Roten S, Saurat JH, Pechere M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 March; 40(3): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10071328

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Pulmonary fibrosis associated with nabumetone. Author(s): Morice A, Atherton A, Gleeson F, Stewart S. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1991 November; 67(793): 1021-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1775411

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Radiochromium (chromium-51) evaluation of gastrointestinal blood loss associated with placebo, aspirin, and nabumetone. Author(s): Lussier A, LeBel E. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3500642

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Randomized double-blind study of nabumetone and piroxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis in Dutch general practice: efficacy and tolerability. Author(s): De Bock GH, Hermans J, Mulder JD. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 1993 June 18; 15(3): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8348110

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Randomized trial of low-dose misoprostol and naproxen vs. nabumetone to prevent recurrent upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in users of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Author(s): Chan FK, Sung JJ, Ching JY, Wu JC, Lee YT, Leung WK, Hui Y, Chan LY, Lai AC, Chung SC. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 January; 15(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136274

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Renal hemodynamic effects of nabumetone, sulindac, and placebo in patients with osteoarthritis. Author(s): Cangiano JL, Figueroa J, Palmer R. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1999 March; 21(3): 503-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10321419

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Results of a six-month study comparing the safety and efficacy of nabumetone and aspirin in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Author(s): Mullen BJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318433

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Review of the experience with nabumetone in clinical trials outside of the United States. Author(s): Jenner PN, Johnson ES. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318421

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Safety and efficacy of nabumetone in osteoarthritis: emphasis on gastrointestinal safety. Author(s): Scott DL, Palmer RH. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 April; 14(4): 443-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10759624

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Safety evaluation of nabumetone in United States clinical trials. Author(s): Jackson RE, Mitchell FN, Brindley DA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318422

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Safety experience with nabumetone versus diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, and piroxicam in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Eversmeyer W, Poland M, DeLapp RE, Jensen CP. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 August 9; 95(2A): 10S-18S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8356997

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Simultaneous analysis of naproxen, nabumetone and its major metabolite 6-methoxy2-naphthylacetic acid in pharmaceuticals and human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Mikami E, Goto T, Ohno T, Matsumoto H, Nishida M. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2000 October; 23(5): 917-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11022916

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Single-blind comparative study of nabumetone (Relafen) versus naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Hazleman BL, Thomas PP. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318431

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Six-month multi-center study comparing nabumetone with naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Author(s): Pisko EJ, Bockow BI, Box P, Brodsky AL, Burch FX, Collins RL, Fleischmann RM, Keller MI, Lipani JA, Poiley JE, et al. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 October 30; 83(4B): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3318436

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The different patterns of blood pressure elevation by rofecoxib and nabumetone. Author(s): Reitblat T, Zamir D, Estis L, Priluk R, Drogenikov T, Viskoper JR. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2002 June; 16(6): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037700

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The effect of nabumetone and indomethacin on gastric mucosal function. Author(s): Shorrock CJ, Rees WD. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474543

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The effect of nabumetone and its principal active metabolite on in vitro human gastric mucosal prostanoid synthesis and platelet function. Author(s): Jeremy JY, Mikhailidis DP, Barradas MA, Kirk RM, Dandona P. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 April; 29(2): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2108782

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The efficacy, tolerability, and safety of 1200 mg/d of oxaprozin and 1500 mg/d of nabumetone in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Author(s): Makarowski W, Weaver A, Rubin B, Caldwell J, McMahon FG, Noveck RJ, Lee D, Offenberg H, Sack M, Sikes D, Trapp R, Rush S, Kuss M, Ganju J, Bocanegra TS, Ratliff JM. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1996 January-February; 18(1): 114-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8851458

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The unique pharmacologic profile of nabumetone. Author(s): Blower PR. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 13-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474529

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Therapeutic implications associated with renal studies of nabumetone. Author(s): Aronoff GR. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 25-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474532

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Tolerability and efficacy of nabumetone and naproxen in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Krug H, Broadwell LK, Berry M, DeLapp R, Palmer RH, Mahowald M. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 January; 22(1): 40-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688389

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Tolerability of nabumetone: a pilot in vitro study showing absence of injury to articular cartilage. Author(s): Giordano N, Senesi M, Battisti E, Gonnelli S, Franci B, Campagna MS, Mattii G, Palumbo F, Gennari C. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1996; 18(4-6): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9195245

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Treatment of elderly patients with nabumetone or diclofenac: gastrointestinal safety profile. Author(s): Morgan GJ Jr, Kaine J, DeLapp R, Palmer R. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2001 April; 32(4): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11276273

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Two cases of nabumetone induced pseudoporphyria. Author(s): Checketts SR, Morgan GJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 December; 26(12): 2703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606389

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Upper gastrointestinal safety with nabumetone. Author(s): Roth SH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 74-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474539

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Worldwide safety experience with nabumetone. Author(s): Bernhard GC. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 48-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474535

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NABUMETONE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and nabumetone.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Nabumetone The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Nabumetone

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “nabumetone” (or a synonym): •

Anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal effects of nabumetone or its active metabolite, 6MNA (6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid): comparison with indomethacin. Author(s): SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex, UK. Source: Melarange, R Gentry, C O'Connell, C Blower, P R Neil, C Kelvin, A S Toseland, C D Agents-Actions. 1992; Spec NoC82-3 0065-4299

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Antiinflammatory and gastrointestinal effects of nabumetone or its active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA). Comparative studies with indomethacin. Author(s): SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development Technologies, The Pinnacles, Harlow, Essex, UK. Source: Melarange, R Gentry, C O'Connell, C Blower, P R Neil, C Kelvin, A S Toseland, C D Dig-Dis-Sci. 1992 December; 37(12): 1847-52 0163-2116

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Aspirin, but not sodium salicylate, indomethacin, or nabumetone, reversibly suppresses 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Antonio 78284, USA. Source: Barnes, C J Hardman, W E Cameron, I L Lee, M Dig-Dis-Sci. 1997 May; 42(5): 920-6 0163-2116

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Comparison of the effects of nabumetone with indomethacin on rat gastric mucosal 6keto-PGF1 alpha production and on bile salt-induced changes in gastric mucosal function. Author(s): Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, UK. Source: Melarange, R Rashbrook, L C J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1987 September; 39(9): 717-20 0022-3573

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Effects of pentoxifylline and nabumetone on the serum levels of IL-1beta and TNFalpha in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara (FM), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Source: Silva, J C Rocha, M F Lima, A A Brito, G A de Menezes, D B Rao, V S InflammRes. 2000 January; 49(1): 14-9 1023-3830

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Inhibitory effects of nabumetone, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and esculetin, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Author(s): First Department of Pathology, Gifu University School of Medicine. Source: Matsunaga, K Yoshimi, N Yamada, Y Shimizu, M Kawabata, K Ozawa, Y Hara, A Mori, H Jpn-J-Cancer-Res. 1998 May; 89(5): 496-501 0910-5050

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Nabumetone, an effective anti-inflammatory agent, lacks gastrointestinal irritancy in the rat when dosed orally for one month: comparison with tiaprofenic acid and etodolac. Author(s): SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development Technologies Harlow, Essex, UK. Source: Melarange, R Gentry, C Blower, P R Toseland, C D Spangler, R Eur-JRheumatol-Inflamm. 1994; 14(2): 15-22 0140-1610

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Photobiological properties of nabumetone (4-[6-methoxy-2-naphthalenyl]-2butanone), a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela. [email protected]

Nutrition

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Source: Canudas, N Moulinier, J Zamora, D Sanchez, A Pharmazie. 2000 April; 55(4): 282-5 0031-7144 •

The effects of nabumetone, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on cisplatin-induced 5hydroxytryptamine release from the isolated rat ileum. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan. Source: Kudo, C Minami, M Hirafuji, M Endo, T Hamaue, N Akita, K Murakami, T Kawaguchi, H Res-Commun-Mol-Pathol-Pharmacol. 2001 Jul-August; 110(1-2): 117-32 1078-0297

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to nabumetone; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Copper Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NABUMETONE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to nabumetone. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to nabumetone and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to nabumetone: •

Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on permeability of the small intestine in humans. Author(s): Bjarnason I, Fehilly B, Smethurst P, Menzies IS, Levi AJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1992 November; 19 Suppl 36: 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474542

•

Effects of the sulforaphane analog compound 30, indole-3-carbinol, D-limonene or relafen on glutathione S-transferases and glutathione peroxidase of the rat digestive tract. Author(s): van Lieshout EM, Posner GH, Woodard BT, Peters WH. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1998 March 2; 1379(3): 325-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9545594

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•

Nabumetone

Importance of local versus systemic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in increasing small intestinal permeability in man. Author(s): Bjarnason I, Fehilly B, Smethurst P, Menzies IS, Levi AJ. Source: Gut. 1991 March; 32(3): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1901563

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to nabumetone; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 33

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON NABUMETONE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “nabumetone” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on nabumetone, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Nabumetone By performing a patent search focusing on nabumetone, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on nabumetone: •

Preparation of 4-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-3-buten-2-one Inventor(s): Aslam; Mohammad (Corpus Christi, TX), Elango; Varadaraj (Corpus Christi, TX) Assignee(s): Hoechst Celanese Corporation (somerville, Nj) Patent Number: 5,225,603 Date filed: June 17, 1988 Abstract: An intermediate for the manufacture of nabumetone, 4-(6'-methoxy-2'naphthyl)-3-buten-2-one, is prepared by contacting 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphphalene with methyl vinyl ketone in the presence of a palladium catalyst at from about 50.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C. for a time sufficient to cause substantially complete reaction to occur. Excerpt(s): The compound 4-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-3-buten-2-one is a valuable intermediate in the manufacture of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory known as nabumetone. The compound and prior art methods of its manufacture have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,061,779; 4,221,741; and 4,420,639 assigned to the Beecham Group Limited. These prior art processes involve (i) the synthesis of 6-methoxy-2naphthaldehyde by a Grignard reaction of 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene with N,Ndimethylformamide; the base catalyzed aldol condensation of the aldehyde with acetone to form 4-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-3-buten-2-one and the subsequent catalytic hydrogenation of that compound using 10% palladium on carbon; or, (ii) the condensation of 6'-methoxy-2'-acetonaphthone with ethyl acetate using sodium hydride in dimethyl sulfoxide and the subsequent hydrogenation of that compound with 10% palladium on carbon as in (i) above. According to the Heck article, the reaction occurs in the presence of a "palladium" catalyst. Such catalyst comprises, usually, a complex of a palladium (II) salt and a phosphine ligand. Heck has shown the reaction of aromatic bromides with various unsaturated alcohols and esters. He states, however, that.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes are polymerized under the reaction conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05225603__

•

Process for the preparation of 4-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl) butan-2-one Inventor(s): Angelini; Roberto (Milan, IT), Cabri; Walter (Rozzano, IT), Magrone; Domenico (Milan, IT), Oldani; Erminio (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Secifarma S.p.a. (baranzate DI Bollate, It) Patent Number: 5,955,635 Date filed: April 24, 1998 Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of Nabumetone, which comprises the following steps:a) condensation between 6-methoxy-naphthaldehyde I and t-butyl acetoacetate II, to give 3-t-butoxycarbonyl-4-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-but-3-en-2-one III as an E/Z mixture;b) hydrogenation of III in the presence of a palladium catalyst, to give 3-t-butoxycarbonyl-4-(6'-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-butan-2-one IV;c) cleavage of the t-butyl ester by acid catalysis; andd) recrystallization of the crude with methanol.

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Excerpt(s): A number of naphthalene derivatives are known to be effective antiinflammatory drugs in the treatment of various rheumatic and arthritic diseases. Among the most investigated molecules, naproxen (J. Med. Chem. 1970, 13, 203) proved to be extremely successful in therapy. Nabumetone V represents the second generation of antinflammatories based on the naphthalene structure and is characterized by a decrease in side-effects, in particular a lower toxicity to the gastro-intestinal tract (BP 1474377). Nabumetone V has been synthesized first in 1973 (Chatterjea, J. N. et al. Indian J. Chem. 1973, 214) and subsequently patented by Lake & Rose ›U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,779 with GB 42550-73 priority of Sep. 11, 1973). Different processes for the synthesis of Nabumetone have been described. The most competitive industrial processes are those starting from 6-methoxy-naphthaldehyde and acetoacetic acid esters. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05955635__ •

Process for the synthesis of nabumetone Inventor(s): Bertoni; Amilcare (Tarcento, IT), Bianchi; Stefano (Como, IT), Cannata; Vincenzo (Borgo Nuovo di Pontecchio Marconi, IT) Assignee(s): Alfa Chemicals Italiana S.p.a. (bergamo, It) Patent Number: 5,750,793 Date filed: January 23, 1997 Abstract: New process for the synthesis of the antiinflammatory drug known as nabumetone that consists in reacting 2-acetyl-5-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene with an alkyl acetate in presence of an alkaline alcoholate to get 4-(5-bromo-6-methoxy-2naphthyl)-4-hydroxybut-3-en-2-one that by catalytic hydrogenation in a polar solvent and in presence of a base gives 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-one known as nabumetone. Excerpt(s): Nabumetone, 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-one, is a known antiinflammatory drug. It has been synthesized and claimed at first in U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,779 granted on 1977. Other processes for the synthesis of nabumetone have subsequently been described and claimed. The synthesis of nabumetone by catalytic hydrogenation of 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-4-hydroxybut-3-en-2-one obtained by condensation of 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene with ethyl acetate in presence of sodium hydride is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,741 granted on 1980. The condensation reaction was carried out in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide and under nitrogen. This condensation reaction, notwithstanding good yields, shows severe drawbacks, when used at industrial level, in terms of costs and of safety because of the use of remarkable amounts of sodium hydride and the consequent necessity of working in perfectly anhydrous and de-aerated ambient in order to avoid any risk of explosions. Present invention is a decisive improvement of the process described in the published Dutch patent application NL 8700353 for both reactions, the condensation and the hydrogenation reaction, used to get the nabumetone starting from the 2-acetyl-5-bromo6-methoxynaphthalene intermediate. The condensation reaction described in the present invention is carried out in presence of an alkaline alcoholate, much less costly and more safe than sodium hydride used in NL 8700353. The reaction of hydrogenation is carried out, in the present inventon, not only in absence of sulfuric acid but even in presence of a basic substance in such an amount that most of the hydrobromic acid that comes from the hydrogenation reaction is neutralized so freeing from the reaction ambient the most of a reagent that, when present in remarkable amounts, is able to produce side-products which contaminate the desired product, make necessary a double purification and,

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finally, lower the end yield. The hydrogenation reaction according to the invention described later can be carried out in standard equipments, gives a cleaner raw product from the reaction, which needs only one purification step, through crystallization or bisulphite complex, allowing the achievement of higher yields. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05750793__ •

Production of alkoxynaphthyl-substituted ketones from naphthaldehydes Inventor(s): Theriot; Kevin J. (Baton Rouge, LA) Assignee(s): Albemarle Corporation (richmond, Va) Patent Number: 5,861,538 Date filed: August 4, 1997 Abstract: A mixture formed from an alkoxy-2-naphthaldehyde (e.g., 6-methoxy-2naphthaldehyde), acetone, and aqueous NaOH and/or KOH is heated at about 20.degree. to about 56.degree. C. for about 0.25 to about 2 hours such that the conversion of monoalkoxy-substituted 2-naphthaldehyde is at least 97% and the yield of (alkoxysubstituted 2-naphthyl)-3-buten-2-one is at least 95% based on the monoalkoxysubstituted 2-naphthaldehyde used in forming the mixture. The (alkoxy-substituted 2naphthyl)-3-buten-2-one can be hydrogenated using, for example, a Pd/C catalyst to form the corresponding saturated ketone. The process enables efficient production of precursors of nabumetone and related pharmaceuticals by a clean, highly efficient reaction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the synthesis of (alkoxy-substituted 2-naphthyl)-3buten-2-ones and (alkoxy-substituted 2-naphthyl)-2-butanones. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,061,779; 4,270,004; and 4,420,639 describe, inter alia, a class of alkyl aralkyl ketones in which the aryl portion of the aralkyl group is a 2-naphthyl group having a specified substituent in the 6-position. These compounds are reported to have anti-inflammatory and/or analgesic activity, and to have the additional advantage of not excessively irritating the stomach at the therapeutic dose. Among the compounds described in these patents is the well known non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-2butanone, generally known as nabumetone. While analogous compounds having a double bond in the aliphatic side chain are also reported in these patents to possess the same beneficial properties, it is further reported in the patent that the carbon-carbon double bond tends to impart a degree of oestrogenicity to these compounds. For this reason, the patent recommends using compounds which do not contain the carboncarbon double bond. Thus the olefinically unsaturated compounds are hydrogenated to saturate the double bond, and thereby provide superior pharmaceuticals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05861538__

•

Production of nabumetone or precursors thereof Inventor(s): Becnel; Brian F. (Port Allen, LA), Sabahi; Mahmood (Baton Rouge, LA), Theriot; Kevin J. (Baton Rouge, LA) Assignee(s): Albemarle Corporation (richmond, Va) Patent Number: 5,756,851 Date filed: October 21, 1996

Patents 39

Abstract: In producing nabumetone or precursor thereof, use is made of 2-bromo-6methoxynaphthalene formed by (a) methylating 6-bromo-2-naphthol with methyl bromide or methyl chloride, in a halogen-free liquid solvent comprising at least about 40% by weight of one or more compounds of the formula RZ where R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and Z is a hydroxyl group or a cyanide group with the proviso that if Z is a cyanide group, R is an alkyl group, and in the presence of at least one strong base; and (b) recovering and purifying 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene so formed. The 6-bromo-2-naphthol in turn is preferably formed by reacting 1,6-dibromo-2naphthol with hydrogen in a halogen-containing liquid solvent comprising at least about 50% by weight of (A) at least one liquid organic halide solvent in which the halogen content has an atomic number of 35 or less or (B) a mixture of water and at least one such liquid organic halide solvent, and in the presence of catalytic amounts of (i) a tungsten carbide-based catalyst, and (ii) at least one phase transfer catalyst, most preferably while purging HBr from the reaction mixture as it is formed. In this way, the quantities of by-products formed in the overall operation are reduced, the need for use of excess iron and/or dimethyl sulfate as reaction components is avoided, and the overall efficiency of plant operation is improved especially when conducted on a large scale. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to processes for the synthesis of nabumetone or precursors thereof, and more particularly to novel environmentally-friendly process technology suitable for producing such materials on a commercial scale. Nabumetone, 4-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-butan-2-one, is a well known non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,639. While various synthesis procedures for its production have been proposed and studied, the most efficacious procedures utilize 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene (also known as 6-bromo-2methoxynaphthalene) as a key starting material or chemical intermediate. This product is usually formed by hydrodebromination of 1,6-dibromo-2-naphthol by use of iron powder in an aqueous acid medium to form 6-bromo-2-naphthol, followed by treatment with dimethyl sulfate and sodium hydroxide to effect methylation of the hydroxyl group. Unfortunately this process approach suffers from need for long cycle times, formation of large amounts of co-products from both reaction steps, need for use of stoichiometric excesses of dimethyl sulfate and iron, and lower than desired plant throughput. Another method of producing 2-bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene is suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,829 where hydrodebromination of 1,6-dibromo-2naphthol to 6-bromo-2-naphthol is effected by use of hydrogen and a tungsten carbidebased catalyst in an acidic organic solvent, and where the reagents taught for use in the methylation step are methyl sulfate or methanol. Despite the intensity and scope of prior investigations of such process steps, a need exists for process technology capable of reducing the quantities of by-product wastes formed in the operation, of avoiding the need for use of excess iron and/or dimethyl sulfate as reaction components, and of improving the overall efficiency of plant operation when conducted on a large scale. This invention is deemed to fulfill this need in an efficient and effective manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05756851__

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Nabumetone

Spray-chilled nabumetone Inventor(s): Leonard; Graham S. (Welwyn Garden City, GB2) Assignee(s): Smithkline Beecham P.l.c. (brentford, Gb2) Patent Number: 5,539,000 Date filed: February 22, 1993 Abstract: Nabumetone which is spray-chilled and formulated into unit dose forms which have a smaller volume than was previously possible. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/GB93/00145 filed Jan. 22, 1993. The present invention relates to spray-chilled nabumetone and a process for its manufacture. Nabumetone is most commonly prescribed as 500 mg or 1000 mg swallow tablets. The resulting tablets containing nabumetone and conventional excipients are fairly large in size and can be a problem to swallow for some patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05539000__

•

Use of 4-substituted 2-butanones to prepare nabumetone Inventor(s): Aslam; Mohammad (Corpus Christi, TX), Fritch; John F. (Corpus Christi, TX), Rios; Dora E. (Corpus Christi, TX), Smith; Joel C. (Corpus Christi, TX) Assignee(s): Hoechst Celanese Corporation (somerville, Nj) Patent Number: 5,600,009 Date filed: April 9, 1996 Abstract: The palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl and vinyl halides with vinylic compounds is disclosed. A preferred embodiment relating to the palladium catalyzed coupling of 4-substituted and 6-substituted-2-methoxynaphthalene to form nabumetone is also disclosed. The beauty of this novel reaction is that methylvinylketone, normally employed by the art directly as-is for the preparation of nabumetone, is formed in situ. We have discovered a mechanism to take advantage of the in situ formation of methylvinylketone, thus avoiding the use of expensive, toxic, and unstable methyl vinyl ketone feed. This reaction may be employed for a variety of pharmaceutically active and non-pharmaceutical compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 08/473,603 filed on Jun. 6, 1995, now abandoned. This invention relates to pharmaceutically active compounds, a process for preparing and use thereof. More specifically, this invention relates to the synthesis and use of nabumetone. The art has generally prepared nabumetone from palladium (Pd)-catalyzed coupling of 6-bromo-2-methoxynaphthalene (BMON) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) in accordance with that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,603, herein incorporated by reference. MVK is costly, has limited (chemical) stability, and toxological concerns associated with it. Alternatives to MVK for the synthesis of nabumetone are sought by the industry. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05600009__

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•

Use of nabumetone or 6-methoxynaphthyl acetic acid for the treatment of dementia Inventor(s): Clark; Michael Sidney George (Much Hadham, GB) Assignee(s): Smithkline Beecham P.l.c. (brentford, Gb2) Patent Number: 5,695,774 Date filed: January 3, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the treatment of cognitive disorders such as alzheimer disease and to a compound for use in such method. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/EP94/02300, filed Jul. 11, 1994. The present invention relates to a method for the treatment of cognitive disorders such as alzheimers disease and to a compound for use in such method. U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,639 describes 4(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)butan-2-one (nabumetone) and its use in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic conditions. It is known that the active metabolite of nabumetone is 6-methoxynaphthyl acetic acid or 6MNA. It should be appreciated that the term 6MNA also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05695774__

Patent Applications on Nabumetone As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to nabumetone: •

Analgesic combination of oxycodone and nabumetone Inventor(s): Burch, Ronald M.; (Wilton, CT), Goldenheim, Paul D.; (Wilton, CT), Sackler, Richard S.; (Greenwich, CT) Correspondence: Davidson, Davidson & Kappel, Llc; 14th Floor; 485 Seventh Avenue; New York; NY; 10018; US Patent Application Number: 20020143028 Date filed: January 25, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a combination of a dose of nabumetone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a dose of oxycodone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said combination in an amount sufficient to provide an analgesic effect in a human patient. Also disclosed is a method of effectively treating pain in humans or other mammals, comprising administering to the patient a combination of a dose of nabumetone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a dose of oxycodone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof such that the dosing interval of the nabumetone overlaps with the dosing interval of the oxycodone, said combination in an amount sufficient to provide an analgesic effect in a human patient. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to analgesic pharmaceutical compositions containing an opioid analgesic and a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. The invention also relates

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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to methods of treating pain comprising administering such pharmaceutical compositions to human patients. There is a continuing need for analgesic medications able to provide high efficacy pain relief while reducing the possibility of undesirable effects. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ("NSAID'S"), including compounds such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen and diclofenac, have anti-inflammatory actions and are effective on pain associated with the release of prostaglandins and other mediators of inflammation. For example, diclofenac is considered to be extremely potent and effective as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Diclofenac is approved in the United States for the long-term symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. It is also considered to be useful for the short-term treatment of acute musculoskeletal injury, acute painful shoulder, postoperative pain and dysmenorrhea. However, NSAID'S such as diclofenac produce side effects in about 20% of patients that require cessation of medication. Side effects include, for example, gastrointestinal bleeding and the abnormal elevation of liver enzymes. The opioids are a group of drugs, both natural and synthetic, that are employed primarily as centrallyacting analgesics and are opium or morphine-like in their properties (Gilman et al., 1980, GOODMAN AND GILMAN'S. THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS, Chapter 24:494-534, Pub. Pergamon Press; hereby incorporated by reference). The opioids include morphine and morphine-like homologs, including, e.g., the semisynthetic derivatives codeine (methylmorphine) and hydrocodone (dihydrocodeinone) among many other such derivatives. Morphine and related opioids exhibit agonist activity at central nervous system or CNS (referring to the brain and spinal cord).mu. (mu) opioid receptors as well as showing affinity for the.delta. and.kappa. opioid receptors, to produce a range of effects including analgesia, drowsiness, changes in mood and mental clouding. In addition to potent analgesic effects, the morphine-related opioids may also cause a number of undesirable effects, including, for example, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, mental clouding, dysphoria, pruritus, constipation, increased biliary tract pressure, urinary retention and hypotension. The development of tolerance to the opioid drugs and the risk of chemical dependence and abuse for these drugs is another undesirable effect. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATION FOR ADMINISTRATION OF AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY NAPHTHALENE DERIVATIVE Inventor(s): CHUNGI, SHUBHA; (SHARON, MA), HIRSH, JANE C. I.; (WELLESLEY, MA) Correspondence: Kenyon & Kenyon; One Broadway; New York; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20020102309 Date filed: September 14, 1999 Abstract: An anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical formulation for the oral administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is provided, wherein the NSAID an anti-inflammatory naphthalene derivative such as nabumetone, 6-methoxy-2naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA), a fluoronaphthylone, an amido-substituted naphthalene compound, or a nabumetone derivative comprising an acetal, enol acylate or enol ether of nabumetone. The formulation is controlled release, and a preferred formulation is an enterically coated, delayed release dosage form of nabumetone. Methods for using the novel formulation are provided as well; a preferred use is in the treatment of conditions and disorders associated with inflammation.

Patents 43

Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and more particularly relates to a controlled release formulation of an anti-inflammatory naphthalene derivative, e.g., a delayed release, enterically coated nabumetone formulation. The invention additionally relates to therapeutic methods wherein the novel controlled release formulation is administered to a patient. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,695,774 describes the use of nabumetone for the treatment and/or prevention of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease. The NSAIDs are non-habit forming drugs and thereby offer a significant advantage over the use of traditional opioid- or steroid-based drugs. However, in some cases, systematic administration of an NSAID is not recommended. NSAIDs can result in systemic toxicity in a host, and since the agent is administered systemically, its effects are also systemic. Thus, the chronic use of NSAIDs or the administration of high doses of NSAIDs has been associated with undesirable side effects such as bleeding, ulceration, and perforation. For example, chronic oral administration of aspirin can result in stomach upset and patient discomfort. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with nabumetone, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on nabumetone. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning nabumetone. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NABUMETONE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover nabumetone.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on nabumetone is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to nabumetone. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “nabumetone” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for nabumetone: •

Ivax secures final FDA okay for generic Relafen Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 28, 2003

•

GSK loses appeal to generic Relafen Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 16, 2002

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•

Nabumetone shows distal bowel selectivity in cancer preventing effect Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 14, 2001

•

FDA clears Teva's generic nabumetone 500 mg Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 2000

•

Nabumetone May Affect Renal Function Less Than Other NSAIDs Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 18, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “nabumetone” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to nabumetone, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “nabumetone” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Nabumetone Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to nabumetone. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering nabumetone that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for nabumetone. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with nabumetone. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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Nabumetone

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to nabumetone: Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nonsteroidal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actron; Advil; Advil Caplets; Advil, Children's; Aleve; Anaprox; Anaprox DS; Ansaid; Bayer Select Ibuprofen Pain Relief Formula Caplets; Cataflam; Clinoril; Cotylbutazone; Cramp End; Daypro; Dolgesic; Dolobid; EC-Naprosyn; Excedrin IB http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202743.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

51

APPENDICES

53

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 55

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 326 1 994 1 3 1325

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “nabumetone” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 57

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

59

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on nabumetone can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to nabumetone. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to nabumetone. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “nabumetone”:

60

•

Nabumetone

Other guides Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Medicines http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicines.html Sprains and Strains http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sprainsandstrains.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “nabumetone” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Knee pain or swelling: acute or chronic Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 1997 November (revised 2002 Aug); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3540&nbr=2766&a mp;string=nabumetone

•

Management of early rheumatoid arthritis. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2000 December; 44 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2914&nbr=2140&a mp;string=nabumetone The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to nabumetone. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful

Patient Resources 61

background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to nabumetone. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with nabumetone. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about nabumetone. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “nabumetone” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “nabumetone”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “nabumetone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “nabumetone” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

63

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 65

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 67

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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NABUMETONE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH]

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Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH]

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Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH]

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Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]

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Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation

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occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]

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Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU]

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Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be

Dictionary 79

done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Etodolac: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with potent analgesic and antiarthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and in the alleviation of postoperative pain. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make

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available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hemarthrosis: Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in

Dictionary 81

patients with hemophilia. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water. [NIH]

Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperkalaemia: Pathology: an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. [EU]

Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]

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In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indole-3-carbinol: A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It is found in cruciferous vegetables. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the

Dictionary 83

blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH]

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Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]

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Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxycodone: Semisynthetic derivative of codeine that acts as a narcotic analgesic more potent and addicting than codeine. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]

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Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic

Dictionary 87

weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins

A:

(13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic

acid

(PGA(1));

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Nabumetone

(5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of

Dictionary 89

the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland,

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Nabumetone

27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium salicylate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Sodium salicylate may be tolerated by people who are sensitive to aspirin. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an

Dictionary 91

active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the

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hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU]

93

INDEX 1 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, 28, 71 A Abdomen, 71, 74, 82, 83, 90 Aberrant, 28, 71 Acceptor, 71, 85, 91 Acetone, 36, 38, 71, 83 Adjuvant, 28, 71 Adverse Effect, 71, 89 Affinity, 42, 71, 89 Agonist, 42, 71 Albumin, 71, 91 Aldehydes, 36, 71 Algorithms, 71, 74 Alkaline, 37, 71 Alkaloid, 71, 84, 86 Alternative medicine, 46, 72 Ampulla, 72, 79 Anaesthesia, 72, 82 Analgesic, 7, 28, 38, 41, 72, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 91 Analog, 31, 72 Analogous, 38, 72, 91 Anatomical, 72, 81 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 12, 72 Antibody, 71, 72, 75, 80, 81, 82, 90 Anticoagulant, 72, 92 Antigen, 71, 72, 76, 81, 82 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 5, 72, 73, 74 Antipyretic, 72, 77, 83 Antiseptic, 71, 72 Antispasmodic, 72, 85 Antitussive, 72, 85 Apoptosis, 8, 72 Aqueous, 38, 39, 73, 77, 81 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 73, 83 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 73, 83 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 73, 83 Arachidonic Acid, 73, 87 Aromatic, 36, 73 Arteries, 73, 74, 76, 84 Articular, 8, 24, 73, 85 Aspirin, 9, 10, 11, 16, 21, 22, 28, 43, 73, 90 Atrial, 73, 92 Atrial Fibrillation, 73, 92 Autacoids, 73, 82

B Base, 36, 37, 39, 73, 79, 82 Basophils, 73, 83 Bile, 28, 73, 74, 79, 80, 83, 90 Bile Acids, 73, 90 Bile Acids and Salts, 73 Bile Ducts, 74 Biliary, 42, 74 Biliary Tract, 42, 74 Bioavailability, 19, 21, 74 Biochemical, 74, 85 Biosynthesis, 12, 73, 74 Biotechnology, 5, 46, 55, 74 Bladder, 74, 85, 92 Bleeding Time, 11, 74 Blood pressure, 12, 23, 74, 81, 90 Blood vessel, 72, 74, 78, 79, 80, 89, 90 Body Fluids, 74, 78, 89 Bowel, 46, 74, 82 Branch, 67, 74, 86, 90, 91 Buccal, 74, 83 C Capillary, 74 Carcinogen, 71, 74 Carcinogenesis, 28, 74 Carcinogenic, 74, 90 Cardiac, 8, 73, 74, 80, 84, 90 Cardiovascular, 9, 74 Celecoxib, 12, 74 Cell, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86, 87 Cell Cycle, 75 Cell Death, 72, 75, 84 Central Nervous System, 42, 75, 84 Cholesterol, 12, 73, 75, 90 Chromatin, 72, 75, 79, 85 Chromium, 21, 75 Chronic, 43, 60, 75, 82 Cisplatin, 29, 75 Clinical Medicine, 75, 87 Clinical trial, 4, 16, 22, 55, 75, 76, 84, 88 Cloning, 74, 75 Coagulation, 75, 81, 91, 92 Codeine, 42, 75, 81, 85 Collagen, 75, 86 Complement, 75, 76 Complementary and alternative medicine, 31, 33, 76 Complementary medicine, 31, 76

Nabumetone

Computational Biology, 55, 76 Connective Tissue, 75, 76, 80, 89 Consciousness, 72, 76, 77, 78 Constipation, 42, 76 Contraindications, ii, 76 Controlled study, 6, 7, 14, 17, 76 Coronary, 76, 84 Coronary Thrombosis, 76, 84 Cruciferous vegetables, 77, 82 Crystallization, 38, 77 Curative, 77, 91 Cutaneous, 21, 77, 83 Cyanide, 39, 77 Cyclic, 77, 86, 87 Cytokine, 77, 86 Cytoplasm, 72, 73, 77, 79, 84, 85 Cytotoxicity, 75, 77 D Databases, Bibliographic, 55, 77 Degenerative, 77, 85 Deletion, 72, 77 Dementia, 41, 43, 77 Deuterium, 77, 81 Diagnostic procedure, 35, 46, 77 Diclofenac, 3, 6, 9, 13, 17, 22, 24, 42, 77 Diclofenac Sodium, 77 Digestion, 73, 74, 77, 82, 83, 90 Digestive tract, 31, 77, 89 Dimethyl, 36, 39, 77 Direct, iii, 49, 75, 77, 86, 88 Disposition, 16, 77 Dissociation, 71, 78 Distal, 46, 78, 88 Dizziness, 42, 78 Drug Interactions, 50, 78 Drug Monitoring, 13, 15, 78 Drug Tolerance, 78, 91 Duct, 72, 78, 85 Duodenum, 73, 78, 79, 90 Dyes, 73, 78, 85, 90 Dysmenorrhea, 42, 78, 86 Dysphoria, 42, 78 E Efficacy, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 42, 78 Electrolyte, 78, 87, 90 Electrons, 73, 78, 82, 85 Electroplating, 78, 90 Emboli, 78, 92 Embolism, 78, 88, 92 Embolization, 78, 92 Embryo, 79, 82

94

Endoscope, 79 Endoscopic, 6, 14, 79 Endotoxins, 76, 79, 82 Enterohepatic, 15, 18, 79, 91 Enterohepatic Circulation, 15, 18, 79, 91 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 79 Enzyme, 73, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 91, 92 Eosinophils, 79, 83 Epithelium, 79, 80 Esophagus, 77, 79, 90 Ether, 42, 79 Etodolac, 11, 28, 79 Evacuation, 76, 79 Excipients, 40, 79 Extracellular, 76, 79, 89 Exudate, 79, 85 F Family Planning, 55, 79 Fat, 73, 78, 79, 83, 89, 90, 91 Fatty acids, 71, 79, 83, 87, 89 Feces, 76, 79 Fertilizers, 79, 90 Fibrosis, 21, 80 Forearm, 74, 80 G Gallbladder, 74, 80 Gas, 80, 81, 85, 92 Gastric, 9, 12, 19, 23, 28, 80 Gastric Mucosa, 12, 23, 28, 80 Gastrointestinal, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 28, 42, 80, 86, 90, 91 Gastrointestinal tract, 6, 80 Gene, 74, 80 Glomerulus, 80, 85 Glucose, 75, 80, 88, 89 Glutathione Peroxidase, 31, 80 Gonadal, 80, 90 Governing Board, 80, 87 Graft, 80, 81 Growth, 72, 75, 80, 86 H Haematoma, 80 Haemorrhage, 22, 80 Half-Life, 80, 86 Haptens, 71, 80 Hemarthrosis, 20, 80 Heme, 81, 85 Hemostasis, 6, 11, 81 Heterogeneity, 71, 81 Hormone, 81, 87, 89 Host, 43, 81, 92 Hydrobromic Acid, 37, 81

95

Hydrocodone, 42, 81 Hydrogen, 39, 71, 73, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88 Hydrogen Peroxide, 80, 81 Hydrolysis, 75, 81 Hyperkalaemia, 8, 81 Hypersensitivity, 81, 89 Hypotension, 42, 81 I Ibuprofen, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16, 22, 42, 50, 81, 83 Id, 29, 32, 60, 61, 66, 68, 81 Ileum, 29, 81 Immune response, 71, 72, 80, 81, 90 Immunologic, 81, 86 Immunology, 71, 81 Impairment, 17, 81 In situ, 40, 82 In vitro, 20, 23, 24, 82 In vivo, 82, 90 Indole-3-carbinol, 31, 82 Indomethacin, 5, 9, 16, 20, 23, 28, 82 Induction, 8, 82 Infarction, 82 Infection, 82, 89 Inflammation, 42, 71, 72, 73, 79, 80, 82, 85, 88, 89, 90 Inorganic, 75, 82 Interstitial, 19, 82, 85 Intestinal, 8, 32, 37, 82 Intestine, 73, 74, 79, 82, 83 Intoxication, 82, 92 Intracellular, 82, 87 Intrinsic, 71, 82 Ions, 73, 78, 81, 82 J Joint, 13, 20, 73, 82, 85, 91 K Kb, 54, 82 Keto, 28, 82 Ketone Bodies, 71, 82 Ketoprofen, 42, 83 Kinetics, 17, 83 L Large Intestine, 77, 82, 83, 88, 89 Lesion, 83, 92 Lethal, 77, 83 Leukocytes, 20, 73, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85 Library Services, 66, 83 Lipid, 82, 83 Lipoxygenase, 28, 73, 83 Liver, 15, 16, 42, 71, 73, 74, 79, 80, 83 Localized, 80, 82, 83, 86, 92 Lupus, 60, 83

M Malaise, 78, 83 Mammary, 28, 83 MEDLINE, 55, 83 Membrane, 76, 83, 84, 91 Memory, 77, 83 Meninges, 75, 83 Menstruation, 78, 83 Meta-Analysis, 14, 83 Metabolite, 7, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, 28, 41, 77, 84, 87 Methanol, 36, 39, 84 Methionine, 77, 84 MI, 9, 23, 69, 84 Microbe, 84, 91 Mitosis, 72, 84 Molecular, 55, 57, 74, 76, 84 Molecule, 72, 73, 76, 78, 81, 84, 85 Monocytes, 83, 84 Morphine, 42, 75, 84, 85 Morphology, 9, 84 Motility, 82, 84 Motion Sickness, 84 Mucosa, 6, 14, 80, 83, 84 Multicenter study, 6, 84 Myocardial infarction, 76, 84, 92 Myocardium, 84 N Narcotic, 81, 84, 85 Nausea, 42, 84 Necrosis, 72, 82, 84 Need, 3, 39, 42, 62, 85, 91 Nephritis, 19, 85 Nervous System, 75, 85, 90 Neurogenic, 85, 92 Neutrophils, 73, 83, 85 Nitrogen, 37, 71, 85 Nucleic acid, 85 Nucleus, 72, 73, 75, 77, 79, 84, 85, 88 O Odour, 73, 85 Opium, 42, 84, 85, 86 Osteoarthritis, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 32, 42, 79, 83, 85, 86 Outpatient, 13, 85 Oxidation, 71, 73, 80, 85 Oxycodone, 41, 85 Oxygenase, 9, 85 P Palladium, 36, 40, 85 Palliative, 85, 91

Nabumetone

Papaverine, 85, 86 Pathologic, 72, 76, 81, 86 Pathologic Processes, 72, 86 Pentoxifylline, 28, 86 Perforation, 4, 43, 86 Petechiae, 80, 86 Pharmacodynamic, 18, 86 Pharmacokinetic, 7, 8, 15, 18, 86 Pharmacologic, 24, 73, 80, 86, 91, 92 Phosphodiesterase, 86 Physiologic, 71, 74, 80, 83, 86, 87 Piroxicam, 3, 13, 21, 22, 86 Plants, 71, 80, 84, 86, 89 Plasma, 8, 14, 15, 71, 81, 86 Platelet Aggregation, 12, 86 Platelets, 73, 86, 91 Platinum, 75, 85, 86 Poisoning, 82, 84, 87 Postoperative, 7, 42, 79, 86, 87 Potassium, 30, 81, 87 Practice Guidelines, 56, 60, 87 Precursor, 39, 73, 87 Prodrug, 12, 87 Progesterone, 87, 90 Progressive, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 87 Prophylaxis, 87, 92 Prostaglandin, 9, 12, 87 Prostaglandins A, 42, 82, 87 Prostaglandins D, 88 Protein S, 74, 88 Proteins, 72, 75, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89 Protons, 81, 88 Proximal, 78, 88 Pruritus, 42, 88 Psychogenic, 88, 92 Public Policy, 55, 88 Pulmonary, 21, 74, 88, 92 Pulmonary Artery, 74, 88 Pulmonary Embolism, 88, 92 Purifying, 39, 88 Purpura, 80, 88 R Radioactive, 80, 81, 88 Randomized, 3, 16, 21, 22, 78, 88 Reabsorption, 79, 88 Reagent, 37, 88 Rectum, 77, 80, 83, 88 Red blood cells, 85, 88, 89 Refer, 1, 74, 75, 78, 88 Regimen, 78, 88 Rheology, 86, 88 Rheumatic Diseases, 12, 13, 18, 89

96

Rheumatism, 18, 81, 89 Rheumatoid, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 32, 42, 60, 79, 83, 86, 89 Rheumatoid arthritis, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 42, 60, 79, 83, 86, 89 S Salicylate, 89, 90 Saponins, 89, 90 Saturate, 38, 89 Schizoid, 89, 92 Schizophrenia, 89, 92 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 89, 92 Screening, 75, 89 Sedative, 75, 89 Semisynthetic, 42, 85, 89 Serum, 6, 12, 28, 71, 75, 89 Side effect, 19, 42, 43, 49, 71, 86, 89, 91 Skeleton, 82, 87, 89 Small intestine, 31, 74, 78, 81, 82, 89 Smooth muscle, 73, 84, 86, 89, 90 Sodium, 28, 36, 37, 39, 77, 88, 89, 90 Sodium salicylate, 28, 90 Soft tissue, 17, 89, 90 Solvent, 37, 39, 71, 84, 90 Spatial disorientation, 78, 90 Specialist, 61, 90 Species, 16, 84, 90, 91, 92 Specificity, 71, 73, 90 Spinal cord, 42, 75, 83, 85, 90 Spondylitis, 5, 42, 79, 90 Steel, 90, 92 Steroid, 43, 73, 89, 90 Stomach, 38, 43, 77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 89, 90 Stress, 84, 89, 90 Subspecies, 90 Substance P, 84, 90 Sulfuric acid, 37, 90 Sulindac, 9, 22, 90 Symptomatic, 42, 91 Symptomatic treatment, 42, 91 Synovial, 20, 91 Synovial Fluid, 20, 91 Synovial Membrane, 91 Systemic, 32, 43, 50, 74, 82, 91, 92 T Therapeutics, 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 22, 23, 24, 50, 91 Thrombin, 86, 91 Thrombus, 76, 82, 86, 91, 92 Tissue, 8, 13, 20, 24, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 91 Tolerance, 8, 42, 91

97

Toxic, iv, 40, 77, 84, 91 Toxicity, 37, 43, 78, 91 Toxicology, 21, 56, 91 Trace element, 75, 91 Transfection, 74, 91 Transferases, 31, 91 Trauma, 80, 84, 91 Tuberculosis, 83, 91 Tungsten, 39, 91 U Ulcer, 4, 92 Ulceration, 43, 92 Unconscious, 81, 92 Urethra, 92 Urinary, 9, 12, 42, 92 Urinary Retention, 42, 92

Urinate, 92 Urine, 23, 74, 83, 92 V Vaccine, 71, 92 VE, 28, 92 Venous, 88, 92 Venous Thrombosis, 92 Vertebrae, 90, 92 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 92 Virulence, 91, 92 Vitro, 92 Vivo, 11, 15, 92 W Warfarin, 20, 92 Withdrawal, 4, 92

Nabumetone

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