MYCOPLASMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Mycoplasma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84510-7 1. Mycoplasma-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on mycoplasma. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MYCOPLASMA .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Mycoplasma .................................................................................. 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 51 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 94 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MYCOPLASMA............................................................................... 141 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 141 Finding Nutrition Studies on Mycoplasma............................................................................... 141 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 148 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 148 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON MYCOPLASMA .......................................................................... 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 Dissertations on Mycoplasma.................................................................................................... 149 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 150 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND MYCOPLASMA ..................................................................... 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Recent Trials on Mycoplasma.................................................................................................... 151 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 152 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON MYCOPLASMA ..................................................................................... 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 Patents on Mycoplasma ............................................................................................................. 155 Patent Applications on Mycoplasma ......................................................................................... 180 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 194 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON MYCOPLASMA ......................................................................................... 195 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 195 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 195 Chapters on Mycoplasma........................................................................................................... 197 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MYCOPLASMA ........................................................... 201 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 201 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 201 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 203 Academic Periodicals covering Mycoplasma ............................................................................. 204 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 207 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 207 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 207 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 209 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 211 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 213 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 213 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 213 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 217 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 219 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 219 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 219 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 219 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 219 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 225 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 227
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MYCOPLASMA DICTIONARY ................................................................................................. 229 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 307
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with mycoplasma is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about mycoplasma, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to mycoplasma, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on mycoplasma. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to mycoplasma, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on mycoplasma. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MYCOPLASMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on mycoplasma.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and mycoplasma, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Reactive Arthritis: Preliminary Microbiologic Analysis of the Human Temporomandibular Joint Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 58(10): 1137-1142. October 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Summary: The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis has been previously shown in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This article reports on a study that investigated whether the presence of other bacteria associated with reactive arthritis (ReA) can be identified in the TMJ. Posterior bilaminar (2 layer) tissue removed during TMJ surgery from 26 patients (24 female, 2 male) was evaluated for the presence of bacteria, including C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium,
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Mycoplasma Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp by highly specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Bacterial DNA was identified in the TMJ as follows: C trachomatis, 11 of 26 patients (42 percent); M. fermentans orale, 6 of 26 patients (23 percent); M. genitalium, 9 of 26 patients (35 percent). Nine of 26 TMJs (35 percent) had the presence of a single bacterial species. Eight of 26 TMJs (31 percent) had more than 1 species. A total of 17 of 26 patients (65 percent) had the presence of bacteria identified in the TMJ. The authors note that the presence of M. genitalium in the human TMJ has not been previously reported. The presence of bacteria in the TMJ, either singly or concurrently with other bacteria, may serve as the pathogenetic mechanism of TMJ inflammation. The presence of 2 bacteria from the urogenital tract in the TMJ suggests that internal derangement of the TMJ may occur as a result of a sexually acquired infection. 2 figures. 43 references.
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Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Myofascial Pain Syndrome Source: Current Opinion in Orthopedics. 11(3): 215-224. June 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the prevalence, symptoms, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and myofascial pain syndrome. The prevalence of fibromyalgia varies, depending on the population under investigation. Fibromyalgia and widespread pain were common in Gulf War veterans with unexplained illness referred to a rheumatology clinic. Increased tenderness was demonstrated in the postmenstrual phase of the cycle compared with the intermenstrual phase in normally cycling women but not in users of oral contraceptives. Patients with fibromyalgia had high levels of symptoms that have been used to define syndromes associated with silicone implants. Tender points were noted to be a common transient finding associated with acute infectious mononucleosis, but fibromyalgia was an unusual long-term outcome. The common association of fibromyalgia with other rheumatic and systemic illnesses has been further explored. A preliminary study shows a possible linkage of fibromyalgia to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. Patients with fibromyalgia were found to have an impaired ability to activate the hypothalamic pituitary portion of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis as well as the sympathoadrenal system, leading to reduced corticotropin and epinephrine response to hypoglycemia. Much interest has been expressed in the literature on the possible role of autonomic dysfunction in the development or exacerbation of fatigue and other symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. Mycoplasma genus and Mycoplasma fermentans were detected by polymerase chain reaction in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Evidence indicates that myofascial temporomandibular disorder does not run in families. Published randomized controlled trials provide good evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and behavior therapy for chronic pain in adults. Data indicate a favorable outcome for fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome in children and adolescents. 84 references. (AA-M).
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Infectious Arthritis Source: Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 24(2): i-xiv, 211-464. May 1998. Summary: This journal provides health professionals with information on infectious arthritis. The first article examines the arthritogenic properties of microbial antigens; explores the mechanisms by which they induce pathologic damage and disease; and presents extensive information on various microbial antigens, including Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, and intestinal antigens. Next is an article that focuses on the practical use of selected molecular biologic techniques, including
Studies
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polymerase chain reaction and other DNA amplification techniques, to identify microbial components in patients afflicted with inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders such as Lyme disease. Rheumatic fever and the relationship of host, microbe, and genetics are the focus of the next article. Following is an article on reactive arthritis, key advances in its diagnosis and treatment, differences between enteric and genital infection associated reactive arthritis, recent searches for infectious antigen or DNA in joints, the relation of genes to infection in reactive arthritis, the migration of infection from primary sites to joints, and the biology of chlamydia of the joint. An article on the surgical management of septic arthritis compares evidence that supports this more aggressive approach with that favoring more conservative therapies. The next article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical and microbiological characteristics of septic arthritis in children, including current approaches to diagnosis and treatment and other relevant infectious disorders affecting this population, such as Lyme arthritis. Another article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of gonococcal arthritis. Recent developments in Lyme disease, particularly the development of serologic testing and the development of effective vaccines for its treatment, are the focus of the next article. Subsequent articles consider the role of hepatitis C in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders, the rheumatic manifestations of parvovirus B19 infection, and human immunodeficiency virus infection-associated inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders. The final article reviews infections in patients who have systemic lupus erythematosus, including bacterial and opportunistic pathogens, and discusses the diagnosis and treatment of these infections. 15 figures, 28 tables, and numerous references.
Federally Funded Research on Mycoplasma The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to mycoplasma. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to mycoplasma. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore mycoplasma. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for mycoplasma: •
Project Title: ADULT AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS GROUP Principal Investigator & Institution: Saag, Michael S.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1992; Project End 31-DEC-2004
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Mycoplasma Summary: (adapted from the application's abstract): This is a competitive renewal of the UAB ACTU, established in 1992 at the UAB AIDS Outpatient (1917) Clinic, and is submitted in conjunction with the ACTG Group application led by Robert T. Schooley, M.D. (Principal Investigator). The UAB ACTU has developed and implemented clinical trials that link therapeutics and pathogenesis, a priority of the ACTG recompetition. With the last competitive renewal, investigators from Emory University were added to the UAB ACTU site through the establishment of a subunit at the Ponce de Leon Clinic in Atlanta. Since that time, investigators from the UAB/Emory ACTU have continued to assume leadership positions within the ACTG and have played a role in the establishment and performance of the Group's Scientific Agenda. The UAB/Emory ACTU has the primary foci: (1) establish collaborative studies within the ACTG that focus on the clinical significance and therapeutic implications of recent insights into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral- and immuno- pathogenesis; (2) further develop improved therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cytomegalovirus, mycobacterial, human papillomavirus, herpes- related viruses, mycoplasma, and fungal disease, areas where UAB/Emory investigators have made contributions and have expertise; (3) continue to improve access of women and minorities to ACTG-related clinical trials through the 1917 Women's Clinic and the Women's Clinic at the Ponce de Leon Center and through targeted outreach programs to HIV-infected African Americans; and (4) continue to contribute to the overall mission and Scientific Agenda of the ACTG through active participation in Group activities and provision of leadership within key administrative committees. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ANNOTATION OF THE MYCOPLASMA ALLIGATORIS GENOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Daniel R.; Pathobiology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mycoplasmas are important pathogens with usually strict natural host tropism and poorly understood virulence mechanisms. The broad objective of this work is increased understanding of mycoplasmal host-range and virulence determinants through comparison of conserved and variable features of mycoplasmal genomes. Comparative genomics is a new alternative to the usual tools of molecular biology to elucidate the genetic bases of mycoplasmosis. Mycoplasma alligatoris merits priority in that effort because in some hosts it causes hyperacute lethal disease, but it is merely commensal in others. The specific aims are to assemble a draft map of the M. alligatoris genome by alignment with that of closely-related Mycoplasma pulmonis, and to identify candidate genes involved in host tropism and virulence. The working draft will be assembled by using automated high-throughput sequence assembly methods. Sequence alignments will be validated by comparative synteny and PCR-based gap closure. Coding sequences will be identified by interpolated Markov models trained with mycoplasmal sequences and cataloged according to their public database matches. Candidate host-range genes may be recognized by overall similarity to known adhesins or by signature ligand-binding motifs. Virulence factors may include homologs to cell-surface or secreted hydrolytic enzymes of other mollicutes, or to pathogenic determinants present in other bacteria. The sequences of homologs whose known biological roles or predicted properties are consistent with host cell-surface ligand-binding or the pathogenic effects of M. alligatoris will be characterized in detail. The data will be integrated in a representation of the complement of adhesion, transport, and metabolic pathways of M. alligatoris validated by the biologically well-documented
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metabolic map of the mollicutes. The ease of PCR-based cloning and the accessibility of bioinformatics software make this an ideal project to engage undergraduate students in innovative biomedical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ARGININE DEIMINASE AS AN ANTI-CANCER THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Mike A.; Phoenix Pharmacologics, Inc. Astecc Facility #a-217 Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-AUG-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The distinctive arginine requirement of hepatocellular carcinomas and malignant melanomas provides the basis for a new potential chemotherapy. Just as acute lymphocytic leukemia cells require asparagine and E. coli asparaginase enzyme can be used to effect a cure for this disease, we propose using a mycoplasma derived arginine deiminase (ADI) to treat hepatocellular carcinoma and malignant melanomas. As a result of Phase I funding we have discovered a method where by ADI can be formulated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) such that it has a much longer circulating half-life in mice and is less immunogenic. When ADI formulated with PEG is injected into mice it selectively reduces the plasma levels of arginine and starves human melanomas and hepatocellular carcinomas implanted into these animals. This treatment is also being tested in dogs with spontaneous melanoma (under an INAD received from the FDA) and is quickly being proven to be an effective means of treating spontaneous melanoma with very few, if any, side effects. We have requested and received an Orphan Drug Designation for this project and in a Pre-IND meeting with the FDA and the Orphan drug Office, delineated the experiments needed to file a Phase I IND to permit human testing of this drug. The studies proposed in this grant reflect the FDA requirements and when completed will allow for the testing of ADI formulated with PEG in humans. The studies proposed include the validation of the process used to make (under GMP conditions) 3 lots of ADI-PEG, characterize these lots with validated procedures, obtain pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data that will allow allometric modeling of the predicted human dosing and perform the necessary immunological and toxicological testing needed for this project to progress into human clinical testing. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ATYPICAL BACTERIAL INFECTION AS AN ASTHMA RISK FACTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Sutherland, Everett R.; Assistant Professor; National Jewish Medical & Res Ctr and Research Center Denver, Co 80206 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Asthma, an inflammatory lung disease which causes chronic airflow obstruction, has a significant impact on the public health. There is mounting evidence that, in a subset of patients, pulmonary infection with mycoplasma and chlamydia is associated with chronic asthma. This study is designed to test the hypothesis that chronic infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae species is a risk factor for the development or worsening of asthma. A cohort of subjects with a history of clinically- and radiographically- evident M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae infection approximately nine years ago has been identified. All subjects in this cohort were tested for active mycoplasma or chlamydia infection with culture and polymerase chain reaction analysis of respiratory tract
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Mycoplasma secretions, as well as serology. These patients will be studied using a respiratory symptoms questionnaire to determine the prevalence of asthma in this cohort nine years after the exposure. Following the questionnaire component of this study, additional testing will be performed on a subset of the cohort to further describe the clinical, physiologic, inflammatory and microbiologic characteristics of these patients. This series of investigations is designed to identify the importance of atypical bacterial infection to the development and clinical phenotype of asthma. An understanding of the association between mycoplasma and chlamydia species and asthma is critical to furthering our knowledge of asthma pathogenesis and provides the foundation on which interventions aimed at primary prevention may be based. The identification of infection as a risk factor for chronic asthma would be a significant advance in our ability to predict which patients have an increased likelihood of developing asthma and would facilitate the design and implementation of targeted attempts to reduce asthma incidence. The investigations described herein will be conducted as part of a comprehensive career development program in the methods of patient-oriented research. With this award, the candidate will become educated in the methods of patient-oriented research as part of a Master in Public Health degree program at the Harvard School of Public Health and will then apply the skills learned in the didactic setting to the implementation of this research protocol. The candidate is intent upon using this award to support a career development program that will ensure his success as an academic physician-scientist with a focus on patient-oriented research in diseases of the lungs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BACTERIAL PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE AND PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Weiser, Jeffrey N.; Associate Professor; Microbiology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Description (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The bacterial cell surface is generally considered to be highly divergent from species to species. An exception to this rule is the expression of phosphorylcholine (ChoP). This unusual prokaryotic structure is now known to be exposed on the surface of the most common pathogens infecting the human respiratory tract; Haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, based on cross-reactivity to a MAb recognizing this structure, ChoP may be present on diverse phase-variable structures on N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, P. aeruginosa, and A. actinomycetemcomitans. We have defined the genetic basis of ChoP expression and the molecular mechanism controlling its phase variation in H. influenzae. This has allowed direct genetic analysis of clinical samples to show that the ChoP+ phase variants predominate on the mucosal surface of humans. The structure, however, is the target of innate immunity mediated by binding of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is bactericidal in the presence of complement. The focus of this proposal is to define the biological role of variants both with and without ChoP using H. influenzae as a prototype human respiratory tract pathogen. In Aim 1, we will determine whether switching to the ChoP- phenotype is required in natural H. influenzae infection (otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis) to evade clearance by CRP and bactericidal anti-ChoP IgG. The ChoP phenotype in vivo will be determined by direct genetic analysis and compared to the local concentration of CRP and anti-ChoP antibody during infection. The local expression and concentration of CRP in the upper respiratory tract will be investigated. In Aim 2, we will determine how ChoP contributes to persistence on the mucosal surface. Genetically defined H. influenzae mutants with constitutive ChoP-on and
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ChoP-off phenotypes will be used to determine whether this host membrane-like structure contributes to (a) resistance to respiratory tract antibacterial peptides including LL-37 and tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP), and (b) colonization by functioning as a bacterial adhesin to host epithelial cells via putative ChoP ligands including GalNAcb 14Gal on the asialo-GM1 glycolipid and the platelet activating factor receptor. The blocking of complement mediated killing by naturally acquired secretory IgA recognizing ChoP will be explored as an explanation for the selection of the ChoP+ phenotype on the mucosal surface, despite the increased susceptibility of this phenotype to CRP and complement. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS AND HIV IN THE GENITAL TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Spear, Gregory T.; Professor; Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common condition in women characterized by an overgrowth of a mixture of anaerobic and other bacteria, typically including Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasmas. However, the flora that constitutes BV can be highly variable. Women with BV have a higher incidence of HIV infection suggesting that BV increases susceptibility to HIV infection. One expansion for increased susceptibility is that BV organisms replace lactobacilli that produce virucidal substances. However, it is also possible that BV affects HIV replication in the genital tract by either increasing the susceptibility of cells to HIV infection or by stimulating cells to produce virus. A recent study showed that HIV RNA was detected more frequently in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid from women with BV showed that HIV RNA was detected more frequently in cervico vaginal lavage (CVL) fluid from women with BV than those without. Previous work by our group showed that some BV-associated organisms (e.g. G vaginalis and M. hominis) stimulated HIV expression by infected cells while others (U. Urealyticum and lactobacilli) did not). We hypothesize that colonization by certain BV-associated bacteria increases genital tract virus load (VL). To test this in aim 1 we will obtain CVL samples from a cross-section of HIV+ women with and without BV. The numbers of four specific bacteria, G. vaginalis, M. hominis, Mobiluncus and Lactobacillus will be determined by PCR and compared with the genital tract VL. In aim 2, women with BV will be treated and the effect on genital tract VL and bacterial will be determined. A significant association between HIV and a specific organism, or reduction due to treatment, would indicate that colonization with that organism influences genital tract VL, provide an explanation for how BV increases susceptibility to HIV infection and point strategies for reducing transmission. Earlier we found that expression of a genital tract factor that induces HIV replication (HIF) was significantly associated with BV. We also hypothesize that treatment of BV will decrease HIF expression and will test this aim in aim 3 to determine a cause and effect relationship between BV and HIF. Finally, in aim 4 the effect of BV, HIF and BV-bacteria on induction of specific genital tract immune responses in vaccinated seronegative women will be determined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS--PATHOGENESIS AND IMPACT ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwebke, Jane R.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294
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Mycoplasma Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most prevalent cause of symptomatic vaginal discharge in women. Its etiology is unknown, however, it is characterized by displacement of the normal lactobacillus-predominant vaginal flora with large numbers of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. These changes do not appear to be allor-none, but instead abnormal vaginal flora can be viewed as a continuum of change. Microbiological changes can be quantified by using a standardized interpretative methods for vaginal fluid Gram stains. Epidemiologic associations exist between BV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), however cause and effect are unknown. One hypothesis is that without "protective" lactobacilli, women with abnormal vaginal flora (BV) are at increased risk of acquiring an STD upon exposure. The specific aims of this proposal are to determine the impact of BV on the acquisition of STDs by conducting prospective studies of women at high risk for STD. These studies represent continuation and extension of our ongoing work in this area. We will conduct a randomized controlled trial of treatment versus placebo for women with symptomatic BV. The women will be followed for a total of one year with serial examinations with the study outcome being acquisition of STD. In addition, we will utilize information and specimens obtained from these women to investigate issues related to the pathogenesis of abnormal vaginal flora, including the relationships of behaviors to changes in flora and description of the immunological factors associated with the patterns of vaginal flora and symptomatology in each of the three groups of women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENITALIUM
BIOLOGY
AND
PATHOGENICITY
OF
MYCOPLASMA
Principal Investigator & Institution: Baseman, Joel B.; Professor & Chair; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mycoplasmas cause a range of acute and chronic infections in humans. Mycoplasma genitalium is implicated as an emerging etiological agent of sexually transmitted and respiratory diseases and arthritides in humans and has been isolated from urethral, airway and synovial specimens. M. genitalium adheres to and colonizes host cell surfaces and establishes intracellular residence by mechanisms that remain poorly defined. However, we have shown that the distinct tip attachment organelle of M. genitalium is comprised of adhesins and adherence-related proteins, which are similar but not identical to those of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Overall, very little is known about the biology and pathogenicity of M. genitalium. Our long-term goal is to delineate the mechanisms of cytadherence and invasion of M. genitalium and understand the dynamics of the M. genitalium-host interplay. In the Progress Report we describe ongoing studies of MG218 (tip organelle, cytadherence-accessory protein) and its associated operon and identify previously undetected, yet seemingly important M. genitalium mucin (Mn) binding proteins (MnBPs). Mucus, which contains Mn in high quantities, is a common substance in genitourinary, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and the occurrence of MnBP in M. genitalium provides a novel virulence determinant. Furthermore, we have observed differential gene expression by M. genitalium in response to host cells and their products. These research developments suggest that mycoplasma-host interactions are more intricate than previously envisioned, and our primary goal is to delineate potential pathogenic mechanisms with
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the following specific aims: 1.Characterize genes and gene products of the mg218associated operon as they influence mycoplasma adherence and invasion; 2. Investigate the role of M. genitalium MnBPs in pathogenesis; and 3. Identify mycoplasma genes participating in parasitism using DNA microarrays and real-time RT-PCR. We believe that the proposed work is innovative and capitalizes on the latest developments in genomics, particularly global analysis of gene expression in DNA microarray. It also takes advantage of our recently developed methods to disrupt genes in mycoplasmas through homologous recombination. It is our expectation that the proposed studies will significantly increase our understanding of mycoplasma pathogenicity and advance new therapeutic strategies to control mycoplasma infections and disease progression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOLOGY OF INT1P IN CANADIDA ALBICANS FUNGEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hostetter, Margaret K.; Professor and Director; Pediatrics; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: Candida albicans fungemia leads to excess medical costs of 800 million dollars per year. Both neutropenic and non- neutropenic patients are affected; more than 85 percent harbor a central venous catheter, through which blood products, antibiotics, hyperalimentation fluids, and heparin are infused. Although more than 20 percent of infected patients die, predisposing factors other than neutropenia are poorly understood. The C. albicans gene INT1 links adhesion, morphogenesis and virulence in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanism of its virulence has not been elucidated. Preliminary data demonstrate Int1p-dependent superantigen-like effects. Both C. albicans and S. cerevisiae expressing Int1p activate CD4 T lymphocytes and expand the Vbeta2 subset; TNFalpha and IL-6 are released in response to C. albicans. Superantigenlike activity was originally localized to the first 434 amino acids of the Int1p amino terminus. This proposal focuses on Pep263, a polypeptide that is exposed and cleaved from the amino terminus of Int1p in the presence of heparin. 100 picomolar concentrations of purified, soluble Pep263 activate human and murine T lymphocytes and ex and T lymphocyte populations bearing Vbeta2, Vbeta17, and Vbeta22 subsets more rapidly and more potently than 105 C. albicans cells. In Specific Aim One we shall map Int1p domains essential for the expression and cleavage of Pep263 using INT1 mutants and human lymphocytes in vitro. The response of additional Vbeta subsets, the relative contributions of CD4/CD8 T lymphocytes, and their cytokine profiles will be determined. A newly discovered identity of Pep263 with the MHC Class II binding site of Mycoplasma arthritidis MAM, a well-known superantigen, will be exploited to identify relevant MHC Class II alleles on human and murine antigen-presenting cells. The effects of Pep263 and mutants lacking the MHC Class II binding site will be studied in mice transgenic for human HLA-DR and -DQ alleles. The crystal structure of Pep263 will be determined. In Specific Aim Two we shall test whether Kex2p or Int1p itself is the proprotein convertase that cleaves Pep263. Anti-proteases, heparin analogs, and antibodies to Pep263 will be studied as potential inhibitors. Direct and indirect mechanisms by which heparin accelerates cleavage of Pep263 will be analyzed using INT1-GFP constructs and INT1 mutants missing a putative heparin-binding site. These studies address the cellular, structural, and biochemical mechanisms underlying the heparin-accelerated generation of a C. albicans superantigen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Mycoplasma Project Title: CD8+ T CELLS AND MYCOPLASMA TUBERCULOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Canaday, David H.; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This application for a mentored scientist award (KO-8) seeks 5 years of funding for research training in the cellular immunology and cell biology of M. tuberculosis infection for David H. Canaday, M.D. Research training will be provided by W. Henry Boom, M.D. and Clifford V. Harding, M.D.-Ph.D. in the Division of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University. The research proposal which will provide the focus for Dr. Canaday's training is outlined below. M. tuberculosis is spread from person to person by inhalation of aerosolized mycobacteria. Most healthy people do not develop clinical tuberculosis. Instead, cellular immune responses become activated and are able to successfully control the active infection. T cells play a crucial role in regulating the cellular immune response. T cell subsets(CD4+, CD8+, gammadelta+), are activated by mycobacterial antigens, yet little is known about the roles and function of the different T cell subsets in the protective immune response to M. tuberculosis. While CD4+ T cells have been the focus of many studies, CD8+ T cells are an important accessory T cell subset in the protective immune response to M. tuberculosis. Recent studies by us and others have demonstrated that human CD8+ T cells serve as CTL for M. tuberculosis infected macrophages, produce IFN-gamma and are activated by mycobacterial antigens. The broad goal of the current studies is to determine the repertoire of mycobacterial proteins which stimulate human CD8+ T cells, to examine the antigen processing mechanism the macrophages use to present M. tuberculosis antigens on MHC class I molecules, and to determine the function of CD8+ T cells in patients with active tuberculosis. The Aims are: Aim 1. To determine the mycobacterial proteins and peptides recognized by human alphabeta TCR+ CD8+ T cells. Aim 2. To determine the mechanism(s) used by M. tuberculosis infected macrophages to process and present mycobacterial proteins by MHC class I molecules. Aim 3. To characterize the functional CD8+ T cell responses to specific proteins and peptides from in patients with active M. tuberculosis infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wagar, Elizabeth; Professor; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The worldwide epidemic of sexually transmitted disease is threatening, especially to young adults. New female-controlled strategies for preventing STDs are needed urgently. Also needed are more effective means of managing bacterial vaginitis/vaginosis (BV) - a common condition of unknown cause, that increases the likelihood of upper genitourinary tract infections. This proposal is based on the discovery that protegrins, a recently described class of antibiotic peptides inactivate the elementary bodies (Ebs) of Chlamydia trachomatis, kill N. gonorrhoeae and H. ducreyii, and also protect cells from infection by HIV-1. Our previous studies defined the essential structural features of protegrins needed for activity against chlamydia EBS, gonococci and C. albicans. We now propose to "fine tune" the protegrin design. By this process, we expect to generate protegrins that will kill the major bacterial STD pathogens and protect cells from HIV-1 uptake, without affecting normal vaginal Lactobacilli. Preliminary data show that this can be accomplished by replacing selected
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key amino acid residues. Our two specific aims are essential components of the overall plan to design a protegrin molecule with optimal properties. Specific Aim 1. We will test the susceptibility of bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Prevotella, Bacteroides, etc.) typically associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) to synthetic protegrins and to selected peptides. The BV microorganisms to be tested will include: These studies will focus on protegrins with little or no effect against Lactobacillus sp. Specific Aim 2. We will examine the sensitivity of C. trachomatis Ebs to protegrins and to selected peptides. In addition to testing pure cultures of archival vaginal isolates, we will test protegrins and other antimicrobial peptides on fresh clinical isolates that will be obtained from normal women and subjects with BV. Since these studies will be closely coordinated with an examination of vaginal antimicrobial polypeptides, they can also provide important insights into the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL ASPECTS OF VIRUS-HARBORING TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Piper, Jeanna M.; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Human suffering and health care costs due to sequellae of STDs are escalating worldwide, including pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, involuntarily infertility, and ectopic pregnancies. Project 5 will correlate clinical characteristics of T. vaginalis infections (including behavioral and demographic features as well as co-infections with other STD agents) with the presence or absence of dsRNA virus in T. vaginalis isolates. These two clinical T. vaginalis isolate types (i.e., with and without dsRNA virus) exist naturally and contribute to different outcomes in clinical demographic, and behavior parameters to be evaluated. Thus, as documented in Project 1, the virus provides a marker from which to carry out comparative clinical and adverse outcome studies. Specific Aim 1 perform a comprehensive evaluation of T. vaginalis isolates with an without dsRNA virus and relate these data to various clinical parameters by a) examining characteristics (genitourinary symptoms and physical findings) between vaginitis caused by virus-harboring and virus-minus isolates in pregnant and non-pregnant women, b) evaluating behaviors, demographic features and partner history associated with the two isolate types of T. vaginalis, and c) establishing linkages between infection with the two isolate types and other STD agents. Specific Aim 2 will evaluate the risk of adverse outcomes in women with STDs during pregnancy by a) examining infections by T. vaginalis with and without dsRNA virus and b) simultaneously examining and identifying other current infections (gonorrhea, chlamydia, bacterial vaginosis, group B, streptococcus, syphilis, HHV8, and M. genitalium). Specific Aim 3 will facilitate collaborations with the other four Projects by a) providing fresh clinical T. vaginalis isolates from patients with trichomonosis for Project #1, b) coordinating identification and follow-up of pregnant women with the HHV8 Project #2 by collecting maternal samples and pregnancy outcome data, c) providing clinical data dn specimens for the Mycoplasma genitalium Project 3, and d) providing clinical expertise and additional infection information to Behavioral Project 4. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Totten, Patricia A.; Professor; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105
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Mycoplasma Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: Large proportions of the major reproductive tract inflammatory syndromes remain idiopathic, not attributable to the major sexually transmitted pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Where effective STD control programs exist, most urethritis in men and endocervicitis or mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC) in women is no longer attributable to gonococcal or chlamydial infection. This is equally true for most upper genital tract complications of urethritis (epididymitis) or endocervicitis (endometritis, salpingitis and perinatal and puerperal morbidity). Mycoplasma genitalium, a fastidious bacterium discovered in 1981, now detectable by PCR, has been significantly associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men in 11 of 11 studies over the past decade using PCR, including our own recent study which demonstrated M. genitalium in 27 (22%) of 211 men with and 5 (4%) of 117 without NGU (OR 6.5; 95% CI 2.1- 19.9). Recognition of M. genitalium as a pathogen in the male raises the important question of its role as a pathogen in the female, both in nonpregnant and in pregnant women. Since initial submission of this proposal in February 2000, we have completed two retrospective cross- sectional studies involving women. In a random sample of female STD clinic patients, we demonstrated endocervical M. genitalium infection in 24 (13%) of 191 with MPC vs. 27 (6%) of 453 without MPC (OR adjusted for cervical pathogens 3.0; 95% CI 1.6-5.8). This study also detected M. genitalium in 10 (14.3%) of 70 women with history of spontaneous miscarriage at < 20 weeks gestation vs. 41 (7.2%) of 570 without this history (adj OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.1-5.6). A cross-sectional study of 115 Kenyan women with suspected PID demonstrated M. genitalium in endometrial biopsies from 7 (12%) of 58 women with endometritis vs. 0 of 57 without endometritis (p=0.01). In our studies of male urethritis, MPC, and endometritis, associations of M. genitalium with disease were similar to, or stronger than, the associations with chlamydial infection. These data support our proposed studies as the next logical step in clinical epidemiologic studies of this pathogen. Our three specific aims are to (1) define the role of M. genitalium in acute salpingitis in women undergoing laparoscopy in Nairobi Kenya; (2) define the association of M. genitalium with abnormal pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery of a low birthweight infant, using data and clinical specimens already available from 2500 women prospectively followed to term at University of Washington hospitals (including 625 with gestation <37 weeks); and (3) determine (a) risk factors for M. genitalium infection in a population-based sample of young women participating in Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, and in a sample of higher risk women attending the Seattle STD clinic, and (b) concordance of M. genitalium infection in these women and their sex partners. M genitalium may represent an important new pathogen in the female reproductive tract. Studies of its association with salpingitis and pregnancy morbidity are essential. Future studies should also address whether, similar to gonorrhea and chlamydial infection, it facilitates transmission of HIV infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COMPUTER SIMULATION THEORY OF GLOBULAR PROTEIN DYNAMICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Skolnick, Jeffrey; Director; None; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1986; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): With the genome sequencing projects providing a deluge of sequences, to utilize this information requires knowledge of the function of all
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the proteins in a given genome. Because biochemical function is determined by a protein's active site structure, protein structures are becoming essential tools for genome functional annotation. This has spurred structural genomics approaches that aim to develop high-throughput protein structure determination methods. Structure prediction is important not only for target selection in structural genomics but also for genome scale functional prediction. The goal of this project is to improve our TOUCHSTONE tertiary structure prediction algorithm that employs predicted secondary and tertiary restraints by addressing the key issues in protein folding: the lack of potentials that recognize the native state from the myriad of protein like, misfolded structures and the lack effective search conformational algorithms, especially for proteins over 150 residues. The Specific Aims designed to address these problems are: (1) The comprehensive native structure prediction of a representative set of all proteins with solved structures less than 201 residues in length (no pair with more than 35% sequence identity; at present 2282 proteins) will be done. This comprehensive test, made possible due to our new 4,000 processor PC cluster, will establish the full range of validity of TOUCHSTONE and provide a benchmark against which subsequent improvements can be assessed. (2). The model will be reparameterized based on the results from and use of the comprehensive set of decoys provided by (1). Each term in the potential will be examined, relative weights adjusted and where necessary extended or rederived. Due to the large number of native and decoy structures, the greatly improved statistics will allow for the derivation of terms in the potential, (e.g. 3-body secondary structure dependent pair potentials) that was not previously possible. (3). Improved protocols to predict the tertiary restraints that permit the folding of complex topologies will be developed. (4). Methods to select native like structures will be improved, e.g. by a series of simulations where previously generated clustered structures are used to derive restraints for subsequent simulations. (4). The prediction of tertiary structure of all small (<201 residues) proteins in the M. genitalium, E. coli, S. cerevisiae, D. melanogaster C. elegans, and human genomes will be done. (5). The algorithm will be the object of continual independent testing including participation in future CASPs. The overall goal is to range of validity of our ab initio folding algorithms and to provide significant improvements in the state of the art of tertiary structure prediction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, J Martin.; Professor and Director; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This Core component of the Program Project Grant will provide administrative, secretarial, and financial services for the individual projects. Second, it will also provide a cell line repository, which will provide all of the cell lines, mycoplasma testing, serum, and serum testing to Projects 2 and 3. Third, the Core will provide statistical and pharmacokinetic modeling support for the individual projects and will construct a Web-based database that will be accessible to the individual projects and will allow immediate access to all of the data collected by the individual projects. Since there are two widely separated sites (California and New Zealand) involved in this Project, it is vital that there are formal procedures in place to ensure rapid and effective communication. This will be an important function of this Core and will be realized by monthly conference calls among all of the participants, day-long faceto-face meetings every six months with the Project Leaders and Key Investigators, at one of which the External Review Committee will attend, and a database that provides
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Mycoplasma instant access to all the results. The same cell lines and tumors will be used by the two biology projects (Projects 2 and 3) at the two-sites. This Core will ensure that the cells are the same and that the same serum and culture conditions are used. The Core will also perform the serum testing and mycoplasma testing of the cell lines. Statistical analysis and pharmacokinetic modeling will be important to test the hypotheses of the Project. Dr. Daniel Bloch, a biostatistician at Stanford University, and Dr. Nicholas Holford, a pharmacokinetic modeler at the University of Auckland, will be involved in these studies. They will participate in both of the twice-yearly meetings, as well the conference calls. Finally, in order to ensure comprehensive and instantaneous access to all of the data from the Project, we will construct a Web-enabled SAS database into which all the results will be entered and which will be accessible to all involved in the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE-- CELL CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kocarek, Thomas A.; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The Cell Culture Facility Core (CCFC) is housed in two laboratory rooms in the Institute of Chemical Toxicology, that contain all items of equipment necessary for cell culture work. Another laboratory for viral transfection of cultured cells has been established within the Wayne State University School of Medicine, but it is not clear to what degree this latter lab is under the control of the CCFC. Dr. Thomas Kocarek is the core Leader and is requesting 20% of his salary for this role. He is assisted by two full time technicians. The facility provides the following services: 1) preparation of primary cultures of animal hepatocytes and Kupffer cells; 2) acquisition, maintenance in culture, cryopreservation and distribution to users of cell lines; 3) preparation of hybridomas producing antibodies to user-provided antigens; 4) optimization of conditions for transfecting cell lines or primary cultures; 5) preparation/distribution of culture medium; 6) testing of cell lines for mycoplasma contamination; 7) provision of space, equipment and sterile supplies for cell culture work; and 8) provision of training, assistance and consultation in cell culture techniques. During the last three years, use of the facility has grown substantially, from three users at the time of the original grant application, to 18 investigators who have used the facility to date. Fourteen of the above eighteen investigators are Center members and these individuals account for 99% of the total usage of the CCFC. Future plans include the establishment of the following services, which are currently under development: 1) isolation and primary culture of human hepatocytes; 2) preparation of liver slices for short term studies; and 3) isolation of cells representing different stages of the cell cycle by centrifugal elutriation. The CCFC will also improve its ability to produce hybridomas and will continue to work with investigators to develop new cell isolation techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--BIOREAGENT AND CELL CULTURE FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tokes, Zoltan A.; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Bioreagent and Cell Culture Core Facility supports cancer related research that requires in vitro experiments, provides reagents for cell culture and
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prepares bioreagents that are produced by cells grown in the facility. Recently, the Cell Culture Core facility was reorganized to introduce new services of producing bioreagents that were identified as high priority by the investigators during last year's survey. The Core Facility now grows suspension cultures of hybridoma cells in large quantities and produces purified monoclonal antibodies. A recently acquired News Brunswick Bioreactor made the growing of cells in large quantities possible at substantial savings. The facility is in the process of developing and evaluating lipofectin preparations for cell transfection at highly reduced costs. Additional available services are the preparation of specialized serum products, LB matrix coated culture dishes, and Ampicillin /R plates. Studies will be conducted to evaluated the feasibility of producing recombinant proteins, cytokines and growth factors. The Core Facility continues to provide established services of cell culture media preparations in large batches and their distribution at five convenient locations, testing for mycoplasma contaminations, drug testing using cytotoxity and cell proliferation assays, bulk purchase of tissue culture additives, growing attached cells in large quantities using roller bottles, and provides assistance in all techniques related to cell cultures. The Facility is one of the most widely used shared resources, utilized by 62 faculty members, and provides substantial savings of 45% to 90%. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--BREAST CANCER CELL LINE RESOURCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ziff, Barbara L.; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The primary functions of this core facility are to manage the breast cancer cell line repository and to provide essential tissue culture support to breast cancer researchers. The facility provides shared tissue culture areas that are well equipped and stocked with all of the necessary tissue culture reagents and supplies. Breast cancer cell lines are cultured and made available to investigators as either growing or frozen cell stocks. Frozen cell stocks are replenished as required. DNA fingerprinting of cell lines is used as a quality control measure. The breast cancer cell line repository is managed through a complete inventory system. The individual cell lines of the repository are described in a computer database that is part of the SPORE computer network. A number of tissue culture related services are offered, including mycoplasma testing, helper virus rescue assays, charcoal stripping of calf serum, cell culture, cell freezing, and growth curve analysis of new lots of both calf serum and fetal calf serum. The production of primary cell lines from normal breast tissue and from breast cancer primary or metastatic tumors is a developing service. The shared tissue culture areas are used by the investigators, trainees and technicians from Il LCRC breast cancer research laboratories who do not have their own individual tissue culture space. The breast cancer cell line repository is used by 13 breast cancer research laboratories. All of the breast cancer research laboratories regularly request mycoplasma testing. The helper virus rescue assay has been used by four breast cancer research laboratories. Charcoal stripped calf serum produced in the core facility is used by seven breast cancer research laboratories. The cell culture service has been used by eight breast cancer research laboratories. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Mycoplasma Project Title: CORE--CELL AND ANTIBODY CORE Principal Investigator & Institution: Herlyn, Meenhard; Professor and Chairman; Wistar Institute Philadelphia, Pa 191044268 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Cell lines and monoclonal antibodies (Mab) are indispensable tools for experimental investigations. This group has generated one of the largest cell banks of cultured melanocytes from normal skin, nevi, and primary and metastatic melanomas. The cell bank is continuously expanding due to the needs of all investigators of this program project. The objectives are to culture cells, characterize their phenotypes, freeze stocks and quality- control all cells regarding mycoplasma infections. Cultures are then distributed to all investigators within the program project and to other interested scientists. MAb are being produced for research projects using in vivo subtraction protocols to achieve a higher percentage of specific antibodies. Immunoglobulin production is tested before tissue culture supernatants of hybridomas producing antimelanoma MAb are distributed to investigators within and outside the program project. MAb are purified from tissue culture supernatants and ascitic fluids of hybridomabearing mice. Overall, this Core will continue to provide efficient and high quality service to the participating laboratories. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CELL BIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Keeney, Diane S.; Assistant Professor; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The goal of the Cell Biology Facility Core is to provide a common use facility for cell and tissue culture. The Core provides cryopreservation, mycoplasma contamination testing, equipment for production of eukaryotic cells expressing cloned genes, and assistance in testing serum lots. In addition, the Core provides training in biohazard awareness, routine decontamination procedures, and in isolating and maintaining primary cell cultures and established cell lines. This Core also provides for testing of mycoplasma and cryopreservation of cells. The facility space consists of wet laboratory space for preparation of media, cryopreservation and small equipment adjacent to two rooms dedicated to cell and tissue culture. Several items of equipment have been added in the last year. Dr. Diane Keeney directs the Core and is assisted by a laboratory manager and cell culture technician. Nine Center investigators have used the facility during the current granting period and have benefitted from training, services, supplies and more efficient completion of cell culture experiments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CELL BIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Koeller, David M.; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The Cell Biology Core supports Center investigators in the areas of tissue culture, microbiology, and molecular biology. Although services in these areas could potentially be designated as independent cores, the overlap among them is such that it is more efficient to combine them into a single core. Dr. Goodman initially established the tissue culture laboratory in 1968, and directed its use as an MRRC core unit until
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recently when Dr. Koeller took over as supervisor. Tissue culture is carried out in two rooms on the eighth floor of the BRB; one is reserved for the growth of fibroblast lines from human patients with inborn errors of metabolism (250 sq. ft.), and a second smaller room (65 sq. ft.) is used primarily for non-humans cell lines. The facility serves as a cell bank for inborn error patients, and now contains some 2,450 cell lines, including 101 with glutaric acidemia I, 86 with glutaric acidemia II, 140 with cystathione beta synthase deficiency, and 55 with propionic acidemia. Non-human cell line usage has been primarily to express genes and to grow embryonic stem cells for gene targeting experiments. In the future, the Baylor MRRC embryonic stem cell technology core will be used for the latter purpose. The molecular biology and microbiology facilities in the cell biology core occupy 200 sq. ft. of space dedicated to the study of disease causing mutations following their expression in prokaryotic hosts. Additionally, the ability to over-express proteins in vitro has allowed the crystallization of the human GCD protein as well as wild type and two mutant forms of human ETF, and wild type P. denitrificans ETF. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CELL CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sweeney, William E.; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Taken directly from the application) The Cell Culture Core is a critical component of the Interdisciplinary Center for Polycystic Kidney Disease Research. It will provide and maintain primary cells and cell lines from human and murine control and cystic kidneys for in vitro experimentation by the eight center investigators (Project Leaders and Co-Investigators of the-3 major and two Pilot and Feasibility studies proposed). It will be the central resource for distribution of normal and cystic renal epithelial cell (REC) lines from the relevant models. This Core will concentrate expertise in the isolation of primary and immortalized (REC), maintenance and characterization of these cell lines, preparation of culture medium and cryopreservation of the cells. The goal of the Cell Culture Core is to provide investigators with high quality, phenotypically consistent cell lines in a cost-effective and efficient manner. In addition, the Core will provide Center Investigators with expertise in the utilization of organ culture methodology for specific studies proposed. Center personnel will be responsible for quality control within the facility. They will closely monitor the REC lines for phenotypic drift and perform periodic screening for contamination (i.e., mycoplasma). The Cell Core centralizes the isolation and handling of the primary cells and REC lines thus ensuring consistent reagents and minimizing phenotypic drift of cells being studied under various experimental protocols. The Core concentrates expertise in commonly utilized techniques thereby maximizing quality, efficiency, and cost effectiveness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CELL CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sells, Maryanne; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pa 19111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Mycoplasma Project Title: CORE--CELL CULTURE AND ASSAY FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kagnoff, Martin F.; Professor of Medicine and Director; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Cell Culture and Assay Core has been a part of the Program Project since its inception. The overall goal of the Core is to facilitate and enhance the conduct of research by individual Research Units requiring services in cell culture, flow cytometry, PCR methods, ELISA, and immunoblot analysis. The Core offers the following services to Program Project members: 1. Cell culture: a. Maintenance of murine, rat, and human cell lines; b. Freezing, storage, and retrieval of eukaryotic cell lines and tissue specimens in the Core's liquid nitrogen tissue culture bank; c. Mycoplasma testing of cell lines; d. Central purchasing and testing of sera and tissue culture media. 2. Flow cytometry: a. Flow cytometric analysis of surface and intracellular molecules using the Core's FACSean flow cytometer; b. Assistance with the design and analysis of flow cytometrie studies. 3. PCR analysis: a. Real-time RT-PCR analysis using the Core's Model 7700 ABI Prism Sequence Detection System; b. Assistance with the design and analysis of competitive RT-PCR methods using cRNA standards; c. Assistance with PCR-based genotyping of transgenic and knockout mice. 4. ELISA and immunoblot analysis: a. Development of new ELISAs for individual projects and conduct of ELISAs established by the Core; b. Design and conduct of immunoblot analyses to detect proteins produced by cells and tissues. 5. Microarray analysis: a. Facilitation of microarray analyses through liaison with a dedicated UCSD Core facility; b. Assistance with experimental design and data interpretation of microarray studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CELL CULTURE AND EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoatlin, Maureen E.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) This Cell Culture and Expression Shared Resource serves as a centralized resource for cell and tissue culture media and a cell line repository, including retroviral packaging cell lines. The goals of this resource are: (1) to provide Cancer Center members with a convenient, reliable, and inexpensive source of standard culture media for mammalian cell culture, as well as antibiotics, and serum, (2) to serve as a repository for cell-lines routinely used in cancer research, (3) to perform tests of tissue culture media and sera for Mycoplasma contamination, and (4) provide retroviral expression services through transfection of viral packaging cell-lines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--CELL ELECTROPORATION
CULTURE,
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INJECTION
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Pereira-Smith, Olivia M.; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (from the application): Fetal bovine serum is used by all projects and will be tested for optimal growth and cloning efficiency by the Core. All the projects will utilize the lot of fetal bovine serum characterized as the best for use, and this will allow for
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purchase of large amounts of a particular lot for a better price. The same will be the case for cosmic calf serum. The Core will also perform regular mycoplasma testing on the various cell cultures used in the individual projects. In addition, some of the projects will make use of the MICRO INJECTION/electroporation: facility to introduce macromolecules (primarily RNA, DNA and protein) into cultured mammalian cells. This centralized facility will provide equipment, supplies, and personnel for the whole program. This is a very cost efficient way for all of the investigators to have access to techniques requiring skilled personnel and specialized equipment. The major equipment needed for MICRO INJECTION is available in Dr. Olivia Pereira-Smith's laboratory and will be used in this core. An electroporation unit, the Biorad Gene Pulser, is also available and has been successfully used to obtain data in the past. Consolidating the purchase of antibodies and Western supplies in the Core is also a cost saving measure. The adenoviral subcore will provide adenoviral vectors for Projects 1, 2, 3 and 6. This specialized function is needed for efficient transduction of genes into various cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CELL CULTURE/TISSUE PREPARATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Holleran, Walter M.; Northern California Institute Res & Educ 4150 Clement Street (151-Nc) San Francisco, Ca 941211545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: The Cell Culture Core supplies high quality cells for the Program Project investigators. The facility is maintained such that it meets and exceeds the relevant federal health and safety standards. The majority of cells provided by the facility are foreskin-derived normal human keratinocytes. These cells are plated with the media, conditions, and density required by each Program Project investigator. Presently the facility is providing over 250 million cells per week to investigators, but it can produce equal to or more than 500 million per week on demand. In addition, the facility has a large library of frozen cells, including transformed and genetically-altered lines, that are available to the investigators. Depending on need, these lines also are maintained at low levels allowing for rapid and efficient boosting of cell numbers at the investigator's request. The facility also routinely produces murine keratinocytes from both normal and transgenic sources, as required for individual Program Project investigators. Dr. Walter M. Holleran, Director, and Ms. Sally Pennypacker, Head Technician, not only provide in vitro culture knowledge and expertise for other investigators, but also insure that health and safety inspections are passed, hoods and incubators are tested and serviced regularly, and cultures are tested monthly for mycoplasma. Both Dr. Holleran and Ms. Pennypacker also possess expertise in working with organotypic cultures, as well as culturing adult skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts, late-passage keratinocytes, basal cell carcinoma cells, fetal rat and mouse keratinocytes, and various explant methods. Core A is developing methods for growth of Hailey-Hailey cells, cell-cell adhesion assays, improved lipid and lamellar body generation, and growth of adult and neonatal murine keratinocytes from various knockout animal models. A fundamental part of the operation of Core A is the interaction between its personnel and members of the Program Project, allowing researchers to obtain high-quality cultures specifically tailored to their needs, while providing direct feedback for optimization of techniques and protocols. The facility is now equipped with amber lights for work with lightsensitive compounds. Finally, Core A provides both maximum numbers of high quality cells and advice on in vitro methods to investigators, who rely heavily on this facility. The continued production of healthy keratinocytes will remain the priority of this key facility.
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Mycoplasma Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--EMBRYONIC STEM CELL Principal Investigator & Institution: Sun, Tung-Tien H.; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Taken directly from the application) The purpose of Core B is to set up a small tissue culture room dedicated to the growth and handling of embryonic stem (ES) cells that will be used for gene targeting experiments. These experiments are extremely time-consuming, but can be easily ruined by mycoplasma contamination, which exists in many established cell lines being handled in our regular tissue culture rooms. This Core will benefit primarily Project 1, which aims at the knockout of genes encoding some of the uroplakins, Project 4 which will knockout p53 in urothelial cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lipman, Neil S.; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Core D(Experimental Animals) will provide centralized facilities and technical expertise to conduct in vivo experiments using Ad vectors in rodents. The primary resource of the animal core is a technician who will assist the scientists of the projects in the design and execution of animal experiments. The technician will train project scientists, assist in surgical procedures and dissection, and coordinate with RARC staff in the compliance with regulatory requirements. The technician will also stock and maintain procedure rooms, keep inventory, log procedures and inspect animals daily. The core will be located within a 3,000 square foot animal facility occupy part of a new Gene Therapy Core Facility which includes the other cores of this program project. The animal facility was designed specifically to house and manipulate animals employed in gene therapy studies under BSL2 conditions. To maintain rodents free of intercurrent infection with adventitious pathogens, they will be housed in individually ventilated isolator caging systems. The facility contains four animal holding rooms, one of which is equipped with five Illinois cubicles. Experimental procedure rooms contain multiple work areas for manipulating rodent models and a surgical suite for surgical delivery of vectors, if necessary. Underlying the core functions are the support staff, facilities, and programs of Cornell University Medical College's Research Animal Resource Center (RARC) including RARC's Research Animal Diagnostic Laboratory (RADL), which will provide expertise in clinical and anatomic pathology. All biological materials introduced into rodents housed in the core will be evaluated by the RADL for contamination with adventitious viruses and mycoplasma. The health status of rodents housed in the ore will be continuously monitored for contamination with adventitious pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--HYBRIDOMA/CELL CULTURE/IMMUNE MONITORING Principal Investigator & Institution: Bear, Harry D.; Professor; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007
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Summary: The Hybridoma/Cell Culture/Immune Monitoring Shared Resource of the MCC has been active since 1983. Initially, this core laboratory was established for the sole purpose of creating hybridomas and producing monoclonal antibodies for cancer research scientists at VCU. This technology has been critical for several different lines of investigation, including identification and purification of cancer-critical for several different lines of investigation, including identification of purification of cancer-related proteins and localization of these proteins and other molecules in cells and tissues. Over the past decade, as monoclonal antibodies and hybridoma cell lines have become more available from commercial sources, the need to create new hybridoma has decreased somewhat. Simultaneously, this shared resource has expanded its role to include production of monoclonal antibodies, large scale culture of cell lines other than hybridomas, growth of large numbers of lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy, mycoplasma testing of cell lines of all types, harvest and preparation of blood samples for correlative studies associated with clinical trials, and harvest and preparation of blood and lymphocyte samples for immunologic monitoring of endpoints associated with clinical immunotherapy trials. As with the original hybridoma production services, all of these functions serve cancer research investigators for whom it would be cumbersome and inefficient to establish the same capabilities in each of their separate laboratories. While preference is given to funded Cancer Center researchers, all VCU scientists are able to access the facility's services. Funding of this shared resource will be obtained from the CCSG and from a system of user fees designed to recover cost of supplies, while still providing a very cost- efficient service to research scientists at VCU and the Cancer Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--LABORATORY ANIMALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stevens, James O.; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Aging and Alzheimer's Research Center Laboratory Animal Core operates as a shared resource which facilitates, enriches and coordinates animal model studies for four of the five component projects in this proposal. This Core has, over previous grant and project periods, developed and maintained barrier-sustained, disease-free colonies of conventional, aged, ancient, lifetime (>39 months) caloric restricted, and neurologically modeled rats in order to reduce data-compromising animal variables for new and ongoing studies. We have eliminated infectious agents from all experimental colonies, constructed and renovated new barrier housing areas, established improved environmental conditions for housing behavioral modeled research animals, with behavioral testing laboratories contiguous to animal housing rooms. One specific aim of this Core component is to continue to provide specialized maintenance of barrier sustained transgenic, knockout and control mice, transplant, antioxidant fed, caloric-restricted, modeled and control aged F-344 NIA rats, as well as young and aged Sprague-Dawley rats. A second specific aim is to provide regular, comprehensive health evaluations on all project animals, and diagnostic, gross and histopathological examinations on all experimental animals at experiment termination or when euthanasia is required due to disease development. The Core will also conduct serological surveillance of all experimental animal colonies to document continuing virus and mycoplasma-free status and provide continuous consultation on laboratory animal genetics, model development and training in aged animal biology. A third specific aim is to produce congenic, inbred, hyperoxia-resistant rats on a Fisher-344
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Mycoplasma genetic background from hyperoxia resistant rats presently on an outbred SpragueDawley background. In a fourth specific aim, Core personnel will maintain the Coredeveloped, automated database that includes monitoring and tracking of all project animals. Animals are uniquely identified with electronic, transponding microchips and the Core will input all animal health and final pathological evaluations at necropsy into the database which is networked to and accessible by all project investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--LABORATORY SERVICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Giles, Richard E.; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The Laboratory Services Core will support projects by providing services in three areas. These areas are: production and characterization of purified Vectors; production of characterized cells; and pathology studies. Vector production and characterization will be consolidated in the core to avoid duplicative efforts, provide uniform lots and apply standard protocols based on good laboratory practices production of vectors and cells in the core will be supervised by personnel with extensive experience in virus production and quality control testing of biological products. The core will maintain characterized cell banks for vector production and functional assays. Cells produced by the core will be used to analyze the tumorigenicity and sensitivity to adenovirus infectivity in vitro and in vivo. The core will be responsible for testing viral based vector lots for replication competent adenoviruses (RCA). Vectors will also be tested for endotoxin. Both vector lots and cell lines supplied to core users will be tested for adventitious microbial agents, including mycoplasma. Pathology Studies. The core will support projects by providing pathology services, including assays focused on the analysis of apoptosis such as the TUNEL assay, morphological analysis and standard pathology for tissue analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--MEDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Feener, Edward P.; Investigator; Joslin Diabetes Center Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The main objective of the Media Core is to reduce the cost of supplies and the labor of culturing cells by centralizing the purchasing of cell culture media and by preparing high quality tissue culture media and reagents in bulk. In addition, this Core provides a secondary site of cell storage in liquid nitrogen for DERC investigators, several high volume buffers, and testing for mycoplasma when requested. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--MEDIA PREPARATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaw, Denise R.; Research Associate Professor; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Applicant's Description) The Media Preparation Shared Facility (MPSF) of the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center (UAB-CCC) serves as a centralized resource for
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(a) eukaryotic and bacterial cell culture media and supplements, (b) buffers and other high-volume reagents used in routine cell culture and molecular biology applications, (c) quality control assurance and testing, and (d) general consultation and education with regard to cell culture and molecular biology reagents. The overall goals are to improve economy, efficiency and quality of UAB-CCC research activities. MPSF provides economy by supplying common culture media, supplements and buffers to UAB-CCC faculty at charge-back prices lower than available commercial prices. This is accomplished via (1) on-site production with charge-back rates that fail to generate excess MPSF income, and (2) volume purchase negotiations with commercial suppliers, yielding price and shipping charge reductions not available to the average research laboratory. MPSF offers efficiency by convenient on-site product/service availability, with less paperwork and faster delivery as compared to commercial suppliers. Many users take possession of MPSF products in less than 2 hours after initial request. MPSF promotes quality by (a) regularly performing assays for endotoxin and sterility in onsite products, as well as for endotoxin and mycoplasma in investigator-submitted samples, and on-site autoclave performance, and (b) offering personalized services including professional consultation for specific experimental problems at no cost, plus design and preparation of custom reagents at low cost. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--MICROBIOLOGY FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hillier, Sharon L.; Professor; Carnegie-Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The objective of Microbiology Core is to provide support for Project 1 (Microbicidal Lactobacilli for Prevention of Genital Infection), project 3 (Trichomonas vaginalis and SLPI Mucosal Defenses) and project 4 (Iron- regulated Proteins and Gonococcal Infection. The core laboratory will provide cervical cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, vaginal cultures for Trichomonas vaginalis, and evaluation for Gramstrained vaginal smears for bacterial vaginosis. Cultures of vaginal fluid will be evaluated for lactobacilli (H2O2+ and H2O2-), Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, obligately anaerobic gram negative rods including Prevotella, Prophyromonas and Bacteroides, Gardnerella vaginalis, yeast, staphylococci, streptococci and coliforms. Chlamydia trachomatis will be detected by PCR within the clinical laboratory at Magee-Womens Hospitals, but the Microbiology Core personnel will be responsible for delivery of patient specimens to the clinical laboratory for testing. The microbiology core will assist project leaders in developing specimen collection and transport protocols, will provide appropriate specimen collection media to the clinical core sites, work with the biostatistical- epidemiology core on coding and processing the microbiologic data, and provide assistance in evaluation of microbiologic data for interim reports and manuscripts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY Principal Investigator & Institution: Denzin, Lisa K.; Assistant Member; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 21-FEB-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility is to support the research interests of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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Mycoplasma investigators by providing the following four high quality services not only at a reasonable cost but also in a timely manner. 1) In vitro production of pre-existing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): This service enables investigators to order cell free conditioned media (bioreactor supernatants) containing 0.5 - 1.5 mg/ml of mAb and ranging from 25 - 55% pure. At this concentration and purity, most mAbs can be used without any further processing for applications such as western blotting, immunoprecipitation, in vivo cell depletions and cell purifications. 2) Purification of mAbs: For experimental techniques that require purified mAb, the facility will purify mAbs from the bioreactor supernatants using conventional chromatographic techniques. 3) Generation of new mAbs: The facility works directly with investigators to generate new mAbs specific for their particular research needs. This service can be broken down into five distinct categories: a) consultation (free of charge), b) immunization of rodents, c) fusion of the spleen(s), d) maintenance of the fusion products and e) subcloning of positive cells. 4) Mycoplasma testing: The facility provides a PCR-based screening service to detect mycoplasma contamination that may be present in the cell lines, media, sera, or other relevant supplements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--MOUSE BREEDING, SCREENING AND MYCOPLASMA PULMONIS INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Killeen, Nigel P.; Assistant Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: One unifying element of this program project is the use of Mycoplasma pulmonis-infected mice and rats as a model of chronic airway inflammation. All four projects will use this model to some extent in the proposed research. A small animal core will be established to meet this need. The ore has three main functions: (i) to standardize the infection procedures and handling of pathogen-free and infected mice and rats in the barrier facility; (ii) to maximize the efficiency and economy of housing and handling pathogen-free and infected animals; and (iii) to make pathogen-free and M. pulmonis-infect animals or tissues from these animals readily available to all of the investigators. The core staff will use tested stocks of M. pulmonis to ensure reproducible results and to minimize variability. The core staff will be responsible for husbandry and monitoring of pathogen-free and infected animals in the barrier facility, including the routine measurement of body weight, maintenance of sentinel animals, and periodic serological analyses. The core staff will also assist with some aspects of tissue harvesting, for example, bronchoalveolar lavage, flow cytometry, and tissue removal and fixation. Lastly, the core will assist in the breeding, colony management, and genetic analysis of various mutant animals stocks that will be used in the four projects. The core will build on an existing infrastructure that is already being used to generate M. pulmonis-infected mice and rats on a small scale. Centralizing and expanding the currently limited scope of the infection and maintenance process will avoid unnecessary replication of resources in the four projects. It will also ensure that common procedures are used by all of the groups and will, therefore, facilitate the exchange of information and foster collaborative interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--RETROVIRAL TRANSDUCTION OF MURINE BONE MARROW FOR IN VIVO ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pear, Warren S.; Associate Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 13-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many of the experimental protocols for all four of the projects in this program rely on retroviral transduction of primary or cultured cells. Because the techniques of retroviral preparation and transduction require a high degree of technical expertise, a central facility where these techniques are performed would significantly enhance the progress of all projects. A central facility for retroviral preparation and transduction would offer multiple advantages to the group. These include: 1) uniform procedures for preparing high titer retroviral supernatants, 2) regular availability of high titer retroviral supernatants, 3) periodic monitoring of retroviral supernatants to insure that they are mycoplasma-free and do not contain replication competent retrovirus, and 4) expertise in transduction of fetal liver and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. Because of the collaborative nature of the research program, availability of high titer retroviral supernatants and procedures for transduction and FTOC, together with standardization of protocols and reagents would be of great benefit to everyone in the program. The retroviral core will be housed in Dr. Pear's research space. The Core will purchase and maintain equipment necessary for these procedures. Additionally, consumables will also be purchased in bulk by the Core to ensure standardization of materials and bulk purchase discounts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--TISSUE CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Briehl, Margaret M.; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The goal of the Tissue Culture Shared Service is to enhance the quality of laboratory research at the Arizona Cancer Center by providing specialized cell culture services to Cancer Center investigators. The objectives of the service include providing: 1. Cell lines for addressing cancer-related research questions; 2. Cost-effective quality control measures necessary for excellent science with in vitro cancer models; 3. Reagents for cell culture that are not commercially available or are more cost-effective when obtained through the service; 4. Consultative expertise in tissue culture; 5. Assistance to the genetically modified nice shared service in establishing knock-mice. More than 250 human tumor-derived cell lines have been established by the Tissue Culture Shared Service. Cancer Center investigators have used these in cytogenetic and molecular studies to identify genetic changes in cancer and in pharmacological studies to evaluate new chemotherapeutic agents. Cell lines from this bank also have been provided to the NCI and ATCC. This service provides cost effect mycoplasma screening of cell lines to encourage regular testing. This helps ensure that results obtained by Center investigators using in vitro models are not artifacts of mycoplasma infection. The service conducts quality assurance/quality control testing of fetal bovine serum lots. The effectiveness of different lots at supporting cell line growth relative to cost is assessed and large lot prices are then negotiated at a considerable savings to investigators. By maintaining embryonic stem cell culture for the Genetically Modified Mice Shared Service, it is anticipated that the expertise of the personnel in the Tissue
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Mycoplasma Culture Shared Service will be key to the successful development of knock-out mouse models at the Arizona Cancer Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--TISSUE CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Steinberg, Bettie M.; Chief; Long Island Jewish Medical Center New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This new core will provide the projects participating in this clinical research center with primary normal and papilloma cultures and frozen tissues. It will also centralize stock cultures of established cell lines, the preparation of media and media additives, and the cleaning and sterilization of glassware. Dr. Steinberg, the Program Director for the Center will be responsible for overseeing the function of this core. Biopsy samples will be collected from the operating room, pertinent information entered into the laboratory computer, and the primary cell cultures established or tissues frozen in liquid nitrogen. Cultures of established cell lines, such as 3T3 cells used as feeder layers for some experiments, will be maintained. Established lines will be checked at regular intervals for mycoplasma contamination. Tissue culture media and stocks of tissue culture additives will be prepared, so that they will be available to the investigators. Dr. Steinberg will consult with the individual principal investigators on a weekly basis, to determine which of the primary cultures will be provided to each of the projects for specific experiments. Tissue culture as part of specific experiments will be done by the individual projects. A lab aide will be responsible for the collection of dirty glassware from the laboratories, and provision of clean and sterile glassware, pipettes, etc. She will also clean incubators and water baths at timely intervals, and do other lab chores as needed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--TISSUE CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hajjar, David P.; Professor of Biochemistry and Dean; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The objective of the Tissue Culture Core is to provide a common resource which will provide specifically characterized cell cultures. By centralizing this effort to one facility, this will expedite our efforts to carry out the specific aims of each component project in a timely manner. This type of Core has worked very well for us in the past 10 years, and we would like to continue it. As we have successfully done in the past, each cell type cultured in the facility will be screened and well- characterized. This facility will provide interactions between the various projects. The overall contribution of this type of serve is apparent. Firstly, the economic advantage via centralization of commonly used reagents, vascular tissue, and man-power hours is considerable. This clearly results in reduction of supplies and salaries which would be expended in multiple laboratories to achieve similar objectives. Secondly, the provision of common experimental protocols and cells to all investigators in the program allows for consistency between different laboratories. The Tissue Culture Core facility will provide a wide spectrum of cell types and materials in a defined manner of routine basis, including human arterial smooth muscle cells, adventitial fibroblasts, umbilical vein endothelial cells; rabbit and murine arterial smooth muscle cells; human monocyte-like cell lines MM6, RAW 264.7, THP-1, and human peripheral blood monocytes. Fresh
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human platelets and neutrophils will be isolated as needed by individual investigators. All cultures are currently characterized immunocytochemically and routinely monitored for mycoplasma contamination. The Core also will provide media and sera to the individual investigators when needed. The Core will be a resource for the growth in metabolic characterization of specific cell types, and the Core will provide advice, expertise, and defined cell culture protocols as needed. The Core will perform LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) activity assays on cells as a measure of cell viability in response to the experimental conditions outlined by the individual component projects. Trypan blue exclusion evaluations will also be carried out as a rapid screening method. Currently, we have a well-functioning Tissue Culture facility, containing three five-foot Sterilgard laminar flow hoods, four cell storage receptacles, an inverted Nikon microscope, a confocal microscope, and three double Forma-Scientific water-jacketed flowing CO2 incubators. There are also two centrifuges in this facility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--TISSUE CULTURE CORE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gibson, Gary E.; Professor; Winifred Masterson Burke Med Res Inst Medical Research Institute White Plains, Ny 10605 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Tissue Culture Core will support tissue culture activities in Project 1, Project 3, and Project 4. (Project 2 will use rat liver, and Project 5 will use intact transgenic animals). This Core will optimize the use of the extensive tissue culture expertise that has accumulated in this unit over the last 18 years. It will provide a central facility for obtaining and testing the quality of materials required for tissue culture by the investigators in this Program Project. The materials will include Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), which is tested for consistency and then ordered in large enough amounts so that a single lot of FBS will support the activities of the Program Project for at least one year. New tissue culture plasticware will also be tested for problems by the Core before being used more widely within the Program Project laboratories. The Core will provide started cultures, and when requested, will prepare cultures for specific experiments. There will be a charge to the investigators for each culture; this fee is designed to encourage optimal use of tissue cultures from the core. Cells will be grown in the core by meticulous methods using well- standardized protocols. Inside the protocol for the fibroblasts has now been published (APPENDIX). These procedures provide a high degree of standardization of fibroblast cultures by biological age in culture (CPDL), as well as meticulous control of other aspects of tissue culture such as mycoplasma testing. Tumor cells, including PC12 cells, will be grown by techniques that we have already standardized in this laboratory. Where necessary, this core will also prepare primary neuron-enriched or glial- enriched cultures. The experience of the core will facilitate the use of other cell types for any of the PROJECTS. The Tissue Culture Core is designed to augment tissue culture facilities in the laboratories of the specific investigators. it will provide optimal support for the tissue culture needs of the individual investigators, while leaving each investigator in full control of the cultures needed for their investigation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--TISSUE CULTURE FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Haddad, Bassem R.; Associate Professor; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057
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Mycoplasma Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: The Tissue Culture Shared Resource (TCSR) is an integral part of the Lombardi Cancer Center (LCC) research activities. The role of the Resource is to assist investigators with all of the tissue culture reared aspects of their work and to maintain the LCC cell line repository. To this end the Resource provides consultation, facilities and services to a diverse group of investigators involved in cancer research. Specifically, the shared resource: 1) Maintains an expanding collection of over 279 individual cell lines and provides frozen vials or live cultures of these lines to investigators. 2) Equips, monitors, stocks and services four separate shared tissue culture labs for the use of investigators who do not have the ability to perform tissue culture in their labs or who need additional tissue culture space. 3) Prepares, tests and supplies to investigators tissue culture reagents of the highest quality, that have been specifically tested for suitability in the relevant systems, as inexpensively as possible. 4) Provides mycoplasma testing and genetic fingerprinting of cells. 5) Provides expert consultation regarding the use of tissue culture techniques in cancer research and provides training to investigators at all levels in the use of this technology. 6) Provides a safe, secure cryo-storage facilty for investigators to keep frozen stocks of their cancer cell lines. 7) Provides a B-cell transformation service to facilitate cancer genetics studies. There has been a steady growth in the number of users and services offered by the LCC TCSR since its inception in 1989. While the vast majority (99.56%) of the Resource users remains to be LCC members, the percent of users with peer reviewed funding has steadily increased reaching 94% in 2001. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--TISSUE CULTURE LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bonewald, Lynda F.; Lefkowitz Professor; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A centralized tissue culture facility is more economical than individual investigators perform their own cell culture. The proposed core would be an expansion to accommodate this program project of a tissue culture core that has been in operation since 1980 in the Division of Endocrinology. Reasons for establishing and maintaining a common tissue culture core include the following: 1. Quality control of cell lines, culture techniques, and solutions 2. Bulk preparation of cells and media gives an economical advantage 3. Optimal use of time, equipment and supplies 4. Experienced technicians 5. Consistency between preparations A centralized tissue culture facility is the most efficient means for maintaining cell lines. The cell lines are catalogued and frozen as back-up stocks in liquid nitrogen tanks equipped with alarm systems to prevent loss of important cell lines. All cell lines are screened for mycoplasma detection twice per year. Purchase of fetal calf serum and media in bulk is certainly more cost-effective. Prescreening of 3 to 4 sources of serum for optimal cell growth before purchase is most efficiently accomplished in the core facility. Media and PBS can be prepared at 10, 20, or 30 liters at a time and then tested before use. Bulk ordering of plasticware is also more cost effective. The incubators and hoods are checked and maintained on a periodic basis at specific scheduled times. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--VECTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Chatterjee, Saswati; Associate Professor; City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, Ca 91010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The primary responsibility of the Vector Core (Core B) is the resolution of administrative, fiscal, and scientific issues pertaining to recombinant vector production. The Specific Aims of the Vector Core are central to the overall success of this proposal, and include: 1. Production, purification, and characterization of research grade recombinant adeno-associated (AAV) vector stocks for research projects: a. listed in this proposal and, b. non-proposed related, peer reviewed, NIH funded projects focusing upon heart, lung or blood diseases. 2. Process developed of methods of production and purification of AAV vectors and assays for characterization. 3. cGMP manufacturing and QC release of rAAV vectors for use in preclinical studies. 4. Promotion of cohesive, continuing scientific interactions with all project investigators so that the latest technological advances in vector design or development can be implemented. It is anticipated the production of high titer, qualified stocks of recombinant adenovirus and rAAV vectors will expedite acquisition of preclinical gene transfer data. Furthermore, use of cells and virus or vector stocks that are free of mycoplasma, helper virus (adenovirus) and particularly wild type AAV, will remove confounding variables which have plagued interpretation of several gene transfer studies. Finally, the Vector Core is not envisioned to be a static entity, but will interact with investigators and fully participate in the implementation of the latest technologic advances to improve gene transfer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--VECTOR FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Strayer, David S.; Professor; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The major purposes of this Vector Core unit in this IP/CP application are to provide the needed quantities of purified, characterized rSV40 viral vectors to the projects in this consortium group. Accordingly, the Vector core will generate SV40derivative viruses for use by the PPG group. These viruses will be produced in the necessary quantities, and then band- purified and quantitated by in situ PCR titering. In addition, the Vector Core will assess the quality of virus preparations produced. The ability of each preparation to express its transgene will be ascertained. Microbiological quality control for the preparations will also be ascertained: freedom from bacterial, fungal, mycoplasma, and other microorganism contaminants will be maintained. Lack of contamination by replication-competent SV40 revertants will also be ascertained. Finally, this Vector Core unit will evaluate the l4evels of serum antibody capable of neutralizing SV40 as well. For these examinations, projects involving administration of rSV40 vectors to animals will collect sera and subunit them to the Vector Core may be suitable for vector production for Phase I human studies, should these be authorized during the course of this project. Thus, this Vector Core facility will provide titered, and characterized rSV40 virus vectors to the individual project investigators. The Vector Core will provide the viruses in quantity and at sufficient purity to be used for animals (and, when necessary, human) studies, and will test for antibody responses against virus antigens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Mycoplasma Project Title: EXPANSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF STEM CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Block, Nancy E.; General Manager; Wicell Research Institute Box 7365, 614 Walnut St, 13Th Fl Madison, Wi 53707 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Human Embryonic Stem (HES) cells have great potential for the study of basic human development, as tools for the testing and discovery of human pharmaceuticals, and as replacement cells for transplantation therapies. Widespread dissemination of HES cells and the technical know-how necessary to culture the cells will enhance progress in HES cell research and lead to better therapies for multiple diseases, such as birth defects, diabetes, Parkinson's, leukemia, heart disease, and many other degenerative diseases. Recently, several lines of HES cells were approved for use in federally-sponsored research, including the five original HES cell lines derived by Dr. James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison. A non-profit institute, the WiCell Research Institute (WiCell), was created, in part, for the purpose of distributing UW-derived HES cells to researchers worldwide. WiCell has made one if its five lines available to researchers for the past two years. There is a need for a larger number of high quality, genetically diverse HES cell lines in order to meet the research demand, minimize the danger of changes occurring in one cell line, and to develop drugs and cell therapies for people with different genetic backgrounds. Optimization of the growth conditions for HES cells is necessary to maximize the expansion of the WiCell lines and will enhance the efforts of all researchers. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1.) Expand the five WiCell HES cell lines to quantities sufficient to meet the demand, perform quality control tests on the five lines, and make the cell lines available to researchers along with protocols to provide information necessary to culture and expand the cell lines. 2.) Optimize the cell culture media used to culture HES cell lines to maximize their expansion, distribution and their utilization by researchers. These aims will be accomplished with: 1.) Tested HES cell expansion protocols, 2.) Standard assays for human pathogenic viruses, mycoplasma, genetic identity and karyotype analysis 3.) High throughput, HES cellspecific, cell culture media optimization protocols. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EXTRACELLULAR PROTEASES IN INFLAMMATORY AIRWAY REMODELING Principal Investigator & Institution: Caughey, George H.; Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall goal of Project P-2 is to test the hypothesis that extracellular proteases are key determinants of the remodeling of the airway epithelium glands, extracellular matrix, and vasculature that contribute to the perpetuation of and morbidity from chronic airway inflammation. Dr. Caughey and his colleagues will address this issue by performing in vivo studies of selected proteases and their targets in genetically altered mice, including those infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis as a model of chronic airway disease, and in vitro studies of molecular behavior and targets of these proteases. Aim 1 is to determine the roles of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) in airway remodeling, with a focus on thrombin and mast cell tryptase as activating ligands of PAR-1 and PAR-2, which may mediate growth-promoting effects of these proteases on airway glands and smooth muscle. The role of these receptors in airway remodeling will be examined by localization sites of PAR expression in normal
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and inflamed airways and exploring airway remodeling in PAR-null mice. Aim 2 is to explore roles of proteases in extracellular matrix remodeling in PAR-null mice. Aim 2 is to explore roles of proteases in extracellular matrix remodeling in chronic airway inflammation, seeking particularly to understand the importance of the matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase B and a thiol protease, dipeptidyl peptidase I. The laboratory's previous experiments suggest that both proteases are secreted and activated by mast cells, which may be an important source of these enzymes in airway remodeling. In these experiments we will localize proteases expression in airway microenvironments and examine mycoplasma-induced remodeling in gelatinase and dipeptidyl peptidase-null mice. Aim 3 is to explore the roles of mast cell proteases in vascular remodeling in airway inflammation, focusing on protease-mediated formation and degradation of angiogenic and angiostatic proteins. The approach here is to establish molecular mechanisms of angiotropic factor generation and to deficient mice. Understanding mechanisms underlying these changes may identify previously unexplored strategies to prevent or reverse anatomical changes accompanying chronic airway inflammation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FTSZ AND MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE CELL DIVISION Principal Investigator & Institution: Balish, Mitchell F.; Microbiology; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: Most of the cell division proteins of walled prokaryotes are absent in the wall-less bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae, with the exception of a considerably divergent homolog of FtsZ, which forms a ring at the cell division site in other organisms. We reason that if M. pneumoniae FtsZ functions in cytokinesis, it must do so independently of the other activities that are associated with FtsZ in other organisms, perhaps in association with a different set of proteins; M. pneumoniae FtsZ therefore must have novel properties. In order to begin to elucidate the mechanism of M. pneumoniae cell division at the molecular level, the FtsZ homolog of M. pneumoniae will be expressed in and purified from E coli. The purified protein will be localized in situ in mycoplasma cells. Furthermore, purified recombinant FtsZ protein will be characterized for nucleotide affinity, kinetics of nucleotide hydrolysis, and its polymerization, in order to enable comparison of these properties with those of the FtsZ homologs of other organisms. Finally, proteins that interact with M. pneumoniae FtsZ will be sought. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE CELL ADHERENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Krause, Duncan C.; Professor and Head; Microbiology; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1986; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia in older children and young adults. Fundamental aspects of mycoplasma cell and molecular biology remain poorly understood, despite the impact of mycoplasmas on public health and agriculture. More effective means of prevention, control and resolution of infectious disease requires elucidation of the fundamental biological rocesses of the etiological agents involved. With the M. pneumoniae genome
34
Mycoplasma sequence complete, this will require continued pursuit and application of approaches to manipulate the mycoplasma genome in novel ways. M. pneumoniae colonization of the respiratory epithelium (cytadherence) is a complex process that includes proteins directly involved in receptor binding, as well as those having an accessory role involving assembly of the attachment organelle. The focus of this proposal is the structure, function and regulation of several mycoplasma proteins having very different roles in the adherence process. The adhesin P1 is concentrated at the attachment organelle, and the applicant will investigate by deletion analysis and green fluorescent protein fusions, the domains of P1 essential for trafficking to the attachment organelle and association with the mycoplasma cytoskeleton. Protein P30 is required for cytadherence, but loss of P30 is also associated with a developmental defect. This phenomenon will be explored in more detail, focusing in particular on nucleoid condensation and partitioning in P30 mutants, as well as identification of domains important in P30 function and subcellular localization. Finally, HMW1 is required for development of the attachment organelle and for P1 trafficking to this structure. The Cterminus of HMW1 is essential for function and is also targeted for accelerated proteolysis in hmw2 mtants. Structure-function studies will be pursued with HMW1, including identification of the target site(s) for proteolysis and analysis of the role of proteolysis in controlling HMW1 function in cell development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INNATE MECHANISMS OF MYCOPLASMAL KILLING BY ALVEOLAR MAC Principal Investigator & Institution: Hickman-Davis, Judy M.; Anesthesiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: I graduated from Emory University in 1987 and then spent 2 years as a research assistant in the Department of Pediatric Biochemistry at Emory Hospital. My research experience at Emory prompted me to study animal medicine and I received the D.V.M., cum laude from the University of GA in 1993. At UAB I have received excellent training in laboratory animal medicine, and molecular and Cellular Pathology (Ph.D. December 1998; mentor, Dr. Lindsey). My dissertation research has produced a number of important advances in understanding pulmonary antimycoplasmal defenses applicable to human disease. This SERCA provides the ideal setting for my desired maturation into an independent comparative medicine scientist. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia and extrapulmonary disease in humans. C57BL mice are highly resistant and C3H mice are highly susceptible to Mycoplasma pulmonis and are excellent models of the human disease. I have shown that the alveolar macrophage (AM) is the key cell in resistance of C57BL mice, and surfactant protein A (SP-A) mediates the killing of mycoplasmas by C57BL AMs in vitro through the production of reactive oxygen-nitrogen species. Furthermore, my results suggest for the first time that AM nitric oxide derived species, but not reactive oxygen species, are essential for killing mycoplasmas in vivo and in vitro. My aims for the 01-03 years are: (1) Determine the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for SP-A mediate mycoplasmal killing by C57BL AMs in vivo and in vitro, and (2) Identify the mechanism responsible for the defect in SP-A mediated killing by susceptible C3H AMs in vivo and in vitro. My tentative plan for the 04-05 years is to investigate the mechanism by which reactive species damage and effect killing of mycoplasmas, and the pathophysiologic sequelae of mycoplasmal injury to alveolar epithelium in vivo. My career will emphasize the development of models and the investigation of immunologic mechanisms for
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resistance/susceptibility to bacterial pneumonias, utilizing transgenic and other methodologies. Thus, I plan to perform experiments in vivo, to show the relevance of my findings in human disease, and in vitro to identify the basic mechanisms. This SERCA with Dr. Matalon (lung physiology, biochemistry) as advisor and Drs. Lindsey (mycoplasmal diseases, lung defenses) and Wood (molecular genetics, transgenics) as co-advisors provides a unique and extremely stimulating environment, ideal for my desired maturation into an independent scientist focused on the development of models for pneumonic processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INVESTIGATION OF A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MYCOPLASMA SPECIES AND ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Richard; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: KINETIC SIMULATIONS OF MINIMAL LIVING SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lindahl, Paul A.; Professor; Chemistry; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Given the information explosion accruing among the biological sciences, it is likely that, within a decade, the composition of simple living systems and the functions of every gene/protein contained therein will be understood. At that point, it may be possible, for the first time, to understand the property of life on a molecular level. Anticipating this, the goal of this proposal is to develop a methodology that uses this information to simulate the kinetics of minimal living systems at the molecular level (part I) and to apply this methodology to simulate the simplest organism, Mycoplasma genitalium (part II). The methodology will be developed using Mechanical Cells, simple hypothetical self-replicating systems with properties analogous to those of real cells. The methodology involves decomposing such systems into hierarchically organized structures and functions. These will be reorganized into mechanistic modules, collections of elementary chemical reactions (explicating the mechanism of the module) and the associated molecular components. Complete sets of modules must be autocatalytic, a required property of living systems. The ordinary differential equations corresponding to this reaction set will be generated and solved numerically. This will require simplifying and/or subdividing the system, solving the simpler system than linking. The resulting set of rate constants and copy numbers will be used in conjunction with a stochastic computer simulator to generate kinetic plots of each molecular component. The output of the simulations will be animated using 3D visualization software. Simulation and animations will be critically compared to the properties of real cells. Mechanism will be modified, corrected, and embellished as deficiencies are noted and more experimental data become available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Mycoplasma Project Title: LYMPHOCYTE/EPITHELIAL REMODELING
INTERACTIONS
IN
MUCOSAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Basbaum, Carol B.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The epithelium of chronically inflamed airways is characterized by mucus hypersecretion and shows 2 relevant adaptations: (a) mucous cell metaplasia, whereby individual epithelial cells differentiate to express mucin and (b) epithelial remodeling whereby the entire epithelial tissue layer becomes convoluted, invading connective tissue to form mucous crypts and glands. To identify molecular mechanisms underlying these changes requires the use of biochemical markers. Mucin can be considered a marker for mucous metaplasia as mucous differentiation is dependent on mucin gene expression. Metalloproteinases can be considered markers for epithelial remodeling as morphogenetic processes requiring connective tissue degradation are dependent on these enzymes. Seeking stimuli potentially controlling mucin and metalloproteinase expression in the inflamed airway we tested the effect of lymphocyte-derived cytokines. Product of both mixed lymphocyte reactions and fluid from asthmatic airways stimulated expression of the two markers at the RNA level. Experiments described below indicate that the Th2 cell mediator IL-9 is a major mucin stimulus in asthmatic airway fluid and that the T cell surface marker OX-47 (EMMPRIN) strongly stimulates metalloproteinases 1 and 9. Based on these relationships, we hypothesize that activated T cells in inflamed airways control mucous metaplasia and epithelial remodeling via IL9 and EMMPRIN. Specific aim 1 will use mutant mice to determine which lymphocyte populations are required for M. pulmonis-induced mucin (Muc 5ac) and metalloproteinase (MMP-9) gene activation. Specific aim 2, using chemical inhibitors, dominant negative mutants and chimeric IL-9 receptor constructs, will test the hypothesis that IL-9 stimulates MUC5 AC in human bronchial epithelial cells via intersecting JAK-STAT and MAPK signaling pathways. Specific aim 3, using biochemical inhibitors, dominant negative mutants and a novel mutagenesis approach, will test the hypothesis that EMMPRIN stimulates MMP-1 in human fibroblasts via a p38-dependent mechanisms and will identify key elements of EMMPRIN-MMP signaling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORRELATES
M.
GENITALIUM:
BEHAVIORAL
AND
REPRODUCTIVE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hitti, Jane E.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted microorganism recently identified from vaginal and cervical specimens using PCR technology, with a prevalence of 3-5%. This microbe is capable of invading the upper genital tract, and thus could plausibly be a cause of preterm birth and other pregnancy complications. However, the role of M. genitalium in preterm birth has not been systematically evaluated. We propose to examine the behavioral, infectious and reproductive correlates of M. genitalium infection among pregnant women in Lima, Peru. Our study design will take advantage of an on-going case-control study of infectious causes of preterm birth. 750 preterm cases and 750 controls will be selected from deliveries at the Instituto Materno Perinatal, a large tertiary referral center in Lima.
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Cervical swabs will be obtained after delivery for M. genitalium by PCR, as well as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. We will also evaluate vaginal Trichomonas and bacterial vaginosis. Demographic and behavioral information will be collected by standardized interview. The study has the following specific aims: 1. To examine the associations between M.genitalium infection and other STD with spontaneous preterm birth. 2. To examine sexual history and behavioral characteristics as risk factors for M. genitalium and other STD in pregnancy among Peruvian women. This research will be conducted primarily in Lima, Peru in collaboration with Pedro Garcia, MD, as an extension of NIH grant HD 41682. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MEASUREMENT
M.PNEUMONIAE
DETECTION
BY
FLUORESCENCE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Poddar, Saibal K.; Microgen, Inc. 9525 Genesee Ave, Unit 216 San Diego, Ca 92121 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a human pathogen, primarily causes pneumonia and various other respiratory infections and contributes significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality. The clinical features associated with M. pneumoniae are often indistinguishable from a variety of other viral and atypical bacterial pathogens, and infections tend to be quite chronic and transmit fast in community-populations. Rapid detection of the microbial agent with high sensitivity and specificity is critical for appropriate treatment and control of disease transmission. The specific focus of this project is to develop a rapid detection method that requires fewer steps to completion, is simple to adopt in a clinical setting, and yet will provide high sensitivity and specificity. The method will be based on single-step amplification of a gene specific of M. pneuminiae in the presence of a stem-loop structured fluorescent energy transfer probe. The amplification will be by a DNA polymerase potentially insensitive to specimen-inhibitor so as to reduce the limitation as applied in clinical samples. The probe will be designed to hybridize specifically with its target; and only upon probe-target hybrid formation, fluorescence will be emitted from a reporter fluorophore attached to it. The presence of M. pneumoniae will be detected by fluorescence measurement of a post-nucleic acid amplified sample immediately after amplification, thereby requiring no additional steps. The method will also be tested in prototype strains and clinical isolates of M. pneumoniae to examine the feasibility of applying it in actual specimens to be tested in Phase II. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF GENETIC INSTABILITES OF TRIPLET REPEATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wells, Robert D.; Director; Center for Genome Research; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Genetic instabilities (expansion and deletions of simple repeating sequences) are important in the life cycles of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This fundamental mechanism of mutagenesis has been found in mycoplasma, bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and in humans. In lower organisms, these genetic polymorphisms are the basis for phase variations which control the expression of genes. In humans, the expansions and deletions of simple repeating sequences are closely tied to the etiologies of cancers as well as hereditary neurological diseases. Prior work has
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Mycoplasma revealed that expansions are mediated by DNA replication and repair by the slippage of the complementary strands of the repeats to form hairpin loop structures with differing relative stabilities. The principal investigator has recently demonstrated that recombination is a powerful mechanism for generating large expansions. To the extent that this work can be extrapolated to human diseases, recombination may be an important mechanism for the large expansions found in fragile X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and SCA8. The first Specific Aim is to elucidate the mechanisms of genetic recombination which mediate the triplet repeat sequence (TRS) expansions. Specific Aim 2 will evaluate the role of recombinational repair of double strand breaks in genetic instabilities. The third Specific Aim is to establish a genetic assay for determining the recombination frequency. Specific Aim 4 will investigate tandem duplication-based instabilities in vivo in recA- cells. In summary, the principal investigator will investigate the molecular mechanisms (replication, recombination, repair) that cause genetic instabilities in simple repeat sequences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF MYCOPLASMA-INDUCED ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dybvig, Kevin F.; Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: ( applicant's abstract): Mycoplasma arthritidis causes a naturally-occurring, migratory polyarthritis in rodents that bears a close histological resemblance to rheumatoid arthritis of humans. M. arthritidis-induced arthritis has been extensively studied as a model for arthritides caused by infectious agents and also as a model for examining the role(s) of superantigens in the development of autoimmunity. All strains of M. arthritidis are thought to produce the superantigen MAM, but many an MAM must be required for the development of arthritis. One of these factors is the lysogenic bacteriophage MAV1. Avirulent strains of M. arthritidis become virulent when lysogenized with MAV1. MAV1 DNA integrates into the M. arthritidis chromosome at any of numerous sites, and the site of integration does not correlate with virulence. Therefore, the increase in virulence associated with MAV1 does not result from changes in regulation of chromosomal genes flanking MAV1 DNA inserts. We have proposed that MAV1 encodes a determinant that is involved with the development of arthritis. MAV1 is the first factor from any mycoplasma that has been shown to be associated with arthritis, and elucidation of this factor is important for fulfillment of the long-range goals of understanding the mechanisms of mycoplasma-induced arthritis and the role of phages as carriers of bacterial arthritogenic determinants. Factors analogous to the MAV1-encoded determinant may be prevalent in bacteria and mycoplasmas that cause arthritis in humans, and these factors may be important as vaccine candidates and as targets for drug design. The goals of the present application are to identify and characterize the MAV1-encoded determinant and initiate studies to elucidate its function. From the nucleotide sequence of the 16-kb MAV1 genome, we have identified a candidate virulence determinant that is predicted to encode a membrane lipoprotein. Specific Aim 1 is to conclusively identify the particular MAV1 gene(s) associated with virulence of M. arthritidis. Specific Aim 2 is to determine whether the MAV1 virulence factor is a cytoplasmic or membrane protein and is produced in vivo. Specific Aim 3 is to explore the role of MAV1 in disease pathogenesis. How lysogenization of M. arthritidis by MAV1 affects the progression of arthritic disease will be examined. Through the use of immunocompromised animals, we will address the question of whether MAV1 contributes to the virulence of M. arthritidis by affecting interactions
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with host factors such as B and T cells and complement. Thus, the process of dissecting the function of MAV1 in virulence will be begun. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MICROVASCULAR INFLAMMATION
REMODELING
IN
CHRONIC
AIRWAY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdonald, Donald M.; Professor of Anatomy; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Project P-4 will examine mechanisms, consequences, and reversibility of microvascular remodeling in chronic inflammation of the airways. Drs. McDonald, Baluk, and Thurston will use Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in normal and genetically altered mice and in rats as models to characterize the angiogenesis and microvascular enlargement that occur in chronic airway inflammation. The overall hypothesis is that different patterns of endothelial cell specific growth factors and cytokines produced in inflamed airways can cause different types of abnormalities in the microvasculature and that these abnormalities, when unchecked, favor the perpetuation of the inflammatory response. The project has four specific aims. (1) The first aim is to characterize the new capillary-like vessels (angiogenesis) and remodeled venule-like vessels (microvascular enlargement) that form in chronic airway inflammation in mice with different genetic backgrounds. These experiments will test the hypothesis that the amounts of angiogenesis and microvascular enlargement in chronic inflammation are governed by genetic determinants of the host innate and acquired immunologic response. (2) The second aim is to determine the cellular location and effects of two angiogenic growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, Angiopoietin-1) and their receptors to test the hypothesis that the relative amounts of angiogenesis and microvascular enlargement in chronically inflamed airways result from different patterns of these endothelial cellspecific growth factors. (3) The third aim is to determine the mechanism of plasma leakage in chronic airway inflammation and the role of VEGF in this leakage. These studies will test the hypothesis that the sustained plasma leakage in chronic inflammation is due to increased expression of VEGF or VEGF receptors, which result in the formation of intercellular gaps in the endothelium of remodeled vessels. (4) The final aim is to examine the reversibility of the vascular remodeling. These studies will test the hypothesis that the vasculature is a potential therapeutic target, and reversal of the microvascular remodeling can interrupt the plasma leakage and inflammatory cell influx that sustain the inflammatory response. The rationale for this project is that our experience with the M. pulmonis model of chronic airway inflammation in mice and rats combined with novel methods for studying the airway vasculature will provide new insights into the mechanisms and consequences of microvascular remodeling in chronic inflammatory airway disease. The project has the significance of exploring the feasibility of using the microvasculature as a therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, and of obtaining a more detailed understanding of mycoplasmainduced airway disease, which may be a contributing factor in asthma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETIC BASIS OF MYCOPLASMA ANTIGEN VARIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Wise, Kim S.; Professor; Molecular Microbiol and Immun; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211
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Mycoplasma Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): It is proposed to examine critical new adaptive features of the multigene vlp (variable lipoprotein) system of Mycoplasma hyorhinis that were revealed during its initial molecular characterization in the past funding period. This system of variable surface lipoproteins (Vlps) is an instructive and well developed model for studying adaptive genetic strategies, and fundamental surface coat properties, of several wall-less mycoplasma species contributing to human and animal disease. The Vlp system produces non-coordinate, high frequency switching in the expression and in structural features of the major surface coat lipoproteins of M. hyorhinis, through intragenic mutations that independently affect transcription (Vlp phase variation), or the length of 3' repetitive coding regions (Vlp size variation) of divergent vlp genes clustered in the chromosome. Structural and combinatorial variation in Vlp profiles expressed on the unique single plasma membrane surface, may profoundly affect in-host adaptive capabilities of mycoplasmas, including their susceptibility to host Abs directed toward vital surface structures. Specific aims will address important gaps in the understanding of this prototype system, including: (i) the range of variation in the natural repertoire of vlp genes, (ii) the degree, pattern and consequences of Vlp variation in an established model of M. hyorhinis-induced arthritis in the natural swine host, and (iii) the nature of host Ab interactions with Vlps and other surface proteins, including the possible role of Vlps in surface masking. Approaches include PCR-based characterization of vlp gene families in a series of primary isolates, assessment of Vlp profiles of organisms in situ or isolated from the animal host (by immunomicroscopy, PCR and immunochemical techniques), and analysis of Ab-mycoplasma interactions by similar methods. These efforts are expected to reveal important strategies of adaptive surface variation generally applicable to pathogenic mycoplasmas and to other microbes employing genetic variation as a survival strategy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS AND CHILDHOOD ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Atkinson, T Prescott.; Pediatrics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting 8-13 percent of the U.S. population and characterized by airway hyperreactivity. Chronic infections are being identified with increasing frequency as causes of human morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been associated with exacerbations of asthma and prolonged abnormalities in pulmonary functions following infection. Recent unpublished data has identified a subset of adult asthmatics who have experienced exacerbations of their asthma associated with M pneumoniae infection which was both prolonged and failed to elicit a detectable antibody response. A number of cases of chronic mycoplasmal infection, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, have been seen in adults and children with hypogammaglobulinemia indicating that humoral immunity is important in resolving infection with these organisms. Further, mycoplasmas are highly prevalent in patients in the late stages of HIV infection, suggesting that the cellular arm of the immune response may likewise function in controlling such infections. We hypothesize that a subgroup of patients with asthma have inadequate or inappropriate immune responsiveness to mycoplasmas which results in chronic/recurrent infection. I propose to study the incidence of mycoplasmal infection in children with chronic asthma as well as the host immune response to the
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infection in order to determine whether differences exist from the population at large. I will examine the mechanisms by which the organism alters cell signaling and activation in vitro. Finally, I plan to investigate the effects of infection in a mouse model of asthma, which will permit the use of deletional mutant strains in the investigation of pathogenic mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA & CHLAMYDIA AS ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF COUGH IN Principal Investigator & Institution: Treanor, John J.; Associate Professor; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MYCOPLASMA SUPERANTIGEN MAM IN DISEASE AND AUTOIMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Cole, Barry C.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1978; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The overall goal of this project is to utilize the Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (MAM), a model superantigen, (SAg) to define how these substances influence the immune systems of their natural hosts, how they contribute to disease by the organisms that produce them and finally how they interact with compromised hosts leading to immune- mediated or autoimmune disease. Using homogeneous native MAM and/or rMAM-his the investigators will: 1. Define the in vivo effect of MAM on the normal murine host in respect to comparison of different mouse strains; identification of responding cell types; determine the requirements for immunoenhancement vs. immunosuppression; examine the effect of chronic exposure of mice to MAM and neutralization of the in vivo effects of MAM by passive or active immunization. 2. Elucidate the role of MAM in disease induced by M. arthritidis in respect to understanding the mechanisms of lethal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, acute and chronic arthritis including the role of cytokines specifically produced by MAM or constitutively as a result of host genes; protection against the pathological effects due to MAM by administration of a mutant MAM vaccine and determination of the role played by the potential synergistic effects of MAM and other biologically-active components of M. arthritidis. 3. Determine the mechanisms by which MAM influences the development of autoimmunity by use of collageninduced arthritis of mice and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Specifically the investigator shall define the role played by SAg-induced cytokines and protection against disease using the MAM vaccines described earlier. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NITRIC OXIDE MEDIATED INJURY TO ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Matalon, Sadis; Acting Associate Provost for Research; Anesthesiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2004
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Mycoplasma Summary: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (mycoplasmas) account for 20 to 30 percent of all pneumonias in humans, and exacerbate the pathophysiology of asthma, chronic obstructive disease and other pulmonary diseases. Man is the only host of M. pneumoniae, but Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in mice provides an excellent animal model that reproduces the essential features of human respiratory mycoplasmosis. When C3H/He mice are infected with mycoplasmas they develop a clinical condition similar to human respiratory mycoplasmosis. On the other hand, C57BL/6 mice are resistant to mycoplasmas. Presently, the basic mechanisms by which some hosts, but not others, kill mycoplasmas in vivo have not been elucidated. Based on our preliminary data, we hypothesize that in the early stages of infection (8-72 h), mycoplasmas are killed by reactive oxygen-nitrogen intermediates (ROS) produced by activated alveolar macrophages (AM). Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is essential and necessary or this killing to occur by (i) upregulating production of nitric oxide by activated AM, and (ii) stimulating phagocytosis of mycoplasmas by AM. Furthermore, injury to SP-A by reactive oxygen-nitrogen species abrogates its host-defense functions. We have designed a series of experiments to test this hypothesis in vitro, using AM isolated from the lungs of these mice, and in vivo using congenic germ-free knock-out mice which we are currently developing. Specifically, we plan to: (1) Identify the mechanisms by which normal but not nitrated SP-A mediates killing of mycoplasmas by resistant C57BL/6 AM; (2) Quantify the extent of killing of intanasally instilled mycoplasmas in the lungs of germ-free congenic C57BL/6 SP-A (-/-) and C57BL/6: NOS (-/-) mice in vivo and (3) Identify the mechanisms responsible for decreased mycoplasmal killing by AM from C3H/He mice. A better understanding of basic mechanisms of innate lung defenses may lead to the development of novel therapies, which may extend to other pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NOVEL INTEGRATIVE GENETIC ELEMENTS OF MYCOPLASMAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Calcutt, Michael J.; Molecular Microbiol and Immun; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although horizontal gene transfer by plasmids and bacteriophages has long been known to disseminate key traits among bacterial populations, only recently has the contribution of mobile chromosomal elements been fully realized. Large chromosomal "islands" that confer pathogenic, symbiotic or metabolic traits have been described, some of which can be conjugated between bacteria. Other important integrated elements exist and the term CONSTIN has been proposed to describe those that are conjugal self-transmissible integrating elements. Studies of the distribution of these diverse elements, their ability to exchange genetic information and their potential to alter the phenotype of an organism by en bloc transfer of discrete gene functions, are still in their relative infancy. Some CONSTINs integrate site-specifically; others are less restricted in their choice of insertion site. The latter may profoundly influence chromosome structure and dynamics, and modulate gene function via mutational changes accompanying promiscuous integration. Recently, distinctive CONSTIN-like elements were identified in two pathogenic mycoplasmas, M. fermentans and M. capricolum. The two elements share features including the presence of conjugation-like genes, flanking direct repeats and a non-replicative extrachromosomal form. Importantly, most genes on these unusual elements lack recognizable homologs and a gene encoding a recognizable DNA integration enzyme is not present. It is anticipated therefore, that a "novel" enzyme performs this integration/excision function. Mycoplasmas typically occupy host niches for long
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periods during chronic infections in diverse vertebrates, and therefore may serve as important reservoirs for this "novel" element. This underscores the need to understand the dynamics of these elements both within chromosomes of mycoplasmas and in the context of the exchange of mobile gene pools within a population. Accordingly, the specific aims of this proposal are designed (i) to assess the distribution and genomic context of the M. capricolum element in host-related mycoplasmas; (ii) to test the hypothesis that the element is indeed capable of chromosomal integration, and (iii) to explore possible DNA-protein interactions within the termini of the element, as these are predicted to play a critical role in mobility. Completion of these goals will increase our understanding of the function of these novel elements and will provide a platform from which the long term objectives, of understanding their capacity for intra- or interspecies gene transfer, their contribution to the observed plasticity of mycoplasma genomes and their possible role in pathogenesis, can be explored. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OVEREXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION OF GENE PRODUCTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Rosalind; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The objective of this project is to develop one or more microbial overexpression systems for Mycoplasma genitalium/pneumoniae protein genes or their homologs in other organisms, and to purify those proteins for structural studies. Four groups of gene for cloning are: 1. The soluble proteins of the Mycoplasmas or their homologs from other organisms for which cellular functions have been inferred based on sequence similarities but no molecular functions and/or structural information are available; 2. The "hypothetical" Mycoplasma genes for which there are neither inferred functions nor structural homologs; 3. The Mycoplasma proteins or their homologs that belong to sequence families with multiple members and/or important cellular function; 4. The soluble domains of simple membrane proteins of the Mycoplasmas of their homologs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF M.PNEUMONIAE REACTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hardy, Robert D.; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The incidence and prevalence of asthma has dramatically increased in the last decades. The CDC estimated that in 1998 asthma affected approximately 17 million people in the United States or 6.4% of the population. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is recognized as a common etiologic agent of acute lower respiratory infection in children and adults. More recently M. pneumoniae has been associated with reactive airway disease and asthma. To study the pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection in the respiratory tract and its potential role in asthma, we have established a murine model of acute and chronic M. pneumoniae respiratory infection that manifests airway obstruction, airway hyperreactivity, and pulmonary inflammation. Results from our initial studies, as well as from other investigators, indicate that the production of TH1 and TH2 cytokines in the lower respiratory tract may play an important role in both the acute manifestations and chronic sequelae of M.
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that M. pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infection leads to alterations in the pulmonary expression of TH1 and TH2 cytokines and that these cytokines are involved in the development of airway obstruction, increased airway hyperreactivity, and histologic inflammation. We believe that this research may ultimately result in new immunomodulatory strategies to treat children and adults with infection-associated reactive airway disease and asthma. The immediate career goal of the candidate is to procure further training in basic science investigation that will enhance his research skills and allow him to become an independent investigator. As a career focus, the candidate intends to concentrate on the immunopathogenesis of the host microbial pathogen relationship. To achieve this goal, the research proposal calls for the attainment of new scientific technical and intellectual skills while concurrently investigating a timely research topic. The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center provides a fertile environment both in terms of laboratory assets and experienced, committed faculty necessary for this research and the candidate's career development. This award will facilitate and ensure the eventual transition of the candidate into an independent, academic physician-scientist. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOSPHOLIPID FLIP-FLOP IN BIOGENIC MEMBRANES Principal Investigator & Institution: Menon, Anant K.; Professor; Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (applicant's abstract): In this R21 (exploratory/developmental) grant application, we wish to address a central problem concerning the assembly of the phospholipid bilayer of biological membranes, i.e., what is the mechanism by which phospholipids are translocated across biogenic (self-synthesizing) membranes? This is an underappreciated, understudied area, and we believe that despite the intrinsic experimental difficulties in measuring phospholipid flip-flop, we are in an unique position to approach this longstanding problem. Newly synthesized phospholipids are located in the cytoplasmic leaflet of biogenic membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasmic membrane (bCM) of bacteria. While these lipids can diffuse laterally in the membrane leaflet in which they are situated, transverse diffusion or flip-flop is thermodynamically restricted and does not occur spontaneously. However, such movement is essential to propagate a membrane bilayer, and a number of reports indicate that phospholipids translocate rapidly across the ER and bCM. These reports also indicate that translocation is bidirectional and occurs by a facilitated diffusion process requiring no metabolic energy input. This observation rules out the participation of the ABC family of transporters which are involved in metabolic energy-dependent, vectorial transport of solutes and some lipids. Thus the molecular mechanism by which phospholipids are translocated across the ER and bCM is unknown. We hypothesize that there exists a novel class of lipid translocators that facilitate diffusion of phospholipids in a metabolic energyindependent fashion across the ER and bCM bilayers. We term these translocators biogenic membrane flippases, to distinguish them from metabolic energy-requiring lipid translocators (like the ABC transporters) that are driven by ATP hydrolysis or protonmotive force. Our aim is to identify a biogenic membrane flippase by biochemical and genetic means, thus providing a direct test of our hypothesis. To do this we will explore biochemical reconstitution/protein purification approaches using Bacillus membranes as a starting point, as well as forward and reverse genetic strategies utilizing Escherichia coli. The last of these involves a comparative genomics approach,
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making novel use of available sequenced genome databases. Our long term goal is to obtain a molecular definition of the mechanism of phospholipid flip-flop. We expect that our analyses will not only impact current understanding of membrane biogenesis, but also contribute to an understanding of glycolipid flip-flop events that are essential in the assembly of cell surface components. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROTEIN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
STRUCTURE
DETERMINATION
BY
X-RAY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Sung-Hou; Professor; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Comparison of genomic sequences of several organisms with sequence databases reveals that a large fraction of proteins coded by the genes have not known functions and/or structures. Structures of these proteins may provide additional key information for the discovery of the molecular functions of these proteins and the relationship with their three-dimensional folds. Three-dimensional structures of the majority of the proteins from a minimal genome (Mycoplasma genitalium/pneumoniae) or their homologues, for which no functions and/or structures are known, will be determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEVERE ASTHMA FROM RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Busse, William W.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic severe asthma affects only a subsegment of patients with asthma and is characterized, in part, by persistent airflow obstruction and symptoms despite ongoing treatment. Because of the severity of their disease, this population of asthmatic patients has the greatest morbidity and health care costs. At present, the mechanisms that cause severe asthma are not fully established. The overall goal of this research project is to define the features of severe asthma, identify the mechanisms that lead to this phenotype and discover possible inroads for new and more effective therapies. Based upon existing evidence and preliminary data, it is the hypothesis of this research project that severe asthma is caused, in some patients, by a persistent respiratory infection by viruses (i.e. rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, or adenovirus), Mycoplasma pneumonia, or Chlamydia pneumonia. It is further proposed that these agents infect lower airway epithelium and macrophages to enhance the production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (i.e. IL-8) and recruitment of inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils, to further airway injury and airflow obstruction. To accomplish these goals, subjects with severe asthma (i.e. FEV1 <75% predicted, and ongoing symptoms despite high doses of inhaled corticosteroids) will be recruited along with three groups for comparison: Mild asthma, asthma with airflow obstruction, i.e. FEV, <75% predicted, but reversible to beta agonists, and normals. Measurements of preliminary physiology will be made in these four groups to test the hypothesis that severe asthma is characterized by airway-parenchymal uncoupling. In addition, imaging techniques will be used to correlate determinants of pulmonary physiology with airway structure, by high resolution computerized tomography, and ventilation abnormalities, by magnetic resonance imaging with inhaled hyperpolarized
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Mycoplasma helium. To determine the characteristics of inflammation in peripheral blood, sputum, and lavage fluid, mucosal biopsies will be obtained to assess the hypothesis that neutrophilic inflammation and IL-8 are characteristic features of fixed airway obstruction in severe asthma whereas eosinophilic injury and IL-5 are associated more with reversible airway obstruction. Finally, PCR and immunohistochemistry of lavage fluid and mucosal biopsies will be used to test the hypothesis that severe asthma and fixed airway obstruction with IL-8 and neutrophils are associated with a persistent respiratory infection by respiratory viruses (i.e. adenovirus, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus or rhinovirus), Mycoplasma pneumonia, or Chlamydia pneumonia. It is proposed that these studies will provide new insights into mechanisms of asthma, and particularly severe persistent disease, and potential new approaches to treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCT OF HLA CW3 ALLOTYPE SPECIFIC KILLER CELL INHIBITORY RECEPTOR KIR2DL2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Snyder, Gary; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The current National and world wide genome sequencing efforts are reaching fruition in many cases. A large number of genomes from uni-cellular organisms (e.g., Mycoplasma genitalium, Haemophilius influenzae, E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) have already been sequenced and the completion of several multi-cellular genomes (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans and Homo sapiens) is anticipated in the near future. Once the primary nucleotide sequences are accumulated, the next phase in high-throughput genome research is functional analysis and the production of functional interaction maps. These strategies are directed at identifying the function and interacting partners of each gene product, and these efforts are well underway. The logical extension and ultimate goal of high-throughput Genome Science must be the assemblage of structure-function correlates for each gene product. The realization of this goal requires a plausible structural model, which at present is not available for the vast majority of proteins. As a first step in this effort, we have selected 16 sequences from yeast to clone, express, purify, and solve their structure. The selected open reading frames are shown in table 1. The table shows the ID # for our purposes, the Swiss Protein database accession #, the yeast database #, the length of the protein, and the aa cloned based on domain analysis. The enzyme classification # (if known) and the possible function. ID Source Swiss-Prot Yeast DB Protein length aa cloned EC# Possible function P001 Yeast P06633 YOR202W 220 all 4.2.1.19 IGPD (histidine synthesis) Yeast P46969 YJL121C 238 all 5.1.3.1 ribulose phosphate epimerase P003 Yeast P40037 YER057C 129 all translation inhibitor? P004 Yeast P35691 YKL056C 167 all tumor protein homolog P005 Yeast P53295 YGR173W 368 all GTP-binding? P006 Yeast P32911 YNL244C 108 all protein translation SUI1 P007 Yeast P38197 YBL036C 257 all unknown P008 Yeast P38075 YBR035C 228 all 1.4.3.5 PNP/PMP oxidase P009 Yeast P40099 YER183C 211 all 6.3.3.2 Tetrahydrofo late related P010 Yeast P49017 YML110C 307 all 2.1.1.-ubiquinone methyltransf er P011 Yeast P12904 YGL115W 322 all protein kinase gamma chain P012 Yeast P52286 YDR328C 193 all centromere binding CBF3 D P013 Yeast P53878 YNL181W 407 all 1.1.1.15 9 steroid oxidoreducta se P014 Yeast YOR221C 384 124-368 2.3.1.39 acyl carrier transacylase P015 Yeast YCR033W 1226 885-935 C-MYB DNA-binding P016 Yeast YPL217C 1183 63-182 EF-TU GTP binding Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURAL GENOMICS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerstein, Mark; Associate Professor; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Our goal is to compare microbial genomics in terms of membrane protein structure, work falling into the emerging field of structural genomics. We will focus on the occurrence of membrane proteins composed of transmembrane (TM) helices and the interactions between pairs of these proteins. (I) Our first aim will be to inventory all the TM-helix proteins in the recently sequenced microbial genomes. Initially, we will use membrane- protein prediction methods based on transfer energy scales. Then we will try to improve upon these by building a Hidden Markov Model to identify membrane proteins. This probabilistic approach will allow us to systematically combine, in a Bayesian framework, prior information from biophysical scales with statistical information from the known membrane proteins. (Ii) Our second aim is to look at protein-protein interactions among helical membrane proteins from a database perspective. We will find all the common helix-helix interfaces in the database of known structures and compare these to the TM-helix oligomerization motifs found in genetic screens by the Beckwith and Engelman groups. In particular, we will measure the packing efficiency for all the helix-helix interfaces, trying to determine whether membrane-protein interfaces are packed less tightly than soluble ones. We will also see how often sequence motifs associated with TM-helix oligomerization occur in a number of genomes, estimating the fraction of proteins in a genome that could potentially interact via these motifs. (iii) Our final aim is to integrate into a comprehensive database the information on the occurrence and interaction of membrane proteins from the first two parts with further information, e.g. related to expression. This will allow us to compare genomes in terms of membrane-protein fold usage and look for TM-proteins common to many diverse organisms. It will also allow us to put the patterns of occurrence of TM-proteins into context, by comparing them to those of soluble proteins. We expect our analysis will initially involve approximately 10 genomes with this number increasing to approximately 100 during the funding period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURE DETERMINATION BY NMR Principal Investigator & Institution: Wemmer, David E.; Professor; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall project will determine the structure of proteins from Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. These structures will enhance the database of protein folds, and will be interpreted to suggest possible functions for the proteins. This component of the overall project will apply solution NMR methods to determine structures of small proteins from these organisms using multinuclear multidimensional methods. Sets of experiments will be designed which are optimized for assignment of resonances from proteins with specific linewidths. Methods for automated analysis of data (determination of backbone and sidechain assignments, and assignment of NOE crosspeaks) will be implemented, and extended to optimize throughput. Proteins homologous to M.g. and M.p. but from thermophilic organisms will be evaluated fro NMR work. Data collection at higher temperature is improved due to decreased linewidths, enhancing data quality and hence the ability to automate analysis. The interpretation of structures determined in terms of fold classification and
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Mycoplasma function will be done in collaboration with other members of the project. NMR will also be applied to evaluation of proteins for crystallography, attempting to identify flexible regions, and comains which may hinder crystallography, attempting to identify flexible regions, and domains which may hinder crystallization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SUPERANTIGEN-IMMUNORECEPTOR INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Hongmin; Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza Albany, Ny 12237 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of the proposed research is to determine the three-dimensional structure and binding properties of Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen (MAM), a bacterial immunoregulatory protein implicated in the development of human rheumatoid arthritis. MAM is a soluble 26 kDa protein that binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and activates large numbers of T cells bearing particular T cell receptor (TCR) V beta chains. In this respect, MAM functions like conventional superantigens that cause disease by stimulating a strong nonspecific immune response. However, MAM does not share significant sequence homology with other superantigens and, in contrast to other superantigens, binding of MAM to the TCR is influenced by the CDR3 region of the TCR. In order to better understand the biology of this novel superantigen, the following specific aims will be pursued: 1) Determine the crystal structure of recombinant MAM (rMAM); 2) Determine the affmity and kinetic parameters of rMAM binding to TCR beta chains and MHC class II molecules; 3) Determine the crystal structures of rMAM when complexed with TCR beta chains and with MHC class II molecules. Small crystals of rMAM and of rMAM complexed with a TCR beta chain have already been produced. This study will resolve the three-dimensional structure of MAM as well as define its interaction with TCRs and MHC class II molecules. In the long term, the knowledge acquired will lay the groundwork for understanding the molecular basis of T cell activation by this unique superantigen, for determining its role in triggering and exacerbating autoimmune arthritis, and for developing structure-based therapies to treat disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: T CELL SUBSETS IN MURINE MYCOPLASMA RESPIRATORY DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Simecka, Jerry W.; Associate Professor; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of North Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Fort Worth, Tx 761072699 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The broad, long-term objective of this project is to determine the immunologic and inflammatory responses that have an impact on the progression and resistance to mycoplasma respiratory disease, and apply this information to development of effective immunotherapies against mycoplasma diseases. The Specific Aims are to 1) Determine the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in murine mycoplasma respiratory disease; 2) Examine the effects IFN-gamma and IL-4 in mycoplasma disease; and 3) Determine the role of T helper subset responses in generation of protective immunity against mycoplasma infection. Mycoplasma respiratory disease has a tremendous impact on health in the United States. There are 8 to 15 million cases in the United States annually. It is clear that immunologic responses
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have a major impact on the progression of mycoplasma respiratory disease. Immunity does play a role in resisting and recovery from disease, but a major component of mycoplasma respiratory diseases is immunopathologic. There is a critical need to understand the immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms that play a role in mycoplasma respiratory disease. Previous work suggests that T cells play a pivotal role in determining whether host responses are beneficial or detrimental. However, the role of the different T cell subsets is unclear. This information will provide important insights into the disease process and establish novel approaches for therapy and prevention of mycoplasma disease in humans. The experimental design is as follows: 1) Mice will be treated with monoclonal antibodies to deplete of CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells and the severity of a murine model of mycoplasma respiratory disease, caused by Mycoplasma pulmonis, will be determined. Also, specific T cell subsets and B cells will be adoptively transferred into immunodeficient SCID mice, and disease severity will be determined; 2) IFN-gamma and IL-4 knockout mice will be infected with mycoplasma and disease severity and numbers of mycoplasma will be determined. Also, normal mice will be treated with monoclonal antibodies specific for those cytokines at different times after infection to determine the stage of disease that these cytokines play a role; and 3) Mice, treated with IFN-gamma or IL-4 specific monoclonal antibodies, will be immunized with mycoplasma antigens, and their subsequent resistance to mycoplasma disease will be determined. Also, mice will be immunized with mycoplasma antigen mixed with Th1 9IL-12) or Th2 (IL-4) promoting cytokines and protection from mycoplasma infection will be assessed. These results will allow further studies on pathogenesis and prevention of murine mycoplasma respiratory disease and provide insights for studies on human respiratory disease due to mycoplasma. Importantly, these studies will facilitate development of an innovative approach to combat mycoplasma diseases that relies on our understanding of the immunologic mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and the preferential activation of selected T helper cell subsets to maximize protection while minimizing disease and inflammatory reactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TARGET SELECTION, STRUCTURE ANALYSIS AND DATA MANAGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Brenner, Steven E.; Assistant Professor; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Structural genomics aims to provide a good experimental structure or computational model of every tractable protein in completely sequenced genomes. We propose to computationally select targets and model molecular structures as a component of the structural genomics of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Underlying this goal is the immense value of protein structure, especially in permitting recognition of distant evolutionary relationships for proteins whose sequence analysis has failed to find any significant homolog. A considerable fraction of the genes in all sequenced genomes have no known function or only phenotypic descriptions, and structure determination provides a direct means of revealing homology that may be used to infer putative molecular function. Structure may also help answer scientific questions arising from genomes, such as the provenance of the orphan genes unique to a particular organism. More generally, knowledge of an increasingly complete repertoire of protein structures will aid structure prediction methods, improve understanding of protein structure, and ultimately lend insight into molecular interactions and pathways. We plan to use computational methods to select
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Mycoplasma families based on proteins in the Mycoplasmas for which structures cannot be predicted and which are likely to be amenable to experimental characterization. Methods to be employed included modern sequence analysis, clustering algorithms, and incorporation of other groups' analyses from public databases. The protein families will be ranked according to several criteria including taxonomic diversity and known functional information. Individual proteins will be selected from these families as targets for structure determination. The solved three-dimensional structures will be examined for similarity to other proteins of known structure. Homologous proteins in sequence databases will be computationally modeled, to provide a resource of protein structure models complementing the experimentally solved protein structures. In addition, we will develop and deploy a laboratory information management system. To keep the community apprized of our work, we will create an active web presence and also regularly submit data regularly public repositories. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRANSCRIPTION OF ASTER YELLOWS PHYTOPLASMA GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaw, Mary E.; New Mexico Highlands University Sininger Hall 234 Las Vegas, Nm 87701 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Description (Applicant Abstract): Phytoplasmas are prokaryotes that cause diseases such as coconut lethal yellowing, aster yellows, elm phloem necrosis, and maize bushy stunt. They are members of the class Mollicutes that have not yet been grown in culture. Therefore, the diseases that they cause are difficult to diagnose or differentiate and knowledge of their genetics is limited. The long-term objective of this research is to better understand the basic biology of phytoplasmas and answer questions about how they interact with their hosts. The aim of this proposal is to use RT-PCR to examine the transcription of fragments of the severe strain of aster yellows (SAY) phytoplasma chromosomal and plasmid DNA. Different mRNAs may be transcribed over the course of infection or in different phytoplasma strains. DNA and amino acid sequences of cloned phytoplasma DNA fragments will be compared to sequences published for other microorganisms to search for similarities. This work will increase understanding of the ways that phytoplasmas interact with their hosts and significantly increase the scientific knowledge in this area. Although these studies will be done with plants and phytopathogens, other members of the class Mollicutes are human and veterinary pathogens and information about host parasite interactions in the phytoplasmas will be applicable to these pathogens as well. Phytoplasma infections of important crop plants can cause a significant impact on human health and well being. Presently pesticides are used to control the insect vectors and antibiotics are used to control the phytoplasmas. However, these may directly and indirectly affect human health. It is possible that a better understanding of phytoplasmas will lead to better methods for their control. The research techniques used are also the same as those used in human or veterinary research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VECTOR CORE PRODUCTION FACILITY AT MOUNT SINAI Principal Investigator & Institution: Woo, Savio L C.; Professor and Director; Center for Gene Therapy& Molecular Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007
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Summary: The Vector Core Production Facility at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM) will provide services to NCI-funded investigators utilizing recombinant E1deleted adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, and FIV-based lentivirus vectors in their research. The facility's main function will be (1) rescue and produce research grade recombinant viral vectors, (2) perform all quality control testing for research grade viral vectors, and (3) produce clinical grade viral vectors under the appropriate cGMP conditions to support clinical translational research. Construction of the MSSM Vector Core Production Facility was partially funded through a construction grant from the NCRR/NIH and was completed in Spring 2000. The Facility consists of a Class 100,000 area, with three tissue culture rooms for the production of research grade viral vectors and a wet lab for performing the necessary quality control assays, and a Class 10,000 area for production of clinical grade viral vectors. The Class 10,000 area has five individual production suites with separate airlocks and independently controlled airhandling systems allowing for the production of up to five different vectors simultaneously. An advisory committee consisting of MSSM faculty members who are experts in the field of virology and cancer will provide guidance to the Core regarding the development of new vector systems of production techniques for cancer related applications. The Vector Core will provide the appropriate shuttle plasmids to individual investigators for insertion of their transgene of interest. The Core will then rescue recombinant virus using this plasmid and the appropriate complementary plasmids, the rescue virus will then be used as seed virus for large-scale vector production and purification. Each viral vector preparation will be tested for mycoplasma and endotoxin as well as virus particle and infectious unit concentrations, where applicable. The users will be charged only for the cost of supplies used for production and quality control testing of their vector. It is anticipated that the readily available scientific and technical expertise provided by the Core, in combination with the significantly reduced costs, will stimulate and facilitate increased gene transfer research activities by NCI-funded investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for mycoplasma in the PubMed Central database:
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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16S rRNA sequence indicates that plant-pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms are evolutionarily distinct from animal mycoplasmas. by Lim PO, Sears BB.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210452
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A 135-kilodalton surface antigen of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 contains multiple directly repeated sequences. by Ladefoged SA, Birkelund S, Hauge S, Brock B, Jensen LT, Christiansen G.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=172980
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A 4.1-Kilodalton Polypeptide in the Cultural Supernatant of Mycoplasma fermentans Is One of the Substances Responsible for Induction of Interleukin-6 Production by Human Gingival Fibroblasts. by Hasebe A, Shibata KI, Watanabe T.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100118
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A 48-kilodalton Mycoplasma fermentans membrane protein induces cytokine secretion by human monocytes. by Kostyal DA, Butler GH, Beezhold DH.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303033
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A family of strain-variant surface lipoproteins of Mycoplasma fermentans. by Wise KS, Kim MF, Theiss PM, Lo SC.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281007
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A Mycoplasma genitalium protein resembling the Mycoplasma pneumoniae attachment protein. by Hu PC, Schaper U, Collier AM, Clyde WA Jr, Horikawa M, Huang YS, Barile MF.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260479
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A Mycoplasma protein homologous to mammalian SRP54 recognizes a highly conserved domain of SRP RNA. by Samuelsson T.; 1992 Nov 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=334414
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A Mycoplasma strain F38 growth-inhibiting monoclonal antibody (WM-25) identifies an epitope on a surface-exposed polysaccharide antigen. by Rurangirwa FR, Wambugu A, Kihara SM, McGuire TC.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173168
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A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. by Weisburg WG, Tully JG, Rose DL, Petzel JP, Oyaizu H, Yang D, Mandelco L, Sechrest J, Lawrence TG, Van Etten J, et al.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210534
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A Protein (M9) Associated with Monoclonal Antibody-Mediated Agglutination of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Is a Member of the pMGA Family. by Liu L, Payne DM, van Santen VL, Dybvig K, Panangala VS.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108702
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A species-specific DNA probe for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Santha M, Burg K, Rasko I, Stipkovits L.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259991
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A surface epitope undergoing high-frequency phase variation is shared by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma bovis. by Yogev D, Menaker D, Strutzberg K, Levisohn S, Kirchhoff H, Hinz KH, Rosengarten R.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303213
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Absence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadsorption protein P1 in Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Baseman JB, Drouillard DL, Leith DK, Tully JG.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264304
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Acholeplasma axanthum, sp. n.: a New Sterol-Nonrequiring Member of the Mycoplasmatales. by Tully JG, Razin S.; 1970 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248154
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Acid phosphatase purified from Mycoplasma fermentans has protein tyrosine phosphatase-like activity. by Shibata K, Noda M, Sawa Y, Watanabe T.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186103
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Activities of oxidative enzymes in mycoplasmas. by Constantopoulos G, McGarrity GJ.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=212075
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Acyl Carrier Protein in Mycoplasmas. by Rottem S, Muhsam-Peled O, Razin S.; 1973 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285269
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Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase in Mycoplasma mycoides and Escherichia coli. by Sin IL, Finch LR.; 1972 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251430
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Adherence, fibronectin binding, and induction of cytoskeleton reorganization in cultured human cells by Mycoplasma penetrans. by Giron JA, Lange M, Baseman JB.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173746
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Adsorption of mycoplasma virus P1 to host cells. by Dybvig K, Alderete J, Watson HL, Cassell GH.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211452
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AIDS-associated mycoplasmas possess phospholipases C in the membrane. by Shibata K, Sasaki T, Watanabe T.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173588
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Alterations in Topoisomerase IV and DNA Gyrase in Quinolone-Resistant Mutants of Mycoplasma hominis Obtained In Vitro. by Bebear CM, Renaudin H, Charron A, Bove JM, Bebear C, Renaudin J.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105824
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Aminopeptidase activity in arginine-utilizing Mycoplasma spp. by Ball HJ, Neill SD, Reid RL.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271801
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Amplified-Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprinting of Mycoplasma Species. by Kokotovic B, Friis NF, Jensen JS, Ahrens P.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85551
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Analysis of 0.5-kilobase-pair repeats in the Mycoplasma hominis lmp gene system and identification of gene products. by Ladefoged SA, Jensen LT, Brock B, Birkelund S, Christiansen G.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178011
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Analysis of Complement Fixation and Commercial Enzyme Immunoassays for Detection of Antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Human Serum. by Thacker WL, Talkington DF.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95955
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Analysis of Cytadherence-Deficient, GapA-Negative Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain R. by Papazisi L, Troy KE, Gorton TS, Liao X, Geary SJ.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97761
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Animal Model of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection Using Germfree Mice. by Hayakawa M, Taguchi H, Kamiya S, Fujioka Y, Watanabe H, Kawai S, Kobayashi H.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119980
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Anomalous values of Mycoplasma genomes sizes determined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. by Maniloff J.; 1989 Feb 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=331769
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Antibiotic susceptibilities of AIDS-associated mycoplasmas. by Poulin SA, Perkins RE, Kundsin RB.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267196
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Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Lipoprotein LppQ from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. by Abdo EM, Nicolet J, Frey J.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95919
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Antigenic determinants of the attachment protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae shared by other pathogenic Mycoplasma species. by Clyde WA Jr, Hu PC.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262409
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Antigenic topology of the P29 surface lipoprotein of Mycoplasma fermentans: differential display of epitopes results in high-frequency phase variation. by Theiss P, Karpas A, Wise KS.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173995
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Antimycoplasma properties and application in cell culture of surfactin, a lipopeptide antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis. by Vollenbroich D, Pauli G, Ozel M, Vater J.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168300
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Application of a Mycoplasma group-specific PCR for monitoring decontamination of Mycoplasma-infected Chlamydia sp. strains. by Ossewaarde JM, de Vries A, Bestebroer T, Angulo AF.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167802
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Application of an indirect immunofluorescence test for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory exudates. by Hirai Y, Shiode J, Masayoshi T, Kanemasa Y.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270250
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Application of monoclonal antibodies to detect intraocular mycoplasma antigens in Mycoplasma arthritidis-infected Sprague-Dawley rats. by Thirkill CE, Song DY, Gregerson DS.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264859
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Association of lysogenic bacteriophage MAV1 with virulence of Mycoplasma arthritidis. by Voelker LL, Weaver KE, Ehle LJ, Washburn LR.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173564
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Attachment of killed Mycoplasma gallisepticum cells and membranes to erythrocytes. by Banai M, Kahane I, Feldner J, Razin S.; 1981 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350883
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Attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to hamster tracheal organ cultures, tracheal outgrowth monolayers, human erythrocytes, and WiDr human tissue culture cells. by Chandler DK, Collier AM, Barile MF.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351137
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Attachment Organelle Formation Represented by Localization of Cytadherence Proteins and Formation of the Electron-Dense Core in Wild-Type and Mutant Strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Seto S, Miyata M.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=142798
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Biofunctional domains of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae P30 adhesin. by Dallo SF, Lazzell AL, Chavoya A, Reddy SP, Baseman JB.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174115
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Biological effects of anti-lipid and anti-protein monoclonal antibodies on Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Morrison-Plummer J, Leith DK, Baseman JB.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260889
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Biological evaluation of Mycoplasma pulmonis temperature-sensitive mutants for use as possible rodent vaccines. by Lai WC, Bennett M, Lu YS, Pakes SP.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258810
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Biosynthesis of Cholesteryl Glucoside by Mycoplasma gallinarum. by Smith PF.; 1971 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247178
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Capsular material of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and its possible relevance to the pathogenic process. by Tajima M, Yagihashi T, Miki Y.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351303
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Capsulelike surface material of Mycoplasma dispar induced by in vitro growth in culture with bovine cells is antigenically related to similar structures expressed in vivo. by Almeida RA, Rosenbusch RF.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258142
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Carboxypeptidase activity in human mycoplasmas. by Shibata K, Watanabe T.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213594
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Cell Reproduction and Morphological Changes in Mycoplasma capricolum. by Seto S, Miyata M.; 1998 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106880
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Cell Surface Antigens of Mycoplasma Species Bovine Group 7 Bind to and Activate Plasminogen. by Bower K, Djordjevic SP, Andronicos NM, Ranson M.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166029
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Cell volume regulation in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Linker C, Wilson TH.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=219266
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Changes in composition, biosynthesis, and physical state of membrane lipids occurring upon aging of Mycoplasma hominis cultures. by Rottem S, Greenberg AS.; 1975 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245975
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Changes in membrane lipid composition of Mycoplasma capricolum affect the cell volume. by Romano N, Shirvan MH, Rottem S.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215989
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Characteristics of a New Sterol-nonrequiring Mycoplasma. by Tully JG, Razin S.; 1969 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315283
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Characteristics of Virulent, Attenuated, and Avirulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae Strains. by Lipman RP, Clyde WA Jr, Denny FW.; 1969 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250191
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Characterization and Analysis of a Stable Serotype-Associated Membrane Protein (P30) of Mycoplasma agalactiae. by Fleury B, Bergonier D, Berthelot X, Schlatter Y, Frey J, Vilei EM.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88244
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Characterization of a Multigene Family Undergoing High-Frequency DNA Rearrangements and Coding for Abundant Variable Surface Proteins in Mycoplasma agalactiae. by Glew MD, Papazisi L, Poumarat F, Bergonier D, Rosengarten R, Citti C.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98368
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Characterization of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae hmw3 Mutant: Implications for Attachment Organelle Assembly. by Willby MJ, Krause DC.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135052
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Characterization of Canine Mycoplasmas by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Immunodiffusion. by Armstrong D, Yu B.; 1970 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248214
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Characterization of DNA topoisomerase activity in two strains of Mycoplasma fermentans and in Mycoplasma pirum. by Horowitz S, Maor R, Priel E.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179588
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Characterization of MGC2, a Mycoplasma gallisepticum Cytadhesin with Homology to the Mycoplasma pneumoniae 30-Kilodalton Protein P30 and Mycoplasma genitalium P32. by Hnatow LL, Keeler CL Jr, Tessmer LL, Czymmek K, Dohms JE.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108366
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Characterization of Mutations in DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Involved in Quinolone Resistance of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mutants Obtained In Vitro. by Reinhardt AK, Bebear CM, Kobisch M, Kempf I, Gautier-Bouchardon AV.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127038
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Characterization of Mycoplasma hominis mutations involved in resistance to fluoroquinolones. by Bebear CM, Bove JM, Bebear C, Renaudin J.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163700
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Characterization of Mycoplasma Strains from Cats. by Cole BC, Golightly L, Ward JR.; 1967 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276846
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Characterization of P40, a Cytadhesin of Mycoplasma agalactiae. by Fleury B, Bergonier D, Berthelot X, Peterhans E, Frey J, Vilei EM.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128363
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Characterization of Strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Type Isolated from Recent Outbreaks of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in
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Mycoplasma Botswana and Tanzania: Evidence for a New Biotype. by March JB, Clark J, Brodlie M.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86456
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Characterization of the 16S rRNA genes from Mycoplasma sp. strain F38 and development of an identification system based on PCR. by Bascunana CR, Mattsson JG, Bolske G, Johansson KE.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205395
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Characterization of the ftsZ gene from Mycoplasma pulmonis, an organism lacking a cell wall. by Wang X, Lutkenhaus J.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177939
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Characterization of the gene for a 30-kilodalton adhesion-related protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Dallo SF, Chavoya A, Baseman JB.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313793
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Characterization of the Lysogenic Bacteriophage MAV1 from Mycoplasma arthritidis. by Voelker LL, Dybvig K.; 1998 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107667
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Cholesterol as a limiting factor in the growth of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Johnson JK, Somerson NL.; 1980 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291587
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Cholesterol Inhibition of Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate [Delta]3,[Delta]2-Isomerase in Mycoplasma laidlawii. by Smith PF, Smith MR.; 1970 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248034
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Cholesterol requirement of mycoplasmas as determined by microtiter test using polyene antibiotics. by Grabowski MW, Rottem S, Barile MF.; 1976 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274244
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Clinical features of culture-proven Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. by Madani TA, Al-Ghamdi AA.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35282
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Clinical Use of Capillary PCR To Diagnose Mycoplasma Pneumonia. by Honda J, Yano T, Kusaba M, Yonemitsu J, Kitajima H, Masuoka M, Hamada K, Oizumi K.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86449
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Cloning and characterization of a putative cytadhesin gene (mgc1) from Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Keeler CL Jr, Hnatow LL, Whetzel PL, Dohms JE.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173959
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Cloning and expression of a species-specific early immunogenic 36-kilodalton protein of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Escherichia coli. by Strasser M, Frey J, Bestetti G, Kobisch M, Nicolet J.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257830
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Cloning and functional analysis of the P97 swine cilium adhesin gene of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. by Hsu T, Artiushin S, Minion FC.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178831
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Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of the DNA Gyrase (gyrA) Gene from Mycoplasma hominis and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistant Mutants Selected In Vitro with Trovafloxacin. by Bebear CM, Grau O, Charron A, Renaudin H, Gruson D, Bebear C.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90142
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Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding arginine deiminase of Mycoplasma arginini. by Ohno T, Ando O, Sugimura K, Taniai M, Suzuki M, Fukuda S, Nagase Y, Yamamoto K, Azuma I.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313729
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Cloning of mnuA, a Membrane Nuclease Gene of Mycoplasma pulmonis, and Analysis of Its Expression in Escherichia coli. by Jarvill-Taylor KJ, VanDyk C, Minion FC.; 1999 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93585
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Colonial opacity variation in Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Liss A, Heiland RA.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264632
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Colony opacity, hemadsorption, hemolysis, and mitogenicity are not associated with virulence of Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Davidson MK, Ross SE, Lindsey JR, Cassell GH.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259540
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Combination of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques for serotyping mixtures of Mycoplasma species. by Bencina D, Bradbury JM.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265069
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Comparative Activities of Telithromycin (HMR 3647), Levofloxacin, and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Human Mycoplasmas. by Bebear CM, Renaudin H, Bryskier A, Bebear C.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89997
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Comparative analysis of the genomes of the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium. by Himmelreich R, Plagens H, Hilbert H, Reiner B, Herrmann R.; 1997 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146517
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Comparative evaluation of media for isolation of ureaplasma urealyticum and genital mycoplasma species. by Leland DS, Lapworth MA, Jones RB, French ML.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272451
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Comparative study of overlapping genes in the genomes of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Fukuda Y, Washio T, Tomita M.; 1999 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148392
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Comparison and Evaluation of Real-Time PCR, Real-Time Nucleic Acid SequenceBased Amplification, Conventional PCR, and Serology for Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, Graffelman AW, van Schie JM, Crielaard JW, Sillekens P, van den Broek PJ, Goossens H, Beersma MF, Claas EC.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193789
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Comparison of four Mycoplasma arthritidis strains by enzyme immunoassay, metabolism inhibition, one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. by Washburn LR, Hirsch S.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268089
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Comparison of Gen-Probe commercial kit and culture technique for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. by Dular R, Kajioka R, Kasatiya S.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266525
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Comparison of methods for detection of Mycoplasma pulmonis in experimentally and naturally infected rats. by Davidson MK, Lindsey JR, Brown MB, Schoeb TR, Cassell GH.; 1981 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274014
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Comparison of methods for in vitro testing of susceptibility of porcine Mycoplasma species to antimicrobial agents. by Ter Laak EA, Pijpers A, Noordergraaf JH, Schoevers EC, Verheijden JH.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244982
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Comparison of Mycoplasma arthritidis strains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and DNA restriction analysis. by Washburn LR, Voelker LL, Ehle LJ, Hirsch S, Dutenhofer C, Olson K, Beck B.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228394
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Comparison of PCR, Culture, and Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Respiratory Tract Infection in Children. by Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Zaat SA, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Spanjaard L, Rijntjes J, van Waveren G, Jensen JS, Angulo AF, Dankert J.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84154
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Comparison of two methods for enumeration of mycoplasmas. by Stemke GW, Robertson JA.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272510
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Comparison of Undefined Medium and Its Dialyzable Fraction for Growth of Mycoplasma. by Pollock ME, Bonner SV.; 1969 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249722
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Complement Activation in Mycoplasma fermentans-Induced Mycoplasma Clearance from Infected Cells: Probing of the Organism with Monoclonal Antibodies against M161Ag. by Kikkawa S, Matsumoto M, Sasaki T, Nishiguchi M, Tanaka K, Toyoshima K, Seya T.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97328
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Construction and Use of Derivatives of Transposon Tn4001 That Function in Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma arthritidis. by Dybvig K, French CT, Voelker LL.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101955
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Control of membrane lipids in Mycoplasma gallisepticum: effect on lipid order. by Le Grimellec C, Cardinal J, Giocondi MC, Carriere S.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217065
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Coupled Phase-Variable Expression and Epitope Masking of Selective Surface Lipoproteins Increase Surface Phenotypic Diversity in Mycoplasma hominis. by Zhang Q, Wise KS.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98616
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Cultivation of mycoplasmas in a modified tissue culture medium. by Gabridge MG, Singer SE, Esposito RA.; 1976 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=169865
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Cyclodextrins as carriers of cholesterol and fatty acids in cultivation of mycoplasmas. by Greenberg-Ofrath N, Terespolosky Y, Kahane I, Bar R.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202141
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Cytadherence-Deficient Mutants of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Generated by Transposon Mutagenesis. by Mudahi-Orenstein S, Levisohn S, Geary SJ, Yogev D.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162017
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Cytadsorption of Mycoplasma pulmonis to Rat Ependyma. by Kohn DF, Chinookoswong N.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350855
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Cytoadhesins of Mycoplasma hominis. by Henrich B, Feldmann RC, Hadding U.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280943
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Cytopathic effect of whole cells and purified membranes of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. by Geary SJ, Walczak EM.; 1983 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264753
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Cytopathic effects of Mycoplasma pulmonis in vivo and in vitro. by Stadtlander CT, Watson HL, Simecka JW, Cassell GH.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259017
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Decreased metabolism and viability of Mycoplasma hominis induced by monoclonal antibody-mediated agglutination. by Feldmann RC, Henrich B, Kolb-Bachofen V, Hadding U.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257518
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Detection and Confirmation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Urogenital Specimens by PCR. by Sharma S, Brousseau R, Kasatiya S.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124853
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Detection of Antibodies to a Pathogenic Mycoplasma in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), Broad-Nosed Caimans (Caiman latirostris), and Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). by Brown DR, Schumacher IM, Nogueira MF, Richey LJ, Zacher LA, Schoeb TR, Vliet KA, Bennett RA, Jacobson ER, Brown MB.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87716
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Detection of mixed Mycoplasma species. by Bradbury JM, McClenaghan M.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272352
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Detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures by a mycoplasma groupspecific PCR. by van Kuppeveld FJ, Johansson KE, Galama JM, Kissing J, Bolske G, van der Logt JT, Melchers WJ.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201282
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Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR Amplification of the 16S rRNA Gene. by Jensen JS, Borre MB, Dohn B.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149599
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Detection of Mycoplasma hominis septicemia by radiometric blood culture. by Smaron MF, Boonlayangoor S, Zierdt CH.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271650
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Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by Air Sampling with a Nested PCR Assay. by Stark KD, Nicolet J, Frey J.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106080
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Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by using rRNA-oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization. by Futo S, Seto Y, Mitsuse S, Mori Y.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265545
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Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by using rRNA-oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization. by Futo S, Seto Y, Mitsuse S, Mori Y.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265319
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Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids of Pigs by PCR. by Baumeister AK, Runge M, Ganter M, Feenstra AA, Delbeck F, Kirchhoff H.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104965
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Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in nose swabs from pigs by in vitro amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. by Mattsson JG, Bergstrom K, Wallgren P, Johansson KE.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228062
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive hybridization in microtiter plates. by Luneberg E, Jensen JS, Frosch M.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262884
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification. by Loens K, Ieven M, Ursi D, Beck T, Overdijk M, Sillekens P, Goossens H.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193797
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by using the polymerase chain reaction. by Bernet C, Garret M, de Barbeyrac B, Bebear C, Bonnet J.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267064
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical samples from pediatric patients by polymerase chain reaction. by Skakni L, Sardet A, Just J, Landman-Parker J, Costil J, Moniot-Ville N, Bricout F, Garbarg-Chenon A.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270491
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Spiked Clinical Samples by Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification. by Loens K, Ursi D, Ieven M, van Aarle P, Sillekens P, Oudshoorn P, Goossens H.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140351
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Detection of Mycoplasma pulmonis in cilia-associated respiratory bacillus isolates and in respiratory tracts of rats by nested PCR. by Schoeb TR, Dybvig K, Keisling KF, Davidson MK, Davis JK.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229818
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Detection of Mycoplasma pulmonis in experimentally infected laboratory rats by 16S rRNA amplification. by van Kuppeveld FJ, Melchers WJ, Willemse HF, Kissing J, Galama JM, van der Logt JT.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262813
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Detection of the major adhesin P1 in triton shells of virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Kahane I, Tucker S, Leith DK, Morrison-Plummer J, Baseman JB.; 1985 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261177
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Detection of the turkey pathogens Mycoplasma meleagridis and M. iowae by amplification of genes coding for rRNA. by Boyle JS, Good RT, Morrow CJ.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228157
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Development of a Genomics-Based PCR Assay for Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a Large Outbreak in New York State. by Waring AL, Halse TA, Csiza CK, Carlyn CJ, Musser KA, Limberger RJ.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87943
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Diagnosis and Differentiation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis Infections in Pigs by PCR Amplification of the p36 and p46 Genes. by Caron J, Ouardani M, Dea S.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86451
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Diagnosis of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia by PCR --Laser- Induced Fluorescence and PCR-Restriction Endonuclease Analysis Based on the 16S rRNA Genes of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC. by Persson A, Pettersson B, Bolske G, Johansson KE.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85820
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Diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia by detection and identification of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae by PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. by Bolske G, Mattsson JG, Bascunana CR, Bergstrom K, Wesonga H, Johansson KE.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228893
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Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis pyelonephritis by demonstration of antibodies in urine. by Thomsen AC, Lindskov HO.; 1979 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275379
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Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection in Autopsy and Open-Lung Biopsy Tissues by Nested PCR. by Talkington DF, Thacker WL, Keller DW, Jensen JS.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104711
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Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children. by Waris ME, Toikka P, Saarinen T, Nikkari S, Meurman O, Vainionpaa R, Mertsola J, Ruuskanen O.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105292
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Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: sensitivities and specificities of serology with lipid antigen and isolation of the organism on soy peptone medium for identification of infections. by Kenny GE, Kaiser GG, Cooney MK, Foy HM.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268108
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Differences in Arginine Requirement for Growth Among Arginine-Utilizing Mycoplasma Species. by Hahn RG, Kenny GE.; 1974 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285552
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Differences in virulence for mice among strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Davidson MK, Lindsey JR, Parker RF, Tully JG, Cassell GH.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259538
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Differential induction of bone marrow macrophage proliferation by mycoplasmas involves granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. by Stuart PM, Cassell GH, Woodward JG.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313697
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Differential Posttranslational Processing Confers Intraspecies Variation of a Major Surface Lipoprotein and a Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide of Mycoplasma fermentans. by Calcutt MJ, Kim MF, Karpas AB, Muhlradt PF, Wise KS.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96384
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Differential protein expression and surface presentation generate high-frequency antigenic variation in Mycoplasma fermentans. by Theiss PM, Kim MF, Wise KS.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281291
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Differentiation of F38 mycoplasmas causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia with a growth-inhibiting monoclonal antibody. by Rurangirwa FR, McGuire TC, Musoke AJ, Kibor A.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260055
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Differentiation of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) in European fruit trees by PCR using specific primers derived from the sequence of a chromosomal fragment of the apple proliferation MLO. by Jarausch W, Saillard C, Dosba F, Bove JM.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201743
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Direct PCR enables detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with respiratory tract infections. by Tjhie JH, van Kuppeveld FJ, Roosendaal R, Melchers WJ, Gordijn R, MacLaren DM, Walboomers JM, Meijer CJ, van den Brule AJ.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262961
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Disposition of exposed antigens on the faces of isolated Mycoplasma gallisepticum membranes. by Vinther O, Freundt EA.; 1980 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=294049
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Disruption of gene mg218 of Mycoplasma genitalium through homologous recombination leads to an adherence-deficient phenotype. by Dhandayuthapani S, Rasmussen WG, Baseman JB.; 1999 Apr 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21846
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Distinction of species and strains of mycoplasmas (mollicutes) by genomic DNA fingerprints with an rRNA gene probe. by Yogev D, Halachmi D, Kenny GE, Razin S.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266561
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Divalent Cations in Native and Reaggregated Mycoplasma Membranes. by Kahane I, Ne'Eman Z, Razin S.; 1973 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285279
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DNA probes for detection and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium. by Hyman HC, Yogev D, Razin S.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266068
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Effect of a Mycoplasma hominis-Like Mycoplasma on the Infection of HEp-2 Cells by the TW-183 Strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Castilla EA, Wadowsky RM.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86224
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Effect of carbohydrates on growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. by Robertson JA, Howard LA.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265848
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Effect of MALP-2, a Lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans, on Bone Resorption In Vitro. by Piec G, Mirkovitch J, Palacio S, Muhlradt PF, Felix R.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97030
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Effects of ionophores and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide on Mycoplasma gallisepticum adherence to erythrocytes. by Banai M, Razin S, Schuldiner S, Zilberstein D, Kahane I, Bredt W.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347717
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Effects of manganese on growth of Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma orale. by Watanabe T.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263694
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Effects of mycoplasma contamination on phenotypic expression of mitochondrial mutants in human cells. by Doersen CJ, Stanbridge EJ.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=369680
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Effects of Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus on Differentiation of THP-1 Cells. by Reyes L, Davidson MK, Thomas LC, Davis JK.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116494
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Electrophoretic Analysis of Cell Proteins of T-Strain Mycoplasmas Isolated from Man. by Razin S, Valdesuso J, Purcell RH, Chanock RM.; 1970 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248147
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Elevated Cytokine and Chemokine Levels and Prolonged Pulmonary Airflow Resistance in a Murine Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia Model: a Microbiologic, Histologic, Immunologic, and Respiratory Plethysmographic Profile. by Hardy RD, Jafri HS, Olsen K, Wordemann M, Hatfield J, Rogers BB, Patel P, Duffy L, Cassell G, McCracken GH, Ramilo O.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98411
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Elongated versions of Vlp surface lipoproteins protect Mycoplasma hyorhinis escape variants from growth-inhibiting host antibodies. by Citti C, Kim MF, Wise KS.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175216
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Enumeration, isolation, and species identification of mycoplasmas in saliva sampled from the normal and pathological human oral cavity and antibody response to an oral mycoplasma (Mycoplasma salivarium). by Watanabe T, Matsuura M, Seto K.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268787
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. by Busolo F, Tonin E, Meloni GA.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270821
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Epidemiological study of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in japan based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the P1 cytadhesin gene. by Sasaki T, Kenri T, Okazaki N, Iseki M, Yamashita R, Shintani M, Sasaki Y, Yayoshi M.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228818
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Epitope Mapping of Immunogenic and Adhesive Structures in Repetitive Domains of Mycoplasma bovis Variable Surface Lipoproteins. by Sachse K, Helbig JH, Lysnyansky I, Grajetzki C, Muller W, Jacobs E, Yogev D.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97192
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Evaluation of BacT/ALERT System for Detection of Mycoplasma hominis in Simulated Blood Cultures. by Waites KB, Canupp KC.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88544
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Evaluation of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae as Etiologic Agents of Persistent Cough in Adolescents and Adults. by Wadowsky RM, Castilla EA, Laus S, Kozy A, Atchison RW, Kingsley LA, Ward JI, Greenberg DP.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153367
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Evaluation of Four Commercial Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- and IgM-Specific Enzyme Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections. by Petitjean J, Vabret A, Gouarin S, Freymuth F.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120121
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Evaluation of intraspecies genetic variation within the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma hominis and detection by polymerase chain reaction. by Blanchard A, Yanez A, Dybvig K, Watson HL, Griffiths G, Cassell GH.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262938
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Evaluation of PPLO, A7B, E, and NYC agar media for the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma species from the genital tract. by Yajko DM, Balston E, Wood D, Sweet RL, Hadley WK.; 1984 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270982
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Evidence for occurrence of passively adsorbed I antigen activity on a cultured strain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Uemura K, Loomes LM, Childs RA, Feizi T.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259693
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Evidence that mycoplasmas, gram-negative bacteria, and certain gram-positive bacteria share a similar protein antigen. by Sasaki T.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207793
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Evidence that UGA is read as a tryptophan codon rather than as a stop codon by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Inamine JM, Ho KC, Loechel S, Hu PC.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208464
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Expression and Immunogenicity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Heat Shock Protein Antigen P42 by DNA Vaccination. by Chen YL, Wang SN, Yang WJ, Chen YJ, Lin HH, Shiuan D.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148838
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Expression of the pMGA Genes of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Is Controlled by Variation in the GAA Trinucleotide Repeat Lengths within the 5[prime prime or minute] Noncoding Regions. by Glew MD, Baseggio N, Markham PF, Browning GF, Walker ID.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108738
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Expression of Two Members of the pMGA Gene Family of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Oscillates and Is Influenced by pMGA-Specific Antibodies. by Markham PF, Glew MD, Browning GF, Whithear KG, Walker ID.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108280
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Expression of UGA-Containing Mycoplasma Genes in Bacillus subtilis. by Kannan TR, Baseman JB.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111338
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Extended Repertoire of Genes Encoding Variable Surface Lipoproteins in Mycoplasma bovis Strains. by Nussbaum S, Lysnyansky I, Sachse K, Levisohn S, Yogev D.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127842
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Fluorometric quantitation of broth-cultured mycoplasmas by using alkaline ethidium bromide. by Schaeffer WI, Melamede R.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262923
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Forcing Mycoplasma mobile into Line. by Khan S.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134941
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Formylation of methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. by Neale GA, Mitchell A, Finch LR.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217031
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Freeze-fracture confirmation of the presence of a core in the specialized tip structure of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Wall F, Pfister RM, Somerson NL.; 1983 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217546
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GAA Trinucleotide Repeat Region Regulates M9/pMGA Gene Expression in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Liu L, Dybvig K, Panangala VS, van Santen VL, French CT.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97216
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GapA and CrmA Coexpression Is Essential for Mycoplasma gallisepticum Cytadherence and Virulence. by Papazisi L, Frasca Jr. S, Gladd M, Liao X, Yogev D, Geary SJ.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133084
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Gender Is a Major Factor in Determining the Severity of Mycoplasma Respiratory Disease in Mice. by Yancey AL, Watson HL, Cartner SC, Simecka JW.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98236
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Gene Families Encoding Phase- and Size-Variable Surface Lipoproteins of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. by Citti C, Watson-McKown R, Droesse M, Wise KS.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94424
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Gene Rearrangements in the vsa Locus of Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Shen X, Gumulak J, Yu H, French CT, Zou N, Dybvig K.; 2000 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102001
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Gene Transfer in Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Teachman AM, French CT, Yu H, Simmons WL, Dybvig K.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134802
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Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Glycerol Uptake in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC: Its Impact on H2O2 Production and Virulence. by Vilei EM, Frey J.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96015
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Genetic and Serological Analysis of Lipoprotein LppA in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. by Monnerat MP, Thiaucourt F, Poveda JB, Nicolet J, Frey J.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95691
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Genetic control of resistance to Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in mice. by Lai WC, Linton G, Bennett M, Pakes SP.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281212
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Genetic exchange of transposon and integrative plasmid markers in Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Mahairas GG, Cao JA, Minion FC.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208858
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Genome size of Mycoplasma genitalium. by Su CJ, Baseman JB.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213309
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Genomic and phenotypic analyses of Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains. by Chandler DK, Razin S, Stephens EB, Harasawa R, Barile MF.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347782
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Genomic maps of some strains within the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. by Pyle LE, Taylor T, Finch LR.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210853
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Genomic repeats, genome plasticity and the dynamics of Mycoplasma evolution. by Rocha EP, Blanchard A.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113839
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Genotypic and Phenotypic Analysis of Mycoplasma fermentans Strains Isolated from Different Host Tissues. by Campo L, Larocque P, La Malfa T, Blackburn WD, Watson HL.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104831
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Genotypic Characterization of Seven Strains of Mycoplasma fermentans Isolated from Synovial Fluids of Patients with Arthritis. by Schaeverbeke T, Clerc M, Lequen L, Charron A, Bebear C, de Barbeyrac B, Bannwarth B, Dehais J, Bebear C.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104804
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Genotyping of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Clinical Isolates Reveals Eight P1 Subtypes within Two Genomic Groups. by Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Dankert J, Zaat SA.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86314
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Genus- and species-specific identification of mycoplasmas by 16S rRNA amplification. by van Kuppeveld FJ, van der Logt JT, Angulo AF, van Zoest MJ, Quint WG, Niesters HG, Galama JM, Melchers WJ.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195828
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Growth of Mycoplasma hyorhinis cultivar alpha on semisynthetic medium. by Gardella RS, Del Giudice RA.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167459
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Hamster challenge potency assay for evaluation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccines. by Barile MF, Chandler DK, Yoshida H, Grabowski MW, Razin S.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259587
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Heat shock response in mycoplasmas, genome-limited organisms. by Dascher CC, Poddar SK, Maniloff J.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208674
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Hemadsorption and virulence are separable properties of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Leith DK, Hansen EJ, Wilson RM, Krause DC, Baseman JB.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348026
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Hemolytic and Hemoxidative Activities in Mycoplasma penetrans. by Kannan TR, Baseman JB.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97728
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Heterogeneity among strains and a high rate of variation within strains of a major surface antigen of Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Watson HL, McDaniel LS, Blalock DK, Fallon MT, Cassell GH.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259832
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Heterogeneity Among Strains of Mycoplasma granularum and Identification of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, sp. n. by Ross RF, Karmon JA.; 1970 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248148
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High rates of genital mycoplasma infection in the highlands of Papua New Guinea determined both by culture and by a commercial detection kit. by Clegg A, Passey M, Yoannes M, Michael A.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229538
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High-frequency variation in Mycoplasma pulmonis colony size. by Dybvig K, Simecka JW, Watson HL, Cassell GH.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210332
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HMW1 Is Required for Cytadhesin P1 Trafficking to the Attachment Organelle in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Hahn TW, Willby MJ, Krause DC.; 1998 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107017
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Homologue of Macrophage-Activating Lipoprotein in Mycoplasma gallisepticum Is Not Essential for Growth and Pathogenicity in Tracheal Organ Cultures. by Markham PF, Kanci A, Czifra G, Sundquist B, Hains P, Browning GF.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152605
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Human ciliated epithelial cells from nasal polyps as an experimental model for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. by Almagor M, Kahane I, Wiesel JM, Yatziv S.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261373
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Identification and analysis of a genomic strain cluster of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with Canadian peach (eastern) X disease, western X disease, and clover yellow edge. by Lee IM, Gundersen DE, Davis RE, Chiykowski LN.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207656
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Identification and characterization of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae adhesin. by Zhang Q, Young TF, Ross RF.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173103
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Identification and characterization of plasmids from the western aster yellows mycoplasmalike organism. by Kuske CR, Kirkpatrick BC.; 1990 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208641
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Identification and Complementation of Frameshift Mutations Associated with Loss of Cytadherence in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Fisseha M, Gohlmann HW, Herrmann R, Krause DC.; 1999 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93944
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Identification and Expression of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum Surface Antigen Recognized by a Monoclonal Antibody Capable of Inhibiting Both Growth and Metabolism. by Yoshida S, Fujisawa A, Tsuzaki Y, Saitoh S.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97558
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Identification and Functional Mapping of the Mycoplasma fermentans P29 Adhesin. by Leigh SA, Wise KS.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128281
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Identification and grouping of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with grapevine yellows and clover phyllody diseases based on immunological and molecular analyses. by Chen KH, Credi R, Loi N, Maixner M, Chen TA.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201579
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Identification and mapping of an immunogenic region of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae p65 surface lipoprotein expressed in Escherichia coli from a cloned genomic fragment. by Kim MF, Heidari MB, Stull SJ, McIntosh MA, Wise KS.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258866
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Identification and purification of arginine deiminase that originated from Mycoplasma arginini. by Sugimura K, Fukuda S, Wada Y, Taniai M, Suzuki M, Kimura T, Ohno T, Yamamoto K, Azuma I.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258848
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Identification of a New Variable Sequence in the P1 Cytadhesin Gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Evidence for the Generation of Antigenic Variation by DNA Recombination between Repetitive Sequences. by Kenri T, Taniguchi R, Sasaki Y, Okazaki N, Narita M, Izumikawa K, Umetsu M, Sasaki T.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96778
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Identification of a Small RNA within the pdh Gene Cluster of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium. by Gohlmann HW, Weiner JI, Schon A, Herrmann R.; 2000 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94519
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Identification of mycoplasma colonies by immunobinding. by Kotani H, McGarrity GJ.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=362837
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Identification of Mycoplasma fermentans in Synovial Fluid Samples from Arthritis Patients with Inflammatory Disease. by Johnson S, Sidebottom D, Bruckner F, Collins D.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86027
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Identification of Mycoplasma pirum genes involved in the salvage pathways for nucleosides. by Tham TN, Ferris S, Kovacic R, Montagnier L, Blanchard A.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204999
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Identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae proteins associated with hemadsorption and virulence. by Krause DC, Leith DK, Wilson RM, Baseman JB.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351120
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Identification of the Cilium Binding Epitope of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 Adhesin. by Hsu T, Minion FC.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108587
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Identification of the Origin of Replication of the Mycoplasma pulmonis Chromosome and Its Use in oriC Replicative Plasmids. by Cordova CM, Lartigue C, Sirand-Pugnet P, Renaudin J, Cunha RA, Blanchard A.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135349
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Immunological cross-reactivity of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae membrane-associated protein antigen with Mycoplasma genitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii. by Cimolai N, Bryan LE, To M, Woods DE.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269427
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Improved immunobinding test using monoclonal antibodies for detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk. by Infante* F, Infante F Jr, Flores-Gutierrez GH.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=227017
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In Vitro Activities of ABT-773 and Other Antimicrobials against Human Mycoplasmas. by Waites KB, Crabb DM, Duffy LB.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149006
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In Vitro Activity of Trovafloxacin Compared to Those of Five Antimicrobials against Mycoplasmas Including Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Isolates That Have Been Genetically Characterized. by Bebear CM, Renaudin H, Charron A, Gruson D, Lefrancois M, Bebear C.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90107
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In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacies of T-3811ME (BMS-284756) against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Takahata M, Shimakura M, Hori R, Kizawa K, Todo Y, Minami S, Watanabe Y, Narita H.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90281
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In Vitro Cell Invasion of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Winner F, Rosengarten R, Citti C.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101734
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In vitro susceptibilities of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to sparfloxacin and PD 127391. by Waites KB, Duffy LB, Schmid T, Crabb D, Pate MS, Cassell GH.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284307
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In Vitro Susceptibilities to and Bactericidal Activities of Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Human Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas. by Waites KB, Crabb DM, Bing X, Duffy LB.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149005
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In Vivo Effects of a Synthetic 2-Kilodalton Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide of Mycoplasma fermentans after Pulmonary Application. by Luhrmann A, Deiters U, Skokowa J, Hanke M, Gessner JE, Muhlradt PF, Pabst R, Tschernig T.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128036
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Inactivation of mycoplasma in serum with binary ethyleneimine. by Christianson GG, Pemberton JR, Koski TA.; 1980 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273407
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Inactivation of mycoplasmas by long-chain alcohols. by Fletcher RD, Gilbertson JR, Albers AC, White JD.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181542
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Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections among Outpatients in Rhone-Alpes, France, during Five Successive Winter Periods. by Layani-Milon MP, Gras I, Valette M, Luciani J, Stagnara J, Aymard M, Lina B.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84933
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Incorporation and modification of exogenous phosphatidylcholines by mycoplasmas. by Rottem S, Adar L, Gross Z, Ne'eman Z, Davis PJ.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=212875
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Increased Frequency of Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium in AIDS Patients without Urethral Symptoms. by Martinelli F, Garrafa E, Turano A, Caruso A.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85024
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Increased structural and combinatorial diversity in an extended family of genes encoding Vlp surface proteins of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. by Yogev D, WatsonMcKown R, Rosengarten R, Im J, Wise KS.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177375
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Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Immunoglobulin G Reactive with a Recombinant Protein Expressed from the Gene Encoding the 116Kilodalton Protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Duffy MF, Whithear KG, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Catton M, Leydon J, Browning GF.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88644
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Induced mouse spleen B-cell proliferation and secretion of immunoglobulin by lipidassociated membrane proteins of Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus and Mycoplasma penetrans. by Feng SH, Lo SC.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303048
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Induction of Cytokines and Chemokines in Human Monocytes by Mycoplasma fermentans-Derived Lipoprotein MALP-2. by Kaufmann A, Muhlradt PF, Gemsa D, Sprenger H.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97033
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Infection by Mycoplasma hyorhinis strongly enhances uptake of antisense oligonucleotides: a reassessment of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the HepG2 cell line. by de Diesbach P, N'Kuli F, Delmee M, Courtoy PJ.; 2003 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149201
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Influence of cell shape and surface charge on attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to glass surfaces. by Feldner J, Bredt W, Kahane I.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217334
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Inhibition of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Hemadsorption and Adherence to Respiratory Epithelium by Antibodies to a Membrane Protein. by Krause DC, Baseman JB.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348081
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Interaction between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Swine Influenza Virus. by Thacker EL, Thacker BJ, Janke BH.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88180
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Interaction of albumin and phospholipid:cholesterol liposomes in growth of Mycoplasma spp. by Cluss RG, Somerson NL.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238860
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Interaction of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae with the porcine respiratory epithelium as observed by electron microscopy. by Tajima M, Yagihashi T.; 1982 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347662
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Intracage ammonia promotes growth of Mycoplasma pulmonis in the respiratory tract of rats. by Schoeb TR, Davidson MK, Lindsey JR.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347721
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Intracellular structures of Mycoplasma pneumoniae revealed after membrane removal. by Meng KE, Pfister RM.; 1980 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=294663
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Intrachromosomal Recombination within the vsp Locus of Mycoplasma bovis Generates a Chimeric Variable Surface Lipoprotein Antigen. by Lysnyansky I, Ron Y, Sachse K, Yogev D.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98374
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Involvement of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Interleukin-8 Production by Human Monocytes and Polymorphonuclear Cells Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide or Mycoplasma fermentans Membrane Lipoproteins. by Marie C, Roman-Roman S, Rawadi G.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96374
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Iron storage in Mycoplasma capricolum. by Bauminger ER, Cohen SG, Labenski de Kanter F, Levy A, Ofer S, Kessel M, Rottem S.; 1980 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=293604
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Is Mycoplasma pneumoniae Associated with Vascular Disease? by Maraha B.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86255
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IS1630 of Mycoplasma fermentans, a Novel IS30-Type Insertion Element That Targets and Duplicates Inverted Repeats of Variable Length and Sequence during Insertion. by Calcutt MJ, Lavrrar JL, Wise KS.; 1999 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94219
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IS1634, a Novel Insertion Element Creating Long, Variable-Length Direct Repeats Which Is Specific for Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small-Colony Type. by Vilei EM, Nicolet J, Frey J.; 1999 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93511
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Isoelectric focusing of mycoplasma proteins. by Sayed IA, Hatten BA.; 1976 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170314
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Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract. by Baseman JB, Dallo SF, Tully JG, Rose DL.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266873
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Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides mutants deficient in nucleoside monophosphate transport. by Youil R, Finch LR.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211704
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Isolation and identification of mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis from arthritic cattle in Iowa and Nebraska. by Stalheim OH, Stone SS.; 1975 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274165
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Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from a patient with systemic illness. by Madoff S, Pixley BQ, DelGiudice RA, Moellering RC Jr.; 1979 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275384
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Isolation of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the male urethra. by Jensen JS, Hansen HT, Lind K.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228784
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Isolation of Mycoplasma Membranes by Digitonin. by Rottem S, Razin S.; 1972 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247467
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Isolation of Mycoplasma pulmonis membranes and identification of surface antigens. by Horowitz SA, Garrett B, Davis JK, Cassell GH.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260507
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Isolation of Mycoplasma species from bronchoalveolar lavages of patients positive and negative for human immunodeficiency virus. by Teel LD, Finelli MR, Johnson SC.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263711
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Isolation, Chemical Composition, and Ultrastructural Features of the Cell Membrane of the Mycoplasma-Like Organism Spiroplasma citri. by Razin S, Hasin M, Ne'eman Z, Rottem S.; 1973 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246502
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Juxtaposition of an Active Promoter to vsp Genes via Site-Specific DNA Inversions Generates Antigenic Variation in Mycoplasma bovis. by Lysnyansky I, Ron Y, Yogev D.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95462
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Lipid Extract of Mycoplasma penetrans Proteinase K-Digested Lipid-Associated Membrane Proteins Rapidly Activates NF-[kappa]B and Activator Protein 1. by Feng SH, Lo SC.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96605
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Lipid interconversions in aging Mycoplasma capricolum cultures. by Gross Z, Rottem S.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215969
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Lipid-modified surface protein antigens expressing size variation within the species Mycoplasma hyorhinis. by Boyer MJ, Wise KS.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313081
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Lipids of a Sterol-Nonrequiring Mycoplasma. by Plackett P, Smith PF, Mayberry WR.; 1970 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285061
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Liposomes replace serum for cultivation of fermenting mycoplasmas. by Cluss RG, Johnson JK, Somerson NL.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239397
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Liver Involvement with Mycoplasma pneumoniae Community-Acquired Pneumonia. by Cunha BA.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165294
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Localization and biochemical characterization of the ORF6 gene product of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1 operon. by Layh-Schmitt G, Herrmann R.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257253
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Localization of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadherence-accessory proteins HMW1 and HMW4 in the cytoskeletonlike Triton shell. by Stevens MK, Krause DC.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207223
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Long-chain fatty acid perturbations in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Leon O, Panos C.; 1981 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216969
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Longitudinal Quantitative Detection by Real-Time PCR of Mycoplasma genitalium in First-Pass Urine of Men with Recurrent Nongonococcal Urethritis. by Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Yokoi S, Ito M, Tamaki M, Ishiko H, Maeda SI.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130874
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Loss of HMW1 and HMW3 in noncytadhering mutants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae occurs post-translationally. by Popham PL, Hahn TW, Krebes KA, Krause DC.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28418
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Mapping Antigenic Sites of an Immunodominant Surface Lipoprotein of Mycoplasma agalactiae, AvgC, with the Use of Synthetic Peptides. by Santona A, Carta F, Fraghi P, Turrini F.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127643
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Mechanism of action of the copper(I) complex of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline on Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Smit H, van der Goot H, Nauta WT, Timmerman H, de Bolster MW, Stouthamer AH, Vis RD.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182039
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Mechanisms of attachment of Mycoplasma arthritidis to host cells in vitro. by Washburn LR, Hirsch S, Voelker LL.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280899
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Membrane Association of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Growing-Point Region in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Quinlan DC, Maniloff J.; 1972 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251573
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Membrane-associated nuclease activities in mycoplasmas. by Minion FC, Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Billings DE, Tigges E.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206960
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Membrane-bound thioesterase activity in mycoplasmas. by Rottem S, Trotter SL, Barile MF.; 1977 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235001
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Mode of action of the copper(I) complex of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline on Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Smit H, van der Goot H, Nauta WT, Timmerman H, de Bolster MW, Jochemsen AG, Stouthamer AH, Vis RD.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181723
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Modulation of Cytokine Profiles by the Mycoplasma Superantigen Mycoplasma arthritidis Mitogen Parallels Susceptibility to Arthritis Induced by M. arthritidis. by Mu HH, Sawitzke AD, Cole BC.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97259
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Molecular Approaches to Diagnosis of Pulmonary Diseases Due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Abele-Horn M, Busch U, Nitschko H, Jacobs E, Bax R, Pfaff F, Schaffer B, Heesemann J.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104575
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Molecular basis for cytadsorption of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Baseman JB, Cole RM, Krause DC, Leith DK.; 1982 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=220433
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Molecular basis of size and antigenic variation of a Mycoplasma hominis adhesin encoded by divergent vaa genes. by Zhang Q, Wise KS.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174134
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Molecular characterization of a ribonucleotide reductase (nrdF) gene fragment of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and assessment of the recombinant product as an experimental vaccine for enzootic pneumonia. by Fagan PK, Djordjevic SP, Eamens GJ, Chin J, Walker MJ.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173882
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Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma arthritidis Membrane Lipoprotein MAA1. by Washburn LR, Miller EJ, Weaver KE.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97160
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Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma arthritidis Variable Surface Protein MAA2. by Washburn LR, Weaver KE, Weaver EJ, Donelan W, Al-Sheboul S.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108241
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Molecular Characterization of the Mycoplasma gallisepticum pvpA Gene Which Encodes a Putative Variable Cytadhesin Protein. by Boguslavsky S, Menaker D, Lysnyansky I, Liu T, Levisohn S, Rosengarten R, Garcia M, Yogev D.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101673
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Molecular cloning and characterization of an adherence-related operon of Mycoplasma genitalium. by Reddy SP, Rasmussen WG, Baseman JB.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177423
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Molecular cloning of a 46-kilodalton surface antigen (P46) gene from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: direct evidence of CGG codon usage for arginine. by Futo S, Seto Y, Mitsuse S, Mori Y, Suzuki T, Kawai K.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176830
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Molecular cloning of a member of the gene family that encodes pMGA, a hemagglutinin of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Markham PF, Glew MD, Whithear KG, Walker ID.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302818
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Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Adults with CommunityAcquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization. by Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Verkooyen RP, van Helden HP, van der Nat H, van den Bosch JM.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87901
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Molecular distinctions among clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Su CJ, Dallo SF, Baseman JB.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267984
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Molecular Epidemiology of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in Caprinae: Transmission across Species in Natural Outbreaks. by Belloy L, Janovsky M, Vilei EM, Pilo P, Giacometti M, Frey J.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154764
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Molecular Evolution of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae Strains, Based on Polymorphisms in the 16S rRNA Genes. by Pettersson B, Bolske G, Thiaucourt F, Uhlen M, Johansson KE.; 1998 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107175
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Molecular Genetic Analysis of ICEF, an Integrative Conjugal Element That Is Present as a Repetitive Sequence in the Chromosome of Mycoplasma fermentans PG18. by Calcutt MJ, Lewis MS, Wise KS.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135467
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Molecular Variability of the Adhesin-Encoding Gene pvpA among Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strains and Its Application in Diagnosis. by Liu T, Garcia M, Levisohn S, Yogev D, Kleven SH.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88043
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Monoclonal Antibodies to Escherichia coli-Expressed P46 and P65 Membranous Proteins for Specific Immunodetection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Lungs of Infected Pigs. by Bouh KC, Shareck F, Dea S.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154955
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Monoclonal antibodies to surface antigens of a pathogenic Mycoplasma hominis strain. by Olson LD, Shane SW, Karpas AA, Cunningham TM, Probst PS, Barile MF.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257902
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Monoclonal antibodies to surface-exposes proteins of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (small-colony strain), which causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. by Kiarie MN, Rurangirwa FR, Perryman LE, Jasmer DP, McGuire TC.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170441
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Monoclonal Antibody Differentiation of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small-Colony Strains Causing Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia from Less Important Large-Colony Strains. by Rurangirwa FR, Shompole PS, Wambugu AN, McGuire TC.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95906
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Monoclonal antibody E8-18 identifies an integral membrane surface protein unique to Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. by Rurangirwa FR, Shompole PS, Wambugu AN, Kihara SM, McGuire TC.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170610
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Morphology and Ultrastructure of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Spherules. by Boatman ES, Kenny GE.; 1971 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248748
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Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Bacteriophage Infection of the Helical MycoplasmaLike Organism (Spiroplasma citri gen. nov., sp. nov.) Cultured from "Stubborn" Disease of Citrus. by Cole RM, Tully JG, Popkin TJ, Bove JM.; 1973 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246251
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Multigene Families Encoding the Major Hemagglutinins in Phylogenetically Distinct Mycoplasmas. by Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Duffy MF, Whithear KG, Browning GF.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108374
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Multiple Promoter Inversions Generate Surface Antigenic Variation in Mycoplasma penetrans. by Horino A, Sasaki Y, Sasaki T, Kenri T.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=141813
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Mutations in 23S rRNA Account for Intrinsic Resistance to Macrolides in Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma fermentans and for Acquired Resistance to Macrolides in M. hominis. by Pereyre S, Gonzalez P, de Barbeyrac B, Darnige A, Renaudin H, Charron A, Raherison S, Bebear C, Bebear CM.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128781
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Mutations in the gyrA, parC, and parE Genes Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Mycoplasma hominis. by Bebear CM, Renaudin J, Charron A, Renaudin H, de Barbeyrac B, Schaeverbeke T, Bebear C.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89234
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Mycoplasma fermentans, M. hominis, and M. hyorhinis Inhibit Infectivity and Growth of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae in HEp-2 Cells. by KrausseOpatz B, Dollmann P, Zeidler H, Kohler L, Kuipers JG.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87513
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Mycoplasma fermentans-derived high-molecular-weight material induces interleukin-6 release in cultures of murine macrophages and human monocytes. by Quentmeier H, Schmitt E, Kirchhoff H, Grote W, Muhlradt PF.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258620
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Mycoplasma growth factors in bovine serum fraction. by Washburn LR, Hughes JH, Somerson NL.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=222453
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Mycoplasma growth inhibition by arginine. by Washburn LR, Somerson NL.; 1977 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274602
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Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells. by Robertson J, Gomersall M, Gill P.; 1975 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235991
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae colonization of pigs sired by different boars. by Ruiz A, Galina L, Pijoan C.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=226987
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Potentiation of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Induced Pneumonia. by Thacker EL, Halbur PG, Ross RF, Thanawongnuwech R, Thacker BJ.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84495
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Mycoplasma membrane lipoproteins induced proinflammatory cytokines by a mechanism distinct from that of lipopolysaccharide. by Rawadi G, Roman-Roman S.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173813
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Mycoplasma penetrans and Other Mycoplasmas in Urine of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Children. by Hussain AI, Robson WL, Kelley R, Reid T, Gangemi JD.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84818
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium mixture in synovial fluid isolate. by Tully JG, Rose DL, Baseman JB, Dallo SF, Lazzell AL, Davis CP.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228284
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae attachment: competitive inhibition by mycoplasmal binding component and by sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates. by Chandler DK, Grabowski MW, Barile MF.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347781
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadherence phase-variable protein HMW3 is a component of the attachment organelle. by Stevens MK, Krause DC.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206209
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae Induces Chronic Respiratory Infection, Airway Hyperreactivity, and Pulmonary Inflammation: a Murine Model of InfectionAssociated Chronic Reactive Airway Disease. by Hardy RD, Jafri HS, Olsen K, Hatfield J, Iglehart J, Rogers BB, Patel P, Cassell G, McCracken GH, Ramilo O.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127700
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1 Type 1- and Type 2-Specific Sequences within the P1 Cytadhesin Gene of Individual Strains. by Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Wilbrink B, Dankert J, Zaat SA.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98676
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae Protein P30 Is Required for Cytadherence and Associated with Proper Cell Development. by Romero-Arroyo CE, Jordan J, Peacock SJ, Willby MJ, Farmer MA, Krause DC.; 1999 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93483
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Mycoplasma Taxonomy Studied by Electrophoresis of Cell Proteins. by Razin S.; 1968 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252360
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Mycoplasmal Infections Prevent Apoptosis and Induce Malignant Transformation of Interleukin-3-Dependent 32D Hematopoietic Cells. by Feng SH, Tsai S, Rodriguez J, Lo SC.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84884
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Mycoplasmal Lipopeptide MALP-2 Induces the Chemoattractant Proteins Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1[alpha] (MIP-1[alpha]), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1, and MIP-2 and Promotes Leukocyte Infiltration in Mice. by Deiters U, Muhlradt PF.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116522
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Mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) and distinguish them from other MLOs. by Nakashima K, Kato S, Iwanami S, Murata N.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202262
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Mycoplasmas and Oncogenesis: Persistent Infection and Multistage Malignant Transformation. by Tsai S, Wear DJ, Shih JW, Lo S.; 1995 Oct 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40763
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Nisin resistance distinguishes Mycoplasma spp. from Acholeplasma spp. and provides a basis for selective growth media. by Abu-Amero KK, Halablab MA, Miles RJ.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168102
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Nuclease Activities of Mycoplasma gallisepticum as a Function of Culture Age in Different Media. by Cowen BS, Smith SC.; 1972 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247246
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Nucleotide sequence of the deoC gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Loechel S, Inamine JM, Hu PC.; 1989 Jan 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=331626
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Occurrence and Properties of Lactic Dehydrogenases of Fermentative Mycoplasmas. by Neimark H, Lemcke RM.; 1972 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251334
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Occurrence and Ultrastructure of a Variant (rho) Form of Mycoplasma. by Peterson JE, Rodwell AW, Rodwell ES.; 1973 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246254
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P48 Major Surface Antigen of Mycoplasma agalactiae Is Homologous to a malp Product of Mycoplasma fermentans and Belongs to a Selected Family of Bacterial Lipoproteins. by Rosati S, Pozzi S, Robino P, Montinaro B, Conti A, Fadda M, Pittau M.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97020
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Parameters of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Syrian hamsters. by Barile MF, Chandler DK, Yoshida H, Grabowski MW, Harasawa R, Razin S.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259586
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Partitioning, Movement, and Positioning of Nucleoids in Mycoplasma capricolum. by Seto S, Miyata M.; 1999 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103635
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Pathogenicity and cytadherence of Mycoplasma imitans in chicken and duck embryo tracheal organ cultures. by Abdul-Wahab OM, Ross G, Bradbury JM.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173802
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Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma penetrans in experimentally infected chicken embryos. by Hayes MM, Li BJ, Wear DJ, Lo SC.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174241
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Peptide Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase (MsrA) Is a Virulence Determinant in Mycoplasma genitalium. by Dhandayuthapani S, Blaylock MW, Bebear CM, Rasmussen WG, Baseman JB.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95456
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Performance of Meridian ImmunoCard Mycoplasma Test in a multicenter clinical trial. by Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Spanjaard L.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=229498
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Performance of Meridian ImmunoCard Mycoplasma test in a multicenter clinical trial. by Alexander TS, Gray LD, Kraft JA, Leland DS, Nikaido MT, Willis DH.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228978
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Phase Variation among Major Surface Antigens of Mycoplasma penetrans. by Roske K, Blanchard A, Chambaud I, Citti C, Helbig JH, Prevost MC, Rosengarten R, Jacobs E.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98858
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Phase Variations of the Mycoplasma penetrans Main Surface Lipoprotein Increase Antigenic Diversity. by Neyrolles O, Chambaud I, Ferris S, Prevost MC, Sasaki T, Montagnier L, Blanchard A.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96498
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pH-controlled continuous cultivation of mycoplasmas. by Krebs B, Schutz M, Fischer M, Sommer G, Kirchhoff H.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184213
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Phenotypic Switching in Mycoplasma gallisepticum Hemadsorption Is Governed by a High-Frequency, Reversible Point Mutation. by Winner F, Markova I, Much P, Lugmair A, Siebert-Gulle K, Vogl G, Rosengarten R, Citti C.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148866
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Phosphatase activity as a criterion for differentiation of oral mycoplasmas. by Shibata K, Totsuka M, Watanabe T.; 1986 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268765
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Phylogeny of mycoplasmalike organisms (phytoplasmas): a basis for their classification. by Gundersen DE, Lee IM, Rehner SA, Davis RE, Kingsbury DT.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=196707
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Phylogeny of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster as determined by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA genes from the two rRNA operons. by Pettersson B, Leitner T, Ronaghi M, Bolske G, Uhlen M, Johansson KE.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178170
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Phylogeny-Based Rapid Identification of Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas from Urethritis Patients. by Yoshida T, Maeda SI, Deguchi T, Ishiko H.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120092
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Physical Map and Genome Sequencing Survey of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Haemobartonella felis). by Berent LM, Messick JB.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155732
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Physiological and Serological Comparisons Among Strains of Mycoplasma granularum and Mycoplasma laidlawii. by Tully JG, Razin S.; 1968 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252169
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Plasminogen Binding and Activation by Mycoplasma fermentans. by Yavlovich A, Higazi AA, Rottem S.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98120
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pMGA Phenotypic Variation in Mycoplasma gallisepticum Occurs In Vivo and Is Mediated by Trinucleotide Repeat Length Variation. by Glew MD, Browning GF, Markham PF, Walker ID.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101567
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Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. by Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen J, Vuust J, Lind K.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269700
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Polymorphism in genes for the enzyme arginine deiminase among Mycoplasma species. by Sugimura K, Ohno T, Azuma I, Yamamoto K.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302723
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Possible association of segregated lipid domains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum membranes with cell resistance to osmotic lysis. by Rottem S, Verkleij AJ.; 1982 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216627
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Presence of Lpsd Mutation Influences Cytokine Regulation In Vivo by the Mycoplasma arthritidis Mitogen Superantigen and Lethal Toxicity in Mice Infected with M. arthritidis. by Mu HH, Sawitzke AD, Cole BC.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98404
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Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Immunoglobulin G and A Antibodies in a Healthy Finnish Population as Analyzed by Quantitative Enzyme Immunoassays. by Tuuminen T, Varjo S, Ingman H, Weber T, Oksi J, Viljanen M.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95947
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Processing and surface presentation of the Mycoplasma hyorhinis variant lipoprotein VlpC. by Cleavinger CM, Kim MF, Wise KS.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205375
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Properties of Mycoplasma hominis 4330. by Morton HE, Roberts RJ.; 1967 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276499
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Proposal for Classifying Human Strain Navel and Related Simian Mycoplasmas as Mycoplasma primatum sp. n. by DelGiudice RA, Carski TR, Barile MF, Lemcke RM, Tully JG.; 1971 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247083
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Proposal for Classifying Strain PG-24 and Related Canine Mycoplasmas as Mycoplasma edwardii sp. n. by Tully JG, Barile MF, Del Giudice RA, Carski TR, Armstrong D, Razin S.; 1970 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284912
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Protection of rats against Mycoplasma arthritidis-induced arthritis by active and passive immunizations with two surface antigens. by Washburn LR, Weaver EJ.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170526
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Protein and antigen heterogeneity among strains of Mycoplasma fermentans. by Stadtlander CT, Zuhua C, Watson HL, Cassell GH.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258174
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Protein variability among strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Watson HL, Davidson MK, Cox NR, Davis JK, Dybvig K, Cassell GH.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259986
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Proton motive force across the membrane of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and its possible role in cell volume regulation. by Rottem S, Linker C, Wilson TH.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=217132
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Pulse-field electrophoresis indicates full-length Mycoplasma chromosomes range widely in size. by Neimark HC, Lange CS.; 1990 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=332222
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Purification and characterization of an arginine-specific carboxypeptidase from Mycoplasma salivarium. by Shibata K, Watanabe T.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211033
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Purification and characterization of Mycoplasma penetrans Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent endonuclease. by Bendjennat M, Blanchard A, Loutfi M, Montagnier L, Bahraoui E.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178957
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Purification of Encephalitozoon Cultures Contaminated by Mycoplasmas by Murine Intraperitoneal Inoculation. by Ridoux O, Foucault C, Drancourt M.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105057
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Quantitative Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from First-Pass Urine of Men with Urethritis and Asymptomatic Men by Real-Time PCR. by Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M, Maeda SI, Tamaki M, Ishiko H.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140368
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Rapid Detection of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia by a Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Capsular Polysaccharide-Specific Antigen Detection Latex Agglutination Test. by March JB, Kerr K, Lema B.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150542
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Rapid Detection of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Using a Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide-Specific Antigen Detection Latex Agglutination Test. by March JB, Gammack C, Nicholas R.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87556
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Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum Organisms in Genitourinary Samples by PCRMicrotiter Plate Hybridization Assay. by Yoshida T, Maeda SI, Deguchi T, Miyazawa T, Ishiko H.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154667
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Rapid detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by an assay based on PCR and probe hybridization in a nonradioactive microwell plate format. by Kessler HH, Dodge DE, Pierer K, Young KK, Liao Y, Santner BI, Eber E, Roeger MG, Stuenzner D, Sixl-Voigt B, Marth E.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229795
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Rapid identification of mycoplasmas by indirect immunoperoxidase test using small square filter paper. by Imada Y, Uchida I, Hashimoto K.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265805
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Rapid, sensitive detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in simulated clinical specimens by DNA amplification. by Buck GE, O'Hara LC, Summersgill JT.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270650
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Rapid-Cycle PCR for Detection and Typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Clinical Specimens. by Kong F, Gordon S, Gilbert GL.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87576
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Reacquisition of Specific Proteins Confers Virulence in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Krause DC, Leith DK, Baseman JB.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348024
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Re-annotating the Mycoplasma pneumoniae genome sequence: adding value, function and reading frames. by Dandekar T, Huynen M, Regula JT, Ueberle B, Zimmermann CU, Andrade MA, Doerks T, Sanchez-Pulido L, Snel B, Suyama M, Yuan YP, Herrmann R, Bork P.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110705
88
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Recombinant 46-kilodalton surface antigen (P46) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae expressed in Escherichia coli can be used for early specific diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Futo S, Seto Y, Okada M, Sato S, Suzuki T, Kawai K, Imada Y, Mori Y.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228013
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Regulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Lung Epithelial Cells Infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128054
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Release of Mycoplasma pneumoniae substances after phagocytosis by guinea pig alveolar macrophages. by Kist M, Jacobs E, Bredt W.; 1982 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351226
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Restoration of Cytoadherence to an Adherence-Deficient Mutant of Mycoplasma arthritidis by Genetic Complementation. by Washburn LR, Bird DW, Dybvig K.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145394
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Role of arginine deiminase in growth of Mycoplasma hominis. by Fenske JD, Kenny GE.; 1976 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=233306
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Role of Mycoplasma penetrans Endonuclease P40 as a Potential Pathogenic Determinant. by Bendjennat M, Blanchard A, Loutfi M, Montagnier L, Bahraoui E.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96764
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Role of Na+ cycle in cell volume regulation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Shirvan MH, Schuldiner S, Rottem S.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210219
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Search for the presence of six Mycoplasma species in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of subjects seropositive and seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus. by Kovacic R, Launay V, Tuppin P, Lafeuillade A, Feuillie V, Montagnier L, Grau O.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229121
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Selective detection of Mycoplasma fermentans by polymerase chain reaction and by using a nucleotide sequence within the insertion sequence-like element. by Wang RY, Hu WS, Dawson MS, Shih JW, Lo SC.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265034
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Selective detection of Mycoplasma hyorhinis using cloned genomic DNA fragments. by Taylor MA, Wise KS, McIntosh MA.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261402
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Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA from mycoplasmas by direct solid-phase DNA sequencing. by Pettersson B, Johansson KE, Uhlen M.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201670
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Sequence and TnphoA analysis of a Mycoplasma hyorhinis protein with membrane export function. by Yogev D, Watson-McKown R, McIntosh MA, Wise KS.; 1991 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207738
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Sequence divergence in the ORF6 gene of Mycoplasma pneumonia. by Ruland K, Himmelreich R, Herrmann R.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=196702
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Sequencing analysis reveals a unique gene organization in the gyrB region of Mycoplasma hominis. by Ladefoged SA, Christiansen G.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=196789
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Serological Comparison of Ten Glycolytic Mycoplasma Species. by Kenny GE.; 1969 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315294
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Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Lind K, Lindhardt BO, Schutten HJ, Blom J, Christiansen C.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271513
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Shared epitopes between Mycoplasma pneumoniae major adhesin protein P1 and a 140-kilodalton protein of Mycoplasma genitalium. by Morrison-Plummer J, Lazzell A, Baseman JB.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260279
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Sialic Acid Residues Mediate Mycoplasma pneumoniae Attachment to Human and Sheep Erythrocytes. by Baseman JB, Banai M, Kahane I.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347745
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Significant Role of Interleukin-8 in Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Disease Due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection. by Narita M, Tanaka H, Yamada S, Abe S, Ariga T, Sakiyama Y.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96192
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Simple method for quantitation of viable mycoplasmas. by Albers AC, Fletcher RD.; 1982 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241948
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Sodium and proton transport in Mycoplasma gallisepticum. by Linker C, Wilson TH.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=219267
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Sparfloxacin Selects Gyrase Mutations in First-Step Mycoplasma hominis Mutants, whereas Ofloxacin Selects Topoisonmerase IV Mutations. by Kenny GE, Young PA, Cartwright FD, Sjostrom KE, Huang WM.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89506
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Spatial arrangement of gene products of the P1 operon in the membrane of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Layh-Schmitt G, Herrmann R.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186212
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Species-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies to Escherichia coli-Expressed p36 Cytosolic Protein of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. by Caron J, Sawyer N, Moumen BB, Bouh KC, Dea S.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95908
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Spectrophotometric Method for Determining Titers of Antimycoplasma Metabolism Inhibition Antibody. by Washburn LR.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242284
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Stability and Subcellular Localization of Cytadherence-Associated Protein P65 in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Jordan JL, Berry KM, Balish MF, Krause DC.; 2001 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95588
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Stability of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Cytadherence-Accessory Protein HMW1 Correlates with Its Association with the Triton Shell. by Balish MF, Hahn TW, Popham PL, Krause DC.; 2001 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95245
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Stable RNA synthesis and its control in Mycoplasma capricolum. by Glaser G, Razin A, Razin S.; 1981 Aug 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=327380
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Striated fibers of the rho form of Mycoplasma: in vitro reassembly, composition, and structure. by Rodwell AW, Peterson JE, Rodwell ES.; 1975 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246179
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Structure and Specific Activity of Macrophage-Stimulating Lipopeptides from Mycoplasma hyorhinis. by Muhlradt PF, Kiess M, Meyer H, Sussmuth R, Jung G.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108593
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Studies with Lectins on the Surface Carbohydrate Structures of Mycoplasma Membranes. by Schiefer HG, Gerhardt U, Brunner H, Krupe M.; 1974 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245733
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Subunit structure of the variable V-1 antigen of Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Watson HL, Dybvig K, Blalock DK, Cassell GH.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313340
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Successive synovial Mycoplasma hominis isolates exhibit apparent antigenic variation. by Olson LD, Renshaw CA, Shane SW, Barile MF.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258176
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Surface Diversity in Mycoplasma agalactiae Is Driven by Site-Specific DNA Inversions within the vpma Multigene Locus. by Glew MD, Marenda M, Rosengarten R, Citti C.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135373
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Surface proteins of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae identified from an Escherichia coli expression plasmid library. by Klinkert MQ, Herrmann R, Schaller H.; 1985 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262019
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Surfactant protein A mediates mycoplasmacidal activity of alveolar macrophages by production of peroxynitrite. by Hickman-Davis J, Gibbs-Erwin J, Lindsey JR, Matalon S.; 1999 Apr 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21798
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Survey of immunoglobulin A protease activity among selected species of Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma: specificity for host immunoglobulin A. by Kapatais-Zoumbos K, Chandler DK, Barile MF.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261363
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Survival of feline mycoplasmas in urine. by Brown MB, Stoll M, Maxwell J, Senior DF.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269942
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Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma hyorhinis to Membrane-Active Peptides and Enrofloxacin in Human Tissue Cell Cultures. by NirPaz R, Prevost MC, Nicolas P, Blanchard A, Wroblewski H.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127185
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Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, Dalfopristin, Dirithromycin, Evernimicin, Gatifloxacin, Linezolid, Moxifloxacin, Quinupristin-Dalfopristin, and Telithromycin Compared to Their Susceptibilities to Reference Macrolides, Tetracyclines, and Quinolones. by Kenny GE, Cartwright FD.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90699
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Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to a new quinolone, OPC 17116. by Kenny GE, Cartwright FD.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188054
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Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to new glycylcyclines in comparison with those to older tetracyclines. by Kenny GE, Cartwright FD.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188253
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Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to a new quinolone, trovafloxacin (CP-99,219). by Kenny GE, Cartwright FD.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163260
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Tetracycline-resistant Mycoplasma hominis strains contain streptococcal tetM sequences. by Roberts MC, Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, LeBlanc DJ, Kenny GE.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176326
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The Adherence-Associated Lipoprotein P100, Encoded by an opp Operon Structure, Functions as the Oligopeptide-Binding Domain OppA of a Putative Oligopeptide Transport System in Mycoplasma hominis. by Henrich B, Hopfe M, Kitzerow A, Hadding U.; 1999 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93974
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The complete genome sequence of the murine respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma pulmonis. by Chambaud I, Heilig R, Ferris S, Barbe V, Samson D, Galisson F, Moszer I, Dybvig K, Wroblewski H, Viari A, P.C. Rocha E, Blanchard A.; 2001 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55444
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The complete genomic sequence of Mycoplasma penetrans, an intracellular bacterial pathogen in humans. by Sasaki Y, Ishikawa J, Yamashita A, Oshima K, Kenri T, Furuya K, Yoshino C, Horino A, Shiba T, Sasaki T, Hattori M.; 2002 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137978
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The Hemagglutination-Positive Phenotype of Mycoplasma synoviae Induces Experimental Infectious Synovitis in Chickens More Frequently than Does the Hemagglutination-Negative Phenotype. by Narat M, Bencina D, Kleven SH, Habe F.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108761
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The immunodominant 90-kilodalton protein is localized on the terminal tip structure of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Franzoso G, Hu PC, Meloni GA, Barile MF.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281395
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The proline-rich P65 protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a component of the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction and exhibits size polymorphism in the strains M129 and FH. by Proft T, Hilbert H, Layh-Schmitt G, Herrmann R.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177038
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The Vlp system of Mycoplasma hyorhinis: combinatorial expression of distinct size variant lipoproteins generating high-frequency surface antigenic variation. by Rosengarten R, Wise KS.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208157
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The vsp Locus of Mycoplasma bovis: Gene Organization and Structural Features. by Lysnyansky I, Sachse K, Rosenbusch R, Levisohn S, Yogev D.; 1999 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94094
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Toxicity but not arthritogenicity of Mycoplasma arthritidis for mice associates with the haplotype expressed at the major histocompatibility complex. by Cole BC, Thorpe RN, Hassell LA, Washburn LR, Ward JR.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264601
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Transcription in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Weiner J III, Herrmann R, Browning GF.; 2000 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113885
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Transcriptional Activation of mRNA of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 and Induction of Its Cell Surface Expression in Normal Human Gingival Fibroblasts by Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma fermentans. by Dong L, Shibata KI, Sawa Y, Hasebe A, Yamaoka Y, Yoshida S, Watanabe T.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96622
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Transcriptional Analysis of the hmw Gene Cluster of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Waldo RH III, Popham PL, Romero-Arroyo CE, Mothershed EA, Lee KK, Krause DC.; 1999 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93987
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Transition mutations in the 23S rRNA of erythromycin-resistant isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. by Lucier TS, Heitzman K, Liu SK, Hu PC.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163027
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Transmembrane diffusion channels in Mycoplasma gallisepticum induced by tetanolysin. by Rottem S, Groover K, Habig WH, Barile MF, Hardegree MC.; 1990 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258507
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Transposon mutagenesis reinforces the correlation between Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytoskeletal protein HMW2 and cytadherence. by Krause DC, Proft T, Hedreyda CT, Hilbert H, Plagens H, Herrmann R.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179017
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Trinucleotide GAA Repeats Dictate pMGA Gene Expression in Mycoplasma gallisepticum by Affecting Spacing between Flanking Regions. by Liu L, Panangala VS, Dybvig K.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134842
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Two New Point Mutations at A2062 Associated with Resistance to 16-Membered Macrolide Antibiotics in Mutant Strains of Mycoplasma hominis. by Furneri PM, Rappazzo G, Musumarra MP, Di Pietro P, Catania LS, Roccasalva LS.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90764
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Typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by PCR-mediated DNA fingerprinting. by Ursi D, Ieven M, van Bever H, Quint W, Niesters HG, Goossens H.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264182
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Ultrastructure and Capsule of Mycoplasma meleagridis. by Green F III, Hanson RP.; 1973 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285476
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Unexpected Cross-Reaction with Fusobacterium necrophorum in a PCR for Detection of Mycoplasmas. by Jensen JS, Bruun B, Gahrn-Hansen B.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84573
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Unusual Colonies of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T Mycoplasmas) in Primary Agar Cultures of Certain Urine Specimens. by Shepard MC, Lunceford CD.; 1975 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274208
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Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in the Gopher Tortoise Is Caused by Mycoplasma agassizii. by Brown MB, McLaughlin GS, Klein PA, Crenshaw BC, Schumacher IM, Brown DR, Jacobson ER.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85132
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Uptake of fatty acids by Mycoplasma capricolum. by Dahl J.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211080
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Use of Real-Time PCR To Detect and Quantify Mycoplasma haemofelis and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum" DNA. by Tasker S, Helps CR, Day MJ, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Harbour DA.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149582
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Vaccination of Lewis rats with temperature-sensitive mutants of Mycoplasma pulmonis: adoptive transfer of immunity by spleen cells but not by sera. by Lai WC, Bennett M, Lu YS, Pakes SP.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257747
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Variable Lipoprotein Genes of Mycoplasma agalactiae Are Activated In Vivo by Promoter Addition via Site-Specific DNA Inversions. by Flitman-Tene R, MudahiOrenstein S, Levisohn S, Yogev D.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162021
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Variable Surface Protein Vmm of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Type. by Persson A, Jacobsson K, Frykberg L, Johansson KE, Poumarat F.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135138
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Variant colony surface antigenic phenotypes within mycoplasma strain populations: implications for species identification and strain standardization. by Rosengarten R, Yogev D.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228749
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Visualization of the Attachment Organelle and Cytadherence Proteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by Immunofluorescence Microscopy. by Seto S, LayhSchmitt G, Kenri T, Miyata M.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95047
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Volume regulation in Mycoplasma gallisepticum: evidence that Na+ is extruded via a primary Na+ pump. by Shirvan MH, Schuldiner S, Rottem S.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210220
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with mycoplasma, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for mycoplasma (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of Mycoplasma hominis meningo-encephalitis in a full-term infant: rapid recovery after start of treatment with ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Wolthers KC, Kornelisse RF, Platenkamp GJ, Schuurman-Van Der Lem MI, van der Schee C, Hartwig NG, Verduin CM. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 July; 162(7-8): 514-6. Epub 2003 May 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740695
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A gene family in Mycoplasma imitans closely related to the pMGA family of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Author(s): Markham PF, Duffy MF, Glew MD, Browning GF. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 1999 August; 145 ( Pt 8): 2095-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10463176
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Absence of Mycoplasma species DNA in chronic fatigue syndrome. Author(s): Vernon SD, Shukla SK, Reeves WC. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 November; 52(Pt 11): 1027-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532349
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Acute bilateral thalamic necrosis in a child with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Ashtekar CS, Jaspan T, Thomas D, Weston V, Gayatri NA, Whitehouse WP. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2003 September; 45(9): 634-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948332
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Acute central and peripheral demyelination associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Tan MJ, Chattophadyay AK, Griffiths PD, Baxter PS. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 September; 29(3): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629909
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Acute motor axonal neuropathy associated with IgM anti-GM1 following Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Heckmann JG, Sommer JB, Druschky A, Erbguth FJ, Steck AJ, Neundorfer B. Source: European Neurology. 1999; 41(3): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10202255
96
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Acute nephritis and respiratory tract infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Siomou E, Kollios KD, Papadimitriou P, Kostoula A, Papadopoulou ZL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 December; 22(12): 1103-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688577
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An interlaboratory comparison for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory samples by the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Ursi D, Ieven M, Noordhoek GT, Ritzler M, Zandleven H, Altwegg M. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2003 June; 53(3): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12689706
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Antenatal mycoplasma infection, the fetal inflammatory response and cerebral white matter damage in very-low-birthweight infants. Author(s): Dammann O, Allred EN, Genest DR, Kundsin RB, Leviton A. Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2003 January; 17(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562472
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Anterior uveitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: a case report. Author(s): Di Maria A, Ruberto G, Redaelli C, Gualtieri G. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1999 June; 77(3): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10406161
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Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60 kDa and detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and ureaplasma urealyticum are associated independently with chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Horner P, Thomas B, Gilroy C, Egger M, McClure M, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 February; 30(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567170
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Antigenic characterization and cytolocalization of P35, the major Mycoplasma penetrans antigen. Author(s): Neyrolles O, Eliane JP, Ferris S, da Cunha RA, Prevost MC, Bahraoui E, Blanchard A. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 1999 February; 145 ( Pt 2): 343-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10075417
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Aplastic anemia after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: a report of two cases. Author(s): Stephan JL, Galambrun C, Pozzetto B, Grattard F, Bordigoni P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 1999 July-August; 21(4): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10445893
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Application of NucliSens Basic Kit for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory specimens. Author(s): Loens K, Ieven M, Ursi D, Foolen H, Sillekens P, Goossens H. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2003 July; 54(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732431
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Applying network theory to epidemics: control measures for Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreaks. Author(s): Ancel Meyers L, Newman ME, Martin M, Schrag S. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 204-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603991
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Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infection. Author(s): Stacey A, Bradlow A. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1999 January; 38(1): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090506
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Aseptic meningitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a 19-year-old woman. Author(s): Cano-Sanchez A, Cano-Gracia H, Fernandez-Pardo J, Artero-Galan JM, Gonzalez-Sicilia L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 March; 18(3): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10357062
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Association of Mycoplasma fermentans with Adamantiades-Behcet's disease. Author(s): Zouboulis CC, Turnbull JR, Muhlradt PF. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2003; 528: 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918688
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Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H, Thomas K, Gokhale R, Hay P, Herring A, Rogers PA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 August; 56(8): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890814
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Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H, Thomas K, Gokhale R, Hay P, Herring A, Rogers PA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 April; 79(2): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690141
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B cell-deficient muMT mice as an experimental model for Mycoplasma infections in X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Author(s): Berglof A, Sandstedt K, Feinstein R, Bolske G, Smith CI. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 1997 August; 27(8): 2118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9295053
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Bacteremia with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in patients undergoing hysterectomy. Author(s): Daxboeck F, Iro E, Tamussino K, Krause R, Assadian O, Wenisch C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 October; 22(10): 60811. Epub 2003 September 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680393
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Bactericidal activity of levofloxacin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Duffy LB, Crabb DM, Bing X, Waites KB. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 52(3): 527-8. Epub 2003 July 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888583
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Bell's palsy associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Papaevangelou V, Falaina V, Syriopoulou V, Theodordou M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 November; 18(11): 1024-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10571447
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Benign isolated abducens nerve palsy in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Wang CH, Chou ML, Huang CH. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1998 January; 18(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9492096
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Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis associated with IgG anti-GQ1b antibody subsequent to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: favorable response to immunoadsorption therapy. Author(s): Kikuchi M, Tagawa Y, Iwamoto H, Hoshino H, Yuki N. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1997 September; 12(6): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9309527
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Bilateral optic papillitis following mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Author(s): Milla E, Zografos L, Piguet B. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1998; 212(5): 344-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9693295
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Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Carlisle LK. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1999 May; 38(5): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10349529
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Bilateral striatal necrosis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in an adolescent: clinical and neuroradiologic follow up. Author(s): Zambrino CA, Zorzi G, Lanzi G, Uggetti C, Egitto MG. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2000 September; 15(5): 1023-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11009221
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Bilateral transient amaurosis following Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: a manifestation of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Author(s): Cvenkel B. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 July; 17(5): 673-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12855991
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Binding of Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen to human MHC class II molecules via its N terminus is modulated by invariant chain expression and its C terminus is required for T cell activation. Author(s): Langlois MA, Etongue-Mayer P, Ouellette M, Mourad W. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2000 June; 30(6): 1748-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898513
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Biochemical diversity of Mycoplasma fermentans strains. Author(s): Ozcan SA, Miles R. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1999 July 1; 176(1): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418144
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Biofunctional domains of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae P30 adhesin. Author(s): Dallo SF, Lazzell AL, Chavoya A, Reddy SP, Baseman JB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1996 July; 64(7): 2595-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698484
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Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and persistent cough in children. Author(s): Hallander HO, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, Olin P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999; 31(3): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10482058
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Brainstem and striatal encephalitis complicating Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: possible benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin. Author(s): Sakoulas G. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 May; 20(5): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11368117
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Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Llibre JM, Urban A, Garcia E, Carrasco MA, Murcia C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 December; 25(6): 1340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9431373
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Bronchitis obliterans due to Mycoplasma pneumonia. Author(s): Leong MA, Nachajon R, Ruchelli E, Allen JL. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1997 May; 23(5): 375-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9168512
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Cell surface antigens of Mycoplasma species bovine group 7 bind to and activate plasminogen. Author(s): Bower K, Djordjevic SP, Andronicos NM, Ranson M. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 August; 71(8): 4823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874368
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Central serous chorioretinopathy after inhaled steroid use for post-mycoplasmal bronchospasm. Author(s): Fardin B, Weissgold DJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 September; 86(9): 1065-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185142
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Characteristics of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated from patients and induced with erythromycin in vitro. Author(s): Okazaki N, Narita M, Yamada S, Izumikawa K, Umetsu M, Kenri T, Sasaki Y, Arakawa Y, Sasaki T. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2001; 45(8): 617-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11592636
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Chronic bronchitis in immunocompromised patients: association with a novel Mycoplasma species. Author(s): Webster D, Windsor H, Ling C, Windsor D, Pitcher D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 22(9): 530-4. Epub 2003 August 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942342
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Clinical features of culture-proven Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Madani TA, Al-Ghamdi AA. Source: Bmc Infectious Diseases [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 6. Epub 2001 July 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11472636
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Coinfection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in ruptured plaques associated with acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Higuchi Mde L, Reis MM, Sambiase NV, Palomino SA, Castelli JB, Gutierrez PS, Aiello VD, Ramires JA. Source: Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia. 2003 July; 81(1): 12-22, 1-11. Epub 2003 July 31. English, Portuguese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908069
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Comparative antibiotic eradication of mycoplasma infections from continuous cell lines. Author(s): Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Source: In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal. 2002 February; 38(2): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11929000
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Comparative in vitro susceptibilities and bactericidal activities of investigational fluoroquinolone ABT-492 and other antimicrobial agents against human mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. Author(s): Waites KB, Crabb DM, Duffy LB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 47(12): 3973-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638513
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Comparative in-vitro activity of levofloxacin, other fluoroquinolones, doxycycline and erythromycin against Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Ullmann U, Schubert S, Krausse R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 June; 43 Suppl C: 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10404335
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Comparative PCR analysis for detection of mycoplasma infections in continuous cell lines. Author(s): Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Source: In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal. 2002 February; 38(2): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928999
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Comparison and evaluation of real-time PCR, real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, conventional PCR, and serology for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, Graffelman AW, Van Schie JM, Crielaard JW, Sillekens P, Van Den Broek PJ, Goossens H, Beersma MF, Claas EC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 41(9): 4366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12958270
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Comparison of in-vitro activities of SCH27899 and other antibiotics against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Ikejima H, Yamamoto H, Ishida K, Terakubo S, Kaku M, Shimada J. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2001 June; 7(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11455504
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Comparison of restriction pattern polymorphism of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Tola S, Idini G, Rocchigiani AM, Manunta D, Angioi PP, Rocca S, Cocco M, Leori G. Source: Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1999 April; 46(3): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10337242
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Corticosteroid therapy for hemolytic anemia and respiratory failure due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Author(s): Tsuruta R, Kawamura Y, Inoue T, Kasaoka S, Sadamitsu D, Maekawa T. Source: Intern Med. 2002 March; 41(3): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11929187
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Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe mycoplasma encephalitis in children. Author(s): Carpenter TC. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2002 April; 30(4): 925-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11940772
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Cross-reactive anti-galactocerebroside antibodies and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ang CW, Tio-Gillen AP, Groen J, Herbrink P, Jacobs BC, Van Koningsveld R, Osterhaus AD, Van der Meche FG, van Doorn PA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2002 September; 130(1-2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225900
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Culturally verified Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in Japan: a long-term observation from 1979-99. Author(s): Ito I, Ishida T, Osawa M, Arita M, Hashimoto T, Hongo T, Mishima M. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 October; 127(2): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693516
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Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis and encephalitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Perez C, Montes M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 February 11; 162(3): 352-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822929
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Cyto-adherence studies of the adhesin P50 of Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Kitzerow A, Hadding U, Henrich B. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1999 May; 48(5): 485-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10229546
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Cytokine secretion in children with acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and wheeze. Author(s): Esposito S, Droghetti R, Bosis S, Claut L, Marchisio P, Principi N. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2002 August; 34(2): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12112778
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Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis. Author(s): Dupin N, Bijaoui G, Schwarzinger M, Ernault P, Gerhardt P, Jdid R, Hilab S, Pantoja C, Buffet M, Escande JP, Costa JM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 August 15; 37(4): 602-5. Epub 2003 July 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12905147
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Detection of bacterial vaginosis-related organisms by real-time PCR for Lactobacilli, Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Zariffard MR, Saifuddin M, Sha BE, Spear GT. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 December 13; 34(4): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12443827
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Detection of Mycoplasma fermentans in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid specimens from AIDS patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Author(s): Ainsworth JG, Clarke J, Lipman M, Mitchell D, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: Hiv Medicine. 2000 October; 1(4): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737352
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Detection of Mycoplasma fermentans in saliva sampled from infants, preschool and school children, adolescents and adults by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Author(s): Shibata K, Kaga M, Kudo M, Dong L, Hasebe A, Domon H, Sato Y, Oguchi H, Watanabe T. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1999; 43(6): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10480547
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Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Author(s): Jensen JS, Borre MB, Dohn B. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517858
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Detection of mycoplasma in leukemia-lymphoma cell lines using polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2002 February; 16(2): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11840297
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Author(s): Loens K, Ieven M, Ursi D, Beck T, Overdijk M, Sillekens P, Goossens H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 41(9): 4448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12958290
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with M. pneumoniae infection-”associated” stroke. Author(s): Padovan CS, Pfister HW, Bense S, Fingerle V, Abele-Horn M. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 November 15; 33(10): E119-21. Epub 2001 October 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11595996
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory samples by real-time PCR using an inhibition control. Author(s): Ursi D, Dirven K, Loens K, Ieven M, Goossens H. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2003 October; 55(1): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500006
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Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in spiked clinical samples by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. Author(s): Loens K, Ursi D, Ieven M, van Aarle P, Sillekens P, Oudshoorn P, Goossens H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923354
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Detection of Mycoplasma ribosomal DNA sequences in ovarian tumors by nested PCR. Author(s): Quirk JT, Kupinski JM, DiCioccio RA. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2001 December; 83(3): 560-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11733972
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Detection of mycoplasmal infections in blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Haier J, Nasralla M, Franco AR, Nicolson GL. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 June; 38(6): 504-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10402069
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Detection of several Mycoplasma species at various anatomical sites of homosexual men. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Keane FE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 22(5): 291-3. Epub 2003 May 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734722
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Detection of viral, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children. Author(s): Freymuth F, Vabret A, Brouard J, Toutain F, Verdon R, Petitjean J, Gouarin S, Duhamel JF, Guillois B. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 1999 August; 13(3): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10443789
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Development and performance of a microwell-plate-based polymerase chain reaction assay for Mycoplasma genitalium. Author(s): Dutro SM, Hebb JK, Garin CA, Hughes JP, Kenny GE, Totten PA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2003 October; 30(10): 756-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520174
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Development of a multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract secretions. Author(s): Welti M, Jaton K, Altwegg M, Sahli R, Wenger A, Bille J. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 February; 45(2): 85-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614979
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Diagnostic assessment of Mycoplasma genitalium in culture-positive women. Author(s): Baseman JB, Cagle M, Korte JE, Herrera C, Rasmussen WG, Baseman JG, Shain R, Piper JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 January; 42(1): 203-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715754
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Disseminated Mycoplasma orale infection in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Paessler M, Levinson A, Patel JB, Schuster M, Minda M, Nachamkin I. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 October; 44(2): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12458129
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DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV mutations in clinical isolates of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis resistant to fluoroquinolones. Author(s): Bebear CM, Renaudin H, Charron A, Clerc M, Pereyre S, Bebear C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 October; 47(10): 3323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506049
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Drift of tetM determinant in urogenital microbiocenosis containing mycoplasmas during treatment with a tetracycline antibiotic. Author(s): Taraskina AE, Savicheva AM, Akopian TA, Soroka AE, Momynaliev KT, Govorun VM. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002 July; 134(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12459871
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Effect of age on antibody titer to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Daxboeck F, Kircher K, Krause R, Heinzl H, Wenisch C, Stanek G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(8): 577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12238572
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Effect of controlled expression of the melittin gene on infection caused by Mycoplasma hominis in cell culture. Author(s): Lazarev VN, Govorun VM, Parfenova TM, Akopian TA, Lopukhin Y. Source: Doklady. Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001 May-June; 378: 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11712175
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Effect of some psychotropic drugs and a barbiturate on mycoplasmas. Author(s): Lind K, Kristiansen JE. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2000 April; 14(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10773494
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Effects of Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus on differentiation of THP-1 cells. Author(s): Reyes L, Davidson MK, Thomas LC, Davis JK. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 July; 67(7): 3188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10377089
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Effects of mycoplasmal LAMPs on receptor responses to steroid hormones in mammalian cells. Author(s): Iyama K, Zhang S, Lo SC. Source: Current Microbiology. 2001 September; 43(3): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11400064
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Elevated cytokine and chemokine levels and prolonged pulmonary airflow resistance in a murine Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia model: a microbiologic, histologic, immunologic, and respiratory plethysmographic profile. Author(s): Hardy RD, Jafri HS, Olsen K, Wordemann M, Hatfield J, Rogers BB, Patel P, Duffy L, Cassell G, McCracken GH, Ramilo O. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 June; 69(6): 3869-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11349053
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Elimination of mycoplasma from leukemia-lymphoma cell lines using antibiotics. Author(s): Uphoff CC, Meyer C, Drexler HG. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2002 February; 16(2): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11840296
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Emerging role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in paediatric respiratory-tract infections. Author(s): Principi N, Esposito S. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2001 December; 1(5): 334-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11871806
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Emerging role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with acute pharyngitis. Author(s): Esposito S, Cavagna R, Bosis S, Droghetti R, Faelli N, Principi N. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 August; 21(8): 607-10. Epub 2002 August 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12226692
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Enterovirus, mycoplasma and other infections as predictors for myocardial infarction. Author(s): Reunanen A, Roivainen M, Kleemola M, Saikku P, Leinonen M, Hovi T, Knekt P, Leino A, Aromaa A. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2002 November; 252(5): 421-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12528760
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Eosinophilic pleural effusion due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Shklarsky S, Miron D, Horowitz Y. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 1999 October; 1(2): 123-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731313
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Etiology of urethral discharge in West Africa: the role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis. Author(s): Pepin J, Sobela F, Deslandes S, Alary M, Wegner K, Khonde N, Kintin F, Kamuragiye A, Sylla M, Zerbo PJ, Baganizi E, Kone A, Kane F, Masse B, Viens P, Frost E. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79(2): 118-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11242818
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Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Rastawicki W, Jagielski M, Kaluzewski S, Gierczynski R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 May; 21(5): 417-8. Epub 2002 May 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072933
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Evaluation of BacT/ALERT system for detection of Mycoplasma hominis in simulated blood cultures. Author(s): Waites KB, Canupp KC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 December; 39(12): 4328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11724840
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Evaluation of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae as etiologic agents of persistent cough in adolescents and adults. Author(s): Wadowsky RM, Castilla EA, Laus S, Kozy A, Atchison RW, Kingsley LA, Ward JI, Greenberg DP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 February; 40(2): 637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11825984
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Evaluation of four commercial immunoglobulin G (IgG)- and IgM-specific enzyme immunoassays for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Author(s): Petitjean J, Vabret A, Gouarin S, Freymuth F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 January; 40(1): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773112
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Evaluation of the Etest for susceptibility testing of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Author(s): Dosa E, Nagy E, Falk W, Szoke I, Ballies U. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 April; 43(4): 575-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10350390
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Expression of the monocytic differentiation/activation factor P48 in Mycoplasma species. Author(s): Hall RE, Kestler DP, Agarwal S, Goldstein KM. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 1999 September; 27(3): 145-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10455005
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Extensive myelitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: magnetic resonance imaging and clinical long-term follow-up. Author(s): Goebels N, Helmchen C, Abele-Horn M, Gasser T, Pfister HW. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 March; 248(3): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11355154
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Extracellular ATP regulates cell death of lymphocytes and monocytes induced by membrane-bound lipoproteins of Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma salivarium. Author(s): Into T, Okada K, Inoue N, Yasuda M, Shibata K. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46(10): 667-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477245
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Failure of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection to confer protection against Mycoplasma genitalium: observations from a mouse model. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 April; 50(4): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289524
110
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Failure to detect Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma penetrans, or Mycoplasma pirum in the urethra of patients with acute nongonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Deguchi T, Gilroy CB, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 February; 15(2): 16971. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8801092
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Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Chryssanthopoulos C, Eboriadou M, Monti K, Soubassi V, Sava K. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 June; 20(6): 634-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11419512
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Fatal encephalitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae diagnosed by the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Ieven M, Demey H, Ursi D, Van Goethem G, Cras P, Goossens H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 December; 27(6): 1552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9868691
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Fatal encephalitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a 9-year-old girl. Author(s): Tjhie JH, van de Putte EM, Haasnoot K, van den Brule AJ, VandenbrouckeGrauls CM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997; 29(4): 424-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9360263
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Fatal thrombocytopenia associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Venkatesan P, Patel V, Collingham KE, Ellis CJ. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1996 September; 33(2): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889999
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Follow-up of mycoplasma pneumonia. Author(s): Hopewell J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 October; 72(852): 637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8977957
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Frequency and clinical characteristics of mycoplasma urinary tract infections in the early post-transplantation period in renal allograft patients. Author(s): Dimitrakov D, Dimitrakov J, Beleva R. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1999; 41(4): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10786206
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Frequency of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Machado AA, Zorzi AR, Gleria AE, Donadi EA. Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2001 May-June; 34(3): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11460209
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Frequency of Mycoplasma pneumoniae among atypical pneumonia of childhood. Author(s): Oguz F, Unuvar E, Aydin D, Yilmaz K, Sidal M. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2002 October-December; 44(4): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12458801
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Frequent contamination of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae strains with mycoplasma. Biological relevance and selective eradication of mycoplasma from chlamydial cultures with mupirocin. Author(s): Krausse-Opatz B, Dollmann P, Zeidler H, Kuipers JG, Kohler L. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2000 September; 189(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11034554
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Fulminant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with marked elevation of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor. Author(s): Ito S, Abe Y, Kinomoto K, Saitoh T, Kato T, Kohli Y, Kuriyama M, Sakai T, Ishizaki T. Source: Intern Med. 1995 May; 34(5): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7647416
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Fulminant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Author(s): Takiguchi Y, Shikama N, Aotsuka N, Koseki H, Terano T, Hirai A. Source: Intern Med. 2001 April; 40(4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11334397
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Functional analysis of Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen interactions with class II molecules. Author(s): Bernatchez C, Al-Daccak R, Mayer PE, Mehindate K, Rink L, Mecheri S, Mourad W. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1997 June; 65(6): 2000-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9169724
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Genetic heterogeneity of Mycoplasma hominis clinical isolates detected during observation of patients with recurrent urogenital inflammation. Author(s): Soroka AE, Momynaliev KT, Taraskina AM, Savicheva AM, Govorun VM. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2001 July; 132(1): 663-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11687848
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Genital mycoplasma infections. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1997 August 8; 109(14-15): 578-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9286063
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Genital mycoplasmas among pregnant women in Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa: prevalence and risk factors. Author(s): Faye-Kette H, La Ruche G, Ali-Napo L, Messou N, Viho I, Welffens-Ekra C, Dosso M, Msellati P. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 September; 11(9): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10997504
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Genital mycoplasmas in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Loubinoux J, Piroux V, Guyot PY, Amiel C, Catelle A, Rihn B, Canton P, Le Faou A. Source: New Microbiol. 1998 October; 21(4): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9812323
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Genital mycoplasmas in women attending a family planning clinic in Guine-Bissau and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Author(s): Domingues D, Tavora Tavira L, Duarte A, Sanca A, Prieto E, Exposto F. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 April; 86(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12711099
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Genital mycoplasmas stimulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase production from a murine macrophage cell line. Author(s): Crouse DT, English BK, Livingston L, Meals EA. Source: Pediatric Research. 1998 November; 44(5): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9803463
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Genital mycoplasmas, including Mycoplasma genitalium, as sexually transmitted agents. Author(s): Uuskula A, Kohl PK. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 February; 13(2): 79-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11839161
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Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Mycoplasma fermentans strains isolated from different host tissues. Author(s): Campo L, Larocque P, La Malfa T, Blackburn WD, Watson HL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 May; 36(5): 1371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9574708
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Genotypic characterization of seven strains of Mycoplasma fermentans isolated from synovial fluids of patients with arthritis. Author(s): Schaeverbeke T, Clerc M, Lequen L, Charron A, Bebear C, de Barbeyrac B, Bannwarth B, Dehais J, Bebear C. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 May; 36(5): 1226-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9574681
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Genotypic methods for diagnosis of mycoplasmal infections in humans, animals, plants and cell cultures. Author(s): Rawadi G, Dussurget O. Source: Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 1998; 15: 51-78. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9573605
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Genotyping of Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical isolates reveals eight P1 subtypes within two genomic groups. Author(s): Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Dankert J, Zaat SA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 March; 38(3): 965-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10698981
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Guillain-Barre syndrome and optic neuritis after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Henderson RD, Ohlrich GD, Pender MP. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1998 August; 28(4): 481-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777126
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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with IgG anti-GM1b antibody subsequent to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Kitazawa K, Tagawa Y, Honda A, Yuki N. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998; 156(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9559995
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Heat shock protein of Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma orale strains isolated from HIV-seropositive patients. Author(s): Chattin-Kacouris BR, Ishihara K, Miura T, Okuda K, Ikeda M, Ishikawa T, Rowland R. Source: Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2002 November; 43(4): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12687728
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Hematoma infection with Mycoplasma hominis following transplant nephrectomy. Author(s): Legg JM, Titus TT, Chambers I, Wilkinson R, Koerner RJ, Gould FK. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 November; 6(11): 619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168067
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Hemolytic and hemoxidative activities in Mycoplasma penetrans. Author(s): Kannan TR, Baseman JB. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 November; 68(11): 6419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11035754
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Herpes simplex type II and Mycoplasma genitalium as risk factors for heterosexual HIV transmission: report from the heterosexual HIV transmission study. Author(s): Perez G, Skurnick JH, Denny TN, Stephens R, Kennedy CA, Regivick N, Nahmias A, Lee FK, Lo SC, Wang RY, Weiss SH, Louria DB. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 1998 July-September; 3(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9831669
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High frequency of systemic mycoplasmal infections in Gulf War veterans and civilians with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Author(s): Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Haier J, Pomfret J. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 September; 9(5): 525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383408
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High prevalence of antibodies to Mycoplasma penetrans in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative and -seropositive populations in Brazzaville, Congo. Author(s): Tuppin P, Delamare O, Launay V, Gueguen M, Samba MC, Pambou L, Montagnier L, Grau O. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1997 November; 4(6): 787-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9384309
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High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium in female commercial sex workers in Japan. Author(s): Tsunoe H, Tanaka M, Nakayama H, Sano M, Nakamura G, Shin T, Kanayama A, Kobayashi I, Mochida O, Kumazawa J, Naito S. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 December; 11(12): 790-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138913
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High prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in the lower genitourinary tract of women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Paris, France. Author(s): Casin I, Vexiau-Robert D, De La Salmoniere P, Eche A, Grandry B, Janier M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2002 June; 29(6): 353-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12035026
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High prevalence of Mycoplasma infections among European chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Examination of four Mycoplasma species in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Author(s): Nijs J, Nicolson GL, De Becker P, Coomans D, De Meirleir K. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 November 15; 34(3): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423773
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High prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in intestinal mucosal biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and controls. Author(s): Chen W, Li D, Paulus B, Wilson I, Chadwick VS. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 November; 46(11): 2529-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11713965
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High rates of genital mycoplasma infection in the highlands of Papua New Guinea determined both by culture and by a commercial detection kit. Author(s): Clegg A, Passey M, Yoannes M, Michael A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 January; 35(1): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8968907
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High seroprevalence of anti-Mycoplasma fermentans antibodies in patients with malignant aphthosis. Author(s): Zouboulis CC, Turnbull JR, Muhlradt PF. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003 July; 121(1): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839585
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Higher prevalence of urogenital mycoplasmas in human immunodeficiency viruspositive patients as compared to patients with other sexually transmitted diseases. Author(s): Cordova CM, Blanchard A, Cunha RA. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2000; 14(5): 246-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11018804
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High-frequency DNA rearrangements in the chromosomes of clinically isolated Mycoplasma fermentans. Author(s): Hu WS, Hayes MM, Wang RY, Shih JW, Lo SC. Source: Current Microbiology. 1998 July; 37(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625781
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HLA-dependent heterogeneous T cell response to Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived superantigen (MAS). Author(s): Alvarez-Ossorio L, Johannsen M, Russlies M, Kirchner H, Rink L. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1997 March; 185(4): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9138297
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Hopkins syndrome associated with Mycoplasma infection. Author(s): Acharya AB, Lakhani PK. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1997 January; 16(1): 54-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9044403
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Host and pathogen interaction during vaginal infection by Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum. Author(s): van der Schee C, Sluiters HJ, van der Meijden WI, van Beek P, Peerbooms P, Verbrugh H, van Belkum A. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2001 May; 45(1): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295198
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Host-pathogen interactions in mycoplasma pathogenesis: virulence and survival strategies of minimalist prokaryotes. Author(s): Rosengarten R, Citti C, Glew M, Lischewski A, Droesse M, Much P, Winner F, Brank M, Spergser J. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2000 March; 290(1): 15-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11043978
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Human pathogenic Mycoplasma species induced cytokine gene expression in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines. Author(s): Schaffner E, Opitz O, Pietsch K, Bauer G, Ehlers S, Jacobs E. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 1998 April; 24(4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9533897
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Human surfactant protein D (SP-D) binds Mycoplasma pneumoniae by high affinity interactions with lipids. Author(s): Chiba H, Pattanajitvilai S, Evans AJ, Harbeck RJ, Voelker DR. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 June 7; 277(23): 20379-85. Epub 2002 March 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11916969
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Identification and functional mapping of the Mycoplasma fermentans P29 adhesin. Author(s): Leigh SA, Wise KS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 September; 70(9): 4925-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183538
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Identification of a new variable sequence in the P1 cytadhesin gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: evidence for the generation of antigenic variation by DNA recombination between repetitive sequences. Author(s): Kenri T, Taniguchi R, Sasaki Y, Okazaki N, Narita M, Izumikawa K, Umetsu M, Sasaki T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 September; 67(9): 4557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456900
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Identification of a ribonuclease H gene in both Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae by a new method for exhaustive identification of ORFs in the complete genome sequences. Author(s): Bellgard MI, Gojobori T. Source: Febs Letters. 1999 February 19; 445(1): 6-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10069363
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Images in clinical medicine. Bilateral striatal necrosis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): van Buiren M, Uhl M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 20; 348(8): 720. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12594316
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Immune response of chimpanzees infected with human mycoplasmas. Author(s): Timenetsky J, Barile MF. Source: Laboratory Animal Science. 1998 October; 48(5): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090059
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In vitro activities of ABT-773 and other antimicrobials against human mycoplasmas. Author(s): Waites KB, Crabb DM, Duffy LB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 January; 47(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499166
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In vitro activity of levofloxacin against contemporary clinical isolates of Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae from North America and Europe. Author(s): Critchley IA, Jones ME, Heinze PD, Hubbard D, Engler HD, Evangelista AT, Thornsberry C, Karlowsky JA, Sahm DF. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 April; 8(4): 214-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047413
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In vitro susceptibilities to and bactericidal activities of garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and other antimicrobial agents against human mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. Author(s): Waites KB, Crabb DM, Bing X, Duffy LB. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 January; 47(1): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499185
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In vitro susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis clinical isolates to tetracyclines, quinolones and macrolides. Author(s): Samra Z, Rosenberg S, Soffer Y. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 December; 44(4): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12543541
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Incidence of upper respiratory tract Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections among outpatients in Rhone-Alpes, France, during five successive winter periods. Author(s): Layani-Milon MP, Gras I, Valette M, Luciani J, Stagnara J, Aymard M, Lina B. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 June; 37(6): 1721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325314
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Increased frequency of detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium in AIDS patients without urethral symptoms. Author(s): Martinelli F, Garrafa E, Turano A, Caruso A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 June; 37(6): 2042-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325375
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Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G reactive with a recombinant protein expressed from the gene encoding the 116kilodalton protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Duffy MF, Whithear KG, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF, Catton M, Leydon J, Browning GF. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 April; 37(4): 1024-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10074521
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Induction of regulated upon activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in airway epithelial cells by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Dakhama A, Kraft M, Martin RJ, Gelfand EW. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2003 September; 29(3 Pt 1): 344-51. Epub 2003 April 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12714377
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Infection by Mycoplasma hyorhinis strongly enhances uptake of antisense oligonucleotides: a reassessment of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the HepG2 cell line. Author(s): de Diesbach P, N'Kuli F, Delmee M, Courtoy PJ. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2003 February 1; 31(3): 886-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12560484
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Infection of a traumatic pelvic hematoma with Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Burke DS, Madoff S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1978 April-June; 5(2): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10328034
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Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells. Author(s): Rottem S. Source: Physiological Reviews. 2003 April; 83(2): 417-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12663864
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Interleukin-1beta responses to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection are cell-type specific. Author(s): Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2003 January; 34(1): 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620381
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Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in interleukin-8 production by human monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or Mycoplasma fermentans membrane lipoproteins. Author(s): Marie C, Roman-Roman S, Rawadi G. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 February; 67(2): 688-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9916078
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Isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis from public toilet bowls. Author(s): Potasman I, Oren A, Srugo I. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1999 January; 20(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9927273
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Isolation pattern and clinical outcome of genital mycoplasma in neonates from a tertiary care neonatal unit. Author(s): Sethi S, Sharma M, Narang A, Aggrawal PB. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1999 June; 45(3): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10401191
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Laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Daxboeck F, Krause R, Wenisch C. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 9(4): 263-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12667235
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Lack of serological evidence for Mycoplasma fermentans infection in army Gulf War veterans: a large scale case-control study. Author(s): Lo SC, Levin L, Ribas J, Chung R, Wang RY, Wear D, Shih JW. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2000 December; 125(3): 609-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218212
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Late abnormal findings on high-resolution computed tomography after Mycoplasma pneumonia. Author(s): Kim CK, Chung CY, Kim JS, Kim WS, Park Y, Koh YY. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 February; 105(2): 372-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10654958
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Legionella, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma infection in patients admitted to Christchurch Hospital with pneumonia. Author(s): Chambers ST, Town GI, Neill AM, Frampton C, Murdoch DR. Source: N Z Med J. 1999 June 25; 112(1090): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448994
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Lemierre's syndrome with spondylitis and pulmonary and gluteal abscesses associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Author(s): Abele-Horn M, Emmerling P, Mann JF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 April; 20(4): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11399017
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Leukocytoclastic vasculitis and polyarthritis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Perez C, Mendoza H, Hernandez R, Valcayo A, Guarch R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 July; 25(1): 154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9243052
Studies
121
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Levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia: implication of tendency toward increased immunoglobulin E production. Author(s): Koh YY, Park Y, Lee HJ, Kim CK. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 March; 107(3): E39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11230620
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Life-threatening Mycoplasma hominis mediastinitis. Author(s): Mattila PS, Carlson P, Sivonen A, Savola J, Luosto R, Salo J, Valtonen M. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 December; 29(6): 1529-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10585808
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Liver involvement with Mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia. Author(s): Cunha BA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3456; Author Reply 3456-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12843123
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Localized reversible frameshift mutation in an adhesin gene confers a phase-variable adherence phenotype in mycoplasma. Author(s): Zhang Q, Wise KS. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 1997 September; 25(5): 859-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9364912
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Longitudinal quantitative detection by real-time PCR of Mycoplasma genitalium in first-pass urine of men with recurrent nongonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Deguchi T, Yoshida T, Yokoi S, Ito M, Tamaki M, Ishiko H, Maeda S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 40(10): 3854-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12354899
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Loss of HMW1 and HMW3 in noncytadhering mutants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae occurs post-translationally. Author(s): Popham PL, Hahn TW, Krebes KA, Krause DC. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 December 9; 94(25): 13979-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9391138
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Low prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among patients with symptoms of respiratory tract infections in Dutch general practices. Author(s): Meijer A, Dagnelie CF, De Jong JC, De Vries A, Bestebroer TM, Van Loon AM, Bartelds AI, Ossewaarde JM. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000; 16(12): 1099-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11484797
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Molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Loens K, Ursi D, Goossens H, Ieven M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 November; 41(11): 4915-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14605118
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More on polymyositis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Perez C, Gurtubay I, Martinez-Ibanez F, Quesada P, Maravi E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1999; 28(2): 125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10229145
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Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci in respiratory samples. Author(s): Tong CY, Donnelly C, Harvey G, Sillis M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1999 April; 52(4): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10474515
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Mutations in the gyrA, parC, and parE genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Bebear CM, Renaudin J, Charron A, Renaudin H, de Barbeyrac B, Schaeverbeke T, Bebear C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 April; 43(4): 954-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10103208
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Mycoplasma endocarditis: two case reports and a review. Author(s): Fenollar F, Gauduchon V, Casalta JP, Lepidi H, Vandenesch F, Raoult D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 February 1; 38(3): E21-4. Epub 2003 December 29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727231
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Mycoplasma genitalium in chronic non-gonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ, Hay PE. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2004 January; 15(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769166
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Mycoplasma hominis bacteraemia not associated with genital infections. Author(s): Fernandez Guerrero ML, Manuel Ramos J, Soriano F. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1999 July; 39(1): 91-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468136
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Mycoplasma hominis infection of a subdural haematoma in the peripartum period. Author(s): Douglas MW, Fisher DA, Lum GD, Roy J. Source: Pathology. 2003 October; 35(5): 452-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555394
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Mycoplasma infection can sensitize host cells to apoptosis through contribution of apoptotic-like endonuclease(s). Author(s): Sokolova IA, Vaughan AT, Khodarev NN. Source: Immunology and Cell Biology. 1998 December; 76(6): 526-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9893030
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Mycoplasma infections of aneurysms or vascular grafts. Author(s): Fenollar F, Casalta JP, Lepidi H, Piquet P, Raoult D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 March; 28(3): 694-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10194108
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Mycoplasma nucleases able to induce internucleosomal DNA degradation in cultured cells possess many characteristics of eukaryotic apoptotic nucleases. Author(s): Paddenberg R, Weber A, Wulf S, Mannherz HG. Source: Cell Death and Differentiation. 1998 June; 5(6): 517-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10200503
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Mycoplasma orale has a sequence similar to the insertion-like sequence of M. fermentans. Author(s): Ditty SE, Connolly MA, Li BJ, Lo SC. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 1999 June; 13(3): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10369743
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Mycoplasma penetrans and other mycoplasmas in urine of human immunodeficiency virus-positive children. Author(s): Hussain AI, Robson WL, Kelley R, Reid T, Gangemi JD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 May; 37(5): 1518-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10203515
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Mycoplasma penetrans bacteremia and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Author(s): Yanez A, Cedillo L, Neyrolles O, Alonso E, Prevost MC, Rojas J, Watson HL, Blanchard A, Cassell GH. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 January-February; 5(1): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10081687
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium: a comparison of two closely related bacterial species. Author(s): Herrmann R, Reiner B. Source: Current Opinion in Microbiology. 1998 October; 1(5): 572-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10066529
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection as a treatable cause of brainstem encephalitis. Author(s): Lanczik O, Lecei O, Schwarz S, Hennerici M. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 December; 60(12): 1813; Author Reply 1813-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14676065
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: current perspectives. Author(s): Foy HM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1999 February; 28(2): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10064235
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated bronchiolitis causing severe restrictive lung disease in adults: report of three cases and literature review. Author(s): Chan ED, Kalayanamit T, Lynch DA, Tuder R, Arndt P, Winn R, Schwarz MI. Source: Chest. 1999 April; 115(4): 1188-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10208228
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated nephritis in children. Author(s): Said MH, Layani MP, Colon S, Faraj G, Glastre C, Cochat P. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1999 January; 13(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10100287
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Mycoplasma-induced arthritis in animals: relevance to understanding the etiologies of the human rheumatic diseases. Author(s): Cole BC. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 January 30; 66(1 Suppl): 45S-49S. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10063525
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Neurologic manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections: diverse spectrum of diseases. A report of six cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Smith R, Eviatar L. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2000 April; 39(4): 195-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10791130
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Neurological complications associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A case report. Author(s): Rabay-Chacar H, Rizkallah E, Hakimeh NI, Khoury L, Merhej MT. Source: J Med Liban. 2000 March-April; 48(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11028161
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Neurological disorders associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Sotgiu S, Pugliatti M, Rosati G, Deiana GA, Sechi GP. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 March; 10(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603292
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Neurological effects of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Penington GR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 October 1; 175(7): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700824
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Neurological symptoms in patients whose cerebrospinal fluid is culture- and/or polymerase chain reaction-positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Socan M, Ravnik I, Bencina D, Dovc P, Zakotnik B, Jazbec J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 January 15; 32(2): E31-5. Epub 2000 December 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11170938
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New concepts of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children. Author(s): Waites KB. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2003 October; 36(4): 267-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950038
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New developments in diagnostic and treatment of mycoplasma infections in humans. Author(s): Bebear C, de Barbeyrac B, Bebear CM, Renaudin H, Allery A. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1997 August 8; 109(14-15): 594-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9286066
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Nitric oxide: a clinically important amniotic fluid marker to distinguish between intra-amniotic mycoplasma and non-mycoplasma infections. Author(s): Hsu CD, Aversa KR, Lu LC, Meaddough E, Jones D, Bahado-Singh RO, Copel JA, Lee IS. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1999; 16(4): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10458527
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No serologic evidence of an association found between Gulf War service and Mycoplasma fermentans infection. Author(s): Gray GC, Kaiser KS, Hawksworth AW, Watson HL. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 May; 60(5): 752-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10344648
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Non-convulsive status epilepticus as a complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Jeffery KJ, Ellis SJ, Fink CG. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1995 May-June; 49(3): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7779670
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Novel deoxynucleoside-phosphorylating enzymes in mycoplasmas: evidence for efficient utilization of deoxynucleosides. Author(s): Wang L, Westberg J, Bolske G, Eriksson S. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2001 November; 42(4): 1065-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737647
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Number of specific antibody-secreting cells in the peripheral blood among children with mycoplasma pneumonia. Author(s): Iseki M, Takahashi T, Kimura K, Yamashita R, Sasaki T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1996 July; 64(7): 2799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698511
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Observations on the possible origin of Mycoplasma fermentans incognitus strain based on antibiotic sensitivity tests. Author(s): Hannan PC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1997 January; 39(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9044024
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Occurrence and treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients visiting STD clinics in Sweden. Author(s): Johannisson G, Enstrom Y, Lowhagen GB, Nagy V, Ryberg K, Seeberg S, Welinder-Olsson C. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2000 May; 11(5): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10824941
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Occurrence of serologically verified Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Poland in 1970-1995. Author(s): Rastawicki W, Kaluzewski S, Jagielski M. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 January; 14(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9517871
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127
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Oncogenous micro-organisms are confined to Mycoplasmas and Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Paclt J. Source: Riv Biol. 1997; 90(2): 281-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9397677
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Outbreaks of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Iceland 1987 to 1997 - a ten and a half years review. Author(s): Hauksdottir GS, Love A, Sigurdardottir V, Jonsson T. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 January; 15(1): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10099002
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Phase variation among major surface antigens of Mycoplasma penetrans. Author(s): Roske K, Blanchard A, Chambaud I, Citti C, Helbig JH, Prevost MC, Rosengarten R, Jacobs E. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 December; 69(12): 7642-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11705944
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Phylogeny-based rapid identification of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas from urethritis patients. Author(s): Yoshida T, Maeda S, Deguchi T, Ishiko H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 January; 40(1): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773101
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Physicochemical characterization and biological activity of a glycoglycerolipid from Mycoplasma fermentans. Author(s): Brandenburg K, Wagner F, Muller M, Heine H, Andra J, Koch MH, Zahringer U, Seydel U. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2003 August; 270(15): 3271-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869203
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Plasminogen binding and activation by Mycoplasma fermentans. Author(s): Yavlovich A, Higazi AA, Rottem S. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 April; 69(4): 1977-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254548
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Pneumonia due to Mycoplasma hominis in a healthy adult. Author(s): Saez A, Monteagudo I, Minambres E, Ots E, Rodriguez-Borregan JC, Garcia C. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(4): 282-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839163
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Pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae with transient proteinuria. Author(s): Kumar PD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 November; 95(11): 1329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12540002
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Polymerase chain reaction as a sensitive and rapid method for specific detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical samples. Author(s): Qasem JA, Khan ZU, Shiji G, Mustafa AS. Source: Microbiological Research. 2002; 157(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002404
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Posterior cerebral artery occlusion associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Antachopoulos C, Liakopoulou T, Palamidou F, Papathanassiou D, Youroukos S. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 January; 17(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11913573
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Post-infectious central and peripheral nervous system diseases complicating Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Pfausler B, Engelhardt K, Kampfl A, Spiss H, Taferner E, Schmutzhard E. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2002 January; 9(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11784383
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Preterm labour--is Mycoplasma hominis involved? Author(s): Odendaal HJ, Popov I, Schoeman J, Grove D. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 March; 92(3): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040954
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Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae immunoglobulin G and A antibodies in a healthy Finnish population as analyzed by quantitative enzyme immunoassays. Author(s): Tuuminen T, Varjo S, Ingman H, Weber T, Oksi J, Viljanen M. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 September; 7(5): 734-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10973446
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Prevalence of Mycoplasma bacteria in amniotic fluid at the time of genetic amniocentesis using the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Markenson GR, Adams LA, Hoffman DE, Reece MT. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 October; 48(10): 775-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14619644
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129
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Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children in Diyarbakir, the south-east of Turkey. Author(s): Bosnak M, Dikici B, Bosnak V, Dogru O, Ozkan I, Ceylan A, Haspolat K. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 October; 44(5): 510-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225550
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Prevalence of mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in asthmatic children in Istanbul, Turkey. Author(s): Ones U, Tamay Z, Erbatur L, Guler N. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 June; 49(3): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848212
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Prevention of mycoplasma contamination in leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. Author(s): Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Source: Hum Cell. 2001 September; 14(3): 244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11774744
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Prolyl isomerases in a minimal cell. Catalysis of protein folding by trigger factor from Mycoplasma genitalium. Author(s): Bang H, Pecht A, Raddatz G, Scior T, Solbach W, Brune K, Pahl A. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2000 June; 267(11): 3270-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10824113
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Prospective case-control study of chlamydia, legionella and mycoplasma infections in patients with pityriasis rosea. Author(s): Chuh AA, Chan HH. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2002 March-April; 12(2): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872416
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Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Blasco M, Torres L, Marco ML, Moles B, Villuendas MC, Garcia Moya JB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 August; 19(8): 638-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11014630
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Proteomics of Mycoplasma genitalium: identification and characterization of unannotated and atypical proteins in a small model genome. Author(s): Balasubramanian S, Schneider T, Gerstein M, Regan L. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2000 August 15; 28(16): 3075-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10931922
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Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D recognize lipid ligands on Mycoplasma pneumoniae and markedly augment the innate immune response to the organism. Author(s): Chiba H, Pattanajitvilai S, Mitsuzawa H, Kuroki Y, Evans A, Voelker DR. Source: Chest. 2003 March; 123(3 Suppl): 426S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629013
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Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. Author(s): Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M, Maeda S, Tamaki M, Ishiko H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923372
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Rapid detection of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum organisms in genitourinary samples by PCRmicrotiter plate hybridization assay. Author(s): Yoshida T, Maeda S, Deguchi T, Miyazawa T, Ishiko H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 41(5): 1850-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734216
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Rapid detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical samples by real-time PCR. Author(s): Hardegger D, Nadal D, Bossart W, Altwegg M, Dutly F. Source: Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2000 June; 41(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10856776
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Rapid-cycle PCR for detection and typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical specimens. Author(s): Kong F, Gordon S, Gilbert GL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 November; 38(11): 4256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11060103
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Re: Prevalence of mycoplasma pnuemoniae in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection. Author(s): Cesus Y, Caksen H, Uzum K, Kihc H, Ustunbas HB. Source: East Afr Med J. 2001 September; 78(9): 502. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11921589
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Recombination in Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Sogaard IZ, Boesen T, Mygind T, Melkova R, Birkelund S, Christiansen G, Schierup MH. Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 1(4): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12798006
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Reduced lung diffusion capacity after Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Author(s): Marc E, Chaussain M, Moulin F, Iniguez JL, Kalifa G, Raymond J, Gendrel D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 August; 19(8): 706-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959737
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Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 July; 70(7): 3649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12065506
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Reiter's disease following Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Natarajan UR, Tan TL, Lau R. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2001 May; 12(5): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11409378
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Relationship of bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasmas to the risk of spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Donders GG, Van Bulck B, Caudron J, Londers L, Vereecken A, Spitz B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 August; 183(2): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10942482
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Release of cytokines by human nasal epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Kazachkov MY, Hu PC, Carson JL, Murphy PC, Henderson FW, Noah TL. Source: Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 2002 May; 227(5): 330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11976403
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Relevant prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum serogroups in HIV-1 infected men without urethritis symptoms. Author(s): Cordova CM, Cunha RA. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2000 July-August; 42(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968880
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Respiratory tract infections by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children: a review of diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Author(s): Ferwerda A, Moll HA, de Groot R. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 August; 160(8): 483-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11548186
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Results of molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae among patients with acute respiratory infection and in their household contacts reveals children as human reservoirs. Author(s): Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Wilbrink B, van der Nat H, Bartelds AI, Heijnen ML, Dankert J. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 February 15; 183(4): 675-8. Epub 2000 December 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11170998
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Rhabdomyolysis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Minami K, Maeda H, Yanagawa T, Suzuki H, Izumi G, Yoshikawa N. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 March; 22(3): 291-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664885
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Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae as causative agents of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised children and adolescents. Author(s): Baer G, Engelcke G, Abele-Horn M, Schaad UB, Heininger U. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 December; 22(12): 742-5. Epub 2003 November 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610659
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Role of innate immunity in respiratory mycoplasma infection. Author(s): Hickman-Davis JM. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2002 May 1; 7: D1347-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991835
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Role of interleukin-18 and T-helper type 1 cytokines in the development of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults. Author(s): Tanaka H, Narita M, Teramoto S, Saikai T, Oashi K, Igarashi T, Abe S. Source: Chest. 2002 May; 121(5): 1493-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12006434
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Role of mycoplasma in male infertility. Author(s): Abdulrazzak AA, Bakr SS. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2000 January; 6(1): 149-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370327
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Role of Mycoplasma penetrans endonuclease P40 as a potential pathogenic determinant. Author(s): Bendjennat M, Blanchard A, Loutfi M, Montagnier L, Bahraoui E. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 September; 67(9): 4456-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456886
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Role of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Author(s): Garcia Berrocal JRG, Ramirez-Camacho R, Portero F, Vargas JA. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2000 October; 120(7): 835-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11132716
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Scanning electron microscopy of endometrial biopsies of patients with bacterial vaginosis shows morphology resembling mycoplasma/ureaplasma organisms. Author(s): Bhattacharjee B, Herrington CS, Sunderland D, Birley HD. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 June; 75(3): 202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448406
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Seeding of a cavernous angioma with Mycoplasma hominis: case report. Author(s): House P, Dunn J, Carroll K, MacDonald J. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 53(3): 749-52; Discussion 752-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12943591
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Serological evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbation of COPD. Author(s): Lieberman D, Lieberman D, Ben-Yaakov M, Shmarkov O, Gelfer Y, Varshavsky R, Ohana B, Lazarovich Z, Boldur I. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 September; 44(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376023
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Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Author(s): Clausen HF, Fedder J, Drasbek M, Nielsen PK, Toft B, Ingerslev HJ, Birkelund S, Christiansen G. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 September; 16(9): 1866-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527890
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Severe axonal polyradiculoneuritis and brainstem encephalitis due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Harloff A, Voigt S, Hetzel A, Glocker FX, Els T. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2002 September; 9(5): 542-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220390
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Severe bronchiolitis in acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Ebnother M, Schoenenberger RA, Perruchoud AP, Soler M, Gudat F, Dalquen P. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2001 December; 439(6): 818-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11787856
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Severe diffuse interstitial pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a patient with respiratory insufficiency. Author(s): de Boer J, Aerdts SJ, Groeneveld PH. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2003 March; 61(3): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12765231
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Signal transduction pathways involved in the activation of NF-kappa B, AP-1, and cfos by Mycoplasma fermentans membrane lipoproteins in macrophages. Author(s): Rawadi G, Garcia J, Lemercier B, Roman-Roman S. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1999 February 15; 162(4): 2193203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9973495
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Signaling pathways induced by lipoproteins derived from Mycoplasma salivarium and a synthetic lipopeptide (FSL-1) in normal human gingival fibroblasts. Author(s): Nakamura J, Shibata K, Hasebe A, Into T, Watanabe T, Ohata N. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46(3): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12008923
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Significant role of interleukin-8 in pathogenesis of pulmonary disease due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Narita M, Tanaka H, Yamada S, Abe S, Ariga T, Sakiyama Y. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 September; 8(5): 1028-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527824
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Stability of cytadherence-related proteins P140/P110 in Mycoplasma genitalium requires MG218 and unidentified factors. Author(s): Dhandayuthapani S, Rasmussen WG, Baseman JB. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 January-February; 33(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11825623
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Stimulation of human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR6 with membrane lipoproteins of Mycoplasma fermentans induces apoptotic cell death after NF-kappa B activation. Author(s): Into T, Kiura K, Yasuda M, Kataoka H, Inoue N, Hasebe A, Takeda K, Akira S, Shibata K. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2004 February; 6(2): 187-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706104
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Structure-activity relationship of the antimycoplasma antibiotic micacocidin--a preliminary study. Author(s): Ino A, Kobayashi S, Ueda K, Hidaka S, Hayase Y. Source: J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2001 September; 54(9): 753-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11714234
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Subcorneal pustular dermatosis and mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection. Author(s): Papini M, Cicoletti M, Landucci P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(5): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609116
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Subtyping of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates based on extended genome sequencing and on expression profiles. Author(s): Dumke R, Catrein I, Pirkil E, Herrmann R, Jacobs E. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2003 February; 292(7-8): 513-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635934
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Surface localized glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Mycoplasma genitalium binds mucin. Author(s): Alvarez RA, Blaylock MW, Baseman JB. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2003 June; 48(5): 1417-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787366
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Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma hyorhinis to membraneactive peptides and enrofloxacin in human tissue cell cultures. Author(s): Nir-Paz R, Prevost MC, Nicolas P, Blanchard A, Wroblewski H. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 May; 46(5): 1218-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11959548
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Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, dalfopristin, dirithromycin, evernimicin, gatifloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and telithromycin compared to their susceptibilities to reference macrolides, tetracyclines, and quinolones. Author(s): Kenny GE, Cartwright FD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 September; 45(9): 2604-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11502536
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Synthetic mycoplasma-derived lipopeptide MALP-2 induces maturation and function of dendritic cells. Author(s): Weigt H, Muhlradt PF, Emmendorffer A, Krug N, Braun A. Source: Immunobiology. 2003; 207(3): 223-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777064
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Systemic Mycoplasma hominis infection in a patient immunocompromised due to combined transplantation of kidney and pancreas. Author(s): Geissdorfer W, Schorner C, Lohoff M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 July; 20(7): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561812
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T lymphocyte responses are critical determinants in the pathogenesis and resistance to mycoplasma respiratory disease. Author(s): Jones HP, Simecka JW. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2003 May 1; 8: D930-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700085
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Tetracycline treatment does not eradicate Mycoplasma genitalium. Author(s): Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2003 August; 79(4): 318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12902584
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The changing image of mycoplasmas: from innocent bystanders to emerging and reemerging pathogens in human and animal diseases. Author(s): Rosengarten R, Citti C, Much P, Spergser J, Droesse M, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Source: Contrib Microbiol. 2001; 8: 166-85. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11764733
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The complete genomic sequence of Mycoplasma penetrans, an intracellular bacterial pathogen in humans. Author(s): Sasaki Y, Ishikawa J, Yamashita A, Oshima K, Kenri T, Furuya K, Yoshino C, Horino A, Shiba T, Sasaki T, Hattori M. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2002 December 1; 30(23): 5293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466555
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The prevalence of Mycoplasma fermentans in patients with inflammatory arthritides. Author(s): Gilroy CB, Keat A, Taylor-Robinson D. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 December; 40(12): 1355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752504
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The Vsa proteins modulate susceptibility of Mycoplasma pulmonis to complement killing, hemadsorption, and adherence to polystyrene. Author(s): Simmons WL, Dybvig K. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 October; 71(10): 5733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500494
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Transcriptional activation of mRNA of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and induction of its cell surface expression in normal human gingival fibroblasts by Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma fermentans. Author(s): Dong L, Shibata K, Sawa Y, Hasebe A, Yamaoka Y, Yoshida S, Watanabe T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 June; 67(6): 3061-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10338521
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Transgenic B lymphocytes expressing a human cold agglutinin escape tolerance following experimental infection of mice by Mycoplasma pulmonis. Author(s): Havouis S, Dumas G, Chambaud I, Ave P, Huerre M, Blanchard A, Dighiero G, Pourcel C. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2002 April; 32(4): 1147-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932922
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Transverse myelitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonitis: a report of two cases. Author(s): Parisi A, Filice G. Source: Infez Med. 2001 March; 9(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12082348
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Treatment of dystonia in striatal necrosis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Green C, Riley DE. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2002 April; 26(4): 318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11992764
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Treatment of resistant mycoplasma infection in immunocompromised patients with a new pleuromutilin antibiotic. Author(s): Heilmann C, Jensen L, Jensen JS, Lundstrom K, Windsor D, Windsor H, Webster D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 November; 43(4): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11869060
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Unexpected cross-reaction with Fusobacterium necrophorum in a PCR for detection of mycoplasmas. Author(s): Jensen JS, Bruun B, Gahrn-Hansen B. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 March; 37(3): 828-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9986867
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Unusual manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children. Author(s): Hiew TM, Tan AM, Ong EK, Ho L. Source: Singapore Med J. 1995 June; 36(3): 293-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8553096
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Update on sexually transmitted mycoplasmas. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Source: Lancet. 1998; 351 Suppl 3: 12-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9652714
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Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the cervices of women undergoing in vitro fertilization: prevalence and consequences. Author(s): Witkin SS, Kligman I, Grifo JA, Rosenwaks Z. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1995 October; 12(9): 610-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8580659
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Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis isolation from cervical secretions of pregnant women and nasopharyngeal secretions of their babies at delivery. Author(s): Chua KB, Ngeow YF, Ng KB, Chye JK, Lim CT. Source: Singapore Med J. 1998 July; 39(7): 300-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9885690
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Ureaplasma/Mycoplasma-infected amniotic fluid: pregnancy outcome in treated and nontreated patients. Author(s): Berg TG, Philpot KL, Welsh MS, Sanger WG, Smith CV. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1999 June; 19(4): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685238
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Use of amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to diagnose Mycoplasma pneumoniae osteomyelitis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia. Author(s): La Scola B, Michel G, Raoult D. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 June; 24(6): 1161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9195075
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Use of PCR to detect mycoplasma DNA in respiratory tract specimens from adult HIV-positive patients. Author(s): Cultrera R, Roulland-Dussoix D, Romani R, Contini C. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1998 November; 47(11): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9822296
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Uveitis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae meningitis. Author(s): Yashar SS, Yashar B, Epstein E, Viani RM. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2001 February; 79(1): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167302
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Vaginal flora changes associated with Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Taylor-Robinson D, Rosenstein I. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 February; 178(2): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500509
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Vaginal flora changes associated with Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Mardh PA, Elshibly S, Kallings I, Hellberg D. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 January; 176(1 Pt 1): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9024109
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Variant colony surface antigenic phenotypes within mycoplasma strain populations: implications for species identification and strain standardization. Author(s): Rosengarten R, Yogev D. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 January; 34(1): 149-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8748292
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Vesiculopustular eruption associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumopathy. Author(s): Winnock T, Wang J, Suys E, De Coninck A, Roseeuw D. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(1): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8832960
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Mycoplasma What is the role of mycoplasmas in human inflammatory rheumatic disorders? Author(s): Schaeverbeke T, Bebear CM, Clerc M, Lequen L, Bebear C, Dehais J. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999 January 30; 66(1 Suppl): 23S-27S. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10063520
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MYCOPLASMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and mycoplasma.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Mycoplasma The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “mycoplasma” (or a synonym): •
A study on intraalveolar exudates in acute mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine II, Nagoya City University, Medical School, Nagoya, Japan. Source: Yoshinouchi, T Ohtsuki, Y Fujit, J Sugiura, Y Banno, S Sato, S Ueda, R Acta-MedOkayama. 2002 April; 56(2): 111-6 0386-300X
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Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to cell monolayers. Source: Zielinski, G.C. Young, T. Ross, R.F. Rosenbusch, R.F. Am-J-Vet-Res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. March 1990. volume 51 (3) page 339-343. 0002-9645
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Antigen heterogenicity among isolates of Mycoplasma bovis is generated by highfrequency variation of diverse membrane surface proteins. Source: Rosengarten, R. Behrens, A. Stetefeld, A. Heller, M. Ahrens, M. Sachse, K. Yogev, D. Kirchhoff, H. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. November 1994. volume 62 (11) page 5066-5074. 0019-9567
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Antimycoplasmal activities of the pseudomonic acids and structure-activity relationships of monic acid A derivatives. Author(s): Beecham Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Tadworth, Surrey, UK. Source: Banks, R M Donald, A C Hannan, P C O'Hanlon, P J Rogers, N H J-Antibiot(Tokyo). 1988 May; 41(5): 609-13 0021-8820
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Association of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum with some indicators of nonspecific vaginitis. Author(s): Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiologicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Mexico.
[email protected] Source: Cedillo Ramirez, L Gil, C Zago, I Yanez, A Giono, S Rev-Latinoam-Microbiol. 2000 Jan-March; 42(1): 1-6 0187-4640
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Biochemical and cytogenetical study of the mycoplasmal antigen and of the cyclophosphamide action in mammalians, in vivo. The action of some immunomodulatory antioxidants. Author(s): University of Bucharest, Faculty of Biology, General Genetics and Evolution Department, Romania. Source: Dumitrescu, M Gavrila, V R Gavrila, L B Ghetea, L Grecu, C Alexandru, G Talmaci Basalic, R Stefan, M Petrescu, A Mihaescu, G Scorpan, V Bujorean, V Jacota, A Bucur, E Pascale, F Vior, C Gavrila, L Roum-Arch-Microbiol-Immunol. 1996 JulSeptember; 55(3): 225-39 0004-0037
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Characterization of a multigene family undergoing high-frequency DNA rearrangement and coding for abundant variable surface proteins in Mycoplasma agalactiae. Source: Glew, M.D. Papazisi, L. Poumarat, F. Bergonier, D. Rosengarten, R. Citti, C. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. August 2000. volume 68 (8) page 4539-4548. 0019-9567
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Cholesterol is required for the fusion of single unilamellar vesicles with Mycoplasma capricolum. Author(s): Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, Hebrew UniversityHadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Tarshis, M Salman, M Rottem, S Biophys-J. 1993 March; 64(3): 709-15 0006-3495
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Cloning and characterization of a putative cytadhesin gene (mgc1) from Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Source: Keeler, C.L. Jr. Hnatow, L.L. Whetzel, P.L. Dohms, J.E. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. May 1996. volume 64 (5) page 1541-1547. 0019-9567
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Comparative genomics of mycoplasmas. Author(s): Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, Hebrew UniversityHadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Razin, S Wien-Klin-Wochenschr. 1997 August 8; 109(14-15): 551-6 0043-5325
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Detection of Mycoplasma bovis in preservative-treated field milk samples. Author(s): Microbiology Research and Development, Hospital Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA. Source: Pinnow, C C Butler, J A Sachse, K Hotzel, H Timms, L L Rosenbusch, R F JDairy-Sci. 2001 July; 84(7): 1640-5 0022-0302
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Effect of Australian tea tree oil on the viability of the wall-less bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universitat Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Harkenthal, M Layh Schmitt, G Reichling, J Pharmazie. 2000 May; 55(5): 380-4 0031-7144
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Effect of cholesterol and lanosterol on the structure and dynamics of the cell membrane of Mycoplasma capricolum. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance study. Author(s): School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332. Source: Huang, T H DeSiervo, A J Yang, Q X Biophys-J. 1991 March; 59(3): 691-702 00063495
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Effects of F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation at twelve weeks of age on performance and egg characteristics of commercial egg-laying hens. Author(s): Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA. Source: Burnham, M R Branton, S L Peebles, E D Lott, B D Gerard, P D Poult-Sci. 2002 October; 81(10): 1478-85 0032-5791
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Evidence for a common epitope on the surface of Mycoplasma gallisepticum defined by monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Department of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-4785. Source: Elfaki, M G Kleven, S H Ragland, W L Steffens, W L Blankenship, L L VetMicrobiol. 1993 May; 35(1-2): 161-77 0378-1135
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Evolutionary relationships of a plant-pathogenic mycoplasmalike organism and acholeplasma laidlawii deduced from two ribosomal protein gene sequences. Source: Lim, P.O. Sears, B.B. J-Bacteriol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. April 1992. volume 174 (8) page 2606-2611. 0021-9193
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Humoral immune response to non-viable Mycoplasma pulmonis in mice enhanced by dextran sulfate. Source: Kishima, M Kuniyasu, C Eguchi, M Nakagawa, M Vet-Microbiol. 1987 April; 13(4): 335-42 0378-1135
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Identification and characterization of a Mycoplasma synoviae 55,000-molecularweight antigen associated with hemagglutination. Source: Morsy, M.A. Panangala, V.S. Hu, P.C. Avian-dis. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists. Oct/December 1993. volume 37 (4) page 1097-1104. 0005-2086
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Identification and expression of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum surface antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody capable of inhibiting both growth and metabolism. Source: Yoshida, S. Fujisawa, A. Tsuzaki, Y. Saitoh, S. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. June 2000. volume 68 (6) page 3186-3192. 0019-9567
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Immunomodulatory properties of Mycoplasma pulmonis. III. Lymphocyte stimulation and cytokine production by Mycoplasma pulmonis products. Author(s): Graduate Studies Department, Faculty of Higher Studies-Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, CP.
[email protected] Source: Romero Rojas, A Reyes Esparza, J Estrada Parra, S Hadden, J W IntImmunopharmacol. 2001 September; 1(9-10): 1699-707 1567-5769
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In vitro development of resistance to enrofloxacin, erythromycin, tylosin, tiamulin and oxytetracycline in Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma iowae and Mycoplasma synoviae. Author(s): Agence Francaise de Securite Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches Avicoles et Porcines, Unite de Mycoplasmologie-Bacteriologie, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.
[email protected] Source: Gautier Bouchardon, A V Reinhardt, A K Kobisch, M Kempf, I Vet-Microbiol. 2002 August 2; 88(1): 47-58 0378-1135
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In vitro testing of the anti-mycoplasma effect of some anti-coccidial drugs. Author(s): Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Source: Stipkovits, L Kobulej, T Varga, Z Juhasz, S Vet-Microbiol. 1987 October; 15(1-2): 65-70 0378-1135
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In vivo effects of a synthetic 2-kilodalton macrophage-activating lipopeptide of Mycoplasma fermentans after pulmonary application. Author(s): Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Luhrmann, Anke Deiters, Ursula Skokowa, Julia Hanke, Michaela Gessner, Johannes E Muhlradt, Peter F Pabst, Reinhard Tschernig, Thomas Infect-Immun. 2002 Jul; 70(7): 3785-92 0019-9567
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Inhibition of Mycoplasma bovis cytadherence by a monoclonal antibody and various carbohydrate substances. Author(s): Research Institute for Bacterial Animal Diseases, Jena, Germany. Source: Sachse, K Pfutzner, H Heller, M Hanel, I Vet-Microbiol. 1993 September; 36(3-4): 307-16 0378-1135
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Interaction between turkey monocytes and avian Chlamydia psittaci in the presence of Mycoplasma sp.: the importance of nitric oxide. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
[email protected] Source: Van Nerom, A Ducatelle, R Charlier, G Haesebrouck, F Dev-Comp-Immunol. 2000 June; 24(4): 417-32 0145-305X
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Intracellular DNA replication and long-term survival of pathogenic mycoplasmas. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. Source: Dallo, S F Baseman, J B Microb-Pathog. 2000 November; 29(5): 301-9 0882-4010
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Investigation into the mechanism of copper uptake by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in the presence of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline. Author(s): Department of Pharmacochemistry, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Gaisser, H D van der Goot, H Stouthamer, A H Timmerman, H Pharm-WeekblSci. 1987 December 11; 9(6): 315-20 0167-6555
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Investigations into the survival of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma iowae on materials found in the poultry house environment. Source: Christensen, N.H. Yavari, C.A. McBain, A.J. Bradbury, J.M. Avian-pathol. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company. 1994. volume 23 (1) page 127-143. 0307-9457
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Isolation and identification of mycoplasmas from the nasal cavity of sheep. Source: Brogden, K.A. Rose, D. Cutlip, R.C. Lehmkuhl, H.D. Tully, J.G. Am-J-Vet-Res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. October 1988. volume 49 (10) page 1669-1672. 0002-9645
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Macrophage-activating factor extracted from mycoplasmas. Author(s): Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan. Source: Takema, M Oka, S Uno, K Nakamura, S Arita, H Tawara, K Inaba, K Muramatsu, S Cancer-Immunol-Immunother. 1991; 33(1): 39-44 0340-7004
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Marked ion dependence of 125I-angiotensin I binding to atypical sites on Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Author(s): Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4510, USA.
[email protected] Source: Smith, R D Peptides. 1999; 20(2): 165-9 0196-9781
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Multigene families encoding the major hemagglutinins in phylogenetically distinct mycoplasma. Source: Noormohammadi, A.H. Markham, P.F. Duffy, M.F. Whitehear, K.G. Browning, G.F. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. July 1998. volume 66 (7) page 3470-3475. 0019-9567
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Mycoplasma adhesion. Source: Razin, S. Jacobs, E. J-Gen-Microbiol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. March 1992. volume 138 (pt.3) page 407-422. 0022-1287
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Mycoplasma fermentans-derived lipid inhibits class II major histocompatibility complex expression without mediation by interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor, transforming growth factor-beta, type I interferon, prostaglandins or nitric oxide. Author(s): Immunobiology Research Group, Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Braunschweig, Germany. Source: Frisch, M Gradehandt, G Muhlradt, P F Eur-J-Immunol. 1996 May; 26(5): 1050-7 0014-2980
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae increases intracellular calcium release in porcine ciliated tracheal cells. Author(s): Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA. Source: Park, Seung Chun Yibchok Anun, Sirintorn Cheng, Henrique Young, Theresa F Thacker, Eileen L Minion, F Chris Ross, Richard F Hsu, Walter H Infect-Immun. 2002 May; 70(5): 2502-6 0019-9567
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Mycoplasma melaleucae sp. nov., a sterol-requiring mollicute from flowers of several tropical plants. Author(s): Mycoplasma Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Maryland 21701. Source: Tully, J G Rose, D L McCoy, R E Carle, P Bove, J M Whitcomb, R F Weisburg, W G Int-J-Syst-Bacteriol. 1990 April; 40(2): 143-7 0020-7713
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Mycoplasma provides for the spreading of opossum kidney cells in a serum-free, defined medium. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710. Source: Leiderman, L J Dennis, V W In-Vitro-Cell-Dev-Biol. 1989 July; 25(7): 655-8 08838364
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NMR solution structure and dynamics of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase domain of the trigger factor from Mycoplasma genitalium compared to FK506binding protein. Author(s): Institut fur Organische Chemie der Universitat Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Str. 11, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany. Source: Vogtherr, Martin Jacobs, Doris M Parac, Tatjana N Maurer, Marcus Pahl, Andreas Saxena, Krishna Ruterjans, Heinz Griesinger, Christian Fiebig, Klaus M J-MolBiol. 2002 May 10; 318(4): 1097-115 0022-2836
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Plasmid transformation of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides is promoted by high concentrations of polyethylene glycol. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294. Source: King, K W Dybvig, K Plasmid. 1991 September; 26(2): 108-15 0147-619X
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Promotion of mycoplasma pulmonis growth in rat tracheal organ cultures by ammonium chloride. Source: Pinson, D.M. Schoeb, T.R. Lin, S.L. Lindsey, J.R. Lab-Anim-Sci. Cordova, Tenn. : American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. April 1988. volume 38 (2) page 143-147. ill. 0023-6764
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Protective effect of two Mycoplasma gallisepticum protein fractions affinity purified with monoclonal antibodies. Source: Gzifra, G. Sundquist, B.G. Hellman, U. Stipkovits, L. Avian-pathol. Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Ltd. August 2000. volume 29 (4) page 343-351. 0307-9457
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Purification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins p52, p67 (pMGA), and p77 by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 256, Universite de Rennes, France. Source: January, G Brenner, C Wroblewski, H Protein-Expr-Purif. 1996 March; 7(2): 1606 1046-5928
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Rapid identification of Mycoplasma gallisepticum using a simple method of nucleic acid hybridization. Author(s): Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Source: Stipkovits, L Belak, S McGwire, B S Ballagi Pordany, A Santha, M Mol-CellProbes. 1988 December; 2(4): 339-44 0890-8508
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Relevance of soluble cytotoxic factors generated by mycoplasma-contaminated targets to natural killer cell-mediated killing. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital, Indianapolis 46223.
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Source: Hommel Berrey, G A Brahmi, Z Hum-Immunol. 1987 September; 20(1): 33-46 0198-8859 •
Serum folate in viral and mycoplasmal infections. Source: Jacobson, W Wreghitt, T G Saich, T Nagington, J J-Infect. 1987 March; 14(2): 10311 0163-4453
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Species-specific biotinylated DNA probe for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Author(s): Bionique Laboratories, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY 12983. Source: Geary, S J Intres, R Gabridge, M G Mol-Cell-Probes. 1988 September; 2(3): 237-44 0890-8508
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The acquisition of human lactoferrin by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7758. Source: Tryon, V V Baseman, J B Microb-Pathog. 1987 December; 3(6): 437-43 0882-4010
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The minimal cellular genome of mycoplasma. Author(s): Department of Membrane and Ultrastructure Research, Hebrew UniversityHadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
[email protected] Source: Razin, S Indian-J-Biochem-Biophys. 1997 Feb-April; 34(1-2): 124-30 0301-1208
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The Mycoplasma-derived lipopeptide MALP-2 is a potent mucosal adjuvant. Author(s): Vaccine Research Group, Division of Microbiology, GBF-German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany. Source: Rharbaoui, F Drabner, B Borsutzky, S Winckler, U Morr, M Ensoli, B Muhlradt, P F Guzman, C A Eur-J-Immunol. 2002 October; 32(10): 2857-65 0014-2980
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The proteome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae: comparing predicted open reading frames to identified gene products. Author(s): Zentrum fur Molekulare Biologie, Universitat Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Source: Ueberle, B Frank, R Herrmann, R Proteomics. 2002 June; 2(6): 754-64 1615-9853
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The thioredoxin reductase system of mycoplasmas. Source: Ben Menachem, G. Himmelreich, R. Herrmann, R. Aharonowitz, Y. Rottem, S. Microbiol. Reading, U.K. : Society for General Microbiology, c1994-. June 1997. volume 143 (pt.6) page 1933-1940. 1350-0872
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Treatment of pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae with various antibiotics. Author(s): Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.
[email protected] Source: Stipkovits, L Miller, D Glavits, R Fodor, L Burch, D Can-J-Vet-Res. 2001 October; 65(4): 213-22 0830-9000
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Use of valnemulin in the control of Mycoplasma bovis infection under field conditions. Author(s): Veterinary Medical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest. Source: Stipkovits, L Ripley, P H Varga, J Palfi, V Vet-Rec. 2001 March 31; 148(13): 399402 0042-4900
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Mycoplasma Vector-pathogen-host relationships of clover phyllody mycoplasmalike organism and the vector leafhopper Paraphlepsius irroratus. Source: Chiykowski, L.N. Can-J-Plant-Pathol-Rev-Can-Phytopathol. Guelph, Ont. : Canadian Phytopathological Society. 1991. volume 13 (1) page 11-18. 0706-0661
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON MYCOPLASMA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to mycoplasma. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “mycoplasma” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on mycoplasma, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Mycoplasma ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to mycoplasma. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Effects of S6-strain Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Inoculation at Either 10, 22, or 45 Weeks of Age on Performance, Egg, Blood, and Visceral Characteristics of Commercial Egg-Laying Hens by Basenko, Evelina Yuriyevna; MS from Mississippi State University, 2003, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414575
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Epidemiological Studies of Inflammatory Airway Disease in Horses (actinobacillus, Pasteurella, Mycoplasma Felis, Streptococcus Zooepidemicus) by Newton, J. Richard; PhD from Open University (United Kingdom), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f80289
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Interaction between Mycoplasma Mycoides Subspecies Mycoides and Cultured Endothelial Cells by Valdivieso-Garcia, Alfonso; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL53197
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Mycoplasma Equigenitalium Virulence Studies on Equine Uterine Tube Explants by Bermudez, Victor M; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL52036
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Mycoplasma Fermentans Malp-404: a New Paradigm for Surface Variation of Mycoplasmas by Davis, Kelley Lynne; PhD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2003, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091915
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Mycoplasma Infection of Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells and Establishment of Rat Mast Cell Lines by Chan, Bosco M. C; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47892
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The Growth of Mycoplasma Hominis by Robertson, Janet; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK18354
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The Interactions of Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasma Hominis with Neisseria Gonorrhoeae and the Attachment of Ureaplasma Urealyticum to Hela 229 Cells by Alfa, Michelle Josephine; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30184
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The Pulmonary Clearance of Pasteurella Haemolytica and the Bronchoalveolar Cell Morphology in Calves Infected with BVD Virus or Mycoplasma bovis by Lopez Mayagoitia, Alfonzo; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK48767
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND MYCOPLASMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning mycoplasma.
Recent Trials on Mycoplasma The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to mycoplasma.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Antibiotic treatment of Gulf War Veterans' illnesses Condition(s): Persian Gulf Syndrome; Mycoplasma fermentans Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs; Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program; Pfizer; Department of Defense Purpose - Excerpt: In 1990 and 1991, the U.S. deployed approximately 700,000 troops to the Persian Gulf to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. While there were few casualties associated with the Gulf War, many individuals returned from this conflict with unexplained symptoms and illnesses. This constellation of symptoms has been termed Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses (GWI). Although several explanations have been offered as to the cause of GWI, none of the putative etiologic agents or conditions is currently supported by sufficient evidence. One explanation that has received fairly widespread attention is systemic Mycoplasma fermentans infection. It is the purpose of this study to determine if antibiotic treatment directed against Mycoplasma species (i.e. doxycycline) will improve functioning and symptoms in deployed Gulf War veterans with GWI. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007735
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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “mycoplasma” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON MYCOPLASMA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “mycoplasma” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on mycoplasma, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Mycoplasma By performing a patent search focusing on mycoplasma, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on mycoplasma: •
Amplification and detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae targeting the P1 gene Inventor(s): Finn; Stefanie M. (Owings Mills, MD), Hellyer; Tobin J. (Owings Mills, MD), Price, Jr.; James A. (Lutherville, MD) Assignee(s): Becton, Dickinson and Company (franklin Lakes, Nj) Patent Number: 6,277,582 Date filed: July 27, 2000 Abstract: Amplification primers and methods for specific amplification and detection of a P1 target are disclosed. The primer-target binding sequences are useful for amplification and detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae target in a variety of amplification and detection reactions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for determining the presence or absence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from respiratory samples or other patient specimens or culture samples. The method involves using nucleic acid primers to amplify specifically a target sequence within the P1 gene, preferably using one of the techniques of Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA), thermophilic Strand Displacement Amplification (tSDA) or fluorescent real time tSDA. M. pneumoniae is a cause of atypical pneumonia in humans. Physical mapping, as described by Wenzel, et al. (1988. Nucl. Acids Res. 16:8323-8336), and sequencing of the complete genome, as described by Himmelreich, et al. (1996. Nucl. Acids Res. 24:4420-4449), of M. pneumoniae has been performed. Several proteins believed to be involved in the attachment of this organism to host cells have been discovered. A large surface membrane protein, P1, is believed to mediate adherence. The sequence of the P1 gene has been determined by Su, et al. (1987. Infect. Immun. 55:3023-3029) and Inamine, et al. (1988. Gene 64:217-229); and requirement of the P1 gene product for attachment of M. pneumoniae to host cells and, therefore, virulence of the organism has been demonstrated by Krause, et al. (1982. Infect. Immun. 35:809-817). The cloning and use of the P1 gene and its protein product for producing diagnostic reagents and vaccines are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,636, U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,005 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,694. Nucleic acid amplification is a powerful technology, which allows rapid detection of specific target sequences. It is therefore a promising technology for the rapid detection and identification of M. pneumoniae. Specificity of the P1 gene for detection of M. pneumoniae using PCR has been demonstrated (e.g, Williamson, et al. 1992. Epidemiol. Infect. 109:519-537; Cadieux, et al. 1993. J. Gen. Microbiol 139:2431-2437; Buck, et al. 1992. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:3280-3283; Skakni, et al. 1992. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2638-2643; and Grattard, et al. 1998. Pathol. Biol. 46:464-469). The oligonucleotide primers of the present invention are applicable to nucleic acid amplification and detection of M. pneumoniae. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06277582__
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•
Antimicrobial peptide compositions and method Inventor(s): Hancock; Robert E. W. (Vancouver, CA), Hodges; Robert S. (Edmonton, CA), Kondejewski; Leslie H. (Edmonton, CA), Lewis; Ruthven N. A. H. (Edmonton, CA), McElhaney; Ronald N. (Edmonton, CA), Prenner; Elmar J. (Edmonton, CA), Wishart; David S. (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): Pence, Inc. (edmonton, Ca) Patent Number: 6,358,921 Date filed: October 10, 1997 Abstract: The invention concerns antimicrobial cyclic peptides and peptide analogs having relatively low hemolytic activity. Peptides of the invention are effective in killing and/or inhibiting growth of a number of microorganisms, including gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma. Also disclosed are methods for inhibiting or killing such microorganisms, and therapeutic preparations for such inhibiting or killing. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a class of cyclic peptides that exhibit gram-positive and gram-negative bactericidal activity, as well as fungicidal and anti-mycoplasma activity, and are useful as antimicrobial agents. The emergence of many medically relevant resistant strains of bacteria is a major issue in human health (Neu, 1992). It is becoming essential that new therapeutic agents be developed to combat microorganisms resistant to traditional antibiotics. Gramicidin S (GS) is a naturally occurring cyclic peptide antibiotic (cyclo(Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro).sub.2) first isolated from Bacillus brevis. There may be a reduced incidence of resistance developed against GS analogs, allegedly because the target of these analogs is the cell membrane of sensitive microorganisms; nonetheless, their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Furthermore, only two proteases are known to degrade GS, GS and its analogs are predicted to be stable in vivo (Maeda, et al., 1993; Yukioka, et al., 1966). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358921__
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Antipathogenic peptides and compositions comprising them Inventor(s): Oren; Ziv (Rishon Le-Zion, IL), Shai; Yechiel (Yahud, IL) Assignee(s): Yeda Research and Development Co. Ltd (rehovot, Il) Patent Number: 6,172,038 Date filed: December 8, 1998 Abstract: Peptides which have a net positive charge and none or only a partial a-helix configuration were found to have a non-hemolytic selective cytolytic activity. The peptides may be derived from natural peptides such as pardaxin and mellitin and fragments thereof in which L-amino acid residues are replaced by corresponding Damino acid residues, and cyclic derivatives of the foregoing, or are diastereomers of linear peptides composed of varying ratios of at least one positively charged amino acid and at least one hydrophobic amino acid, and in which at least one of the amino acid residues is a D-amino acid, and preferably at least one third of the sequence is composed of D-amino acid residues. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the non-hemolytic cytolytic peptides can be used for the treatment of several diseases caused by pathogens including antibacterial, fungal, viral, mycoplasma and protozoan infections and for the treatment of cancer.
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Mycoplasma Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns novel non-hemolytic cytolytic peptides, compositions comprising them and their use in the treatment of diseases or disorders and in agriculture. In the text below, reference is being made to prior art documents, the complete particulars of which can be found in the "References" section at the end of the specification before the claims. The increasing resistance of microorganisms to the available antimicrobial drugs has resulted in extensive studies focused on developing alternative antimicrobial compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06172038__
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Arginine deminase derived from mycoplasma arthritidis and polymer conjugates containing the same Inventor(s): Filpula; David Ray (Piscataway, NJ), Wang; Maoliang (E. Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): Enzon, Inc. (piscataway, Nj) Patent Number: 5,804,183 Date filed: January 31, 1997 Abstract: A purified arginine deiminase (ADI) obtained from Mycoplasma arthritidis having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 as well as an isolated nucleic acid molecule containing a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are disclosed. Other aspects of the invention include an expression vector, a cloned gene for expressing the Mycoplasma arthritidis derived ADI, (recombinant) host cells useful in expressing the ADI of the present invention and substantially non-antigenic polymer conjugates containing the ADI of the present invention as well as methods of treating arginine deiminase susceptible conditions in mammals. The arginine deiminase-polymer conjugates have high levels of retained enzyme activity and relatively long circulating lives. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a novel arginine deiminase and longacting arginine deiminase-containing compositions. In particular the invention is directed to substantially non-antigenic polymer conjugates containing arginine deiminase derived from Mycoplasma arthritidis which demonstrate high levels of retained enzyme activity. Conjugating biologically-active proteins or enzymes to polymers has been suggested to improve one or more of the properties of circulating life, water solubility or antigenicity in vivo. For example, some of the initial concepts of coupling peptides or polypeptides to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and similar watersoluble polymers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Conjugates are formed by reacting a biologically active material with a several fold molar excess of a polymer which has been modified to contain a terminal linking group. Insulin and hemoglobin were among the first therapeutic agents conjugated. These relatively large polypeptides contain several free.epsilon.-amino attachment sites. Several polymers could be attached without significant loss of biologic activity. The conjugation process, however, is not without complications. Excessive polymer conjugation or reactions using molar excesses of polymers beyond certain ratios can result in the formation of inactive conjugates or conjugates having insufficient activity. Problems often result when the active site (i.e. where groups associated with bioactivity are found) on the protein or enzyme becomes blocked as a result of the covalent polymer attachment. This problem can be difficult to avoid because the polymer and protein or enzyme are typically joined in solution-based reactions. Pre-blocking the active sites with reversible materials such as pyridoxal phosphate has been suggested, but the results have been inconsistent. The problems are
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particularly acute with relatively lower molecular weight proteins and peptides. These bioactive materials often have few attachment sites not associated with bioactivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05804183__ •
Compositions comprising equisetum and symphytum and methods for the treatment of symptoms associated with mycoplasma infection Inventor(s): Ingram; Teresa J. (1029 State Hwy. 237, Fayetteville, TX 78940) Assignee(s): Ingram; Teresa J. (fayettesville, Tx) Patent Number: 6,416,792 Date filed: June 21, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is directed to compositions containing a combination of a herb from the genus Symphytum together with a herb from the genus Equisetum. These compositions can be extracted and the extract used to alleviate symptoms associated with mycoplasma infection. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to compositions and methods that are useful in alleviating the symptoms associated with mycoplasma infection. The compositions and methods involve the use of a combination of any herb in the genus Symphytum together with any herb in the genus Equisetum. In preferred embodiments, compositions and methods utilize Symphytum officinale (comfrey) and Equisetum hyemale (horsetail). There are a variety of newly characterized diseases that have been associated with infection by polymorphic mycoplasmas which may have a crystalline form, particularly Mycoplasma fermentans. Clear links have been established for AIDS and chronic fatigue syndrome (Lo, et al., Clin. Inf. Dis. 3:S259-263 (1993); Lo, et al., Am. J. Trop. Hyg. 41:364-376 (1989)). Other diseases that have been associated with such infections include human bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Rhodes, Deadly Feasts, Simon & Schuster, N.Y., N.Y., p. 197 (1997)) and Gulf War syndrome (Nicholson, et al., Chronic Fatigue Illnesses and Operation Desert Storm, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Irvine, Calif.). Among the many symptoms associated with these diseases are memory loss, dementia, neuropathy, paralysis, loss of motor control and wasting. The mycoplasma infections undoubtedly contribute to these symptoms in at least some patients, and the development of new therapeutic agents for treating such infections is therefore of clear value. In its first aspect, the present invention is directed to an herbal mixture that can be used in the preparation of a therapeutic composition for the treatment of subjects suffering from symptoms associated with mycoplasma infection, particularly when such infection occurs in a patient with AIDS, chronic fatigue syndrome, human bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or Gulf War syndrome. The mixture consists essentially of any herb of the genus Symphytum together with any herb of the genus Equisetum. Preferably, the mixture contains Symphytum officinale and Equisetum hyemale. The herbs used in mixtures may be in any form, but the cut form of the Symphytum herb and the powdered form of the Equisetum herb are generally preferred. Typically, the Symphytum herb should be present at a ratio of about 4.7 parts by weight for each part by weight of Equisetum herb. If desired, an antibiotic may also be added to mixtures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416792__
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Mycoplasma Detection of Mycoplasma genus and species in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia Inventor(s): Vojdani; Aristo (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): Immunosciences Lab, Inc., Calif. Corporation (beverly Hills, Ca) Patent Number: 6,492,113 Date filed: April 1, 1999 Abstract: Methods for detecting chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia in an individual, comprising isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and: 1) determining the amounts of Mycoplasma genus or Mycoplasma species; 2) determining the Mycoplasma gene copy number; or 3) determining the levels of anti-M. fermentans antibodies present in serum, wherein elevated levels of any of these indicate the presence of CFS and/or fibromyalgia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for determining an increased likelihood of the presence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in an individual by determining the presence of elevated levels of Mycoplasma DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is an illness with increasingly reported frequency in the United States and other industrialized countries (Straus, Rev. Infect. Dis. 13(Suppl. 1):S2-S7, 1991). CFS is characterized by prolonged and debilitating fatigue with multiple non-specific symptoms such as headaches, recurring sore throats, muscle and joint pains and cognitive complaints. Profound fatigue, the hallmark of the disorder, can appear suddenly or gradually and persists throughout the course of the illness. Unlike the short-term disability of an acute viral infection, for example, CFS symptoms by definition linger for at least six months and often for years (Fukuda et al., Ann. Intern. Med. 121:953-959, 1994). Physicians can evaluate patients with persistent fatigue of undetermined cause using guidelines developed by the international CFS study group (Fukuda et al., Fed. Pract. 12:12-17, 1995). It has been well documented that individuals who suffer from fibromyalgia (FMS) exhibit many of the same symptoms found in atypical CFS (Buchwald et al., Arch. Intern. Med. 154:2049-2053, 1994; Ziem et al., Arch. Intern. Med. 154:1913, 1995) in which a patient has 6 or 7 tender points. These two illnesses are so similar that for years many medical practitioners have considered them to be the same condition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06492113__
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Detection of prokaryotic organism by DNA hybridization Inventor(s): Gobel; Ulf (Freiberg, DE), Stanbridge; Eric J. (Corona Del Mar, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (oakland, Ca) Patent Number: 5,851,767 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Biological probes useful for detecting mycoplasmas or prokaryotes in general, or specific mycoplasma and eubacterial species are derived from the ribosomal RNA gene by selecting particular nucleotide sequences common to the class of organisms being detected. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of Biology, and more particularly to the fields of Biomedicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Mycoplasmas are a group of pathogenic microorganisms of the Class Mollicutes characterized by having a
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small size and lacking a cell wall. These microorganisms are among the smallest-known organisms capable of a free living existence, and are important pathogens in man, plants and animals. For example, atypical pneumonia and non-gonococcal urethritis are common mycoplasma infections in man. Mycoplasmas have also been associated with rheumatoid arthritis, spontaneous abortion, infertility and other genital tract diseases, and certain autoimmune disease states. Moreover, mycoplasmas are common contaminants in cell cultures. In biological research, mycoplasma contamination of tissue culture is a serious problem which demands constant monitoring. Not surprisingly, these organisms are extremely fastidious and at present there are no costeffective specific diagnostic procedures to determine the presence of mycoplasma infections. The most commonly-employed detection methods for mycoplasmas in clinical samples are serological and cultural. The serological methods are subject to false positives and the cultural methods are costly, time consuming and tedious. Many of the biochemical techniques in current usage for detection of microbial contaminants in cell cultures do not specifically detect mycoplasmas but rather indicate the presence of any prokaryote or simple eukaryote such as yeast and fungi, and some may even detect viruses. Such a test is advantageous if one is interested only in the knowledge that a microbial agent is present, but if one is searching for a suspected etiological agent of an animal or human disease it is obviously necessary to classify the agent as fully as possible. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05851767__ •
Expression library immunization Inventor(s): Barry; Michael A. (Carrollton, TX), Johnston; Stephen A. (Dallas, TX), Lai; Wayne C. (Richardson, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 5,989,553 Date filed: December 30, 1997 Abstract: A general method for vaccinating against any pathogen is presented. The method utilizes expression library immunization, where an animal is inoculated with an expression library constructed from fragmented genomic DNA of the pathogen. All potential epitopes of the pathogen's proteins are encoded in its DNA, and genetic immunization is used to directly introduce one or more expression library clones to the immune system, producing an immune response to the encoded protein. Inoculation of expression libraries representing portions of the Mycoplasma pulmonis genome was shown to protect mice from subsequent challenge by this natural pathogen. Protection against Listeria. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to methods for screening and obtaining vaccines generated from administration of expression libraries constructed from a pathogen genome. The method further includes identification of one or more antigenic plasmids that will elicit an immune response that is protective against pathogen challenge subsequent to inducing an in vivo immunogenic response. Also included in the invention are particular vaccine compositions protective against Listeria and Mycoplasma. While vaccination is one of the most cost-effective medical methods for saving lives, vaccines have not been developed for many of the most serious human diseases, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and diarrhea caused by rotavirus and Shigella. As is evident with the HIV epidemic, the increase in tuberculosis and the endemic spread of malaria
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Mycoplasma and other parasitic diseases, there is an increasing need to develop effective vaccines, yet for many of these pathogens daunting scientific problems have arisen. For example, the influenza virus is notorious for antigenic drift so that new vaccines are constantly being developed; research efforts continue in attempts to identify effective vaccines for rabies (Xiang, et al, 1994), herpes (Rouse, 1995); tuberculosis (Lowrie, et al, 1994); HIV (Coney, et al, 1994) as well as many other diseases of importance in developed and undeveloped countries. Yet there exists no relatively rapid, yet alone systematic, means of identifying an effective vaccine, much less a reasonable assurance that, once identified, the vaccine will be broadly responsive to pathogen challenge. Many currently used vaccines are composed of live/attenuated pathogens (Ada, 1991) which when inoculated infect cells and elicit a broad immune response in the host. While highly detailed knowledge of the pathobiology is not necessary, at the very least isolation and identification of the pathogen is required. Live vaccines are often superior to antigen or subunit vaccines because of their tendency to elicit a broad level protective response; however, serious disadvantages in using such vaccines include the risk of a vaccine-induced infection, problems with producing and storing the vaccine, and failure to engender any immune response; for example, where antigen presentation is limited. Perhaps the most troubling aspect of using live vaccines is the propensity for actually causing the disease against which protection is intended. Past experience with some of the polio and measles vaccines has demonstrated that this may be a serious risk. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05989553__
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Glycoglycerophospholipid, antibody thereagainst, and method for detecting mycoplasma Inventor(s): Matsuda; Kazuhiro (Yamaguchi, JP), Yamamoto; Naoki (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Seikagaku Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,994,090 Date filed: December 3, 1996 Abstract: Mouse is immunized with an antigen of a lipid fraction originating from Mycoplasma fermentans. Its spleen cells are fused with mouse myeloma cells to prepare hybridomas. A hybridoma is selected, which produces a monoclonal antibody having reaction specificity to GGPL-III that is a phosphocholine-containing glycoglycerolipid specific to Mycolplasma fermentans. Mycoplasma fermentans is detected by using the obtained antibody. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel glycoglycerophospholipid originating from Mycoplasma fermentans, an antibody against the glycoglycerophospholipid specifically existing in Mycoplasma fermentans, a method for measuring the glycoglycerophospholipid based on the use of the antibody, and a method for detecting Mycoplasma fermentans. The present inventors have already found five species of glycoglycerophospholipids (phosphocholine-containing glycoglycerolipids) from MT-4 cells (human helper T cells infected with HTLV-I (human lymphotropic retrovirus Type I), Miyoshi et al., Gann., 71, 155-156 (1980)). The present inventors have been previously found that one of the five species of glycoglycerophospholipids is 6'-O-phosphocholine-.alpha.-glucopyranosyl-(1'-3)-1,2diacyl-sn-glycerol (Shishitsu-Seikagaku-Kenkyu (Studies on Lipid Biochemistry), Vol. 35, pp. 111-114, 1993). On the other hand, it has been reported that Mycoplasma fermentans is an exacerbation factor of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Lo. S., -C. et al., 1991, Science, 251: 1074-1076; U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,820), or
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Mycoplasma fermentans is a cause of rheumatism (Williams, M. H. et al., 1970, Lancet ii: 277-280). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05994090__ •
Inactivated Mycolplasma hyopneumoniae and uses therefor Inventor(s): Fitzgerald; Gerald R. (Earlham, IA), Welter; C. Joseph (Des Moines, IA) Assignee(s): Ambico, Inc. (dallas Center, Ia) Patent Number: 5,968,525 Date filed: January 2, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for making an inactivated vaccine of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by inactivating the bacteria with Thimerosal. The resulting bacterin is mixed with an adjuvant of aluminum hydroxide and DEAE dextran and injected into pigs. The resulting bacterin and adjuvant mixture can also be mixed with other bacteria such as Bordetella and Pasteurella, for further adjuvant effect. Protective immunity against mycoplasmal pneumonia is elicited in swine using these vaccines. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for preparing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines and diagnostic agents. Chronic pneumonia in swine has been recognized as a major problem in swine production for almost a century. The disease has a high morbidity with low mortality causing a chronic cough, dull hair coat, retarded growth and unthrifty appearance lasting several weeks. Characteristic lesions of purple to gray areas of consolidation particularly in ventral apical and cardiac lobes are observed in infected animals. Death may result from secondary infection or stress. One of the causes of chronic pneumonia is infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Economic losses alone have been estimated at between 200 to 250 million dollars annually. The bacteria was first identified in 1965. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a slow growing, fastidious bacterium which lacks a cell wall. It is frequently difficult to isolate from the respiratory tract due to Mycoplasma hyorhinis, a common secondary agent also located in the respiratory tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968525__
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Method for the preservation of viruses and mycoplasma Inventor(s): Worrall; Eric Edward (Lampeter, GB) Assignee(s): Anhydro Limited (north Lincolnshire, Gb) Patent Number: 6,664,099 Date filed: March 8, 2002 Abstract: A biologically-active material comprising a live virus or mycoplasma is preserved by a method of desiccation, without lyophilisation, in a matrix of glassy trehalose having a residual moisture content of not greater than 2%. The method comprises two vacuum drying stages. In a cycle time much shorter than a typical freeze drying process a virus or mycoplasma can be preserved to provide a material that can be rehydrated to give a vaccine having potency.
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Mycoplasma Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preservation of viruses and mycoplasma. In particular, it relates to an ultra-rapid method by which such materials can be preserved using the disaccharide, trehalose. By this method, a long term preservation of viruses and/or mycoplasma can be achieved and, especially, living attenuated vaccines can be prepared. The preservation of biodegradable materials by dehydration and osmoconcentration is a familiar and ancient technology. When the task of preserving sensitive biomolecules became necessary, simple drying by dehydration failed, as structural water was removed, causing subsequent denaturation and loss of vital activity. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen and lyophilisation have become the accepted methods for the long term preservation of sensitive biomolecules, the latter method being used extensively for the preservation of live attenuated vaccines. Improved thermotolerance of freeze dried Rinderpest vaccine has been achieved by extending the secondary drying cycle, in order to reduce residual moisture (RM) levels to around 1%-2%. This entails long and high energy consuming operational cycles of up to 72 hours as described by Mariner, J. C. et al., Vet. Microbiol., 1990, 21, 195-209. Vaccines produced by this method are known and are distinguished from the standard vaccine by the name "THERMOVAX". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06664099__
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Method of enhancing cell mediated immune responses Inventor(s): Bhogal; Balbir S. (Wood Lands, TX), Dayalu; Krishnaswamy I. (Lincoln, NE), Gerber; Jay D. (Lincoln, NE) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (madison, Nj) Patent Number: 6,113,916 Date filed: May 25, 1995 Abstract: This intention provides a method for enhancing a cell mediates immune response to Mycoplasma hypneumoniae in a newborn swine which involves administering a vaccine containing an effective amount of a protective antibodyinducing antigen to a pregnant sow, following by administering the vaccine to the newborn swine. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the field of vaccines, and more specifically, to methods of enhancing cell mediated immune responses in newborn piglets to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens. There have been documented instances in the art of passively immunizing neonates against infection with a selected disease-causing agent by administering a vaccine to a pregnant animal or to a nursing mother. These passive immune responses are believed to be due to the transfer of maternal IgA antibodies through the placenta to the infant and/or by intestinal absorption of maternal immunoglobulins present in the colostrum or milk by the neonate. Colostrum and milk, which provide protective immune factors to the neonate, also have an extraordinary and unique combination of carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, growth promoting factors such as epidermal-growth factor, insulin, and somatomedins, as well as lactoferrin, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and vasoactive intestinal peptides and some neuropeptides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06113916__
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Method to control plant pests, improve plant productivity and other purposes Inventor(s): Hartfeldt; Will H. (7449 Cahill Rd., Edina, MN 55439) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,646,000 Date filed: July 6, 2000 Abstract: A method of treating plant and animal systems and inanimate surfaces for the purposes of controlling plant pests, introducing pesticides and nutrients into plants, mitigating frost damage to plants, increasing crop yields, controlling certain plant diseases, controlling arthropod, bacterial, fungal, mycoplasma, rickettsia, and viral pests of animals and humans, and disinfecting inanimate surfaces. The method utilizes the unique multi-directional dispersion property of the tannate complex of picro ammonium formate and the tannate complex of picro cupric ammonium formate, in aqueous solution, combined with a minor amount of a surfactant sufficient to prevent formation of ammonium picrate, to penetrate plant and animal systems and inanimate surfaces and travelling multidirectionally therein. The method is carried out by introducing a small but effective amount of the tannate complex to the plant or animal system or inanimate surface. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to the utilization of heretofore undiscovered unique properties of two known anti-microbial agents used on plants: (A) a fungicide and bactericide for the control of additional pests and maladies, and for other benefits to the host, such as (1) control of insects and other pests of plants, (2) transport multidirectionally within plants while carrying nutrients and other materials there, while functioning as a source of plant nutrition, in addition to being pesticidal, (3) inducement of improved plant health by stimulating the plant's own health system, a process sometimes called "systemic activated resistance" (SAR), (4) synergistic effect when combined with certain other pesticides (5) disinfection of inanimate surfaces proximate to plants or humans or animals, (6) control of certain pests and diseases by topical application where the hosts are animals and humans, and (B) another anti-microbial agent with a similar range of undiscovered properties. U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,687 discloses a chemotherapeutic agent composed essentially of the tannate complex of picro cupric ammonium formate in aqueous solution combined with a minor amount of a surfactant sufficient to prevent formation of ammonium picrate. The therapeutic agent, identified as KT-19827 (and sold under the registered trademark PHYTON-27), is disclosed as useful in the control of plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi and bacteria. That patent, which is a division of the application which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,666, also discloses another chemotherapeutic agent, identified as KT-198, which is composed essentially of a tannate complex of picro ammonium formate and surfactant in a minor amount, which is disclosed as useful in control of plant diseases caused by pathogenic rickettsia-like organisms (RLO's), mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO's), and plant viruses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06646000__
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Mycoplasma Methods and compositions for treatment of disorders associated with chlamydia and similar bacterial infection Inventor(s): Baumgart; Karl William (66 Pacific Highway, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, AU), Borody; Thomas Julius (144 Great North Road, Five Dock, NSW 2046, AU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,475,518 Date filed: February 1, 2001 Abstract: At least two different antibiotics are administered to treat condition associated with infection by Chlamydia species, Mycoplasma species, Listeria species and Bartonella species, and the aetiologic agents of leptospirosis and Q fever. Compositions comprise the antibiotics. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of vascular disease and other diseases either resulting from, aggravated by or associated with infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae, other Chlamydia species and similar susceptible microorganisms. Vascular disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of atheromatous plaque within vessel walls followed by complications such as plaque rupture with activation of the clotting cascade and occlusion of the vessel resulting in infarction of distant tissue accounts for the majority of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and other ischaemic tissue injury. Conventional therapy for vascular disease seeks to prevent or reverse clot formation or to reduce vascular disease risk factors such as dyslipidaemia or hypertension. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a recently described microorganism, which has been identified in atherosclerotic plaque and incriminated in vascular disease. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen that grows within macrophages and endothelial cells. Infection with C. pneumoniae is characterised by intracellular persistence following infection. Approximately 50% of the population are seropositive for C. pneumoniae in adult life and most persons acquire the infection by the respiratory route. Not all persons infected with C. pneumoniae develop vascular disease, however. Recovery rates of the microorganism have ranged between 20 to 60% of sites of atherosclerotic tissue and the organism has not been recovered from normal vascular tissue. Animal models have been developed in which infection with C. pneumoniae is followed by the development of atherosclerotic plaque. To date, however, Koch's postulates have not been fulfilled for C. pneumoniae in human atherosclerotic vascular disease, and this is in part a consequence of the serious nature of challenge testing as well as the fact that the organism is an obligate intracellular pathogen. Two limited therapeutic studies have been published in which there appears to be a benefit after monotherapy with a macrolide antibiotic. In one of these studies (Gupta S, et al., Circulation 1997, 96, 404407) azithromycin was used, and the benefit was not sustained after initial therapy. In the other study (Gurfinkel E, et al., Lancet 1997, 350, 404-407) roxithromycin was used as sole therapy and in limited numbers a benefit was described, although prolonged follow-up has not yet been reported. In another study (Sinisalo J, et al., J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1998, 41, 85-92) tetracycline antibiotics were used as monotherapy and no clinical benefit was discerned. In the case of "difficult to eradicate" intracellular pathogens, widespread use of single antibiotic regimes has serious potential adverse consequences for the population at large as well as for individuals who may develop resistant infections. Important examples of these problems in other areas of clinical practice include tuberculosis, leprosy and Helicobacter pylori infections. A further feature of largely intracellular infections such as those in which combination regimes have come to be used relates to the concept of "suppression" versus "eradication"
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following treatment. Although a course of macrolides in the treatment of C. pneumoniae can result in seemingly measurable early improvement clinically, the patients remain at risk of developing a recrudescence of the intracellular infection which has been merely suppressed rather than eradicated. With regrowth of the bacteria, the disease returns and the likelihood of response to repeated therapy is diminished, with the spectre of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, widespread use of single antibiotic regimes may result in greater resistance amongst C. pneumoniae and other important human pathogens than those being treated. Until now it has not been realised that antibiotic monotherapy which could result in a transient improvement in clinical parameters, was actually an indication of the suppression of the bacterial growth, with probable entry of the bacteria into a more intracellular yet chronic phase of infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475518__ •
Methods for the diagnosis of feline infectious anemia Inventor(s): Cutting; John A. (San Diego, CA), Steele; J. Kevin (San Diego, CA), Telford; David L. (Carlsbad, CA) Assignee(s): Synbiotics Corporation (san Diego, Ca) Patent Number: 6,204,003 Date filed: September 18, 1998 Abstract: The claimed invention is a method for determining whether a mammal is infected with Haemobartonella felis or for inducing an immune response against Haemobartonella felis using a polypeptide expressed by Mycoplasma. Preferably, the polypeptide is expressed by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In a preferred embodiment the polypeptide is the pMGA protein expressed by the strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum having ATCC deposit number 19610. Excerpt(s): Feline infectious anemia (FIA) is a serious, and sometimes fatal, feline disease with worldwide distribution. The frequency of the disease has been difficult to estimate, due to difficulties detecting the causative agent, Haemobartonella felis. One study estimated that the causative agent was present in 7.5% of the ill cats studied and 3.6% of cats which appeared healthy, while another study reported infection rates as high as 23.2% in animals which had been referred for treatment. (Grindem, C. B. et al., "Risk Factors for Haemobartonella felis Infection in Cats," JAVAM 196:96 (1990); Nash, A. S. and Bobade, P. A. , "Haemobartonella felis Infection in Cats from the Glasgow Area," The Veterinary Record, Oct. 11, 1986, page 373). Cats having low packed cell volume (PCV), a lack of vaccinations generally and against feline enteritis and respiratory tract virus infections specifically, catbite abscesses, a history of roaming outdoors and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) positive status are at a greater risk for FIA. (Grindem et al., supra) Some studies have found a correlation between gender and risk of FIA, although other studies have failed to detect this association. (Hayes, H. M., "Feline Infectious Anaemia. Risk by Age, Sex, and Breed; Prior Disease; Seasonal Occurrence; Mortality," J. Small Anim. Pract. 14: 797 (1973)). Although the disease is curable by treatment with antibiotics, there is no induction of protective immunity. Infection may occur through a variety of routes, including ingestion of infected material, open wounds resulting from fighting, or transplacental transmission. In addition to severe anemia, clinical manifestations of Haemobartonella felis infection include depression, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, paleness of mucous membranes, and, occasionally, splenomegaly. (Harvey, J. W. "Hemobartonellosis" in Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, C. E. Greene Ed., W. B. Saunders Co. (1984)). Without intervention,
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Mycoplasma approximately one third of cats with uncomplicated acute haemobartonellosis perish from severe anemia. (Holzworth, J. "Anemia in the Cat," J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 126:471-488, (1956); Splitter, E. J. et al.,"Feline Infectious Anemia," Vet. Med., 51:17-22, (1956)). However, some cats experience both an immune response to the bacteria and a regenerative bone marrow response, which allows erythrocyte production to exceed erythrocyte destruction. These animals eventually recover from the disease, with the recovery time lasting one month or more. (Harvey, J. W. and Gaskin, J. M., "Experimental Feline Haemobartonellosis," J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 13:28-38, (1977)). Unfortunately, cats that recover from acute infections with Haemobartonella felis remain infected with the pathogen for considerable time periods and may even remain infected throughout their lifetimes. (Splitter, E. J. et al. 1956, supra; Harvey, J. W. and Gaskin, J. M., "Feline Haemobartonellosis: Attempts to Induce Relapses of Clinical Disease in Chronically Infected Cats," J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 14:453-456, (1978)). In addition, carrier cats may not exhibit any symptoms of infection. The lack of observable symptoms increases the likelihood that the disease will escape treatment and that the carrier will transmit the organism to other animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06204003__
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Mycoplasma arthritidis T-cell mitogen Inventor(s): Atkin; Curtis L. (Salt Lake City, UT), Cole; Barry C. (Sandy, UT), Oliphant; Arnold R. (Johnston, IA), Pole; Ann (Salt Lake City, UT) Assignee(s): University of Utah Research Foundation (salt Lake City, Ut) Patent Number: 5,872,233 Date filed: June 17, 1997 Abstract: A method of purifying Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (MAM) to electrophoretic and sequence homogeneity is disclosed. A preparation of MAM purified according to this method was used to determine the sequence of the N-terminal 54 amino acids of MAM. A synthetic peptide consisting of amino acids 15-32 inhibited MAM-induced cell proliferation in vitro. The sequence of the N-terminal 54 amino acids was reverse translated, nucleotide probes were designed therefrom, and the MAM gene was selected from a genomic library. The MAM gene was sequenced and found to be contained on a 1107 bp DNA fragment. The primary translation product contains a 39 amino acid signal sequence and a 213 amino acid mature MAM (molecular weight 25,294). Amino acid sequence comparisons of MAM to bacterial and murine tumor virus superantigens showed regions of conservative sequence homology, including the region capable of inhibiting cell proliferation. Sequence homologies to HIV and other retrovirus proteins and to certain regulatory proteins were also detected. Strategies for blocking or immunizing against certain diseases, including autoimmune diseases, are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention was made with government support under grants AI12103 and AM02255 awarded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The government has certain rights in the invention. This invention relates to compositions and methods for preventing human diseases including autoimmune diseases. More particularly, this invention relates to nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences of Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (MAM), synthetic oligonucleotides and peptides having such sequences, a method of purifying MAM to electrophoretic and sequence homogeneity, and methods of using such sequences and purified MAM in preventing human disease. In autoimmune disease, a breakdown of self-tolerance leads to generation of an immune response against a specific target antigen or antigens.
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Microbial agents have long been thought to trigger autoimmune diseases by possessing antigenic determinants that are crossreactive with antigens on target organs. More recently, it has been suggested that superantigens derived from bacteria, P. Marrack & J. Kappler, 248 Science 705 (1990); B. Fleischer, 10 Immunol. Today 262 (1989), mycoplasma, B. Cole & C. Atkin, 12 Immunol. Today 271 (1991), or viruses, W. Frankel et al., 349 Nature 526 (1991); P. Dyson et al., 349 Nature 531 (1991); Y. Choi et al., 350 Nature 203 (1991), may initiate autoimmune disease by activating specific anti-self T cell clones, J. White et al., 56 Cell 27 (1989); B. Cole et al., 144 J. Immunol. 425 (1990), X. Paliard et al., 253 Science 325 (1991), or by forming a superantigen bridge that crosslinks helper T (T.sub.H) cells with pre-immune B cells, thereby causing polyclonal B cell activation and secretion of autoimmune antibodies, S. Friedman et al., 34 Arthritis Rheum. 468 (1991), W. Mourad et al., 170 J. Exp. Med. 2011 (1989). In fact, recent studies have shown that MAM can trigger, enhance, and exacerbate experimental autoimmune collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). B. Cole & M. Griffiths, 36 Arthritis Rheum. 994 (1993). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05872233__ •
Mycoplasma expression system Inventor(s): Knudtson; Kevin L. (Salt Lake City, UT), Minion; F. Chris (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. (ames, Ia) Patent Number: 5,821,059 Date filed: May 23, 1996 Abstract: A system for identifying mycoplasma regulatory sequences with protein fusion constructs has been developed. This system has identified mycoplasma regulatory sequences that can be used in expression vectors. The expression vectors employing these mycoplasma regulatory sequences permit the expression of foreign DNA sequences in mycoplasma hosts, such as Acholeplasma. Excerpt(s): This application is the U.S. national stage application of PCT/US93/07407 filed under 35 U.S.C. 371. The class Mollicutes encompasses a group of organisms collectively known as "mycoplasmas," many of which are important human and agricultural pathogens. Despite this pathogenicity, little is known about the genetics of mycoplasmas. These organisms possess the smallest genome thought necessary for autonomous existence. Razin, Microbiol. Rev. 49: 419-55 (1985). Due to their simplicity, most mycoplasma species require complex media for growth because they lack many biosynthetic pathways. In view of such limitations, traditional genetic studies employing auxotrophic mutants have not been possible with these organisms. Based on RNA homology, mycoplasmas are thought to be a product of degenerative evolution from Gram-positive organisms. Previous studies of 16S rRNA sequence homology have suggested that mycoplasmas are more closely related to Gram-positive organisms than Gram-negative organisms Weisburg et al., J. Bacteriol. 171: 6455-67 (1989). The differences in translational specificity that have been demonstrated between the Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria also appear to pertain to mycoplasmas as well. Hager & Rabinowitz, The Molecular Biology of the Bacilli 1-34 (Dubnau ed., Acad. Press 1985). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05821059__
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Mycoplasma Mycoplasma recombinant polypeptides and vaccines Inventor(s): Browning; Glenn Francis (Parkville, AU), Duffy; Michael Francis (Parkville, AU), Walker; Ian Douglas (Parkville, AU), Whithear; Kevin George (Parkville, AU) Assignee(s): The University of Melbourne (parkville, Au) Patent Number: 6,171,589 Date filed: September 2, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates generally to immunogens and their use in vaccine preparations. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a peptide or polypeptide or a derivative, homologue or analogue thereof which corresponds to, mimics, or cross-reacts with, B-cell or T-cell epitopes on surface polypeptides encoded by Mycoplasma pneumoniae or M. genitalium. The immunogens of the present invention are particularly useful in vaccine preparations for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of individuals against infections by Mycoplasma ssp. The present invention further provides diagnostic reagents for the detection of Mycoplasma ssp. in biological samples derived from individuals suspected of being infected therewith. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to peptides and polypeptides and their use in vaccine preparations. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a peptide or polypeptide or a derivative, homologue or analogue thereof which corresponds to, mimics, or cross-reacts with, B-cell or T-cell epitopes on polypeptides encoded by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. genitalium. Vaccine preparations comprising the peptides or polypeptides of the present invention are useful in protecting individuals against infections by species of the genus Mycoplasma. Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. Bibliographic details of the publications referred to by author in this specification are collected at the end of the description. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06171589__
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Non-virulent Mycoplasma synoviae and vaccine thereof Inventor(s): Witvliet; Maarten Hendrik (Oostrum, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.v. (arnhem, Nl) Patent Number: 6,001,348 Date filed: December 5, 1997 Abstract: The present invention provides NAD-independent Mycoplasma synoviae of strain MS1. The invention also refers to microbiological cultures comprising Mycoplasma synoviae of this strain. Next to this, the invention refers to live vaccines derived from these strains, for the protection of poultry against Mycoplasma synoviae infection. Furthermore, the invention provides methods for the preparation of such vaccines. Also, the use of NAD-independent Mycoplasma synoviae strains for the preparation of live vaccines for the protection of poultry against Mycoplasma synoviae infection is disclosed. Excerpt(s): Mycoplasma synoviae is a mycoplasma that is highly infectious to poultry. Mycoplasma synoviae infection is a severe problem in the vast majority of broiler
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breeder and layer industries. It also often appears in turkey flocks. Disease caused by Mycoplasma synoviae leads to a decrease in body weight gain and loss of egg production. Morbidity in both chickens and turkeys usually varies between 5-15%. Mortality in chickens is usually low, but may be significant in turkey flocks due to trampling and cannibalism. Infectious synovitis was first seen at large scale primarily in chickens in growing birds between 4-12 weeks of age in broiler-growing regions in the USA between 1950 and 1960. During that time, the disease was for the first time described and associated with a mycoplasma (Olson et al.; Poult. Sci. 33: 1075 (1954) and Olson et al.; Am. J. Vet. Res. 17: 747-754 (1956)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001348__ •
Nucleic acid hybridization assay probes, helper probes and amplification oligonucleotides targeted to mycoplasma pneumoniae nucleic acid Inventor(s): Endozo; Anthony A. (Temecula, CA), Hammond; Philip W. (Tehachapi, CA) Assignee(s): Gen-probe Incorporated (san Diego, Ca) Patent Number: 5,969,122 Date filed: May 16, 1997 Abstract: The present invention describes oligonucleotides targeted to Mycoplasma pneumoniae nucleic acid sequences which are particularly useful to aid in detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The oligonucleotides can aid in detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae in different ways such as by acting as hybridization assay probes, helper probes, and/or amplification primers. Excerpt(s): The invention described and claimed herein relates to the design and use of oligonucleotides targeted to Mycoplasma pneumoniae nucleic acid. Different types of oligonucleotides are described including hybridization assay probes, helper probes, and amplification oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides are particularly useful for detecting the species Mycoplasma pneumoniae in test samples, such as from throat swabs, tissue samples, body fluids, experimental solutions and cultures. Single strands of deoxyribo("DNA") or ribo- ("RNA") nucleic acid, formed from nucleotides including the bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymidine (T), guanine (G), uracil (U), or inosine (I), may hybridize to form a double-stranded structure held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of complementary bases. Generally, A is hydrogen bonded to T or U, while G or I are hydrogen bonded to C. Along the chain, classical base pairs AT or AU, TA or UA, GC, or CG are present. Additionally, some mismatched base pairs (e.g., AG, GU) may be present. Bringing together two single strands of nucleic acid containing sufficient contiguous complementary bases, under conditions which promote their hybridization, results in double-stranded nucleic acid. Under appropriate conditions, DNA/DNA, RNA/DNA, or RNA/RNA hybrids can form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05969122__
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Mycoplasma Nucleic acid primers and probes for detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae Inventor(s): Mullen; Carolyn R. (Libertyville, IL), Sustachek; Joann C. (Racine, WI) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (abbott Park, Il) Patent Number: 5,817,463 Date filed: June 28, 1996 Abstract: Nucleic acid sequences that are useful for detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae are herein provided. These sequences can be used in hybridization assays or amplification based assays designed to detect the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a test sample. Additionally, the sequences can be provided as part of a kit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and, in particular, it relates to oligonucleotides for detecting Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a test sample. Bacteria known as Mycoplasmas contain minimum intracellular organelles and are therefore some of the most simple and smallest bacteria. At least one member of the genus Mycoplasma is clinically important because of its ability to cause disease. In humans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is responsible for atypical pneumonia and the symptoms of atypical pneumoniae can range from a subclinical infection to bronchopneumonia. Thus, diagnosing a M. pneumoniae infection based upon symptoms alone would be impractical given the range of symptoms that a patient infected with M. pneumoniae might display. Currently, diagnosing a M. pneumoniae infection typically requires growing the organism in culture or detecting the presence of antibody against M. pneumoniae in a serum sample. M. pneumoniae is a slow growing organism and therefore, culture based methods for detecting M. pneumoniae may take several weeks before a result is obtained. Serological testing requires two samples from an individual suspected of being infected with M. pneumoniae because merely detecting antibody directed against M. pneumoniae is not necessarily diagnostic of a recent M. pneumoniae infection, but a significant increase in antibody titer may indicate a recent M. pneumoniae infection. Since a rise in antibody titer over time is measured, acute and convalescent serum samples are taken, but these samples are often times taken weeks apart. Hence, detecting a M. pneumoniae infection can be a time consuming process. Accordingly, there is a need for methods and reagents capable of detecting M. pneumoniae in a specific and timely manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05817463__
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Nucleic acid probes and methods for detecting fungi Inventor(s): Hogan; James John (San Diego, CA), Kop; Jo Ann (San Marcos, CA), McDonough; Sherrol Hoffa (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Gen-probe Incorporated (san Diego, Ca) Patent Number: 5,827,651 Date filed: May 30, 1995 Abstract: A method for preparing probes, as well as several probes for use in qualitative or quantitative hybridization assays are disclosed. The method comprises constructing an oligonucleotide that is sufficiently complementary to hybridize to a region of rRNA selected to be unique to a non-viral organism or group of non-viral organisms sought tobe detected, said region of rRNA being selected by comparing one or more variable region rRNA sequences of said non-viral organism or group of non-viral organisms
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with one or more variable region rRNA sequences from one or more non-viral organisms sought to be distinguished. Hybridization assay probes for Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex bacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella, Salmonella, Chlamydia trachomatis, Campylobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, Pseudomonas group I, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, bacteria, and fungi also are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The inventions described and claimed herein relate to probes and assays based on the use of genetic material such as RNA. More particularly, the inventions relate to the design and construction of nucleic acid probes and hybridization of such probes to genetic material of target non-viral organisms in assays for detection and/or quantitation thereof in test samples of, e.g., sputum, urine, blood and tissue sections, food, soil and water. Two single strands of nucleic acid, comprised of nucleotides, may associate ("hybridize") to form a double helical structure in which the two polynucleotide chains running in opposite directions are held together by hydrogen bonds (a weak form of chemical bond) between pairs of matched, centrally located compounds known as "bases." Generally, in the double helical structure of nucleic acids, for example, the base adenine (A) is hydrogen bonded to the base thymine (T) or uracil (U) while the base guanine (G) is hydrogen bonded to the base cytosine (C). At any point along the chain, therefore, one may find the base pairs AT or AU, TA or UA, GC, or CG. One may also find AG and GU base pairs in addition to the traditional ("canonical") base pairs. Assuming that a first single strand of nucleic acid is sufficiently complementary to a second and that the two are brought together under conditions which will promote their hybridization, double stranded nucleic acid will result. Under appropriate conditions, DNA/DNA, RNA/DNA, or RNA/RNA hybrids may be formed. Broadly, there are two basic nucleic acid hybridization procedures. In one, known as "in solution" hybridization, both a "probe" nucleic acid sequence and nucleic acid molecules from a test sample are free in solution. In the other method, the sample nucleic acid is usually immobilized on a solid support and the probe sequence is free in solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05827651__ •
Nucleic acid probes for the detection for genital mycoplasmas Inventor(s): Pelletier; Dale A. (Brighton, MA), Weisburg; William G. (Milford, MA) Assignee(s): Amoco Corporation (chicago, Il) Patent Number: 5,843,667 Date filed: March 22, 1991 Abstract: Nucleic acids having approximately 10 to 250 nucleotides which are capable of hybridizing to rRNA and rDNA of mycoplasma etiological agents of nongonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingitis, and other infections due to mycoplasmas from the genital areas, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to mycoplasmas associated with the genito-urinary tract, believed to be the cause of nongonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflammatory diseases, septic abortion, and a wide array of diseases of other tissues. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention provide nucleic acid probes and compositions, methods for their use for the specific detection or identification of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaglasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical and other samples,
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Mycoplasma and packaged components suitable for use as kits. Mycoplasmas are small wall-less bacteria, primarily isolated from animal sources including humans. There are over 70 members of the genus Mycoplasma, and several related genera which are also characterized by small wall-less bacteria; these are Spiroplasma, Acholeplasma, Ureaplasma, Anaeroplasma, and Asteroleplasma. Only a handful of the species within these genera have been found associated with humans-some presumed to be "normal flora", others occasionally pathogenic, and still others always believed to be clinically significant. Among the mycoplasmas known to be pathogenic, Mycoglasma pneumoniae is historically the most well studied, it is the major infectious agent of primary atypical pneumonia. Nucleic acid compositions and methods for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and a further mycoplasma pathogen, Mycoplasma fermentans, are the subject of two concurrently filed applications U.S. Ser. No. 07/673,686, now abandoned, and U.S. Ser. No. 07/673,687, now abandoned, entitled "Nucleic Acid Probes For The Detection Of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae" and "Nucleic Acid Probes For The Detection Of Mycoplasma Fermentans Or The Aids-Associated Virus-Like Infectious Agent." At least one inventor is common to all these applications and the present application. Three other mycoplasma species, which can be isolated from the human genito-urinary tract, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum, are somewhat more enigmatic in the clinical implications of the detection of these organisms in the human body. Ureaplasma urealyticum, for example, although it is implicated in significant and serious human morbidity and mortality, may be found in asymptomatic "normal" individuals as well. The three species, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum will be referred to herein as the genital mycoplasmas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05843667__
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Nucleotide sequence of the mycoplasma genitalium genome, fragments thereof, and uses thereof Inventor(s): Adams; Mark D. (N. Potomac, MD), Fraser; Claire M. (Potomac, MD), Gocayne; Jeannine D. (Silver Spring, MD), Hutchison, III; Clyde A. (Chapel Hill, NC), Smith; Hamilton O. (Towson, MD), Venter; J. Craig (Potomac, MD), White; Owen (Gaithersburg, MD) Assignee(s): Johns Hopkins University (baltimore, Md), The Institute for Genomic Research (rockville, Md), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (chapel Hill, Nc) Patent Number: 6,537,773 Date filed: October 19, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides the nucleotide sequence of the entire genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, SEQ ID NO:1. The present invention further provides the sequence information stored on computer readable media, and computer-based systems and methods which facilitate its use. In addition to the entire genomic sequence, the present invention identifies protein encoding fragments of the genome, and identifies, by position relative to two (2) genes known to flank the origin of replication, any regulatory elements which modulate the expression of the protein encoding fragments of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of molecular biology. The invention discloses compositions comprising the nucleotide sequence of Mycoplasma genitalium, fragments thereof, and its use in medical diagnostics, therapies and pharmaceutical
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development. Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living bacterial organisms known (Colman, S. D. et al., Mol. Microbiol. 4:683-687 (1990)). Mycoplasmas are thought to have evolved from higher gram-positive bacteria through the loss of genetic material (Bailey, C. C. et al., J. Bacteriol. 176:5814-5819 (1994)). Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium)is widely considered to be the smallest self-replicating biological system, as the molecular size of its genome has been shown to be only 570-600 kp (Pyle, L. E. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 16(13):6015-6025 (1988); Peterson, S. N. et al., J. Bacteriol. 175:7918-7930 (1993)). All mycoplasmas lack a cell wall and have small genomes and a characteristically low G+C content (Razin, S., Microbiol. Rev. 49(4):419-455 (1985); Peterson, S. N. et al., J. Bacteriol. 175:7918-7930 (1993)). Some mycoplasmas, including M genitalium, have a specialized codon usage, whereby UGA encodes tryptophan rather than serving as a stop codon (Inamine, J. M. et al., J. Bacteriol. 172:504-506 (1990); Tanaka, J. G. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19:6787-6792 (1991); Yamao, F. A. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:2306-2309 (1985)). Mycoplasmas are widely known to be significant pathogens of humans, animals, and plants (Bailey, C. C. et al., J. Bacteriol. 176:5814-5819 (1994)). The metabolic systems of mycoplasmas indicate that they are generally biosynthetically deficient, and thus depend on the microenvironment of the host by characteristically adhering to host cells in order to obtain essential precursor molecules, i.e., amino acids, fatty acids and sterols etc. (Baseman, J. B., 1987. Micoplasma Membranes, Vol. 20. The Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537773__ •
Polynucleotides encoding a mycoplasma protein involved in cell growth regulation Inventor(s): Blazar; Beverly A. (265 Laurel Ave., Providence, RI 02906), Webb; Andrew C. (200 Hinckley Rd., Milton, MA 02186) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,506,892 Date filed: October 29, 1998 Abstract: A novel immunoregulatory factor, designated IL-X, is described which has been isolated from Mycoplasma. The subject invention also concerns polynucleotides which encode IL-X. IL-X protein is a growth factor for EBV transformed human B lymphocytes and for murine helper T lymphocytes. Also taught are methods of raising antibodies to IL-X, and cloning of IL-X. Excerpt(s): Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a lymphotropic virus in humans that is closely associated with two malignancies, Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, as well as a lymphoproliferative disorder, infectious mononucleosis. Also, in recent years, several EBV-associated proliferative syndromes and malignancies have been described in the profoundly immunocompromised host. There are two main types of EBV carrying B lymphocyte lines, i.e., Burkitt's Lymphoma derived (BL) and lymphoblastoid (normal lymphocyte) derived cell line (LCL). BL lines, which are derived from malignant cells in tumor biopsies, are monoclonal, usually aneuploid with a specific chromosomal translocation, bear a characteristic glycoprotein pattern, and are tumorigenic in nude mice. The LCL lines are derived from normal B cells, are polyclonal, have a normal diploid karyotype, a glycoprotein pattern similar to stimulated normal B cells, and do not grow when explanted subcutaneously into nude mice. LCLs, however, do grow in nude mice when inoculated intracerebrally, suggesting that immunological restriction is important in controlling outgrowth of EBVcarrying cells, even in a xenogeneic host. Reports of polyclonal outgrowths of
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Mycoplasma karyotypically normal EBV-carrying cells in immunodeficient individuals confirm this observation (Houweling, A., P. J. van den Elsen, A. J. van der Eb [1980] Virology 105:537; Rassoulzadegan, M., A. Cowie, A. Carr, N. Glaichenhaus, R. Kamen, F. Cuzin [1982] Nature 300:713; Treisman, R., U. Novak, J. Favaloro, R. Kamen [1981] Nature 292:595; Giovanella, B., K. Nilsson, L. Zech, O. Yim, G. Klein, J. S. Stehlin [1979] Int. J. Cancer 24:103). In general, tumor cells develop from normal cells by a multistage process. Two critical stages include (a) immortalization, i.e., the ability to divide perpetually without exogenously supplied mitogenic stimuli, and (b) acquisition of resistance to negative homeostatic signals that normally regulate growth. These stages may be associated with cytokines because regulation of proliferation and differentiation in most eukaryotic cells is accomplished by the interaction of specific cytokines with cell surface receptors. Receptor activation is followed by transmembrane signal transduction which leads to the generation of specific second messenger molecules. These receptor dependent events result in a defined series of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear changes leading to regulation of cellular activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506892__
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Primers and probes for the amplification, detection and typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Inventor(s): Ovyn; Caroline Louise Lucienne (Kortrijk, BE), van Gemen; Bob (Boxtel, NL), van Strijp; Dianne Arnoldina Margaretha Wilhelmina (Den Bosch, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.v. (arnhem, Nl) Patent Number: 6,110,681 Date filed: August 27, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides oligonucleotides that can be used as primers to amplify a region of the 16S rRNA of M. pneumoniae. Also provided are probes and kits for detection of amplified RNA and typing of M. pneumoniae strains. The primers, probes, methods and kits are useful for diagnosing M. pneumoniae. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to oligonucleotides that can be used as primers to amplify a region of the 16S rRNA of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The amplified RNA can be detected with known probes for M. pneumoniae. However, with specific probes according to the present invention, not only detection of the amplified RNA but also further characterization with respect to the typing of M. pneumoniae strains is possible. The primers, probes, methods and kits are especially useful as an aid in the diagnosis of M. pneunoniae. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia and is also responsible for other respiratory syndromes such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pharyngitis, croup and less severe upper respiratory tract infections with the highest incidence among school children. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06110681__
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Recombinant Avipox virus encoding polypeptide of mycoplasma gallisepticum, and utilized a live vaccine Inventor(s): Aoyama; Shigemi (Koka-gun, JP), Funato; Hirono (Soka, JP), Iritani; Yoshikazu (Kyoto, JP), Ohkawa; Setsuko (Yokohama, JP), Ohsawa; Ikuroh (Tokyo, JP), Saeki; Sakiko (Tokyo, JP), Saitoh; Shuji (Yokohama, JP), Takahashi; Kiyohito (Kuritagun, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd (tokyo, Jp), Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 5,871,742 Date filed: September 25, 1995 Abstract: A polypeptide exhibiting the antigenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a fused polypeptide comprising the above polypeptide and, connected to the N-terminus thereof, a signal membrane anchor of a type II outer-membrane polypeptide of a virus that infects birds, or a polypeptide capable of reacting with a mycoplasma-immune serum or a mycoplasma-infected serum and exhibiting a substantially pure antigenecity, respectively having amino acid sequences of about 32 kDa, about 40 kDa, or about 70 kDa. The expression with a recombinant virus of a polypeptide modified to such an extent as to exhibit an antigenicity equivalent to that of any of the above polypeptides. The use of a recombinant virus as a live vaccine. Excerpt(s): This is a rule 371 application based on the Priority date of PCT/JP99/00541 filed Mar. 31, 1994. The present invention relates to a novel polypeptide showing antigenicity to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a fused polypeptide between the said polypeptide and a signal membrane anchor, and a recombinant Avipox virus capable of expressing a polypeptide showing antigenicity to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, especially a polypeptide showing antigenicity on the membrane surface of a host cell, as well as use thereof. It is expected that a polypeptide showing antigenicity to Mycoplasma gallisepticum can be utilized as an effective ingredient of a vaccine for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections, since an egg-laying rate and a hatching rate of eggs produced by infected chickens are markedly reduced when infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. At present, the system using Escherichia coli or yeast is known to prepare the antigenic protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum by genetic engineering (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-111795). In general, it is pointed out that the production of a polypeptide in the system using bacteria involves problems that firstly an antigen is expressed in a less amount and secondly, a pyrogen originating in a host cannot be removed. It is thus the actual situation that such a system has not been practically applied yet. For this reason, studies have been made on the preparation of a polypeptide expressing an antigenicity or a recombinant live vaccine, using a recombinant virus. However, as far as Mycoplasma gallisepticum is concerned, any recombinant virus inserted with DNA encoding said protein has not been prepared. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05871742__
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Recombinant mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine Inventor(s): Hsu; Tsungda (Bronx, NY), Minion; F. Chris (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. (ames, Ia) Patent Number: 6,162,435 Date filed: November 24, 1998
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Mycoplasma Abstract: A Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae protein prepared by recombinant DNA or synthetic means, DNA sequences coding for the protein, an expression vector and transformed host containing the DNA sequences, a vaccine based on the protein, a vaccine based on the DNA sequences, methods of treating swine to prevent enzootic pneumonia using the vaccines, and diagnostic tests based on the protein or antibodies raised against it for detecting the presence of Mhyo infection in swine herds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae or Mhyo) and more particularly to an antigenic Mhyo protein. Still more particularly, this invention relates to a vaccine for protecting against enzootic pneumonia, and in particular enzootic pneumonia in swine. Enzootic pneumonia in swine, also called mycoplasmal pneumonia, is caused by Mhyo. The disease is a chronic, non-fatal disease affecting pigs of all ages. Infected pigs show only mild symptoms of coughs and fever, but the disease has significant economic impact due to reduced feed efficiency and reduced weight gain. Enzootic pneumonia is transmitted from pig to pig through the nasal passages by airborne organisms expelled from the lungs of infected pigs. The primary infection by Mhyo may be followed by secondary infection by other mycoplasma species (Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma flocculare) as well as other bacterial pathogens. Mhyo is a small, prokaryotic microbe capable of a free living existence, although it is often found in association with eukaryotic cells because it has absolute requirements for exogenous sterols and fatty acids. These requirements generally necessitate growth in serum-containing media. Mhyo is bounded by a cell membrane, but not a cell wall. The genome of Mhyo is approximately 1,000,000 base pairs in length. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06162435__
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Temperature-sensitive live vaccine for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Inventor(s): Pijoan; Carlos (Shoreview, MN) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Minnesota (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 6,585,981 Date filed: July 27, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a live temperature-sensitive vaccine for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. The present invention also provides methods of vaccinating a swine against colonization or infection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Excerpt(s): Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is an increasingly important cause of lowered swine productivity as characterized by slow growth, decreased feed efficiency, anorexia, fever, cough, and dyspnea. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, also called Mycoplasma suipneumoniae, is the causative agent of swine mycoplasmal pneumonia (also known as enzootic pneumonia, virus pneumonia, infectious pneumonia, and anterior lobe pneumonia of pigs). M. hyopneumoniae is a small, prokaroytic microbe smaller and simpler in structure than bacteria, but more complex than viruses. Unlike viruses, they are capable of a free living existence, through they are often found in association with eukaroytic cells as they have absolute requirements for exogenous sterols and fatty acids which generally necessitates growth in serumcontaining media. M. hyopneumoniae is bound by a cell membrane but not by a cell wall. They have an extremely small genome, approximately 750,000 base pairs in length. The pig is the only known host of this mycoplasma. Mycoplasmal pneumonia is one of the most prevalent swine respiratory tract diseases among the pig-raising countries of
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the world. Surveillance data from PigMon, a monitoring program that evaluates lesions in farms throughout the upper Midwest of the United States, identified pneumonia in 97% of the Midwestern swine herds, with >70% prevalence among the sampled animals (Dybvig 1992). Mycoplasmal pneumonia has a low mortality rate but a high morbidity rate (30-80%). The disease generally results in considerable economic loss, because it causes a depression in growth rate, inefficiency and sickness in animals. The disease is transmitted from pig to pig through the nasal passages by airborne organisms expelled from infected pigs. The mycoplasma establish themselves deep in the apical and cardiac lobes of the lungs where they cause visible plum colored or gray lesions and cause difficulty in breathing and reduced weight gain. The primary infection by M. hyopneumoniae may be followed by secondary infection by other mycoplasma species (e.g., M. hyorhinus and M. floculare) as well as bacterial pathogens (Pasteurella and Bordetella species). These respiratory tract diseases caused by M. hyopneumoniae cause decreased weight gain at a time when animals are being fed for market. Thus, animals which have been infected with this organism will be worth less at slaughter than their non-infected counterparts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585981__ •
Tumor killing effects of enterotoxins, superantigens, and related compounds Inventor(s): Terman; David S. (3183 Palmero Way, Pebble Beach, CA 93953) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,221,351 Date filed: July 18, 1997 Abstract: Superantigens, including staphylococcal enterotoxins, are useful agents in the killing of tumor cells, the enhancement of antitumor immunity and in the treatment of cancer in a tumor-bearing host. In particular, the immune system of a subject with cancer is contacted with tumor cells that have been transfected with nucleic acid encoding a superantigen or biologically active polypeptide of a superantigen. Alternatively, transfected accessory cells, immunocytes or fibroblasts are used. When the superantigen is expressed in the host, T cell proliferation is induced leading to increased antitumor immunity and tumor cell killing. The nucleic acid encoding a superantigen may be administered to the tumor in vivo to transfect tumor cells wherein superantigen expression induces a similar tumoricidal immune response. Also disclosed are methods for treating a tumor wherein the transfected cells described above are incubated ex vivo with an immunocyte population, particularly T lymphocytes, to tumoricidally activate the population, followed by administering the activated population to the tumor-bearing host. Superantigens useful in these methods also include Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxins, mycoplasma antigens, mycobacteria antigens, minor lymphocyte stimulating antigens, heat shock proteins, stress peptides and derivatives thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to tumoricidal compositions and methods, and more specifically to superantigens or enterotoxins derived from Staphlococcus aureus. Peptides homologous to the enterotoxins including toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, mycoplasma and mycobacterial species, minor lymphocyte stimulating antigens, heat shock proteins, stress peptides, mammary tumor virus peptides, homologous synthetic polypeptides, biochemically derivatized enterotoxins, genetically engineered enterotoxins and fusion proteins are also described in this application. This invention also relates to enterotoxins and homologous
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Mycoplasma compounds known as superantigens expressed on the surface of lipid droplets (in adjuvant-vehicle formulations) or expressed on biologic cell surfaces as a result of enterotoxin gene transfection and used to produce a tumoricidal response in a tumor bearing host. This invention also relates to enterotoxins and related compounds administered intravenously, subcutaneously, as in adjuvant form, or used extracorporeally in free or bound form to stimulate immunocytes which are subsequently infused into tumor bearing hosts. Therapy of the neoplastic diseases has largely involved the use of chemotherapeutic agents, radiation and surgery. However, results with these measures, while beneficial in some tumors, has had only marginal or no effect in many others, while demonstrating unacceptable toxicity. Hence, there has been a quest for newer modalities to treat neoplastic diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221351__
Patent Applications on Mycoplasma As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to mycoplasma: •
Aminoaryl Oxazolidinone N-oxides Inventor(s): Gadwood, Robert C.; (Kalamazoo, MI), Kamdar, Bharat V.; (Portage, MI) Correspondence: Lucy X. Yang; Pharmacia & Upjohn Company; Global Intellectual Property; 301 Henrietta Street; Kalamazoo; MI; 49001; US Patent Application Number: 20010051722 Date filed: June 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides for aminoaryl oxazolidinone N-oxide compounds of Formula I 1wherein the variables are as defined herein. These compounds are exceedingly water soluble which is useful in preparing pharmaceutical formulations of these compounds. They are also rapidly converted back to the parent amines in vivo, making them useful as prodrugs of the parent amines. They are effective against a number of human and veterinary pathogens, including gram-positive aerobic bacteria such as multiply-resistant staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci as well as anaerobic organisms, such as Bacteroides spp. and Clostridia spp. species, and acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium spp., and in organisms such as Mycoplasma spp. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 60/003,838, filed Sep. 15, 1995, under 35 USC 119(e)(i). The present invention provides for aminoaryl oxazolidinone N-oxide compounds. These compounds are exceedingly water soluble which is useful in preparing pharmaceutical formulations of these compounds. They are also rapidly converted back to the parent amines in vivo, making them useful as prodrugs of the parent amines. These compounds have antibiotic activity comparable to the parent amines. They are effective against a number of human and veterinary pathogens, including gram-positive aerobic bacteria such as multiplyresistant staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci as well as anaerobic organisms,
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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such as Bacteroides spp. and Clostridia spp. species, and acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium spp., and in organisms such as Mycoplasma spp. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Combined treatments and methods for treatment of mycoplasma and mycoplasmalike organism infections Inventor(s): Montagnier, Luc; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Steven M. Hoffberg, ESQ.; Milde & Hoffberg, Llp; Suite 460; 10 Bank Street; White Plains; NY; 10606; US Patent Application Number: 20020169112 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: Methods of treating, and pharmacological formulations and administration methods for treating, mycoplasma-like organism infections in pathological situations. Combinations of antibiotics, targeting different mycoplasma metabolic pathways, are combined with antioxidants to reduce oxidative stresses. This treatment improves host cell resistance to oxidative stress while reducing mycoplasma infection levels. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of treatments and methods for treatment of pathology relating to mycoplasma and mycoplasma-like organism infections. AIDS researches have continually struggled with the question of whether HIV alone causes AIDS, or whether there are other significant etiological factors involved. For example, some studies have indicated that mycoplasma is a commonly found co-infecting factor with HIV, and have suggested that mycoplasmas may play a significant role in AIDS. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compositions, methods and kits for determining the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a test sample Inventor(s): Cunningham, Melissa M.; (Gresham, OR), Light, James P. II; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Gen Probe Incorporated; 10210 Genetic Center Drive; San Diego; CA; 92121 Patent Application Number: 20030194723 Date filed: October 31, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to oligonucleotides useful for determining the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and/or Mycoplasma genitalium in a test sample. The oligonucleotides of the present invention may be incorporated into hybridization assay probes, capture probes and amplification primers, and used in various combinations thereof. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/335,015, filed Nov. 2, 2001, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. The present invention relates to hybridization assay probes, capture probes, amplification primers, nucleic acid compositions, methods and kits useful for
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Mycoplasma determining the presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and/or Mycoplasma genitalium in a test sample. All references referred to herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The incorporation of these references, standing alone, should not be construed as an assertion or admission by the inventors that any portion of the contents of all of these references, or any particular reference, is considered to be essential material for satisfying any national or regional statutory disclosure requirement for patent applications. Notwithstanding, the inventors reserve the right to rely upon any of such references, where appropriate, for providing material deemed essential to the claimed invention by an examining authority or court. No reference referred to herein is admitted to be prior art to the claimed invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Diastereomeric peptitdes and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them Inventor(s): Eyal, Nurit; (Ness Ziona, IL), Oren, Ziv; (Rishon-Le-Zion, IL), Shahar, Michal; (Holon, IL), Shai, Yechiel; (Yahud, IL) Correspondence: Browdy And Neimark, P.L.L.C.; 624 Ninth Street, NW; Suite 300; Washington; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20040053847 Date filed: May 15, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides diastereomeric peptides with a net positive charge greater than +1, and cyclic analogues thereof, having at least 15 amino acid residues, wherein said residues are selected from: (i) leucine and lysine;, (ii) leucine, lysine and arginine; (iii) glycine, serine, spargine, threonine, or glutamine optionally present at the N-terminus; (iv) and/or lysine, arginine, glycine, or serine optionally present at the Cterminus. The diastereomeric peptides are suitable for treatment of cancer and for treatment, particularly topical treatment, of infections caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and fungi. In addition, they may be used for controlling, mycoplasma infection in cell cultures and for food preservation as food supplements and as alternative to antibiotics for animal nutrition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to diastereomeric peptides and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them. Antimicrobial resistance to conventional antibiotics has become a major problem worldwide because of their extensive use. In fact, strains of bacteria already exist that are resistant to all available antibiotics. The development of new families of antibiotics that can overcome the resistance problem has become a very important task. One such major family consists of the antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial peptides are natural antibiotics that constitute a major part of the innate immunity of a wide range of organisms. During the past two decades, numerous studies have demonstrated the essential role of antimicrobial peptides as the first line of defense against invading pathogens and their uncontrolled proliferation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 183
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Gallium complexes of 3-hydroxy-4-pyrones to treat infection by intracellular prokaryotes and DNA viruses Inventor(s): Bernstein, Lawrence R.; (Menlo Park, CA) Correspondence: Reed & Eberle Llp; 800 Menlo Avenue, Suite 210; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030083308 Date filed: October 28, 2002 Abstract: Methods are provided for treating or preventing infections by obligate intracellular prokaryotes, including mycoplasma, rickettsia and chlamydia, and DNA viruses, including herpes viruses, papillomaviruses, adenoviruses and hepatitis B virus. The methods involve the administration of 3:1 complexes of 3-hydroxy-4-pyrones with gallium, e.g., gallium maltolate. Therapies incorporating gallium maltolate in combination with agents used against obligate intracellular prokaryote and DNA virus pathogens are also provided, as are multi-combination therapies designed to treat coinfection by an obligate intracellular prokaryote or DNA virus in an immunocompromised individual. These multi-combination therapies rely on the ability of gallium maltolate to complement antiviral medication regimes against both HIV and other pathogens such as herpesvirus infections, including Kaposi sarcoma, CMV retinitis and blindness, and lymphomas, in patients immunocompromised by HIV infection. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/684,684 filed on Oct. 4, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/157,460, filed Oct. 4, 1999. The present invention relates generally to the treatment or prevention of intracellular microbial infections, including viral infections. More particularly, the invention relates to the treatment or prevention of infections by intracellular prokaryotes, DNA viruses, including hepatitis B, the papillomavirus family and the herpesvirus family, and retroviruses, including retroviruses causing neoplasms and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) family, and related leukemia and sarcoma retroviruses. Specifically the instant invention involves the administration of gallium complexes of 3-hydroxy-4pyrones, including tris(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-onato)gallium, also called gallium maltolate. Without in any way restricting the scope of this invention, it is thought that a primary mechanism for the antineoplastic and general antiproliferative activities of gallium is its ability to substitute for ferric iron in the iron transport protein transferrin (Tf), thereby reducing iron uptake into cells via the transferrin receptor. Evidence of this mechanism is provided by observation that HL60 cells that develop resistance to the antiproliferative action of Ga are also resistant to similar effects of the iron chelating agent deferoxamine and to the effect of monoclonal antibody blockade of the cell Tf receptor (functioning to uptake the iron into the cell) (Chitambar et al. (1991), "Targeting iron-dependent DNA synthesis with gallium and transferrin-gallium," Pathobiology 59(1):3-10). Ribonucleotide reductase is an iron-bearing enzyme required for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides that are required for the synthesis of DNA, and thus for cell division. Ribonucleotide reductase activity that can be affected by intracellular levels of both iron and gallium affects the life and replication cycles of obligate intracellular prokaryotes, such as chlamydia and rickettsia, DNA viruses and viruses utilizing reverse transcriptase, commonly known as retroviruses. Proliferating cells, due to the enhanced need for ribonucleotide reductase, have a high requirement for iron. Most of the available iron in blood is bound to the iron transport protein Tf, which is also the predominant carrier of gallium in blood plasma. Due to their high iron
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Mycoplasma requirements, proliferating cells overexpress Tf receptor, and therefore take in large amounts of metal-bearing Tf. If gallium is present on the Tf, it will be avidly taken into proliferating cells, thus depleting intracellular iron, and may be incorporated into the M2 site of ribonucleotide reductase. Orally administered gallium, particularly gallium maltolate, has been shown to result in higher Tf binding of absorbed gallium and therefore better tissue distribution than intravenous gallium nitrate (Bernstein (1998), supra; Bernstein (2000), "Chemistry and pharmokinetics of gallium maltolate, a compound with high oral gallium bioavailability," Metal-Based Drugs 7(1):33-47). Another advantage of the oral gallium over the IV administered gallium nitrate is that no renotoxicity or nephrotoxicity has been observed with oral gallium maltolate (Bernstein (1998), supra; Bernstein (2000), supra). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods of identifying antigen gene sequences Inventor(s): Doran, Timothy James; (Ocean Grove, AU), Moore, Robert John; (Ascot Vale, AU) Correspondence: Richard E. Fichter; Bacon & Thomas, Pllc; Fourth Floor; 625 Slaters Lane; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20020068289 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to method of identifying gene sequences of potential vaccine antigens. Also included are gene sequences and the polypeptides encoded by the gene sequences as well as the use of such sequences to induce a protective immune response in animals. Particularly, the invention relates to identifying potential antigen gene sequences of Mycoplasma, preferably Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. In one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of identifying expression proteins translated from a nucleotide sequence in an expression vector, said method comprising the use of a marker co-expressed with a protein translated from the nucleotide sequence. In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of identifying a therapeutic antigenic gene sequence encoding a therapeutic antigenic protein of a disease, from a sample of nucleotide sequences. Preferably the marker is a polyHis tag. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of identifying gene sequences of potential vaccine antigens. Also included are gene sequences and the polypeptides encoded by the gene sequences as well as the use of such sequences to induce a protective immune response in animals. Particularly, the invention relates to identifying potential antigen gene sequences of Mycoplasma, preferably Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. The success of a vaccine to a pathogen resides in identifying a suitable antigen of a pathogen which is readily accessible to a host immune system. Once identified, it can form the basis for protection against the pathogen. In recent years a number of vaccines have been commercialised by Animal Health companies. Many of the vaccines are based on inactivated whole cell bacterins. Although these vaccines provide a reasonable level of efficacy there is considerable scope for improvement. Therefore the presently available vaccines could be improved on by developing vaccines that were not based on whole cells or fractions of whole cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods of use of antimicrobial compounds against pathogenic mycoplasma bacteria Inventor(s): Crabb, Donna M.; (Birmingham, AL), Duffy, Lynn B.; (Birmingham, AL), Searcy, Karen B.; (Birmingham, AL) Correspondence: Glaxosmithkline; Corporate Intellectual Property - Uw2220; P.O. Box 1539; King OF Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20010025048 Date filed: May 11, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates, in part, to newly identified methods of using quinolone antibiotics, particularly a gemifloxacin compound against certain pathogenic bacteria. Excerpt(s): This invention relates, in part, to newly identified methods of using quinolone antibiotics, particularly a gemifloxacin compound against Mycoplasma bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Quinolones have been shown to be effective to varying degrees against a range of bacterial pathogens. However, as diseases caused by these pathogens are on the rise, there exists a need for antimicrobial compounds that are more potent than the present group of quinolones. PCT/KR98/0005 1 discloses (R,S)-7-(3-aminomethyl-4-syn-methoxyimino- -pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridi- ne-3-carboxylic acid methanesulfonate and hydrates thereof including the sesquihydrate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Multivalent Mycoplasma bacterin Inventor(s): Becker, Cynthia L.; (Worthington, MN), Hymas, Theo A.; (Valley Center, CA) Correspondence: Judy Jarecki-black, Phd, JD; 467 Ware Road; Carnesville; GA; 30521; US Patent Application Number: 20020150593 Date filed: February 3, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a bacterin comprising at least two virulent Mycoplasma bovis isolates of differing biotypes, in an amount sufficient to immunize a calf or cow against infection by Mycoplasma bovis, an adjuvant, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further provided is a method of producing the bacterin of the present invention. Finally, the present invention also provides a method of immunizing a calf or cow against Mycoplasma bovis infection, especially infection associated with BRD, comprising administering to the calf or cow a dose of a bacterin made according to the present invention in an amount effective to elicit a protective response in the animal, as evidenced by a decrease in the mortality and morbidity associated with natural infection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to vaccine compositions and methods of making and using the same. More specifically, the invention pertains to a Mycoplasma bacterin demonstrating improved efficacy in protecting cattle from mortality and morbidity associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease complex. Initially called pleuropneumonia-like-organisms (PPLO) because of their similarity to the pleuropneumonia agent of cattle, members of the genus Mycoplasma are opportunistic invaders that cause severe mortality and morbidity in cattle of all ages. Mycoplasma infection has been associated with a variety of bovine diseases including
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Mycoplasma keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis, pneumonia, synovitis, and have been implicated in otitis, abortion and low fertility, and chronic respiratory disease (O'Berry et al, 1966, Jasper, 1982 and Alexander et al, 1985). The most prevalent and pathogenic species of Mycoplasma isolated from cattle is M. bovis, responsible for more than half of the reported isolates in dairy cattle (L. Judge, 1997). Recently, M. bovis was identified as a common pathogen in young dairy calves ranging from 14 to approximately 100 days of age. Other strains of Mycoplasma frequently identified as a significant cause of morbidity in cattle include M. alkalescens and M. bovirhinis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Mycoplasma bovis challenge model and methods for administering M.bovis and methods for inducing pneumonic lung lesions Inventor(s): Keich, Robin Lee; (Waterford, CT), Stipkovits, Laszlo Pal; (Budapest, HU) Correspondence: Pfizer Inc; 150 East 42nd Street; 5th Floor - Stop 49; New York; NY; 10017-5612; US Patent Application Number: 20030180219 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a reproducible M. bovis challenge model and methods for reliably inducing and establishing a disease or disorder caused by infection with M. bovis by administering to an animal an effective amount of a M. bovis culture. The challenge culture of the present invention is administered in an amount sufficient to elicit M. bovis specific cellular or humoral immune responses. The M. bovis challenge model in accordance with the present invention can be used to evaluate the efficacy of potential vaccines. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a Mycoplasma bovis challenge model method and methods for administering M. Bovis, inducing, and establishing a disease or disorder in an animal caused by M. bovis. The M. bovis challenge model in accordance with the present invention can be used to evaluate the efficacy of potential vaccines. Mycoplasma bovis is an important global bovine pathogen in housed or intensively reared beef and dairy cattle. The most frequently reported clinical manifestation is pneumonia of calves, which is often accompanied by arthritis, also known as pneumonia-arthritis syndrome. Its etiological role has also been associated with mastitis, otitis, and reproductive disease or disorders of cows and bulls. Significant economic losses are linked with M. bovis induced respiratory disease, since M. bovis has been associated with up to 36% of the mortality due to bovine respiratory disease (BRD). In order to reduce mortality, antibiotic therapy is often used since no fully licensed M. bovis vaccines are currently available. Prevention of M. bovis disease may also reduce predisposition of the animal to other respiratory diseases. A M. bovis bacterin that is highly efficacious and safe for young calves would be very valuable to the cattle industry. Therefore, a reproducible M. bovis challenge model that induces significant lung lesions and other clinical signs is needed to evaluate the efficacy of potential M. bovis vaccines. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 187
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Mycoplasma bovis vaccine and methods of reducing pneumonia in animals Inventor(s): Keich, Robin Lee; (Waterford, CT), McGavin, David Ross; (East Lyme, CT), Yancey, Robert J.; (Salem, CT) Correspondence: Pfizer Inc; 150 East 42nd Street; 5th Floor - Stop 49; New York; NY; 10017-5612; US Patent Application Number: 20030147914 Date filed: June 20, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to Mycoplasma bovis vaccines and methods for treating or preventing a disease or disorder in an animal caused by infection by Mycoplasma bovis by administering to the animal an effective amount of a Mycoplasma bovis vaccine. The Mycoplasma bovis vaccine can be a whole or partial cell inactivated or modified live preparation, a subunit vaccine, or a nucleic acid or DNA vaccine. The Mycoplasma bovis vaccine administered in accordance with the present can be synthesized or recombinantly produced. The invention also relates to combination vaccines, methods of preparing Mycoplasma bovis vaccines and kits. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to Mycoplasma bovis vaccine formulations and methods for treating or preventing a disease or disorder in an animal caused by infection by Mycoplasma bovis. The Mycoplasma bovis vaccine can be a whole or partial cell inactivated or modified live preparation, a subunit vaccine or a nucleic acid or DNA vaccine. The Mycoplasma bovis vaccine administered in accordance with the present invention can be synthesized or recombinantly produced. Mycoplasma bovis is an important global bovine pathogen in housed or intensively reared beef and dairy cattle. The most frequently reported clinical manifestation is pneumonia of calves, which is often accompanied by arthritis, also known as pneumonia-arthritis syndrome. Its etiological role has also been associated with mastitis, otitis, and reproductive disease or disorders of cows and bulls. Significant economic losses are linked with M. bovis induced respiratory disease, since M. bovis has been associated with up to 36% of the mortality due to bovine respiratory disease (BRD). In order to reduce mortality, antibiotic therapy is often used since no fully licensed vaccines are currently available. Prevention of M. bovis disease may also reduce predisposition of the animal to other respiratory diseases. Therefore, a M. bovis bacterin that is highly efficacious and safe for young calves would be very valuable to the cattle industry. The present invention provides Mycoplasma bovis vaccines and methods of treating or preventing a disease or disorder caused by infection with Mycoplasma bovis by administering to an animal an effective amount of a Mycoplasma bovis vaccine and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The vaccines of the present invention are provided in an amount sufficient to elicit or increase Mycoplasma bovis specific cellular or humoral primary and secondary immune responses. In one aspect, the animal is a calf. The present method of vaccination provides protection to calves against challenge with M. bovis. Furthermore, the present method of vaccination using a Mycoplasma bovis vaccine provides increased immunocompetence to calves and thereby increased resistance to other BRD pathogens, e.g., decreased predisposition to infection and disease caused by, but not limited to, but not limited to, bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncitial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza virus (PI3), Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma mycoides, Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma bovirhinis, Mycoplasma dispar, Mycoplasma canis, and Manheimia haemolytica. The present method also provides Mycoplasma bovis vaccines and methods of eradicating Mycoplasma bovis from infected herds by
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Mycoplasma administering to an animal an effective amount of a Mycoplasma bovis vaccine and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum formulation Inventor(s): Ferguson, Naola; (Athens, GA), Kleven, Stanley H.; (Athens, GA) Correspondence: Jinan Glasgow; P O Box 28539; Raleigh; NC; 276118539 Patent Application Number: 20040009179 Date filed: July 13, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a protective formulation that prevents virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in birds of the order Galliformes. The formulation comprises a protective amount of live MG strain K5054 or derivatives thereof in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A vaccine that prevents virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in birds of the order Galliformes is also presented. Methods for administering the formulation and vaccine are also presented. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to poultry protection, in particular to a Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) protective formulation. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen of the avian respiratory tract, belongs to the class Mollicutes, order Mycoplasmatales, and family Mycoplasmataceae. Under certain circumstances, MG may be associated with acute respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys, especially in young birds, with the turkey being more susceptible. It can also cause upper respiratory disease in game birds. Edematous changes early in infection indicate an immunopathological response may be responsible for some of the pathology observed. More recently it has been recognized as a cause of conjunctivitis in house finches in North America. The severity of the disease is greatly affected by the degree of secondary infection with viruses such as Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis, and/or bacteria such as Escherichia coli. A more chronic form of the disease may occur and can cause reduced egg production in breeders and layers. The infection is spread vertically through infected eggs and horizontally by close contact. Other methods of spread are less well documented. MG can be detected in two ways. The presence of MG can be confirmed by isolating the organism in a cell-free medium or by detecting its DNA directly in infected tissues or swab samples. When results are equivocal, chicken embryos or chickens may be inoculated with suspect material. Infection is diagnosed by demonstration of the organism or its DNA or by the detection of specific humoral antibodies. Samples for isolation consist of swabs of organs or tissues, exudates or diluted tissue homogenates. Culture may also be attempted from aspirates from the infraorbital sinuses or joint cavities and from yolk or embryos. The sample selected will be influenced by the clinical signs and by any lesions present. Broth and agar are used for isolation, but it is normally necessary to obtain mycoplasma colonies on agar before attempting identification. If there is difficulty, an initial passage of the material through mycoplasma-free chicken embryos or mycoplasma-free chickens may be helpful. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 189
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin vaccine Inventor(s): Chu, Hsien-Jue; (Fort Dodge, IA), Li, Wumin; (Fort Dodge, IA), Xu, Zhichang; (Fort Dodge, IA) Correspondence: Wyeth; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20020131980 Date filed: January 8, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides an improved Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin vaccine composition, which advantageously provides immunity from infection after a single administration. The composition comprises an inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin and an adjuvant mixture, which, in combination, provide immunity from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection after a single administration, and elicit an immune response specific to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin and including cell-mediated immunity and local (secretory IgA) immunity. In a preferred embodiment, the adjuvant mixture comprises an acrylic acid polymer, most preferably Carbopol, and a mixture of a metabolizable oil such as one or more unsaturated terpene hydrocarbons, preferably squalene or squalane, and a polyoxyethylene-polypropylene block copolymer such as Pluronic.RTM. The vaccine composition may optionally include a preservative, preferably thimerosol and/or EDTA. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from copending provisional application serial number 60/256,637, filed on Dec. 19, 2000, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention pertains to improved methods for inducing protective immunity against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, specifically employing an inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin in an amount effective to immunize a recipient animal against infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in a single dose. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiologic agent of swine mycoplasmal pneumonia. This disease is an important cause of economic loss in the swine industry due to reduced weight gain and poor feed efficiency. The disease causes a chronic cough, dull hair coat, retarded growth and unthrifty appearance lasting several weeks. Characteristic lesions of purple to gray areas of consolidation, particularly in ventral apical and cardiac lobes are observed in infected animals. Although the disease causes little mortality, affected swine are often prone to secondary infections by opportunistic pathogens, resulting in death or stress. Economic losses alone have been estimated at between 200 to 250 million dollars annually. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nonhuman animal lipoprotein/lipopeptide
model
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Inventor(s): Akira, Shizuo; (Osaka, JP), Takeuchi, Osamu; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Morgan & Finnegan, L.L.P.; 345 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 10154; US Patent Application Number: 20030149999 Date filed: January 30, 2003 Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a non-human animal model unresponsive to a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein/lipopeptide, and a method for screening an inhibitor or a promoter for a response to a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein
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Mycoplasma with the use of the non-human animal model. A non-human animal model whose function of a gene that encodes a protein such as TLR6 that specifically recognizes a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein is deficient on its chromosome, for example, a TLR6 knockout mouse, is generated. With the use of the non-human animal model unresponsive to a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein or an immune cell such as a macrophage derived from the non-human animal model, a subject material and a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein, a response to a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein in the non-human animal model or the immune cell is measured/evaluated, and then an inhibitor or a promoter for a response to that is screened. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a non-human animal model unresponsive to a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein/lipopeptide, whose function of a gene that encodes a protein such as TLR6 that specifically recognizes a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein/lipopeptide is deficient on its chromosome, and a method for screening an inhibitor or a promoter for a response to a mycoplasma-derived lipoprotein/lipopeptide with the use of the non-human animal model, etc. It has been known that the Toll gene is required to control dorsoventral patterning during the embryonic development of Drosophila (Cell 52, 269-279, 1988; Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12, 393-416, 1996), and for antifungal immune responses in adult fly (Cell 86, 973-983, 1996). It has been clarified that the Toll is a type I transmembrane receptor with an extracellular domain containing leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and that its cytoplasmic domain shows high homology to that of a mammalian interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) (Nature 351, 355-356, 1991; Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12, 393-416, 1996; J. Leukoc. Biol. 63, 650-657, 1998). Recently, mammalian homologs of Toll, designated as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), have been identified, and so far, six families including TLR2 and TLR4 have been reported (Nature 388, 394-397, 1997; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 588-593, 1998; Blood 91, 4020-4027, 1998; Gene 231, 59-65, 1999). It has been known that the TLR families, as in the case of the IL-1R mentioned above, recruit IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) through the adapter protein MyD88 and activate TRAF6, and then activate NF-B in the downstream (J. Exp. Med. 187, 2097-2101, 1998; Mol. Cell 2, 253-258, 1998; Immunity 11, 115-122, 1999). Further, the role of the TLR families in mammals is also believed to participate in congenital immune recognition as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize bacterial cell common structures (Cell 91, 295-298, 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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NOVEL FUSED PROTEIN, GENE THEREFOR, RECOMBINANT VECTOR, RECOMBINANT VIRUS, AND ITS USE Inventor(s): SAITOH, SHUJI; (KANAGAWA, JP), TSUZAKI, YOSHINARI; (KANAGAWA, JP), YANAGIDA, NOBORU; (KANAGAWA, JP) Correspondence: Armstrong,westerman, Hattori,; Mcleland & Naughton, Llp; 1725 K Street, Nw, Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20010014335 Date filed: April 5, 1999 Abstract: A DNA coding for a fusion protein comprising a polypeptide having the antigenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and a polypeptide derived from Herpesvirus outer membrane protein, in which the polypeptide derived from the outer membrane protein has been ligated with the polypeptide having the antigenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum at the N terminus thereof, is prepared. The DNA is inserted into a region
Patents 191
non-essential to growth of Avipox virus and the resulting recombinant Avipox virus is provided as a more potent recombinant virus as an anti-Mycoplasma vaccine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel fusion polypeptide of a polypeptide having the antigenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and a polypeptide derived from the outer membrane protein of herpes viruses, a hybrid DNA coding for the fusion polypeptide, and a recombinant Avipox virus bearing the hybrid DNA, as well as a vaccine using the recombinant Avipox virus. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as MG) is a bacterium that causes reduction in an egg-laying rate and a hatching rate of eggs for poultry including chicken. This causative MG is widely spread all over the world so that a great deal of damage has been done to the poultry farming. For the prevention of MG, an inactivated vaccine or a live vaccine is currently utilized. However, the former live vaccine involves disadvantages of complicated inoculation procedures, short duration of immunity, expensive etc. The latter vaccine has such a defect that an unexpected disease might be developed by use in combination with live vaccine for other disease. Another disadvantage is that MG agglutination reaction system, which makes rapid detection of MG infection possible, can not be used for both inactivated and live vaccines. It is expected that a protein derived from MG such as its antigenic protein for preventing from MG infection would be produced by genetic engineering technology and utilized as a vaccine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Photosensitzers for photodynamic therapy of microbial infections Inventor(s): Nifantiev, Nikolay E.; (Moscow, RU) Correspondence: Bolesh J. Skutnik Phd, JD; 515 Shaker Road; East Longmeadow; MA; 01028; US Patent Application Number: 20030176326 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: Molecular conjugates for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases due to pathogenic microorganisms are provided. These conjugates comprise at least one photosensitizer coupled to a microorganism receptor (vector) that binds selectively to the surface of a microorganism, such as bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, fungi, parasites and others. Complex aggregates formed by self-association of carbohydratephotosensitizer conjugates or that are constructed on the base of a carrier form multiple interactions with the binding sites on the surface of the selected microorganism due to their polyligand carbohydrate surrounding. The property of the conjugates to bind selectively to sites on targeted microbes and to block these sites defines their ability to act as inhibitors of microbial cell adhesion and thereby provides an ability to prevent infectious disease. Methods for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases due to pathogenic microorganisms are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to photodynamic therapy, and particularly to molecular conjugates (photosensitizer conjugates) for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. A molecular conjugate of the present invention comprises at least one photosensitizer and at least one carbohydrate moiety. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the most promising new techniques being explored for use in a variety of medical applications and is known as a well-recognized treatment for the destruction of tumors ("Photodynamic therapy in hysterical perspective", R. Bonnett, Rev. Contemp. Pharmacother. 10 (1999) pp. 1-17; "Potential
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Mycoplasma applications of photodynamic therapy", T. Okunara, H. Kato, Rev. Contemp. Pharmacother. 10 (1999) pp. 59-68; "Photodynamic therapeutics: basic principles and clinical applications", W. M. Sharman, C. M. Allen, J. E. van Lier, DDT, 4 (1999) 507-517; "Pharmaceutical development and medical applications of porphyrin-type macrocycles", T. D. Mody, J. Porphyrins Phtalocyanins, 4 (2000), pp.362-367; "Recent advances in photodynamic therapy", R. K. Pandey, J. Porphyrins Phtalocyanins, 4 (2000), pp. 368373; "Photodynamic therapy of skin cancers: sensitizers, clinical studies and future directives" F. S. De Rosa, M. V. L. B. Bentley, Pharmaceutical Research, 17 (2000) pp. 1447-1455; "Porphyrin-based photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy" E. D. Sternberg, D. Dolphin, C. Brueckner, Tetrahedron, 54 (1998) 4151-4202). Another important application of PDT is the treatment of infectious diseases due to pathogenic microorganisms including dental, suppurative, respiratory, gastroenteric, genital and other infections. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Prevention and treatment of mycoplasma-associated diseases Inventor(s): Higuchi, Maria De Lourdes; (Sao Paulo, BR), Schenkman, Sergio; (Sao Paulo, BR) Correspondence: Baker & Botts; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112 Patent Application Number: 20030124109 Date filed: March 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with undesirable cell proliferation, including atherosclerotic narrowing of blood vessels and malignancy, comprising preventing or treating infection by mycoplasma. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that, in many cases, mycoplasma infection exists coincident with undesirable cell proliferation and/or proliferation of other infectious organisms. Excerpt(s): Mycoplasmas are parasites of the respiratory epithelium and urogenital tract. Although mycoplasma infections are typically asymptomatic in mammals, they seem to be co-factors in diseases, such as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and in sequelae after mycoplasma infections having an autoimmune basis. Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating microorganisms and have unique properties among the prokaryotes, such as (i) their need for cholesterol to maintain their membrane envelope and (ii) the absence of an external wall. Mycoplasmas are known to cause pulmonary infection in humans. See, Razin et al., "Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas," Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.; 62(4):1094-1156, (1998). Furthermore, it is widely known that mycoplasmas can cause disease in most animals, including animals of commercial importance to the husbandry industry, such as cattle, swine, and fowl. See, Maniloff et al. Eds., Mycoplasmas, Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, American Society for Microbiology (Washington, 1992). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of a live attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain as a vaccine and vector for the protection of chickens and turkeys from respiratory disease Inventor(s): Geary, Steven J.; (Storrs, CT), Marcus, Philip; (Storrs, CT), Sekellick, Margaret; (Storrs, CT), Silbart, Lawrence; (Willington, CT) Correspondence: Cummings & Lockwood; P.O. Box 1960; New Haven; CT; 06506-1960; US Patent Application Number: 20020187162 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a live cytadherence-deficient M. gallisepticum strain that does not express at least two of three proteins, the Gap-A molecule, crnA protein, and the 45 kDa protein, expressed by wildtype M. gallisepticum Strain R and its use as a vaccine for preventing and protecting birds, especially chickens and turkeys against the respiratory diseases attendant with wildtype Mycoplasma gallispeticum infection. The invention also relates to the use of the vaccine as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding protective antigens from other bacterial and viral avian pathogens, such as avian influenza virus. There is also disclosed a method for identifying the attenuated cytadherence-deficient M. gallisepticum R.sub.high or a strain thereof. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit under Title 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) of United States Provisional Serial No. 60/285,569 filed Apr. 21, 2001. 2. Background of the Invention Viral diseases represent a continuous threat to the poultry industry. Poultry flocks are susceptible to a number of respiratory infections. Some of these infections result in mild illnesses, while outbreaks of others may result in a high number of deaths. Regardless of whether the birds are raised for meat, breeding, or eggs, respiratory infections result in decreased performance and pose disease hazards for other poultry on the premises. There are numerous causative agents of respiratory infections in birds. Of those causative agents that have been identified over the years, each can be classified as either a virus (e.g., Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, quail bronchitis, influenza/parainfluenza), a bacteria (e.g., mycoplasmosis, infectious coryza, endemic fowl cholera, psitticosis/omithosis) or a mold (e.g., aspergillus (brooder pneumonia)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases Inventor(s): Goldenberg, David M.; (Short Hills, NJ), Hansen, Hans J.; (Westfield, NJ) Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20020192227 Date filed: August 19, 2002 Abstract: A method of stimulating an immune response in a human against malignant cells or an infectious agent comprises the step of administering to the human an immunogenic amount of a primate anti-idiotype antibody or antibody fragment that acts as an immunogenic functional mimic of an antigen produced by or associated with a malignant cell or an infectious agent. Sub-human primate anti-idiotype antisera, especially from baboons, are preferred. Such anti-idiotype antibodies are used to make vaccines for inducing preventive immunity or a therapeutic immune response against
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Mycoplasma tumors, viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, mycoplasma, protozoa, fungi and multicellular parasites. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of stimulating an immune response against malignant cells, pathogenic microorganisms, parasites or viruses in a patient using a primate "pseudoantigen" anti-idiotype antibody that acts as an immunogenic mimic of an antigen produced by or associated with a malignant cell, pathogenic microorganism, parasite or virus. A vaccine using such an anti-idiotype antibody is used in the foregoing method. One of the major research goals in cancer, microbial or parasite therapy is to trigger the patient's immune system to actively respond to proliferation of the tumor or infectious agent. Certain pathologies, especially cancer and virus infections, appear to be resistant to the immune system because they exhibit characteristics that result in tolerance by the host or that disable the capability of the host's immune system to combat them. The administration of anti-idiotype antibodies represents one of the most promising approaches to break the self-tolerance to tumor antigens. Anti-idiotype antibodies (termed Ab2) are antibodies directed against the variable region (antigen-binding site) of another antibody (Ab1), the idiotype, and some of these Ab2's (termed Ab2.beta.) can mimic the three-dimensional structure of the antigen recognized by the Ab1. In turn, immunization with Ab2.beta. antibodies can induce Ab3 antibodies with specificities similar to the original Ab1 antibodies (such Ab3 antibodies are called Ab1'). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with mycoplasma, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on mycoplasma. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning mycoplasma. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON MYCOPLASMA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to mycoplasma. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on mycoplasma include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “mycoplasma” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “mycoplasma” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “mycoplasma” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Bibliography on Mycoplasma by Elmer S. Krudy; ISBN: 0904147061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0904147061/icongroupinterna
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Methods in Mycoplasmology: Mycoplasma Characterization by Shmuel Razin, Joseph G. Tully (Editor); ISBN: 0125838018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125838018/icongroupinterna
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Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas by Shmuel Razin (Editor), Richard Herrmann (Editor); ISBN: 0306472872; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306472872/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasma and the L forms of bacteria; a symposium in honor of Louis Dienes; ISBN: 0677147902; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0677147902/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasma Diseases of Crops: Basic and Applied Aspects by S.P. Raychaudhuri (Editor), Karl Maramorosch; ISBN: 0387966463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387966463/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasma Diseases of Trees and Shrubs by Maramorosc; ISBN: 0124702201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0124702201/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasma diseases of woody plants; ISBN: 8185048061; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8185048061/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasma hominis infections in the female genital tract by Ari Miettinen; ISBN: 951442090X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/951442090X/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasma infection of cell cultures : [proceedings]; ISBN: 0306326035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306326035/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasma Protocols by Roger Miles (Editor), Robin A.J. Nicholas (Editor); ISBN: 0896035255; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896035255/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasmas: Cell Biology by M. F. Barile (Editor); ISBN: 0120784017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120784017/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasmas: Human and Animal Mycopasmas by M. F. Barile (Editor); ISBN: 0120784025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120784025/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasmas: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis by Jack Maniloff, et al; ISBN: 1555810500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555810500/icongroupinterna
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Mycoplasmas: Mycloplasma Pathogenicity by M.F. Barile, S. Razin (Editor); ISBN: 0120784041; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120784041/icongroupinterna
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Pathogenic Mycoplasmas by Ciba Foundation Symp (Author); ISBN: 902194006X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/902194006X/icongroupinterna
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Pathogenic mycoplasmas: a Ciba Foundation symposium; ISBN: 044410383X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044410383X/icongroupinterna
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Plant & Insect Mycoplasma Techniques by M. J. Daniels (Editor), P. G. Markham (Editor); ISBN: 0709902727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0709902727/icongroupinterna
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Plant and Insect Mycoplasma Techniques by M. J. Daniels, P. G. Markham; ISBN: 0470272627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470272627/icongroupinterna
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Plant Diseases of Viral, Viroid, Mycoplasma and Uncertain Etiology by Karl Maramorosch (Editor); ISBN: 0813316162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813316162/icongroupinterna
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Plant Diseases of Viral, Viroid, Mycoplasma, and Uncertain Etiology by Karl Marmorosch; ISBN: 8120406745; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8120406745/icongroupinterna
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Rapid Diagnosis of Mycoplasmas (Fems Symposium, No 62) by Itzhak Kahane, Amiram Adoni (Editor); ISBN: 0306446219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306446219/icongroupinterna
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Subcellular Biochemistry: Mycoplasma Cell Membranes (Sub-Cellular Biochemistry, 20) by Itzhak Kahane (Editor), S. Rottem (Editor); ISBN: 0306443945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306443945/icongroupinterna
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The biology of mycoplasmas by Paul F. Smith; ISBN: 012652050X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012652050X/icongroupinterna
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The Diagnosis of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia and Other Infections with Mycoplasma Mycoides Subspecies Mycoides (Agriculture) by S. A. Hall; ISBN: 0119394057; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119394057/icongroupinterna
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The mycoplasma genome by Claus Christiansen; ISBN: 8798214721; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8798214721/icongroupinterna
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The Mycoplasmas by M. F. Barile (Editor); ISBN: 0120784033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120784033/icongroupinterna
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The Mycoplasmas: Spiroplasmas, Acholeplasmas, and Mycoplasmas of Plants and Arthropods by Robert F. Whitcomb, et al; ISBN: 012078405X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012078405X/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Mycoplasma Pneumonia: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597835411; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597835411/icongroupinterna
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Tree Mycoplasma and Mycoplasma Diseases by Churi Hiruki; ISBN: 0888641265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0888641265/icongroupinterna
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Viral and mycoplasmal infections of the respiratory tract; ISBN: 0812104293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812104293/icongroupinterna
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Virus, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia Diseases of Fruit Trees (Forestry Sciences, Vol 10) by Maria V. Nemeth; ISBN: 9024728681; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024728681/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Mycoplasma In order to find chapters that specifically relate to mycoplasma, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and mycoplasma using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on mycoplasma: •
Nosology of the Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 525-528. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals focuses on the classification of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Advances in relating chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases to infection, immune responses, and autoimmunity are reviewed. Major chronic
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Mycoplasma inflammatory rheumatic disease categories are described. The first category includes diseases in which the harmful products of infection-induced inflammation cause direct tissue damage, such as pyogenic arthritis and mycoplasma arthropathies. The second category includes diseases in which an immune response is directed against a pathogenic organism. Examples are rheumatic syndromes associated with streptococcal infection and viral hepatitis. The third category includes diseases in which infection causes damage directly, such as rheumatic fever and spondylarthropathies. The fourth category includes diseases in which an autoimmune phenotype suggests an infectious origin, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and myositis. Implications of an infection-immunological classification are considered. 12 references and 2 tables.
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Medical and Surgical Treatment of Cochlear Hearing Loss Source: in Valente, M.; Hosford-Dunn, H.; Roeser, R.J., eds. Audiology: Treatment. New York, NY: Thieme. 2000. p. 377-396. Contact: Available from Thieme. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 7823488. Fax (212) 947-0108. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $69.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0865778590. Summary: This chapter on the medical and surgical management of cochlear hearing loss is from a textbook that provides a comprehensive overview of the numerous treatment options available to help patients relieve the clinical symptoms seen in an audiology practice. Cochlear hearing loss may be caused by a wide variety of medical problems; it is the responsibility of the practitioner to identify the cause of hearing loss and to evaluate the other potential associated medical ramifications to treat the patient as a whole. Topics covered include metabolic disorders, including Meniere's disease, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, hypothyroidism, and cochlear otosclerosis; immunologic disorders, including autoimmune inner ear disease, Cogan's syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, Vogt Koyanagi Harada syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, and postapedectomy granuloma; ototoxicity, including that from aminoglycoside antibiotics, erythromycin, vancomycin, other antibiotics, loop diuretics, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) agents, antiinflammatory agents, and antimalarials; trauma, including temporal bone fractures, noise trauma, and barotrauma (from barometric pressure changes); infections, including cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, congenital rubella, mumps, measles, Varicella Zoster virus, HIV, other viruses and Mycoplasma, meningitis, labyrinthitis, fungal infections, and syphilis; malignancy; presbycusis; sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss; and hereditary or development causes. The authors stress that complete audiological assessments are crucial in the initial evaluation and subsequent therapeutic monitoring of sensorineural hearing losses. The chapter includes an outline of the topic covered, a list of references, a summary outline of the related preferred practice guidelines, and various 'pearls and pitfalls' offering practical advice to the reader. 11 figures. 1 table. 67 references.
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Urethritis Source: in Landau, L.; Kogan, B.A. 20 Common Problems in Urology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2001. p. 77-94. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Website: www.bookstore.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $45.00;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070634130.
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Summary: Urethral discharge (the presenting symptom of urethritis, or inflammation of the urethra, the tube that goes from the bladder to the outside of the body) is largely caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The two most common pathogens causing urethral discharge are gonorrhea and chlamydia. This chapter on urethritis is from a text on common problems in urology (written for the primary care provider). The author develops the differential diagnoses of a segment of STDs: urethritis and urethral discharge. STDs that manifest primarily as genital ulcerations or as cutaneous (skin) lesions are covered in another chapter. The author first reviews the steps for treating any STD, then discusses discharge in males and females; definition of urethritis and urethral discharge; key elements to the patient history; the physical examination and laboratory tests; diagnosis by DNA probes and nucleic acid amplification techniques; classification of male urethritis; gonococcal urethritis; Chlamydia trachomatis; management recommendations for Chlamydia and other nongonococcal urethritis; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Mycoplasma genitalium; Trichomonas vaginalis; treatment of recurrent or persistent symptoms of urethritis; other manifestations and complications of urethritis; and controversies, pitfalls to avoid, and emerging trends. A series of patient evaluation and care algorithms is also provided. The author recommends that physicians consider multiple pathogens (disease causing organisms) in each patient with urethritis. Second, it is vital to include the patient's sexual partner in care and educational strategies. And third, physicians are cautioned to maintain adequate followup after treatment in these patients, to ensure eradication of pathogens (and to prevent reinfection or recurrence of symptoms). 3 figures. 4 tables. 35 references.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MYCOPLASMA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover mycoplasma.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on mycoplasma is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to mycoplasma. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “mycoplasma” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for mycoplasma: •
CDC addresses Mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreak Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 02, 2001
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Mycoplasma infection often accounts for chronic urinary symptoms in women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 18, 2000
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Grepafloxacin potent in vitro against mycoplasma, ureaplasma strains Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 02, 1999
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Chronic Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection contributes to asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 04, 1999
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American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Asthma '99 conference: Chronic Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection contributes to asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 04, 1999
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Mycoplasma penetrans infection tied to progression of HIV disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 09, 1998
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Genetically Altered Mycoplasma May Explain Some Gulf War Illness Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 30, 1996
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Mycoplasma And Legionella Seldom Cause Pneumonia In The Elderly Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 13, 1996 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “mycoplasma” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to mycoplasma, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “mycoplasma” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on mycoplasma: •
Best of Fibromyalgia Frontiers 1999-2000, The Source: Linden, VA: National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. (NFP). 2002. 190 p. Contact: Available from National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. P.O. Box 160, Linden, VA 22642-0160. (866) 725-4404 toll-free. Fax (540) 622-2998. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.fmpartnership.org. Summary: This monograph, a compilation of articles on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), provides health professionals and people who have FMS with information on this chronic musculoskeletal syndrome. Part one focuses on fibromyalgia and related conditions. Articles provide an overview of FMS; offer new insights into the disease; and describe dysregulation spectrum syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, restless legs syndrome, headaches, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, mycoplasma, cervical stenosis, Chiari malformation, vulvodynia, interstitial cystitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Part two deals with managing fibromyalgia. Articles discuss a comprehensive care approach to the treatment of fibromyalgia, mediation management, fitness, thoracic pain and dysfunction, FMS self care, breathing techniques, management via water fitness, Watsu, electroencephalogram driven stimulation, and shoe selection by patients with FMS. Other articles offer lifestyle hints for FMS managers, present a central nervous system paradigm for fibromyalgia, and list questions people should ask about TMJ. The remaining articles focus on body structure and function, fibromyalgia and memory, chiropractic therapy, alternative medicine, photonic stimulation, infrared technology,
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Mycoplasma magnet therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Part three answers questions about medication and treatment issues. Part four focuses on coping with fibromyalgia. Topics include learning to live with fibromyalgia, being positive, making choices, dealing with FMS and denial, coping with guilt and fear, adjusting to life with FMS, attaining a sense of well being, developing better interpersonal relationships, being a parent with FMS, and caring for a child who has FMS. Part five addresses work and disability issues. Articles answer questions about the Americans with Disabilities Act; explain how to find a new job, undergo retraining, or start a home based business; identify emergency services providers; and discuss disability benefits and insurance policies. 20 figures, 7 tables, and numerous references.
Academic Periodicals covering Mycoplasma Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to mycoplasma. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering mycoplasma that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 15464 191 23 148 23 15849
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on mycoplasma can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to mycoplasma. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to mycoplasma. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “mycoplasma”:
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Mycoplasma Bronchitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bronchitis.html Pneumonia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pneumonia.html Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorysyncytialvirusinfections.html Urinary Tract Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinarytractinfections.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “mycoplasma” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
2002 national guideline for the management of prostatitis Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3041&nbr=2267&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
2002 national guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis Source: Association for Genitourinary Medicine - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 August (revised 2002); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3030&nbr=2256&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
Community management of lower respiratory tract infection in adults. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2002 June; 27 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3361&nbr=2587&a mp;string=mycoplasma
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Diseases characterized by urethritis and cervicitis. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1993 (revised 2002 May 10); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3236&nbr=2462&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
Diseases characterized by vaginal discharge. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1993 (revised 2002 May 10); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3237&nbr=2463&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
Evidence-based clinical practice guideline of community-acquired pneumonia in children 60 days to 17 years of age Source: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center - Hospital/Medical Center; 2000 July; 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2654&nbr=1880&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
Pelvic inflammatory disease. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1993 (revised 2002 May 10); 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3238&nbr=2464&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults Source: Infectious Diseases Society of America - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 February; 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2665&nbr=1891&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
Prolonged cough in children Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2000 April 17 (revised 2001 November 17); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3376&nbr=2602&a mp;string=mycoplasma
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Mycoplasma Public health guidance for community-level preparedness and response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Version 2. Supplement C: preparedness and response in healthcare facilities. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2003 November 3 (revised 2004 January 8); 34 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4588&nbr=3378&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
Screening test to detect Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2002 October; 38 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3483&nbr=2709&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
Smallpox vaccination and adverse reactions. Guidance for clinicians Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2003 January 24; 29 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3597&nbr=2823&a mp;string=mycoplasma
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Sore throat and tonsillitis Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 April 22 (revised 2003 July 17); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4375&nbr=3297&a mp;string=mycoplasma
•
U.S. Public Health xenotransplantation
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Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001 August 24; 56 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2931&nbr=2157&a mp;string=mycoplasma •
Use of antibiotics in paediatric care Source: Singapore Ministry of Health - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2002 March; 109 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3436&nbr=2662&a mp;string=mycoplasma
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VHA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 August; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2584&nbr=1810&a mp;string=mycoplasma The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to mycoplasma. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to mycoplasma. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with mycoplasma. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about mycoplasma. For more information, see
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the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “mycoplasma” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “mycoplasma”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “mycoplasma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “mycoplasma” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 221
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on mycoplasma: •
Basic Guidelines for Mycoplasma Mycoplasma pneumonia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000082.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Mycoplasma Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Earache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003046.htm Enlarged lymph nodes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003097.htm
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•
Diagnostics and Tests for Mycoplasma Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Cold agglutinins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003549.htm Sputum culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003723.htm
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Nutrition for Mycoplasma Bullous myringitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001369.htm
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Background Topics for Mycoplasma Auscultation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002226.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Symptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002293.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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MYCOPLASMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acholeplasma: A genus of gram-negative organisms including saprophytic and parasitic or pathogenic species. [NIH] Acholeplasma laidlawii: An organism originally isolated from sewage, manure, humus, and soil, but recently found as a parasite in mammals and birds. [NIH] Acidemia: Increased acidity of blood. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actinobacillus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae described as gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Most members are found both as pathogens and commensal organisms in the respiratory, alimentary, and genital tracts of animals. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases,
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kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agammaglobulinemia: An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the
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preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]
Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amaurosis: Partial or total blindness from any cause. [NIH]
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Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]
Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]
Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH]
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Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angioma: A tumor composed of lymphatic or blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin. [NIH] Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases,
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and also in healthy individuals. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antibodies, antiphospholipid). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (antibodies, anticardiolipin). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus coagulation inhibitor). [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH]
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Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Ascitic Fluid: The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Asparaginase: A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspergillus: A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU]
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Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Audiology: The study of hearing and hearing impairment. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoclave: Apparatus using superheated steam under pressure. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as
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sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Barotrauma: Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow
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cells to grow. [NIH] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Sciences: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from biology, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotypes: Causes septicemic and pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle and sheep, usually in conjunction with a virus infection such as parainfluenza 3. Also recorded as a cause of acute mastitis in cattle. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists
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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]
Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchopneumonia: A name given to an inflammation of the lungs which usually begins in the terminal bronchioles. These become clogged with a mucopurulent exudate forming consolidated patches in adjacent lobules. The disease is frequently secondary in character, following infections of the upper respiratory tract, specific infectious fevers, and debilitating diseases. In infants and debilitated persons of any age it may occur as a primary affection. Called also bronchial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchoalveolitis, bronchopneumonitis, catarrhal pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, capillary bronchitis and vesicular bronchiolitis. [EU]
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Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannibalism: Eating other individuals of one's own species. [NIH] Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are compared. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiolipins: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal syphilis serodiagnosis. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU]
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Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centromere: The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or
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death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH]
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cilium: A hairlike appendage of the surface of a cell. It aids in cellular locomotion and creates currents in surrounding fluids. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all
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codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides, mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the
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classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU]
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Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with
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hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coryza: Profuse discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause
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sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinesis: Division of the rest of cell. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the form of its mesylate. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder;
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may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextran Sulfate: Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4+ Tlymphocytes. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH]
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Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Transmission: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal (disease transmission, horizontal) or vertical (disease transmission, vertical). [NIH] Disease Transmission, Horizontal: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one individual to another in the same generation. [NIH] Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding. [NIH] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU]
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Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with
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malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are
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released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which
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covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Equipment and Supplies: Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures. [NIH] Equisetum: A genus of plants closely related to ferns. Some species have medicinal use and some are poisonous. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide. [NIH] Eukaryote: An organism (or a cell) that carries its genetic material physically constrained within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular
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proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Factor V: Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH]
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Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH]
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Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Freeze Drying: Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gallium nitrate: A drug that lowers blood calcium. Used as treatment for hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines,
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characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gelatinase A: A secreted endopeptidase homologous with interstitial collagenase, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain. EC 3.4.24.24. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Library: A large collection of cloned DNA fragments from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (genomic library) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences. [NIH] Gene Pool: The total genetic information possessed by the reproductive members of a population of sexually reproducing organisms. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU]
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Genomic Library: A form of gene library containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns). [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ-free: Free of bacteria, disease-causing viruses, and other organisms that can cause infection. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH]
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Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC
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4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]
Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hemagglutinins: Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels
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of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heparin-binding: Protein that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH]
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Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic
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acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Idiotype: The unique antigenic determinant in the variable region. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
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Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]
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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Incubators: Insulated enclosures in which temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions can be regulated at levels optimal for growth, hatching, reproduction, or metabolic reactions. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH]
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Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-18: Cytokine which resembles IL-1 structurally and IL-12 functionally. It enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and CTLs, and appears to play a role both as neuroimmunomodulator and in the induction of mucosal immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-4: Soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that causes proliferation and differentiation of B-cells. Interleukin-4 induces the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Fc receptors on B-cells. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cell lines, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells including granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythroid precursors, as well as macrophages. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH]
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Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Interstitial Collagenase: A member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is principally responsible for cleaving fibrillar collagen. It can degrade interstitial collagens, types I, II and III. EC 3.4.24.7. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isomerases: A class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH]
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Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Kilobase: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Legionella: Gram-negative aerobic rods, isolated from surface water, mud, or thermally
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polluted lakes or streams. It is pathogenic for man and it has no known soil or animal sources. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leptospirosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Leptospira. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes
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and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH]
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Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Maculopapular: Both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. [EU]
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work
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properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosomes: Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores. [NIH]
Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the
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adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH]
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Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitosporic Fungi: A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group. [NIH]
Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mollicutes: A class of gram-negative bacteria consisting of cells bounded by a plasma membrane. Its organisms differ from other bacteria in that they are devoid of cell walls. It contains a single order, Mycoplasmatales. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH]
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Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multigene Family: The progeny of a single open-pollinated parent or of a single cross between two individuals. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Mycoplasma Infections: Infections with species of the genus Mycoplasma. [NIH] Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Short filamentous organism of the genus Mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. It is one of the etiologic agents of nonviral primary atypical pneumonia in man. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU]
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Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]
Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many
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neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques: Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one orginal template. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and
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for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornithosis: Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to man by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected birds. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by pneumonitis and systemic manifestations. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a
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solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH]
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Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parasitism: A) The mode of life of a parasite; b) The relationship between an organism (parasite) that derives benefits from, and at the expense of, another organism (host). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The
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peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphatidic Acids: Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups. [NIH] Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or
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glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylating: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Pityriasis Rosea: A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH]
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Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the
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surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH]
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Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pregnancy Complications: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presbycusis: Progressive bilateral loss of hearing that occurs in the aged. Syn: senile deafness. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not
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itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prokaryote: Unicellular organism having a less complex structure than a eukaryote; it's characterized by the absence of a nucleus and by having the genetic material in the form of simple filaments of DNA. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH]
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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Protozoan Infections: Infections with unicellular organisms of the subkingdom Protozoa. [NIH]
Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psittaci: Causal agent of ornithosis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among
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alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Pyrogenic: Inducing fever. [EU] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,
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alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reading Frames: The sequence of codons by which translation may occur. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated in three reading frames, 5'AUC. or 5'UCC. or 5'CCG., depending on the location of the start codon. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]
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Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restless legs: Legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. [EU] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue
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structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis. [NIH] Rhinovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsia: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Roxithromycin: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH]
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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic
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microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or
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cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatomedins: Insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by somatotropin. They cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]
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Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strained: A stretched condition of a ligament. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They
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are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects
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similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH]
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Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombopenia: Reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may
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take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tissue Harvesting: The removal of organs or tissue for reuse, for example, for transplantation. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH]
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Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor-derived: Taken from an individual's own tumor tissue; may be used in the development of a vaccine that enhances the body's ability to build an immune response to the tumor. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]
Tylosin: Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is
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also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Ureaplasma: A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria which are common parasitic inhabitants of the urogenital tracts of man, cattle, dogs, and monkeys. [NIH] Ureaplasma urealyticum: A species of gram-negative bacteria found in the human genitourinary tract, oropharynx, and anal canal. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also
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called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Vaginal Smears: Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH]
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Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
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Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 229, 249, 258, 280, 282 Abducens, 98, 229 Abducens Nerve, 98, 229 Abortion, 173, 186, 229, 234, 286, 304 Acetylcholine, 229, 242, 254, 278 Acholeplasma, 53, 73, 83, 143, 169, 174, 229 Acholeplasma laidlawii, 73, 143, 229 Acidemia, 19, 229 Acidity, 229 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 112, 162, 183, 192, 229 Actinobacillus, 147, 149, 229 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 229 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 7, 229 Acute renal, 229, 262 Acyl, 46, 53, 230 Adaptability, 230, 241 Adaptation, 230, 284 Adenine, 53, 171, 173, 230, 289 Adenocarcinoma, 230, 262 Adenovirus, 24, 31, 45, 51, 230 Adjuvant, 147, 163, 180, 185, 189, 230, 231, 258 Adoptive Transfer, 94, 230 Adrenal Medulla, 230, 253 Adrenergic, 230, 233, 253, 297 Adverse Effect, 230, 294 Aerobic, 180, 230, 269, 275, 292, 302 Afferent, 230, 279 Affinity, 33, 116, 146, 230 Agammaglobulinemia, 98, 230 Agar, 67, 93, 188, 230, 247, 265, 283 Agglutinins, 226, 231, 261 Agonists, 45, 231 Airway, 10, 26, 32, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 82, 118, 149, 231 Albumin, 75, 231, 284, 298 Algorithms, 15, 50, 199, 231, 238 Alimentary, 229, 231 Alkaline, 68, 231, 232, 240, 280 Alkylating Agents, 231, 302 Alleles, 11, 231 Allograft, 110, 231 Alopecia, 231, 247 Alpha Particles, 231, 290 Alternative medicine, 202, 203, 231
Aluminum, 163, 231 Aluminum Hydroxide, 163, 231 Alveoli, 231, 303 Amaurosis, 99, 231 Amber, 21, 232 Ambulatory Care, 232 Amino Acid Sequence, 50, 158, 168, 177, 232, 233, 258 Ammonia, 75, 232, 259 Ammonium Chloride, 146, 232 Amniocentesis, 128, 232 Amnion, 232 Amniotic Fluid, 125, 128, 138, 232 Amplification, 5, 37, 60, 62, 63, 64, 70, 87, 102, 104, 105, 139, 156, 171, 172, 176, 181, 232 Amygdala, 232, 299 Anaerobic, 9, 10, 25, 180, 232, 276 Anaesthesia, 232, 266 Anal, 232, 253, 256, 302 Analogous, 35, 38, 232, 250, 301 Anaphylatoxins, 232, 245 Anaplasia, 233 Anatomical, 33, 105, 233, 235, 242, 265, 271 Anemia, 96, 102, 167, 233, 257, 272 Anergy, 233, 297 Anesthesia, 231, 233 Anesthetics, 233, 237, 253 Angiogenesis, 39, 233, 273 Angioma, 133, 233 Animal model, 21, 23, 42, 166, 189, 190, 233 Anions, 231, 233, 268 Annealing, 233, 285 Anorexia, 167, 178, 233, 258 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 233, 288, 300 Antibacterial, 9, 157, 233, 250, 295, 303 Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, 233, 234 Antibodies, Antiphospholipid, 233, 234 Antibody, 8, 25, 31, 40, 52, 62, 65, 67, 71, 80, 90, 98, 106, 113, 126, 143, 144, 162, 164, 172, 183, 193, 194, 230, 234, 244, 253, 254, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 273, 275, 294, 295 Anticoagulant, 234, 249, 287 Antidepressive Agents, 234, 288 Antifungal, 190, 234 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 234, 245
308
Mycoplasma
Antigen-presenting cell, 11, 234, 248 Antineoplastic, 183, 198, 231, 234, 247 Antioxidant, 23, 234, 280 Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 123, 233, 234 Antiproliferative, 183, 234 Antiviral, 183, 234, 249, 254, 267 Apolipoproteins, 234, 270 Apoptosis, 24, 82, 123, 235 Aqueous, 165, 235, 237, 248, 251, 270, 271 Arachidonic Acid, 235, 287 Archaea, 235, 274 Arginine, 7, 54, 59, 64, 72, 79, 81, 85, 86, 88, 158, 182, 232, 235, 278 Arterial, 28, 234, 235, 242, 246, 264, 288, 298 Arteries, 235, 238, 247, 271, 274, 276, 285, 289 Arterioles, 235, 238, 240 Artery, 128, 235, 238, 247, 251, 281, 289, 303 Artifacts, 27, 235 Ascitic Fluid, 18, 235 Aseptic, 97, 235, 279, 296 Asparaginase, 7, 235 Aspartate, 235 Aspergillus, 193, 235 Assay, 17, 20, 24, 38, 62, 64, 67, 70, 87, 104, 106, 130, 171, 173, 181, 235, 265, 292 Asymptomatic, 87, 130, 174, 192, 235 Atrial, 235, 246, 301 Atrioventricular, 235, 246 Atrium, 235, 246, 301, 303 Atypical, 8, 37, 111, 129, 145, 156, 160, 161, 172, 174, 176, 236, 266, 276 Audiology, 198, 236 Auditory, 236, 293 Autoclave, 25, 236 Autoimmune disease, 41, 161, 168, 233, 236, 276 Autoimmunity, 38, 41, 197, 236 Autonomic, 4, 229, 236, 276, 282 Autonomic Nervous System, 236, 282 Avian, 143, 144, 145, 146, 188, 193, 236 Axonal, 95, 133, 236 Azithromycin, 166, 236 B Bacillus, 44, 55, 63, 68, 157, 236, 239 Bacteraemia, 122, 236 Bacteremia, 8, 98, 123, 236 Bacterial Infections, 236, 244, 270 Bactericidal, 8, 73, 98, 101, 118, 157, 236
Bactericide, 165, 236 Bacteriophage, 38, 55, 58, 80, 236, 283, 301, 304 Bacteriostatic, 236, 254 Bacterium, 14, 33, 143, 147, 163, 191, 236, 245, 262, 300 Barbiturate, 107, 236 Barotrauma, 198, 237 Basal cell carcinoma, 21, 237 Basal cells, 237 Base, 104, 171, 173, 178, 191, 230, 237, 240, 248, 249, 257, 258, 269, 298 Base Sequence, 237, 257, 258 Basement Membrane, 237, 254 Basophils, 237, 260, 270, 284 Baths, 28, 237 Behavior Therapy, 4, 237 Benign, 98, 237, 261, 277, 280, 292, 304 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 237, 268 Bilateral, 95, 98, 99, 117, 237, 286, 291 Bile, 237, 257, 263, 271, 296 Bilirubin, 231, 237 Binding Sites, 191, 237 Bioavailability, 184, 237 Biochemical, 11, 15, 36, 44, 69, 77, 99, 142, 161, 231, 237, 239, 256, 269, 287, 294, 299 Biochemical reactions, 237, 299 Biogenesis, 45, 238 Biological response modifier, 238, 267 Biological Sciences, 35, 238 Biological therapy, 238, 260 Biophysics, 107, 238 Biotechnology, 51, 94, 147, 202, 209, 238 Biotypes, 185, 238 Bladder, 199, 238, 245, 248, 266, 276, 287, 302 Blast phase, 238, 243 Blastocyst, 238, 245, 251, 283 Blood Coagulation, 238, 240, 255, 292, 299 Blood Glucose, 238, 261, 267 Blood Platelets, 238, 294, 299 Blood pressure, 238, 264, 275, 289 Body Fluids, 171, 238, 250 Bone Marrow, 27, 65, 168, 229, 238, 239, 243, 258, 260, 265, 271, 295 Bone Marrow Cells, 239, 260 Bone metastases, 239, 257 Bowel, 203, 232, 239, 249, 253, 266, 268, 269 Bowel Movement, 239, 249 Bradykinin, 239, 278, 284
Index 309
Branch, 145, 223, 239, 271, 281, 288, 295, 298, 299 Breakdown, 168, 239, 249, 257 Breeding, 26, 193, 239 Bronchi, 239, 240, 253, 254 Bronchial, 36, 239, 262 Bronchioles, 231, 239 Bronchiolitis, 100, 124, 134, 176, 239 Bronchiseptica, 239, 282 Bronchitis, 100, 101, 176, 188, 193, 214, 239, 243 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 26, 63, 76, 121, 239 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, 63, 121, 239 Bronchoconstriction, 239, 284 Bronchopneumonia, 172, 239 Bronchospasm, 100, 240 Buffers, 24, 25, 240 C Calcium, 145, 240, 245, 255, 257, 264, 272, 283, 288, 294 Cannibalism, 171, 240 Canonical, 173, 240 Capillary, 39, 58, 239, 240, 303 Carbohydrate, 90, 144, 191, 240, 259, 285, 294 Carbon Dioxide, 240, 256, 257, 283, 291 Carcinogenic, 231, 240, 279, 287, 289, 296, 301 Carcinoma, 7, 175, 240 Cardiac, 163, 179, 189, 240, 246, 252, 253, 276, 296 Cardiolipins, 234, 240 Cardiovascular, 240, 294, 303 Carotene, 240, 244 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 203, 240 Case report, 96, 122, 125, 133, 240, 255 Catheter, 11, 240 Causal, 240, 253, 262, 288 Cell Adhesion, 21, 191, 241 Cell Death, 109, 123, 135, 235, 241, 259 Cell Differentiation, 241, 294 Cell Division, 33, 183, 236, 241, 260, 275, 283, 293, 295 Cell membrane, 143, 157, 178, 241, 249, 251, 283 Cell proliferation, 17, 74, 168, 179, 192, 241, 294 Cell Size, 241, 256 Cell Survival, 241, 260 Cellulose, 241, 283
Central Nervous System, 203, 229, 236, 241, 257, 259, 261, 276, 279, 285, 294 Centromere, 46, 241 Cerebral, 96, 128, 241, 246, 253, 254, 272 Cerebrospinal, 104, 125, 241 Cerebrospinal fluid, 104, 125, 241 Cerebrum, 241 Cervical, 14, 25, 36, 138, 203, 241, 273, 292 Cervix, 229, 241 Character, 239, 241, 248 Chemical Warfare, 241, 248 Chemical Warfare Agents, 241, 248 Chemokines, 45, 74, 242 Chemotactic Factors, 242, 245 Chemotherapeutic agent, 27, 165, 180, 242 Chemotherapy, 7, 98, 101, 102, 106, 109, 117, 118, 122, 126, 135, 136, 198, 242 Chest wall, 242, 285 Chin, 79, 242, 273 Chiropractic, 203, 242 Cholera, 193, 242, 304 Cholesterol, 58, 61, 75, 142, 143, 192, 237, 242, 243, 270, 271, 273, 296 Cholesterol Esters, 242, 270 Choline, 242, 282 Chorioretinitis, 242, 291 Choroid, 242, 291, 302 Chromatin, 235, 242, 278 Chromosomal, 38, 42, 50, 65, 175, 232, 242, 284, 291 Chromosome, 38, 40, 42, 73, 80, 190, 241, 242, 245, 261, 269, 270, 293, 301 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 4, 95, 115, 159, 160, 203, 242 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 242, 243 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 238, 243 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 217, 243 Chronic phase, 167, 243 Chylomicrons, 243, 270 Cilium, 59, 72, 243 Ciprofloxacin, 95, 243 CIS, 146, 243 Clear cell carcinoma, 243, 249 Clinical Medicine, 117, 243, 286 Clinical trial, 5, 6, 23, 84, 151, 152, 209, 243, 288, 290 Clone, 46, 243 Cloning, 7, 20, 43, 58, 59, 79, 143, 156, 175, 238, 243 Coagulation, 110, 234, 238, 243, 284, 299 Cochlea, 243, 267
310
Mycoplasma
Cochlear, 198, 243, 300 Codon, 68, 79, 175, 243, 258, 290 Coenzyme, 244, 269 Cofactor, 244, 288, 299 Cohort Studies, 244, 253 Coliphages, 236, 244 Colitis, 244, 266 Collagen, 41, 169, 232, 237, 244, 246, 255, 256, 258, 268, 272, 284, 287, 295 Collapse, 239, 244, 285 Colloidal, 231, 244, 251 Colon, 124, 244, 266, 269 Colostrum, 164, 244 Combinatorial, 40, 74, 92, 244 Comfrey, 159, 244 Commensal, 6, 229, 244 Common Variable Immunodeficiency, 106, 244 Complement, 6, 8, 39, 54, 61, 137, 183, 232, 244, 258, 269, 272, 284 Compliance, 22, 245 Computational Biology, 209, 245 Computed tomography, 120, 245 Computerized tomography, 45, 245 Conception, 229, 245, 255, 286, 296 Confounding, 31, 245 Conjugated, 42, 158, 245 Conjugation, 42, 158, 245 Conjunctiva, 246, 266, 269 Conjunctivitis, 188, 246 Connective Tissue, 36, 234, 239, 244, 246, 256, 257, 258, 271, 274, 277, 291, 292, 293, 298 Connective Tissue Cells, 246 Connective Tissue Diseases, 234, 246 Consciousness, 233, 246, 248, 250, 296 Constitutional, 246, 291 Consultation, 16, 23, 25, 26, 30, 246 Contamination, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, 29, 31, 62, 66, 111, 129, 161, 246, 292 Continuum, 10, 246 Contraindications, ii, 246 Contrast Sensitivity, 246, 279 Convulsions, 237, 246 Convulsive, 126, 246 Cor, 4, 246 Cornea, 247, 269, 293, 302 Coronary, 247, 274, 276 Coronary Thrombosis, 247, 274, 276 Cortex, 247, 254, 280, 287 Corticosteroids, 45, 102, 247 Cortisol, 231, 247
Coryza, 193, 247 Cranial, 229, 247, 261, 277, 279, 282 Criterion, 84, 247 Crossing-over, 247, 290 Cross-Sectional Studies, 247, 253 Croup, 176, 247 Cryptosporidiosis, 236, 247 Crystallization, 19, 48, 247 Culture Media, 17, 20, 24, 25, 28, 32, 231, 247 Cultured cells, 16, 27, 123, 247 Curative, 247, 278, 299 Cutaneous, 103, 199, 247, 271 Cyclic, 157, 182, 247, 260, 278 Cyclophosphamide, 142, 247 Cystitis, 203, 248 Cytokine, 11, 52, 66, 78, 85, 103, 107, 116, 144, 248, 267, 268 Cytokinesis, 33, 248 Cytomegalovirus, 6, 198, 248 Cytoplasm, 235, 237, 241, 248, 253, 254, 278, 292 Cytosine, 171, 173, 248, 289 Cytoskeleton, 34, 53, 248 Cytotoxic, 146, 248, 267, 294 D Decidua, 248, 283 Decontamination, 18, 55, 248 Deferoxamine, 183, 248 Degenerative, 32, 169, 248, 262, 277, 292 Dehydration, 164, 242, 248 Deletion, 34, 235, 248 Delivery of Health Care, 248, 261 Dementia, 159, 229, 248 Denaturation, 164, 248, 285 Dendrites, 248, 277 Dendritic, 136, 248, 273 Dendritic cell, 136, 248 Density, 21, 248, 256, 270, 279, 285 Dentifrices, 231, 248 Deoxyribonucleic, 78, 249, 292 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 249, 292 Deoxyribonucleotides, 183, 249 Depolarization, 249, 294 Dermatosis, 135, 249 DES, 144, 232, 249 Desiccation, 163, 249 Deuterium, 143, 249, 263 Dextran Sulfate, 143, 249 Diabetes Mellitus, 198, 249, 259, 261 Diagnostic procedure, 155, 161, 202, 249 Diaphragm, 249, 285
Index 311
Diarrhea, 161, 187, 247, 249, 253 Diastolic, 249, 264 Digestion, 231, 237, 239, 249, 268, 271, 296, 302 Digestive system, 152, 249, 276 Dihydrotestosterone, 249, 290 Dilatation, 229, 249, 286, 303 Dimethyl, 78, 145, 249 Diploid, 175, 249, 283 Direct, iii, 8, 11, 21, 42, 44, 49, 65, 76, 79, 89, 198, 243, 249, 263, 281, 290 Discrete, 42, 249, 287 Disease Progression, 11, 250 Disease Transmission, 37, 250 Disease Transmission, Horizontal, 250 Disease Transmission, Vertical, 250 Disinfection, 165, 250 Dissection, 22, 250 Dissociation, 230, 250 Distal, 236, 250, 288 Doxycycline, 101, 151, 250 Drug Design, 7, 38, 250 Drug Tolerance, 250, 300 Duct, 250, 254, 293, 296 Dura mater, 250, 273, 280 Dyes, 237, 250, 256, 278 Dyspnea, 178, 250 Dystonia, 137, 250 E Ectopic, 13, 251 Edema, 251, 277 Effector, 229, 244, 251 Efficacy, 184, 185, 186, 250, 251 Effusion, 251, 298 Elastic, 251, 297 Elastin, 244, 246, 251, 255 Elective, 88, 251 Electrocoagulation, 243, 251 Electrophoresis, 54, 57, 60, 82, 86, 102, 251, 265 Electroporation, 21, 251 Emaciation, 229, 251 Embolus, 251, 266 Embryo, 84, 229, 232, 238, 241, 251, 266, 286, 296 Embryo Transfer, 251, 286 Emollient, 251, 259 Emphysema, 243, 251 Emulsion, 251, 256 Encephalitis, 95, 98, 100, 102, 103, 110, 124, 133, 252 Encephalitis, Viral, 252
Encephalomyelitis, 41, 99, 252 Encephalopathy, 159, 252 Endemic, 161, 193, 242, 252, 272 Endocarditis, 122, 129, 252 Endocardium, 252 Endocrine Glands, 252 Endocytosis, 74, 119, 252 Endometrial, 14, 133, 252 Endometrium, 248, 252 Endothelial cell, 28, 39, 166, 252, 262, 268, 299 Endothelium, 39, 252, 278, 284 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 252 Endothelium, Vascular, 252 Endothelium-derived, 252, 278 Endotoxic, 252, 270 Endotoxin, 24, 25, 51, 252, 253, 301 Enteritis, 167, 253 Enterocolitis, 253 Enterotoxins, 179, 253 Environmental Health, 208, 210, 253 Enzymatic, 232, 240, 245, 253, 262, 273, 285 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 60, 74, 88, 118, 253 Eosinophil, 253, 260 Eosinophilia, 253, 255 Eosinophilic, 46, 108, 253, 255 Epidemic, 12, 161, 253 Epidemiologic Studies, 14, 253 Epidermal, 164, 253, 269, 273, 304 Epidermis, 237, 253, 269, 286, 289 Epigastric, 253, 280 Epinephrine, 4, 230, 253, 278, 302 Epithelial, 9, 19, 36, 71, 88, 118, 131, 230, 248, 253, 262, 280 Epithelial Cells, 9, 36, 71, 88, 118, 131, 253, 262 Epithelium, 32, 34, 36, 45, 75, 192, 237, 252, 253, 276, 280 Epitope, 52, 53, 61, 67, 72, 143, 254 Equipment and Supplies, 30, 254 Equisetum, 159, 254 Erythrocytes, 55, 66, 89, 233, 239, 254, 262, 290 Erythromycin, 93, 100, 101, 144, 198, 236, 254, 292 Esophagus, 249, 254, 282, 296 Ethidium, 68, 254 Eukaryote, 161, 254, 287 Eukaryotic Cells, 18, 37, 44, 176, 178, 254, 279 Eustachian tube, 237, 254
312
Mycoplasma
Evoke, 254, 296 Excitation, 254, 256, 278 Exhaustion, 254, 272 Exocrine, 254, 280 Exogenous, 74, 178, 254, 258, 287 Exotoxin, 179, 254 Expectorant, 232, 254 Extracellular, 32, 109, 190, 246, 252, 254, 255, 256, 272 Extracellular Matrix, 32, 246, 254, 255, 256, 272 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 255, 272 Extracellular Space, 254, 255 Extravasation, 255, 261 Exudate, 239, 242, 254, 255 Eye Infections, 230, 255 F Factor V, 255, 289 Family Planning, 112, 209, 255 Fasciitis, 41, 255 Fat, 235, 239, 240, 244, 246, 251, 255, 270, 276, 292, 295, 297, 298 Fatal Outcome, 255, 289 Fatigue, 4, 115, 159, 160, 242, 255 Fatty acids, 61, 94, 175, 178, 231, 255, 259, 282, 287 Fertilization in Vitro, 255, 286 Fetus, 229, 255, 283, 286, 296, 302 Fibrin, 238, 256, 284, 299 Fibrinogen, 256, 284, 299 Fibroblasts, 21, 28, 29, 36, 52, 93, 134, 137, 179, 246, 255, 256, 267, 268, 295 Fibrosarcoma, 255, 256 Fibrosis, 256, 293 Fixation, 26, 54, 256 Flow Cytometry, 20, 26, 256 Fluorescence, 37, 64, 254, 256 Fluorescent Dyes, 256 Folate, 147, 256, 257 Fold, 47, 158, 256 Folic Acid, 256, 257 Forearm, 238, 255, 257, 273 Fornix, 257, 303 Fovea, 256, 257 Frameshift, 71, 121, 257 Frameshift Mutation, 71, 121, 257 Free Radicals, 234, 250, 257 Freeze Drying, 163, 257 Fungemia, 11, 257 Fungi, 157, 161, 165, 172, 173, 182, 191, 194, 234, 245, 255, 257, 274, 275, 305 Fungicide, 165, 257
G Gallbladder, 229, 249, 257 Gallium, 183, 257 Gallium nitrate, 184, 257 Ganglia, 229, 257, 277, 282 Gas, 232, 240, 257, 263, 278, 285, 291, 303 Gas exchange, 257, 291, 303 Gastric, 231, 257, 262 Gastroenteritis, 257, 292 Gastrointestinal, 10, 239, 243, 253, 258, 272, 294, 297, 303, 304 Gelatin, 247, 258, 260, 299 Gelatinase A, 33, 258 Gene, 10, 11, 19, 21, 22, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 104, 107, 116, 117, 118, 121, 139, 143, 147, 156, 158, 160, 168, 180, 184, 190, 230, 231, 238, 258, 259, 267, 268, 270, 279, 284, 293, 295 Gene Expression, 10, 36, 69, 93, 116, 258, 295 Gene Library, 258, 259 Gene Pool, 43, 258 Gene Targeting, 19, 22, 258 Gene Therapy, 22, 50, 230, 258 Genetic Code, 258, 278 Genetic Engineering, 177, 191, 238, 243, 258 Genetic testing, 258, 285 Genetics, 5, 23, 30, 35, 38, 50, 130, 138, 142, 169, 245, 258, 275 Genitourinary, 10, 12, 13, 87, 114, 130, 214, 258, 302 Genomic Library, 168, 258, 259 Genomics, 6, 11, 15, 44, 47, 49, 64, 143, 259 Genotype, 259, 282 Germ-free, 42, 259 Gestation, 14, 259, 281, 283, 296 Giant Cells, 259, 293 Gland, 230, 259, 271, 272, 277, 280, 281, 287, 293, 296, 299 Glomeruli, 259, 289 Glomerulus, 259, 277 Glottis, 259, 282 Glucose, 238, 241, 249, 259, 261, 267, 293 Glucose Intolerance, 249, 259 Glucuronic Acid, 259, 262 Glutamic Acid, 257, 259, 278, 287 Glutamine, 182, 259 Glycerol, 69, 162, 240, 259, 282, 283 Glycerophospholipids, 259, 283
Index 313
Glycine, 182, 232, 260, 278, 294 Glycoprotein, 175, 255, 256, 259, 260, 276, 299, 301 Gonadal, 260, 296 Gonorrhea, 13, 14, 199, 260 Governing Board, 260, 286 Grade, 31, 51, 260 Graft, 260, 263, 265 Graft Rejection, 260, 265 Gram-negative, 68, 157, 169, 229, 239, 252, 260, 269, 275, 276, 292, 302, 304 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 68, 157, 252, 260, 275, 302 Gram-positive, 68, 157, 169, 175, 180, 260, 269, 276, 296, 297 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 68, 157, 175, 260 Granulocyte, 65, 260, 267 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 65, 260 Granuloma, 198, 260 Growth factors, 17, 39, 81, 260 Guanine, 171, 173, 260, 289 Guanylate Cyclase, 260, 278 Gyrase, 54, 57, 59, 90, 106, 261 H Haematoma, 123, 261 Haemorrhage, 229, 261 Half-Life, 7, 261 Hallucinogens, 261, 288 Haploid, 261, 283 Haptens, 230, 261 Headache, 226, 261, 266 Health Care Costs, 13, 45, 261 Health Expenditures, 261 Health Status, 22, 261 Hemagglutinins, 81, 145, 261 Hematoma, 113, 119, 261 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 27, 261 Hemoglobin, 158, 233, 254, 261, 262, 270 Hemoglobinopathies, 258, 262 Hemolysis, 59, 262 Hemolytic, 70, 102, 114, 157, 158, 255, 262 Hemorrhage, 251, 261, 262, 297 Heparin, 11, 262 Heparin-binding, 11, 262 Hepatic, 231, 262 Hepatitis, 5, 183, 262, 266, 304 Hepatocellular, 7, 262 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 7, 262 Hepatocytes, 16, 262 Hepatomegaly, 262, 266 Hepatotoxic, 244, 262, 289
Hereditary, 37, 198, 246, 262 Heredity, 258, 262 Herpes, 6, 114, 162, 183, 191, 262 Herpes virus, 183, 191, 262 Herpes Zoster, 262 Heterogeneity, 70, 71, 86, 111, 230, 262 Heterotrophic, 257, 262 Histamine, 232, 262 Histidine, 46, 262 Hoarseness, 247, 263 Homogeneous, 41, 246, 263 Homologous, 11, 47, 50, 52, 65, 83, 179, 231, 247, 258, 263, 293, 298, 301 Hormone, 247, 249, 253, 263, 267, 273, 287, 292, 294, 295, 298, 299 Horseradish Peroxidase, 253, 263 Host, 5, 6, 9, 10, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 49, 50, 53, 67, 70, 78, 91, 112, 116, 119, 123, 148, 156, 158, 162, 165, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184, 194, 236, 244, 263, 265, 267, 281, 291, 292, 302, 304 Human Development, 32, 145, 208, 263 Human papillomavirus, 6, 263 Humoral, 40, 143, 186, 187, 188, 260, 263, 265 Humour, 263 Hybrid, 37, 191, 243, 263 Hybridization, 62, 63, 87, 130, 160, 171, 172, 173, 181, 263, 275, 278 Hybridoma, 17, 18, 23, 162, 263 Hydrogen, 171, 173, 229, 237, 240, 248, 249, 255, 263, 270, 275, 278, 280, 288, 299 Hydrogen Bonding, 263, 278 Hydrogenation, 263, 289 Hydrolysis, 33, 44, 263, 282, 288 Hydrophobic, 157, 259, 263, 270 Hydroxylysine, 244, 263 Hydroxyproline, 232, 244, 263 Hypercalcemia, 257, 264 Hyperoxia, 23, 264 Hyperplasia, 264, 277 Hypersecretion, 36, 264 Hypersensitivity, 253, 264, 292 Hypertension, 166, 261, 264, 300 Hypertrophy, 247, 264, 301 Hypnotic, 236, 264 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 40, 139, 244, 264 Hypoglycemia, 4, 264 Hypotension, 246, 264, 284 Hypothalamic, 4, 264, 295 Hypothalamus, 236, 264
314
Mycoplasma
Hypothyroidism, 198, 264 Hysterectomy, 98, 264 I Id, 148, 214, 215, 216, 217, 222, 224, 264 Idiopathic, 14, 133, 198, 264, 293 Idiotype, 193, 194, 264 Immersion, 237, 264 Immune Sera, 264, 265 Immune system, 41, 161, 179, 184, 194, 234, 236, 238, 264, 265, 271, 272, 276, 302, 304 Immunization, 26, 41, 161, 194, 230, 265, 286 Immunoassay, 60, 233, 253, 265 Immunocompetence, 187, 265 Immunocompromised, 38, 101, 136, 138, 175, 183, 265 Immunocompromised Host, 175, 265 Immunodeficiency, 5, 6, 10, 76, 82, 88, 114, 115, 123, 183, 229, 244, 264, 265 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 244, 265 Immunodiffusion, 57, 231, 265 Immunoelectrophoresis, 231, 265 Immunofluorescence, 55, 59, 94, 265 Immunogenic, 7, 59, 67, 72, 161, 193, 194, 265, 270 Immunoglobulin, 18, 67, 74, 85, 91, 100, 108, 109, 118, 121, 128, 233, 265, 275 Immunohistochemistry, 46, 265 Immunologic, 23, 34, 39, 48, 66, 107, 198, 230, 242, 265 Immunosuppressive, 247, 265 Immunosuppressive therapy, 265 Immunotherapy, 23, 230, 238, 265 Impairment, 236, 255, 265, 274 In situ, 31, 33, 40, 265 Incontinence, 266, 276 Incubated, 179, 266 Incubation, 266, 270, 282 Incubation period, 266, 270, 282 Incubators, 21, 28, 29, 30, 266 Indicative, 195, 266, 281, 303 Induction, 9, 52, 53, 65, 74, 93, 118, 137, 167, 266, 267 Infancy, 42, 266 Infarction, 166, 266, 285 Infectious Mononucleosis, 4, 175, 266 Infertility, 13, 132, 161, 266, 302 Inflammatory bowel disease, 115, 266 Influenza, 46, 75, 162, 193, 266 Ingestion, 167, 266, 285 Inhalation, 12, 267, 279, 285
Inner ear, 198, 267, 269, 303 Inorganic, 267, 276 Insect Vectors, 50, 267 Insecticides, 267, 282 Insight, 49, 267 Insulin, 158, 164, 267, 295 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 267 Interferon, 121, 145, 267, 271 Interferon-alpha, 267 Interleukin-1, 119, 132, 145, 164, 190, 267 Interleukin-10, 145, 267 Interleukin-18, 132, 267 Interleukin-2, 111, 121, 267 Interleukin-4, 121, 267 Interleukin-6, 52, 81, 145, 267 Interleukin-8, 75, 89, 119, 134, 268 Internal Medicine, 41, 43, 103, 108, 142, 268, 292 Interpersonal Relations, 204, 268 Interstitial, 134, 203, 239, 255, 258, 268, 277 Interstitial Collagenase, 258, 268 Intestinal, 4, 115, 164, 240, 247, 253, 268, 269, 303 Intestinal Mucosa, 115, 253, 268, 303 Intestine, 239, 253, 268, 269, 297 Intracellular, 10, 20, 75, 92, 137, 144, 145, 166, 172, 183, 266, 268, 273, 278, 294 Intracellular Membranes, 268, 273 Intraocular, 55, 268 Intravascular, 110, 268 Intravenous, 100, 184, 257, 268 Intrinsic, 44, 81, 230, 237, 268 Introns, 259, 268 Invasive, 264, 268, 272 Ionophores, 66, 268, 302 Ions, 229, 237, 240, 250, 263, 268, 275, 288 Ischemia, 268, 276 Isomerases, 129, 268 J Joint, 3, 5, 160, 188, 203, 226, 243, 268, 298 K Karyotype, 32, 175, 232, 269 Kb, 38, 208, 269 Keratin, 269 Keratinocytes, 21, 268, 269 Keratoconjunctivitis, 186, 269 Kilobase, 54, 269 Kinetic, 35, 48, 269 L Labile, 244, 255, 269 Labyrinth, 243, 267, 269, 280, 293, 304 Labyrinthitis, 198, 269
Index 315
Lactate Dehydrogenase, 29, 269 Lactation, 244, 269 Lactobacillus, 9, 10, 13, 269 Laparoscopy, 14, 269 Large Intestine, 249, 268, 269, 290, 295 Latent, 269, 286 Lavage, 9, 46, 104, 269 Laxative, 231, 269 Lectin, 269, 273 Legionella, 106, 117, 120, 129, 173, 202, 269 Lens, 270, 291 Lentivirus, 51, 270 Leprosy, 166, 270 Leptospirosis, 166, 270 Lethal, 6, 41, 50, 85, 236, 270 Lethargy, 264, 270 Leucine, 182, 190, 270 Leukemia, 32, 104, 107, 129, 150, 167, 183, 243, 258, 270 Leukocytes, 237, 239, 242, 267, 270, 278, 301 Levofloxacin, 59, 98, 101, 117, 270 Library Services, 222, 270 Life cycle, 37, 257, 270 Ligament, 270, 287, 296 Ligands, 9, 32, 130, 270 Linkage, 4, 270, 282 Lipid A, 21, 55, 64, 270 Lipid Peroxidation, 270, 280 Lipopolysaccharide, 75, 82, 119, 260, 270 Lipoprotein, 38, 40, 54, 65, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 79, 84, 85, 92, 94, 189, 190, 260, 270, 271 Liposomes, 75, 77, 270 Liquor, 271, 289 Lobe, 178, 232, 271, 281 Localization, 23, 32, 34, 55, 77, 90, 265, 271 Localized, 11, 33, 92, 121, 135, 256, 261, 266, 271, 276, 280, 283, 293 Locomotion, 243, 271, 283 Loop, 37, 38, 198, 271 Low-density lipoprotein, 270, 271 Lupus, 233, 234, 271, 298 Lymph, 225, 241, 252, 263, 266, 271, 277, 292, 293 Lymph node, 225, 241, 271, 277, 292, 293 Lymphadenopathy, 266, 271 Lymphatic, 233, 252, 266, 271, 274, 292, 295, 296, 299 Lymphatic system, 271, 292, 295, 296, 299 Lymphoblasts, 229, 271
Lymphocyte, 11, 23, 36, 136, 144, 175, 179, 229, 234, 271, 272, 273 Lymphocyte Count, 229, 271 Lymphocytic, 271 Lymphoid, 233, 247, 265, 271, 300 Lymphoma, 104, 107, 129, 175, 271 Lymphoproliferative, 175, 271 Lysine, 182, 263, 271 Lytic, 272, 294, 304 M Macrolides, 81, 91, 118, 136, 167, 272 Macrophage, 34, 65, 71, 73, 83, 90, 112, 144, 145, 190, 260, 267, 272 Maculopapular, 272, 283 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 45, 109, 272 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 48, 92, 145, 267, 272 Malaria, 161, 272 Malaria, Falciparum, 272 Malaria, Vivax, 272 Malformation, 203, 272 Malignancy, 192, 198, 272, 280 Malignant, 7, 82, 83, 115, 175, 193, 194, 229, 230, 234, 255, 272, 277, 293 Malnutrition, 231, 272 Mammary, 179, 244, 272 Manifest, 199, 236, 272 Mastitis, 186, 187, 238, 272 Matrix metalloproteinase, 33, 272 Meat, 193, 273 Median Nerve, 240, 273 Mediastinitis, 121, 273 Mediate, 32, 34, 38, 89, 156, 273 Mediator, 36, 267, 273, 294 MEDLINE, 209, 273 Melanin, 273, 282, 302 Melanocytes, 18, 273 Melanoma, 7, 18, 273 Melanosomes, 273 Membrane Lipids, 56, 61, 273, 283 Membrane Proteins, 43, 47, 74, 77, 146, 271, 273 Memory, 159, 203, 233, 248, 273 Meninges, 241, 250, 273 Meningitis, 8, 97, 139, 198, 273 Mental, iv, 5, 153, 208, 210, 242, 248, 250, 255, 264, 273, 274, 286, 288 Mental Disorders, 153, 273, 286, 288 Mental Health, iv, 5, 153, 208, 210, 274, 286, 288 Mercury, 256, 274 Mesenchymal, 260, 274
316
Mycoplasma
Metabolic disorder, 198, 274 Metabolite, 249, 274, 286 Metaplasia, 36, 274 Metastasis, 273, 274 Metastatic, 17, 18, 274 Methionine, 84, 249, 274, 297 MI, 95, 117, 124, 180, 227, 274 Mice Minute Virus, 274, 281 Microbe, 5, 36, 178, 274, 300 Microbiological, 5, 10, 31, 96, 97, 105, 116, 128, 130, 170, 274 Microorganism, 31, 36, 166, 191, 194, 244, 274, 281, 304 Micro-organism, 127, 274 Microscopy, 75, 94, 133, 237, 263, 274 Migration, 5, 274 Miscarriage, 14, 274 Mitochondria, 275, 279 Mitosis, 235, 275, 295 Mitosporic Fungi, 235, 275 Mobility, 43, 275 Modeling, 7, 15, 250, 275 Modification, 74, 232, 258, 275 Molecular Probes, 251, 275 Molecular Structure, 49, 275 Mollicutes, 6, 50, 65, 160, 169, 188, 275 Monitor, 19, 275, 278 Monoclonal antibodies, 17, 18, 23, 26, 49, 55, 73, 80, 146, 275 Monocyte, 28, 83, 275 Mononuclear, 88, 131, 160, 255, 260, 266, 275, 301 Monophosphate, 76, 275 Monotherapy, 166, 275 Morphogenesis, 11, 275 Morphological, 24, 56, 251, 273, 275 Morphology, 80, 133, 150, 235, 275 Motor nerve, 276, 282 Mucins, 276, 292 Mucolytic, 239, 276 Mucopurulent, 14, 239, 276 Mucosa, 271, 276, 277 Mucositis, 276, 299 Mucus, 10, 36, 254, 276 Multigene Family, 57, 142, 276 Multiple sclerosis, 276, 279 Mupirocin, 111, 276 Mutagens, 257, 276 Myalgia, 266, 276 Mycoplasma Infections, 11, 18, 101, 102, 112, 125, 129, 159, 161, 192, 276 Myelitis, 109, 137, 276
Myeloma, 162, 263, 276 Myocardial infarction, 101, 108, 166, 237, 247, 274, 276 Myocardium, 274, 276 Myositis, 198, 276 Myotonic Dystrophy, 38, 277 N Nasal Cavity, 145, 277 Nasal Mucosa, 266, 277 Nasal Polyps, 71, 277 Nasal Septum, 277 Natural selection, 238, 277 NCI, 1, 27, 51, 152, 207, 243, 277 Need, 3, 21, 23, 26, 30, 32, 43, 49, 162, 172, 183, 185, 192, 197, 203, 218, 230, 272, 277, 300 Neonatal, 21, 119, 277 Neoplasia, 277 Neoplasm, 247, 277, 280, 293 Neoplastic, 180, 233, 271, 277 Nephrectomy, 113, 277 Nephritis, 96, 124, 277 Nervous System, 230, 236, 241, 273, 277, 281, 289, 297 Neural, 230, 263, 277 Neuritis, 277, 279 Neuronal, 277, 278 Neurons, 248, 257, 277, 298 Neuropathy, 95, 159, 277 Neuropeptides, 164, 277 Neuroretinitis, 278, 291 Neurotransmitter, 229, 232, 239, 259, 260, 262, 278, 294, 297, 303 Neutralization, 41, 278 Neutrons, 231, 278, 289 Neutrophils, 29, 45, 260, 268, 270, 278, 284 Niacin, 278, 301 Nitric Oxide, 34, 42, 112, 144, 145, 278 Nitrogen, 20, 24, 28, 30, 34, 42, 164, 247, 255, 256, 259, 278, 301 Nuclear, 143, 176, 245, 254, 278 Nuclei, 231, 232, 245, 258, 268, 272, 275, 278, 279, 288, 292 Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, 199, 278 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 146, 173, 263, 278 Nucleic Acid Probes, 173, 278 Nucleus, 229, 235, 236, 237, 242, 247, 248, 249, 254, 275, 278, 279, 287, 288, 296, 299 O Oncogenic, 270, 279
Index 317
Opacity, 59, 248, 279 Open Reading Frames, 46, 147, 270, 279 Operon, 10, 77, 79, 90, 92, 279, 291 Ophthalmology, 98, 100, 256, 279 Opportunistic Infections, 229, 279 Optic disc, 279 Optic Nerve, 278, 279, 280, 291, 293 Optic Neuritis, 113, 279 Orbital, 279 Organ Culture, 19, 55, 71, 84, 146, 279, 300 Organelles, 172, 248, 273, 279, 284 Ornithosis, 279, 288 Oropharynx, 279, 302 Osmosis, 279 Osmotic, 85, 231, 279 Ossicles, 280 Osteomyelitis, 139, 280 Otitis, 8, 186, 187, 280 Otitis Media, 8, 280 Otosclerosis, 198, 280 Outpatient, 6, 280 Overexpress, 184, 280 Ovum, 248, 259, 270, 280, 287, 305 Oxidation, 234, 270, 280, 302 Oxidative Stress, 181, 280 Oxides, 180, 280 P Pachymeningitis, 273, 280 Paediatric, 96, 107, 216, 280 Palliative, 280, 299 Palsy, 98, 280 Pancreas, 136, 229, 249, 267, 280 Papilloma, 28, 280 Papillomavirus, 183, 280 Paralysis, 159, 280 Parasite, 50, 194, 229, 281 Parasitic, 162, 229, 247, 261, 281, 283, 302 Parasitic Diseases, 162, 281 Parasitism, 11, 281 Parietal, 281, 285 Parotid, 281, 293 Paroxysmal, 281, 282, 304 Parvovirus, 5, 274, 281 Pathogen, 8, 14, 26, 37, 44, 92, 116, 137, 148, 161, 166, 168, 174, 184, 186, 187, 188, 266, 281 Pathogenesis, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 38, 43, 49, 89, 109, 116, 119, 134, 136, 192, 196, 281 Pathologic, 4, 235, 247, 264, 281, 303 Pathologic Processes, 235, 281 Pathologies, 194, 281 Pathophysiology, 42, 281
Pelvic, 13, 97, 119, 173, 215, 281, 287 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 13, 97, 173, 215, 281 Pelvis, 281, 289, 302 Peptide, 9, 84, 157, 168, 170, 232, 269, 281, 287, 288, 295, 297, 299 Perennial, 244, 281, 301 Perfusion, 281, 300 Pericardium, 281, 298 Perinatal, 14, 36, 96, 138, 281 Peripheral blood, 28, 46, 88, 126, 131, 160, 267, 281 Peripheral Nervous System, 128, 278, 280, 281, 282, 297, 303 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 128, 282 Peritoneal, 235, 282 Peritoneal Cavity, 235, 282 Pertussis, 99, 282, 304 Pesticides, 50, 165, 267, 282 Phagocytosis, 42, 88, 282 Phallic, 256, 282 Pharmacokinetic, 7, 15, 282 Pharmacologic, 233, 261, 282, 300 Pharyngitis, 108, 176, 282 Pharynx, 266, 277, 279, 282 Phenotype, 8, 42, 45, 65, 92, 121, 198, 282 Phenylalanine, 282, 301 Phosphatidic Acids, 282 Phosphatidylcholines, 74, 282 Phospholipases, 53, 282, 294 Phospholipids, 44, 233, 234, 240, 255, 270, 273, 283 Phosphorus, 240, 283 Phosphorylating, 126, 283 Phosphorylcholine, 8, 283 Photocoagulation, 243, 283 Photodynamic therapy, 191, 283 Photosensitizer, 191, 283 Physical Examination, 199, 283 Physiologic, 8, 261, 283, 290 Physiology, 35, 45, 230, 238, 283 Pityriasis, 129, 283 Pityriasis Rosea, 129, 283 Placenta, 164, 283, 287 Plant Diseases, 165, 196, 283 Plant Viruses, 165, 283 Plaque, 166, 283 Plasma cells, 233, 276, 284 Plasma protein, 231, 252, 284, 288 Plasmid, 50, 51, 69, 91, 146, 284, 303 Plasmin, 284
318
Mycoplasma
Plasminogen, 56, 85, 100, 127, 284 Plasminogen Activators, 284 Plasticity, 43, 70, 284 Plastids, 279, 284 Platelet Activating Factor, 9, 284 Platelet Activation, 284, 294 Platelet Aggregation, 232, 278, 284 Platelets, 29, 237, 278, 284, 299 Platinum, 271, 284 Pleura, 284, 285 Pleural, 108, 273, 284, 285 Pleural cavity, 285 Pleural Effusion, 108, 285 Pneumonitis, 137, 279, 285 Pneumothorax, 99, 285 Poisoning, 258, 274, 285, 294 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 198, 285 Polyarthritis, 38, 120, 285 Polyethylene, 7, 146, 158, 285 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 4, 5, 7, 63, 67, 88, 96, 104, 106, 110, 122, 125, 128, 138, 285 Polymers, 158, 285, 288 Polymorphic, 159, 285 Polymorphism, 54, 67, 85, 92, 102, 285 Polysaccharide, 52, 87, 234, 241, 285 Pons, 229, 285, 291 Posterior, 3, 128, 232, 242, 279, 280, 286, 293, 303 Postnatal, 286, 296 Postoperative, 257, 286 Postsynaptic, 286, 294 Post-translational, 77, 121, 286 Potentiates, 267, 286 Potentiation, 81, 286, 294 Practice Guidelines, 198, 210, 214, 286 Preclinical, 31, 286 Precursor, 175, 235, 242, 247, 251, 253, 282, 284, 286, 287, 288, 301, 302 Predisposition, 186, 187, 286 Pregnancy Complications, 36, 286 Pregnancy Outcome, 13, 14, 138, 286 Prenatal, 251, 286 Presbycusis, 198, 286 Prevalence, 4, 8, 36, 43, 85, 112, 114, 115, 121, 128, 129, 130, 131, 137, 138, 179, 286 Prickle, 269, 286 Primary Prevention, 8, 286 Probe, 37, 53, 60, 65, 87, 147, 171, 172, 173, 286 Prodrug, 286 Progeny, 245, 276, 287
Progesterone, 287, 296 Progression, 38, 48, 202, 233, 287 Progressive, 241, 248, 250, 260, 277, 284, 286, 287 Prokaryote, 161, 183, 287 Proline, 92, 244, 263, 287 Promoter, 77, 81, 94, 189, 190, 287 Prone, 189, 287 Prophylaxis, 287, 302 Proportional, 253, 287 Prospective Studies, 10, 287 Prostaglandins, 145, 235, 287 Prostate, 287 Prostatitis, 214, 287 Protease, 33, 91, 287 Protein Binding, 287, 300 Protein C, 35, 190, 231, 232, 234, 236, 243, 259, 269, 270, 287, 288 Protein Conformation, 232, 269, 287 Protein Folding, 15, 129, 287 Protein S, 15, 47, 49, 190, 238, 254, 258, 287, 288, 292, 298 Proteinuria, 128, 288 Proteolytic, 245, 256, 284, 288 Proteome, 147, 288 Prothrombin, 255, 288, 299 Protocol, 8, 29, 288 Protons, 231, 263, 288, 289 Protozoa, 194, 245, 274, 288 Protozoal, 288 Protozoan, 157, 247, 272, 288 Protozoan Infections, 157, 288 Proximal, 250, 277, 288 Psittaci, 122, 144, 279, 288 Psychiatry, 256, 288, 303 Psychic, 273, 288, 293 Psychotropic, 107, 288 Psychotropic Drugs, 107, 288 Public Health, 7, 33, 210, 216, 288 Public Policy, 209, 288 Pulmonary hypertension, 246, 289 Pulse, 54, 86, 275, 289 Pupil, 247, 279, 289 Purifying, 168, 289 Purines, 237, 289, 294 Purulent, 289, 303 Pustular, 135, 289 Pyelonephritis, 64, 289 Pyogenic, 198, 280, 289 Pyridoxal, 158, 289 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 158, 289 Pyrimidines, 237, 289, 294
Index 319
Pyrogenic, 179, 289 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 244, 289 Q Quaternary, 287, 289 Quinolones, 91, 118, 136, 185, 289 R Rabies, 162, 289 Race, 269, 274, 289 Radiation, 180, 256, 257, 265, 289, 290, 304 Radioactive, 248, 261, 263, 275, 278, 279, 290, 301 Randomized, 4, 10, 251, 290 Randomized Controlled Trials, 4, 290 Reactive Oxygen Species, 34, 290 Reading Frames, 87, 290 Reagent, 249, 290 Receptor, 9, 34, 36, 48, 74, 107, 111, 119, 135, 176, 183, 190, 191, 230, 234, 290, 294, 297 Recombinant, 17, 31, 33, 48, 51, 74, 79, 88, 118, 158, 170, 177, 178, 191, 290, 303 Recombinant Proteins, 17, 290 Recombination, 11, 38, 65, 72, 75, 117, 130, 245, 258, 290 Reconstitution, 44, 290 Rectum, 239, 244, 249, 257, 266, 269, 287, 290 Recurrence, 199, 290 Red blood cells, 254, 261, 262, 290, 293 Reductase, 79, 84, 147, 183, 290, 299 Refer, 1, 244, 256, 257, 262, 271, 278, 290, 300 Refraction, 290, 295 Regeneration, 290 Regimen, 251, 290 Reinfection, 199, 291 Remission, 290, 291 Repressor, 279, 291 Reproduction Techniques, 286, 291 Resolving, 40, 291 Respiration, 240, 275, 291 Respiratory failure, 102, 291 Respiratory Physiology, 291, 303 Respiratory syncytial virus, 45, 161, 291 Respiratory System, 291, 303 Restless legs, 203, 291 Restoration, 88, 290, 291, 304 Retina, 242, 270, 278, 279, 291, 292, 302 Retinitis, 183, 291 Retrobulbar, 279, 291 Retrospective, 14, 291 Retroviral vector, 258, 291
Retrovirus, 27, 51, 162, 168, 291 Rheumatic Diseases, 124, 197, 291 Rheumatism, 163, 291, 292 Rheumatoid, 38, 48, 105, 161, 198, 292 Rheumatoid arthritis, 38, 48, 105, 161, 198, 292 Rheumatology, 4, 105, 122, 137, 197, 292 Rhinovirus, 45, 292 Ribonuclease, 117, 292 Ribonucleic acid, 68, 292 Ribosome, 292, 301 Rickettsia, 165, 183, 194, 197, 292 Rigidity, 283, 292 Risk factor, 7, 14, 37, 112, 114, 166, 253, 292 Ristocetin, 292, 303 Rod, 236, 269, 292 Rodenticides, 282, 292 Rotavirus, 161, 292 Roxithromycin, 166, 292 Rubella, 198, 292 S Saliva, 67, 104, 292, 293 Salivary, 248, 249, 292, 293 Salivary glands, 248, 249, 292, 293 Salpingitis, 14, 173, 293 Saponins, 244, 293, 296 Sarcoidosis, 198, 293 Sarcoma, 183, 256, 293 Sclera, 242, 246, 293, 302 Scleroderma, 255, 293 Screening, 19, 26, 27, 29, 161, 189, 190, 216, 243, 293 Secretion, 52, 74, 103, 169, 262, 263, 264, 267, 269, 276, 293, 302 Secretory, 9, 189, 293 Sedative, 236, 293 Segregation, 290, 293 Seizures, 281, 293, 296 Self Care, 203, 293 Semicircular canal, 267, 293 Semisynthetic, 70, 292, 293 Senile, 286, 293 Sensory loss, 276, 293 Sepsis, 257, 293 Septic, 5, 173, 235, 293 Septicemia, 62, 293 Sequence Analysis, 49, 85, 294 Sequence Homology, 48, 168, 169, 294 Sequencing, 14, 46, 85, 89, 135, 139, 156, 285, 294 Serine, 182, 294
320
Mycoplasma
Serologic, 5, 126, 265, 294 Serology, 8, 60, 64, 102, 294 Serotonin, 278, 294, 301 Serous, 100, 235, 244, 252, 284, 294 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 10, 96, 106, 114, 115, 119, 199, 294 Shock, 41, 68, 70, 96, 113, 179, 294, 301 Side effect, 7, 230, 238, 247, 294, 300 Signal Transduction, 176, 294 Signs and Symptoms, 285, 291, 294 Skeleton, 268, 294, 295 Skull, 295, 298 Small intestine, 243, 253, 263, 268, 295 Smooth muscle, 28, 32, 232, 240, 246, 262, 295, 297 Sneezing, 282, 295 Social Security, 290, 295 Soft tissue, 238, 255, 256, 294, 295 Solid tumor, 233, 295 Solvent, 259, 279, 295 Somatic, 263, 275, 282, 295 Somatomedins, 164, 295 Somatotropin, 295 Spasm, 246, 295 Spasmodic, 240, 282, 295 Specialist, 218, 295 Specificity, 37, 91, 156, 162, 169, 230, 295, 300 Spectrum, 28, 124, 203, 292, 295 Sperm, 242, 295 Spinal cord, 241, 242, 250, 252, 273, 276, 277, 280, 281, 282, 295, 296 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 276, 296 Spinal Nerves, 282, 296 Spinous, 253, 269, 296 Spirochete, 296, 298 Spleen, 26, 74, 94, 162, 248, 263, 271, 293, 296 Splenomegaly, 167, 266, 296 Spondylitis, 120, 296 Spontaneous Abortion, 131, 161, 286, 296 Sputum, 46, 173, 226, 296 Standardize, 26, 296 Status Epilepticus, 126, 296 Stem Cells, 19, 296 Stenosis, 203, 296, 297 Sterile, 16, 28, 235, 296 Sterility, 25, 248, 266, 296 Sterilization, 28, 296 Steroid, 46, 100, 107, 247, 293, 296 Stillbirth, 286, 296 Stimulus, 36, 254, 268, 296, 299
Stomach, 229, 237, 249, 254, 257, 258, 263, 269, 282, 295, 296 Strained, 25, 296 Strand, 38, 156, 173, 285, 296 Streptococcal, 92, 179, 198, 296 Streptococci, 25, 180, 276, 296 Streptococcus, 4, 8, 13, 149, 161, 255, 296, 297 Stress, 163, 179, 181, 189, 198, 236, 247, 258, 280, 286, 292, 297 Stricture, 296, 297 Stridor, 247, 297 Stroke, 104, 153, 166, 208, 297 Structure-Activity Relationship, 142, 297 Subacute, 266, 297 Subclinical, 172, 266, 293, 297 Subspecies, 146, 149, 197, 295, 297 Substance P, 254, 274, 290, 292, 293, 297 Substrate, 253, 268, 297 Sulfur, 249, 255, 274, 297 Superantigens, 38, 48, 168, 169, 179, 297 Suppression, 166, 297 Surfactant, 34, 42, 91, 116, 130, 165, 297 Sympathomimetic, 253, 297 Symptomatic, 10, 227, 233, 298 Symptomatology, 10, 298 Synaptic, 278, 294, 298 Synergistic, 41, 165, 298 Synovial, 10, 70, 72, 82, 90, 113, 298 Synovial Fluid, 70, 72, 82, 113, 298 Synovial Membrane, 298 Synovitis, 92, 171, 186, 298 Syphilis, 13, 198, 240, 298 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 5, 111, 198, 233, 234, 298 Systolic, 264, 298 T Tachycardia, 236, 298 Tachypnea, 236, 298 Tea Tree Oil, 143, 298 Teichoic Acids, 260, 298 Temporal, 198, 232, 298 Terminator, 243, 298 Testosterone, 290, 298 Tetracycline, 92, 106, 136, 166, 250, 298 Thalamic, 95, 299 Therapeutics, 6, 192, 299 Thermal, 250, 278, 285, 299 Thioredoxin, 147, 299 Thoracic, 203, 249, 273, 284, 299 Threonine, 182, 294, 299 Threshold, 264, 299
Index 321
Thrombin, 32, 255, 256, 284, 287, 288, 299 Thrombocytes, 284, 299 Thrombocytopenia, 110, 284, 299 Thrombolytic, 284, 299 Thrombomodulin, 287, 299 Thrombopenia, 234, 299 Thromboses, 234, 299 Thrombosis, 237, 288, 297, 299 Thrombus, 247, 266, 284, 299 Thymidine, 171, 299 Thymus, 265, 271, 299 Thyroid, 264, 299, 302 Thyrotropin, 264, 299 Thyroxine, 231, 282, 299 Tin, 240, 284, 299 Tinnitus, 280, 299 Tissue Culture, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 51, 55, 61, 161, 300 Tissue Distribution, 184, 300 Tissue Harvesting, 26, 300 Tolerance, 137, 168, 194, 230, 259, 300 Tomography, 245, 300 Tonicity, 250, 262, 300 Tonsillitis, 216, 300 Tonsils, 300 Topical, 165, 182, 298, 300 Torsion, 266, 300 Toxic, iv, 41, 179, 231, 245, 252, 253, 254, 262, 264, 277, 300, 303 Toxicity, 85, 92, 180, 274, 292, 300 Toxicology, 16, 210, 300 Toxin, 179, 252, 253, 300 Toxoplasmosis, 198, 236, 300 Tranquilizing Agents, 288, 300 Transcriptase, 183, 291, 301 Transduction, 21, 27, 134, 294, 301 Transfection, 16, 17, 20, 180, 238, 251, 258, 301 Transfer Factor, 265, 301 Translation, 46, 168, 232, 254, 290, 301 Translational, 51, 169, 301 Translocate, 44, 301 Translocation, 44, 175, 254, 301 Transmitter, 229, 273, 301 Transplantation, 32, 110, 136, 251, 265, 272, 300, 301 Trauma, 198, 261, 300, 301 Trees, 65, 196, 197, 232, 301 Tricuspid Atresia, 246, 301 Tropism, 6, 301 Tryptophan, 68, 175, 244, 294, 301 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 112, 145, 301
Tumor-derived, 27, 301 Tumorigenic, 175, 301 Tylosin, 144, 301 Tyrosine, 53, 301 U Ubiquinone, 46, 302 Unconscious, 233, 264, 302 Uncoupling Agents, 268, 302 Uracil, 171, 173, 289, 302 Ureters, 302 Urethra, 76, 110, 199, 287, 302 Urinary, 110, 173, 201, 214, 243, 248, 258, 266, 302 Urinary tract, 110, 173, 302 Urinary tract infection, 110, 302 Urine, 64, 77, 82, 87, 91, 93, 121, 123, 130, 173, 238, 266, 288, 302 Urogenital, 4, 62, 106, 111, 115, 192, 258, 260, 302 Urology, 198, 199, 302 Uterine Contraction, 229, 302 Uterus, 229, 232, 241, 248, 252, 264, 287, 302 Uvea, 302 Uveitis, 96, 139, 302 V Vaccination, 68, 94, 161, 187, 216, 302 Vacuoles, 252, 279, 302 Vagina, 241, 249, 269, 302, 303 Vaginal, 9, 10, 12, 25, 36, 116, 139, 215, 303 Vaginal Discharge, 10, 215, 303 Vaginal Smears, 25, 303 Vaginitis, 12, 13, 142, 303 Vancomycin, 198, 303 Vascular, 28, 33, 39, 75, 123, 166, 242, 252, 266, 278, 283, 284, 296, 299, 302, 303 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 39, 303 Vasculitis, 103, 120, 285, 303 Vasoactive, 164, 303 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, 164, 303 Vasoconstriction, 253, 303 Vasodilators, 278, 303 VE, 4, 114, 120, 151, 303 Vector, 24, 31, 51, 148, 158, 178, 184, 191, 193, 281, 301, 303 Vein, 28, 268, 278, 281, 303 Venereal, 298, 303 Venous, 11, 234, 237, 288, 301, 303 Venter, 174, 303 Ventilation, 45, 291, 303 Ventral, 163, 189, 264, 285, 296, 303
322
Mycoplasma
Ventricle, 232, 235, 246, 264, 289, 298, 301, 303 Ventricular, 246, 301, 303 Venules, 238, 240, 252, 303 Vertebrae, 295, 296, 303 Vertigo, 280, 304 Vesicular, 239, 262, 304 Vestibule, 243, 267, 293, 304 Veterinary Medicine, 144, 209, 304 Vibrio, 242, 304 Vibrio cholerae, 242, 304 Viral Hepatitis, 198, 304 Viral vector, 31, 51, 304 Virulence, 6, 10, 11, 38, 55, 59, 65, 69, 70, 72, 84, 87, 116, 150, 156, 300, 304 Virulent, 38, 57, 63, 170, 185, 188, 304 Virus, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 17, 23, 24, 31, 46, 51, 53, 75, 76, 81, 82, 88, 114, 115, 116, 123, 150, 162, 163, 167, 168, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183, 187, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198, 214, 229, 236, 238, 258, 259, 263, 266, 267, 283, 291, 292, 301, 304 Vitro, 11, 16, 19, 21, 24, 26, 27, 32, 34, 41, 42, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 73, 78,
90, 100, 101, 102, 117, 118, 138, 144, 146, 168, 202, 251, 258, 262, 265, 266, 278, 285, 292, 294, 300, 304 Vivo, 8, 11, 18, 22, 24, 26, 32, 34, 38, 41, 42, 56, 62, 73, 85, 94, 142, 144, 157, 158, 161, 179, 180, 258, 262, 265, 266, 304 W Warts, 263, 304 Weight Gain, 171, 178, 179, 189, 304 White blood cell, 229, 234, 238, 242, 243, 244, 260, 266, 270, 271, 272, 275, 276, 284, 304 Whooping Cough, 282, 304 Wound Healing, 244, 273, 276, 304 X Xenograft, 233, 304 X-ray, 45, 226, 245, 256, 278, 304 Y Yeasts, 257, 282, 305 Z Zoonoses, 289, 305 Zygote, 245, 305 Zymogen, 287, 305
Index 323
324
Mycoplasma
