MUSCLES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Muscles: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-11073-3 1. Muscles-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on muscles. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MUSCLES ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Muscles ......................................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 66 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 87 Academic Periodicals covering Muscles .................................................................................... 132 Dissertations on Muscles........................................................................................................... 132 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MUSCLES ....................................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Finding Nutrition Studies on Muscles...................................................................................... 145 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 153 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 154 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MUSCLES ................................................................. 163 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 163 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 163 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 164 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 164 General References ..................................................................................................................... 204 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MUSCLES ............................................................................................. 205 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 205 Patents on Muscles .................................................................................................................... 205 Patent Applications on Muscles ................................................................................................ 240 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 270 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MUSCLES ................................................................................................. 271 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 271 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 271 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 276 Chapters on Muscles .................................................................................................................. 276 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON MUSCLES ...................................................................................... 281 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 281 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 281 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 287 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 289 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 289 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 289 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 298 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 299 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 303 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 303 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 303 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 305 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 307 The Genome Project and Muscles .............................................................................................. 307 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 313 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 313 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 313 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 322 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 323 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 327
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 329 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 329 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 329 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 329 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 329 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 335 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 340 MUSCLES DICTIONARY............................................................................................................ 341 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 435
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with muscles is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about muscles, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to muscles, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on muscles. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to muscles, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on muscles. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MUSCLES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on muscles.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and muscles, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Characterization of Esophageal Striated Muscle in Patients with Achalasia Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 45(2): 285-288. February 2000. Summary: Many studies have been conducted analyzing the manometric properties of patients with achalasia, but the striated portion of the esophagus has never been analyzed and is often overlooked. This article reports on a retrospective review of 120 manometric tracings (20 achalasia, 100 controls) performed between 1994 and 1997. Tracings were excluded from patients with chronic cough and nutcracker esophagus. The data were assessed for age, sex, symptoms, duration of symptoms, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, gastroesophageal gradient, upper esophageal sphincter pressure, smooth muscle contraction amplitude and duration, striated muscle contraction amplitude and duration, length from upper esophageal sphincter to maximal striated muscle contraction, and esophageal length. The maximum striated
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muscle contraction amplitude was significantly decreased in achalasia patients with a median amplitude of 45 mm Hg versus 76 mm Hg in the control group. Although the wave forms were similar, the maximum striated muscle contraction duration and the distance from the upper esophageal sphincter in achalasia patients was not significantly different from controls. The length of the esophagus was significantly longer in achalasia patients than in the control group. The authors conclude that patients with achalasia have significantly lower maximum striated muscle contraction amplitudes and longer esophagi, but the duration of the contractions and the configuration of the wave forms are not different. 2 figures. 2 tables. 12 references. •
Significance of Pelvic Floor Muscles in Anal Incontinence Source: Gastroenterology. 123(5): 1441-1450. November 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.gastrojournal.org. Summary: The pathophysiology of anal incontinence may be elusive using current measurements. This article reports on a study undertaken to establish the role of the levator ani muscles in anal incontinence. The study included 53 patients with anal incontinence, 30 with constipation as disease controls, and 15 healthy controls. The authors evaluated incontinence severity by a 0-12 scale, anorectal function by standard manometric tests, and levator ani contraction by a perineal dynamometer. Patients with incontinence exhibited various physiological abnormalities, but analysis showed that levator ani contraction was the independent variable with strongest relation to the severity of incontinence. Furthermore, in contrast to other physiological parameters, clinical improvement in response to treatment was associated with a marked and significant strengthening of levator ani contraction. The authors conclude by reiterating the importance of levator ani failure in understanding the etiology (cause) of anal incontinence and in predicting response to treatment. 5 figures. 3 tables. 34 references.
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Anatomic Plane of Separation Between External Anal Sphincter and Puborectalis Muscle: Clinical Implications Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 42(3): 374-379. March 1999. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 352 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. Summary: The possible existence of an anatomic and functional separation between the external sphincter and the puborectalis muscle has been reported in the medical literature. In this article, the authors confirm, by means of anatomic and clinical observations, the presence of such a separation and focus on its importance in understanding the pathway of diffusion for some suppurative anal lesions and in planning advanced procedures to spare the sphincter. Twenty adult anatomic specimens of the anal region (from 12 women, and 8 men) were cut in the sagittal, coronal, and paracoronal planes, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined. The pelvic floor musculature was examined in 3 patients undergoing postanal repair operations. Primary posterior and posterolateral anal fistulas in 11 women and 19 men were carefully traced during and after staged fistulotomy. An attempted was made peranally to separate the external sphincter from the puborectalis muscle to spare the sphincter in 4 patients (3 women) aged 56 to 65 years with rectal cancers 4 to 5 cm from the anal verge. The results of these investigations showed a connective plane of separation between the puborectalis muscle and the external sphincter. An anatomicofunctional separation between the puborectalis muscle and the external sphincter was easily
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demonstrated during anal repair operations. The authors conclude that the presence of this plane is important to help understand the diffusion of some suppurative anal lesions and to plan advanced procedures to spare the sphincter. 9 figures. 26 references. (AA-M). •
Effects of Adductor Muscle Stimulation on Speech in Abductor Spasmodic Dysphonia Source: Laryngoscope. 110(11): 1943-1949. November 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine whether adductor laryngeal muscle stimulation might be a beneficial treatment alternative for abductor spasmodic dysphonia (ABSD). Baseline comparisons were made of measures of voiceless consonant and syllable duration between patients with ABSD (n = 10, two men and eight women, aged 36 to 69 years) and normal control subjects. Speech and voice production with and without muscle stimulation were compared within 10 patients with ABSD. Baseline group comparisons were conducted on measures of syllable and voiceless consonant duration between the patients and the control subjects. Neuromuscular stimulation was applied to the thyroarytenoid or lateral cricoarytenoid muscles in the patients during extended phonation, and measures were made of fundamental frequency and sound pressure level in the stimulated and nonstimulated conditions. Voiceless consonant duration was compared with and without adductor laryngeal muscle stimulation during syllable repetitions and sentences in the patients. Before stimulation, the patients had increased syllable durations in comparison with control subjects. Repeated within patient comparisons with and without stimulation demonstrated significant reductions in voiceless consonant durations during syllable repetition. The more severely affected patients had the greatest reductions in voiceless consonant duration during sentence production. The authors conclude that adductor muscle stimulation improved speech production in patients with ABSD, and the improvement was greatest in the most severely affected patients. Therefore, adductor muscle stimulation has potential for benefiting patients with ABSD. 8 figures. 2 tables. 22 references.
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Diabetic Muscle Infarction: An Underdiagnosed Complication of Long-Standing Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 26(1): 211-215. January 2003. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reports on a systematic review of all the reported cases of diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) and its pathogenesis, clinical features, prognostic implications, and management. The authors searched databases (MEDLINE and EMBASE) from their inception to August 2001 and reviewed bibliographies in reports retrieved. A total of 47 references were retrieved; 115 patients and 166 episodes were included. Clinical presentation of DMI is uniform, with acute onset of painful swelling of the affected muscle. DMI was more frequent in women. Of the cases, 59 percent had type 1 diabetes; the mean duration of disease was 14.3 years; and multiple diabetic end-organ complications were noted. DMI affects the lower limbs with abrupt onset of pain and local swelling. Diagnosis is made by biopsy, but the characteristic features in magnetic
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resonance imaging (MRI) are very typical. Treatment includes bed rest and administration of analgesics, but recurrence is common. 3 figures. 1 table. 49 references. •
Basic Clinical Management of Muscle Strains and Tears Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 20(6): 303-307. June 2003. Summary: This journal article discusses prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of muscle strains and tears. Muscle strains and tears are injuries to a muscle or tendon that occur when the muscle is stretched excessively. Muscle strains are more common than tears. These injuries, especially hamstring strain, are common in athletes. Most patients with muscle strain injuries present after an acute onset of pain during activity. Physical examination may reveal local swelling or ecchymosis; palpitation usually reveals localized tenderness over the myotendinous junction. Radiographs may only show soft tissue swelling but should be obtained if there is any concern about fracture. MRIs may be helpful if the diagnosis is unclear. Acute management of muscle strain injuries includes rest, ice, compression, elevation cryotherapy, and NSAIDs. Prolonged immobilization after strain injury should be avoided, and an exercise program should be instituted after pain and swelling subside to recover range of motion, strength, endurance, and eventually, normal athletic skills. Surgery may be required in the rare case of a complete tear with significant retraction of the muscle from the tendon. Flexible, strong, and warmed-up muscles are the key to strain rehabilitation and injury prevention. 11 references and 2 figures. (AAM).
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Muscle Tone Abnormalities Source: Rehabilitation Nursing. 22(3):118-123,130; May/June 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals presents current information about alterations in muscle tone. Rehabilitation nurses frequently encounter clients with neurological disorders that adversely affect muscle tone, so, if they understand the physiological etiology of abnormal muscle tone, they can design nursing interventions for various care settings. Topics discussed include the basis of motor control; the relationship between the type of muscle tone alteration and the location of neurological damage; the differences between spasticity, rigidity, and flaccidity; the medical and physical treatment approaches to muscle tone problems; and the nurse's role in managing alterations in muscle tone. 20 references, 2 figures, and 3 tables. (AA-M).
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The Effects of Muscle Fatigue on Neuromuscular Function and Anterior Tibial Translation in Healthy Knees Source: American Journal of Sports Medicine. 24(5):615-621. 1996. Summary: This journal article for physicians investigated the effect of quadriceps and hamstring muscle fatigue on anterior tibial translation and muscle reaction time in 6 men and 4 women, all healthy, with an average age of 21.3 years with no known pathologic knee conditions. Each patient underwent a knee examination, arthrometer measurements of tibial translation, subjective functional assessment, and an anterior tibial translation stress test before and after quadriceps and hamstring muscle-fatiguing exercise. The recruitment order of the lower extremity muscles in response to anterior tibial translation did not change with muscle fatigue. However, results showed that an average increase of 32.5 percent in anterior tibial translation (range, 11.4 percent to 85.2 percent) after fatigue. Muscle responses in the gastrocnemius, hamstring, and quadriceps originating at the spinal cord and cortical level showed significant slowing and, in some cases, an absence of activity after the quadriceps and hamstring muscles
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were fatigued. The authors indicate that increases in displacement after fatigue strongly correlated (0.62 to 0.96) with a delay in cortical activity (intermediate and voluntary). Muscle fatigue, which appears to affect the dynamic stability of the knee, alters the neuromuscular response to anterior tibial translation. It is suggested that fatigue may play an important role in the pathomechanics of knee injuries in physically demanding sports. 3 tables, 1 figure, and 26 references. (AA) •
How To Evaluate the Patient Who Has Muscle Disease Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 17(7): 407-410,413. July 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the evaluation of a patient who complains of muscle weakness, pain, dysfunction, or fatigue. Many conditions can affect the skeletal muscles, including inflammatory diseases such as polymyositis or one of the connective tissue disorders; endocrine, genetic, and metabolic disorders; and central and peripheral nervous system diseases. The patient history can help establish the severity of the symptoms. When questioning patients about their symptoms, the physician should list the tasks they now have difficulty performing and also quantify as much as possible their degree of weakness or strength. An additional area of inquiry that is crucial for the diagnosis of muscle disease is the family history. Facts gained from the family history may be of great value in suggesting the presence, or at least the strong possibility, of a particular disease. The physical examination should attempt to quantify the patient's muscle strength, assess other aspects of muscle function, and detect abnormal movements and reflex changes. During the examination, the physician should look for abnormal movements and reflex changes, as well as changes in muscle volume. Biochemical analyses of muscle enzymes and serum myoglobin, electromyographic studies, magnetic resonance imaging, sonography, and muscle biopsy can help confirm the diagnosis. 3 tables. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Muscles The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to muscles. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to muscles. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore muscles. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for muscles:
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: A RODENT MODEL FOR LOCOMOTOR TRAINING WITH FNS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jung, Ranu; Associate Professor; Ctr for Biomedical Engineering; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-JAN-2002; Project End 31-OCT-2002 Summary: The long-term goal of this work is to develop strategies for using functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) of paralyzed muscles to enhance the recovery of individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. The proposed work is motivated by three important developments. First, recent basic science and clinical studies have demonstrated that the degree of functional recovery of the injured spinal cord depends on the activity patterns of neural inputs to the spinal cord. Second, recent advances have produced adaptive controllers for FNS systems that provide a means of automatically adjusting stimulation parameters to reliably achieve specified rhythmic movements. Third, rodent models of spinal cord injury (complete and incomplete lesions) are extensively being used at the molecular, cellular, and systems level to investigate the effects of traumatic injury and to assess the results of therapeutic intervention. A combination therapy that utilizes locomotor training with FNS and pharmacological intervention is likely to be the most effective in enhancing the reorganization (plasticity) of the spinal circuitry that is spared after spinal trauma. A rodent model for FNSassisted locomotion would facilitate quantitative evaluation of therapeutic regimens that include FNS and would provide the ability to characterize effects of FNS-assisted locomotion on the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the injured spinal cord. This biomedical engineering research grant proposal will develop a rodent model of locomotor training that utilizes treadmill walking and functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) with fixed-pattern and adaptive controllers. Kinematic and electromyogram (EMG) patterns of intact animals will be examined and then used to develop stimulation patterns for FNS-assisted movement. A series of tasks will be performed using FNS stimulation of hindlimb muscles in spinalized rats. These tasks will progress in difficulty from controlling suspended hindlimb movements to controlling hindlimb movements during treadmill locomotion in spinalized rats with partial weight support. Two different FNS control strategies will be used for each movement: a fixed-pattern, or open-loop, stimulation pattern and an adaptive stimulation control system. The adaptive stimulation control system will build upon our previous work and is expected to provide movement patterns that are more accurate and more repeatable. Successful completion of the proposed project will result in a novel animal model for FNS-assisted locomotor training and provide quantitative methods for evaluating locomotor behavior. In future studies, we plan to use a rodent model of incomplete spinal cord injury with FNS-assisted locomotion to test the hypothesis that FNS-assisted locomotor training enhances motor recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury. We anticipate that the improved performance provided by the adaptive control system may enhance the therapeutic effects of the technique. This locomotor training could also be combined with pharmacological intervention, tissue transplant, and neural repair therapies to determine if locomotor training can enhance the effectiveness of these therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ACL DEFICIENT KNEE--MRI AND BIOMECHANICAL MODELING Principal Investigator & Institution: Buchanan, Thomas S.; Professor and Director; Mechanical Engineering; University of Delaware Newark, De 19716 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004
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Summary: The overall goal of this work is to provide a detailed understanding of the effect of anterior cruciate ligament injury on knee movement in those who compensate well for the injury and those who do not. Some persons (copers) are able to fully compensate for the absence of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) while others (noncopers) are not. Non-copers demonstrate quadriceps femoris weakness, and use kinematic, kinetic, and muscle activity patterns that stiffen the knee joint for stability. They accomplish the joint stiffening via general cocontraction of the muscles around the knee and by reducing the force with which the foot hits the ground. Copers have no quadriceps weakness, normal ground reaction forces, and possess an ability to coordinate the activity of the lower extremity muscles to efficiently distribute control of the knee among the hip, knee and ankle while maintaining normal knee motion. Even using sophisticated motion analysis techniques, copers are indistinguishable from uninjured subjects. A new approach to in vivo analysis of musculoskeletal dynamics uses Cine-phase contrast (Cine-PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image and track the moving knee. Cine-PC MRI, a non-invasive technique, is capable of measuring 3D muscle fiber and skeletal velocity, in vivo, during dynamic tasks. Through integration, 3D musculoskeletal movement can be tracked. A combination of the use of this new technology and conventional MRI, electromyography, and musculoskeletal modeling will provide a unique opportunity to elucidate the compensation strategies employed by the copers. There are two aims to this proposal. Aim I is to identify differences in knee kinematics, ligament lengths, tendon lengths, and muscle activation patterns of ACL deficient patients using Cine-phase contrast MRI and electromyographic analysis that characterize the mechanisms with which the copers, in altering their muscle activation pattern, alter their knee joint kinematics in order to stabilize their knees. Aim II is to identify differences in muscle activation patterns in ACL deficient copers and non-copers using electromyography and biomechanical modeling. Patient specific models of the ACL deficient knee using T1-weighted MRI will be developed and used as input to a biomechanical analysis. Previous work suggests that patients with ACL deficiencies balance knee joint loads between muscles and ligaments using a strategy that is different than that employed by unimpaired subjects. This will be examined for copers and non-copers in this study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALTERATIONS IN NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION FOLLOWING BURNS Principal Investigator & Institution: Martyn, J A.; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1983; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Muscle weakness accompanies all forms of critical illnesses including burns, resulting in hypoventilation, dependence on respirators, and decreased mobilization, all of which lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The loss of muscle strength is out of proportion to loss of muscle mass. It is hypothesized (a) since prolonged open channel time of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) due to congenital mutations of AChRs results in muscle weakness, the weakness of muscles in close proximity to bums is related to the expression of gamma subunits containing an "immature" isoform of AChRs, which also have a longer mean open-channel time; (b) that akin to that seen in many congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs), the weakness in muscles at sites distant from burn occurs as a result of changes in muscle membrane structural components termed dystrophin associated complexes (DACs). It is postulated that the pathophysiological bases for the neuromuscular changes following burns are
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related to (a) decreased signaling via agrin, important for clustering, expression, and maturation of the AChRs, and (b) decreased growth factor signaling via Akt/PKB, important for stabilization and maintenance of DACs, respectively. Related to the above: Specific Aim 1 tests the hypotheses (1) that muscles in close proximity to burn injury express an immature isoform of AChRs at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), resulting in aberrant neurotransmission, (2) that these AChR changes are related to increased expression of iNOS, resulting in decreased signaling of agrin, and (3) that iNOS inhibitors and/or exogenous agrin will reverse the AChR changes and enhance muscle function. Specific Aim 2 tests the hypothesis that the diminished contractility of skeletal muscle at sites distant from bum is due to changes in muscle membrane DAC, independent of AChRs, since AChRs are unaltered at sites distant from burn. Muscle membrane costamere integrity will be determined by confocal microscope. Biochemical fractionation techniques (velocity gradients) will be utilized to detect molecular localization of each DAC component (dystrophin, dystroglycan, caveolin-3, and integrin), since abnormal localization of these membranes will result in disruption of costamere integrity. Specific Aim 3 using the rat in vivo model and the in vitro cell culture model, tests the hypothesis that bum injury-induced malformation of DAC is due to decreased pro-anabolic signaling via Akt/PKB. Specific Aim 4 tests the hypothesis that the attenuated Akt/PKB activity at sites distant from burn can be rectified by parenteral IGF-I or adenovirus transfer of Akt/PKB, both of which will restore the DAC integrity and function to normal. Delineation of the pathophysiology of burn-induced muscle dysfunction will provide a scientific rationale for therapeutic approaches to prevent muscular complications of burns. These mechanistic studies will also help to understand the molecular etiology of other acquired and congenital diseases of muscle, which affect muscle function in a vast number of adult and pediatric patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANATOMICAL SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE HUMAN PHARYNX Principal Investigator & Institution: Mu, Liancai; Otolaryngology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): What variables in the neuromuscular properties of the human pharynx make some patients more susceptible to aspiration, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), acid reflux, cricopharyngeal spasm and other disorders of the pharyngeal region? In most mammals (and neonatal humans) the respiratory system is protected by overlapping the epiglottis and soft palate, however with separation of these structures the human at risk of aspiration, and this is often the cause of death in the elderly and neurologically impaired. At present the basic neuromuscular specializations of the human pharynx are poorly understood. In preliminary work numerous novel observations were made, one example is that of the human cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle; That the CP receives its innervation from multiple nerves, each of which supplies a distinct region within the muscle, and that it contains specialized muscle fibers. One of these, slow tonic muscle fibers (STMF) has a unique physiology. STMF are extremely rare in mammals but preliminary work has shown that they are widespread in human upper airway structures including the tongue and larynx. Moreover the particular distribution of these fiber suggests that they are directly related to distinct biomechanics. The proposed work will focus on clarifying the peripheral organization patterns of the human pharyngeal plexus and characterizing the intrinsic properties of the CP and the muscles surrounding the pharynx to answer the questions: what
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anatomic specializations are present that appear specific to humans and possibly speech and swallowing related? What variations in these specializations correlate with certain ethnic (black males OSA), genders (males reflux, OSA) and especially geriatric (CP spasm and aspiration) susceptibility to specific disorders? All studies will be done in human post-mortem tissue. The motor and sensory nerve supply to the pharyngeal region will be studied using Sihler's stain. An additional hypothesis to be tested is that the human glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) provides motor innervation not only to the traditionally described stylopharyngeus, but also to the CP and pharyngeal constrictor muscles as demonstrated by our preliminary studies. This will be studied by triple approaches: Sihler's stain whole-mount acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and silver stain, and Karnovsky-Roots' method. Another hypothesis to be tested is that most swallowingrelated muscles are specialized and composed of neuromuscular compartments (NMC) as functional requirements. Our preliminary studies provided evidence for the existence of the NMC within the human CP inferior constrictor and geniohyoid muscles. In addition, the human CP appears to be a specialized skeletal muscle as it contains slow tonic and a-cardiac myosin heavy chain isoforms that are not normally present in limb muscles. The muscular specializations of the upper esophageal sphincter, pharyngeal constrictor and suprahyoid muscles will be explored using a wide variety of histochemical, immunohistochemical, electrophoretic and immunoblotting techniques The muscle fiber architecture, distribution of the fiber types and the major and unusual myosin heavy chain isoforms will be studied. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANKLE STRENGTHENING TO IMPROVE GAIT AND FUNCTION IN CP Principal Investigator & Institution: Engsberg, Jack R.; Associate Professor; Neurological Surgery; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Many treatments exist to improve the gait and function of persons with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Despite recognizing that muscle weakness is a major impairment in CP, none of the treatments have the direct aim of strengthening muscles. Our results from an NIH investigation (R01-NS035830) indicated high correlations between ankle strength and function, with greater strength correlated with higher function. The idea of strengthening muscles has been controversial for safety issues. The purposes of this pilot investigation are to: 1) establish sample sizes for a future randomized clinical trial determining if intensive ankle strength training programs can improve strength, gait, and function without increasing spasticity; and 2) investigate potential safety issues arising from the training programs. Aim 1: Establish sample sizes for a future randomized clinical trial determining if intensive ankle strength training programs can improve ankle strength, gait, and function without increasing spasticity. Twenty ambulatory subjects with spastic diplegia CP will be randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: 1) Dorsi-flexor strength training group; 2) Plantar-flexor strength training group; 3) Dorsi-plantarflexor strength training group; and 4) the group undergoing no intensive strength training program. Subjects in the strength training groups will participate in a 12-week progressive, resistance strengthtraining program. Prior to, and at the end of the training program, all subjects will be objectively assessed for ankle Plantar-flexor spasticity, ankle strength, gait, and GMFM. The data will be used in a repeated measures power analysis to establish sample sizes for the clinical trial. Aim 2: Investigate potential safety issues arising from the training programs. The aim has 2 components. The first is the weekly measurement of Plantar-
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flexor spasticity and tightness. The data will permit continuous monitoring of spasticity and tightness, and alert investigators to potential problems during each subject's participation. In the second component, both the pre- and post-intervention measures, and the weekly monitoring of spasticity and tightness, will determine if potential changes could be a concern for the future clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOMECHANICS
ANTERIOR
CRUCIATE
LIGAMENT-FUNCTIONAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Andriacchi, Thomas P.; Professor; Mechanical Engineering; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to provide information that can be applied to the prevention and treatment of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee. The annual incidence of acute ACL disruptions is approximately 1 in 3000. Treatment of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament is often complicated by the difficulty in predicting from passive physical examination of the knee which patients will be functionally impaired by the loss of this ligament and which patients will have minimal symptoms. Is it possible that altered patterns of locomotion dynamically compensate for loss of the ACT? Quantifying the relationship between altered patterns of locomotion and changes in the anterior-posterior displacement (AP) and internalexternal rotation (IE) of the knee is a fundamental step towards answering this question. This information is clinically important since the AP and IE components of knee motion influence strains in secondary restraints (to anterior laxity) such as the medial meniscus of altered patterns of locomotion for ACL deficient knees. A newly developed point cluster technique will be used to quantify knee kinematics during locomotion. The first hypothesis will test if altered patterns of locomotion (characterized by the magnitude of the moment generated by net quadriceps/knee flexor muscles) are correlated with AP and IE displacements at the knee. Another consideration in this study is the possibility that individual anatomical variations can influence the effect of altered patterns of locomotion on knee kinematics. Previous work has implicated the extensor mechanism as a possible cause of these adaptations. The second hypothesis will test if the magnitude of the altered pattern of locomotion (defined by the reduction from normal) in the net quadriceps/knee flexor moment) is correlated with knee extensor anatomy. This study will generate fundamental new information on the patient's ability to dynamically control anterior posterior stability of the knee joint in the absence of anterior cruciate ligament. This study will also help to identify critical variables that should be considered in a larger prospective clinical outcome study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BINOCULAR COORDINATION IN MONKEYS WITH STRABISMUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Das, Vallabh E.; Neurology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Binocular alignment must be maintained in the horizontal, vertical and torsional planes to ensure binocular sensory fusion. Normal development ensures binocular alignment during fixation and binocular coordination during eye movements. Unfortunately, abnormal visual experience during development usually leads to ocular misalignment (strabismus). In fact, various studies have reported
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the incidence of strabismus to be about 2-5% of the infant population. Data from strabismic humans and from strabismic monkeys in our laboratory have shown that ocular misalignment is accompanied by a lack of conjugate eye movements. Though strabismus is most often associated with a horizontal misalignment, often a combined horizontal, vertical and torsional misalignment is observed. Along with the static horizontal, vertical and torsional misalignment, there appears to be substantial dynamic cross-talk between the principal eye movement planes. In the clinical literature these apparent cross-axis interactions are usually described as 'A' and 'V' patterns of strabismus. Unfortunately, there is a lack of understanding of the neural or mechanical bases for these cross-axis movements, the putative relationship or lack thereof to the neural control of horizontal, vertical or torsional eye movements and the relationship to the etiology of the strabismus. Competing hypotheses include static malpositioning of extraocular muscle pulleys, sideslip of extraocular muscles and muscle pulleys, torsional control of eye movements gone awry leading to apparent muscle dysfunction and finally simply unexplained overaction/underaction of individual extraocular muscles. The goal of our studies is to clarify static and dynamic properties of cross-axis movements and examine its source in animals with a sensory induced strabismus. Our approach will include structural imaging of extraocular muscle to determine role of muscle pulleys; behavioral experiments to examine control of torsion and Listing's laws; neurophysiological experiments to examine the role of motor and pre-motor structures in the brain and biomechanical modeling of extraocular musculature to simulate experimental data. Completion of our studies will be of benefit to the understanding and treatment of certain types of strabismus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BINOCULAR MATCHING AND DISPARITY VERGENCE. Principal Investigator & Institution: Stevenson, Scott; Vision Sciences; University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Rd Houston, Tx 77004 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Proper alignment of the eyes is essential for clear, single vision. Misalignment during early development can lead to amblyopia, a permanent visual impairment. Eye alignment during gaze changes is determined both by the anatomical organization of extraocular muscles and by the coordinated, visuallyguided control of those muscles. The detection and correction of alignment errors from binocular comparison of retinal images is referred to as Disparity Vergence, and has both reflexive and voluntary aspects. The reflexive component of disparity vergence corrects horizontal, vertical and cyclotorsional errors of alignment, while voluntary control is restricted to horizontal vergence. This project is concerned with the visual information processing that provides the basis for reflexive disparity vergence, as revealed by vertical vergence responses. Previous work by the Principal Investigator has shown that the vertical vergence controller can extract vertical disparity signals from dynamic random dot stereograms, but that vertical vergence is not influenced by visual attention or subject effort and often occurs without conscious awareness. These movements thus reflect visual processes that are binocular, most probably cortical, but pre-conscious. The experiments in this project provide a way to study processing at an intermediate stage of the visual system. These processes are central to the control of eye alignment, but cannot be studied with conventional psychophysical techniques because they do not necessarily contribute to visual perception. An eye tracking device is used to detect small changes in eye alignment made in response to imposed vertical image misalignment, allowing for measurement of the vergence system's sensitivity to a
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variety of image parameters. Proposed experiments will determine the role of contrast, spatial and temporal frequency, and visual feature type in the control of reflexive vergence eye movements. Measurements in subjects with abnormal binocularity will follow up on preliminary evidence that reflex vergence is intact in some cases of stereoblindness. Comparison to results from conventional psychophysical sensitivity measures will highlight differences between early (pre-conscious) and later (perceptual) visual processes. The long-term benefit of this research will be improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of binocular visual disorders of eye alignment and depth perception. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOARTIFICIAL MUSCLES FOR GENE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Vandenburgh, Herman H.; Associate Professor; Cell Based Delivery, Inc. 4 Richmond Square, 5Th Fl Providence, Ri 02906 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Recombinant proteins are used to treat a number of human disorders including diabetes, neutropenia, anemia, and musculoskeletal disorders of the elderly. Muscle atrophy and bone wasting associated with aging can be attenuated using growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) but delivery by daily injection is problematic since the proteins degrade rapidly in vivo, are expensive to manufacture, and have detrimental side effects when delivered at pharmacological doses. Cell based delivery of proteins from genetically-modified implanted cells may provide a more effective and cost-saving alternative. The long-term objective of this project is to develop and optimize the surgical techniques for reversible delivery of proteins from bioartificial muscle platforms. Muscle stem cells (myoblasts) can be isolated by simple needle biopsy and genetically modified to express foreign proteins. When tissue engineered in vitro into skeletal muscle-like bioartificial muscles (BAMs) and implanted in vivo, they serve as a long-term delivery system for biologically active proteins. Advantages of this technology over currently used injected myoblasts or plasmid DNA gene therapy techniques include efficient in vitro fusion of myoblasts into BAMs, preimplantation monitoring of growth factor secretion levels, and reversibility. BAMs secreting recombinant human GH (rhGH) and engineered from a murine C2C12 muscle cell line successfully attenuate skeletal muscle disuse atrophy when implanted subcutaneously under tension in mice. In the current project, primary myoblasts from inbred Fisher 344 rats will be transduced to constitutively express rhGH or IGF-1 using retroviral expression constructs under the control of the LTR viral promoter. New replication defective retrovirus expression vectors with the GH, IGF-1, and PTH genes under control of the regulatable human skeletal alpha -actin (HSA) promoter will also be constructed. BAMs from transduced primary rat myoblasts will be engineered using previously developed protocols and their morphology and protein secretion rates evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Rat BAM (R-BAM) myofiber survival, differentiation, innervation, and vascularization in subcutaneous and muscular sites will be studied by quantitative histological, immunocytochemical and biochemical techniques. The ability of GH, IGF-1 and PTH secreted from R-BAMs to attenuate muscle atrophy and bone wasting will be assessed in hindlimb unloaded adult Fisher rats. New therapeutic treatments with recombinant proteins for chronic musculoskeletal wasting disorders will lead to enhanced quality of life and reduced costs in this 150 billion dollar annual U.S. healthcare market. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOMECHANICALLY BASED SHOULDER REHABILITATION STRATEGIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Ludewig, Paula M.; Phys Med and Rehabilitation; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate's long-term career objective is to investigate biomechanical factors contributing to musculoskeletal dysfunction, in order to refine current clinical treatment approaches and develop novel scientifically founded rehabilitation interventions. A five-year research and training plan developed with the primary mentor and a team of experienced scientists will expand the candidate's scientific background in biomechanics and musculoskeletal modeling, enrich her direct research skills and experience in the scientific process, promote integration of research findings to clinical practice, and advance skills necessary for becoming an independent investigator. The long-term objective of the research plan is to develop and test the effectiveness of biomechanically based rehabilitation strategies for improving upper extremity function and reducing pain and disability in persons with shoulder pathologies related to abnormal shoulder movement patterns. In-vivo 3-D full shoulder complex kinematics (thorax, clavicle, scapula, and humerus) during arm elevation will be collected from healthy and symptomatic subjects and integrated with a state of the art shoulder model to describe the 3-D muscle function of selected shoulder muscles, allowing comparisons among muscles for their relative biomechanical ability to reduce shoulder kinematic deviations, or contribute to deviations if producing excess or inadequate force (Aim 1). Computerized Tomography scans of the shoulder complex structures will be taken and imaging data combined with the kinematic data, allowing determination of the effects of abnormal kinematics on the available volume of the subacromial space, providing insight into how specific kinematic deviations create impingement of soft tissue structures (Aim 2). Determining and demonstrating muscle activations that can improve scapular kinematics and reduce subacromial impingement can provide a template for scientifically based intervention approaches that can be further tested through clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BODY COMPOSITION CHANGES IN THE ELDERLY--SARCOPENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Baumgartner, Richard N.; Professor; Medicine; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) The main objectives of this competing continuation application are to develop methods of estimating the prevalence and incidence rates of sarcopenia, or deficient relative muscle mass, and to determine sex and ethnic differences in risk factors and consequences of sarcopenia in communitydwelling elderly. It is accepted that muscle mass and strength are gradually lost with age. Because there are few methods of quantifying muscle mass in population studies, and criteria for defining "deficient" muscle mass remain to be established, estimates of the prevalence and incidence of sarcopenia are lacking and the extent of the public health problem posed is unknown. Age-related loss of muscle mass is undoubtedly multifactorial. Although a variety of possible mechanisms and etiological factors have been indicated, there are few data for multivariate associations of risk factors with sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is believed to be a major factor associated with physical functional impairment, and a number of studies have reported that indicators of muscle
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strength and function (e.g., balance, gait speed, etc.) are associated with disability and falls in elderly people. There are few reports, however, for direct associations between sarcopenia and disability or falls. Sex and ethnic differences in rates of loss for muscles mass and strength, risk factors and consequences remain to be established. The proposed study will establish methods for defining sarcopenia using cross-sectional data collected previously in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey (NMEHS, 1993-1996, n = 883) and reference data to be collected for a population-based sample of 300 young adults 20 to 40 years of age. Risk factors and long-term consequences of sarcopenia will be studied using 4 to 10 years of follow up data by continuation of the New Mexico Aging Process Study (NMAPS, current n = 404). The following variables have been measured in the NMAPS since 1993: muscle mass from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, serum nutrient and hormone levels (e.g. free-T, estrone, IGF1, DHEAs, leptin), dietary intake, physical activity and resting energy expenditure, cognitive and physical functional status, disability, incident falls and morbidity. Data collected for these variables will be extended another 5 years. The NMEHS included Hispanic elderly men and women: 200 new Hispanic participants will be recruited in the NMAPS to further facilitate ethnic comparisons for risk factors and consequences of sarcopenia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BONE GROWTH, PERIOSTEAL MIGRATION AND MUSCLE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Herring, Susan W.; Professor & Acting Chair; Orthodontics; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our overall goal is to clarify the influence of function on the growth and ultimate morphology of the head. The mechanical environment influences skull growth at every level from individual cells to gross structure. Although usually neglected, soft tissues such as muscles, ligaments and cartilages play a critical role in cranial mechanics and growth. This proposal focuses on two ways in which soft tissue mechanics may direct the growth of skull bones, using the pig as a model. First, the osteogenic activity of the periosteum is linked to its blood supply, which originates from muscles and ligaments. We hypothesize that the deformation of these soft tissues during function can modify periosteal perfusion. In Specific Aim 1, new methodology will be employed to map the three-dimensional deformation of muscles and ligaments during awake mastication and to test whether buccinator contraction places significant pressure on the alveolar periosteum. Specific Aim 2 addresses the periosteal vascular system directly with both immunocytochemical assays of cellular activity and in vivo measures of blood flow. These studies will provide evidence for or against a causal linkage between soft tissue behavior and periosteal perfusion. The second way in which soft tissues may direct skull growth involves the nasal septum. Despite being an unmineralized cartilage, the septum has been considered an important mechanical support of the face. Moreover, forces generated by septal growth are claimed to separate the sutures between facial bones, causing compensatory growth. These assertions have never been tested directly. In Specific Aim 3 a novel indwelling transducer will be used to reveal the mechanical loading pattern of the septum and to investigate the timing of its growth in relation to that of facial sutures. Specific Aim 4 will test the mechanical plausibility of the hypothesis that the septum controls facial growth by comparing the viscoelastic stiffness of the cartilaginous septum to the resistance of the facial sutures. Taken together, these studies will develop new techniques for monitoring soft tissue function, provide fundamental new information
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about the mechanical behavior of the head, and test hypotheses about how soft tissues influence skull growth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARDIAC CONTRACTILE PROTEIN COOPERATIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tobacman, Larry S.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1987; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal concerns the mechanism controlling the repetitive contraction and relaxation of the heart, at the level of the protein assemblies that comprise the contractile apparatus. Cyclical variation in the calcium concentration causes calcium binding to and dissociation from troponin, which interacts with the other thin filament proteins tropomyosin and actin so that the thin filament switches between states that will or will not support contraction. A comparable system also exists in skeletal muscles. The long term goal of this work is to understand how troponin and tropomyosin exert this direct regulation, because of its fundamental physiological importance, because this regulation is altered in disease states, and because this is a potential target for therapy. Tropomyosin has an extended coiled-coil structure, and in striated muscles it spans seven actins. We will examine striated muscle alpha-tropomyosin segment by segment, to test hypotheses concerning its function and structure, to circumvent previous difficulties in understanding tropomyosin when using the entire molecule, and to evaluate evidence for major functional heterogeneity within this elongated protein. This will involve host-guest studies of function, and additionally both structural and functional studies of tropomyosin fragments. The structure and conformation of the thin filament also will be investigated by electron microscopy with 3-D reconstruction. This will involve filaments with altered forms of tropomyosin or troponin C (the calcium binding subunit), and short actin filaments created with the filament severing protein gelsolin. Solution studies of these altered filaments will be correlated with the structural results, and used to investigate the conformational transitions of the thin filament, and the spatial propagation of these transitions. Further, permeabilized muscle fibers containing altered forms of TnC will be used to investigate the mechanism of calcium-dependent cooperativity in the intact sarcomere. Finally, the mechanism of cooperative thin filament activation also will be investigated with statistical mechanical modeling of the effects of the non-homogeneous relationship between the regulatory proteins and the seven actins with each regulatory unit. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR SEQUELLAE OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE WORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Dempsey, Jerome A.; Professor; Population Health Sciences; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1977; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to determine the physiological and clinical importance of metaboreflexes originating in the inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscles in regulating blood flow and its distribution at rest and exercise. The rationale for this proposal is based on findings in humans which show that: a) mechanical unloading of the respiratory muscles in heavy exercise causes a reduction in stroke volume and cardiac output and vasodilation and increased blood flow in locomotor muscles; b) that fatiguing the diaphragm causes a time-dependent increases
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in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in the resulting limb; and c) that central inspiratory motor output has no influence on MSNA in the intact human. Aim 1: We will voluntarily increase inspiratory and expiratory muscle effort in healthy humans at rest, during plantar flexion exercise and in hypoxia to determine the threshold and sensitivity of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex in response to progressive increases in respiratory muscle force output and fatigue. We will also determine the combined effects - additive or multiplicative - of combinations of forearm and diaphragm submaximal and fatiguing exercise. Outcome measures include: a) MSNA (via peroneal nerve microneurography); b) femoral arterial blood flow and vascular conductance (measured beat-by-beat with a Doppler ultrasound imaging technique). Aim 2: We will use local infusions of metabolites into the diaphragm and abdominal expiratory muscles in a chronically instrumented dog model in order to quantify the sensitivity and compensatory capabilities of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex and its effect on blood flow distribution at rest and exercise. This animal model will also be used to address the effects of the limb locomotor muscle metaboreflex on distribution of blood flow to the respiratory muscles during exercise. Aim 3: In patients with chronic heart failure of varying etiology, we will apply ventilatory assist in the form of pressure support or proportional assist mechanical ventilation to determine the influence of respiratory muscle work and intra-thoracic pressure on exercise performance, on stroke volume and cardiac output and on limb locomotor muscle blood flow and vascular resistance at rest and exercise. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CATCH: MECHANOCHEMISTRY AND REGULATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Siegman, Marion J.; Professor; Physiology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: A unique and important characteristic of all smooth muscles (mammalian and invertebrate) is the ability to vary the energy cost of force production and maintenance during the time course of isometric contractions. The basic mechanisms controlling force maintenance, or tone in smooth muscle are not well understood. Our discovery that the phosphorylation state of twitchin (a mini-titin) regulates catch and force production in the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis, has opened the way to new studies described here on the molecular basis of its function. Our overall goal is to determine the mechanisms whereby twitchin controls actinmyosin interaction and resulting mechanical output. The ubiquitous presence of twitchin in invertebrate striated, smooth catch and phasic muscles suggests that twitchin may serve as a regulator in all of these muscle types. The understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying this regulation may very well provide new insights on the control of other muscle types, especially mammalian smooth muscle, which shows very similar mechanical characteristics as the smooth muscles from invertebrates. In the proposed studies the smooth ABRM of M. edulis, and striated adductor of the sea scallop (P. magellanicus) will serve as experimental models. Intact and permeabilized invertebrate muscles will be used, as needed. The Specific Aims are to (1) Determine the mechanism by which twitchin phosphorylation gives rise to an increase in the detachment rate constant of the myosin crossbridge; (2) Determine the relationship between the degree of phosphorylation of twitchin and its mechanical effect in intact and permeabilized ABRM; (3) Test the hypothesis that the intrinsic rate of actin movement by myosin is attenuated by the presence of twitchin, and that the
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phosphorylation of twitchin restores the intrinsic fast rate, using in vitro motility studies of actin movement on native thick filaments from ABRM and the body wall of C. elegans. Nucleotide turnover on the thick filaments will be measured in order to learn how twitchin phosphorylation alters the ATPase activity when calcium concentration is varied. (4) Determine of the effect of twitchin phosphorylation on fast striated scallop adductor muscle in order to learn whether this is a generalized mechanism for the modulation of crossbridge kinetics in invertebrate muscle. (5) Biochemical studies on twitchin will characterize the twitchin molecule and determine the mechanism by which its phosphorylation by protein kinase A controls the interaction of contractile proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CENTRAL AUDITORY PATHWAY OF THE MIDDLE EAR REFLEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Daniel; Otolaryngology; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to understand the anatomic and physiologic features of interneurons of the mammalian middle ear muscle (MEM) reflex pathway. The neurons of this reflex coordinate the activity of the MEMs to protect the inner ear from intense acoustic stimuli as well as reduce masking. This reflex arc is composed of primary auditory afferents originating in the cochlea, a single or series of interneurons originating in the cochlear nucleus and ultimately synapsing on MEM motoneurons, and efferent fibers of the facial and trigeminal nerves that terminate on the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles, respectively. Although features of primary auditory afferents and the motoneuron efferents have been well characterized, little is known about the reflex interneurons. Which subdivision of the cochlear nucleus contains the reflex interneurons? Is there a single or a series of interneurons from the cochlear nucleus to the facial and trigeminal nuclei? For Aim 1, we will perform focal lesioning studies of the cochlear nucleus using kainic acid, an excitatory neurotoxin. We will correlate focal lesioning of the cochlear nucleus with loss of the MEM electromyography (EMG) response, to determine which division of the cochlear nucleus is involved in the MEM reflex pathway. Since the anatomical cell types of the cochlear nucleus subdivisions are well known, these studies will narrow down the identity of the cochlear nucleus interneurons. For Aim 2, we will examine the cochlear nucleus interneurons by double-injection experiments. We will inject retrograde tracer into either the stapedius or tensor tympani muscles to label their respective motoneurons, and, at the same time, inject an anterograde tracer into the cochlear nucleus to label the interneurons of the MEM reflex. Injections of the cochlear nucleus will be guided by our lesion studies described in Aim 1. Labeled projections from the cochlear nucleus will be identified as interneurons of the MEM reflex if they terminate on labeled MEM motoneurons. Such terminations would reveal a direct connection between the cochlear nucleus and the MEM motoneurons. Overall, the proposed project will improve our understanding of the brainstem connections that comprise the MEM reflex pathway. These findings may provide a basis for refining and extending our interpretation of clinical tests of MEM reflex integrity and brainstem auditory processing in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION ELASTOGRAPHY
OF
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
BY
MR
Principal Investigator & Institution: An, Kai-Nan; Professor & Chair; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposal is two-fold: (1) to further develop and validate a technology, magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), for quantitatively imaging mechanical properties and tension distribution in muscle and (2) to apply the technique for in vivo evaluation of patients with four common, and clinically significant muscle disorders (spasticity, disuse atrophy, myofascial pain and a metabolic myopathy). These studies will employ a magnetic resonance imaging sequence with synchronous motion-sensitizing gradients to map propagating shear waves in the muscle. The technique will assess the mechanical properties of the muscle and its tension distribution. Specifically, the study can be divided into three specific aims. Aim 1: Optimize MRE methods of acquisition and analysis for the assessment of muscle, including electromechanical drivers, data acquisition techniques, and methods for image analysis. Advanced techniques for very rapid MRE assessment of muscle will continue to be developed. Aim 2: Validate the MRE assessment of muscle properties and tension with phantom, ex-vivo muscle, and Finite Element Modeling (FEM) techniques. Finite Element Analysis will be performed by using both phantom and bovine muscles to better correlate MRE wave-length findings as function of muscle properties, tension and fiber architecture. Aim 3: Study In Vivo Normal and Abnormal Muscle. The MRE technique will be applied in vivo to provide elastographic images of abnormal muscle with known disorders. The patient groups chosen for study are each important in their own right, and furnish unique information across the spectrum of muscular disease and dysfunction. Groups to be studied include individuals with new onset of spasticity following an ischemic, hemispheric stroke, disuse atrophy as a result of immobilization, metabolic (hyperthyroid) myopathy and myofascial pain for trigger point identification. The overall hypothesis of this work is that will bring benefits to both basic research and clinical care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CI-2 MODULATION OF SPINAL PROCESSES: SUPRASPINAL EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Foreman, Robert D.; Professor & Chair; Physiology; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this study is to examine how neurons of propriospinal pathway(s) originating in the C1-C2 region process information from amygdala, subcoeruleus/parabrachial (SC/PB) nuclei, and vagal afferent fibers to modulate sensory-motor integration in the spinal cord. We previously demonstrated that chemical stimulation of C1-C2 neurons modulated spontaneous and visceral-evoked activity in lumbosacral spinal neurons and EMG activity of thoracic paraspinal muscles. Our preliminary data further demonstrate that chemical stimulation of C1 C2 neurons can strongly influence the activity of T3-T4 respiratoryrelated interneurons. Especially critical to this application are our preliminary results indicating that excitotoxic blockade of C1-C2 neurons with ibotenic acid, attenuated amygdalar and SC/PB modulation of lumbosacral spinal cells. The same lesion reduced vagal effects on lumbosacral neurons and paraspinal muscles. Our results challenge the assumption that descending pathways from supraspinal regions modulate activity of thoracic and lumbosacral neurons through direct projections only. The present application addresses the hypothesis that C1-C2 neurons process information from amygdala, SC/PB and vagal afferents. In turn, C1-C2 neurons strongly influence activity
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of spinal sensory neurons, thoracic respiration-related interneurons, and somatomotor reflexes. We also hypothesize that amygdala and vagal afferents transmit information to C1-C2 neurons via SC/PB nuclei. Specific aims are designed to answer the following questions: 1) Are discharge patterns and activities of C1-C2 neurons affected by stimulating specific supraspinal nuclei? 2) Do neurons in C1-C2 segments process information from specific supraspinal nuclei to change sensory and integrative/motor activity in the spinal cord? 3) Do neurons in C1-C2 segments process information from vagal afferents to change integrative/motor and sensory activity in the spinal cord? 4) Do SC/PB nuclei relay information from amygdala and vagal afferent fibers to the C1C2 segments to change sensory and integrative/motor activity in the spinal cord? Neurophysiological studies to examine extracellular discharge patterns and studies using c-fos as a marker of neuronal activation will be conducted in anesthetized rats. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEFINING HETEROPLASMY AT THE SINGLE MITOCHONDRION LEVEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Arriaga, Edgar A.; Assistant Professor; Chemistry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term goal is to understand how mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations appear, propagate, and are distributed among the thousands of mtDNA molecules in a cell, a condition called heteroplasmy. While these mutations are associated with age-related diseases and the aging process, predicting the degree of heteroplasmy at which disease symptoms or age-related phenotypes will appear is practically impossible because the dynamics of heteroplasmy are not well understood. The central hypothesis of this application is that individual mitochondria, containing anywhere from 2 to 10 mtDNA copies, can be heteroplasmic, a condition resulting from the segregation of mtDNA molecules upon mitochondrial replication, and likely modified by the dynamic exchange of genomic material among mitochondria within a given cell. If this hypothesis is correct, a heteroplasmic mitochondrion will have both mutated and wild-type mtDNA, all the peptides encoded by the mitochondrial genome, and a normal mitochondrial membrane potential. We propose to develop the first bioanalytical technologies capable of investigating heteroplasmy in individual mitochondria. We will continue to use and improve upon an instrument based on capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LI F) to determine the properties of individual mitochondria that can then be collected and subjected to PCR amplification of their DNA. In addition, peptide profiles from mitochondria containing mutated mtDNA that will be determined by in situ matrix-assisted laser-desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry will provide a more comprehensive characterization of heteroplasmy. As testing models, we will use NS-1 cells lines, two cybrid cell lines harboring 7522 and 4977 deletions, and rectus femoris and soleous muscles from Fisher 344 Rats, aged 6, 24, and 28 months. The NS-1 model will mainly be used to develop technologies and methods. The cybrid models have a defined degree of heteroplasmy (> 50 percent) and host deletions that omit the expression of the genes ND5, ND4, ND3, ND4L, COIII, A6, A8, and tRNAL, tRNAS, tRNAH, tRNAR, and tRNAG. In addition to these genes the cybrid hosting the 7522 base pair deletion further omits expression of the cytb, ND6, COIl (2), tRNAR, and tRNAK genes. These cybrid models will be used to study the progression of heteroplasmy in cell lines. The two muscle models will be used to study the progression of heteroplasmy along red ragged fibers that have been identified by (COX-, SDH++)
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phenotype. Our individual mitochondrial determinations will be the basis for monitoring (1) the progression of heteroplasmy after the formation and propagation of a cybrid clone, and (2) the degree of heteroplasmy along skeletal muscle fibers. The data resulting from the cybrid and muscle tissue models will be used to refine existing mathematical models that predict the clonal expansion of heteroplasmy. The determination of mtDNA mutations at the single mitochondrion level in the cybrid and muscle models will bring us closer to uncovering the intricacies of heteroplasmy and its implications in disease and aging. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF INNERVATION TOPOGRAPHY IN MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Laskowski, Michael B.; Biological Sciences; University of Idaho Moscow, Id 838443020 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1988; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (From the Applicant's Abstract): Over the last several years, we have shown that motor neuron pools map onto muscles with a rostrocaudal positional bias. Detailed studies from our lab revealed that this topographic map is detectable in embryonic muscles upon first contact between nerve and muscle, and is partially restored after denervation. We have developed an important model of synaptic competition during reinnervation, where we can predict with 95 percent accuracy the survivor between two competing nerve terminals. We have also developed an in vitro model to identify muscle membrane-bound labels that may be responsible for the positional bias. We have found selective growth of embryonic spinal cord neurites on membranes derived from embryonic rostral or caudal muscles or from transgenic muscle cell lines bearing a heritable memory for rostrocaudal position. We have recently focused our attention on the Eph A/ephrin A subfamily of tyrosine kinase receptors as a class of candidate molecules that regulate neuromuscular topography. We have found that all five members of the ephrin A subfamily are expressed in embryonic muscles, and that membrane expression of ephrin A ligands progressively diminishes during postnatal development. We have further found that overexpression of ephrin A5 or deletion of ephrin A5 and A2 degrades the topographic map. We propose to build on this series of observations in three ways. First, we will study the physiological basis for the altered topographic map by ephrins A using intracellular recording and uptake of activity dependent dyes into living nerve terminals. Second, we will extend our in vitro model for innervation topography using a wide array of neurite growth assays. In particular, we will examine growth on membranes of two particularly selective muscles, the gluteus and serratus anterior where 87 percent to 95 percent of the neurites making a choice grew selectively on membranes of similar axial position. We will also explore selective neurite growth within compartments of a single muscle. Third, we will use this in vitro model to search for molecular guidance cues other than ephrin A ligands that may cooperate in establishing the neuromuscular map. This will include the use of ephrin A5 fusion proteins to block endogenous ephrin A ligands. In addition, we will isolate membranes from mutant mice where ephrin A5 or A2/A5 genes have been deleted. In both cases we will search for residual selective growth by spinal motor neurites as a first step toward isolation of additional guidance molecules. Results of these studies will provide unique insight into how neurites in the peripheral nervous system recognize and synapse with their positionally matched partners. We will also learn whether positional labels in the neuromuscular system are part of a general strategy for encoding position in the nervous system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DIABETES ENDOCRINOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Barrett, Eugene J.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant) We propose to establish a DERC within the University of Virginia Diabetes Center. The research base of the proposed DERC includes 43 scientists with distinguished research accomplishments in the fields of diabetes, endocrinology, immunology, cell signaling and vascular disease. Their research is organized in 3 thematic areas autoimmunity, insulin secretion and action and vascular complications of diabetes. These are areas of current strength and future growth for diabetes at Virginia. The proposed DERC will be a magnet to attract faculty and research support in diabetes and its complications to the institution. The proposed DERC will center around 5 scientific core laboratories, and the Pilot and Feasibility and Enrichment Programs. Organizational structure and grants management by an Administrative Core will support these activities. The Cores include a Genetics Core that will give DERC members facilities for genotyping, linkage analysis and generating speed congenics; a Biomolecular Research Core with tools for DNA sequencing and peptide and oligonucleotide synthesis as well as unique capabilities for protein sequencing using mass spectroscopy; an Animal Characterization Core that will facilitate detailed metabolic, imaging and behavior assessment of nutritionally, genetically, pharmacologically or behaviorally treated rodents as well as facilities for immune assay and phospho and fluoro imaging; a Cell and Islet Isolation Core that will provide facilities to isolate and characterize islets, adipocytes, and isolated muscles, as well as routine access to tissue culture reagents; and a Integrated Data Management Core that will bring mathematical tools to analyze, integrate and archive data from individual laboratories and from other Cores to enhance research programs of center investigators. These capabilities in our scientific cores promise to drive a period of discovery in diabetes and endocrine research at the University of Virginia. Pilot and Feasibility and Enrichment Programs will introduce new investigators to diabetes research in an environment of research excellence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DIETARY RESTRICTION, MT DNA ABNORMALITIES AND AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Aiken, Judd M.; Professor; Animal Hlth & Biomedical Scis; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-1995; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Verbatim from application) Aging is recognized as an intricate web of global, physiological attrition. Many of the physiologically significant age-related changes are exhibited in non-replicative tissues such as brain, heart and skeletal muscle that rely heavily on oxidative metabolism for energy. In skeletal muscle, we hypothesize that mitochondrial genetic and enzymatic abnormalities, possibly secondary to life-long oxidative damage, may ultimately disrupt cellular processes or trigger cell death. The ensuing skeletal muscle fiber dysfunction or loss may contribute to sarcopenia, the agerelated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. We are addressing, by the in situ analyses of skeletal muscle from aged rodents, the question of the biological impact of mitochondrial abnormalities. Our studies suggest a specific sequence of events linking mtDNA deletions to sarcopenia. Concomitant with decreased muscle mass and fiber number, we have observed increases in segmental mitochondrial abnormalities that
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contain specific rntDNA deletion mutations as revealed by laser capture microdissection and whole mitochondrial genome amplification. Muscle fibers harboring mtDNA deletion mutations often display atrophy, splitting and oxidative damage demonstrating a cellular impact of these abnormalities. These correlations suggest a causal role for mtDNA deletion mutations in sarcopenia. The aims of the present proposal are fourfold: 1) characterize ETS abnormalities, fiber atrophy, fiber splitting and oxidative damage during the progression of sarcopenia in selected rat muscles; 2) ascertain the cellular impact of age-associated ETS abnormal segments by gene expression profiling of laser-capture microdissected muscle fibers 3) Assess the effect of early- and adultonset caloric restriction on the progression of sarcopenia and the accumulation of mitochondrial abnormalities in selected muscles of F344BNF1 rats; 4) determine whether mitochondrial genomes harboring deletion mutations are causally related to age-associated ETS abnormalities and subsequent cellular impact. The outcome of this work will shed additional light on the biological significance of these mutations and the effects they have on the age-related changes in muscle physiology and structure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIFFERENCES IN SWALLOW MECHANICS IN INFANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: German, Rebecca Z.; Professor; Biological Sciences; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Swallowing requires the coordination of a large number of muscles; this complexity arises partly from the need for airway protection. In the previous funding period, we added to the understanding of muscle activity and oropharyngeal kinematics in infant deglutition. However, the role of the majority of muscles during emptying of the valleculae and in the transport of the bolus past the laryngeal opening or the natural stimuli that initiate the emptying of the valleculae over maturation is not well understood. Our preliminary data suggest that two distinct pathways of bolus movement exist, either around the epiglottis/laryngeal opening (in the newborn) or over it (by the age of weaning). However the timing of the transition, from one path to the other and the associated changes in the kinematics or motor patterns, are unknown. The decerebrate pig is an excellent model for studying vallecular emptying because this phase of the swallow can be isolated experimentally. We propose to apply our existing techniques both to this model and to intact animals, in order to answer the following questions. What natural stimuli initiate vallecular emptying, and do they change during maturation? What is the pattern of muscle activity during vallecular emptying in terms of the order and amplitude of muscle activation? Does change in the consistency of the bolus alter the motor pattern during vallecular emptying, and does this change over developmental time? Does epiglottal movement result from: (i) direct muscle contraction; (ii) indirect movement of the rest of the larynx, (iii) the mechanical action of food on the epiglottis, or a combination of all three? Current studies of human dysphagia and rehabilitation rely heavily on several older studies of oral function in adult man and animal; these studies did not have the means to examine the ontogeny of vallecular function in detail. The proposed study of the maturation of motor patterns will provide an important baseline for treatment strategies aimed at human infant dysphagia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DISEASE AND CONTINUOUS MYOFIBER REMODELING IN EOM Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcloon, Linda K.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Extraocular muscles (EOM) are spared or preferentially involved in various skeletal muscle diseases. We propose a novel and controversial alternative mechanism that may form the basis for the differences between extraocular muscles and limb skeletal muscles. We have strong preliminary evidence to suggest that there is ongoing, continuous myofiber remodeling in the adult extraocular muscles. This would involve both myogenic and apoptotic components. These conclusions are based on 4 lines of evidence. In this proposal we are asking questions to confirm our original observations. We have shown that the EOM continue to express cells positive for myogenic regulatory factors, such as myoD. Activated satellite cells are always present in adult EOM. BrdU labeling experiments using both 2 week and 4 week continuous labeling protocols followed by various brdU-free periods, a protocol that labels dividing cells, demonstrated mature myofibers with brdU-positive nuclei within them. Our working hypothesis is that there are mechanisms present in adult EOM that allow continuous satellite cell activation and division, resulting in either continuous remodeling of existing myofibers by fusion of new myoblasts with existing adult myofibers or formation of entirely new myofibers by the fusion of myoblasts with each other. This proposal asks the following questions: What are the mechanisms of myofiber remodeling in adult EOM? What is the time course and extent of fiber remodeling? What role does apoptosis play in myofiber remodeling and by what mechanism? How do surgical and chemodenervation manipulations simulating strabismus treatments cause changes in myofiber remodeling that may be affecting long-term surgical outcomes? The ability of adult EOM to continuously remodel provides a wealth of testable hypotheses for some long-standing enigmas involving the EOM and their preferential sparing or involvement in various muscle diseases. Ultimately, we hope to use this information to develop new therapeutic strategies.for the treatment of strabismus and other ocular and non-ocular muscle diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DO LIGHT CHAIN EXTENSIONS ENHANCE MUSCLE POWER OUTPUT? Principal Investigator & Institution: Maughan, David W.; Research Professor; Molecular Physiol & Biophysics; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Oscillatory power production is a general feature of striated muscle. Enhanced oscillatory power output is correlated with the presence of extensions of the amino terminus of myosin light chains. Homologous extensions exist in myosin essential light chains of vertebrate myocardium and the regulatory light chain of Drosophila jump and flight muscles. The exact function of these protein extensions is unknown, but preliminary results suggest that they augment power during contraction. Our central hypothesis is that the light chain extensions make molecular contacts that help pre-position the motor subunit of myosin near its target zone on actin for optimal interaction and power generation. Light chain constructs will be created in mouse myocardium and flies to assess the extent to which power output is diminished by
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removing or replacing residues thought to be involved in thin filament interaction. The following hypotheses will be tested: 1) intact ventricular strips lacking the essential light chain N-terminal extension produce lower oscillatory power output at submaximal calcium levels than strips with full length light chains, 2) the essential light chain extension exhibits its effect on power only at in vivo lattice spacing, 3) the light chain extension exerts its effect on power by specific, electrostatic interactions with the thin filament, and 4) comparable alterations of the N-terminal extension of the regulatory light chain in Drosophila flight and jump muscles produce structural and functional phenotypes comparable to those observed in mouse hearts. Interfilament spacing, lattice order, and indices of myosin head alignment will be measured in both intact and demembranated (skinned) preparations using low-angle X-ray diffraction, aided by electron microscopy. Isometric force, unloaded shortening velocity, and dynamic stiffness (oscillatory power output) will be measured in skinned preparations under conditions in which the otherwise swollen lattice is restored by osmotic compression to its in vivo spacing. This research will contribute to understanding and treating human muscle diseases in which power output is compromised. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DOES SPINAL MANIPULATION SPEED DETERMINE NEURAL RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Pickar, Joel G.; Research and Development; Palmer Chiropractic Universtiy 1000 Brady St Davenport, Ia 52803 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The goal of this R21 PROJECT is two-fold: 1) to increase our understanding regarding the effects of spinal manipulation on the nervous system and 2) to seek a scientific basis for the continued investigation of the role of proprioceptors in the effects of spinal manipulation. The specific aim of this project is to determine if the speed of a spinal manipulation is an important determinant of the neural response from paraspinal muscle proprioceptors. Strong evidence supports using spinal manipulation to help patients with acute low back pain and neck pain. A theory common to the practice of spinal manipulation proposes that spinal manipulation alters paraspinal sensory input (ie, neural input from tissues of the vertebral column). Preliminary data demonstrate that spinal manipulative impulses stimulate proprioceptive afferents from lumbar paraspinal muscles. These afferents could contribute to the therapeutic effects of manipulation. The proposed experiments will determine how muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs in lumbar paraspinal muscle respond to the time-varying impulse of a spinal manipulation. Slow and fast impulses will be given. A Fourier transform will be used to analyze, in the time domain, the force-time and displacement-time profile of each manipulative impulse. The resulting power spectra for a range of impulse durations will enable us to determine if the speed of a spinal manipulation is an important determinant of proprioceptive sensory input from paraspinal muscles during spinal manipulation. The experiments will provide information regarding the neural systems impacted by spinal manipulation and can lead to improved training methods for the proper application of spinal manipulation. Teaching the manual skill of spinal manipulation could be approached from the perspective of quantifying the velocity with which the clinician applies a spinal manipulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DYNAMICS LOCOMOTION
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, Thomas J.; Zoology; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract) The mechanical and metabolic energetics of locomotion are ultimately determined by the mechanical properties of skeletal muscles and the pattern of contraction they undergo. The link between muscle properties and movement energetics is poorly developed because we lack information about how muscles contract in vivo. The proposed research will use a particularly suitable locomotor model to measure force, power and activity of muscles and tendons directly during running, walking and acceleration. Direct measurements of muscle contraction in vivo, measurements of tissue properties, and inverse dynamics will be used to determine how muscle contractile power is translated into movement. Independent measurements of muscle and tendon work will be used to test the hypothesis that tendon energy recovery supplies the majority of the positive work of movement during steady-speed level walking and running. The force-velocity and length-tension properties of muscles will be used to test the hypothesis that muscles operate at lengths and shortening velocities that allow for economical force production during steady-speed walking and running. The role of passive force development during movement will also be investigated to test the hypotheses that muscles produce force passively over a range of muscle lengths and velocities where active force capacity is low. These studies will provide insight into how the cellular and molecular properties of muscles and tendons determine the energetics and mechanics of normal gait. A basic understanding of muscle mechanical function during normal gait is important for developing rehabilitative therapies for individuals with musculoskeletal injuries or gait disorders, the design of prosthetic devices, and an understanding of the mechanical forces that influence the regulation of muscle properties. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ESTROGEN EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO EXERCISE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaufman, Marc P.; Professor of Internal Medicine & Human p; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Static and moderate dynamic exercise are known to increase heart rate, myocardial contractility, arterial blood pressure, breathing and muscle sympathetic nerve discharge. These effects, which are believed to increase the delivery of oxygen to metabolically active tissues (i.e., the exercising muscles), appear to be less in women than in men. This difference is often attributed to the effect of estrogen on neuronal function. Consequently, the aim of the experiments proposed in this application is to identify the effect of estrogen on "central command" and the muscle reflex, the two neural mechanisms responsible for evoking the autonomic responses to exercise. The proposed studies will be done in decerebrate unanesthetized female and male cats, which have been either ovariectomized or castrated, respectively two to four weeks prior to the experiment. In this preparation, the two neural mechanisms, central command and the muscle reflex, can be investigated separately without the influence of anesthesia. The effect of estrogen (i.e., 17-beta-estradiol) on the central command to
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exercise will be studied while the cats are paralyzed with vecuronium, and will be evoked by both electrical and chemical stimulation of the hypothalamic and mesencephalic locomotor regions. Motoneuron discharge to agonist and antagonist hindlimb muscles will be recorded. The criterion for elicitation of central command will be "fictive locomotion." Likewise, the effect of estrogen on the muscle reflex will be studied, but the cats will not be paralyzed. The muscle reflex will be evoked both while the hindlimb muscles are freely perfused and while they are ischemic. Dose response relationships for the effect of estrogen on both the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to central command and the muscle reflex will be determined. Moreover, studies will be extended to estrogen pretreatment with timed release pellets implanted into castrated male cats and ovariectomized females. In addition, the effect of microinjections of 17beta-estradiol into the hypothalamic and mesencephalic locomotor regions will be determined because preliminary data suggest that central command, but not the muscle reflex, is responsible for the estrogen-induced attenuation of the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to exercise. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPIRATORY MUSCLE ACTIVATION TO PRODUCE COUGH Principal Investigator & Institution: Dimarco, Anthony F.; Physiology and Biophysics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1986; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Applicant's abstract):Patients with spinal cord injury frequently suffer from respiratory complications due to their inability to cough and clear secretions. In recent animal studies, we have demonstrated that lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and magnetic stimulation (MS) results in the generation of large increases in airway pressure and high peak flow rates. These techniques, therefore, have the potential to produce an effective cough mechanism in spinal cord injured patients. The purpose of these studies is to resolve important basic science issues concerning these techniques in animal studies. In OBJECTIVE I, the efficacy of cough by these techniques will be assessed by radiolabeled clearance studies. In OBJECTIVE II, the pathway(s) by which the motor nerves innervating the expiratory muscles are activated during SCS and MS will be determined. The importance of motor root activation via stimulation of spinal cord pathways will be assessed by monitoring pressure generation before and after sequential section of the ventral roots. The specific pathways responsible for pressure generation will be localized anatomically by evaluating the effects of spinal cord section. Nerve compound action potentials will also be recorded from the motor roots during stimulation. In OBJECTIVE III, the electric field generated around and within the spinal cord during SCS and MS will be measured and used in conjunction with finite element analysis modeling techniques to determine optimum electrode and coil design. In OBJECTIVE IV, we will characterize the changes in expiratory muscle structure and function following upper motoneuron denervation. An effective cough is dependent upon optimal function of the expiratory muscles which are most likely atrophied in patients with spinal cord injury. Therefore, we will also assess the capacity or SCS and MS to maintain expiratory muscle function in a chronic animal model of spinal cord injury. In OBJECTIVE V, the safety profile of SCS will be assessed in chronic animals. The results of these studies should provide important information relevant to the potential use of these techniques in human clinical trials. Restoration of affective cough mechanism may allow patients with spinal cord injury to clear secretions more easily, reduce the incidence of respiratory complication and, ultimately, improve their life quality.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EYELID SENSORIMOTOR NETWORKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ledoux, Mark S.; Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 04-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Normal eyelid motor function depends on neurons that innervate the orbicularis oculi muscles that clone the eyes during blinks and levator palpebrae muscles that open the eyes. Neural structures afferent to orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae motoneurons control the parameters of voluntary eyelid opening and closure, spontaneous and reflexive blinks, and eyelid activity that accompanies eye movements. The motor circuitry mediating spontaneous and reflex blinking is critical for the maintenance of normal ocular function and prevention of ocular injury. Disorders of the nervous system associated with abnormal blinking such as blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening can produce significant functional disability including blindness. Lid retraction and decreased blink frequency seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as progressive supranuclear palsy can cause dry eye and exposure keratitis. Blepharospasm is an involuntary, typically bilateral, closure of the eyes secondary to spasmodic contractions of the orbicularis oculi musculature. Blepharospasm, although usually idiopathic, has been associated with structural lesions of the central nervous system, particularly the rostral brainstem and mesencephalon. Light sensitivity (photophobia) is a symptom with most patients. Some patients with blepharospasm have a history of irritative ocular stimuli such as blepharitis or dry eye; one hypothesis is that maladaptive responses to these stimuli are critical to the development of blepharospasm. Pharmacological, physiological, and postmortem-pathological evidence suggest that monoaminergic systems, particularly serotonergic, may play a role in the pathophysiology of blepharospasm. The neural circuits premotor to orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae motoneurons will be defined anatomically in both rats and primates using both standard and viral transneuronal tracers. These experiments will also determine the relationship of orbicularis oculi premotor neurons to the central terminations of trigeminal afferents from the eyelid and cornea. The simultaneous use of two transneuronal tracers will localize neural structures critical to the bilateral coordination of orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae motoneuron activity. Finally, the components of the orbicularis oculi premotor network activated either acutely or chronically by irritative ocular stimuli will be determined in rats. The data generated from these experiments will contribute to the development of models of eyelid motor function and dysfunction, improve understanding of clinical blink reflex testing and conditioning studies of the blink reflex, and provide important information regarding the cell-specific transport of viruses into rodent and primate nervous systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FACTORS THAT MODIFY INSULIN ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Buse, Maria G.; Professor; Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1978; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: "Glucose toxicity" accounts for insulin resistance in uncontrolled Type I diabetes (IDDM) and contributes to insulin resistance in Type II diabetes (NIDDM). Sustained hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia cause insulin resistance; glucose and insulin act synergistically in down- regulating insulin-stimulated glucose transport. A
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hypothesis to be tested in 3T3-Ll adipocytes is that glucose/insulin induced glucose transport desensitization reflects altered subcellular trafficking of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, which may involve impaired GLUT4 translocation and inappropriate association of GLUT4 containing vesicles (GCV) with the plasma membrane. Products of the hexosamine synthesis pathway (HNSP) have been implicated in glucose-induced insulin resistance; glutamine-fructose-6-P amidotransferase (GFAT) is the rate limiting enzyme and UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) the major product. The role of HNSP will be tested by examining whether conditions which increase or decrease flux via HNSP augment or mitigate, respectively, glucose induced insulin resistance. O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible process, involving O-glycosylation of proteins on Ser/Thr residues with monosaccharide GlcNAc. It usually involves phosphorylation sites and may be regulatory. Based on preliminary data in muscles of a mouse model of insulin resistance, over-expressing GLUTI in muscle, the hypothesis will be tested that increased flux via HNSP promotes O-GlcNAcylation of critical proteins involved in insulin- stimulated glucose transport. These may include GSV-associated proteins, possibly GLUT4 itself and/or proteins associated with GSV docking and fusion. Since adaptive regulation usually involves multiple sites, we will test the hypothesis that glucose-induced insulin resistance represents in part down-regulation of the insulin receptor (IR) signaling cascade, attempt to identify the major regulatory sites and critically assess the possible contribution of HNSP to the glucose effect. If warranted, the involvement of modulators of IR signal transduction, I.E. protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and candidate protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP-ases: PTP-1B, SH-PTP2 and LAR) will be examined. GFAT activity is allosterically regulated by UDP-GlcNAc, and is modulated in vivo in muscle by the hormonal and metabolic milieu. The pre- and posttranslational regulation of GFAT expression will be studied in muscles of rodent models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FAILED RESCUE OF OLD SKELETAL MUSCLE FROM ATROPHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Booth, Frank W.; Professor; Veterinary Biomedical Sciences; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: A common clinical problem is that in many nursing homes there are mobile and functioning aged individuals who, upon being subjected to one or more periods of immobility due to illness or injury, are unable to return back to mobility. Even with extensive rehabilitative therapy, many of these individuals are unable to recover to preinjury functioning levels. An animal model mimics this human condition. Both young and old rats who undergo a 10-day period of hindlimb immobilization exhibit disuse atrophy, but only skeletal muscle from young rats successfully regrows from this disuse atrophy as old muscle had no regrowth after 77 days of recovery. Hypothesis 2 reads: "Ten of the 200 mRNAs corresponding to growth factors, growth factor receptors, or post-receptor signaling that are present on the employed microarray will differ between young and old rats during the failure of old skeletal muscle to rescue itself from immobilization-induced atrophy during reloading. Specific aim 1 will identify a pool of mRNAs associated with the failure of old skeletal muscle to rescue itself from immobilization-induced atrophy during reloading. Another observation is that shortterm IGF-I application will rescue the failure of old muscle to regrow after disuse atrophy. However, this effect is only transient as continued IGF-I application to old muscle depletes remaining satellite cell proliferations and muscle wastes. Thus, all
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defective growth factor responses must be identified. Specific aim 2 will apply IGF-I to old muscle after hindlimb immobilization in order to further identify those genes that failed to respond in old muscles, but had responded in young muscles. Specific aim 3 will begin to characterize for those differentially expressed ESTs between young and old muscles after ending immobilization in Specific aims 1 and 2. To support data analysis in Specific aims 1 and 2, Specific aim 4 will develop a computer-based, automated system for analysis of microarray data, data warehousing system for high capacity data storage, and tools for querying microarray data across experiments. Identifying the inappropriately expressed mRNAs associated with failed muscle regrowth of old muscles will permit a more scientifically-based growth factor rescue of old atrophied muscle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTIONAL DYNAMICS OF MOTOR CONTROL Principal Investigator & Institution: Brezina, Vladimir; Physiology and Biophysics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: from applicant's abstract) The long-term goal of this research is to understand the basic computational and control principles which the central nervous system uses to generate functional behavior. Some fundamental principles are implicit in the interaction of the central controller with its peripheral effectors, most importantly muscles. The motor commands of the nervous system and the peripheral response characteristics of the neuromuscular system must be mutually matched for optimal performance. In many systems this matching is accomplished by peripheral modulation which dynamically tunes the properties of the muscle so as to enable it to perform the behavior being commanded by the nervous system. But, although set up as part of the behavior, the modulation generally has much slower dynamics than those of the behavior. In effect, the modulatory state represents a memory, maintained peripherally in the muscle, of past behavior. This memory then prepares the muscle to perform future behavior. It facilitates performance especially of the same kind of behavior as in the past, but may complicate performance if the nervous system commands a different behavior without its presence into account. This peripheral memory and its consequences for control of motor performance and behavior by the nervous system will be studied in a well known, experimentally advantageous model neuromuscular system. The system participates in several behaviors and exhibits a rich variety of neuromuscular modulation on a wide range of time scales. Preliminary studies demonstrate prominent peripheral memory in the system. A strategy combining experiments with mathematical modeling will be used to address the following questions: What motor commands does the nervous system send in the different behaviors? What corresponding modulation occurs? How do the commands and modulation interact to produce functional movement? How does the functional movement change when on the one hand the motor commands, and on the other hand the modulation, are altered? Altogether, this work will test a two-part hypothesis, reflecting the mutual interdependence of controller and effector: that the peripheral memory is required for smooth, efficient integration of successive cycles of a behavior and even for transitions from one behavior to another; but that, at the same time, its existence requires modification of the commands sent by the central nervous system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES OF EXTRAOCULAR EYE MUSCLES TO T3 Principal Investigator & Institution: Rubinstein, Neal A.; Associate Professor; Anatomy; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Thyroid dysfunction affects some 10 million Americans; and although the extraocular muscles (EOMs) are often involved in thyroid disease, little is known about the effects of T3 on the properties or development of EOM fibers. The effects of dysthyroidisms on the function of appendicular muscle fibers suggest that altered T3 levels should have profound influences on the performance of EOM fibers; however, there unique developmental origin, structural and functional properties and singular reactions to diseases suggest that EOMs have unique rules governing gene expression. T3 regulates the contractile properties of muscle fibers by differentially activating or repressing isoforms of the myosin heavy chains (MyHCs). The transcriptional control is mediated by the thyroid receptors (TRs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) which themselves exist as multiple isoforms. Preliminary data, as well as susceptibilities to disease, suggest that the response of genes to T3 in EOMs will differ from that in other muscles. We hypothesize this differential response will be related to unusual distributions of TR and RXR isoforms among fibers; altered T3 levels will lead to the expression of inappropriate MyHC isoforms, abnormal contractile characteristics and impaired vision. Proving this hypothesis requires (a) determining which MyHC genes are expressed in each EOM fiber type during development and in the adult, (b) correlating the MyHC complement of each fiber to the contractile properties of that fiber, (c) determining whether hypo-and hyperthyroidism after the expression of MyHC genes and contractile properties, (d) discriminating the TR and RXR isoforms synthesized in euthyroid and pathological conditions. Studies will isoform-specific cRNA probes and antibodies will be combined with contractile measurements of individual skinned EOM fibers to accomplish these aims. To understand how the eye performs its repertoire of motions under both normal and pathological circumstances, one must understand the synthetic capacity of each fiber and how it defines the functional properties of each fiber. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENE THERAPY FOR A SEVERE DMD ANIMAL MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Xiao, Xiao; Associate Professor; Molecular Genetics & Biochem; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, is the most common, disabling and lethal muscle disease, afflicting one of every 3500 males. Recently, we have generated a series of highly truncated mini-dystrophin genes that had large deletions in the "non-essential" regions including part of the central rod domain and the very C-terminus domain. These minigenes were small enough to be packaged into adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors and large enough to preserve high functionality, when tested in mdx mice after local intramuscular gene delivery. However, the mdx mice are far from an ideal DMD animal model although it is a commonly used one. While manifesting many similar symptoms of the human patients such as the muscle pathology, the mdx mice do not suffer shortened lifespan and do not show overall muscle weakness and skeletal contractures
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as do the human patients. This phenomenon is due to the up-regulation of utrophin gene (a dystrophin analogue) that partially compensates the defects of dystrophin in the mdx mice. By knocking out both dystrophin and utrophin genes (double-KO), two teams have recently developed a severe DMD mouse model that closely reflects every major deficiency seen in the human patients including much shortened life-span, severe muscle weakness and skeletal contractures, offering a more truthful small animal model for more stringent tests of new therapeutics. In this grant proposal, we will use the newly available double-KO mice to vigorously test the hypothesis whether the novel mini-dystrophin genes are able to rescue the muscle functions locally and systemically, and more importantly, to improve the overall health and prolong the life-span of the severe DMD animal, which is key to the development of a clinically efficacious gene therapy strategy. In this proposal, we will investigate 1) biological/therapeutic functions of mini-dystrophin genes in the double-KO mice using the transgenic mouse technology; 2) therapeutic effects of mini-dystrophin genes in both young and adult double-KO mice after local intramuscular injection of AAV vectors; 3) systemic gene delivery and its therapeutic effects in large groups of muscles and the entire body; 4) alternative therapeutic genes that may offer synergistic effects along with the minigenes to benefit the dystrophic muscles. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF MYOSIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bernstein, Sanford I.; Biology; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, Ca 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1983; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): The investigators are using an integrative and multidisciplinary approach to determine how the myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein drives muscle function. Myosin is the molecular motor of muscle and the major component of myofibrillar thick filaments. Its ATP-dependent interaction with actin-containing thin filaments powers muscle contraction. They will test a series of hypotheses that predict myosin properties encoded by alternative exons, and how these properties dictate the different mechanical functions of various muscles. They use the model organism Drosophila melanogaster because it has a single gene coding for muscle MHC, but produces multiple forms of the protein (isoforms) by alternative RNA splicing. Using MHC null mutants in conjunction with germline transformation, they created a series of "isoform-switch" organisms that accumulate versions of MHC differing in single domains. To determine how each alternative structural domain defines the biochemical and biophysical properties of myosin and the ultrastructural and physiological properties of muscle, they are employing a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays: ATPase, actin and nucleotide binding, in vitro motility, optical trapping, electron microscopy, whole organism muscle function and isolated fiber mechanics. As appropriate, they will create a second series of chimeric constructs, to more specifically link functional properties with structural subdomains within each alternative region of the myosin head. Defining whether in vitro properties dictate in vivo functions is difficult, since a biochemical activity of a protein may always correlate with a particular mechanical property of a muscle without there being a causal relationship. The Drosophila muscle system is unique in that the effects of individual functional domains can be tested in muscle cells and intact organisms. Therefore, they can determine directly and to what degree a specific biochemical property defines a mechanical characteristic. They will also use these assays to test hypotheses regarding the molecular, biochemical, physiological and ultrastructural defects associated with two
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Mhc mutations that affect key amino acid residues. Their results will be interpreted in relation to the three-dimensional structure of the myosin molecule and models for the mechanochemical cycle. Overall, their novel approach will yield direct insight into how the myosin protein functions in muscle and permit testing of models for the transduction of chemical energy into movement. Since mutations in the myosin head cause defects in human cardiac and skeletal muscle, these studies are relevant to understanding human myopathies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GTPASE REGULATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: De Lanerolle, Primal; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Small GTP binding proteins transduce signals that control a host of cellular responses. The activation of protein kinases by the GTP-bound form of small G proteins and highly regulated changes in the actin cytoskeleton appear to be important characteristics of the signalling properties of specific GTPases. Myosin II is an actin based molecular motor that converts chemical energy into mechanical work. The actinmyosin II interaction in smooth muscles is regulated by the phosphorylation of ser 19 on the 20 kDa light chain of smooth muscle myosin by the calcium-calmodulin dependent enzyme myosin light chain kinase. Recent reports have suggested that GTPases and myosin phosphorylation interact to regulate the actin cytoskeleton and smooth muscle contraction. Experiments performed by Somlyo, Kaibuchi and Narumiya and their coworkers have shown that GTPases regulate the calcium sensitivity of smooth muscle contraction. We have recently discovered that myosin light chain kinase is regulated by phosphorylation by PAK 1, a member of a family of protein kinases that is activated by the binding of the p21 GTPase. Although PAKs are generally thought to be involved in responding to stress, substrates for PAK's are not well characterized and myosin light chain kinase represents an important one. Based on extensive preliminary data, we propose that PAKs regulate the calcium sensitivity of smooth muscle contraction by a mechanism that involves the phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase. We now propose experiments to test this hypothesis. The experiments described in Specific Aim 1 will investigate the kinetics of myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation by PAK 1, in vitro. Specific Aim 2 will test the hypothesis by performing studies on skinned smooth muscles. Specific Aim 3 will test the hypothesis by performing experiments on intact blood vessels. These experiments represent a powerful test of our hypothesis and they will provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate the calcium sensitivity of smooth muscle contraction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IGF-1 GENE TRANSFER TO ACCELERATE MUSCLE RECOVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Vandenborne, Krista H.; Chair and Associate Professor; Physical Therapy; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Muscle weakness is a common clinical phenomina observed following bed rest, surgery, cast immobilization and injury or disease. The consequences of loss of muscle strength are far reaching and include decrease of motor control and overall fitness, development of functional limitations and impairment, and long term disability. As such, the objective of this study is to investigate the potential of virus-mediated gene
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transfer of IGF-1 to guard skeletal muscle from the deleterious impact of disuse or forced inactivity and to accelerate the subsequent recovery in muscle size and strength. For this purpose the left or right hindlimb (randomized) muscles of young adult mice will be injected with a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector for IGF-1. 3 months post-injection, both hindlimbs (injected and control) of the animals will be immobilized in a plaster cast for a period of 2 weeks. After removal of the cast the animals are allowed to reambulate and resume their normal cage activity. Cage restricted levels of weight-bearing activity have been shown to be sufficient to induce muscle regeneration and hypertrophy. Morphometric and functional measurements will be performed bilaterally (injected and control limb) at baseline, 3 months post-injection, following 2 weeks of cast immobilization, during reloading and at several time points during reambulation (2, 4 and 10 weeks). Morphological measures will include fiber crosssectional area and fiber number, wet weight and protein content. Functional measures (twitch and tetanic force) will be performed in vitro on superfused muscles. The secondary objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanisms by which IGF-1 overexpression modulates muscle size and function under varying loading/activity conditions. For this purpose we will measure IGF-1 peptide levels, in vivo protein synthesis and degradation rates, and markers of muscle regeneration and satellite cell proliferation. We anticipate that the ability to locally manipulate muscle regeneration and hypertrophy during disuse and subsequent rehabilitation will be of great clinical importance. In addition, we anticipate that this study will help elucidate the role of IGF1 in the regulation of muscle size under varying loading/activation conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INJECTABLE SENSORS FOR CONTROL OF FES Principal Investigator & Institution: Loeb, Gerald E.; Professor and Director; Biomedical Engineering; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (adapted from the Investigator's abstract): In order to reanimate a paralyzed limb to produce clinically useful movements, three functions must be provided: 1) Electrical stimulators to cause muscles to contract; 2) A controller to coordinate the stimulation; and 3) Sensors of command and feedback signals from the patient to the controller. The investigators have recently completed development and preclinical testing of a novel stimulation technology that permits large numbers of individual muscles to be precisely controlled by injectable, wireless microstimulators that receive power and data by RF transmission from an external controller. They propose to extend that technology by incorporating and testing various types of sensors in similar injectable modules. These will use a novel, compatible system for RF back-telemetry to send signals out of the limb for command and feedback purposes. Their immediate goal is a family of generic "BIONs" (bionic neurons)-that can be configured flexibly to serve a wide range of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) applications. The investigators have selected the following basic sensing modalities: 1) Low-level bioelectric signal recording such as electromyography, to monitor (the) level of electrical recruitment (Mwaves) and spontaneous activity from muscles with some remaining voluntary control (useful as myoelectric commands for prostheses);and 2) Triangulation of relative position between devices, to be used for determining limb posture Acceleration and inclination (vs. gravity), using microelectromachined silicon (MEMS) sensor technology. The research will proceed in overlapping stages, the first of which is already underway in pilot work: 1) Design, build and test the basic circuit functions for low-level, low-
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power signal detection, digitization and telemetric transmission; 2) Design, build and test specialized MEMS sensors; 3) Build complete injectable BIONs with sensing and back-telemetry capabilities; 4) Perform preclinical tests of sensor BIONs for biocompatibility; 5) Test sensing and telemetry functions in vitro with artificiallygenerated inputs; and 6) Test sensing and telemetry functions in alert, behaving animals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INSTABILITY AND MUSCULAR DEMAND DURING OBSTACLE CROSSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Chou, Li-Shan; Exercise & Movement Science; University of Oregon Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Falls are among the most serious problems facing the aging population and have become the largest single cause of accidental death. Moreover, the total direct cost of fall injuries in 1994 among people 65 and older was $20.2 billion. Most falls in the elderly stem from interactions between environmental hazards and increased individual susceptibility to hazards from accumulated effects of age and intrinsic factors. Research on biomechanics of selected physical tasks, that take both environmental and intrinsic factors into account, is needed to quantify impairment magnitudes, to determine what elements are critical to the impairment, and ultimately to design more effective interventions for preventing falls in the elderly. The long-term goals of this proposed project are to advance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the increased incidence of falls in the elderly, to determine a more effective method of identifying aged persons at risk of falling, and eventually to design more effective exercise/strengthening programs for the prevention of falls in the elderly. Specific aims of this project are to (1) demonstrate that motion of the whole body center of mass (COM) during obstacle crossing could better distinguish fallers from non-fallers when compared to individual segmental motion, (2) examine the relationship between ability to accommodate to environmental hazards during locomotion and muscle weakness, and (3) to identify quantitative, biomechanical indices (muscular demand-tocapacity ratios) that can better indicate the level of mechanical challenge imposed on selected muscles. Motion analysis and muscle strength testing will be performed on 24 elderly non-fallers and 24 elderly fallers (65 years or older). Body segment motion, ground reaction forces, and electromyography will be collected during unobstructed walking and stepping over obstacles of heights corresponding to 2.5% and 10% of each subject's height. Isometric strength of selected lower extremity muscles will be measured bilaterally. A thirteen-link biomechanical model, with kinematic inputs of each body segment and ground reaction forces will be used to compute the threedimensional motion of the whole body COM and three-dimensional joint moments (torques) of the lower limbs. Data analysis will be performed on both mechanical and neuromuscular levels, including the isometric muscle strength, electromyography, motion of the COM, and it's interaction with the center of pressure (COP) of the stance foot derived from ground reaction forces and moments. Finally, correlation between muscle strength and dynamic balance control (indicated by the motion of the whole body COM) will be examined. This proposed project is expected to identify/define more sensitive biomechanical measures (both intrinsic and extrinsic) for better quantification of age-related mobility impairment and functional challenges imposed on our musculoskeletal system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERACTION DIFFERENTIATIO
AFFECTING
CRANIOFACIAL
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Principal Investigator & Institution: Noden, Drew M.; Professor; Biomedical Sciences; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Craniofacial muscles show great structural and functional diversity, and anomalies in their development contribute to a wide range of problems in vision, facial expression, mastication, and phonation. However, little is known about processes controlling the differentiation and maturation of branchial and extra-ocular muscles. Head muscles arise in mesenchyme adjacent to the brain then migrate and differentiate in connective tissues derived from the neural crest. Trunk and limb muscles arise in epithelial myotomes, then differentiate in paraxial and lateral mesoderm. This research will characterize tissue interactions necessary (1) to promote early differentiation of branchial and extra-ocular muscle myoblasts and (2) to direct expression of fiber typespecific myosins in primary myotubes in these muscles. These interactions will be identified by transplanting specific muscle precursors, at different stages and with or without putative muscle-inducing tissues, between head and trunk axial levels. Assays of tissue response include expression of myoblast markers (e.g., my, about, myoD), of trunk or head muscle-specific markers (e.g., parc aboutcis, pax3; podl, barx2, Ibxl,en2), and at later stages of muscle-specific myosin heavy chains. Surgeries are done on quail and chick embryos, which are ideally suited for in vivo tissue recombination experiments and for which detailed cellular and molecular biographies of head muscles are uniquely available. A third specific aim will characterize the processes by which craniofacial muscles change their attachments during later growth and maturation stages. EM studies reveal that primary myotubes undergo focal degeneration at their myotendinous tips and also at mid-myotube regions during embryonic days 12-15. I propose that these focal degenerations are essential for normal remodeling of head muscles, but nothing is known of the processes or provocations for these focal losses. Assays for elements of the pathways known to be active during programmed cell death of mononucleated cells will be applied to normal and functionor growth-arrested head muscles. Collectively, these experiments will provide the first insights into the signals necessary for initiation and diverse differentiations of craniofacial muscles and the mechanisms by which remodeling of these head muscles occurs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ISCHEMIC MITRAL REGURGITATION:FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Levine, Robert A.; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Immediate Goals: To examine the mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) with the goal of designing and implementing more effective therapy to reduce adverse impact on patients. Career Development Goals: To provide sufficient time for mentoring and research activities. Research Project: Mitral valve function can be understood in terms of the force-balance concept in which tethering forces from the papillary muscles balance left ventricular valve closing forces. In ischemic MR, this force balance may be altered in ways that impair the ability of the mitral leaflets to close effectively at the annular level. This proposal uses a combined,
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parallel clinical and experimental approach to evaluate the mechanism, progression and therapy of ischemic MR, all relating to the central hypothesis that ischemic MR is caused by an abnormal relationship of the mitral valve to its supporting ventricular structures. These altered relationships involve both abnormal tethering forces due to displacement of the papillary muscles as well as reduced closing forces due to LV contractile dysfunction. Specific testable questions related to this hypothesis include: 1) The progression of mitral regurgitation in patients with acute myocardial infarction relates to abnormalities in the mitral valve-ventricular relationship; 2) These mechanisms also cause persistent MR despite coronary revascularization surgery, thereby impairing exercise capacity and raising pulmonary pressures; 3) Both an externally applied device and afterload reduction provide effective means of reducing ischemic mitral regurgitation by normalizing these relationships between the valve and the ventricle; cutting a minimum number of critically positioned strut chordae also has the potential to relieve tethering, and opens the way to potential minimally invasive percutaneous approaches. The aims of the mentored award will be met by allowing the PI to translate his experimental expertise to direct clinical studies of progression and functional outcome of ischemic MR, and to make the transition from mechanism to therapy in models reflecting the clinical situation, with the ultimate goal of patient applications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LOCOMOTOR DYNAMICS OF MUSCLE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Biewener, Andrew A.; Professor & Chair; Organismic & Evolutionary Biol; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research addresses the central question of how muscles function under dynamic conditions of locomotor activity. It does so in the context of how muscle function is modulated in relation to muscle architecture and fiber composition to accommodate changes in locomotor requirement. These questions will be addressed by making in vivo recordings of force (tendon buckle transducers), length change (sonomicrometry) and neural activation (electromyography) of key limb muscles in two animal models: quadrupedal goats and bipedal guinea fowl. Measurements will be obtained from animals trained to move over a range of speeds on a treadmill at different gaits and grades (level vs incline vs decline) to address the following hypotheses: (i) regional activation and fractional length change within muscles that have focal skeletal attachments is uniform both along a fascicle axis and between differing fascicle regions, but may vary in muscles with broader attachments and more complex architectures; as a result, (ii) the timing and strain of activated fascicles are homogeneous within a muscle performing a given motor task; and (iii) proximal muscles with long fibers account for the majority of mechanical work modulation; whereas distal short-fibered muscles with long tendons contract isometrically for more economical force production and tendon elastic savings. Differences in mechanical work rate with locomotor grade will be related to observed changes in the in vivo force-length behavior of key limb muscles. Recordings made while animals accelerate from rest will provide a second context to evaluate work modulation in relation to muscle architecture. Ground reaction force-platform and highspeed video recordings will also be carried out to integrate the in vivo force, length and EMG measurements of individual muscles into whole-limb mechanics. These studies have important consequences for understanding patterns of motor recruitment in relation to locomotor strategy and how regional differences in motor unit organization
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(and fiber type) may influence the neural control of movement. Prior work in this area has been limited by studies of motor function under more quasi-steady ranges of movement and/or indirect assessment of muscle length change and force development. Although an overarching goal is to understand factors that influence normal and agerelated changes in human motor function, animal studies allow direct experimental approaches for assessing the dynamics of motor function that are likely to apply to humans. Consequently, the proposed studies will have value for developing more effective physical, occupational and rehabilitative therapies, as well as for sports and exercise training, and prosthetics design. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LUNG GROWTH AT HIGH ALTITUDE AND MAXIMAL O2 TRANSPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Robert Lee.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Human natives of high altitude (HA) develop increased lung volume and diffusing capacity consistent with enhanced alveolar growth, and increase blood volumes that facilitate 02 transport. However, other adaptation to HA (muscularization of pulmonary arterioles, dysanaptic airway growth and retardation of thoracic growth) may impair O2 transport. The interplay among these factors at different altitudes is not known. Functional consequences of these structural changes can be isolated only after re-acclimatization to sea level (SL) when reversible changes in blood volume and pulmonary vascular reactivity have subsided. We employ this approach to address long-term structure-function relationships of maturation at HA in dogs. Hypotheses are 1) Hypoxia stimulates alveolar hyperplasia and enhances diffusive gas exchange. 2) Airway growth lags behind alveolar growth at HA, leading to uneven distribution of ventilation and increased ventilatory work. 3) Pulmonary vascular changes at HA significantly limits maximal cardiac output at SL. 4) Structural changes at HA persist after reacclimatization to SL and exert opposing effects on O2 transport, i.e., persistent vascular and airway abnormalities offset benefits derived from enhanced alveolar growth. 5) Growth of thorax is impaired in an altitudedependent way; at extreme altitude, the restricted thoracic size sets an upper limit to lung growth and O2 transport. We plan to raise immature dogs (age 2 mo.) to somatic maturity (12 mo.) at 3 levels of HA (3, 100m, 3,800m or 4,500m in separate groups) compared with controls raised at SL. Dogs will be returned to SL at maturity for cardiopulmonary testing at rest and exercise, including pressure-volume curves, maximal 02 uptake, efficiency of gas exchange and diffusing capacity of lungs (DL) and muscles, ventilatory work, hemodynamics and blood volume. Dimensions of airways, diaphragm, rib cage, lungs and spleen will be assessed by spiral CT scan. Components of DL, septal tissue volume and pulmonary blood flow will be measured at regular intervals and correlated with blood volume. After 1 yr. of re-acclimatization to SL, studies will be repeated to determine regression of changes. Terminally, detailed structural analysis will be performed on the lungs, respiratory, locomotive and ventricular muscles, as well as ribs and long bones. Growth patterns of the acini, airways, vasculature, thoracic structures and their functional correlates will be compared at the 3 levels of hypoxia to determine the altitude-dependence of adaptation in O2 transport. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANICAL FUNCTION OF MUSCLE DURING MOVEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Marsh, Richard L.; Professor; Biology; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: The performance of a skeletal muscle during movement is determined by the interaction of its intrinsic properties with the mechanical properties of the system to which it is linked. These interactions are complex and predictive equations are limited in some respects by the lack of empirical data on the performance of muscle under loading conditions that replicate those found during movement. Muscles serve three major mechanical functions during movement: producing force, producing work, and providing stability. These different functions are linked to differences in the length trajectory (sequence of length change) in relation to the motor activity of the muscles. Although we know that all three of these functions are performed by humans in walking and running, we know little of the conditions under which individual muscles operate while performing each function. Further we have no empirical data on the quantitative importance of each function to the cost of locomotion. The specific aims of this project are to: 1) Examine the in vivo contractile parameters (operational lengths, length trajectories, and amounts of series elasticity) for muscles that are active only while performing positive work in running and jumping; 2) Examine the prediction that during running and jumping actively lengthening muscles function to help stabilize the movement; 3) Quantify the relative energetic importance of the different mechanical functions served by muscles during running; 4) Measure the efficiency of fast and slow muscles under conditions of varying power output; 5) Quantify the influence of velocity dependent activation and deactivation on mechanical function of fast and slow muscles. The mechanical function of muscles used in running and jumping will be assessed in vivo using sonomicrometry and electromyography. Blood flow measurements using fluorescently labeled microspheres will be used in conjunction with other measures to estimate the relative contribution of the different limb muscles to the energy cost of running. In vitro work with the muscles used in jumping and running and computer modeling will examine the optimum conditions for accelerating inertial loads. Mouse muscles will be used to examine the influence of length trajectory and cycle frequency on mechanical performance and efficiency. This project is predicated on the assumption that examining how muscles are used in animals during movement allows us to better predict the design parameters important in human movement and will improve our understanding of both normal and dysfunctional human movement. Such studies will eventually assist in designing rehabilitative strategies that require an understanding of the diverse roles of muscles during movement. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND RESPIRATORY MUSCLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Powers, Scott K.; Professor and Chair; Exercise and Sport Sciences; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Mechanical ventilation (MV) is used clinically to sustain ventilation in patients who are incapable of independently maintaining adequate alveolar ventilation. Unfortunately, the withdrawal of MV, or weaning, can be difficult in a large number of cases. Strong evidence exists that MV-induced respiratory muscle weakness contributes significantly to these difficulties in weaning. Indeed, we have recently demonstrated that prolonged MV results in diaphragmatic atrophy and a
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significant reduction in diaphragmatic maximal force production. Further, we have observed that prolonged MV results in oxidative injury (i.e. protein oxidation) to the diaphragm; this is significant because oxidized proteins become targets for proteases. The mechanisms responsible for this MV-induced atrophy and protein oxidation are unknown and comprise the focus of our proposed experiments. To determine the factors that contribute to diaphragmatic atrophy during prolonged MV, we will test the following hypotheses: 1a) MV-induced diaphragmatic atrophy occurs due to a decrease in synthesis of muscle proteins as well as an increased rate of proteolysis; 1b) proteolysis is the major contributor to diaphragmatic protein loss during prolonged MV; 2a) The increased activity of calpain, lysosomal, and ATP ubiquitin-dependent proteases are collectively responsible for the protein degradation observed in diaphragms from MV animals; and 2b) Although calpain, lysosomal, and ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteases all contribute to diaphragmatic protein loss during MV, the ATP-ubiquitindependent and calpain proteolytic pathways are dominant. To resolve which chemical pathways are responsible for diaphragmatic protein oxidation during MV we will test the hypothesis that MV-induced protein oxidation in the diaphragm is caused by several reactive chemical species including hypochlorous acid, tyrosyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals. To test these postulates, we will perform both in vitro and in vivo studies using an animal model and utilize the tools of molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology. These experiments will improve our understanding of the mechanisms associated with MV-induced diaphragmatic atrophy. The long-term goal of our experiments is to provide the knowledge required to develop clinical strategies to oppose the deleterious effects of MV on respiratory muscles. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION IN NEURAL SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Forger, Nancy G.; Professor; Psychology; University of Massachusetts Amherst 408 Goodell Building Amherst, Ma 01003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): A large number of sex differences in the central nervous systems (CNS) of vertebrates have now been described. Such morphological dimorphisms may underlie well documented sex differences in behavior, in susceptibility to certain drugs, and in the incidence of some human mental disorders including autism, depression and schizophrenia. In many cases, neural sex differences have been shown to be due to differential exposure to gonadal steroid hormones in males and females. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms governed by hormones in the nervous system are not well understood. The identification and cloning of several new neurotrophic molecules has fueled an explosion of research into the actions of trophic molecules in the CNS, and recent findings indicate a role for neurotrophic factors in sexually dimorphic development. Experiments in the first half of this proposal will test the idea that effects of gonadal steroids are mediated by trophic factors in a well-characterized model system. The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and its target muscles constitute an anatomically simple system that is sexually dimorphic in many mammals. SNB motoneurons reside in the lumbar spinal cord and innervate striated perineal muscles attached to the phallus. Androgens regulate SNB motoneuron survival during perinatal development, and SNB cell size in adulthood. Recent observations suggest that some effects of androgens on this system are mediated by protein neurotrophic factors. Trophic factor antagonists will be administered to developing and adult rats in order to identify endogenously produced factors
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controlling SNB cell survival and morphological plasticity. In the second half of this proposal, the intracellular events regulated by hormones and neurotrophic factors will be explored. Specifically, a role for the death-regulatory protein, Bcl-2, in sexually dimorphic cell death will be tested in the SNB and in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the hypothalamus. Because the neurotrophic factors and deathregulatory proteins to be examined are expressed throughout the nervous systems of many vertebrates, including humans, information gained from this work will be relevant to our overall understanding of the extracellular and intracellular molecules mediating hormone regulated development and plasticity in neural tissues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MENTAL EFFORT EFFECT ON LARGE MUSCLE STRENGTHENING Principal Investigator & Institution: Yue, Guang H.; Associate Staff; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: It is well known that to strengthen a muscle one should perform training involving heavy loads or resistance. Recently we have found that substantial voluntary strength gains can be achieved with training involving low resistance but strong mental effort. In contrast, individuals who trained with the same low-intensity contractions but with low mental effort had no improvement in strength. Based on these preliminary findings, we hypothesize that muscle strength improvements depend primarily on the level of mental effort during training, not the training intensity (resistance) per se. The reason that high-intensity training always increases strength is because mental effort is high during high-intensity muscle contractions. Aim 1 of the project is to compare the effects of training with different levels of mental effort on the improvement in muscle strength. Four groups of elderly subjects (greater than or equal to 65 years) will participate in a 12-week training study involving elbow-flexor muscles. One group will be trained with an intensity near the level of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC group); a second group will be trained with high mental-effort, low muscle-intensity elbow-flexion contractions (LME group); and the fourth (control) group will not be trained will participate in the strength tests. We expect that the strength improvement after training will be: MVC group > HME group > LME group = control group. We also expect that the strength increase in the MVC and HME groups will result in an improvement in daily living function. Aim 2 is determine the neural mechanisms underlying muscle strength improvements. We hypothesize that an increase in the central nervous system (CNS) drive is the primary mechanism that mediates strength improvements induced by low-intensity training (HME group). To evaluate the CNS drive, four measurements will be made using the same subjects and groups as in Ami 1: brain activation level examined by functional MRI (fMRI) and EEG-derived motor activity-related cortical potential (MRCP), surface EMG signals, and the MRI T2 relaxation time obtained from the trained muscles. We expect to find that after training: (1) the brain activation level (fMRI and MRCP), EMG, and MRI T2 will significantly increase in the MVC and HME groups; and (2) the amplitude of increases in these measurements will be: MVC group = HME group > LME group = control group. The knowledge gained from these studies will substantially advance the current understanding of mechanisms underlying human voluntary muscle strengthening and will have direct application in neuromuscular rehabilitation for older adults and individuals who are physically handicapped and unable to perform repeated, forceful muscle contractions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF COLLAGEN IN PROLAPSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Visco, Anthony G.; Assistant Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Description): Pelvic floor dysfunction including urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse is a major health issue for women resulting in an 11 percent lifetime risk of requiring surgery. The cost of urinary incontinence alone in 1995 alone was estimated at $26 billion in the United States. Several studies have identified pregnancy related risk factors for pelvic floor dysfunction including vaginal parity, increased infant birth weight, forceps and vacuum assisted vaginal delivery, episiotomy and prolonged second stage of labor. However, vaginal delivery fails to fully explain the genesis and progression of pelvic floor dysfunction since severe pelvic organ prolapse has been observed in nulliparous women and most women who deliver vaginally do not develop prolapse. Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence result from failure of the support mechanism derived from pelvic fascia and muscles. Many researchers have hypothesized that a parturitionrelated denervation injury to the female pelvic floor leads to weakness of the levator ani muscles which in turn results in marked stress placed on the uterosacral cardinal ligaments and endopelvic fascia, ultimately leading to secondary failure of the fascia and development of prolapse. Other studies suggest a primary failure of the fascia. Associations have been reported between prolapse, joint hypermobility and abdominal striac suggesting a generalized connective tissue defect affecting pelvic organ support, joints and skin. One explanation is a defect in collagen biosynthesis. Such a generalized connective tissue disorder might affect collagen's biomechanical strength and be explained at the genetic level. The long-term objective, therefore, is to gain insight into the mechanisms of pelvic floor dysfunction through the study of collagen at the molecular and biochemical levels. Collagen cross-linking is critical for the stability and mechanical strength of the collagen molecule and for the cohesiveness of the collagen fibrils. Hydroxylation of lysine is critical for the cross-linking process and the level of hydroxylation varies among tissues, Lysyl oxidase and lysyl hydroxylase are two enzymes involved in the early steps of the cross-linking process. We hypothesize that alterations in the intermolecular cross-linking may result in weakened connective tissue which may lead to pelvic floor dysfunction. Few studies have examined the biochemical nature of connective tissue or genetic differences in women with pelvic floor dysfunction. The specific aims are to compare: 1. total collagen content, 2. the six characterized collagen cross-links, 3. the ratio of Type I/III collagen, 4. the level of lysine hydroxylation, 5. collagen solubility, and 6. the genes coding for lysyl oxidase and the three isoforms of lysyl hydroxylase (LH1, LH2, LH3), in patients with advanced-stage pelvic organ prolapse and age and parity matched controls. This study would be the first large-scale comprehensive description of collagen cross-linking, lysine hydroxylation, and of genes coding for enzymes involved in the cross-linking process, in patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS FOR MUSCLE PROTEIN LOSS IN CACHEXIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lecker, Stewart H.; Assistant Professor of Medicine; Cell Biology; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Muscle wasting, which occurs mainly by an activation of the ubiquitinproteasome degradative pathway, is a prominent, debilitating feature of many disease states, including diabetes mellitus and renal failure. Recently, using a newly established cell-free system, we have been able to demonstrate that rates of ubiquitin (Ub) conjugation increase in atrophying muscles from septic; tumor-bearing, diabetic and uremic rats, and that a subset of Ub conjugating enzymes, the N-end rule pathway, is responsible for most of the enhanced Ub conjunction in these atrophying muscles. This is an interesting, unexpected discovery because the N-end rule pathway has been viewed as a minor ubiquitination system that was only involved in the elimination of certain abnormal polypeptides. These results raise the possibility that in cachexia, muscle proteins may be modified to become substrates for this pathway. We propose to use our newly developed cell-free system to further characterize this process. We will measure the abundance and activity of the N-end rule pathway enzymes (E1, E2/14K, and E3alpha) to identify the ones which are responsible for the enhanced proteolysis, and identify the substrates in muscle for these enzymes. In collaborative studies, we will genetically produce animals in which these enzymes are deleted to directly show their requirement in muscle atrophy. Finally, since most of the loss of muscle protein during muscle atrophy is from myofibrillar components, we will begin to study how the myofibril may serve as a source of substrates of the Ub-proteasome pathway by developing an assay for myofibril disassembly. Defining the components of the Ubproteasome pathway and myofibril disassembly which are modulated in diabetes and renal failure should not only help to illuminate the regulation of muscle protein turnover, but also may allow the development of inhibitors that could combat the morbidity of these catabolic diseases. These studies will be performed in the laboratory of Dr. Alfred Goldberg, a leader in the fields of muscle proteolysis and the Ubproteasome pathway. The applicant is a graduate of the M.D./Ph.D. program at UCLA, completing a Nephrology fellowship at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School. His long-term goal is to develop a research program centered on problems of protein folding and degradation relevant to kidney disease. This proposal offers the unique opportunity for the applicant to obtain further cell biology training, gaining experience in animal physiology, DNA technology, and biochemistry, while studying clinically relevant problems in renal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF MUSCLES SPECIALIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Williams, R S.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): In the previous project period, we proposed that calcineurin and CaMK serve as nodal points in signal transduction pathways by which specific patterns of motor nerve activity lead to changes in gene expression that establish specialized metabolic and physiologic properties in adult skeletal myofibers. Our basic mechanistic model has been supported by evidence from our own lab, and from others, but features of the model remain conjectural or controversial, and the mechanisms we have described so far provide only a partial view of the relevant biological processes. In the next project period, we propose new experiments that seek to achieve a more complete understanding of the molecular basis for fiber type determination in mammalian skeletal muscles. To this end, we will address the following specific aims: 1) To define the set of specific molecular signals that are necessary and sufficient to
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promote complete fiber type transformation in skeletal muscles of adult transgenic mice; 2) To define quantitative relationships between specific patterns of neural activity and the activation state of specific signaling cascades in skeletal myofibers of intact animals; 3) To define other signaling molecules and pathways pertinent to transcriptional regulation of fiber type-specific genes. These aims are distinctive within the field of muscle biology for several reasons. Activity-dependent inter-conversion of specialized skeletal muscle subtypes was observed many decades ago, but identifying the molecular mechanisms that underlie this physiologically important response has been an elusive goal. Our recent hypothesis that calcineurin is important to the process has stimulated a fresh look at the problem. The subsequent experiments we propose are hypothesis-driven and focused, and major conclusions will be buttressed by results from both reductionisticand integrative approaches. We have incorporated new experimental methods so as to capitalize on recent technological advances. Finally, the knowledge to be gained may provide opportunities for development of new therapeutic measures to alter the specialized properties of skeletal myofibers, for the benefit of patients with primary and secondary myopathies or with metabolic diseases in which skeletal muscle plays an important role. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF RECOVERY FROM MUSCLE ATROPHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pavlath, Grace K.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: A loss of skeletal muscle functional capacity occurs in disease, disuse and aging mostly attributable to a loss of muscle mass. Such losses of muscle mass contribute to weakness, impaired mobility and/or respiratory function, low quality of life and high health care costs. The overall goal of this proposal is to delineate cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate growth of atrophied muscles. The relative importance of muscle precursor cell (mpc) pathways vs. myofiber pathways can vary depending on the type of muscle growth and may differ for the growth of an atrophied myofiber. Determining how much of the recovery from atrophy is dependent on mpc is important for designing therapeutic strategies to treat muscle atrophy. This proposal has 3 integrated parts: (1) To delineate the contribution of mpc and other muscle progenitor cells to growth of atrophied muscle (Aims 1 and 2). We will define the timing of mpc proliferation and fusion with myofibers during growth. Subsequently, we will analyze growth in muscles lacking mpc due to local irradiation. Finally, we will determine if the abundance and/or in vitro properties of newly identified muscle progenitor populations change in response to muscle atrophy or growth. (2) To enhance mpc proliferation and fusion using the drug curcumin as a means of stimulating recovery from atrophy (Aim 3). We have previously shown that curcumin effectively enhances the growth of regenerating muscles and now extend these studies to growth of atrophied muscle; (3) To study molecular signals that are activated during the growth of atrophied muscles (Aims 4 and 5). We will delineate the contribution of a known signaling pathway (calcineurin) as well as identify new molecules using microarray analysis, which may play a role in regulating muscle growth. The experiments in this proposal will reveal new information about growth of atrophied muscle and possibly new avenues of rehabilitative therapy for manipulating this growth process in disease, disuse and aging. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MUSCLE LOCOMOTION
ACTIVITY
INITIATION
DURING
HEMIPARETIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, David A.; Programs in Physical Therapy; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract) During locomotion in persons with post-stroke hemiparesis, muscle activity is initiated at inappropriate points in the cycle. As a consequence, movements are less-forceful and are slower, and movement function is impaired. The investigators propose that an interaction between two key underlying mechanisms, heightened motoneuron excitability and abnormal position-dependent modulation of motoneuron excitability, result in inappropriately-timed muscle activity. With their earlier work, the investigators have shown that paretic uniarticular knee muscles and biarticular hip and knee muscles are inappropriately activated at an earlier phase in the pedaling cycle. Since these muscles are lengthening at these points in the cycle and, since this effect is speed-dependent, they first propose that heightened motoneuron excitability results in muscle being activated when it is stretched at a specific threshold length and velocity. They will systematically vary the ranges of length and velocity of uniarticular knee muscles during cyclical leg motion to identify threshold muscle stretch parameters that trigger inappropriate initiation of uniarticular muscle activity. They will also systematically vary the ranges of length and velocity of uni- and biarticular muscles crossing the hip to identify muscle stretch parameters that, secondarily, contribute to inappropriate initiation of uniarticular knee muscle activity. They will use a computer model of the musculoskeletal system to calculate each muscle's length and velocity characteristics from kinematic patterns and develop a comprehensive statistical model of the relative contributions from multiple muscle stretch parameters. Also, normally during cycling, uniarticular knee extensors are activated during knee extension, regardless of hip position. However, preliminary work in post-stroke subjects has demonstrated abnormal activation that is dependent on hip position. They propose that the position of the hip can abnormally modulate motoneuron excitability and, hence, influence timing of muscle activity in uniarticular knee extensor muscles. They will systematically vary the relative position of the hip versus knee using a unique linkage attached to the feet. This experiment will result in kinematic patterns that generate more appropriate timings of uniarticlar knee extensors. The intent is that the experimental apparatus and principles developed within this study will form the basis of a new therapeutic modality that targets deficits in locomotor control, post-stroke, and with other neurologic conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MYOFILAMENT PROTEIN ISOFORMS IN NEUROMUSCULAR REFLEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Jin, J-P P.; Physiology and Biophysics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neuromuscular reflex plays a central role in the maintenance of muscle tone and hypertonia forms a basis of muscle contracture. As a sensory organ for muscle length in the peripheral neuromuscular reflex loop, muscle spindle produces positive feedback (la and II afferent) to simulate alpha-motor neuron activity. The sensitivity of a spindle is filtered by the tension of intrafusal muscle fibers under gamma-efferent regulation. Much attention has been paid to the spindle function
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in muscle function and spasticity and the contractility of intrafusal fibers is an essential link in the reflex loop. The intrafusal fibers contain unique myosin isoforms as compared with the extrafusal fibers, but little is known for their Ca 2+ regulation and contractile features. The regulation of intrafusal myofilament protein isoform expression during muscle development, adaptation and diseases is largely unknown. Based on our previous studies, we plan to investigate the role of myofilament protein isoforms in neuromuscular reflex. Our research plan is focused on testing a hypothesis in which the changes in fiber type-specific myofilament protein isoforms, especially the actin filament-associated regulatory protein troponin T (TnT), in intrafusal fibers may play a role in the pathophysiology of muscle contracture. It has been found that spastic muscles have increased type I (slow) fibers. Cerebral palsy, joint immobilization and tenotomy, three very different original conditions which cause muscle contracture, have a common consequence that is a fixed shortening of the resting muscle length. We have found an increased expression of slow myosin in a tenotomy model and the expression of myosin and thin filament regulatory protein isoforms is coordinated in the muscle. As an acidic TnT isoform, an up-regulation of slow TnT would increase the sensitivity of myofilaments to Ca2+ activation. The increase in intrafusal fiber Ca2+ responsiveness will increase spindle tension and sensitivity, which in turn increases the positive feedback to stimulate alpha-motor neuron to activate the extrafusal fibers and result in hypertonia. To test this hypothesis will help to understand the pathophysiology of muscle contracture. Three specific aims will be pursued in this pilot study: I. To examine the thin filament regulatory protein isoforms expressed in intrafusal fibers in adult and developing muscles. II. To investigate whether fixed shortening of muscle length originated from different conditions induces similar changes in the expression of intrafusal myofilament protein isoforms. III. To test whether elevated slow TnT expression in transgenic mouse muscles will produce increased Ca2+ sensitivity of intrafusal fibers and increased alpha-motor neuron activity. To explore this largely unknown area of neuromuscular reflex, this research initiative will lay groundwork for understanding the molecular mechanism of muscle contracture and improving treatment of this disabling condition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURAL CONTROL OF GRASPING Principal Investigator & Institution: Santello, Marco; Exercise Science; Arizona State University P.O. Box 873503 Tempe, Az 852873503 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Neurological and musculo-skeletal diseases severely impair the complex coordination of finger motion and forces that characterizes our ability to grasp and manipulate objects. Knowledge of the physiological control mechanisms of prehension is essential for an understanding of the pathologies that affect hand function. The longterm objective of the present proposal is to characterize the normal patterns of muscle activation responsible for the control of grasping movements, in particular the strategies used by the nervous system to coordinate the large number of muscles of the hand. This objective will be pursued by studying the simultaneous activation of multiple hand muscles and the coordination of grip forces. The present proposal has three specific aims: to characterize the organization of hand muscle activity as a function of hand and wrist posture (Aim number 1); to determine whether motor unit synchronization is dependent on task constraints (object's size and center of mass location; Aim number 2) and grip type (power vs. precision grip, and object shape; Aim number 3). The proposed studies are based on the hypothesis, supported by previous work, that the coordination
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of multiple grip forces is based on synergies reducing the number of degrees of freedom that has to be controlled independently. We will determine how the activity of multiple hand muscles is coordinated as a function of finger/wrist posture and task constraints. Hand muscle activity will be measured by intramuscular electromyographic recording as (a) interference multi-unit EMG and (b) single motor unit activity. Contact forces exerted by each finger will be measured in three dimensions by force sensors. The issues examined by this basic research are relevant to efforts in rehabilitation and restoration of hand function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURAL CONTROL OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fetz, Eberhard E.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1978; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: We plan to investigate the neural mechanisms controlling voluntary hand and arm movement in primates. The functional roles of premotor (PreM) cells in motor cortex and spinal cord will be directly compared. PreM cells with a correlational linkage to forelimb motoneurons will be identified by post-spike effects in spike-triggered averages of EMG activity. The activity of PreM cells and multiple muscles will be documented during multidirectional wrist movements. Monkeys will operate a multijointed manipulandum that will allow wrist movements in three directions: flexionextension, radial-ulnar deviation and pronation-supination. In addition a grip handle will transduce force during a power grip. This repertoire of movements will activate muscles in different synergistic combinations and resolve whether PreM cells and nonPreM cells are organized primarily in terms of muscles or movement parameters. The directional tuning of forearm muscles will be compared with the tuning curves of PreM cells and non-PreM cells. We anticipate finding functionally significant differences between motor cortex cells and spinal interneurons with regard to their relation to muscles and movements. Spinal cord interneurons have been studied largely in immobilized animals; our study will provide new information about the involvement of interneurons in preparation and execution of voluntary movements. These interneurons will be identified by their synaptic inputs from different forelimb muscles and from functionally identified cortical sites. We will also systematically map the movements of arm and hand evoked by electrical stimulation of spinal cord sites; the modulations of these responses during an instructed delay task will reveal the interaction of intraspinally evoked responses with preparation and execution of voluntary movements. Activity of dorsal root afferent fibers also will be recorded during an instructed delay task to document the afferent input to the central nervous system during movement. The axonal excitability of afferent fibers will be tested to investigate task-related modulation of presynaptic inhibition. These studies of the primate motor system will provide unique information essential to understanding and effectively treating clinical motor disorders, like cerebral palsy, stroke and spinal cord injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEURAL DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS
AND
UPPER
AIRWAY
MUSCLE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Millhorn, David E.; Joseph Eichberg Prof. & Chairman; Molecular and Cellular Physio; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Breathing is a highly regulated process that requires precise coordination among the muscles that cause ventilation and those responsible for maintenance of upper airway patency. Failure to properly activate the upper airway dilator muscles in response to an increase in inspiratory drive can result in obstruction of the upper airways. High fidelity synaptic signaling across the neuromuscular junction is required for precise regulation of upper airway patency that corresponds to the level of inspiratory drive. The major synaptic component of the neuromuscular junction is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a ligand (ACh)- gated channel that is composed of four homologous trans-membrane subunits (alpha2, beta, epsilon, gamma) arranged in a pentamer. During early postnatal development the nAChR undergoes a structural modification which impacts on its ability to respond to ACh released from motoneurons. In the neonate, the nAChR contains a gamma- instead of the epsilonsubunit. The nAChR-gamma exhibits a lower single channel conductance than the adult nAChR-epsilon. Thus, muscles that express more nACh-gamma and less nAChRepsilon might be prone to hypotonicity and less responsive to synaptic input. We hypothesize that discordant regulation of the nAChR-gamma and nAChR-epsilon isoforms could lead to reduced upper airway patency and airway obstruction There is growing evidence that opposing kinase and phosphatase pathways in muscle regulate the nAChR-gamma to nAChR-epsilon transition during early postnatal development. Moreover, recent findings indicate that both the kinase and phosphatase activities are regulated by "trophic" factors released from the motoneurons. The proposed research will investigate the role of the tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SST) in the regulation of tyrosyl phosphatase (PTPase) activities in muscle. Preliminary results show that SST, which is expressed developmentally in the motoneurons that innervate the upper airways, prevents induction of -subunit gene expression by the kinase pathway. The specific aims are: 1) Identify and characterize the protein tyrosyl phosphatases that are activated by SST and cause inhibition of epsilon-subunit gene expression; 2) Determine the mechanism by which SST-induced PTPases oppose kinase pathways to prevent activation of epsilon-subunit gene expression; and 3) Determine the effect of continuous expression of the SST-SSTR-PTPase pathway on epsilon-subunit gene expression in genetically engineered mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURAL MECHANISMS IN MUSCLE FATIGUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Enoka, Roger M.; Professor; Kinesiology & Appld Physiology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The endurance capacity of muscle varies with the task that is performed. We found that the endurance time for a submaximal isometric contraction with the elbow flexor muscles was twice as long when the wrist was attached to a force transducer compared with when it supported an equivalent inertial load. Although the subject sustained a constant force when the wrist was restrained by a force transducer and maintained a constant elbow angle when supporting the inertial load, the resultant muscle torque and the rate of increase in the average EMG were identical for the two tasks. Nonetheless, additional results suggested that the descending drive to the motor neurons was greater during the constant-position contraction. We hypothesize that endurance time of the elbow flexor muscles is less for a constant- position contraction compared with a constant-force contraction due to greater excitatory descending drive to the motor neurons and greater inhibitory feedback from the muscles. According to
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this hypothesis, the difference in endurance time for the two tasks is attributable to differences in the input received by the spinal motor neurons. We propose three specific aims (Aims 1 to 3) to examine the, descending- drive component of the hypothesis and two aims (Aims 4 and 5) to assess the inhibitory-feedback component. The hypothesis predicts that motor unit activity will be greater during the constant-position contraction (Aim 1) and that endurance time will be briefer when the gain of the position-feedback signal is increased (Aim 2) and vibration is applied to the active muscles (Aim 3). Furthermore, the hypothesis predicts that the decline in maximum discharge rate of motor units in the contralateral muscles (Aim 4) and that the increase in mean arterial pressure (Aim 5) will be greater after the constant-position contraction. We are not aware of another study that has examined the contribution of neural mechanisms to the fatigue experienced during constant-force and constant-position isometric contractions. The outcomes will provide novel information on the physiological adjustments that occur during isometric contractions, which are the most common form of muscle activity, and will have direct application to the design of work tasks in ergonomics and the prescription of physical activities in rehabilitation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL OF THE PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fregosi, Ralph F.; Associate Professor; Physiology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The long-term objective of this proposal is to test the hypothesis that the muscles that protrude and retract the tongue (genioglossus and hypoglossus/styloglossus muscles, respectively) are co-activated during inspiration, and that co-contraction contributes significantly to the maintenance of pharyngeal airway patency. The conceptual model is that co-contraction during inspiration stiffens the tongue as the antagonist muscles work against one another, thereby minimizing backward displacement of the tongue and subsequent occlusion of the pharynx. Significant new data showing respiratory-related co-activation of the protrudor and retractor muscles in animal models, as well as recent evidence showing improved inspiratory airflow with co-activation in human subjects with obstructive sleep apnea, provide strong support for this conceptual framework. Accordingly, the following Specific Aims are designed to rigorously test the co-activation hypothesis using an anesthetized rat model: Aim 1 is to demonstrate that the protrudor and retractor muscles of the tongue are co-activated during breathing and that they respond similarly to changes in respiratory related stimuli. Aim 2 is to show that co-activation of the extrinsic tongue muscles will improve pharyngeal airway mechanics more than the independent activation of either the protrudor or retractor muscles. Aim 3 is to demonstrate that the initial operating length of the tongue muscles will influence: a) the magnitude of respiratory related tongue movements, b) the ability of the tongue muscles to modulate pharyngeal airway flow mechanics, c) the fatigability of the tongue muscles. These experiments will lay the foundation for new and improved treatment strategies for persons with obstructive sleep apnea or with other conditions that are caused by malfunction of the tongue motor system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOVEMENT
NEUROMUSCULAR
STRATEGIES
FOR
HUMAN
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TONGUE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sokoloff, Alan J.; Physiology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The tongue is essential in normal oromotor function, and is of pre-eminent importance in the production of human speech. Tongue dysfunction is associated with many human clinical syndromes. Yet the design of effective treatments for recovery from tongue dysfunction is hindered by our limited understanding of the neuromuscular bases for tongue motor control. Most critically, we lack information on the organization of the fundamental output elements of the tongue motor system, i.e., tongue muscles, tongue muscle compartments and tongue motor units. The long term goals of this study are to determine the neuromuscular organization of these functional output elements in the human tongue motor system and to improve clinical treatments for recovery from tongue dysfunction. To achieve these goals this study applies anatomical and physiological techniques directly to investigations of the human and non-human primate tongue. The results of these investigations will meet three general aims. First, the architecture of human tongue muscles and the pattern of their motor innervation will be studied to determine the neuroanatomical bases of muscle biomechanical diversity in the human tongue. Second, the identity and distribution of muscle fiber types in the human tongue will be determined to test the hypothesis of parallel anatomical systems for human tongue movement. Third, the morphology and physiology of tongue motor units and muscle compartments will be determined in the non-human primate to allow physiological correlation of anatomical organization. These studies will provide the first detailed understanding of the functional output elements of the human and non-human primate tongue. This understanding is essential if we are to develop accurate models of tongue motor control and if we are to design rational interventions for recovery of tongue function in human disease Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPTOGENESIS IN ZEBRAFISH Principal Investigator & Institution: Balice-Gordon, Rita J.; Associate Professor; Neuroscience; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposal is to isolate vertebrate genes that play a role in neuromuscular synapse formation and maintenance, using zebrafish as a model system. Previous fish mutagenesis screens have not focused on mutants that affect neuromuscular synaptogenesis, in part because these synapses need to be labeled with antibodies or toxins that specifically label different synaptic components and visualized using light microscopy at relatively high magnification. Over the last year, my lab has participated in a pilot mutagenesis screen conducted by Drs. Mary Mullins and Michael Granato in the Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology at the University of Pennsylvania. My lab developed an assay for neuromuscular synapses in zebrafish utilizing antibodies against synaptic vesicles to mark presynaptic terminals, fluorescent conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin to label acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters, and high resolution fluorescence microscopy in intact fish at 48 hours post fertilization (hpf). Preliminary results demonstrate that we have identified several mutants with defects in different aspects of neuromuscular synaptogenesis at 48 hpf, and that some of these mutants also have motility defects. These mutants fall into three
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overlapping categories: aberrant synapse formation (too many, too few or mislocalized pre- and/or postsynaptic specializations); normal synapse formation, followed by synapse loss and/or redistribution; and aberrant primary and/or secondary motor axon branching within body wall musculature, resulting in aberrant endplate bands within individual muscles. Based on our success with this small, pilot screen, we propose to first, define the primary defect in 2-3 of the isolated mutants by analyzing synaptic structure and function; second, to determine the genetic map position of mutated genes for 2-3 mutants using complementation, mapping using an established set of molecular markers, and linkage analyses; and third, to isolate new mutations in genes required for neuromuscular synapse formation and maintenance by continuing and expanding our screen of mutant fish. Taken together, these approaches will allow us to study the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of these processes in vertebrates. This R21 proposal will allow us to use mutagenesis in zebrafish to identify some of the genes required for neuromuscular synapse formation and maintenance, and expand the repertoire of tools available in my lab to address these fundamental questions in zebrafish and mice in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRECISE CONTOL OF TONGUE MOVEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldberg, Stephen J.; Professor; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The normal development of the complex neuromuscular system used to control tongue movement is critical to the immediate survival of all terrestrial mammals. Voluntary control in this motor system involves a sequence of neural and muscular events beginning in the motor cortex. Coordinated tongue movements are needed for eating (mastication and swallowing), drinking, licking (suckling), breathing, grooming and vocalization. Clinically, and in contrast to a normal developmental progression, premature human infants often need to be fed intravenously or with a nasogastric tube for extended periods of time (weeks or months) to insure their survival. Attempts to begin bottle feeding these infants can result in apnea, bradycardia, hypoxia, fatigue and agitation and there can also be the long term consequence of delayed oral feeding milestones which results in longer hospital stays. A later impact on motor speech has also been documented. It may be that the interrupted normal maturation of the neuromuscular control system for appropriate suckling plays an important role here. In addition, infants born at term who also need non-oral nutrition due to system disorders or surgical interventions may also exhibit delayed oral feeding. We propose, therefore, to continue our studies of rat hypoglossal nucleus anatomy and tongue muscle contractile measures with a new emphasis on system development. We also propose to add morphological and biochemical studies of individual developing tongue muscles. The normal development of this system, and its cortical control, will then be compared and contrasted to that in rat pups who have been fed, for varying postnatal times, using a gastric cannula. Some animals will experience a near total absence of suckling while others will have their normal suckling sequence interrupted. This has been termed "artificial rearing" and is modeled on the human infant interventions mentioned above. New preliminary data indicates that artificial rearing from postnatal days 4 to 13 results in striking changes in tongue contractile strength, speed, endurance, muscle fiber diameter and a persistence of developmental myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, similar to changes observed in other skeletal muscles after a period of disuse. These studies should help to lay a firm foundation for an understanding of how the
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hypoglossal motor system develops, especially since many aspects of its normal development have simply not yet been studied. In addition, we hypothesize that the neuroanatomical organization within the hypoglossal nucleus, muscle morphology plus MHC expression, muscle contractile characteristics and afferent input from the motor cortex are altered in animals that have been artificially reared. The degree to which each of these components is altered needs to be ascertained for a clearer view of this motor system and to delineate those postnatal time periods that are the most critical for normal development. It is also hoped, for the long run, that these basic findings can have an application for a speedier and more complete rehabilitation of human infants that are necessarily deprived of normal suckling and eating. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRE-PATTERNING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Burden, Steven J.; Professor; Pharmacology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (From the Applicant's Abstract): Current ideas of synapse formation suggest that muscle is patterned by signals, such as agrin, provided by motor neurons. Our recent studies, however, have revealed that muscle is pre-patterned in the absence of innervation. We found that motor axons in top 2b mutant embryos reach their targets but fail to grow or branch within limb or diaphragm muscles. To our surprise, we found that AChRs are clustered in the central region of muscle, despite the absence of motor axons within the muscle. These results suggest that the expression pattern of AChRs in skeletal muscles is determined, at least in part, by mechanisms that are autonomous to muscle and suggest that muscle is pre-patterned, independent from signals provided by motor neurons. The experiments described in this proposal are designed to determine how pre-patterning of muscle is established, whether muscle pre-patterning might regulate where axons terminate and form synapses and how innervation might regulate muscle pre-patterning. We will determine (1) whether motor innervation requires neural or muscle expression of top 2b, (2) whether signals from motor axons are required to pre-pattern AChRs in skeletal muscle, (3) whether MuSK or agrin are required to establish muscle pre-patterning, (4) whether additional skeletal muscle proteins are pre-patterned in muscle, (5) whether genes encoding synaptic proteins are pre-patterned in muscle, (6) whether pre-patterned molecules might have a role in specifying the site of motor innervation, (7) whether motor axons or electrical activity suppress muscle pre-patterning, and (8) whether a distinct myoblast lineage might be a source of the pre-pattern. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROGESTERONE /MELATONIN AS NEUROPROTECTANTS IN NERVE INJ Principal Investigator & Institution: Yu, Wan-Hua A.; City College of New York 138Th St and Convent Ave New York, Ny 10031 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: Motor neurons of adult animals, despite resistance to axotomy-induced cell death, undergo apoptotic cell death after nerve injury with removal of axon associated Schwann cells, indicating that neurotrophic factors from central glial cells may not be adequate to support the survival of injured neurons. This proposal aims to test the hypothesis that glial synthesis of neurotrophic factors can be up-regulated by steroid
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hormones, and that death of injured neurons is preventable by agents which scavenge free radicals and remove reactive oxygen species. Adult rat hypoglossal nerve innervating the tongue muscles will be lesioned on one side by crush (for reversible injury), ligation (to permanently disconnect neurons from target muscles but retain the proximal nerve segment), and avulsion (to deprive neurons of Schwann cell-derived neurotrophic factors). The vagus nerve will be crushed or transected to include parasympathetic motor neurons for comparison. Since progesterone (PG) and melatonin (MT) possess antioxidant activities; and in cerebral ischemia and truamatic injuries, reduce tissue damage, attenuate brain edema and cell loss, and facilitate functional recovery; and glial cells have PG receptors, nerve lesioned rats will receive PG injection daily via s.c. route, MT by osmotic pump infusion, combined treatment of the two agents, PG antagonist RU486 to block endogenous PG activities, and no treatment as control. Specific questions to be addressed are: (1) Will PG increase the synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)? (2) Will PG and MT prevent the loss of neurons after nerve avulsion? (3) What is the status of PG receptors in motor neurons before and after axotomy? Will PG affect the expression of PG receptors ininjured neurons? (4) Will a "death receptor" FAS be induced in neurons after nerve avulsion? Will PG and MT block the induction or reduce the expression of FAS and p75 in injured neurons? To answer these questions, tissue sections will be prepared for neuronal cell counting, and for immunostaining of BDNF, GDNF, PG receptors, FAS and p75, and quantify their levels by computerized image analysis. These studies will provide insight into the cellular and molecular events responsible for the initiation and activation of apoptotic pathways in injured neurons, and offer therapeutic potential for treating traumatic injuries and other neuropathological conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REDOX MECHANISMS OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE STRESS ADAPTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Clanton, Thomas L.; Professor; Internal Medicine; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1994; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: During intense exercise, skeletal muscles must withstand stress in the form of heat, tissue hypoxia, reactive oxygen, steep osmotic gradients, elevated tissue pressure, sheer stress and over-stimulation. Few cells of the body could survive such punishment and yet skeletal muscles survive and adapt to it. To accomplish this, they must be pre-programmed in some primordial way to sense when the environment is threatening and make rapid adaptations in contractile and metabolic activity to reduce the threat to survival. We hypothesize that reactive oxygen is an important signal used for this purpose, particularly under conditions of metabolic stress, such as high energy demand (over-stimulation), low energy supply (hypoxia) or overheating (thermal stress). In this funding period, we will investigate the mechanisms by which reactive oxygen participates in muscle adaptation to stress. The study will focus on isolated, perfused mouse diaphragm. SPECIFIC AIM 1 will test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen is formed as an acute response to hypoxia, heat stress and over-stimulation (resulting in fatigue) and that conditions of disordered O2 supply and demand are necessary prerequisites for this response. Both tissue fluorescence and confocal imaging techniques will be used in these experiments. SPECIFIC AIM 2 will test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen plays an important role as a signaling agent to modify metabolic pathways during stress in such a way as to favor of accumulation of metabolites,
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preservation of ATP and reduction of creatine phosphate. This will be tested by blocking the effects or reactive oxygen with antioxidants and by using transgenic species with antioxidant over-expression. Measures phosphate metabolism, mitochondrial function, creatine kinase function and activity of other metabolic enzymes will be assessed. SPECIFIC AIM 3 will test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen plays a role in acute changes in the cytoskeleton during stress that promote an increase in muscle "stiffness" and favor preservation of muscle structural integrity. Biophysical measurements of the viscoelastic properties of muscle will be tested before and during stress. These studies should provide new information regarding the adaptive mechanisms muscle in stressful environments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF ALS AND ITS ROLE IN THE IGF SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Boisclair, Yves R.; Animal Science; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Gene deletion studies have demonstrated the importance of IGF-I and II (IGFs), particularly during fetal life when local IGFs production predominates. After birth, the liver becomes the most important site of IGFs synthesis, resulting in the development of a substantial plasma reservoir. This reservoir is dependent on the postnatal production of the acid labile subunit (ALS), a protein that recruits IGFs and IGF Binding Protein-3 in long-lived ternary complexes. The significance of this reservoir has been uncertain until we showed that ALS and the plasma IGF-I reservoir are required for early postnatal growth and bone development. We now will extend these studies to normal and diseased states of later postnatal life. This is relevant to malnutrition and catabolic illnesses in which decreased plasma IGF-I is associated with erosion of lean mass. Despite this association, IGF-I-based therapies have had limited success, reflecting the need for their incorporation into ternary complexes for effectiveness. Three specific aims wilt be pursued to address the role of ALS and the circulating IGFs reservoir during diseased states. AIM A: IGF-I is a potent positive regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Null ALS mice will be subjected to challenges known to induce changes in plasma IGF-I and to alter the mass of skeletal muscles (i.e., sudden increase in GH, nutritional deficiency or sepsis). AIM B: Humans have 3 times as much plasma IGF-II than IGF-I. In contrast, mice have little IGF-II and null ALS mice have normal carbohydrate homeostasis. To determine the role of ALS in containing the metabolic effects of IGF-II, we will study null ALS mice over-expressing human IGF-II. AIM C: GH stimulates ALS synthesis by increasing transcription. In vitro, this effect is conveyed by STAT5, but the importance of this mechanism remains to be established in vivo. Using null STAT5 mice and liver cells, we will evaluate the contribution of direct and indirect mechanisms mediating the effects of GH on ALS synthesis. Studying the GH-regulation of ALS transcription will provide clues to mechanisms responsible for development of hepatic GH resistance during catabolic diseases. Overall, these studies will significantly advance our understanding of the roles played by ALS and the circulating IGF reservoir in diseases of postnatal life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF PROTEIN TURNOVER IN SEPSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vary, Thomas C.; Professor; Cellular/Molecular Physiology; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1989; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The objectives of the studies described herein are to identify the loci responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle during sepsis and to establish the mechanism(s) by which the inhibition can be reversed in order to develop treatment strategies to combat the severe muscle wasting associated with the septic process. Sustained muscle wasting contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis. The defect in protein synthesis is localized to an impaired translation of mRNA at the level of peptide-chain initiation. Translation initiation is regulated at two steps: formation of the 43S pre-initiation complex (controlled by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and eIF2B); and the binding of mRNA to the 40S ribosome (controlled by elF4E). We have identified a decreased activity of eIF2B as one defect in peptide-chain initiation and have shown that the muscle content of eIF2B protein is diminished 40 percent by sepsis. Therefore, reduced expression of eIF2B appeared a likely cause of the sepsis-induced inhibition of peptide-chain initiation in muscles of septic rats. However, protein synthesis can be stimulated 2-fold by perfusion of muscles from septic rats with buffer containing either IGF-I or elevated concentrations of amino acids by accelerating peptide-chain initiation without increasing the muscle content of eIF2B. Thus, effects of a reduced eIF2B expression on protein synthesis can be overridden, but the mechanisms responsible remain unknown. The hypothesis to be tested is that altered regulation of eIF2B and/or eIF4E mediates the changes in protein synthesis in sepsis. The specific aims of the studies proposed for the next project period are: (1) to evaluate the role of altered phosphorylation of eIF2B activity in controlling translation initiation during sepsis; (2) to investigate the effect of sepsis on eIF4E by measuring the amount of eIF4E found in the inactive 4E-BPI eIF4E complex and the active eIF4G eIF4E complex in muscle; (3) to investigate the mechanisms by which IGF-I stimulates translation initiation and contrast the response of skeletal muscle protein synthesis to IGF-I with that of insulin during sepsis; (4) to investigate the mechanisms by which amino acids stimulate translation initiation, and hence protein synthesis, during sepsis; and (5) to investigate the mechanisms by which chronic infusion of TNF or IL-1 cause an inhibition of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The research design will be to correlate changes in eukaryotic factor activity with rates of protein synthesis to establish which control mechanisms are important for regulating protein synthesis in skeletal muscle during sepsis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALPONIN
REGULATION
OF
SMOOTH
MUSCLE
ACTOMYOSIN
BY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Haeberle, Joe R.; Associate Professor; Molecular Physiol & Biophysics; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The proposed studies constitute part of a larger effort to understand how the contraction of smooth muscle is regulated at the level of contractile proteins, actin and myosin. The focus of this proposal is to elucidate the mechanism by which the putative regulatory protein calponin interacts with the actin filament to modulate contraction. In particular, thee studies will attempt to determine if calponin regulates a well described state of smooth muscle contraction called a "latch- state". The latch-state allows smooth muscles to remain contracted for long periods with relatively low expenditure of chemical energy. The high-economy of smooth muscle contraction is essential for normal physiologic function. In spite of the central importance of this contractile state
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for normal function of smooth muscle, the molecular basis for the regulation of the latch-state is unknown. Our central hypothesis is that calponin slows the rate of crossbridge dissociation from actin, and this leads to activation of unphosphorylated cross bridges via a thin filament-linked mechanism. To test this hypothesis we will measure 1) actin filament sliding velocity, 2) changes in the level of force exerted on regulated actin filaments by a field of immobilized myosin molecules, 3) the force, displacement (step size), and attachment time for single myosin molecules interact with single actin filaments, and 4) the rate of myosin dissociation from actin using stopped-flow techniques. These measurements will provide insights into the physiologic parameters of isometric force and unloaded shortening velocity that characterize the contractile state of intact smooth muscles. These assays, in conjunction with recent x-ray diffraction data and high resolution electron microscopic images of actin myosin, tropomyosin, and calponin allow us to formulate and test specific molecular models for how calponin might interact with actin, tropomyosin, and/or myosin. The proposed studies will begin to address the issue of how calponin might interact with actin, tropomyosin, and/or myosin. The proposed studies will begin to address the issue of how calponin-mediated regulation interacts with the now well established myosin phosphorylation regulatory system. A major goal of the proposed studies will be to elucidate the role of calponin in thin-filament linked regulation of unphosphorylated myosin (i.e. the latch-state). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESPIRATORY ACTIVITIES OF INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bailey, Elizabeth F.; Physiology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Tongue movement depends on the actions of both intrinsic (origin and insertion in the tongue) and extrinsic (attached to bone and inserted into the tongue) muscles. These muscles play a key role in swallowing, breathing, chewing, and speaking. Contraction of the extrinsic muscles is generally considered to change tongue position (protrusion or retrusion), whereas contraction of the intrinsic tongue muscles changes tongue shape. To date, research that examines the respiratoryrelated effects of tongue function in mammals has focused exclusively on the respiratory control and function of the extrinsic tongue muscles. The respiratory-related control and function of the intrinsic tongue muscles and their bearing on extrinsic tongue muscle activity are still unknown. Recent findings indicate that the intrinsic tongue muscles may contribute to tongue protrusion and retraction, and facilitate the actions of the extrinsic tongue muscles in swallowing. In light of these findings, our objective is to characterize the respiratory-related activities of the intrinsic tongue muscles in vivo. The specific goals of the present application are to test the following hypotheses: (1) intrinsic tongue muscles are co-activated with extrinsic tongue muscles during resting tidal breathing; (2) intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscle activities are modulated in parallel by central and peripheral chemoreceptors and airway mechanoreceptors; and (3) the EMG of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles exhibit similar onset times and burst characteristics during perturbations of chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor feedback. Experiments will be conducted on urethane anesthetized, spontaneously breathing male Sprague-Dawley rats. Simultaneous EMG recordings of the hyoglossus, internal intercostal muscles and superior longitudinal muscles will be obtained under each of the following conditions: (1) hypoxia, hypercapnia, and asphyxia, to assess the effects of central and peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation of intrinsic tongue muscle activities; (2) before and after superior laryngeal nerve section, and before and after lingual nerve
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section, to quantify the influence of upper airway mechanosensory modulation of intrinsic tongue muscle activities; (3) with and without single-breath airway occlusion, to quantify the influence of phasic lung volume changes on drive to intrinsic tongue musculature. The results of this work will enhance our understanding of the functions of the tongue musculature and provide broad insights into the modulation of tongue muscle activities in breathing and other behaviors such as chewing and swallowing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESPIRATORY RELATED MOTOR OUTPUT TO UPPER AIRWAY MUSLCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuna, Samuel T.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1981; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The purpose of this proposal is to perform experiments in decerebrate cats to examine four specific aims: 1. To determine the neural input from the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN) to pharyngeal respiratory muscle motoneurons located in the hypoglossal nucleus (HGN). In addition, to neural pathways, neuromediator activity of the KLN will be explored. 2. To determine the effect of airway length on the mechanical effects of pharyngeal constrictor muscle contraction. It is hypoothesized that upper airway shortening may alter the mechanical effect of contraction of these muscles, such that they will have dilatory instead of constricting action. 3. To determine the effect of vagal afferent activity on pharyngeal muscle constrictor action. It is proposed that the pharyngeal muscles that are usually pharyngeal constrictors may become dilator muscles during hypercapnia in the absence of afferent vagal feedback. 4. To determine the changes in regional structure during contracture of various pharyngeal muscles by the use of retrograde fiberoptic imaging in a closed upper airway. This work is an expansion of work conducted to date by the PI, who has recently relocated to the University of Pennsylvania. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SARCOLEMMAL ORGANIZATION OF EXTRACULAR MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Porter, John D.; Professor; Ophthalmology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: Extraocular muscle (EOM) is specifically tailored to serve a diverse repertoire of eye movement control systems. Many aspects of the molecular biology, cell biology, morphology, and function of EOM are very different from the well-describe skeletal muscles of the limb and axial skeleton. Genotype and/or phenoptypic differences in the EOMs may either predispose or protect them in disease. Thus, knowledge of EOM biology is critical in design of theoretical and practical models of eye movements and in preventing or treating disorders. of eye alignment or movement. We currently have almost no knowledge of the cell/molecular substrate for stabilizing the EOM membrane, or sarcolemma, and for formation and maintenance of specializations at the neuromuscular function. What we do know strongly suggests that the transmembrane protein complex that plays these roles in skeletal muscle may exhibit adaptations in EOM. We propose to test the hypothesis that the unique phenotype, and functional properties, of EOM require muscle group-specific adaptations at the level of the intricate complex of proteins that spans the sarcolemma to stabilize during muscle contraction and to organize the neuromuscular junction. First, we will determine the
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spatial/temporal relationships in maturation EOM and visuomotor systems. Data will establish similarities and differences between EOM and the pattern that has been well described in other muscles. Second, we will investigate the regulatory mechanisms for the specializations in the transmembrane protein complex at neuromuscular junctions in EOM. These studies will allow use to identify the extent to which EOM utilizes general muscle regulatory mechanisms and identify any protein complex in EOM using natural mutant and gene knockout models that generate loss of function in most muscles. Our pilot data establish that EOM responds to loss of components of the transmembrane protein system in ways that other skeletal muscles do not. Proposed studies will begin to understand the molecular mechanisms used by EOM in sarcolemmal organization for the day-to-day function of these novel muscles. An overall knowledge of the properties and regulation of the EOM sarcolemma will be important for understanding and treating ocular motility disorders in myasthenia gravis, congenital fibrosis of EOM, and strabismus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SMOOTH MUSCLE THIN FILAMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Graceffa, Philip J.; Boston Biomedical Research Institute 64 Grove St Watertown, Ma 02472 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Smooth muscles, which surround the periphery of hollow organs, contract to change organ shape or maintain tension to fix the shape and thereby control the flow of vital fluids, which are essential to the normal functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. If the regulation of smooth muscle contraction does not function properly, it could contribute to such diseases as high blood pressure, asthma, and premature birth. The goal of our work is to understand the molecular basis of the normal regulation of contraction. Smooth muscle contraction is primarily regulated by the Ca2+ controlled phosphorylation of myosin in the thick filament. However there is not a strict coupling between phosphorylation levels and the level of the resulting contractile force. Evidence indicates that there is additional regulation in the actin thin filament possibly involving tropomyosin (Tm). However the mechanism of this function is poorly understood. The long-range goal of this project is to uncover the molecular mechanisms whereby Tm, in concert with other thin filament proteins, regulates smooth muscle contraction. The main hypothesis of this proposal is that thin filament regulation occurs mainly by controlling the movement of Tm on the thin filament by myosin in the thick filament and by the other thin filament proteins, caldesmon and calponin, which are in turn regulated by phosphorylation and Ca2+binding proteins. This will be tested by monitoring Tm's position, and movement by measuring the Tm-actin distances as a function of myosin, caldesmon and calponin by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and correlated with actomyosin ATPase activity, an in vitro analogue of contraction. The results of these studies, which will be conducted on reconstituted thick and thin filaments, will help to further our understanding of the switching on/off of smooth muscle contraction and of smooth muscle's unique ability, especially vascular muscle, to maintain tension, and thus organ shape, at the cost of very little energy. These studies will compare myosin from vascular and gastrointestinal smooth muscles in order to better understand the ability of vascular muscle to maintain this tension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTROL OF TARGETED LIMB MOVEMENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cordo, Paul J.; Senior Scientist; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: The long-range goal of this project is to determine how the human central nervous system (CNS) coordinates voluntary movement and ultimately to use this information to develop treatments for motor disorders, such as stroke. The goal of the research proposed in this application is to determine how proprioception at the receptor level-in this case, the muscle spindle-leads to perception. The central hypothesis to be investigated is that, in active movement, the primary source of proprioceptive input is muscle spindles in the lengthening, "antagonist" muscles, rather than muscle spindles in the contracting, "agonist" muscles. Three specific aims are addressed: Specific Aim 1 is to contrast the information signaled by agonist and antagonist muscle spindles to determine which of these populations provides the CNS with the most accurate information about limb position and movement. Unlike agonist muscle spindles, little is known about how antagonist muscle spindles respond to active joint rotation. We will characterize how agonist and antagonist muscle spindles signal joint position and movement to test the hypothesis that the CNS uses the input from both populations, but that the information provided by antagonist muscle spindles is the most accurate. Specific Aim 2 is to investigate how antagonist muscle spindles encode position and movement variables, to inform the CNS of the location and movement of the limbs in space. The proposed experiments are designed to test the hypothesis that, during a movement, antagonist muscle spindles signal the CNS information about the starting position, movement velocity, and limb position during movement by three distinctive features within the firing pattern. Specific Aim 3 is to characterize the influence of fusimotor input on antagonist muscle spindles. Past research on agonist muscle spindles has failed to explain why the CNS activates the fusimotor system during voluntary movement. The proposed experiments are designed to test the hypothesis that fusimotor input increases the precision with which antagonist muscle spindles signal limb position and movement during precise movements and during motor learning, but that fusimotor input does not decrease the precision of signaling from antagonist muscle spindles during loaded movements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PROCESSING IN PROPRIOCEPTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jones, Lynette A.; Mechanical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room E19-750 Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The proprioceptive system converts information from receptors in muscles, skin and joints for the purposes of perceiving both the internal state of the neuromuscular system (e.g. the position of limbs, the forces generated by muscles) and the properties of objects (e.g., weight, stiffness) encountered in the external world. There is considerable kinematic ambiguity in these afferent signals as mechanoreceptors in muscles, skin and joints do not simply encode a single stimulus but respond to a number of variables both mechanical and temporal. Despite this ambiguity, the proprioceptive system can still extract the necessary information, such as joint velocity or angular position, from the sensory input and use this both to control and perceive muscle force and limb movements. The long-
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term goal of the present research is to understand The principles and mechanisms underlying these perceptual processes and to determine the commonalities in information processing shared by the proprioceptive system with other sensory modalities whose inputs arise externally. The present proposal uses human psychophysical techniques to address these issues in several series of experiments that will examine the nature and extent of spatial summation of forces in the hand using the contralateral limb-matching procedure, the temporal processing of limb movements and the motor and sensory mechanisms involved in perceiving derived percepts such as stiffness. The movement studies will initially focus on determining whether frequency selectivity, a property of many sensory modalities, characterizes proprioceptive processing. This will be measured in terms of tuning curves and peripheral filtering processes (i.e. critical bands). Related studies will determine what factors influence the perception of movement velocity under active and passive conditions, during fast and slow movements and when cutaneous signals are masked. The final series experiments will determine how subjects perceive properties such as stiffness, viscosity and inertia on the basis of muscle force and limb displacement signals, and whether, as predicted, the motor strategies used to derive this information differs for each of these variables. This research program will elucidate the basic operations of the human proprioceptive system, improve our understanding of normal perceptual functioning and provide a basis for interpreting neuromuscular and neurological disorders that impact human movement control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Ikemoto, Noriaki; Senion Scientist; Boston Biomedical Research Institute 64 Grove St Watertown, Ma 02472 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1976; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this project is to resolve the molecular mechanism of Excitation (E)-Contraction (C) Relaxation (R) coupling in normal and diseased muscles. Skeletal muscle-type E-C-R coupling appears to occur in several sequential steps. The proposed experiments aim to elucidate the mechanism for each of these steps. (1) Upon depolarization of the surface membrane (excitation of muscle cell), the activator domain of the dihydropyridine receptor II-III loop binds to, and its blocker domain dissociates from, the ryanodine receptor (RyR)/calcium release channel protein; T-tubule polarization reverses these processes (hypothesis). The investigator will test this model (and alternative models as well) by examining how the peptides corresponding to these domains (activator and blocker) compete with their in vivo counterparts during E-C coupling in triads and skinned or permeabilized fibers. To further define the mechanism, the pattern of peptide activation/inhibition will be correlated with the pattern of peptide binding. (2) The binding of these II-III loop domains to their specific binding sites on the RyR produces local conformational changes in the signal reception region. The investigator will localize the binding sites of these loop domains, and will monitor the dynamic conformational changes occurring in the signal reception region during E-C coupling using the site-specific fluorescence probe. (3) The conformational change in the signal reception region is coupled with a global conformational change in the RyR and calcium release (contraction). This process seems to involve interactions of a number of regulatory sub-domains within the RyR. Using a novel peptide probe technique, this investigator has uncovered several subdomains involved in the regulation of the RyR calcium channel. Efforts will be made to uncover a sufficient number of sub-domains to deduce the global structure of the intra-
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molecular communication network. (4) Soon after the induction of calcium release (contraction), the calcium ATPase is activated to facilitate re-uptake of the released calcium (relaxation). The investigator hypothesizes that the communication between the RyR and the calcium ATPase is mediated by the transient changes occurring in the luminal calcium. This will be tested by correlating the time course of the changes in the activity of the calcium ATPase with those in the luminal calcium concentration. This program will likely resolve the basic mechanisms governing individual steps of E-C coupling, and will provide a better understanding of abnormal channel regulation in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ALPHA-1C CALCIUM CHANNEL IN MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Palade, Philip T.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): L-type voltage-gated calcium channels also known as dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) are critical for excitationcontraction coupling in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Each of these muscle types expresses its own isoform of the DHPR. The role of the alpha1C cardiac DHPR in cardiac muscle is unquestionable to both provide the influx of Ca2+ needed to trigger Ca2+ release from intracellular stores as well as to provide a means to refill those stores when they become depleted. In vascular smooth muscle these same channels are the site of action of nearly all Ca2+ channel blockers used therapeutically in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. Recently certain adult skeletal muscles have been shown to exhibit not only the alpha1S skeletal isoform of the DHPR, but also the alpha1C cardiac isoform, although at lower levels of expression. This grant tests several hypotheses for the role of the cardiac DHPR in adult skeletal muscle. The hypotheses to be tested include refilling of partially depleted intracellular Ca2+ stores, forestalling fatigue, and serving to turn off other genes. Methods will include tension, (Ca2+)i and electrophysiology measurements and measurements of gene expression. The results may suggest additional roles for the alpha1C cardiac DHPRs in the heart as well as in many smooth muscles. This grant also seeks to determine how the steroid hormone dexamethasone, the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine, and electrical stimulation regulate the expression of the cardiac DHPR in muscle, and to determine the response elements for the transcription factors involved and for tissue-specific expression within the gene promoter. Additional methods will include traditional assays used for promoter work. These results will enhance understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this extremely important receptor for therapeutic agents in the treatment of hypertension and heart disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE ANATOMICAL BASIS OF HUMAN TONGUE BIOMECHANICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sanders, Ira; Associate Professor; Otolaryngology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): What is special about the human tongue that allows it to perform the movements that are unique to human speech and swallowing? The biomechanics of the tongue are dependent on its anatomy, and some of the most basic
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facts of human tongue anatomy are unknown. It is hypothesized that the human tongue contains specialized anatomy related to the movements of human speech and swallowing. Studying this anatomy will increase our understanding of tongue movements; provide a normative baseline from which to compare pathological conditions, and provide the detail required for progress in surgical procedures on the tongue, including transplantation. The human tongue presents formidable challenges for the anatomist: the small muscle groups that interweave in complex ways are technically difficult to trace; it is often difficult to identify specific muscles in histological sections; and many techniques routinely used in animal studies cannot be used on human post mortem tissue. However, based on experience studying the human larynx, a systematic approach is proposed with a variety of techniques that have all been successfully tested in the preliminary work. Tongue anatomy will simultaneously be studied on the gross anatomical, microscopic and molecular level using the following methods: 1) high-resolution magnetic resonance microscopy of tongue tissue to study 3D structural detail; 2) Sihler's stain, a process that renders whole tongue specimens translucent while counterstalning the nerve supply and outlines of muscle groups; 3) serial sectioning of whole tongues followed by staining to show details of muscle structure and insertion into connective tissue; 4) micro dissection of muscle fibers followed by silver and acetylcholinesterase staining to study details of muscle fiber size and shape, motor endplate types, and terminal axon branching; 5) myofibrillar ATPase, to type the muscle fibers of each muscle; 6) immunohistochemistry, to identify the myosin heavy chain (MHC) within tongue muscles; and 7) immunoelectrophoresis and immunoblotting, to confirm the immunohistochemistry. Preliminary work has supported the presence of specialized anatomy in the human tongue. Certaln muscles are significantly different in size and position when compared to other mammalian tongues. The genioglossus muscle, for example, is greatly enlarged while the inferior longitudinal is comparatively smaller. In addition, human tongue muscles have unusual internal structure: some appear to be compartmentalized into smaller groups of muscle fibers arranged in series. In the superior longitudinal muscle preliminary work suggests that these muscle compartments are surprisingly short and that the muscle fibers are interconnected in complex webs. Overall, the human tongue has the highest proportion of slow twitch muscle fibers yet reported in any mammalian tongue, and these are arranged in a gradient with the higher proportions found medially and in the tongue base. Among these slow muscle fibers are large numbers of slow tonic muscle fibers, an extremely rare type of muscle fiber with unique contractile properties. In summary, the dearth of information about the human tongue appears to offer an opportunity to increase our understanding of the special nature of speech and swallowing as well as the pathophysiology of dysphagia and dysarthria. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF MOTOR NEURON DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bromberg, Mark B.; Professor; Neurology; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are neurodegenerative disorders of unknown etiology. They have in common death of lower motor neurons (LMN) causing muscle weakness, and both disorders are fatal. Mechanisms of LMN death differ for SMA and ALS. In SMA, LMN death may occur over a limited period of time. Unanswered is whether there is late or continued LMN loss. Recent genetic studies in SMA indicate a relationship between
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survival motor neuron gene (SMN2) copy number and SMA type. Unanswered is the relationship between copy number and LMN number. In ALS, no single mechanism of LMN death explains known features, and a cascade of events ultimately leading to LMN death is likely. Unanswered in ALS is the natural pattern of progression of LMN loss from muscle to muscle. Although muscle weakness is the clinical manifestation of LMN loss for both disorders, the rate of loss of strength does not accurately reflect the rate of loss of LMNs. The discrepancy is due to the compensatory effects of reinnervation of denervated fibers by collateral sprouting from surviving motor nerve terminals. Similarly, routine electrophysiologic tests do not accurately measure LMN loss. Unanswered for both disorders is the dynamics of the compensatory process that determines the clinical state and level of function. Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) is a special electrophysiologic test that can directly assess the number of LMNs innervating a muscle. There are no data on the natural course of LMN loss for SMA, and little data for ALS. We propose to develop and refine MUNE and other electrophysiologic techniques to study, and follow the course of LMN loss and associated compensatory changes. For SMA, we will adapt MUNE techniques to study infants and children. For older SMA and ALS, we will refine MUNE techniques to optimize data collection. For SMA, we will correlate LMN loss with clinical type and SMN2 copy number. We will begin, in the two years of the grant-performing serial studies, to assess whether there is continued LMN loss. For ALS, we will determine and compare the rate and pattern of LMN loss in distal and proximal muscles. In older SMA and ALS, we will assess relationships between LMN loss and measures of collateral reinnervation and strength. We anticipate that MUNE and other electrophysiologic techniques will have direct applicability to the design of clinical trials for SMA and ALS, because these techniques can be used as informative end-point measures. To facilitate the use of MUNE in clinical trials, we will develop and refine the techniques in a form that can be used in any clinical center participating in trials. Currently, most MUNE techniques rely on proprietary software. We will develop software for use on PC-based computer systems, making them available to all laboratories. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSGENIC MICE WITH ALTERED CALCIUM HANDLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Kranias, Evangelia G.; Professor; Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The sarcoplasmic recticulum (SR) is an internal membrane system in muscle, which functions as a Ca2+-sink during relaxation as as a Ca2+-source during contraction. Relaxation is mediated by the transport of Ca2+into the SR lumen by the Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2), which is under regulation by phospholamban (PLB) in cardiac, slow-twitch skeletal and smooth muscles. Dephosphorylated PLB is an inhibitor of the affinity of the SR Ca2+-pump for Ca2+and phosphorylation relieves this inhibition. Alterations is in the expression levels of PLB or the SR Ca2+-ATPasehave been linked to altered Ca2+ homeostasis and deterioration of cellular function in several diseases. While transgenic mice have been rccently generated, which elucidated the functional role of altered PLB expression in vivo, focused on cardiac muscle and the physiological significance of PLB in other muscle and non-muscle tissues is not well understood. Thus, the objectives of the present proposal are to generate mouse models, with altered expressionof PLB or the SR Ca2+-ATPase to better define the function of each of these two key Ca2+-handling protein in vivo. Specifically, we will generate mice: a) overexpressing PLB and its phosphorylation mutants in either smooth or soleus muscle.
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Studies in these models coupled with studies in the PLB knockout mouse will elucidate the functional role of PLB in smooth and soleus muscles and define the second messanger pathways regulating these muscles through phosphorylation of PLB; b) overexpressing PLB in multiple tissues and under the control of an inducible promoter to achieve tight temporal and quantitative control of PLB expression in a reversible manner. These models will permit evaluation of the role of temporal alterations in PLB expression levels on cellular function; and c) overexpressing each of the SERCA2 isoforms (SERCA2a or SERCA2b) or conditionally ablating SERCA2 expression in a tissue specific manner. The models with altered SERCA2 expression levels will elucidate the role of this protein in the intact animal. Overall, the proposed animal models will provide valuable and unique systems for the biomedical community at large to carry out further studies on elucidating the functional role of PLB and SERCA2 in intracellular calcium handling in health and disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TROPHIC MANIPULATIONS OF THE OCULOMOTOR SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Von Bartheld, Christopher S.; Associate Professor; Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada Reno 204 Ross Hall Mailstop 325 Reno, Nv 89557 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Strabismus is a misalignment of the visual axis, which can lead to severe deficiencies such as loss of central vision from one eye, known as amblyopia. Strabismus is relatively common in the general population with estimates of 5-6 percent. The etiology of strabismus is multifactorial. Current therapies for restoration of visual alignment include muscle weakening by surgical recession or pharmacological denervation with botulinum toxin and muscle tightening by surgical resection. In the proposed research project, the trophic regulation between eye muscles an innervating oculomotor neurons will be explored with the long-term goal to supplement surgical treatment of strabismus with a pharmacological treatment targeted at trophic interactions. Injections of trophic factors or trophic antagonists into selected eye muscles may restore balanced eye movements by mimicking intrinsic trophic mechanisms. The proposed studies will test in an animal model how trophic manipulations of oculomotor neurons and eye muscles can adjust the strength of these muscles, increase the survival of oculomotor neurons during development, increase numbers of collateral axonal branches of oculomotor neurons, and maintain axon collaterals and endplates. Studies will determine which trophic factors are produced in the eye muscles, which functions they have on muscle mass, muscle strength, nerve sprouting, and maintenance of axons or endplates. Additional studies will determine whether the muscle-derived factors are transported retrogradely to the oculomotor neurons and support the survival of these neurons. The time course of trophic interactions between eye muscles and their nerves will be explored with the goal to understand and manipulate the trophic responses which are induced by denervation with botulinum toxin or in chronically paralyzed muscle such as the avian genetic mutant, crooked neck dwarf (cn/cn). These studies will focus on four trophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and the insulin-like growth factors (IGF I, II), and, added in the resubmission, cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1). Additional trophic factors will be screened for their potential to modify the strength of eye muscles. A combined pharmacological, molecular, physiological and morphological approach including the ultrastructural level will provide a meaningful assessment of the prospects for a trophic, pharmacological
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treatment of strabismus and other eye muscle disorders as a supplement to current resection and denervation procedures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VULNERABILITY OF MOTOR NERVE TERMINALS IN AN ALS MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Barrett, Ellen F.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Motor nerve terminals are especially vulnerable to ischemic stress. The proposed experiments will test the hypothesis that even at early ages motor terminals in mice that overexpress a mutant human superoxide dismutase I (SODIG93A, a model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are more vulnerable to stress than terminals in mice that overexpress wild-type human superoxide dismutase (hSOD1). We will test three stresses that might sometimes be encountered by motor terminals in vivo: (1) hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion stress in vivo, (2) hypoxia/ reoxygenation stress in vitro, and (3) in vivo intense stimulation of a single motor nerve. Structural integrity of the stressed motor terminals will be assessed by a fluorescence endplate occupancy assay, testing the extent to which labeled skeletal muscle endplates in fast and slow muscles are occupied by an innervating motor nerve terminal. Preliminary results indicate that both the ischemic and stimulation stresses increase endplate denervation. The function of motor terminals will be assessed during and/or after the stress by measuring resting and stimulation-induced changes in cytosolic and mitochondrial [Ca2+] and mitochondrial membrane potential using fluorescent indicators, and by measuring quantal transmitter release using electrophysiological recording. Preliminary results show disruptions in all these functional parameters during the hypoxia/ reoxygenation stress. Other experiments will test whether stresses that damage motor terminals also produce immunohistochemical signs of damage in the parent motoneurons. We will also test whether agents shown to be neuroprotective for motoneurons (e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF; insulin-like growth factor, IGF-1) can protect motor nerve terminals during these stresses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for muscles in the PubMed Central database: 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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14-3-3[tau] associates with and activates the MEF2D transcription factor during muscle cell differentiation. by Choi SJ, Park SY, Han TH.; 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55772
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20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid mediates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. by Muthalif MM, Benter IF, Karzoun N, Fatima S, Harper J, Uddin MR, Malik KU.; 1998 Oct 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22894
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A Calcineurin-NFATc3-Dependent Pathway Regulates Skeletal Muscle Differentiation and Slow Myosin Heavy-Chain Expression. by Delling U, Tureckova J, Lim HW, De Windt LJ, Rotwein P, Molkentin JD.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86143
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A conserved CATTCCT motif is required for skeletal muscle-specific activity of the cardiac troponin T gene promoter. by Mar JH, Ordahl CP.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281980
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A Gene Therapy Strategy Using a Transcription Factor Decoy of the E2F Binding Site Inhibits Smooth Muscle Proliferation in vivo. by Morishita R, Gibbons GH, Horiuchi M, Ellison KE, Nakajima M, Zhang L, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, Dzau VJ.; 1995 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41600
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A novel E box/AT-rich element is required for muscle-specific expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) gene. by Baker DL, Dave V, Reed T, Misra S, Periasamy M.; 1998 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147358
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A protein kinase B-dependent and rapamycin-sensitive pathway controls skeletal muscle growth but not fiber type specification. by Pallafacchina G, Calabria E, Serrano AL, Kalhovde JM, Schiaffino S.; 2002 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123120
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A Role for Nitric Oxide in Muscle Repair: Nitric Oxide --mediated Activation of Muscle Satellite Cells. by Anderson JE.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14889
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A serum response factor-dependent transcriptional regulatory program identifies distinct smooth muscle cell sublineages. by Kim S, Ip HS, Lu MM, Clendenin C, Parmacek MS.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232076
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A single MEF-2 site is a major positive regulatory element required for transcription of the muscle-specific subunit of the human phosphoglycerate mutase gene in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. by Nakatsuji Y, Hidaka K, Tsujino S, Yamamoto Y, Mukai T, Yanagihara T, Kishimoto T, Sakoda S.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=360362
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Abnormal Junctions Between Surface Membrane and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Skeletal Muscle with a Mutation Targeted to the Ryanodine Receptor. by Takekura H, Nishi M, Noda T, Takeshima H, Franzini-Armstrong C.; 1995 Apr 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42170
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Absence of the [beta] subunit (cchb1) of the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor alters expression of the [alpha]1 subunit and eliminates excitation-contraction coupling. by Gregg RG, Messing A, Strube C, Beurg M, Moss R, Behan M, Sukhareva M, Haynes S, Powell JA, Coronado R, Powers PA.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19477
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Abundant expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells accompanies serum-induced proliferation. by Hongo T, Kupfer J, Enomoto H, Sharifi B, Giannella-Neto D, Forrester JS, Singer FR, Goltzman D, Hendy GN, Pirola C, et al.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=295751
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Actinin-Associated LIM Protein-Deficient Mice Maintain Normal Development and Structure of Skeletal Muscle. by Jo K, Rutten B, Bunn RC, Bredt DS.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86714
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Activation and Cellular Localization of the Cyclosporine A-sensitive Transcription Factor NF-AT in Skeletal Muscle Cells. by Abbott KL, Friday BB, Thaloor D, Murphy TJ, Pavlath GK.; 1998 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25565
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Activation of Protein Kinase C[zeta] Induces Serine Phosphorylation of VAMP2 in the GLUT4 Compartment and Increases Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle. by Braiman L, Alt A, Kuroki T, Ohba M, Bak A, Tennenbaum T, Sampson SR.; 2001 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99955
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Activation of Ras and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Promotes Protein Degradation in Muscle Cells of Caenorhabditis elegans. by Szewczyk NJ, Peterson BK, Jacobson LA.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133852
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Adeno-associated virus site-specifically integrates into a muscle-specific DNA region. by Dutheil N, Shi F, Dupressoir T, Linden RM.; 2000 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18323
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Adenovirus-mediated over-expression of the cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation in the rat carotid artery model of balloon angioplasty. by Chang MW, Barr E, Lu MM, Barton K, Leiden JM.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185876
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Adenylate kinase1 gene deletion disrupts muscle energetic economy despite metabolic rearrangement. by Janssen E, Dzeja PP, Oerlemans F, Simonetti AW, Heerschap A, Haan AD, Rush PS, Terjung RR, Wieringa B, Terzic A.; 2000 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=305872
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Administration of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, or interleukin 1 to rats activates skeletal muscle branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase. by Nawabi MD, Block KP, Chakrabarti MC, Buse MG.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=296413
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Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation of sarcomeric actin isogene transcription in hypertrophy of cultured rat heart muscle cells. by Long CS, Ordahl CP, Simpson PC.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303787
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Alteration of Myosin Cross Bridges by Phosphorylation of Myosin-Binding Protein C in Cardiac Muscle. by Weisberg A, Winegrad S.; 1996 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38584
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Altered Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling and Glycogen Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle from p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 Knockout Mice. by Dufresne SD, Bjorbaek C, El-Haschimi K, Zhao Y, Aschenbach WG, Moller DE, Goodyear LJ.; 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88782
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Altered Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes in Calcineurin A[alpha] and A[beta] GeneTargeted Mice. by Parsons SA, Wilkins BJ, Bueno OF, Molkentin JD.; 2003 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156151
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AMP kinase is required for mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to chronic energy deprivation. by Zong H, Ren JM, Young LH, Pypaert M, Mu J, Birnbaum MJ, Shulman GI.; 2002 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138551
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An alternative, nonkinase product of the brain-specifically expressed Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II alpha isoform gene in skeletal muscle. by Bayer KU, Lohler J, Harbers K.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230975
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An in vitro assay reveals essential protein components for the "catch" state of invertebrate smooth muscle. by Yamada A, Yoshio M, Kojima H, Oiwa K.; 2001 Jun 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34405
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An intronic enhancer containing an N-box motif is required for synapse- and tissuespecific expression of the acetylcholinesterase gene in skeletal muscle fibers. by Chan RY, Boudreau-Lariviere C, Angus LM, Mankal FA, Jasmin BJ.; 1999 Apr 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16383
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An N-terminal fragment of titin coupled to green fluorescent protein localizes to the Z-bands in living muscle cells: overexpression leads to myofibril disassembly. by Turnacioglu KK, Mittal B, Dabiri GA, Sanger JM, Sanger JW.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276120
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Analysis of SM22[alpha]-Deficient Mice Reveals Unanticipated Insights into Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation and Function. by Zhang JC, Kim S, Helmke BP, Yu WW, Du KL, Lu MM, Strobeck M, Yu QC, Parmacek MS.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99586
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Analysis of the rabbit cardiac/slow twitch muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2) gene promoter. by Sukovich DA, Shabbeer J, Periasamy M.; 1993 Jun 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=309608
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Association of calcium channel [alpha]1S and [beta]1a subunits is required for the targeting of [beta]1a but not of [alpha]1S into skeletal muscle triads. by Neuhuber B, Gerster U, Doring F, Glossmann H, Tanabe T, Flucher BE.; 1998 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20205
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Association of titin and myosin heavy chain in developing skeletal muscle. by Isaacs WB, Kim IS, Struve A, Fulton AB.; 1992 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=49737
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Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-98, a C2H2 Zn Finger Protein, Is a Novel Partner of UNC-97/PINCH in Muscle Adhesion Complexes. by Mercer KB, Flaherty DB, Miller RK, Qadota H, Tinley TL, Moerman DG, Benian GM.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194897
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Calcineurin controls nerve activity-dependent specification of slow skeletal muscle fibers but not muscle growth. by Serrano AL, Murgia M, Pallafacchina G, Calabria E, Coniglio P, Lomo T, Schiaffino S.; 2001 Nov 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60832
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Cardiac actin is the major actin gene product in skeletal muscle cell differentiation in vitro. by Bains W, Ponte P, Blau H, Kedes L.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=368933
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CArG elements control smooth muscle subtype --specific expression of smooth muscle myosin in vivo. by Manabe I, Owens GK.; 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=199571
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Carvedilol, a Cardiovascular Drug, Prevents Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Neointimal Formation Following Vascular Injury. by Ohlstein EH, Douglas SA, Sung CP, Yue T, Louden C, Arleth A, Poste G, Ruffolo RR Jr, Feuerstein GZ.; 1993 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46893
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Caspase 3 activity is required for skeletal muscle differentiation. by Fernando P, Kelly JF, Balazsi K, Slack RS, Megeney LA.; 2002 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123204
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Characterization of a rat myosin alkali light chain gene expressed in ventricular and slow twitch skeletal muscles. by Periasamy M, Wadgaonkar R, Kumar C, Martin BJ, Siddiqui MA.; 1989 Oct 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=334880
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Characterization of Muscle Sarcoplasmic and Myofibrillar Protein Hydrolysis Caused by Lactobacillus plantarum. by Fadda S, Sanz Y, Vignolo G, Aristoy MC, Oliver G, Toldra F.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91531
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Characterization of the AB (AF-1) region in the muscle-specific retinoid X receptorgamma: evidence that the AF-1 region functions in a cell-specific manner. by Dowhan DH, Muscat GE.; 1996 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=145623
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Common core sequences are found in skeletal muscle slow- and fast-fiber-typespecific regulatory elements. by Nakayama M, Stauffer J, Cheng J, Banerjee-Basu S, Wawrousek E, Buonanno A.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=231230
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Consequences of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit Deficiency on Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Genome Circularization and Heterodimerization in Muscle Tissue. by Duan D, Yue Y, Engelhardt JF.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152118
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Contraction Stimulates Translocation of Glucose Transporter GLUT4 in Skeletal Muscle Through a Mechanism Distinct from that of Insulin. by Lund S, Holman GD, Schmitz O, Pedersen O.; 1995 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41592
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d-[alpha]-Tocopherol Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Occurs at Physiological Concentrations, Correlates with Protein Kinase C Inhibition, and is Independent of Its Antioxidant Properties. by Tasinato A, Boscoboinik D, Bartoli G, Maroni P, Azzi A.; 1995 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40322
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Development of a porcine skeletal muscle cDNA microarray: analysis of differential transcript expression in phenotypically distinct muscles. by Bai Q, McGillivray C, da Costa N, Dornan S, Evans G, Stear MJ, Chang KC.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152649
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Developmental Expression of Spectrins in Rat Skeletal Muscle. by Zhou D, Ursitti JA, Bloch RJ.; 1998 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25216
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Dexamethasone enhances insulin-like growth factor-I effects on skeletal muscle cell proliferation. Role of specific intracellular signaling pathways. by Giorgino F, Smith RJ.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185771
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Differential Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Response to Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Skeletal Muscle Cells. by Campbell JS, Wenderoth MP, Hauschka SD, Krebs EG.; 1995 Jan 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42722
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Differential Epitope Tagging of Actin in Transformed Drosophila Produces Distinct Effects on Myofibril Assembly and Function of the Indirect Flight Muscle. by Brault V, Sauder U, Reedy MC, Aebi U, Schoenenberger CA.; 1999 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25159
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Differential localization of HDAC4 orchestrates muscle differentiation. by Miska EA, Langley E, Wolf D, Karlsson C, Pines J, Kouzarides T.; 2001 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55849
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Differential Requirement for the Nonhelical Tailpiece and the C Terminus of the Myosin Rod in Caenorhabditis elegans Muscle. by Hoppe PE, Andrews RC, Parikh PD.; 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153131
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Direct Involvement of N-Cadherin --mediated Signaling in Muscle Differentiation. by Goichberg P, Geiger B.; 1998 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25598
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Disruption of Sur2-containing KATP channels enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. by Chutkow WA, Samuel V, Hansen PA, Pu J, Valdivia CR, Makielski JC, Burant CF.; 2001 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58803
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Distinct regulatory elements control muscle-specific, fiber-type-selective, and axially graded expression of a myosin light-chain gene in transgenic mice. by Rao MV, Donoghue MJ, Merlie JP, Sanes JR.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=231388
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Doxorubicin selectively inhibits muscle gene expression in cardiac muscle cells in vivo and in vitro. by Ito H, Miller SC, Billingham ME, Akimoto H, Torti SV, Wade R, Gahlmann R, Lyons G, Kedes L, Torti FM.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=54091
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Effect Of DNA-dependent protein kinase on the molecular fate of the rAAV2 genome in skeletal muscle. by Song S, Laipis PJ, Berns KI, Flotte TR.; 2001 Mar 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31183
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Effect of extraction time and acid concentration on the separation of proglycogen and macroglycogen in horse muscle samples. by Brojer JT, Stampfli HR, Graham TE.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=227005
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Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial ATP production, protein synthesis, and mRNA transcripts. by Stump CS, Short KR, Bigelow ML, Schimke JM, Nair KS.; 2003 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164701
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Effect of thymol on kinetic properties of Ca and K currents in rat skeletal muscle. by Szentandrassy N, Szentesi P, Magyar J, Nanasi PP, Csernoch L.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=183846
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Elevated arginase I expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells increases cell proliferation. by Wei LH, Wu G, Morris SM Jr, Ignarro LJ.; 2001 Jul 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55408
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Elevated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by vascular smooth muscle cells in hypercholesterolemic primates. by Yu X, Dluz S, Graves DT, Zhang L, Antoniades HN, Hollander W, Prusty S, Valente AJ, Schwartz CJ, Sonenshein GE.; 1992 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=49623
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Elevated Glucose and Angiotensin II Increase 12-Lipoxygenase Activity and Expression in Porcine Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. by Natarajan R, Gu J, Rossi J, Gonzales N, Lanting L, Xu L, Nadler J.; 1993 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46630
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Elevated subsarcolemmal Ca2 + in mdx mouse skeletal muscle fibers detected with Ca2 +-activated K + channels. by Mallouk N, Jacquemond V, Allard B.; 2000 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18338
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Elimination of smooth muscle cells in experimental restenosis: targeting of fibroblast growth factor receptors. by Casscells W, Lappi DA, Olwin BB, Wai C, Siegman M, Speir EH, Sasse J, Baird A.; 1992 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=49665
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Endothelial cell expression of vasoconstrictors and growth factors is regulated by smooth muscle cell-derived carbon monoxide. by Morita T, Kourembanas S.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185974
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Enhanced muscle fat oxidation and glucose transport by ACRP30 globular domain: Acetyl --CoA carboxylase inhibition and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. by Tomas E, Tsao TS, Saha AK, Murrey HE, Zhang CC, Itani SI, Lodish HF, Ruderman NB.; 2002 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138607
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Enhancement of Muscle Gene Delivery with Pseudotyped Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 Correlates with Myoblast Differentiation. by Duan D, Yan Z, Yue Y, Ding W, Engelhardt JF.; 2001 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115001
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Epigallocathechin-3 Gallate Selectively Inhibits the PDGF-BB --induced Intracellular Signaling Transduction Pathway in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Inhibits Transformation of sis-transfected NIH 3T3 Fibroblasts and Human Glioblastoma Cells (A172). by Ahn HY, Hadizadeh KR, Seul C, Yun YP, Vetter H, Sachinidis A.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25235
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Epiregulin is a potent vascular smooth muscle cell-derived mitogen induced by angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and thrombin. by Taylor DS, Cheng X, Pawlowski JE, Wallace AR, Ferrer P, Molloy CJ.; 1999 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15542
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ErbB2 Is Required for Muscle Spindle and Myoblast Cell Survival. by Andrechek ER, Hardy WR, Girgis-Gabardo AA, Perry RL, Butler R, Graham FL, Kahn RC, Rudnicki MA, Muller WJ.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133917
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Evidence for the load-dependent mechanical efficiency of individual myosin heads in skeletal muscle fibers activated by laser flash photolysis of caged calcium in the presence of a limited amount of ATP. by Sugi H, Iwamoto H, Akimoto T, Ushitani H.; 1998 Mar 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19317
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Expression and Partial Characterization of Kinesin-related Proteins in Differentiating and Adult Skeletal Muscle. by Ginkel LM, Wordeman L.; 2000 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15063
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Expression of bovine myf5 induces ectopic skeletal muscle formation in transgenic mice. by Santerre RF, Bales KR, Janney MJ, Hannon K, Fisher LF, Bailey CS, Morris J, Ivarie R, Smith CK 2nd.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=364664
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Expression of high and low molecular weight caldesmons during phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells. by Ueki N, Sobue K, Kanda K, Hada T, Higashino K.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299689
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Expression of myogenic factors in denervated chicken breast muscle: isolation of the chicken Myf5 gene. by Saitoh O, Fujisawa-Sehara A, Nabeshima Y, Periasamy M.; 1993 May 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=309553
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Expression of the troponin complex genes: transcriptional coactivation during myoblast differentiation and independent control in heart and skeletal muscles. by Bucher EA, Maisonpierre PC, Konieczny SF, Emerson CP Jr.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=365482
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Expression of utrophin A mRNA correlates with the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle fiber types and is regulated by calcineurin/NFAT signaling. by Chakkalakal JV, Stocksley MA, Harrison MA, Angus LM, Deschenes-Furry J, St-Pierre S, Megeney LA, Chin ER, Michel RN, Jasmin BJ.; 2003 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164666
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Expression profiling reveals altered satellite cell numbers and glycolytic enzyme transcription in nemaline myopathy muscle. by Sanoudou D, Haslett JN, Kho AT, Guo S, Gazda HT, Greenberg SA, Lidov HG, Kohane IS, Kunkel LM, Beggs AH.; 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153613
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Extraocular muscle is defined by a fundamentally distinct gene expression profile. by Porter JD, Khanna S, Kaminski HJ, Rao JS, Merriam AP, Richmonds CR, Leahy P, Li J, Andrade FH.; 2001 Oct 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59827
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Flight muscle function in Drosophila requires colocalization of glycolytic enzymes. by Wojtas K, Slepecky N, von Kalm L, Sullivan D.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305727
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From intestine to muscle: Nuclear reprogramming through defective cloned embryos. by Byrne JA, Simonsson S, Gurdon JB.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122901
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Full Functional Rescue of a Complete Muscle (TA) in Dystrophic Hamsters by Adeno-Associated Virus Vector-Directed Gene Therapy. by Xiao X, Li J, Tsao YP, Dressman D, Hoffman EP, Watchko JF.; 2000 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111478
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Functional muscle ischemia in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient skeletal muscle of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. by Sander M, Chavoshan B, Harris SA, Iannaccone ST, Stull JT, Thomas GD, Victor RG.; 2000 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17659
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Functional Protection of Dystrophic Mouse (mdx) Muscles after AdenovirusMediated Transfer of a Dystrophin Minigene. by Deconinck N, Ragot T, Marechal G, Perricaudet M, Gillis JM.; 1996 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39651
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G protein-mediated inhibition of myosin light-chain phosphatase in vascular smooth muscle. by Kitazawa T, Masuo M, Somlyo AP.; 1991 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=52703
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Gene expression comparison of biopsies from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and normal skeletal muscle. by Haslett JN, Sanoudou D, Kho AT, Bennett RR, Greenberg SA, Kohane IS, Beggs AH, Kunkel LM.; 2002 Nov 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137534
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Gene transfer establishes primacy of striated vs. smooth muscle sarcoglycan complex in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. by Durbeej M, Sawatzki SM, Barresi R, Schmainda KM, Allamand V, Michele DE, Campbell KP.; 2003 Jul 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166412
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Genetic Fate of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Genomes in Muscle. by Schnepp BC, Clark KR, Klemanski DL, Pacak CA, Johnson PR.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149530
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Glucose transport in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. Regulation by insulin and glucose in nondiabetic and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects. by Ciaraldi TP, Abrams L, Nikoulina S, Mudaliar S, Henry RR.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185992
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GLUT4, AMP kinase, but not the insulin receptor, are required for hepatoportal glucose sensor --stimulated muscle glucose utilization. by Burcelin R, Crivelli V, Perrin C, Costa AD, Mu J, Kahn BB, Birnbaum MJ, Kahn CR, Vollenweider P, Thorens B.; 2003 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155044
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High-efficiency gene transfer into skeletal muscle mediated by electric pulses. by Mir LM, Bureau MF, Gehl J, Rangara R, Rouy D, Caillaud JM, Delaere P, Branellec D, Schwartz B, Scherman D.; 1999 Apr 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16320
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HIV envelope gp120 activates human arterial smooth muscle cells. by Schecter AD, Berman AB, Yi L, Mosoian A, McManus CM, Berman JW, Klotman ME, Taubman MB.; 2001 Aug 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56929
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Human and murine dystrophin mRNA transcripts are differentially expressed during skeletal muscle, heart, and brain development. by Bies RD, Phelps SF, Cortez MD, Roberts R, Caskey CT, Chamberlain JS.; 1992 Apr 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=312263
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Human cytomegalovirus IE1 promoter/enhancer drives variable gene expression in all fiber types in transgenic mouse skeletal muscle. by Hallauer PL, Hastings KE.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29077
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Hypoxia Extends the Life Span of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through Telomerase Activation. by Minamino T, Mitsialis SA, Kourembanas S.; 2001 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100255
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Identification of a myocyte nuclear factor that binds to the muscle-specific enhancer of the mouse muscle creatine kinase gene. by Buskin JN, Hauschka SD.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=362335
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Identification of the coupling between skeletal muscle store-operated Ca2 + entry and the inositol trisphosphate receptor. by Launikonis BS, Barnes M, Stephenson DG.; 2003 Mar 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151445
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Immune interferon inhibits proliferation and induces 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. by Warner SJ, Friedman GB, Libby P.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303804
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Impairment of sympathetic activation during static exercise in patients with muscle phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease). by Pryor SL, Lewis SF, Haller RG, Bertocci LA, Victor RG.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=296590
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In vitro infection of smooth muscle cells by Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Knoebel E, Vijayagopal P, Figueroa JE 2nd, Martin DH.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176087
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In vivo and in vitro Analysis of Electrical Activity-Dependent Expression of Muscle Acetylcholine Receptor Genes Using Adenovirus. by Bessereau J, Stratford-Perricaudet LD, Piette J, Poupon CL, Changeux J.; 1994 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43146
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In Vivo Regulation of Human Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression by Thyroid Hormone. by Clement K, Viguerie N, Diehn M, Alizadeh A, Barbe P, Thalamas C, Storey JD, Brown PO, Barsh GS, Langin D.; 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155277
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In vivo Suppression of Injury-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Accumulation Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transfer of the Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene. by Guzman RJ, Hirschowitz EA, Brody SL, Crystal RG, Epstein SE, Finkel T.; 1994 Oct 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45096
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Inactivation of fatty acid transport protein 1 prevents fat-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. by Kim JK, Gimeno RE, Higashimori T, Kim HJ, Choi H, Punreddy S, Mozell RL, Tan G, Stricker-Krongrad A, Hirsch DJ, Fillmore JJ, Liu ZX, Dong J, Cline G, Stahl A, Lodish HF, Shulman GI.; 2004 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=351314
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Induction by agrin of ectopic and functional postsynaptic-like membrane in innervated muscle. by Jones G, Meier T, Lichtsteiner M, Witzemann V, Sakmann B, Brenner HR.; 1997 Mar 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20144
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Inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. by Davis BB, Thompson DA, Howard LL, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Weiss RH.; 2002 Feb 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122346
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Insulin action on heart and skeletal muscle glucose uptake in essential hypertension. by Nuutila P, Maki M, Laine H, Knuuti MJ, Ruotsalainen U, Luotolahti M, Haaparanta M, Solin O, Jula A, Koivisto VA, et al.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185288
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Insulin and glucose 6-phosphate stimulation of Ca2+ uptake by skinned muscle fibers. by Brautigan DL, Kerrick WG, Fischer EH.; 1980 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348397
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Insulin Control of Glycogen Metabolism in Knockout Mice Lacking the MuscleSpecific Protein Phosphatase PP1G/RGL. by Suzuki Y, Lanner C, Kim JH, Vilardo PG, Zhang H, Yang J, Cooper LD, Steele M, Kennedy A, Bock CB, Scrimgeour A, Lawrence JC Jr, DePaoli-Roach AA.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86899
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Insulin increases near-membrane but not global Ca2 + in isolated skeletal muscle. by Bruton JD, Katz A, Westerblad H.; 1999 Mar 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15933
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Insulin-induced cortical actin remodeling promotes GLUT4 insertion at muscle cell membrane ruffles. by Tong P, Khayat ZA, Huang C, Patel N, Ueyama A, Klip A.; 2001 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=209359
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Stimulates Myofibril Development and Decreases Smooth Muscle [alpha]-Actin of Adult Cardiomyocytes. by Donath MY, Zapf J, Eppenberger-Eberhardt M, Froesch ER, Eppenberger HM.; 1994 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43228
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Interference fine structure and sarcomere length dependence of the axial x-ray pattern from active single muscle fibers. by Linari M, Piazzesi G, Dobbie I, Koubassova N, Reconditi M, Narayanan T, Diat O, Irving M, Lombardi V.; 2000 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16527
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Intravenous administration of phosphorylated acid alpha-glucosidase leads to uptake of enzyme in heart and skeletal muscle of mice. by Van der Ploeg AT, Kroos MA, Willemsen R, Brons NH, Reuser AJ.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=296338
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Invertebrate connectin spans as much as 3.5[micro]m in the giant sarcomeres of crayfish claw muscle. by Fukuzawa A, Shimamura J, Takemori S, Kanzawa N, Yamaguchi M, Sun P, Maruyama K, Kimura S.; 2001 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125597
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Isoproterenol Stimulates Rapid Extrusion of Sodium from Isolated Smooth Muscle Cells. by Moore ED, Fay FS.; 1993 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47287
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Long-term systemic therapy of Fabry disease in a knockout mouse by adenoassociated virus-mediated muscle-directed gene transfer. by Takahashi H, Hirai Y, Migita M, Seino Y, Fukuda Y, Sakuraba H, Kase R, Kobayashi T, Hashimoto Y, Shimada T.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129774
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Lymphocyte antigen Leu-19 as a molecular marker of regeneration in human skeletal muscle. by Schubert W, Zimmermann K, Cramer M, Starzinski-Powitz A.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286453
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M-CAT binding factor, a novel trans-acting factor governing muscle-specific transcription. by Mar JH, Ordahl CP.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=360969
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Mice Lacking Skeletal Muscle Actin Show Reduced Muscle Strength and Growth Deficits and Die during the Neonatal Period. by Crawford K, Flick R, Close L, Shelly D, Paul R, Bove K, Kumar A, Lessard J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133984
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Mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations are concomitant with ragged red regions of individual, aged muscle fibers: analysis by laser-capture microdissection. by Cao Z, Wanagat J, McKiernan SH, Aiken JM.; 2001 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60181
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Modulation of L-type Ca2+ current but not activation of Ca2+ release by the gamma1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor of skeletal muscle. by Ahern CA, Powers PA, Biddlecome GH, Roethe L, Vallejo P, Mortenson L, Strube C, Campbell KP, Coronado R, Gregg RG.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=37314
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Molecular Dissection of DNA Sequences and Factors Involved in Slow MuscleSpecific Transcription. by Calvo S, Vullhorst D, Venepally P, Cheng J, Karavanova I, Buonanno A.; 2001 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100012
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Molecular genetics of muscle development andneuromuscular diseases Kloster Irsee, Germany, September 26 --October 1, 1999. by Brand T, Butler-Browne G, Fuchtbauer EM, Renkawitz-Pohl R, Brand-Saberi B.; 2000 May 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=305694
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Molecular organization of transverse tubule/sarcoplasmic reticulum junctions during development of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. by Flucher BE, Andrews SB, Daniels MP.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=301134
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Monoclonal antibody specific for the transverse tubular membrane of skeletal muscle activates the dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channel. by Malouf NN, Coronado R, McMahon D, Meissner G, Gillespie GY.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305238
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Mouse Limb Muscle is Determined in the Absence of the Earliest Myogenic Factor myf-5. by Tajbakhsh S, Buckingham ME.; 1994 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43026
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Mouse Pop1 Is Required for Muscle Regeneration in Adult Skeletal Muscle. by Andree B, Fleige A, Arnold HH, Brand T.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134701
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Multiple defects in muscle glycogen synthase activity contribute to reduced glycogen synthesis in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. by Thorburn AW, Gumbiner B, Bulacan F, Brechtel G, Henry RR.; 1991 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=296335
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Multiple thyroid hormone-induced muscle growth and death programs during metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. by Das B, Schreiber AM, Huang H, Brown DD.; 2002 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129427
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Muscle degeneration without mechanical injury in sarcoglycan deficiency. by Hack AA, Cordier L, Shoturma DI, Lam MY, Sweeney HL, McNally EM.; 1999 Sep 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17950
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Muscle LIM Proteins Are Associated with Muscle Sarcomeres and Require dMEF2 for Their Expression during Drosophila Myogenesis. by Stronach BE, Renfranz PJ, Lilly B, Beckerle MC.; 1999 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25449
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Muscle-regulated expression and determinants for neuromuscular junctional localization of the mouse RI[alpha] regulatory subunit of cAMP- dependent protein kinase. by Barradeau S, Imaizumi-Scherrer T, Weiss MC, Faust DM.; 2001 Apr 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33159
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Muscle-specific inactivation of the IGF-I receptor induces compensatory hyperplasia in skeletal muscle. by Fernandez AM, Dupont J, Farrar RP, Lee S, Stannard B, Le Roith D.; 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150853
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Muscle-specific PPAR[gamma]-deficient mice develop increased adiposity and insulin resistance but respond to thiazolidinediones. by Norris AW, Chen L, Fisher SJ, Szanto I, Ristow M, Jozsi AC, Hirshman MF, Rosen ED, Goodyear LJ, Gonzalez FJ, Spiegelman BM, Kahn CR.; 2003 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=171387
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Myf5 is a direct target of long-range Shh signaling and Gli regulation for muscle specification. by Gustafsson MK, Pan H, Pinney DF, Liu Y, Lewandowski A, Epstein DJ, Emerson CP Jr.; 2002 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155306
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Myocardin Is a Critical Serum Response Factor Cofactor in the Transcriptional Program Regulating Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation. by Du KL, Ip HS, Li J, Chen M, Dandre F, Yu W, Lu MM, Owens GK, Parmacek MS.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150745
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Myocardin is a master regulator of smooth muscle gene expression. by Wang Z, Wang DZ, Pipes GC, Olson EN.; 2003 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165841
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Myocyte-Specific Enhancer Factor 2 Acts Cooperatively with a Muscle Activator Region to Regulate Drosophila Tropomyosin Gene Muscle Expression. by Lin M, Nguyen HT, Dybala C, Storti RV.; 1996 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39328
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MyoD is functionally linked to the silencing of a muscle-specific regulatory gene prior to skeletal myogenesis. by Mal A, Harter ML.; 2003 Feb 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149902
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Neural agrin controls acetylcholine receptor stability in skeletal muscle fibers. by Bezakova G, Rabben I, Sefland I, Fumagalli G, Lomo T.; 2001 Aug 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55554
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NMR Studies of Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Insulin-Resistant Offspring of Parents with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Immediately after GlycogenDepleting Exercise. by Price TB, Perseghin G, Duleba A, Chen W, Chase J, Rothman DL, Shulman RG, Shulman GI.; 1996 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39245
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Obscurin Is a Ligand for Small Ankyrin 1 in Skeletal Muscle. by KontrogianniKonstantopoulos A, Jones EM, van Rossum DB, Bloch RJ.; 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151585
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Ontogenesis and localization of Ca2+ channels in mammalian skeletal muscle in culture and role in excitation-contraction coupling. by Romey G, Garcia L, Dimitriadou V, Pincon-Raymond M, Rieger F, Lazdunski M.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287034
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Opposing mitogenic and anti-mitogenic actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein in vascular smooth muscle cells: A critical role for nuclear targeting. by Massfelder T, Dann P, Wu TL, Vasavada R, Helwig JJ, Stewart AF.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28357
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Origin of neointimal endothelium and [alpha]-actin --positive smooth muscle cells in transplant arteriosclerosis. by Hillebrands JL, Klatter FA, van den Hurk BM, Popa ER, Nieuwenhuis P, Rozing J.; 2001 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=209313
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Overexpression of myogenin in muscles of transgenic mice: interaction with Id-1, negative crossregulation of myogenic factors, and induction of extrasynaptic
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Overexpression of the LAR (leukocyte antigen-related) protein-tyrosine phosphatase in muscle causes insulin resistance. by Zabolotny JM, Kim YB, Peroni OD, Kim JK, Pani MA, Boss O, Klaman LD, Kamatkar S, Shulman GI, Kahn BB, Neel BG.; 2001 Apr 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33185
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Pharmacogenetic heterogeneity of transgene expression in muscle and tumours. by Lefesvre P, Attema J, van Bekkum D.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194725
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Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Stimulates the Secretion of Hyaluronic Acid by Proliferating Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. by Papakonstantinou E, Karakiulakis G, Roth M, Block LH.; 1995 Oct 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40906
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Precise determination of mitochondrial DNA copy number in human skeletal and cardiac muscle by a PCR-based assay: lack of change of copy number with age. by Miller FJ, Rosenfeldt FL, Zhang C, Linnane AW, Nagley P.; 2003 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156738
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Prevention of cardiomyopathy in mouse models lacking the smooth muscle sarcoglycan-sarcospan complex. by Cohn RD, Durbeej M, Moore SA, Coral-Vazquez R, Prouty S, Campbell KP.; 2001 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=199179
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Prions in skeletal muscle. by Bosque PJ, Ryou C, Telling G, Peretz D, Legname G, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122606
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Promotion of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth by Homocysteine: A Link to Atherosclerosis. by Tsai J, Perrella MA, Yashizumi M, Hsieh C, Haber E, Schlegel R, Lee M.; 1994 Jul 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44203
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Proteolytic disruption of laminin-integrin complexes on muscle cells during synapse formation. by Anderson MJ, Shi ZQ, Zackson SL.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=231499
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Radial and longitudinal diffusion of myoglobin in single living heart and skeletal muscle cells. by Papadopoulos S, Endeward V, Revesz-Walker B, Jurgens KD, Gros G.; 2001 May 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33311
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Rapid neural regulation of muscle urokinase-like plasminogen activator as defined by nerve crush. by Hantai D, Rao JS, Festoff BW.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=53806
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Rates of ubiquitin conjugation increase when muscles atrophy, largely through activation of the N-end rule pathway. by Solomon V, Baracos V, Sarraf P, Goldberg AL.; 1998 Oct 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22877
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Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells. by Jackson KA, Majka SM, Wang H, Pocius J, Hartley CJ, Majesky MW, Entman ML, Michael LH, Hirschi KK, Goodell MA.; 2001 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=209322
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Regulation of Myosin Heavy Chain Expression during Rat Skeletal Muscle Development In Vitro. by Torgan CE, Daniels MP.; 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34600
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Regulation of skeletal muscle stiffness and elasticity by titin isoforms: a test of the segmental extension model of resting tension. by Wang K, McCarter R, Wright J, Beverly J, Ramirez-Mitchell R.; 1991 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=52241
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Relationship of insulin-like growth factor II gene expression in muscle to synaptogenesis. by Ishii DN.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=287027
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Release of Hepatocyte Growth Factor from Mechanically Stretched Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells and Role of pH and Nitric Oxide. by Tatsumi R, Hattori A, Ikeuchi Y, Anderson JE, Allen RE.; 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117951
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Requirement for Down-Regulation of the CCAAT-binding Activity of the NF-Y Transcription Factor during Skeletal Muscle Differentiation. by Gurtner A, Manni I, Fuschi P, Mantovani R, Guadagni F, Sacchi A, Piaggio G.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165670
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Rescue of dystrophin expression in mdx mouse muscle by RNA /DNA oligonucleotides. by Rando TA, Disatnik MH, Zhou LZ.; 2000 May 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25834
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Restoration of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene expression in muscle cells by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1. by Michael LF, Wu Z, Cheatham RB, Puigserver P, Adelmant G, Lehman JJ, Kelly DP, Spiegelman BM.; 2001 Mar 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31136
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Role of Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Proteins--ras-Family or Trimeric Proteins or both--in Ca2+ Sensitization of Smooth Muscle. by Gong MC, Iizuka K, Nixon G, Browne JP, Hall A, Eccleston JF, Sugai M, Kobayashi S, Somlyo AV, Somlyo AP.; 1996 Feb 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40082
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Role of HuR in Skeletal Myogenesis through Coordinate Regulation of Muscle Differentiation Genes. by Figueroa A, Cuadrado A, Fan J, Atasoy U, Muscat GE, Munoz-Canoves P, Gorospe M, Munoz A.; 2003 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162217
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Role of platelets in smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration after vascular injury in rat carotid artery. by Fingerle J, Johnson R, Clowes AW, Majesky MW, Reidy MA.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298292
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Role of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. by Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wei LH, Bauer PM, Wu G, del Soldato P.; 2001 Mar 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31203
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Role of the short isoform of myosin light chain kinase in the contraction of cultured smooth muscle cells as examined by its down-regulation. by Bao J, Oishi K, Yamada T, Liu L, Nakamura A, Uchida MK, Kohama K.; 2002 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123179
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Rostrocaudal gradient of transgene expression in adult skeletal muscle. by Donoghue MJ, Merlie JP, Rosenthal N, Sanes JR.; 1991 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=51975
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Sarcoglycan, the heart, and skeletal muscles: new treatment, old drug? by Towbin JA, Bowles NE.; 2001 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=199185
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Sarcolemmal Organization in Skeletal Muscle Lacking Desmin: Evidence for Cytokeratins Associated with the Membrane Skeleton at Costameres. by O'Neill A, Williams MW, Resneck WG, Milner DJ, Capetanaki Y, Bloch RJ.; 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117318
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Sarcomere length-dependence of activity-dependent twitch potentiation in mouse skeletal muscle. by Rassier DE, MacIntosh BR.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140028
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Sarcospan-Deficient Mice Maintain Normal Muscle Function. by Lebakken CS, Venzke DP, Hrstka RF, Consolino CM, Faulkner JA, Williamson RA, Campbell KP.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85350
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Scorpion toxins targeted against the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-release channel of skeletal and cardiac muscle. by Valdivia HH, Kirby MS, Lederer WJ, Coronado R.; 1992 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=50723
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Single-cell transplantation determines the time when Xenopus muscle precursor cells acquire a capacity for autonomous differentiation. by Kato K, Gurdon JB.; 1993 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=45862
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Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. by Jeffery Mador M, Bozkanat E.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59579
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Skeletal muscle engraftment potential of adult mouse skin side population cells. by Montanaro F, Liadaki K, Volinski J, Flint A, Kunkel LM.; 2003 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=170919
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Skeletal muscle membrane lipid composition is related to adiposity and insulin action. by Pan DA, Lillioja S, Milner MR, Kriketos AD, Baur LA, Bogardus C, Storlien LH.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185990
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Smooth muscle cell --extrinsic vascular spasm arises from cardiomyocyte degeneration in sarcoglycan-deficient cardiomyopathy. by Wheeler MT, Allikian MJ, Heydemann A, Hadhazy M, Zarnegar S, McNally EM.; 2004 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=351323
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Spontaneously hypertensive rat vascular smooth muscle cells in culture exhibit increased growth and Na+/H+ exchange. by Berk BC, Vallega G, Muslin AJ, Gordon HM, Canessa M, Alexander RW.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303754
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Stability of the human dystrophin transcript in muscle. by Tennyson CN, Shi Q, Worton RG.; 1996 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146056
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Stable expression of calpain 3 from a muscle transgene in vivo: Immature muscle in transgenic mice suggests a role for calpain 3 in muscle maturation. by Spencer MJ, Guyon JR, Sorimachi H, Potts A, Richard I, Herasse M, Chamberlain J, Dalkilic I, Kunkel LM, Beckmann JS.; 2002 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124391
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Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 deficiency elevates insulin-signaling components and down-regulates protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in muscle. by Rahman SM, Dobrzyn A, Dobrzyn P, Lee SH, Miyazaki M, Ntambi JM.; 2003 Sep 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=196935
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Subcellular analysis of Ca2+ homeostasis in primary cultures of skeletal muscle myotubes. by Brini M, De Giorgi F, Murgia M, Marsault R, Massimino ML, Cantini M, Rizzuto R, Pozzan T.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276065
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Subcellular localization of myosin light chain kinase in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. by Cavadore JC, Molla A, Harricane MC, Gabrion J, Benyamin Y, Demaille JG.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=346443
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Substance P Responsiveness of Smooth Muscle Cells is Regulated by the Integrin Ligand, Thrombospondin. by Dahm LM, Bowers CW.; 1996 Feb 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40070
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Surfactant-induced sealing of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle membranes in vivo. by Lee RC, River LP, Pan FS, Ji L, Wollmann RL.; 1992 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=49115
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Sustained secretion of human alpha-1-antitrypsin from murine muscle transduced with adeno-associated virus vectors. by Song S, Morgan M, Ellis T, Poirier A, Chesnut K, Wang J, Brantly M, Muzyczka N, Byrne BJ, Atkinson M, Flotte TR.; 1998 Nov 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24382
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Tagging muscle cell lineages in development and tail regeneration using Cre recombinase in transgenic Xenopus. by Ryffel GU, Werdien D, Turan G, Gerhards A, Goosses S, Senkel S.; 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153756
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Telomerase reverse transcriptase promotes cardiac muscle cell proliferation, hypertrophy, and survival. by Oh H, Taffet GE, Youker KA, Entman ML, Overbeek PA, Michael LH, Schneider MD.; 2001 Aug 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56957
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Temporal correlation between maximum tetanic force and cell death in postischemic rat skeletal muscle. by Suzuki H, Poole DC, Zweifach BW, Schmid-Schonbein GW.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186000
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The "glycogen shunt" in exercising muscle: A role for glycogen in muscle energetics and fatigue. by Shulman RG, Rothman DL.; 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14608
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The Cell Adhesion Molecule M-Cadherin Is Not Essential for Muscle Development and Regeneration. by Hollnagel A, Grund C, Franke WW, Arnold HH.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133893
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The development expression of the rat alpha-vascular and gamma-enteric smooth muscle isoactins: isolation and characterization of a rat gamma-enteric actin cDNA. by McHugh KM, Lessard JL.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=365625
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The distribution of blood flow, oxygen consumption, and work output among the respiratory muscles during unobstructed hyperventilation. by Robertson CH Jr, Pagel MA, Johnson RL Jr.; 1977 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=333330
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The serum response factor coactivator myocardin is required for vascular smooth muscle development. by Li S, Wang DZ, Wang Z, Richardson JA, Olson EN.; 2003 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=170924
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The Thrombospondin Receptor CD47 (IAP) Modulates and Associates with [alpha]2[beta]1 Integrin in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. by Wang XQ, Frazier WA.; 1998 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25313
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The transduction properties of intercostal muscle mechanoreceptors. by Holt GA, Johnson RD, Davenport PW.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137590
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The Whistle and the Rattle: The Design of Sound Producing Muscles. by Rome LC, Syme DA, Hollingworth S, Lindstedt SL, Baylor SM.; 1996 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38881
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Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced cardiac and skeletal muscle disease. by Gomez RM, Rinehart JE, Wollmann R, Roos RP.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190990
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Topology of the Ca2 + release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (RyR1). by Du GG, Sandhu B, Khanna VK, Guo XH, MacLennan DH.; 2002 Dec 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139211
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Transcription Enhancer Factor 1 Binds Multiple Muscle MEF2 and A/T-Rich Elements during Fast-to-Slow Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type Transitions. by Karasseva N, Tsika G, Ji J, Zhang A, Mao X, Tsika R.; 2003 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165722
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Transdifferentiation of Chicken Embryonic Cells into Muscle Cells by the 3' Untranslated Region of Muscle Tropomyosin. by L'Ecuyer TJ, Tompach PC, Morris E, Fulton AB.; 1995 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41371
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Transfer of [beta]-Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Using Adenovirus Vector Causes Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Cultured Normal Human Muscle. by Askanas V, McFerrin J, Baque S, Alvarez RB, Sarkozi E, Engel WK.; 1996 Feb 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40077
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Transformation by Rous sarcoma virus prevents acetylcholine receptor clustering on cultured chicken muscle fibers. by Anthony DT, Schuetze SM, Rubin LL.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=345479
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Transgenic overexpression of caveolin-3 in skeletal muscle fibers induces a Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy phenotype. by Galbiati F, Volonte D, Chu JB, Li M, Fine SW, Fu M, Bermudez J, Pedemonte M, Weidenheim KM, Pestell RG, Minetti C, Lisanti MP.; 2000 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16926
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Trichinella spiralis-Infected Muscle Cells: Abundant RNA Polymerase II in Nuclear Speckle Domains Colocalizes with Nuclear Antigens. by Yao C, Jasmer DP.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98470
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Two Forms of Acetylcholine Receptor [gamma] Subunit in Mouse Muscle. by Mileo AM, Monaco L, Palma E, Grassi F, Miledi R, Eusebi F.; 1995 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42283
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Two mechanisms for termination of individual Ca2 + sparks in skeletal muscle. by Lacampagne A, Klein MG, Ward CW, Schneider MF.; 2000 Jul 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16629
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Type 3 ryanodine receptors of skeletal muscle are segregated in a parajunctional position. by Felder E, Franzini-Armstrong C.; 2002 Feb 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122253
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Vimentin mRNA Location Changes During Muscle Development. by Cripe L, Morris E, Fulton AB.; 1993 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46168
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Viral mediated expression of insulin-like growth factor I blocks the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle function. by Barton-Davis ER, Shoturma DI, Musaro A, Rosenthal N, Sweeney HL.; 1998 Dec 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28090
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Voltage dependence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release in peeled skeletal muscle fibers. by Donaldson SK, Goldberg ND, Walseth TF, Huetteman DA.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281839
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Voltage dependence of the pattern and frequency of discrete Ca2 + release events after brief repriming in frog skeletal muscle. by Klein MG, Lacampagne A, Schneider MF.; 1997 Sep 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23600
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with muscles, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for muscles (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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A delta-conotoxin from Conus ermineus venom inhibits inactivation in vertebrate neuronal Na+ channels but not in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Author(s): Barbier J, Lamthanh H, Le Gall F, Favreau P, Benoit E, Chen H, Gilles N, Ilan N, Heinemann SH, Gordon D, Menez A, Molgo J. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 February 6; 279(6): 4680-5. Epub 2003 November 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14615484
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A dynamic recurrent neural network for multiple muscles electromyographic mapping to elevation angles of the lower limb in human locomotion. Author(s): Cheron G, Leurs F, Bengoetxea A, Draye JP, Destree M, Dan B. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2003 October 30; 129(2): 95-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511813
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A Japanese family with FEOM1-linked congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1 associated with spinal canal stenosis and refinement of the FEOM1 critical region. Author(s): Uyama E, Yamada K, Kawano H, Chan WM, Andrews C, Yoshioka M, Uchino M, Engle EC. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2003 August; 13(6): 472-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12899874
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A novel PHOX2A/ARIX mutation in an Iranian family with congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 2 (CFEOM2). Author(s): Yazdani A, Chung DC, Abbaszadegan MR, Al-Khayer K, Chan WM, Yazdani M, Ghodsi K, Engle EC, Traboulsi EI. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 November; 136(5): 861-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14597037
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A retrospective analysis of the gluteal muscles contracture and discussion of the relative problems. Author(s): Liu G, Du J, Yang S, Zheng Q, Li J. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 2000; 20(1): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845763
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Activation varies among the knee extensor muscles during a submaximal fatiguing contraction in the seated and supine postures. Author(s): Rochette L, Hunter SK, Place N, Lepers R. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2003 October; 95(4): 151522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970375
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Activity patterns of leg muscles in periodic limb movement disorder. Author(s): de Weerd AW, Rijsman RM, Brinkley A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 February; 75(2): 3179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742617
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Adaptations in muscular activation of the knee extensor muscles with strength training in young and older adults. Author(s): Knight CA, Kamen G. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2001 December; 11(6): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11738953
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Altered aquaporin 4 expression in muscles of Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Wakayama Y, Jimi T, Inoue M, Kojima H, Yamashita S, Kumagai T, Murahashi M, Hara H, Shibuya S. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2003 December; 443(6): 761-7. Epub 2003 August 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942324
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An electromyographic analysis of the deep cervical flexor muscles in performance of craniocervical flexion. Author(s): Falla D, Jull G, Dall'Alba P, Rainoldi A, Merletti R. Source: Physical Therapy. 2003 October; 83(10): 899-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519061
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An integrated AMLAB-based system for acquisition, processing and analysis of evoked EMG and mechanical responses of upper limb muscles. Author(s): Jaberzadeh S, Nazeran H, Scutter S, Warden-Flood A. Source: Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2003 June; 26(2): 70-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956188
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Anatomical partitioning of three human forearm muscles. Author(s): Segal RL, Catlin PA, Krauss EW, Merick KA, Robilotto JB. Source: Cells, Tissues, Organs. 2002; 170(2-3): 183-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11731706
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Anterior and nasal transposition of the inferior oblique muscles. Author(s): Stager DR Jr, Beauchamp GR, Wright WW, Felius J, Stager D Sr. Source: J Aapos. 2003 June; 7(3): 167-73. Erratum In: J Aapos. 2003 December; 7(6): 450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825055
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Anticipatory activation of postural muscles associated with bilateral arm flexion in subjects with different quiet standing positions. Author(s): Fujiwara K, Toyama H, Kunita K. Source: Gait & Posture. 2003 June; 17(3): 254-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12770639
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Anticipatory postural adjustment in selected trunk muscles in post stroke hemiparetic patients. Author(s): Dickstein R, Shefi S, Marcovitz E, Villa Y. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 February; 85(2): 261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14966711
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Applied psychophysiology: beyond the boundaries of biofeedback (mending a wall, a brief history of our field, and applications to control of the muscles and cardiorespiratory systems). Author(s): Lehrer P. Source: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2003 December; 28(4): 291-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14686082
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Ask the doctor. I am a 64-year-old woman with high cholesterol caused by bad genes (familial hypercholesterolemia). Without medication, my cholesterol is above 450 mg/dL. So I am taking high-dose Lipitor (80 mg/day), WelChol, and Zetia to lower my cholesterol. I sometimes have pain and stiffness in my knees, and my shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints, plus the muscles in between, are stiff in the morning and hurt during the day. Two years ago I was diagnosed with bursitis in my hips. Could these problems be from the Lipitor? If so, is there another statin I could take that wouldn't do this? Author(s): Pasternak R. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2003 October; 14(2): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576039
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Assessment of voluntary activation by stimulation of one muscle or two synergistic muscles. Author(s): Williams DM, Bilodeau M. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 January; 29(1): 112-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14694506
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Atrophy of the abdominal wall muscles after extraperitoneal approach to the aorta. Author(s): Yamada M, Maruta K, Shiojiri Y, Takeuchi S, Matsuo Y, Takaba T. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 August; 38(2): 346-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891119
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Attitudinally correct designation of papillary muscles. Author(s): Frater RW. Source: J Heart Valve Dis. 2003 September; 12(5): 548-50. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14565703
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Beneficial effects of chronic low-frequency stimulation of thigh muscles in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Author(s): Nuhr MJ, Pette D, Berger R, Quittan M, Crevenna R, Huelsman M, Wiesinger GF, Moser P, Fialka-Moser V, Pacher R. Source: European Heart Journal. 2004 January; 25(2): 136-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14720530
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Benign asymmetric hypertrophy of the masticator muscles. Author(s): Palacios E, Valvassori G, D'Antonio M. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 December; 79(12): 915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11191429
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Bilateral aberrant biceps brachii muscles with special reference to their common nerve trunks. Author(s): Kawashima T, Yoshitomi S, Ito M, Hoshino Y, Oh-Ishi E, Ikeda E, Igarashi M, Yoshimura Y, Sato F, Sasaki H. Source: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2003 October; 80(4): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964467
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Bilateral anomaly of anterior bellies of digastric muscles. Author(s): Peker T, Turgut HB, Anil A. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 2000; 22(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959680
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Bilateral cortical control of the human anterior digastric muscles. Author(s): Gooden BR, Ridding MC, Miles TS, Nordstrom MA, Thompson PD. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1999 December; 129(4): 582-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638432
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Bilateral inferior insertion of lateral rectus muscles associated with schizencephaly. Author(s): Wine SB, Saad N, Vella ME. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2000 February; 28(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11345352
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Bilateral interactions during contractions of intrinsic hand muscles. Author(s): Zijdewind I, Kernell D. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2001 May; 85(5): 1907-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11353007
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Bilateral posterior fixation sutures on the medial rectus muscles for correction of nonaccommodative esotropia with infantile onset criteria. Author(s): Rizk A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1999 November-December; 36(6): 320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11132663
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Bilateral recession of superior rectus muscles: its influence on A and V pattern strabismus. Author(s): Melek NB, Mendoza T, Ciancia AO. Source: J Aapos. 1998 December; 2(6): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10532719
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Bilateral recurrent focal myositis of gastrocnemius muscles after BCG vaccination. Author(s): Manganelli S, De Stefano R, Malandrini A, Selvi E, Frati E, Gambelli S, Marcolongo R. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 September; 41(9): 1074-6. Erratum In: Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002 December; 41(12): 1461. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12209048
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Binding of an ankyrin-1 isoform to obscurin suggests a molecular link between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils in striated muscles. Author(s): Bagnato P, Barone V, Giacomello E, Rossi D, Sorrentino V. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 2003 January 20; 160(2): 245-53. Epub 2003 Jan 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12527750
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Biomechanical model predicting electromyographic activity in three shoulder muscles from 3D kinematics and external forces during cleaning work. Author(s): Laursen B, Sogaard K, Sjogaard G. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2003 May; 18(4): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12689778
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Biomechanical model predicts directional tuning of spindles in finger muscles facilitates precision pinch and power grasp. Author(s): Biggs J, Horch K. Source: Somatosensory & Motor Research. 1999; 16(3): 251-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10527373
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Blocking of cloned and native delayed rectifier K channels from visceral smooth muscles by phencyclidine. Author(s): Frey BW, Lynch FT, Kinsella JM, Horowitz B, Sanders KM, Carl A. Source: Neurogastroenterology and Motility : the Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 2000 December; 12(6): 509-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123705
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Body position effects on EMG activity of the temporal and suprahyoid muscles in healthy subjects and in patients with myogenic cranio-cervical-mandibular dysfunction. Author(s): Ormeno G, Miralles R, Loyola R, Valenzuela S, Santander H, Palazzi C, Villanueva P. Source: Cranio. 1999 April; 17(2): 132-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10425940
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Booty camp. The fitness biz has bold new ways to trim your butt (and build muscles). Author(s): Streisand B. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2003 January 13; 134(1): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530128
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Botox for contraction of pectoral muscles. Author(s): Richards A, Ritz M, Donahoe S, Southwick G. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 July; 108(1): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11420550
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Botulinum toxin-induced paralysis of frontotemporal muscles improves seizure focus localization. Author(s): Eisenschenk S, Gilmore RL, Uthman B, Valenstein E, Gonzalez R. Source: Neurology. 2002 January 22; 58(2): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11805252
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Brains over muscles: the meaning of intelligence and race in American history. Author(s): Takaki R. Source: Halcyon. 1984; 6: 45-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11617025
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Breathing frequency and use of expiratory muscles do influence the dynamic positive end-expiratory pressure. Author(s): El Khawand Ch, Vanpee D, Rousseau L, Jamart J, Delaunois L. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 April; 97(4): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693799
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Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent contractions in smooth muscles. Author(s): Harnett KM, Biancani P. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 August 18; 115 Suppl 3A: 24S-30S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12928071
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Carpal tunnel syndrome due to gouty infiltration of the lumbrical muscles and flexor tendons. Author(s): Tan G, Chew W, Lai CH. Source: Hand Surgery : an International Journal Devoted to Hand and Upper Limb Surgery and Related Research : Journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand. 2003 July; 8(1): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12923948
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Caveolin-3 helps build muscles. Author(s): Marx J. Source: Science. 2001 November 30; 294(5548): 1864. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11729301
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Changes in motor planning of feedforward postural responses of the trunk muscles in low back pain. Author(s): Hodges PW. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2001 November; 141(2): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11713638
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Characteristics of the responses of smooth muscles of the uterus, coronary artery, and trachea to ozone and the ability of beta-adrenergic receptor sensitizers to decrease its beta-adrenergic blocking effect. Author(s): Sizova EN, Nozdrachev AD, Tsirkin VI. Source: Doklady Biological Sciences : Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Ussr, Biological Sciences Sections / Translated from Russian. 2003 May-June; 390: 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940140
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Characteristics of tone burst-evoked myogenic potentials in the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Author(s): Welgampola MS, Colebatch JG. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 November; 22(6): 796-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698798
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Chronic transcutaneous electrical stimulation of calf muscles improves functional capacity without inducing systemic inflammation in claudicants. Author(s): Anderson SI, Whatling P, Hudlicka O, Gosling P, Simms M, Brown MD. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2004 February; 27(2): 201-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718904
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Clinical and experimental studies of large amplitude action potential of the suffered facial muscles in intratemporal facial nerve paralysis. Author(s): Ren Z, Hui L. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 1999 September; 14(3): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12903822
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Comparative anatomical study of the gracilis and coracobrachialis muscles: implications for facial reanimation. Author(s): Taylor GI, Cichowitz A, Ang SG, Seneviratne S, Ashton M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 July; 112(1): 20-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12832872
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Comparative evaluation of effectiveness of different motor muscles in modified lasso procedure for correction of finger clawing. Author(s): Malaviya GN. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2003 December; 28(6): 597-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599837
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Comparison of motor unit action potentials using monopolar vs. concentric needle electrodes in the middle deltoid and abductor digiti minimi muscles. Author(s): Nelson RM, Shedlock M, Kaczmarek C, Gahrs J, MacLaughlin H. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 December; 43(8): 459-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14717026
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Comparison of phosphocreatine concentration in the human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles by 31P-CSI. Author(s): Kanayama T, Minowa K, Inoue N, Yamaguchi T, Tamura T, Yoshida S, Kawasaki T. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2001 November; 28(11): 1075-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722725
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Compliance changes of the series elastic component of elbow flexor muscles with age in humans. Author(s): Valour D, Pousson M. Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 2003 March; 445(6): 721-7. Epub 2003 January 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632193
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Contralateral reinnervation of midline muscles in facial paralysis. Author(s): Gilhuis HJ, Beurskens CH, Marres HA, de Vries J, Hartman EH, Zwarts MJ. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2001 December; 24(12): 1703-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11745982
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Contralateral reinnervation of midline muscles in nonidiopathic facial palsy. Author(s): Gilhuis HJ, Beurskens CH, de Vries J, Marres HA, Hartman EH, Zwarts MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2003 April; 20(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12766689
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Conversion of biarticular to monoarticular muscles as a component of multilevel surgery in spastic diplegia. Author(s): Metaxiotis D, Wolf S, Doederlein L. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2004 January; 86(1): 1029. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14765875
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Coupling between “hand” primary sensorimotor cortex and lower limb muscles after ulnar nerve surgical transfer in paraplegia. Author(s): Babiloni C, Vecchio F, Babiloni F, Brunelli GA, Carducci F, Cincotti F, Pizzella V, Romani GL, Tecchio FT, Rossini PM. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 2004 February; 118(1): 214-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14979799
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Cross-correlation analyses of mechanomyographic signals from the superficial quadriceps femoris muscles during concentric and eccentric isokinetic muscle actions. Author(s): Cramer JT, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Ebersole KT, Perry-Rana SR, Bull AJ, Johnson GO. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 July-August; 43(5): 293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12964257
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Cross-sectional area of the lumbar back muscles as a function of torso flexion. Author(s): Jorgensen MJ, Marras WS, Gupta P. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2003 May; 18(4): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12689777
Studies
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Cystatin C colocalizes with amyloid-beta and coimmunoprecipitates with amyloidbeta precursor protein in sporadic inclusion-body myositis muscles. Author(s): Vattemi G, Engel WK, McFerrin J, Askanas V. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2003 June; 85(6): 1539-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787072
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Decomposition-based quantitative electromyography: methods and initial normative data in five muscles. Author(s): Doherty TJ, Stashuk DW. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 August; 28(2): 204-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872325
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Decremental response of the nasalis and hypothenar muscles in myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Niks EH, Badrising UA, Verschuuren JJ, Van Dijk JG. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 August; 28(2): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872330
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Degradation of human hair keratin scaffold implanted for repairing injured skeletal muscles. Author(s): Qiao DF, Lu YM, Fu WY, Piao YJ. Source: Di Yi June Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2002 October; 22(10): 902-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12377613
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Descending control of muscles in patients with cervical dystonia. Author(s): Tijssen MA, Munchau A, Marsden JF, Lees A, Bhatia KP, Brown P. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 May; 17(3): 493-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12112196
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Desmin and actin alterations in human muscles affected by delayed onset muscle soreness: a high resolution immunocytochemical study. Author(s): Yu JG, Thornell LE. Source: Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 2002 August; 118(2): 171-9. Epub 2002 June 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12189520
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Development and characterisation of electromechanical muscles for driving transhumeral myoelectric prostheses. Author(s): Escudero AZ, Alvarez J, Leija L. Source: Prosthet Orthot Int. 2002 December; 26(3): 226-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562070
98
Muscles
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Diagnostic value of vibration-induced nystagmus obtained by combined vibratory stimulation applied to the neck muscles and skull of 300 vertiginous patients. Author(s): Michel J, Dumas G, Lavieille JP, Charachon R. Source: Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord). 2001; 122(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11715267
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Differences in coenzyme Q10 content in deltoid and quadriceps muscles. Author(s): Benoist JF, Rigal O, Nivoche Y, Martin C, Biou D, Lombes A. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2003 March; 329(1-2): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589978
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Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms between abductor and adductor muscles in the human larynx. Author(s): Li ZB, Lehar M, Nakagawa H, Hoh JF, Flint PW. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2004 February; 130(2): 217-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14990919
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Differential fatigue of paralyzed thenar muscles by stimuli of different intensities. Author(s): Godfrey S, Butler JE, Griffin L, Thomas CK. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2002 July; 26(1): 122-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12115957
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Differential sensitivity of abdominal muscles and the diaphragm to mivacurium: an electromyographic study. Author(s): Kirov K, Motamed C, Dhonneur G. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 December; 95(6): 1323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748387
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Direct neurotization of muscles by presynaptic motoneurons. Author(s): Brunelli GA. Source: Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 2001 November; 17(8): 631-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740660
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Disorders of the respiratory muscles. Author(s): Laghi F, Tobin MJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 July 1; 168(1): 10-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826594
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Distention of venous structures in muscles as a controller of respiration. Author(s): Haouzi P, Chenuel B, Chalon B, Huszczuk A. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2001; 499: 349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11729906
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Distribution of inspiratory drive to the external intercostal muscles in humans. Author(s): De Troyer A, Gorman RB, Gandevia SC. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 February 1; 546(Pt 3): 943-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563017
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Do Golgi tendon organs really inhibit muscle activity at high force levels to save muscles from injury, and adapt with strength training? Author(s): Chalmers G. Source: Sports Biomech. 2002 July; 1(2): 239-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14658379
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Do middle ear muscles trigger attacks of Meniere's disease? Author(s): Franz P, Hamzavi JS, Schneider B, Ehrenberger K. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 January; 123(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12701727
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Double-blind comparison study of two doses of botulinum toxin A injected into calf muscles in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Author(s): Polak F, Morton R, Ward C, Wallace WA, Doderlein L, Siebel A. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 August; 44(8): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12206622
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Dynamic modeling of the neck muscles during horizontal head movement. Part II: Model construction in Pro/Engineer. Author(s): Haapala SA, Enderle JD. Source: Biomed Sci Instrum. 2003; 39: 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12724871
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Dynamic nature of fibre-type specific expression of myosin heavy chain transcripts in 14 different human skeletal muscles. Author(s): Smerdu V, Erzen I. Source: Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 2001; 22(8): 647-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12222825
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Effect of aging on fatigue characteristics of elbow flexor muscles during sustained submaximal contraction. Author(s): Bilodeau M, Henderson TK, Nolta BE, Pursley PJ, Sandfort GL. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2001 December; 91(6): 2654-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11717231
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Effect of sex on preactivation of the gastrocnemius and hamstring muscles. Author(s): DeMont RG, Lephart SM. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 April; 38(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15039243
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Effect of static stretch training on neural and mechanical properties of the human plantar-flexor muscles. Author(s): Guissard N, Duchateau J. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 February; 29(2): 248-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755490
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Effect of step and ramp static contractions on the median frequency of electromyograms of back muscles in humans. Author(s): Lariviere C, Arsenault AB, Gravel D, Gagnon D, Loisel P. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 October; 85(6): 552-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11718284
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Effects of aging on muscle T2 relaxation time: difference between fast- and slowtwitch muscles. Author(s): Hatakenaka M, Ueda M, Ishigami K, Otsuka M, Masuda K. Source: Investigative Radiology. 2001 December; 36(12): 692-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11753139
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Effects of increased muscle mass on bone in male mice overexpressing IGF-I in skeletal muscles. Author(s): Banu J, Wang L, Kalu DN. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 2003 August; 73(2): 196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14565602
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Effects of the use of cross-education to the affected side through various resistive exercises of the sound side and settings of the length of the affected muscles. Author(s): Arai M, Shimizu H, Shimizu ME, Tanaka Y, Yanagisawa K. Source: Hiroshima J Med Sci. 2001 September; 50(3): 65-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720165
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Electromyographic activity of lower lip muscles when chewing with the lips in contact and apart. Author(s): Tomiyama N, Ichida T, Yamaguchi K. Source: Angle Orthod. 2004 February; 74(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038488
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Electromyographic activity of selected trunk muscles during dynamic spine stabilization exercises. Author(s): Souza GM, Baker LL, Powers CM. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 November; 82(11): 15517. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11689975
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Electromyographic activity of voluntarily activated trunk flexor and extensor muscles in post-stroke hemiparetic subjects. Author(s): Dickstein R, Shefi S, Marcovitz E, Villa Y. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2004 April; 115(4): 790-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15003758
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Electromyographic analysis of the arm muscles in “front support” exercises. Author(s): Dias GA, Guazzelli Filho J, Rodrigues JA, Goncalves M, Bull ML. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 December; 43(8): 465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14717027
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Electromyographic analysis of the pectoralis major and deltoideus anterior muscles in horizontal “flyer” exercises with loads. Author(s): Rodrigues JA, Bull ML, Dias GA, Goncalves M, Guazzelli JF. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 October-November; 43(7): 413-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14626721
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Electromyography of respiratory muscles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Stewart H, Eisen A, Road J, Mezei M, Weber M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001 October 15; 191(1-2): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11676994
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EMG activities of facial and chewing muscles of human adults in response to taste stimuli. Author(s): Horio T. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2003 August; 97(1): 289-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14604052
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EMG characteristics of low back and lower limb muscles during forward bending posture. Author(s): Sakamoto K, Swie YW. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 September; 43(6): 335-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535046
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Evaluation of extraocular muscles in the edematous phase of Graves ophthalmopathy on contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Cakirer S, Cakirer D, Basak M, Durmaz S, Altuntas Y, Yigit U. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2004 January-February; 28(1): 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14716237
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Evaluation of the peak torque, total work, average power of flexor-estensor and prono-supinator muscles of the elbow in baseball players. Author(s): Costantino C, Vaienti E, Pogliacomi F. Source: Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 2003 August; 74(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14509917
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Examination of pain ratings associated with elicitation of the maximal H-wave and maximal M-wave in the soleus and flexor carpi radialis muscles. Author(s): Motl RW, Knowles BD, O'Connor PJ. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 November; 113(11): 1477-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585748
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Expiratory-synchronized sleep in a quadriplegic patient using inspiratory neck muscles to breathe. Author(s): Arnulf I, Straus C, Delafosse C, Derenne JP, Similowski T. Source: Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung. 2003 September; 7(3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569525
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Expression of lysosome-related proteins and genes in the skeletal muscles of inclusion body myositis. Author(s): Kumamoto T, Ueyama H, Tsumura H, Toyoshima I, Tsuda T. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2004 January; 107(1): 59-65. Epub 2003 September 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513262
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Fascicle arrangements of vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles in highly trained soccer players and swimmers of both genders. Author(s): Kanehisa H, Muraoka Y, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 February; 24(2): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12669252
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Fascicle length of gastrocnemius muscles in monozygous twins. Author(s): Abe T. Source: Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science. 2002 November; 21(6): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612401
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Fast MRI used to evaluate the effect of abdominal belts during contraction of trunk muscles. Author(s): Miyamoto K, Shimizu K, Masuda K. Source: Spine. 2002 August 15; 27(16): 1749-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195066
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Fatigability and variable-frequency train stimulation of human skeletal muscles. Author(s): Bickel CS, Slade JM, Warren GL, Dudley GA. Source: Physical Therapy. 2003 April; 83(4): 366-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12665407
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Fatigue of paralyzed and control thenar muscles induced by variable or constant frequency stimulation. Author(s): Thomas CK, Griffin L, Godfrey S, Ribot-Ciscar E, Butler JE. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003 April; 89(4): 2055-64. Epub 2002 December 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12611940
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Fatigue-induced change in corticospinal drive to back muscles in elite rowers. Author(s): Fulton RC, Strutton PH, McGregor AH, Davey NJ. Source: Experimental Physiology. 2002 September; 87(5): 593-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12481934
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FDG uptake by tongue and muscles of mastication reflecting increased metabolic activity of muscles after chewing gum. Author(s): Kawabe J, Higashiyama S, Okamura T, Torii K, Koyama K, Kawamura E, Ishizu H, Inoue Y, Shiomi S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 March; 28(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592130
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Fibre composition of human intrinsic tongue muscles. Author(s): Stal P, Marklund S, Thornell LE, De Paul R, Eriksson PO. Source: Cells, Tissues, Organs. 2003; 173(3): 147-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12673097
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First description of ocular counterrolling in 1786. The use of the oblique muscles. Author(s): Hunter J. Source: Strabismus. 2002 December; 10(4): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660852
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Flap tear of rectus muscles: an underlying cause of strabismus after orbital trauma. Author(s): Ludwig IH, Brown MS. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 November; 18(6): 443-9; Discussion 450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439059
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Focal pyomyositis of the perisciatic muscles in children. Author(s): Hernandez RJ, Strouse PJ, Craig CL, Farley FA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 November; 179(5): 1267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12388511
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Force and contraction time relation in skeletal muscles of children and adults. Author(s): Gatev V, Stefanova-Uzunova M, Stamatova L. Source: Agressologie. 1979; 20(5): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679962
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Foster-type modification of the Knapp procedure for anomalous superior rectus muscles in syndromic craniosynostoses. Author(s): Rattigan S, Nischal KK. Source: J Aapos. 2003 August; 7(4): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917616
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Frequency of M-cadherin-stained satellite cells declines in human muscles during aging. Author(s): Sajko S, Kubinova L, Cvetko E, Kreft M, Wernig A, Erzen I. Source: The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 2004 February; 52(2): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14729869
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Frequency of occurrence of the F wave in distal flexor muscles as a function of hypnotic susceptibility and hypnosis. Author(s): Santarcangelo EL, Busse K, Carli G. Source: Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 2003 March; 16(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589894
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From the electrodiagnosis lab.H-reflexes in hand muscles after cervical spinal cord disease. Author(s): Leppanen RE. Source: The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2003 September-October; 3(5): 405. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14598812
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Function and bulk of respiratory and limb muscles in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Pinet C, Cassart M, Scillia P, Lamotte M, Knoop C, Casimir G, Melot C, Estenne M. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 October 15; 168(8): 989-94. Epub 2003 June 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12829457
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Functional magnetic resonance image finding of cortical activation by neuromuscular electrical stimulation on wrist extensor muscles. Author(s): Han BS, Jang SH, Chang Y, Byun WM, Lim SK, Kang DS. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2003 January; 82(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12510180
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Further debate regarding surgery for esotropia, +/- accommodative; cyclovertical muscles, Gobin's theories re “sagitallization”; letters No. 3,4 & 5. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(4): 246-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720587
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Further insights into post-exercise effects on H-reflexes and motor evoked potentials of the flexor carpi radialis muscles. Author(s): Kato T, Takeda Y, Tsuji T, Kasai T. Source: Motor Control. 2003 January; 7(1): 82-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12536164
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Ga-67 scintigram in the diagnosis of infection of masticator muscles due to an odontogenic infection. Author(s): Sakamoto H, Suzuki Y, Watanabe D, Yanagimachi N, Sasaki J. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 May; 25(5): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795706
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Gastric mucosal smooth muscles may explain oscillations in glandular pressure: role of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Author(s): Synnerstad I, Ekblad E, Sundler F, Holm L. Source: Gastroenterology. 1998 February; 114(2): 284-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9453488
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Gastrointestinal smooth muscles and sphincters spasms: treatment with botulinum neurotoxin. Author(s): Brisinda G, Civello IM, Albanese A, Maria G. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 April; 10(7): 603-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678792
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Gating of segmental and transcortical reflexes to human hand muscles depends on the mode of innervation. Author(s): Wagner S, von Waldenfels A, Meinck HM. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2000 February 18; 280(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10686394
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Gender influence on the oxygen consumption of the respiratory muscles in young and older healthy individuals. Author(s): Topin N, Mucci P, Hayot M, Prefaut C, Ramonatxo M. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 November; 24(8): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14598190
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Generation second messengers by prostanoids in the iris-sphincter and ciliary muscles of cows, cats and humans. Author(s): Bhattacherjee P, Smithson M, Paterson CA. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1997 June; 56(6): 443-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9223655
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Geometric structure of the human and canine cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscles for biomechanical applications. Author(s): Cox KA, Alipour F, Titze IR. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1999 December; 108(12): 1151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10605920
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Geometrical factors in surface EMG of the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles. Author(s): Rainoldi A, Nazzaro M, Merletti R, Farina D, Caruso I, Gaudenti S. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2000 October; 10(5): 327-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11018442
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Getting muscles moving again after botulinum toxin: novel therapeutic challenges. Author(s): Foran PG, Davletov B, Meunier FA. Source: Trends in Molecular Medicine. 2003 July; 9(7): 291-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900216
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Glucose uptake by individual skeletal muscles during running using whole-body positron emission tomography. Author(s): Fujimoto T, Itoh M, Tashiro M, Yamaguchi K, Kubota K, Ohmori H. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000 November; 83(4 -5): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11138567
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GLUT-4 expression is not consistently higher in type-1 than in type-2 fibres of rat and human vastus lateralis muscles; an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Borghouts LB, Schaart G, Hesselink MK, Keizer HA. Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 2000 December; 441(2-3): 3518. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11211123
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Glycogen depletion and lactate accumulation in human intercostal muscles after administration of succinylcholine. Author(s): Mizuno M, Secher NH. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 March; 80(3): 302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9623428
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Grand rounds #68: a case of consecutive exotropia after recession of all four horizontal rectus muscles for the treatment of nystagmus. Author(s): Kushner BJ, Coats DK, Kodsi SR, Repka MX, Richard JM, Saunders RA, Wang FM. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 304-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12470293
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Grandad, it ain't what you eat, it depends when you eat it--that's how muscles grow! Author(s): Rennie MJ. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2001 August 15; 535(Pt 1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11507153
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Group I projections from intrinsic foot muscles to motoneurones of leg and thigh muscles in humans. Author(s): Marque P, Nicolas G, Marchand-Pauvert V, Gautier J, Simonetta-Moreau M, Pierrot-Deseilligny E. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2001 October 1; 536(Pt 1): 313-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579179
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Guidelines for the intramuscular positioning of EMG electrodes in the semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles. Author(s): Kramer M, Schmid I, Sander S, Hogel J, Eisele R, Kinzl L, Hartwig E. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2003 June; 13(3): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12706608
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Habitual level of physical activity and muscle fatigue of the elbow flexor muscles in older men. Author(s): Seghers J, Spaepen A, Delecluse C, Colman V. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003 June; 89(5): 427-34. Epub 2003 April 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12684808
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Having it both ways? Vasoconstriction in contracting muscles. Author(s): Joyner MJ, Thomas GD. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 July 15; 550(Pt 2): 333. Epub 2003 May 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777450
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Heterozygous mutations of the kinesin KIF21A in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 1 (CFEOM1). Author(s): Yamada K, Andrews C, Chan WM, McKeown CA, Magli A, de Berardinis T, Loewenstein A, Lazar M, O'Keefe M, Letson R, London A, Ruttum M, Matsumoto N, Saito N, Morris L, Del Monte M, Johnson RH, Uyama E, Houtman WA, de Vries B, Carlow TJ, Hart BL, Krawiecki N, Shoffner J, Vogel MC, Katowitz J, Goldstein SM, Levin AV, Sener EC, Ozturk BT, Akarsu AN, Brodsky MC, Hanisch F, Cruse RP, Zubcov AA, Robb RM, Roggenkaemper P, Gottlob I, Kowal L, Battu R, Traboulsi EI, Franceschini P, Newlin A, Demer JL, Engle EC. Source: Nature Genetics. 2003 December; 35(4): 318-21. Epub 2003 November 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595441
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High mutational burden in the mtDNA control region from aged muscles: a singlefiber study. Author(s): Del Bo R, Crimi M, Sciacco M, Malferrari G, Bordoni A, Napoli L, Prelle A, Biunno I, Moggio M, Bresolin N, Scarlato G, Pietro Comi G. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2003 October; 24(6): 829-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12927765
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High spatial resolution in vivo 2D (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of human muscles with a band-selective technique. Author(s): Hu J, Jiang Q, Xia Y, Zuo C. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2001 October; 19(8): 1091-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11711233
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Histological changes to palatal and paratubal muscles in oral submucous fibrosis. Author(s): Gupta SC, Khanna S, Singh M, Singh PA. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2000 December; 114(12): 947-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177364
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Histological pictures of muscles and an evaluation of cellular infiltrations in human polymyositis/dermatomyositis, as compared to the findings in experimental Guinea pig myositis. Author(s): Gendek-Kubiak H, Gendek EG. Source: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters. 2003; 8(2): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813563
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Histology of nerves and muscles in adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Author(s): Chhetri DK, Blumin JH, Vinters HV, Berke GS. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 April; 112(4): 334-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12731628
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Homozygous mutations in ARIX(PHOX2A) result in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 2. Author(s): Nakano M, Yamada K, Fain J, Sener EC, Selleck CJ, Awad AH, Zwaan J, Mullaney PB, Bosley TM, Engle EC. Source: Nature Genetics. 2001 November; 29(3): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600883
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How muscles know how to adapt. Author(s): Rennie MJ. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2001 August 15; 535(Pt 1): 1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11507152
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Human elbow joint torque is linearly encoded in electromyographic signals from multiple muscles. Author(s): Kutch JJ, Buchanan TS. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 September 28; 311(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11567787
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Human hamstring muscles adapt to eccentric exercise by changing optimum length. Author(s): Brockett CL, Morgan DL, Proske U. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001 May; 33(5): 783-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11323549
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Human lower limb muscles: an evaluation of weight and fiber size. Author(s): Ito J, Moriyama H, Inokuchi S, Goto N. Source: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2003 August; 80(2-3): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14604153
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Human MYO18B, a novel unconventional myosin heavy chain expressed in striated muscles moves into the myonuclei upon differentiation. Author(s): Salamon M, Millino C, Raffaello A, Mongillo M, Sandri C, Bean C, Negrisolo E, Pallavicini A, Valle G, Zaccolo M, Schiaffino S, Lanfranchi G. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 2003 February 7; 326(1): 137-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12547197
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Human postural responses to different frequency vibrations of lower leg muscles. Author(s): Polonyova A, Hlavacka F. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2001; 50(4): 405-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11551147
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Human SM22 alpha BAC encompasses regulatory sequences for expression in vascular and visceral smooth muscles at fetal and adult stages. Author(s): Xu R, Ho YS, Ritchie RP, Li L. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2003 April; 284(4): H1398-407. Epub 2003 January 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521938
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Hyperbaric oxygen increases the contractile function of regenerating rat slow muscles. Author(s): Gregorevic P, Williams DA, Lynch GS. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002 April; 34(4): 630-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932571
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Hypercapnic acidosis activates KATP channels in vascular smooth muscles. Author(s): Wang X, Wu J, Li L, Chen F, Wang R, Jiang C. Source: Circulation Research. 2003 June 13; 92(11): 1225-32. Epub 2003 May 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738754
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Hypertrophied papillary muscles mimicking left ventricular mass on Tc-99m MIBI myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Author(s): Berk F, Demir H, Agacdiken A, Ural D, Aktolun C. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2002 July-August; 9(4): 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12161722
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Hypoalgesia to pressure pain in referred pain areas triggered by spatial summation of experimental muscle pain from unilateral or bilateral trapezius muscles. Author(s): Ge HY, Madeleine P, Wang K, Arendt-Nielsen L. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2003; 7(6): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575666
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Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: why do the muscles become weak? Author(s): Lundberg IE. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2001 November; 13(6): 457-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698720
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Impact of papillary muscles in ventricular volume and ejection fraction assessment by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Author(s): Sievers B, Kirchberg S, Bakan A, Franken U, Trappe HJ. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2004; 6(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15054924
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In vivo characterisation of the human UCP3 gene minimal promoter in mice tibialis anterior muscles. Author(s): Riquet FB, Rodriguez M, Guigal N, Dromaint S, Naime I, Boutin JA, Galizzi JP. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 November 21; 311(3): 583-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14623310
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In vivo determination of fascicle curvature in contracting human skeletal muscles. Author(s): Muramatsu T, Muraoka T, Kawakami Y, Shibayama A, Fukunaga T. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2002 January; 92(1): 12934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11744651
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Increased blood pressure can reduce fatigue of thenar muscles paralyzed after spinal cord injury. Author(s): Butler JE, Ribot-Ciscar E, Zijdewind I, Thomas CK. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 April; 29(4): 575-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15052623
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Increased jitter and blocking in normal muscles due to doubly innervated muscle fibers. Author(s): Lateva ZC, McGill KC, Johanson ME. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 October; 28(4): 423-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506713
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Influence of acute alcohol load on metabolism of skeletal muscles--expired gas analysis during exercise. Author(s): Shiraishi K, Watanabe M, Motegi S, Nagaoka R, Matsuzaki S, Ikemoto H. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2003 August; 27(8 Suppl): 76S78S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960513
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Influence of occlusal stabilization splint on the asymmetric activity of masticatory muscles in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Author(s): Alajbeg IZ, Valentic-Peruzovic M, Alajbeg I, Illes D. Source: Coll Antropol. 2003 June; 27(1): 361-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974166
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Innervation of calf muscles in relation to calf reduction. Author(s): Hwang K, Kim YJ, Chung IH, Won HS, Tanaka S, Lee SI. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 May; 50(5): 517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792543
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Innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles by the accessory nucleus. Author(s): DeToledo JC, David NJ. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2001 September; 21(3): 214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11725190
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Innervation zones of the upper and lower limb muscles estimated by using multichannel surface EMG. Author(s): Saitou K, Masuda T, Michikami D, Kojima R, Okada M. Source: J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 2000 December; 29(1-2): 35-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12696320
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Integrated approach for in vivo evaluation of respiratory muscles mechanics. Author(s): Ratnovsky A, Zaretsky U, Shiner RJ, Elad D. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 2003 December; 36(12): 1771-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14614931
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Interaction of fibre type, potentiation and fatigue in human knee extensor muscles. Author(s): Hamada T, Sale DG, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 2003 June; 178(2): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780391
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Internal/external rotation moment arms of muscles at the knee: moment arms for the normal knee and the ACL-deficient knee. Author(s): Buford WL Jr, Ivey FM Jr, Nakamura T, Patterson RM, Nguyen DK. Source: The Knee. 2001 December; 8(4): 293-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11706692
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Intramuscular hemangiomas of extraocular muscles. Author(s): Kiratli H, Bilgic S, Caglar M, Soylemezoglu F. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 110(3): 564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623822
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Intramuscular innervation of upper-limb skeletal muscles. Author(s): Lim AY, Pereira BP, Kumar VP, De Coninck C, Taki C, Baudet J, Merle M. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 April; 29(4): 523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15052617
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Investigation of the distribution and changes of VLDLR subtype in fibrotic cardiac muscles. Author(s): Yang G, Bao L, Zhao J, Qu S. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 2000; 20(4): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12840916
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Is the normal content of sulfhydryl groups attributable to sparing from dystrophic pathology in dystrophin-deficient muscles? Author(s): Niebroj-Dobosz I, Fidzianska A, Glinka Z, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2002; 40(3): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572920
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Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and nonthrowers. Author(s): Noffal GJ. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 July-August; 31(4): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860541
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Isolated flexor muscles of the little toe in the feet of an individual with atrophied or lacking 4th head of the M. extensor digitorum brevis and lacking the 4th tendon of the M. extensor digitorum longus. Author(s): Claassen H, Wree A. Source: Ann Anat. 2003 January; 185(1): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597131
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Jaw muscles in older overdenture patients. Author(s): Newton JP, McManus FC, Menhenick S. Source: Gerodontology. 2004 March; 21(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15074538
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Juvenile xanthogranuloma invading the muscles in the head and neck: clinicopathological case report. Author(s): Margulis A, Melin-Aldana H, Bauer BS. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 April; 50(4): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671388
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Kegel exercises. Strengthening the weak pelvic floor muscles that cause urinary incontinence. Author(s): Kolcaba K, Dowd T, Winslow EH, Jacobson AF. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2000 November; 100(11): 59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11103639
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Kinematics and electromyography of lower limb muscles in overground and treadmill running. Author(s): Wank V, Frick U, Schmidtbleicher D. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998 October; 19(7): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9839841
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Kocher Debre Semelaigne syndrome: regression of pesudohypertrophy of muscles on thyroxine. Author(s): Mehrotra P, Chandra M, Mitra MK. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 March; 86(3): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11861255
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Lactate transporters (MCT proteins) in heart and skeletal muscles. Author(s): Bonen A. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2000 April; 32(4): 778-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10776897
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Less calcium in cremaster muscles of boys with undescended testis supports a deficiency in sympathetic innervation. Author(s): Tanyel FC, Ulusu NN, Tezcan EF, Buyukpamukcu N. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2002; 69(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12187040
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Limitation to exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: look to the muscles of ambulation. Author(s): Casaburi R. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2003 August 15; 168(4): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12912729
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Loads applied tangential to a fingertip during an object restraint task can trigger short-latency as well as long-latency EMG responses in hand muscles. Author(s): Macefield VG, Johansson RS. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2003 September; 152(2): 143-9. Epub 2003 July 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898103
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Local injection into mimetic muscles of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of facial lines. Author(s): Guerrissi J, Sarkissian P. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 November; 39(5): 447-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9374139
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Localization of the motor nerve branches and motor points of the triceps surae muscles in korean cadavers. Author(s): Sook Kim H, Hye Hwang J, Lee PK, Kwon JY, Yeon Oh-Park M, Moon Kim J, Ho Chun M. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 October; 81(10): 765-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12362117
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Location of innervation zones of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles--a basis for clinical and research electromyography applications. Author(s): Falla D, Dall'Alba P, Rainoldi A, Merletti R, Jull G. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 January; 113(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801425
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Locomotor-specific measure of spasticity of plantarflexor muscles after stroke. Author(s): Lamontagne A, Malouin F, Richards CL. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 December; 82(12): 1696704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11733885
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Long-loop reflex from arm afferents to remote muscles in normal man. Author(s): Kagamihara Y, Hayashi A, Masakado Y, Kouno Y. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2003 July; 151(1): 136-44. Epub 2003 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743676
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Long-term activity in upper- and lower-limb muscles of humans. Author(s): Kern DS, Semmler JG, Enoka RM. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2001 November; 91(5): 2224-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11641365
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Lung function and surface electromyography of intercostal muscles in cement mill workers. Author(s): Meo SA, Azeem MA, Ghori MG, Subhan MM. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2002; 15(3): 279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12462455
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Mice expressing only covalent dimeric heparin binding-deficient lipoprotein lipase: muscles inefficiently secrete dimeric enzyme. Author(s): Lutz EP, Kako Y, Yagyu H, Heeren J, Marks S, Wright T, Melford K, BenZeev O, Radner H, Merkel M, Bensadoun A, Wong H, Goldberg IJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 January 2; 279(1): 238-44. Epub 2003 October 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570890
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Modulation of human cervical premotoneurons during bilateral voluntary contraction of upper-limb muscles. Author(s): Stinear JW, Byblow WD. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 April; 29(4): 506-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15052615
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Motor and sensory innervation of extraocular eye muscles. Author(s): Buttner-Ennever JA, Eberhorn A, Horn AK. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 October; 1004: 40-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14662446
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Motor unit action potential analysis of the paraspinal muscles. Paraspinal MUAP analysis is not useful. Author(s): Trojaborg W. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 March; 29(3): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14981749
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Motor unit action potential analysis of the paraspinal muscles. Paraspinal MUAP analysis is useful. Author(s): Bromberg MB. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2004 March; 29(3): 451-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14981748
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MR imaging of the accessory muscles around the ankle. Author(s): Cheung Y, Rosenberg ZS. Source: Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2001 August; 9(3): 465-73, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694421
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Muscle activation patterns of selected lower extremity muscles during stepping and cutting tasks. Author(s): Houck J. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2003 December; 13(6): 545-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14573369
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Muscle fatigue of the elbow flexor muscles during two intermittent exercise protocols with equal mean muscle loading. Author(s): Seghers J, Spaepen A. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2004 January; 19(1): 24-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659926
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Muscles flex, axons die. Author(s): Wrathall JR. Source: Nature Medicine. 2003 November; 9(11): 1347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595422
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Muscular bridge between the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles. Author(s): Yalcin B, Kocabiyik N, Ozan H, Kutoglu T. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 January; 137(1): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14700654
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Neck vibration causes short-latency electromyographic activation of lower leg muscles in postural reactions of the standing human. Author(s): Andersson G, Magnusson M. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 April; 122(3): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12030575
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Nerve growth factor expression in human dystrophic muscles. Author(s): Toti P, Villanova M, Vatti R, Schuerfeld K, Stumpo M, Barbagli L, Malandrini A, Costantini M. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 March; 27(3): 370-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635125
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Neural control of rhythmic human arm movement: phase dependence and task modulation of hoffmann reflexes in forearm muscles. Author(s): Zehr EP, Collins DF, Frigon A, Hoogenboom N. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003 January; 89(1): 12-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522155
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Neuroblastoma with atypical metastases to cardiac and skeletal muscles: MRI features. Author(s): Faingold R, Babyn PS, Yoo SJ, Dipchand AI, Weitzman S. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 August; 33(8): 584-6. Epub 2003 May 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12768251
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Neuromuscular effects of rapacuronium on the diaphragm and skeletal muscles in anaesthetized patients using cervical magnetic stimulation for stimulating the phrenic nerves. Author(s): Moerer O, Baller C, Hinz J, Buscher H, Crozier TA. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2002 December; 19(12): 883-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12510907
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Neurovascular territories of the external and internal oblique muscles. Author(s): Yang D, Morris SF, Geddes CR, Tang M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 November; 112(6): 1591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578789
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New relationship between electrical characteristics of evoked contractions in skeletal muscles during necrobiosis. Author(s): Babinkov VI. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2000 October; 130(10): 934-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177285
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of muscles and nerves: comparison of their structures, functional roles, and vulnerability to pathology. Author(s): Lindstrom JM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 September; 998: 41-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14592862
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Non-invasive quantitative assessment of oxidative metabolism in quadriceps muscles by near infrared spectroscopy. Author(s): Ding H, Wang G, Lei W, Wang R, Huang L, Xia Q, Wu J. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 December; 35(6): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11726485
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Normalized force, activation, and coactivation in the arm muscles of young and old men. Author(s): Klein CS, Rice CL, Marsh GD. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2001 September; 91(3): 1341-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11509534
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Older adults are less steady during submaximal isometric contractions with the knee extensor muscles. Author(s): Tracy BL, Enoka RM. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2002 March; 92(3): 100412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842033
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On the mechanics of the ocular muscles. Part I. 1869. Author(s): Volkmann AW, Blanken RR. Source: Strabismus. 2002 March; 10(1): 45-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185646
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Organization of the central control of muscles of facial expression in man. Author(s): Root AA, Stephens JA. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 May 15; 549(Pt 1): 289-98. Epub 2003 April 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12692176
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Original histologic findings in arteries of the right ventricle papillary muscles in human hearts. Author(s): Nerantzis CE, Koutsaftis PN, Marianou SK, Karakoukis NG, Cafiris NA, Kontogeorgos G. Source: The Anatomical Record. 2002 March 1; 266(3): 146-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11870597
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Orthologous myosin isoforms and scaling of shortening velocity with body size in mouse, rat, rabbit and human muscles. Author(s): Pellegrino MA, Canepari M, Rossi R, D'Antona G, Reggiani C, Bottinelli R. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 February 1; 546(Pt 3): 677-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562996
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Oscillatory interaction between human motor cortex and trunk muscles during isometric contraction. Author(s): Murayama N, Lin YY, Salenius S, Hari R. Source: Neuroimage. 2001 November; 14(5): 1206-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11697952
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Outcomes after trans-tibial amputation: the relationship between quiet stance ability, strength of hip abductor muscles and gait. Author(s): Nadollek H, Brauer S, Isles R. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 2002; 7(4): 203-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12528576
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Overexpression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) antigens on intestinal smooth muscles in hypoganglionosis: is hypoganglionosis a disorder of the neuromuscular junction? Author(s): Kobayashi H, Li Z, Yamataka A, Lane GJ, Miyano T. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2003 May; 19(3): 190-3. Epub 2003 March 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12811479
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Overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator1alpha down-regulates GLUT4 mRNA in skeletal muscles. Author(s): Miura S, Kai Y, Ono M, Ezaki O. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 15; 278(33): 31385-90. Epub 2003 May 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12777397
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Oxygen dynamics at paraspinal muscles during exertion using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Author(s): Miyake M, Harada Y, Senda M, Oda K, Inoue H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(2): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12665955
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Participation of the deltoid (anterior portion) and pectoralis major (clavicular portion) muscles in different modalities of supine and frontal elevation exercises with different grips. Author(s): Ferreira MI, Bull ML, Vitti M. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 April-May; 43(3): 131-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12712801
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Pharmacologic denervation of frown muscles enhances baseline expression of happiness and decreases baseline expression of anger, sadness, and fear. Author(s): Heckmann M, Teichmann B, Schroder U, Sprengelmeyer R, CeballosBaumann AO. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894067
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Pharmacological techniques for the in vitro study of intestinal smooth muscles. Author(s): Daniel EE, Kwan CY, Janssen L. Source: Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 2001 March-April; 45(2): 141-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11687381
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Polyarteritis nodosa limited to calf muscles: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Nakamura T, Tomoda K, Yamamura Y, Tsukano M, Honda I, Iyama K. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 May; 22(2): 149-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740683
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Poor results after recession of both medial rectus muscles in unilateral small-angle Duane's syndrome, type I. Author(s): Greenberg MF, Pollard ZF. Source: J Aapos. 2003 April; 7(2): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736629
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Potential of phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in studies of the energy metabolism of skeletal muscles. Author(s): Ternovoi SK, Veselova TN, Sinitsin VE. Source: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 2003 September; 33(7): 723-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552542
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Precision of a needle localization technic in the lumbosacral multifidus muscles for segmental specific needle electromyographic study: a cadaveric study. Author(s): Chinsethagij K, Wongphaet P, Su-archawaratana S, Dangprasert T. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 August; 86(8): 722-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948270
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Principles of force gradation in skeletal muscles. Author(s): Kernell D. Source: Neural Plast. 2003; 10(1-2): 69-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640309
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Provision of tricuspid valve leaflets by septal papillary muscles in the right ventricle of human and other mammal hearts. Author(s): Jezyk D, Jerzemowski J, Grzybiak M. Source: Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2003; 62(3): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507075
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Pulsatile control of the human masticatory muscles. Author(s): Jaberzadeh S, Brodin P, Flavel SC, O'Dwyer NJ, Nordstrom MA, Miles TS. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 March 1; 547(Pt 2): 613-20. Epub 2003 January 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562913
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Quadriceps concentric and eccentric exercise 2: differences in muscle strength, fatigue and EMG activity in eccentrically-exercised sore and non-sore muscles. Author(s): Hamlin MJ, Quigley BM. Source: J Sci Med Sport. 2001 March; 4(1): 104-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11339487
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Quadriceps muscles vastus medialis obliques, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis compared via electromyogram bicoherence analysis. Author(s): Simeoni RJ, Mills PM. Source: Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2003 September; 26(3): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14626852
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Quantifying the magnitude of torque physiotherapists apply when stretching the hamstring muscles of people with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Harvey LA, McQuade L, Hawthorne S, Byak A. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 July; 84(7): 1072-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881837
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Quantitative assessment of myositis in thigh muscles using magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Bartlett ML, Ginn L, Beitz L, Villalba ML, Plotz P, Bacharach SL. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1999 February; 17(2): 183-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10215472
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Quantitative electromyographic analysis of levator ani and external anal sphincter muscles of nulliparous women. Author(s): Weidner AC, Sanders DB, Nandedkar SD, Bump RC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 November; 183(5): 124956. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11084574
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Quantitative EMG analysis to investigate synergistic coactivation of ankle and knee muscles during isokinetic ankle movement. Part 1: time amplitude analysis. Author(s): Hwang IS, Abraham LD. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2001 October; 11(5): 319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11595551
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Quantitative EMG analysis to investigate synergistic coactivation of ankle and knee muscles during isokinetic ankle movement. Part 2: time frequency analysis. Author(s): Hwang IS, Abraham LD. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2001 October; 11(5): 327-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11595552
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Quantitative features of the stretch response of extrinsic finger muscles in hemiparetic stroke. Author(s): Kamper DG, Rymer WZ. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2000 June; 23(6): 954-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10842274
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Quantitative study of muscle spindles in suboccipital muscles of human foetuses. Author(s): Kulkarni V, Chandy MJ, Babu KS. Source: Neurology India. 2001 December; 49(4): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799407
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Quantitative ultrasonography of skeletal muscles in children: normal values. Author(s): Scholten RR, Pillen S, Verrips A, Zwarts MJ. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 June; 27(6): 693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12766980
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Reduced jaw opening from paradoxical activity of mandibular elevator muscles treated with botulinum toxin. Author(s): Bakke M, Werdelin LM, Dalager T, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Prytz S, Moller E. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 November; 10(6): 695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641515
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Reflex and non-reflex elements of hypertonia in triceps surae muscles following acquired brain injury: implications for rehabilitation. Author(s): Singer B, Dunne J, Allison G. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2001 November 20; 23(17): 749-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762877
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Reflex inhibition of human inspiratory muscles in response to contralateral phrenic nerve stimulation. Author(s): Butler JE, McKenzie DK, Gandevia SC. Source: Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 2003 October 16; 138(1): 87-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519380
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Rehabilitation of pelvic floor muscles utilizing trunk stabilization. Author(s): Sapsford R. Source: Manual Therapy. 2004 February; 9(1): 3-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14723856
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Relative activity of abdominal muscles during commonly prescribed strengthening exercises. Author(s): Willett GM, Hyde JE, Uhrlaub MB, Wendel CL, Karst GM. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2001 November; 15(4): 480-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11726260
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Repeatability of maximal voluntary force and of surface EMG variables during voluntary isometric contraction of quadriceps muscles in healthy subjects. Author(s): Rainoldi A, Bullock-Saxton JE, Cavarretta F, Hogan N. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2001 December; 11(6): 425-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11738955
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Re-recession of the medial rectus muscles in patients with recurrent esotropia. Author(s): Felius J, Stager DR Jr, Beauchamp GR, Stager DR. Source: J Aapos. 2001 December; 5(6): 381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11753260
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Respiratory muscles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Author(s): Barbarito N, Ceriana P, Nava S. Source: Minerva Anestesiol. 2001 September; 67(9): 653-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11731756
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Respiratory muscles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Fitting JW. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2001 August 25; 131(33-34): 483-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683076
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Robin Hood for the lungs? A respiratory metaboreflex that “steals” blood flow from locomotor muscles. Author(s): Seals DR. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2001 November 15; 537(Pt 1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11711555
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Safety of a combined strength and endurance training using neuromuscular electrical stimulation of thigh muscles in patients with heart failure and bipolar sensing cardiac pacemakers. Author(s): Crevenna R, Mayr W, Keilani M, Pleiner J, Nuhr M, Quittan M, Pacher R, Fialka-Moser V, Wolzt M. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2003 October 31; 115(19-20): 710-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14650946
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Scaling of peak moment arms of elbow muscles with upper extremity bone dimensions. Author(s): Murray WM, Buchanan TS, Delp SL. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 2002 January; 35(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11747879
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Selective blocks of the motor nerve branches to the soleus and tibialis posterior muscles in the management of the spastic equinovarus foot. Author(s): Deltombe T, De Wispelaere JF, Gustin T, Jamart J, Hanson P. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 January; 85(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970968
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Selective denervation and resection of cervical muscles in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis: long-term follow-up results in 207 cases. Author(s): Chen X, Ma A, Liang J, Ji S, Pei S. Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2000; 75(2-3): 96-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11740176
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Sensible manual muscle strength testing to evaluate and monitor strength of the intrinsic muscles of the hand: a commentary. Author(s): Brandsma JW, Schreuders TA. Source: J Hand Ther. 2001 October-December; 14(4): 273-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762727
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Sex differences in the fatigability of arm muscles depends on absolute force during isometric contractions. Author(s): Hunter SK, Enoka RM. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2001 December; 91(6): 2686-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11717235
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Simultaneous determination of neuromuscular block at the larynx, diaphragm, adductor pollicis, orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii muscles. Author(s): Hemmerling TM, Schmidt J, Hanusa C, Wolf T, Schmitt H. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000 December; 85(6): 856-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11732519
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Sleep-disordered breathing, control of breathing, respiratory muscles, pulmonary function testing in AJRCCM 2003. Author(s): Tobin MJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2004 January 15; 169(2): 254-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718239
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Sleep-disordered breathing, control of breathing, respiratory muscles, pulmonary function testing, nitric oxide, and bronchoscopy in AJRCCM 2000. Author(s): Tobin MJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 October 15; 164(8 Pt 1): 1362-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704580
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Slipped and lost extraocular muscles. Author(s): Lenart TD, Lambert SR. Source: Ophthalmology Clinics of North America. 2001 September; 14(3): 433-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11705143
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The effect of foot wedging on electromyographic activity in the erector spinae and gluteus medius muscles during walking. Author(s): Bird AR, Bendrups AP, Payne CB. Source: Gait & Posture. 2003 October; 18(2): 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14654211
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The effects of various therapeutic measures on shoulder range of motion and crosssectional areas of rotator cuff muscles after baseball pitching. Author(s): Yanagisawa O, Miyanaga Y, Shiraki H, Shimojo H, Mukai N, Niitsu M, Itai Y. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2003 September; 43(3): 35666. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625518
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The fundamental thumb-tip force vectors produced by the muscles of the thumb. Author(s): Pearlman JL, Roach SS, Valero-Cuevas FJ. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2004 March; 22(2): 306-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013089
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The responses of leg and trunk muscles to sudden unloading of the hands: implications for balance and spine stability. Author(s): Brown SH, Haumann ML, Potvin JR. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2003 November; 18(9): 812-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14527807
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The role of selected extrinsic foot muscles during running. Author(s): O'Connor KM, Hamill J. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2004 January; 19(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659933
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The validity and reliability of surface EMG to assess the neuromuscular response of the abdominal muscles to rapid limb movement. Author(s): Marshall P, Murphy B. Source: Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 2003 October; 13(5): 477-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12932422
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Three silent periods in the orbiculari oculi muscles of man: normal findings and some clinical vignettes. Author(s): Leon-Sarmiento FE, Arimura K, Osame M. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 October-November; 41(7): 393-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721294
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Transient elastography in anisotropic medium: application to the measurement of slow and fast shear wave speeds in muscles. Author(s): Gennisson JL, Catheline S, Chaffai S, Fink M. Source: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2003 July; 114(1): 536-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12880065
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Treatment of osteitis pubis via the pelvic muscles. Author(s): McCarthy A, Vicenzino B. Source: Manual Therapy. 2003 November; 8(4): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14559050
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Trunk muscles in persons with hemiparetic stroke evaluated with computed tomography. Author(s): Tsuji T, Liu M, Hase K, Masakado Y, Chino N. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2003 July; 35(4): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12892245
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Ubiquitin conjugation by the N-end rule pathway and mRNAs for its components increase in muscles of diabetic rats. Author(s): Lecker SH, Solomon V, Price SR, Kwon YT, Mitch WE, Goldberg AL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1999 November; 104(10): 1411-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10562303
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Ultrasound measurement of the horizontal external eye muscles in patients with thyroid disease. Is orbital involvement associated with thyroid autoantibodies? Author(s): Zimmermann-Belsing T, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Fledelius H. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 September-October; 12(5): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12474915
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Ultrasound of muscles. Author(s): Peetrons P. Source: European Radiology. 2002 January; 12(1): 35-43. Epub 2001 October 19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868072
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Ultrastructural changes in paravertebral muscles associated with degenerative spondylolisthesis. Author(s): Ramsbacher J, Theallier-Janko A, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Brock M. Source: Spine. 2001 October 15; 26(20): 2180-4; Discussion 2185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598503
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Unilateral fibroadipose degeneration of the masticatory muscles. Author(s): Pomatto E, Castellano S, Bianchi SD. Source: Dento Maxillo Facial Radiology. 2001 November; 30(6): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11641735
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Upper airway muscles awake and asleep. Author(s): Series F. Source: Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2002 June; 6(3): 229-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12531123
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Use of a cold cathode for percutaneous stimulation of human plantarflexor muscles. Author(s): Galea V. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001 July; 85(1-2): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11513307
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Use of P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect metabolic abnormalities in muscles of patients with fibromyalgia. Author(s): Park JH, Phothimat P, Oates CT, Hernanz-Schulman M, Olsen NJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998 March; 41(3): 406-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9506567
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Using morphologic parameters of extraocular muscles for diagnosis and follow-up of Graves' ophthalmopathy: diameters, areas, or volumes? Author(s): Szucs-Farkas Z, Toth J, Balazs E, Galuska L, Burman KD, Karanyi Z, Leovey A, Nagy EV. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 October; 179(4): 1005-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239055
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Using weights in abdominal exercises: electromyography response of the Rectus Abdominis and Rectus Femoris muscles. Author(s): Moraes AC, Bankoff AD, Almeida TL, Simoes EC, Rodrigues CE, Okano AH. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 December; 43(8): 487-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14717029
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Variability in fibre properties in paralysed human quadriceps muscles and effects of training. Author(s): Gerrits HL, Hopman MT, Offringa C, Engelen BG, Sargeant AJ, Jones DA, Haan A. Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 2003 March; 445(6): 734-40. Epub 2003 January 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632195
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Variability in human quadriceps muscles: quantitative study and review of clinical literature. Author(s): Willan PL, Ransome JA, Mahon M. Source: Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2002 March; 15(2): 116-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11877790
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Vascular anatomy of the metacarpal bones and the interosseous muscles. Author(s): Uysal AC, Alagoz MS, Tuccar E, Sensoz O. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 July; 51(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12838127
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Vertical dimension. Part 2: the changes in electrical activity of the cervical muscles upon varying the vertical dimension. Author(s): Miralles R, Dodds C, Manns A, Palazzi C, Jaramillo C, Quezada V, Cavada G. Source: Cranio. 2002 January; 20(1): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11831343
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Vertical visual disparity and the human oblique muscles. Author(s): Brodsky MC. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(4): 251-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11720588
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Vestibular actions on back and lower limb muscles during postural tasks in man. Author(s): Ali AS, Rowen KA, Iles JF. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 January 15; 546(Pt 2): 615-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12527747
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Visual performance after congenital nystagmus surgery using extended hang back recession of the four horizontal rectus muscles. Author(s): Alio JL, Chipont E, Mulet E, De La Hoz F. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003 June; 13(5): 415-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841563
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Volume and shape of masticatory muscles in patients with hemifacial microsomia. Author(s): Takashima M, Kitai N, Murakami S, Furukawa S, Kreiborg S, Takada K. Source: The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. 2003 January; 40(1): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12498600
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Volume changes in human masticatory muscles between jaw closing and opening. Author(s): Goto TK, Tokumori K, Nakamura Y, Yahagi M, Yuasa K, Okamura K, Kanda S. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2002 June; 81(6): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12097437
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Volume estimation of extensor muscles of the lower leg based on MR imaging. Author(s): Lund H, Christensen L, Savnik A, Boesen J, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Bliddal H. Source: European Radiology. 2002 December; 12(12): 2982-7. Epub 2002 April 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439580
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Wasting of the small hand muscles in upper and mid-cervical cord lesions. Author(s): Mathews JA. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 1998 October; 91(10): 691-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10024928
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Water exchange induced by unilateral exercise in active and inactive skeletal muscles. Author(s): Nygren AT, Kaijser L. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2002 November; 93(5): 1716-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12381759
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Weakness of respiratory and skeletal muscles after a short course of steroids in patients with acute lung rejection. Author(s): Nava S, Fracchia C, Callegari G, Ambrosino N, Barbarito N, Felicetti G. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 August; 20(2): 497-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12212986
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Weight bearing through flexed upper limbs in quadriplegics with paralyzed triceps brachii muscles. Author(s): Harvey LA, Crosbie J. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 1999 November; 37(11): 780-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10578249
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Weight loss of respiratory muscles during mechanical ventilation. Author(s): Hering R, Viehofer A, Berg A, Kreyer S, Zinserling J, Wrigge H, Putensen C. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2003 September; 29(9): 1612. Epub 2003 July 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897988
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What might the brain know about muscles, limbs and spinal circuits? Author(s): Loeb GE. Source: Prog Brain Res. 1999; 123: 405-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10635735
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When active muscles lengthen: properties and consequences of eccentric contractions. Author(s): Lindstedt SL, LaStayo PC, Reich TE. Source: News in Physiological Sciences : an International Journal of Physiology Produced Jointly by the International Union of Physiological Sciences and the American Physiological Society. 2001 December; 16: 256-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11719600
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When the embryonic genome flexes its muscles. Author(s): Rupp RA, Singhal N, Veenstra GJ. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2002 May; 269(9): 2294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11985611
Academic Periodicals covering Muscles Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to muscles. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
Dissertations on Muscles ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to muscles. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “muscles” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A biomechanical model of the spine to predict trunk muscle forces: Optimizing the relationship between spinal stability and spinal loading by Brown, Stephen Hadley Morgan; MHK from University of Windsor (Canada), 2003, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ82859
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A COMPARATIVE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THREE ABDOMINAL MUSCLES (RECTUS ABDOMINIS, INTERNAL OBLIQUE AND EXTERNAL OBLIQUE), WHILE RUNNING AND PERFORMING SIT-UPS by SEVIER, BARBARA ANN, PHD from The University of Utah, 1969, 73 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6917644
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A comparison of the short-term and long-term recall of human muscles for college anatomy and physiology students with regard to cadaver-based versus computerbased instruction by Roulette, Sterling Ralph; EdD from University of La Verne, 1999, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9960968
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A morphological analysis of neuromuscular topography in serratus anterior muscle of rats by Potluri, Srilatha; PhD from University of Idaho, 2003, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089436
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Alterations in fast and slow-twitch muscles of genetically dystrophic mice with special reference to parvalbumin by Johnson, Marjorie Isabelle; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41834
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An analysis of trunk kinematics in the sagittal plane and of the roles of erector spinae and rectus abdominis muscles in five types of locomotion by Cooper, Juliette E; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37439
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An electrogoniometric analysis of knee joint movement and electromyographic study of the peak activity of the thigh muscles during the stair cycle in normals and syme amputees by Tata, Jal A; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK47247
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC - ELECTROGONOMETRIC COMPARISON: FREE WEIGHTS, UNIVERSAL APPARATUS, NAUTILUS APPARATUS, USING SELECTED MUSCLES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES. by PEDERSON, NICHOLAS LAWRENCE, EDD from Brigham Young University, 1979, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8000104
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTED MUSCLES PERFORMING THE SOCCER INSTEP KICK FOLLOWING LEVELS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS by TAUBE, FREDERICK WILLIAM, PHD from The University of Utah, 1972, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7221644
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE SARTORIUS, GRACILIS AND SEMITENDINOSUS MUSCLES DURING ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS AT SELECTED ANGLES OF THE KNEE JOINT FOLLOWING PES ANSERINUS TRANSPLANTATION. by CUERRIER, JEAN-PIERRE, PHD from University of Oregon, 1975, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7605153
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE TRICEPS BRACHII AND ANCONEUS MUSCLES DURING ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION AT VARIED POSITIONS by CURRIER, DEAN PAGE, PHD from University of Maryland College Park, 1971, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7212835
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF SELECTED MUSCLES IN THE RIGHT ARM DURING TROMBONE PERFORMANCE by LAMMERS, MARK EDWARD, PHD from University of Minnesota, 1983, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8404186
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS OF SELECTED MUSCLES CONTRACTING ISOMETRICALLY AT
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VARIOUS JOINT ANGLES by WILLIAMSON, CHARLES BENNETT, EDD from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1972, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7218369 •
AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS OF SELECTED MUSCLES CONTRACTING ISOMETRICALLY AT VARIOUS JOINT ANGLES by WILLIAMSON, CHARLES BENNETT, EDD from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1972, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7218369
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY OF FOUR BI-ARTICULAR MUSCLES OF THE THIGH IN COLLEGE MALES DURING A STATIC CONTRACTION TASK by CHRISTENSEN, CARL SOREN, JR., PHD from University of Maryland College Park, 1967, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6806522
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SELECTED LATERAL MUSCLES DURING EXERCISE by HINZ, IDA A., PHD from The University of Iowa, 1967, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6716806
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SPECIFIC MUSCLES INVOLVED IN THE LACROSSE CRADLE by RICE, MARY AGNES, EDD from Temple University, 1969, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7016680
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE RESPONSES OF SELECTED MUSCLES TO VARIOUS RHYTHMIC PATTERNS by STAHR, DIXIE LEE, PHD from The University of Iowa, 1967, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6800983
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AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC MUSCLES WHILE USED IN PERFORMING SELECTED ISOTONIC WEIGHT TRAINING ACTIVITIES by SANTOMIER, JAMES PHILIP, JR., PHD from The University of Utah, 1971, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7202130
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An exploratory study of the functioning of selected masticatory muscles during clarinet playing as observed through electromyography by Campbell, Bonnie Heather; DM from Indiana University, 1999, 320 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9982776
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AN INVESTIGATION OF EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLE RESPONSES TO AUDITORY STIMULATION (ELECTROMYOGRAPHIY, MUSCLE RESPONSES, EARTRAINING) by WALLACE, JERRY DON, PHD from University of North Texas, 1985, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8527396
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AN INVESTIGATION OF PEAK TORQUE VALUES OF THE KNEE FLEXOR AND EXTENSOR MUSCLES OF FEMALES by DIBREZZO, ROSALIE, PHD from Texas Woman's University, 1983, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8401195
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AN INVESTIGATION OF SELECTED MUSCLE POTENTIAL ACTIVITY IN VIOLIN/VIOLA VIBRATO by WEBER, MATTHEW JOSEPH, PHD from University of North Texas, 1995, 388 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9543248
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An investigation of the stretch reflex in wrist flexor and extensor muscles of awake human subjects by O'Riain, Micheal D; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK35096
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Axon content and central afferent projections of nerves supplying suboccipital muscles in the cat by Bakker, Debra Ann; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK61574
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CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS: EFFECT ON SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION AND WORKING CAPACITY IN NORMAL MALES by LEHNHARD, ROBERT ALLEN, PHD from The Ohio State University, 1984, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8426433
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Caracterisation des proteines cytosoliques de haute affinite liant les androgenes et l'estradiol-17beta dans les muscles stries du rat (French text) by Dionne, France Thérèse; PhD from Universite Laval (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK41856
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CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS IN HUMAN MUSCLE FOLLOWING TWO OPPOSING MODES OF TRAINING IN THE SAME INDIVIDUAL by JACKSON, CATHERINE G. RATZIN, PHD from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1982, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8309851
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle adaptation by Mitchell, Patrick Oliver James; PhD from Emory University, 2003, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080344
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CHANGES IN LEG STRENGTH AND MUSCLE FIBER HYPERTROPHY FOLLOWING ISOKINETIC STRENGTH TRAINING by CARR, LARRY STEVEN, PHD from Brigham Young University, 1980, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8027371
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Changes in the constituents of four bovine muscles during growth by Peschiera, Jaime Alfonso; ADVDEG from University of Alberta (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05129
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CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE STRENGTH AND WORK CAPACITY OF THE MUSCLES THAT FLEX THE FOREARM FOLLOWING A PERIOD OF ISOKINETIC EXERCISE by EVANS, ANTHONY JOHN, PHD from University of Oregon, 1973, 75 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7320202
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Computational modeling of skeletal muscle glycogenolysis dynamics by Lambeth, Melissa Jo; PhD from University of Washington, 2003, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091024
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF ARM AND TRUNK MUSCLES TO POSTURE CONTROL (REFLEX, AUTOMATIC RESPONSES, SYNERGIES) by MCNAUGHTON, LARS ROBERT, PHD from University of Oregon, 1985, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8514804
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Control and organization of cat intercostal muscles during respiration by Greer, John James; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45657
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Crystallographic studies of two regulatory muscle proteins: Structures of cardiac troponin C and the C-terminal region of striated muscle tropomyosin by Li, Yu; PhD from Brandeis University, 2003, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073878
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Effect of load placement on select trunk, shoulder, and leg muscle activity using two backpack designs by Howells, Justin John; MS from Utah State University, 2003, 37 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413326
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Effects of aging and exercise training on endothelium-dependent vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles by Spier, Scott Alan; PhD from Texas A&m University, 2003, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3102508
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Effects of ankle bracing on ground reaction forces and myoelectrical activity of selected lower extremity muscles during inversion stress by Cordova, Mitchell L., PhD from The University of Toledo, 1997, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9804282
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EFFECTS OF CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC ISOKINETIC HEAVYRESISTANCE TRAINING ON QUADRICEPS MUSCLE STRENGTH, CROSSSECTIONAL AREA AND NEURAL ACTIVATION IN WOMEN (MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING) by HIGBIE, ELIZABETH JOHNSON, PHD from University of Georgia, 1994, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9504388
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Effects of myosin heavy chain isoform composition on muscle fiber ATPase activity, postmortem metabolism, and meat quality in porcine muscle by Bowker, Brian Christopher; PhD from Purdue University, 2003, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3108323
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EFFECTS OF STATICALLY PERFORMED TOE TOUCH STRETCHES ON TORQUE PRODUCTION OF THE HAMSTRING AND QUADRICEPS MUSCLE GROUPS by THIGPEN, LYDIA KAY, PHD from Texas A&m University, 1988, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8815930
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ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF PAIRED MUSCLES AS A DIAGNOSTIC TEST OF HANDEDNESS by COLE, RICHARD MELVIN, PHD from Northwestern University, 1965, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6602692
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Electromyographic analysis of the lumbar erector spinae muscles: Influence of position, a history of low back pain, gender and muscle location on fatigue and recovery by Fall, Michael Paul; PhD from The University of Connecticut, 2001, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3030666
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ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC POTENTIALS OF SELECTED FACIAL MUSCLES AND LABIAL MOUTHPIECE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN THE EMBOUCHURE OF TRUMPET PLAYERS by WHITE, ELMER RUSSELL, EDD from Columbia University, 1972, 158 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7302634
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ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC RESPONSE OF PERONEAL MUSCLES IN SURGICAL AND NONSURGICAL INJURED ANKLES DURING SUDDEN INVERSION (ANKLE SPRAIN) by JOHNSON, MARY BLACK, PHD from The University of Utah, 1990, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9111548
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ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ACTIONS OF SELECTED MUSCLES USED IN THE FENCING LUNGE by DREES, DORIS ANN, PHD from The University of Iowa, 1968, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6908726
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Electrophysiological studies of quadriceps muscle activation in healthy subjects and subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction by Alrowayeh, Hesham Nasser; PhD from Texas Woman's University, 2003, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3103320
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Electrophysiological studies of quadriceps muscle activation in healthy subjects and subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction by Alrowayeh, Hesham Nasser; PhD from Texas Woman's University, 2003, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3103320
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Etudes sur l'ADN mitochondrial au cours du developpement des sarcosomes dans les muscles thoraciques de Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptere) by Tanguay, Robert; DSc from Universite Laval (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14225
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Expiratory muscle strength training and detraining: Effects on speech and cough prediction by Baker, Susan Elizabeth; PhD from University of Florida, 2003, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3105584
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Fetus to adult: The development and evolutionary significance of pedal muscle variation by Fisher, Rebecca Elizabeth; PhD from Yale University, 2002, 679 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068278
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Function of muscles about the hip during normal level walking: an electromyographic and biomechanical study by Greenlaw, Robert King; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15010
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Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of muscles from dystrophic--normal mouse chimeras by Peterson, Alan Clarke; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15144
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High force contractions as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy by Wenke, Joseph Carl; PhD from Texas A&m University, 2003, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088194
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Investigation of fibre atrophy, substrate availability and anaerobic capacity in fast and slow twitch muscles from malnourished rats by Nishio, Mary Lou; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54555
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ISOMETRIC MUSCLE FORCE PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AS A FUNCTION OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE IN NORMAL, HEALTHY MEN, AGE 20 TO 80 YEARS (TWENTY-YEAR-OLDS, EIGHTY-YEAR-OLDS) by BEMBEN, MICHAEL GEORGE, PHD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1989, 480 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9010803
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Leg spring model related to muscle activation, force, and kinematic patterns during endurance running to voluntary exhaustion by Dutto, Darren John; PhD from Oregon State University, 1999, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9954855
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LOAD SHARING IN THE FOREARM MUSCLES PRIOR TO IMPACT IN TENNIS BACKHAND STROKES. by MCLAUGHLIN, THOMAS MICHAEL, PHD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1978, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7821012
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Magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscle geometry and motion after surgery by Asakawa, Deanna Schmidt; PhD from Stanford University, 2003, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085253
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Making muscles: Representations of women's muscles in the 1970s by Holland, Mary Cecily; PhD from The University of Iowa, 2002, 220 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050809
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MASTICATORY MUSCLE ARCHITECTURE AND BONE MORPHOLOGY IN PRIMATES (MACACA) by ANTON, SUSAN CAROL, PHD from University of California, Berkeley, 1994, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9529205
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Mechanical properties of the extraocular muscles of the cat by Vilis, Tutis; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK18405
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Molecular genetic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster paramyosin in muscle development, structure, and function by Liu, Hongjun; PhD from University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2003, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091354
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Muscle tenderness in women: Pressure pain thresholds in the trapezius and deltoid muscles at rest, after muscle exertion and after noxious stimulation by Persson, Ann Larsdotter; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f400657
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Muscle tenderness in women: Pressure pain thresholds in the trapezius and deltoid muscles at rest, after muscle exertion and after noxious stimulation by Persson, Ann Larsdotter; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f400657
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Muscle tenderness in women: Pressure pain thresholds in the trapezius and deltoid muscles at rest, after muscle exertion and after noxious stimulation by Persson, Ann Larsdotter; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f400657
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MYOFIBRILLAR ATPASE ACTIVITY IN RAT HEART AND SKELETAL MUSCLE FOLLOWING EXERCISE by SCHAFFER, WILLIAM FREDERICK, PHD from Washington State University, 1984, 61 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8413902
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Myosin heavy chain in mice and men: Gene regulation, protein expression, and muscle plasticity by Harrison, Brooke Chance; PhD from University of Colorado at Boulder, 2003, 325 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087547
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Nonlinear analysis of muscle fatigue in low back pain patients before and after exercise therapy by Liu, Yiwei; MS from Loyola University of Chicago, 2003, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413570
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Nonlinear analysis of muscle fatigue in low back pain patients before and after exercise therapy by Liu, Yiwei; MS from Loyola University of Chicago, 2003, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413570
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Partial or complete loss of GLUT4: Close-up on skeletal muscle glucose transport by Gorovits, Naira; PhD from Yeshiva University, 2003, 193 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075582
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Prediction of dynamic muscle forces across the elbow using three-dimensional vector modelling by Weiss-Bundy, Karyn Melita Anne; MSc from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 2003, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ80082
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Pressure-lung volume relationship and electromyography of inspiratory muscles in man during partial curarization by Buick, Fred; PhD from Mcmaster University (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66170
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Prosthetic voice controlled by muscle electromyographic signals by Goldstein, Ehab Alfred; PhD from Harvard University, 2003, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3106637
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Protein isoform-function relationships of single skeletal muscle fibers from weightbearing and hindlimb suspended mice by Stelzer, Julian Emanuel; PhD from Oregon State University, 2003, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061920
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Quantitative modeling of muscle contraction by Gelfand, Volodymyr; PhD from Princeton University, 2003, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078625
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Quelques aspects du metabolisme des proteines au cours de la croissance des muscles thoraciques de Schistocerca gregaria Forsk by Richard, Clément; DSc from Universite Laval (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK19031
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Recruitment of normally innervated and reinnervated muscles and motor units by Thomas, Christine Kaye; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30194
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RELATION BETWEEN MYOELECTRIC ACTIVITY, MUSCLE LENGTH, AND TORQUE OF THE HAMSTRING MUSCLES by MOHAMED, OLFAT S., PHD from University of Southern California, 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3163188
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KINEMATIC FACTORS AND MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING WHEELCHAIR PROPULSION by WANG, YONG TAI, PHD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1991, 238 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9211027
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Spatial heterogeneity of aerobic and glycolytic enzyme activities and myoglobin concentration in the swimming muscles of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) by Polasek, Lori Kay; PhD from Texas A&m University, 2003, 60 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088178
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Studies of protein synthesis in muscles of dystrophic mice by Petryshyn, Raymond; PhD from York University (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33651
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THE ACTIVITY OF CERTAIN FACIAL MUSCLES IN THE B-FLAT SOPRANO CLARINET EMBOUCHURE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY UTILIZING ELECTROMYOGRAPHY. by NEWTON, WILLIAM JACKSON, EDD from University of North Texas, 1972, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7302921
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The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, mechanomyography, and electromyography during maximal, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions by Cramer, Joel Timothy; PhD from The University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2003, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092535
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The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, mechanomyography, and electromyography during maximal, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions by Cramer, Joel Timothy; PhD from The University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2003, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092535
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THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ZEN FOCUSING AND MUSCLE RELAXATION TRAINING ON SELECTED EXPERIENTIAL VARIABLES by KRUEGER, ROBERT CARL, PHD from The University of Iowa, 1980, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8022043
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The development of outcomes diagnostic measurement and potential therapies for patients with a neuromuscular disorder and/or skeletal muscle weakness by Hong, Jinback; PhD from University of Minnesota, 2003, 195 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083270
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THE EFFECT OF AGING, EXERCISE AND CALORIE RESTRICTION ON SKELETAL MUSCLE HISTOCHEMISTRY IN FISCHER 344 RATS by LOWENTHAL, DAVID T., PHD from Temple University, 1986, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8627481
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THE EFFECT OF INFUSING EPINEPHRINE ON LIVER AND MUSCLE GLYCOGENOLYSIS DURING EXERCISE IN RATS (ADRENO DEMEDULLATION, CATECHOLAMINES, GLUCAGON, INSULIN, GLUCOSE) by ARNALL, DAVID ALAN, PHD from Brigham Young University, 1985, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8601877
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The effect of physical activity on coronary cast weight and on creatine phosphokinase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase levels in plasma, heart and skeletal muscles of rats by Wagner, Jeames Arthur; ADVDEG from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06352
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THE EFFECT OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT POSITION ON ISOMETRIC MUSCLE STRENGTH AND POWER IN ADULT FEMALES by FUCHS, CHAIM ZVI, EDD from Boston University School of Education, 1981, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8112244
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THE EFFECT OF TWO TYPES OF ISOTONIC RESISTANCE TRAINING ON STRENGTH, MOVEMENT TIME, AND REACTION TIME IN THE KNEE EXTENSOR MUSCLES (WEIGHT TRAINING, SPEED) by JACOBSON, BERT HANS, EDD from Oklahoma State University, 1983, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8414157
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THE EFFECT OF WATER IMMERSION AT VARYING TEMPERATURES UPON MUSCULAR FATIGUE AND RECOVERY OF THE FOREARM FLEXOR MUSCLES
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by BUNDSCHUH, ERNEST LOUIS, PHD from University of Maryland College Park, 1969, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7013709 •
THE EFFECTS OF ECCENTRIC AND CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION, TESTING TIME, AND STATIC STRETCHING ON THE COURSE OF DELAYED MUSCLE SORENESS by BERRY, CAROLYNN BLOUNT, PHD from Texas A&m University, 1985, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8528303
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THE EFFECTS OF LIFTING HEAVY WEIGHTS IN THE ADDUCTOR LONGUS MUSCLE OF RATS by WILSON, ROBERTA A., PHD from University of Southern California, 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f49765
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THE EFFECTS OF PRACTICE UPON THE ACTIVITY OF ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES DURING THE PERFORMANCE OF A MOTOR TASK by O'QUINN, GARLAND DELOID, PHD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1971, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7219358
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THE EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC PERSONALITY TRAITS ON THE SELF-REGULATION OF FRONTALIS MUSCLES USING PSYCHOPYSIOLOGICAL FEEDBACK TRAINING by TATUM, CHARLES HENRY, PHD from St. Mary's University (San Antonio), 1994, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9522207
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The heterogeneous distribution of monovalent cations in frog sartorius muscles evidence for internal ionic redistribution in response to K-free ringer treatment and to ouabain treatment by Fong, C. N; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65635
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The influence of epidermis on the developing flight muscles in Galleria mellonella by Sahota, T. S; ADVDEG from University of Toronto (Canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01040
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The maximal short term power output of human leg muscles during isokinetic cycling exercise by McCartney, Neil; PhD from Mcmaster University (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65494
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The mechanics of two-joint muscles during gait by Yack, H. John; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43180
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THE ORGANIZATION OF EPAXIAL MUSCLES AND THEIR MOTORPOOLS IN THE MACAQUE (NEUROANATOMY) by KRAMER, MARY DEBORAH, PHD from Harvard University, 1991, 244 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9123059
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The prediction of force in individual muscles crossing the human elbow joint by Dowling, James J; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL38814
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MUSCLE AND BALANCE PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF AGE AND ACTIVITY LEVEL (MUSCLE PERFORMANCE) by LEBSACK, DENISE ANN, PHD from University of Virginia, 1994, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9425689
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SKELETAL MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW AND BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATIONS DURING EXERCISE IN RATS by
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MITTELSTADT, SCOTT WILLIAM, PHD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1990, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9119280 •
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SKELETAL MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW AND BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATIONS DURING EXERCISE IN RATS by MITTELSTADT, SCOTT WILLIAM, PHD from University of Missouri - Columbia, 1990, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9119280
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The respiratory muscles : ventilation distribution and fatigue by Roussos, C. S; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK39786
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THE RESPONSE OF REGIONALLY ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA TO ENDURANCE OR INTERVAL EXERCISE TRAINING IN RAT SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS by MARTIN, THOMAS PATRICK, PHD from The University of Texas at Austin, 1982, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8227689
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The role of age-associated changes in skeletal muscle on blood pressure maintenance in the upright position by Masterson, Michelle Marie; PhD from The University of Toledo, 2003, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085578
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The role of age-associated changes in skeletal muscle on blood pressure maintenance in the upright position by Masterson, Michelle Marie; PhD from The University of Toledo, 2003, 89 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085578
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The role of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in the structure, function, and susceptibility to contraction-induced injury of limb muscles in dystrophic mice by Consolino, Christina Marie; PhD from University of Michigan, 2003, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079429
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The role of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in the structure, function, and susceptibility to contraction-induced injury of limb muscles in dystrophic mice by Consolino, Christina Marie; PhD from University of Michigan, 2003, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079429
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Three-dimensional reconstruction of insect flight muscle thin filaments by Cammarato, Anthony Ross; PhD from Boston University, 2004, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090399
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TROPOMYOSIN TRANSFORMATION ACCOMPANYING MUSCLE FIBRE ADAPTATIONS WITH COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY by THAYER, ROBERT EDWARD, PHD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2314180
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VARIATIONS IN SELECTED MUSCLES OF THE ARM WHICH WOULD AFFECT ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE by BELL, JERRY LEBRON, EDD from The University of Tennessee, 1972, 55 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7302424
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Vibration-induced muscle injury in the hand: Experimental and clinical studies by Necking, Lars E.; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f370993
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Vibration-induced muscle injury in the hand: Experimental and clinical studies by Necking, Lars E.; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f370993
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MUSCLES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and muscles.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Muscles The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on muscles: •
Body building for the nineties. Source: Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (June 1992). volume 19(5) page 1, 5-7.
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Chromium. Source: Schardt, D. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (May 1996). volume 23(4) page 10-11.
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Controversial chromium: does the superstar mineral of the mountebanks receive appropriate attention from clinicians and nutritionists? Author(s): USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND. Source: Nielsen, F.H. Nutrition-today (USA). (December 1996). volume 31(6) page 226233.
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Facts and fallacies about boron. Author(s): USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND Source: Nielsen, F.H. Nutrition-today (USA). (June 1992). volume 27(3) page 6-12.
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Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle membrane phospholipids, insulin resistance and obesity. Author(s): The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, DC. Source: Simopoulos, A.P. Nutrition-today (USA). (February 1994). volume 29(1) page 1216.
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The fetal origins of adult disease. Author(s): University of Southampton, Southampton, England. Source: Barker, D.J.P. Nutrition-today (USA). (June 1996). volume 31(3) page 108-114.
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The impact of biotechnology on animal agriculture and the consumer. Author(s): Pennsylvania State University. Source: Etherton, T.D. Nutrition-today (USA). (August 1994). volume 29(4) page 12-18.
Additional consumer oriented references include: •
Ascorbic acid increases the density of the acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells. Source: Anonymous Nutr-Revolume 1989 December; 47(12): 378-9 0029-6643
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Ask the doctor. Taking a cholesterol-lowering statin has brought down my bad cholesterol (LDL) to only 37 mg/dL. My liver and muscles are fine. The very low LDL worries my doctor. Should I change my regimen? Source: Lee, T H Harv-Heart-Lett. 2002 October; 13(2): 8 1051-5313
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Creatine and andro: muscle-builders or health-breakers? Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2000 January; 4(6): 6-8 1089-1102
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Metabolic pathways of glucose in skeletal muscle of lean NIDDM patients. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Source: Kelley, D E Mokan, M Mandarino, L J Diabetes-Care. 1993 August; 16(8): 115866 0149-5992
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Muscle provides glutamine to the immune system. Source: Nutr-Rev. New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag New York Inc. October 1990. volume 48 (10) page 390-392. 0029-6643
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Nutrient regulation of skeletal muscle protein metabolism in animals. The involvement of hormones and substrates. Author(s): Laboratoire d' Etude du Metabolisme Azote, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand, Theix, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d' Auvergne (France) Source: Grizard, J. Dardevet, D. Papet, I. Mosoni, L. Mirand, P.P. Attaix, D. Tauveron, I. Bonin, D. Arnal, M. Nutrition-Research-Reviews (United Kingdom). (1995). volume 8 page 67-91. hormones culture media protein metabolism muscles animal models
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Skeletal muscle morphology and exercise response in congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, The Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9052, USA.
[email protected] Source: Garg, A Stray Gundersen, J Parsons, D Bertocci, L A Diabetes-Care. 2000 October; 23(10): 1545-50 0149-5992
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The role of cytokines in regulating protein metabolism and muscle function. Author(s): Cattedra di Geriatria, Universita' di Verona, Italy. Source: Zoico, Elena Roubenoff, Ronenn Nutr-Revolume 2002 February; 60(2): 39-51 0029-6643
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Weak potions for building strong muscles. Source: Tufts-Univ-Diet-Nutr-Lett. New York, N.Y. : The Letter. October 1992. volume 10 (8) page 7. 0747-4105
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “muscles” (or a synonym): •
Body gains and fatty acid composition in carcasses of broilers fed diets enriched with full-fat rapeseed and/or flaxseed. Source: Krasicka, B. Kulasek, G.W. Swierczewska, E. Orzechowski, A. Archiv-fuerGefluegelkunde (Germany). (2000). volume 64(2) page 61-69.
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Dietary enrichment of PUFA for laying hens feeding. Effect on meat quality [PolyUnsaturated Fatty Acids]. Author(s): Padua Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Dalle Zotte, A. Grigoletto, L. Tenti, S. Ragno, E. Andrighetto, I. Proceedings-ofthe-ASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 436-438.
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Dietary modifications of animal fats: status and future perspectives. Source: Jakobsen, K. Fett-Lipid (Germany). (1999). volume 101(12) page 475-483.
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Effect of dietary vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation on meat quality of hybrids heavy pigs. Author(s): Bologna Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare Source: Fiego, D.P. lo Santoro, P. Macchioni, P. Mazzoni, D. Tassone, F. Proceedings-ofthe-ASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 350-352.
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Effect of vitamin E on changes in phosphorus compounds assessed by (31)P NMR spectroscopy and ATPase from postmortem muscle samples and meat quality of pigs. Source: Lahucky, R. Krska, P. Knchenmeister, U. Nnrnberg, K. Liptaj, T. Nnrnberg, G. Bahelka, I. Demo, P. Kuhn, G. Ender, K. Archiv-fuer-Tierzucht (Germany). (2000). volume 43(5) page 487-497.
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acids on protein to fat proportions, fatty acids, and plasma lipids in broilers. Source: Simon, O. MSnner, K. SchSfer, K. Sagredos, A. Eder, K. European-Journal-ofLipid-Science-and-Technology (Germany). (2000). volume 102(6) page 402-410.
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Effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on alpha-tocopherol content and antioxidative status of beef muscle. Author(s): Vyskumny Ustav Zivocisnej Vyroby, Nitra (Slovak Republic) Source: Lahucky, R. Novotna, K. Zaujec, K. Mojto, J. Pavlic, M. Blanco Roa, N.E. CzechJournal-of-Animal-Science-UZPI (Czech Republic). (September 2002). volume 47(9) page 381-386.
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Effects of different dietary fat levels in cage-fed Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Source: Fjermestad, A. Hemre, G.I. Holm, J.C. Totland, G.K. Froyland, L. EuropeanJournal-of-Lipid-Science-and-Technology (Germany). (2000). volume 102(4) page 282286.
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Fatty acid composition of two different muscles in rabbits: alterations in response to saturated or unsaturated dietary fatty acid complementation. Author(s): (University of Kaposvar (Hongrie). Faculty of Animal Science) Source: Szabo, A. Romvari, R. Hedvig, F. Nagy, L. Szendro, Z. World-Rabbit-Science (France). (2001). volume 9(4) page 155-158. 166/Pbis.
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High intake of L+ and D- lactic acid are efficiently metabolized by pigs and rats. Source: Everts, H. Salden, N. Lemmens, A.G. Wijers, J. Beynen, A.C. Journal-of-AnimalPhysiology-and-Animal-Nutrition (Germany). (2000). volume 83(4-5) page 224-230.
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Study on pathomorphology of vitamin E and selenium deficiency in growing piglets. Author(s): Regional Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Plovdiv (Bulgaria) Source: Belchev, L. Angelov, A. Hristev, H. Bulgarian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. (2002). volume 8(2-3) page 323-329.
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The influence of magnesium on the contents of vitamin C in tissues of chicken. Author(s): Agricultural Univ., Lublin (Poland). Dept. of Animal Physiology Source: Lechowski, J. Cermak, B. Collection-of-Scientific-Papers,-Faculty-of-Agriculturein-Ceske-Budejovice.-Series-for-Animal-Sciences (Czech Republic). (December 2000). volume 17(2) page 147-151. (UZLK C 35.
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The influence of MgSO4, race and mating pattern on the concentration of some lipids in rabbit organs (short communication). Source: Klusek, J. Kolataj, A. Swiderska Kolacz, G. Archiv-fuer-Tierzucht (Germany). (2000). volume 43(1) page 63-68.
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The leucine metabolite 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (HMB) modifies protein turnover in muscles of laboratory rats and domestic chickens in vitro. Source: Ostaszewski, P. Kostiuk, S. Balasinska, B. Jank, M. Papet, I. Glomot, F. Journalof-Animal-Physiology-and-Animal-Nutrition (Germany). (2000). volume 84(1-2) page 18.
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Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A comparative analysis of the effects of exercise training on contractile responses in fast- and slow-twitch rat skeletal muscles. Source:
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Age-related changes in fatty acid composition in muscles. Author(s): Metabolic Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
[email protected] Source: Chvojkova, S Kazdova, L Divisova, J Tohoku-J-Exp-Med. 2001 October; 195(2): 115-23 0040-8727
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Anticoagulant-related iliopsoas muscle bleeding leading to fatal exsanguination: report of two autopsy cases. Author(s): Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Hamburg, Germany. Source: Turk, E E Verhoff, M A Tsokos, M Am-J-Forensic-Med-Pathol. 2002 December; 23(4): 342-4 0195-7910
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Carbohydrate-loading during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: effects on muscle glycogen and exercise performance. Source: Paul, D.R. Mulroy, S.M. Horner, J.A. Jacobs, J.A. Lamb, D.R. Int-j-sports-medexerc-nutr. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics, c2000-. December 2001. volume 11 (4) page 430-441. 1526-484X
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Chronic corticosteroid administration causes mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Author(s): First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Mitsui, T Azuma, H Nagasawa, M Iuchi, T Akaike, M Odomi, M Matsumoto, T J-Neurol. 2002 August; 249(8): 1004-9 0340-5354
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Control of muscle protein breakdown: effects of activity and nutritional states. Source: Wolfe, R.R. Int-j-sports-med-exerc-nutr. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics, c2000. December 2001. volume 11 (suppl.) page S164-S169. 1526-484X
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Decreased mitochondrial carnitine translocase in skeletal muscles impairs utilization of fatty acids in insulin-resistant patients. Author(s): Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Enzymology, CNR, Naples, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Peluso, Gianfranco Petillo, Orsolina Margarucci, Sabrina Mingrone, Gertrude Greco, Aldo Virgilio Indiveri, Cesare Palmieri, Ferdinando Melone, Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Reda, Emilia Calvani, Menotti Front-Biosci. 2002 May 1; 7: a109-16 1093-4715
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Effect of acute exercise on the content of free sphinganine and sphingosine in different skeletal muscle types of the rat. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. Source: Dobrzyn, A Gorski, J Horm-Metab-Res. 2002 September; 34(9): 523-9 0018-5043
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Effect of endurance training and/or fish oil supplemented diet on cytoplasmic fatty acid binding protein in rat skeletal muscles and heart. Author(s): Laboratoire de la Performance Motrice, Universite B. Pascal, 24 Avenue des landais 63177 Aubiere cedex France. Source: Clavel, S Farout, L Briand, M Briand, Y Jouanel, P Eur-J-Appl-Physiol. 2002 July; 87(3): 193-201 1439-6319
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Effects of a labdane diterpene isolated from Brickellia paniculata on intracellular Ca2+ deposit of guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle. Author(s): U.I.M Farmacologia de Productos Naturales. Hospital de Pediatria, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS. Col. Doctores, Mexico DF.
[email protected] Source: Meckes, M Roman Ramos, R Perez, S Calzada, F Ponce Monter, H Planta-Med. 2002 July; 68(7): 601-4 0032-0943
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Effects of aging and caloric restriction on the gene expression of Foxo1, 3, and 4 (FKHR, FKHRL1, and AFX) in the rat skeletal muscles. Author(s): Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute for Longevity Sciences (NILS), Aichi, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Furuyama, T Yamashita, H Kitayama, K Higami, Y Shimokawa, I Mori, N Microsc-Res-Tech. 2002 November 15; 59(4): 331-4 1059-910X
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Effects of experimental muscle pain on electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in the rat. Author(s): Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Dentistry, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
[email protected] Source: Ro, Jin Y Svensson, Peter Capra, Norman Muscle-Nerve. 2002 Apr; 25(4): 576-84 0148-639X
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Effects of high-protein diet on carbohydrate metabolism in rat skeletal muscles. Source: Flisinska Bojanowska, A. Luczak Szczurek, A. Trzcinska, M. Comp-biochemphysiol,-A-Comp-physiol. Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd. Jan 1994. volume 107A (1) page 237-243. 0300-9629
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Exercise and insulin increase muscle fatty acid uptake by recruiting putative fatty acid transporters to the sarcolemma. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Glatz, J F Bonen, A Luiken, J J Curr-Opin-Clin-Nutr-Metab-Care. 2002 July; 5(4): 365-70 1363-1950
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Extraocular muscle surgery in dysthyroid orbitomyopathy: influence of previous conditions on surgical results. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Oguz, V Yolar, M Pazarli, H J-Pediatr-Ophthalmol-Strabismus. 2002 Mar-April; 39(2): 77-80 0191-3913
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Free amino acids in claw muscle and haemolymph from Australian freshwater crayfish at different stages of the moult cycle. Author(s): School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Dooley, P C Crouch, P J West, J M Comp-Biochem-Physiol-A-Mol-IntegrPhysiol. 2002 March; 131(3): 625-37 1095-6433
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Functional effects of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) treatment on the longitudinal muscle of rat distal colon. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Institute of Surgical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden. Source: Borjesson, L Aldenborg, F Delbro, D S J-Auton-Pharmacol. 2001 June; 21(3): 1219 0144-1795
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Generation of superoxide anion and SOD activity in haemocytes and muscle of American white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) as a response to beta-glucan and sulphated polysaccharide. Author(s): Marine Pathology Unit, Center for Biological Research, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Source: Campa Cordova, A I Hernandez Saavedra, N Y De Philippis, R Ascencio, F FishShellfish-Immunol. 2002 April; 12(4): 353-66 1050-4648
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Histaminergic regulation of smooth muscles in rabbit pulmonary arteries. Author(s): Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk.
[email protected] Source: Kapilevich, L V Anfinogenova, Y D Nosarev, A V Baskakov, M B Kovalev, I V D'yakova, E Y Medvedev, M A Bull-Exp-Biol-Med. 2001 August; 132(2): 731-3 0007-4888
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Hyperbaric oxygen modulates antioxidant enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscles. Author(s): Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Source: Gregorevic, P Lynch, G S Williams, D A Eur-J-Appl-Physiol. 2001 November; 86(1): 24-7 1439-6319
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Influence of masticatory muscle function on transverse skull dimensions in the growing rat. Author(s): Department of Orthodontics, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Katsaros, Christos Berg, Rolf Kiliaridis, Stavros J-Orofac-Orthopage 2002 January; 63(1): 5-13 1434-5293
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Jaw muscles and the skull in mammals: the biomechanics of mastication. Author(s): Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Box 357446, Seattle, WA 98195-7446, USA.
[email protected] Source: Herring, S W Rafferty, K L Liu, Z J Marshall, C D Comp-Biochem-Physiol-AMol-Integr-Physiol. 2001 December; 131(1): 207-19 1095-6433
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Leptin directly stimulates thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. Author(s): Institute of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Dulloo, Abdul G Stock, Michael J Solinas, Giovanni Boss, Olivier Montani, Jean Pierre Seydoux, Josiane FEBS-Lett. 2002 March 27; 515(1-3): 109-13 0014-5793
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Lipoic acid increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscles of obese-diabetic ob/ob mice. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, UK. Source: Eason, R C Archer, H E Akhtar, S Bailey, C J Diabetes-Obes-Metab. 2002 January; 4(1): 29-35 1462-8902
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Paraherquamide and 2-deoxy-paraherquamide distinguish cholinergic receptor subtypes in Ascaris muscle. Author(s): Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
[email protected] Source: Robertson, A P Clark, C L Burns, T A Thompson, D P Geary, T G Trailovic, S M Martin, R J J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2002 September; 302(3): 853-60 0022-3565
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Phosphorylation of kinase-related protein (telokin) in tonic and phasic smooth muscles. Author(s): Laboratory of Cell Motility, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia. Source: Krymsky, M A Kudryashov, D S Shirinsky, V P Lukas, T J Watterson, D M Vorotnikov, A V J-Muscle-Res-Cell-Motil. 2001; 22(5): 425-37 0142-4319
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Radial mass transfer of cross-bridges in a tetanized ferret heart muscle. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Yagi, N Saeki, Y Kiyota, H Kurihara, S Pflugers-Arch. 2002 May; 444(1-2): 38-42 0031-6768
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Regulation of specific developmental fates of larval- and adult-type muscles during metamorphosis of the frog Xenopus. Author(s): Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan. Source: Shimizu Nishikawa, K Shibota, Y Takei, A Kuroda, M Nishikawa, A Dev-Biol. 2002 November 1; 251(1): 91-104 0012-1606
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Rho-kinase contributes to diphosphorylation of myosin II regulatory light chain in nonmuscle cells. Author(s): Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan. Source: Ueda, Kozue Murata Hori, Maki Tatsuka, Masaaki Hosoya, Hiroshi Oncogene. 2002 August 29; 21(38): 5852-60 0950-9232
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum function in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles from mdx mice. Author(s): Laboratoire de Physiologie Generale, UMR CNRS 6018, Faculte des Sciences et des Techniques, Universite de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssiniere, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 03, France. Source: Divet, A Huchet Cadiou, C Pflugers-Arch. 2002 August; 444(5): 634-43 0031-6768
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Short-term beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation does not reduce symptoms of eccentric muscle damage. Source: Paddon Jones, D. Keech, A. Jenkins, D. Int-j-sports-med-exerc-nutr. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics, c2000-. December 2001. volume 11 (4) page 442-450. 1526-484X
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Statins and muscles: what price glory? Source: Hayem, G Joint-Bone-Spine. 2002 May; 69(3): 249-51 1297-319X
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The effect of chronic and acute dietary restriction on the growth and protein turnover of fast and slow types of rat skeletal muscle. Source: el Haj, A J Lewis, S E Goldspink, D F Merry, B J Holehan, A M Comp-BiochemPhysiol-A. 1986; 85(2): 281-7 0300-9629
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The effect of continuous pyridostigmine administration on functional (A12) acetylcholinesterase activity in guinea-pig muscles. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Birmingham, UK. Source: Lintern, M C Wetherell, J R Taylor, C Smith, M E Neurotoxicology. 2001 December; 22(6): 787-93 0161-813X
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The naris muscles in tiger salamander. I. Potential functions and innervation as revealed by biocytin tracing. Author(s): Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 S.L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
[email protected] Source: Wirsig Wiechmann, C R Holliday, K R Anat-Embryol-(Berl). 2002 June; 205(3): 169-79 0340-2061
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The time-course of the response to the FMRFamide-related peptide PF4 in Ascaris suum muscle cells indicates direct gating of a chloride ion-channel. Author(s): Department of Preclinical Veterinary Science, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall.
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Source: Purcell, J Robertson, A P Thompson, D P Martin, R J Parasitology. 2002 June; 124(Pt 6): 649-56 0031-1820 •
Training-induced alterations of the fatty acid profile of rabbit muscles. Author(s): Diagnostic and Oncoradiologic Institute, University of Kaposvar, H-7400 Kaposvar, Guba Sandor u. 40, Hungary.
[email protected] Source: Szabo, A Romvari, R Febel, H Bogner, P Szendro, Z Acta-Vet-Hung. 2002; 50(3): 357-64 0236-6290
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Ultrastructural changes and glutathione depletion in the skeletal muscle induced by protein malnutrition. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Nutrition Morphology, Graduate School of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Oumi, M Miyoshi, M Yamamoto, T Ultrastruct-Pathol. 2001 Nov-December; 25(6): 431-6 0191-3123
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Vasorelaxant effects of ethyl cinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga on smooth muscles of the rat aorta. Source: Othman, R. Ibrahim, H. Mohd, M.A. Awang, K. Gilani, A.H. Mustafa, M.R. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. July 2002. volume 68 (7) page 655-657. 0032-0943
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to muscles; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Niacin Alternative names: Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Niacin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,892,00.html Pantothenic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10067,00.html Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Nutrition
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Alternative names: Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol, Calcitrol, Cholecalciferol, Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,905,00.html Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Minerals Acetyl-l-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atorvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biotin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium Acetate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Carnitine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carnitine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10012,00.html Carnitine (l-carnitine) Alternative names: L-Carnitine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cerivastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,886,00.html Creatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Creatine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Creatine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10020,00.html Creatine Monohydrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluoxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Fluvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iodine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,888,00.html Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-carnitine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lovastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Magnesium Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Paroxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Phosphocreatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10086,00.html Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Simvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Statin Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulfur Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin H (Biotin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Nutrition
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Food and Diet Abalone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carbo-Loading Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Clams Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,159,00.html Complex Carbohydrates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,993,00.html Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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HMB Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Homeopathic Remedies for Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lamb Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,90,00.html Meat and Poultry Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mussels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oysters Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oysters Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,160,00.html Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parsnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,184,00.html
Nutrition
Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Squid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tendinitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Zone Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html Whey Protein Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MUSCLES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to muscles. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “muscles” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •
Alternative Medicine Handbook: The Complete Reference Guide to Alternative and Complementary Therapies Source: New York, NY: W.W. Norton. 1998. 340 p. Contact: Available from W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110. (212) 354-5500; FAX: 212-869-0856. PRICE: $25.00. ISBN: 0393045668. Summary: This book describes 53 major alternative and complementary medicine practices. It does not recommend treatments, but instead provides information about their backgrounds, goals, benefits, and risks to help the reader make informed choices. It is divided into seven sections addressing different categories of alternative and complementary treatments: (1) traditional healing methods, which typically are ancient approaches that offer remedies in the context of spiritual or lifestyle guidance; (2) dietary and herbal remedies; (3) methods that involve active use of the mind to heal the body; (4) biologic therapies involving unproven pharmacologic and other types of
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medication; (5) bodywork, involving manipulation of muscles and bones; (6) use of the senses to enhance well-being; and (7) the application of external energies to restore health. Each section contains several chapters, each of which include a brief introduction, a description of the alternative or complementary therapy, and information about the claims of practitioners, theories or beliefs upon which the therapy is based, available research, potential benefits, and where to find additional information. This book contains a list of complementary therapies for common ailments, a glossary, a list of professional degrees and titles, and an index.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to muscles and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to muscles:
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to muscles; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety and Panic Attacks Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Appendicitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bell's Palsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Alternative names: Prostate Enlargement Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BPH Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bursitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candida/Yeast Hypersensitivity Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diverticular Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epstein-Barr Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heat Exhaustion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperkalemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Alternative names: Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low Back Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menkes' Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mononucleosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscle Cramps Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscle Spasm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscle Wasting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myocardial Infarction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osgood-Schlatter Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenylketonuria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Enlargement Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sprains and Strains Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tardive Dyskinesia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TMJ Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Acupuncture Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,663,00.html Alexander Technique Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,665,00.html Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html
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Applied Kinesiology Alternative names: AK kinesiology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Applied Kinesiology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,711,00.html Apraxia Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Aston-Patterning Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10118,00.html Ayurveda Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biofeedback Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biofeedback Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biofeedback Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,675,00.html Bone Marrow Nei Kung Alternative names: Iron Shirt Chi Kung III Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html C.A.R.E. Alternative names: Chakra Armor Release of Emotions Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html
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Chiropractic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chiropractic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chiropractic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,681,00.html Dance Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,687,00.html Detoxification Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10119,00.html Direct Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Method Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html EDXTM[TM] Alternative names: Energy Diagnostic Treatment Methods Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/e.html Eutony Alternative names: eutonic therapy Eutony therapy Eutony training Eutony treatment Gerda Alexander method Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/e.html Feldenkrais Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,695,00.html Guided Imagery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,699,00.html Hellerwork Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,700,00.html Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html Integrated Kinesiology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/i.html Kinesiology Alternative names: kinesiologies Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/k.html Lepore Technique of M.R.T. Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Light Ray Rejuvenation System Alternative names: Light Ray Light Ray system Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html Magnet Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,715,00.html Massage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html
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Mind & Body Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscle Testing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html Music Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,719,00.html Myotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,931,00.html Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Naturopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,722,00.html Nutrition Kinesiology Alternative names: NK Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/n.html One Brain Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Orthopractic Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Osteokinetics Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Osteopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html Polarity Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,727,00.html Professional Kinesiology Practice Alternative names: PKP PKP approach Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Psycho-neuroaligning Alternative names: PNA Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Radix Alternative names: Neo-Reichian Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Relaxation Techniques Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rolfing Alternative names: Rolfing Method of Structural Integration structural integration structural processing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Rolfing Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,732,00.html Rosen Method Alternative names: Rosen Method bodywork Rosen Method psychospiritual bodywork Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html
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Systematic Nutritional Muscle Testing Alternative names: SNMT Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html Tai Chi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tai Chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Therapeutic Touch Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,739,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html Trager Approach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,741,00.html Transformation-oriented Bodywork Alternative names: transformational bodywork Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/t.html Vegatest Method Alternative names: Vega in vitro test method Vega method Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/v.html Whole Life Healing Alternative names: WLH Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/w.html Yoga Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yoga Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,746,00.html •
Chinese Medicine Anyang Jingzhi Gao Alternative names: An Yang Jing Zhi Gao Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Biejia Alternative names: Turtle Shell; Carapax Trionycis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Cang'erzi Alternative names: Siberian Cocklebur Fruit; Fructus Xanthii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chuanniuxi Alternative names: Medicinal Cyathula Root; Radix Cyathulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dieda Huoxue San Alternative names: ieda Houxue Powder; Dieda Huoxue San (Die Da Huo Xue San Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Dieda Wan Alternative names: ieda Pills; Dieda Wan (Die Da Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Difengpi Alternative names: Difengpi Bark; Cortex Illicii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duanshigao Alternative names: Calcined Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duyi Wei Pian Alternative names: uyiwei Tablets; Duyi wei Pian (Du Yi Wei Pian Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Fufang Qianzheng Gao Alternative names: Compound Qianzheng Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Fuling Alternative names: Indian Bread; Poria Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gancao Jingao Alternative names: Liquorice Extract; Gancao JingaoExtractum Glycyrrhizae Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Gegen Qinlian Weiwan Alternative names: Gegen Qinlian Micropilis Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Guijia Alternative names: Tortoise Shell; Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuxi Alternative names: Twotoothed Achyranthes Root; Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qufeng Shujin Wan Alternative names: Qufeng Shujin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qufeng Zhitong Pian Alternative names: ufeng Zhitong Tablets; Qufeng Zhitong Pian(Qu Feng Zhi Tong Pi An Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shexiang Alternative names: Musk; Moschus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shigao Alternative names: Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shufeng Dingtong Wan Alternative names: hufeng Dingtong Pills; Shufeng Dingtong Wan (Shu Feng Ding Tong Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shujin Wan Alternative names: Qufeng Shujin Pills; Qufeng Shujin Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Shuxiong Pian Alternative names: huxiong Tablets; Shuxiong Pian (Shu Xiong Pi An Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Tianma Wan Alternative names: ianma Pills; Tianma Wan (Ti An Ma Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Tufuling Alternative names: Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome; Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Weilingxian Alternative names: Chinese Clematis Root; Radix Clematidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yinyanghuo Alternative names: Epimedium Herb; Herba Epimedii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhenzhu Alternative names: Nacre; Zhenzhumu; Concha Margaritifera Usta Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhenzhumu Alternative names: Nacre; Concha Margaritifera Usta Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Herbs and Supplements 5-HTP Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acidophilus and Other Probiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Adenosine Monophosphate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10106,00.html Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Allopurinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com American Ginseng Alternative names: Panax quinquefolius Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amino Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10003,00.html Amino Acids Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Androstenedione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Androstenedione Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Angelica sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angkak Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antibiotic Combination: Sulfa Drugs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arginine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10005,00.html Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,753,00.html Arnica Montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com AZT Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Baclofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris, Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Barbiturates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Bcaas Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beni-koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benzodiazepines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berberis Vulgaris Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bisphosphonate Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Black Cohosh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10009,00.html Black Haw Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Blood Root Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bovine Colostrum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Branched-Chain Amino Acids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Bromelain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitrol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsaicin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsicum Frutescens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carisoprodol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cascara Sagrada Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum spp., Capsaicin, Chili Pepper, Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Cayenne Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Cayenne Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,765,00.html Cephalosporins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chamomile Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,766,00.html Chili Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chinese Angelica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chlorzoxazone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cholecalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chrysanthemum parthenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coleus Forskohlii Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10102,00.html Cramp Bark Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cyclobenzaprine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Danggui Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Devil's Claw Alternative names: Harpagophytum procumbens, Harpagophytum zeyheri Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DMAE Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10023,00.html DMSO Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, Danngui, Dong Qua, Tang Kuei, Tan Kue Bai zhi(Note: Dong quai should not be confused with Angelica root or Angelica seed.) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Dong Quai (Angelica) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,774,00.html Elecampane Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com English Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Alternative names: Ephedra sinica, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra equisetina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ephedra (Ma huang) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,777,00.html Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,778,00.html Fennel Alternative names: Foeniculum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feverfew Alternative names: Tanacetum parthenium, Chrysanthemum parthenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html
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Fluvoxamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Forskolin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10025,00.html French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma Oryzanol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gamma Oryzanol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Garcinia Cambogia Alternative names: Citrin, Gambooge Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Garcinia Man Alternative names: Mangosteen; Garcinia mangostana Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gemfibrozil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginger Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ginger Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,787,00.html Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glucosamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Glucosamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,790,00.html Glutamic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glutamine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10030,00.html Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenrod Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Grape Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Green-Lipped Mussel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grindelia Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Gymnema Alternative names: Gurmar; Gymnema sylvestre Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Harpagophytum Procumbens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Harpagophytum Zeyheri Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus oxyacantha, Crataegus monogyna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hawthorn Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Hawthorn Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10035,00.html Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HMB (Hydroxymethyl Butyrate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hong Qu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hops Alternative names: Humulus lupulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horehound Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Horseradish Alternative names: Cochlearia armoracia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horsetail Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10105,00.html Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hung-chu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Huperzine A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Huperzine A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10038,00.html Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydralazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indian Tobacco Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inositol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ipecac Alternative names: Cephaelis ipecacuanha Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ivy Leaf Alternative names: Hedera helix Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jamaica Dogwood Alternative names: Piscidia erythrina, Piscidia piscipula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Juniper Berries Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html
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Kava Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum, Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ketoprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavandula Angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Alternative names: Lavandula angustifolia, English Lavendar, French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis, Melissa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata, Indian Tobacco Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lobelia Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Lobelia Inflata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lubricant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macrolides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mad-Dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meadowsweet Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca
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Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melatonin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,804,00.html Melissa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Melissa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10043,00.html Melissa Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mentha X Piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menthol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Metaxalone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methocarbamol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscellaneous Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Monascus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com MSM Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,807,00.html Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org NADH Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com NADH Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nitroglycerin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org OPCS (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ornithine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osha Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pennyroyal Alternative names: Hedeoma pulegoides, Mentha pulegium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha piperita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha x piperita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Peppermint Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Peppermint Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,812,00.html Phenylalanine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylalanine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine (PS) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,813,00.html Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Methysticum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Piscidia Erythrina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piscidia Piscipula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Prickly Ash Alternative names: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Zanthoxylum americanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pueraria Alternative names: Kudzu; Pueraria lobata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pygeum Alternative names: African Prune; Pygeum africanum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Koji Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Leaven Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Raspberry Alternative names: Rubus idaeus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Rice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Alternative names: Angkak, Beni-koju, Hong Qu, Hung-chu, Monascus, Red Leaven, Red Rice, Red Koji, Zhitai, Xue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Yeast Rice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Red Yeast Rice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10054,00.html Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Rosmarinus Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rue Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Salicylates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,818,00.html Scutellaria Lateriflora Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIS) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senna Alternative names: Cassia senna, Cassia angustifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sertraline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shephard's Purse Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Siberian Ginseng Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,821,00.html Skullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora, Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. John's Wort Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,824,00.html Stimulant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Swertia Alternative names: Swertia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Parthenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tang Kuei Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Taurine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tetracycline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Extracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trace Minerals Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10061,00.html Trazodone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Uricosuric Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Dioica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Valerian Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10064,00.html Valeriana Alternative names: Valerian; Valeriana officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valproic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Viburnum Alternative names: Cramp Bark, Highbush Cranberry; Viburnum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org White Willow Bark Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10069,00.html Wild Cherry Alternative names: Prunus serotina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Yam Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10070,00.html
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Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Yarrow Alternative names: Achillea millefolium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yellow Dock Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Yohimbe Alternative names: Pausinystalia yohimbe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zhitai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zue Zhi Kang Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MUSCLES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “muscles” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on muscles, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Muscles By performing a patent search focusing on muscles, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on muscles: •
Apparatus and methods for reducing pain and/or retraining muscles Inventor(s): Saberski; Lloyd R. (25 Fairwood Dr., Cheshire, CT 06410) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,725,094 Date filed: September 17, 2001 Abstract: Apparatus and methods for reducing pain associated with contractions such as uterine or other muscle contractions and/or for retraining muscles are disclosed. The apparatus include a sensor for developing a signal indicative of a contraction experienced by a muscle. They also include a stimulator for applying stimulation to the patient. The apparatus also include a control unit for automatically adjusting the stimulation provided by the stimulator at least partially in response to the signal developed by the sensor. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to pain control and muscle stimulation, and, more particularly, to apparatus and methods for reducing pain and/or retraining muscles. Pain management is a complex challenge for physicians, other healthcare providers and patients. Many are reluctant to use drugs for pain control, especially with pregnant women because of possible side effects for both the mother and baby. Labor pain can last for up to 36 hours. Conventional pain medications such as epidural drug injections are usually withheld until the cervix is dilated over 4 cm. Currently, as the cervix dilates from 0-4 cm, women receive either no medication or intravenous medication such as Nisental or Demerol. Even when such medication is used, the patient can still experience significant pain. Moreover, these drugs sedate the patient at a time when the typical mother wants to be with her family and experience the miracle of birth. For these and other reasons, many women prefer to deliver their babies without drugs even in the final stages of labor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06725094__
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Apparatus for isolated, closed chain exercise of a person's quadriceps muscles Inventor(s): Stearns; Kenneth W. (P.O. Box 55912, Houston, TX 77255) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,676,577 Date filed: July 27, 2001 Abstract: An exercise machine includes a frame designed to rest upon a floor surface; a back rest mounted on the frame; and a foot platform mounted on the frame. At least one of the foot platform and the back rest is pivotally mounted on the frame in such a manner that a person may rest his back against the back rest and exercise his quadriceps muscles in isolated, closed chain fashion. A resistance device is preferably provided to resist movement of the back rest and/or the foot platform in a manner that opposes the user's efforts to straighten his legs at the knees. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for exercising a person's quadriceps muscles in isolated, closed chain fashion. The quadriceps muscles
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constitute one of the human body's major muscle groups, and these muscles are primarily responsible for moving a person's legs from a bent knee position to a straight leg position. Exercise machines have been built for the specific purpose of resisting this particular motion and thereby strengthening and/or toning a person's quadriceps muscles. A conventional quadriceps exercise machine, known in the fitness industry as a leg extension machine, is shown in FIGS. 6-7. This prior art leg extension machine 90 generally includes a frame 91, a seat 92 rigidly mounted on the frame 91, a pivot arm 93 pivotally mounted on the frame 91, and a weight stack resistance device 97 mounted on the frame 91 and operatively connected to the pivot arm 93. The resistance device 97 includes a variable amount of weight 98 that is connected to the pivot arm 93 by means of a cable 99. The components of the machine 90 are preferably arranged so that a user's knee is axially aligned with the pivot axis of the pivot arm 93, and a pad 94 on the pivot arm 93 bears against the user's shin. Counter-clockwise rotation of the pad 94, caused by straightening of the user's leg at the knee (but not the hip), is resisted by gravity acting upon the weight 98. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676577__ •
Arm pillow Inventor(s): Fuhriman; Richard Apollo (13910 SE. 23 St., Bellevue, WA 98005) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,691,353 Date filed: February 20, 2002 Abstract: A pillow having a unique shape with rounded cuts for placing between an individual's side and arm to provide support when positioned along the arm at the elbow. When the individual is lying on his or her side, the pillow provides for proper alignment of the shoulder, arm, scapula, and neck to relieve pressure on joints, nerves, muscles and skin. Its unique posturing permits the body to relax and rest more comfortably and also increase potential blood flow and nerve transmission throughout the arm and shoulder complex. It is beneficial to those who suffer from a variety of shoulder problems, arthritis and sports related injuries and fatigue in addition to those who are convalescent, bedridden, computer operators, overhead throwers, data entry personnel and anyone who uses their shoulder and arm for an extended period of time. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pillow used for therapeutic purposes and, more particularly to a pillow that is placed between the arm and side/torso of an individual to provide support with the intention of maintaining the individual's body in proper alignment. Previous attempts have been made and patented in regard to devices and, in particular, to pillows used to provide support and align various parts of an individual's body. Generally, prior patents disclose pillows which are of such length that they are utilized all along the body of the user, rather than the concept of this invention wherein a body pillow with three concave impressions is specifically made to fit between the arm and torso/rib cage of the user. Examples of prior patents are as follows: U.S. Pat. No. 2,056,767 issued on Oct. 15, 1935 to William H. Blath discloses a back pad attachable to the body of a user so that it will be held in position whether the patient is lying in bed of sitting, and which will permit freedom of movement for the spinal column in either position of the wearer. U.S. Pat. No. 3,795,018 issued on Mar. 5, 1974 to Charley H. Broaded discloses an adjustable bed having a surface with supports of varying heights whereby the head, shoulders and legs are propped. When body members are propped up, the spine of the user is kept in linear alignment.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06691353__ •
Athletic stretching device Inventor(s): Tardif; Mario J. (8108 NW. 75th Ave., Tamarac, FL 33321) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,705,974 Date filed: March 1, 2002 Abstract: A stretching device for stretching and strengthening the muscles of the lower back and legs of the user. The stretching device generally includes an attachment bracket, pull cord and pulley. The attachment bracket attaches to the top of a door frame and the pull cord and pulley are attached to the attachment bracket. The pull cord engages the pulley so that a sling is formed on one side of the pulley. A user inserts their leg into the sling and raises and lowers the sling causing muscles in the legs and back to stretch. Several stretching routines are possible which isolate and target certain muscle groups. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to exercise stretching devices and more specifically to portable exercise stretching devices. Exercise routines involve stretching to maintain flexibility as well as prepare muscles for action. Traditionally, before executing an exercise routine such as lifting weights the muscles are stretched to avoid cramping and prepare the muscle for load. Additionally, stretching serves to increase and maintain flexibility in the joints and is an important tool in physical therapy when a person is recovering from an accident. Current stretching equipment is complex. Even relatively simple devices designed to stretch the muscles include numerous parts and require intricate assembly or installation. One such device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,873 issued to Carlstrom. This exercise device includes a stretching line that is routed through a device that attaches to a door using a complex specially made anchor bracket having a threaded shaft and a plate. The proprietary anchor bracket makes ,the stretching device in Carlstrom relatively complex and expensive to manufacture. Another such stretching device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,865 issued to Trainor. The stretching device in Trainor describes a backboard which supports a post section, a cable and a pulley which are assembled to create a device that a user lies upon and is strapped into. The backboard and post section make the stretching device in Trainor bulky and difficult to transport and store. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06705974__
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Back exercise machine Inventor(s): Kuo; Chung-Jen (No. 3, Lane 34, Huandung Rd., Yangmei Jen, Taoyuan, TW) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,726,609 Date filed: November 19, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a back exercise machine, which includes a support frame, a footrest, a protrusion device, and a grasping device. The support frame is disposed with a main post thereon. The footrest is mounted on a front end of the
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support frame. The protrusion device, which is composed of at least two struts pivotally interconnected with one another, is pivotally connected with the main post of the support frame for rendering a raising action and is installed with at least one elastic member between the struts for resiliently self-rebounding. The grasping device is mounted on the protrusion device for the user's two hands holding. In operation, the back exercise can raise the user's back to completely stretch the user's back extensor muscles so as to get rid of weariness by means of the protrusion device's struts pivoting with one another. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to exercise machines, and more particularly to a back exercise machine. However, the conventional back exercise machine 1 is just used for doing the aforementioned action, which is a simple backdecline action that fails to stretch back extensor muscles and to revolve the problems of habitually back pains resulting from tense lumbar and back extensor muscles for sedentary persons who works in the offices, drives in cars, and so on. The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a-back exercise machine, which can effectively raise a user's back upward and stretch his/her back extensor muscles so as to get rid of weariness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06726609__ •
Back pain/back health protocol Inventor(s): Patterson; Paul (87 Ch. Pic Bois, Val Des Monts, Quebec, CA J8N 6C4) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,730,006 Date filed: August 9, 2001 Abstract: An integrated back pain and back health program incorporating proper posture to achieve joint realignment and muscle relaxation, proper breathing to achieve stress management and muscle relaxation, and an exercise program focused on the muscles of the back, neck, shoulders, abdomen and hips to achieve muscle and joint flexibility and strengthening. By providing instruction on maintaining proper posture, the protocol offers back pain sufferers relief from the stress caused by muscles involuntarily attempting to realign and/or stabilize misaligned joints. The breathing techniques used in the protocol aid in muscle relaxation and, together with proper posture, maximize the benefits of the exercises performed in the procedure. The exercises in the protocol stretch and strengthen the muscles that are commonly implicated in the occurrence of back pain, release spasm in those muscles, and reset those muscles to normal tonus. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for relieving back pain and improving back health. More particularly, the invention relates to a back pain and back health protocol selectively incorporating various exercise protocols designed to promote proper posture and breathing and to stretch and strengthen the muscles of the back, neck, shoulders, abdomen, and hips. Back pain is a problem for a significant number of people. Numerous causes can lead to pain in the back. One common source of back pain is the normal human preference for using muscles on one side of the body. A righthanded person, for example, tends to use the right hand, arm, and leg more often than the left, leading to increased muscle strength on the dominant side. This can create a bilateral strength imbalance and cause bilateral misalignment of the spine. Anterior/posterior strength imbalance and misalignment of the spine and other joints
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can either be caused by or result in poor posture. When the neck, shoulders, back, and/or hips are subjected to bilateral or anterior/posterior misalignment, chronic muscle contraction or muscle spasm can occur in an involuntary attempt to prevent further misalignment. A lack of exercise can also lead to weakness, low flexibility, and spasms in the muscles of the back, neck, shoulders, abdomen, and hips. In addition, stress can contribute to back problems. In stressful situations a `fight-or-flight` response sometimes occurs leading to involuntary contraction of muscles and misalignment of joints in order to prepare for fighting or fleeing. If unrelieved, these muscle contractions and joint misalignments can eventually lead to muscle spasms and back pain. The prevalence of back problems can thus be attributed to any one of, or any combination of, bilateral dominance, poor posture, inactivity, and the skeleto-neuro-muscular response to mismanaged stress. Traditional treatments for back pain do not adequately address the causes of back pain and/or do not provide the back pain sufferer with a long-term plan for improving and maintaining back health and preventing back pain. Physical therapy tends to be symptom-based. It has the capability to offer temporary relief from excessive muscle contraction (i.e., muscle spasm) but typically does not offer the back pain sufferer instruction in the exercise protocols, posture models, breathing methods, and stress management techniques that can provide long-term relief from back pain. Chiropractic therapy has the capability to realign joints but, as is the case with physical therapy, clients are typically not taught proper posture, proper breathing techniques, or proper exercise habits. Without adequate education, clients of both physical therapy and chiropractic therapy tend to return to the habits that caused their back problems. Analgesic and muscle relaxant drug therapies can provide temporary relief from back pain but do not address the causes of the pain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06730006__ •
Boric acid analgesic composition and method of treatment using the same Inventor(s): Jones; Annie L. (Detroit, MI) Assignee(s): A & L of Michigan, Inc. (detroit, Mi) Patent Number: 6,720,012 Date filed: April 1, 2002 Abstract: An analgesic composition that can be applied topically comprises boric acid and a suitable carrier. The inventive analgesic composition can be used to provide pain relief to a person suffering from arthritis and any general pain associated with muscles or joints. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to an analgesic composition which can be provided topically to provide relief from pain associated with joints and muscles. Analgesic compositions are agents which relieve pain by acting centrally to elevate pain threshold without disturbing consciousness or altering other sensory modalities. There are numerous analgesic compositions on the market used to provide pain relief from a wide variety of disorders. These analgesics generally are administered parenterally, orally or topically. Although parenteral and oral analgesics typically have an advantage of getting the analgesic composition quickly into the blood stream of the subject to effect rapid pain relief, they also have problems in that, with parenteral administration, there is a requirement of asepsis at administration, the risk of tissue toxicity from local irritation, the real or psychological pain factor and the difficulty of correcting an error and, with oral administration, there is a problem that oral administrations do not always give rise to sufficiently high plasma concentrations to be effective, some drugs may be
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absorbed unpredictably or irradically, the patient may have an absorption malfunction and some drugs cannot be administered orally to patients with gastrointestinal intolerance or who have had gastrointestinal surgery. Due to the problems outlined above, the topical administration of an analgesic composition is desirable in some situations. Topical administration is typically employed to deliver an analgesic composition at or immediately beneath the point of application. This route of administration has problems in that generally most of the drug that is absorbed through the epidermis diffuses into the circulation system resulting in inadequate levels of the drug being delivered to the desired treatment site. This necessitates that the topical composition contain the analgesic in an undesirably large concentration in order to assure adequate delivery of the analgesic to the treatment site. This can result in the topical analgesic composition being unnecessarily expensive and difficult to ascertain the therapeutically effective amount of the analgesic composition to be used in the treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06720012__ •
Compact abdominal exercise apparatus Inventor(s): Suiter; William G. (1157 Emerson Ave., Campbell, CA 95008) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,712,742 Date filed: January 14, 2003 Abstract: A compact portable abdominal exercise apparatus comprising a first member that concentrically slides in a second member, and resistance is provided by elastic attached between the distal end of the first member and the distal end of the second member. Handles position the user in an ergonomically neutral position that requires a user to crunch straight downward for the first member to slide properly within the second member. The straight downward crunching motion requires flexion of the user's lower vertebra column, thereby isolating the abdominal muscles from the hip flexors and back muscles. Molded covers protect the user from moving parts associated with the connector assembly. The elastic members can be quickly changed by the user. Excerpt(s): The invention in general relates to exercise apparatuses that enable users to exercise and strengthen certain muscle groups, and more particularly to enable users to exercise and strengthen the abdominal muscles. The invention relates to a compact abdominal exercise apparatus that provides quick-change resistance and allows the user to perform abdominal crunches either in the seated or supine position. Compact abdominal exercise apparatuses that include resistive force have been known for forty years. These apparatuses typically include a resistive member that is located between a handle member and a support member. Typically, a user is in a seated position when operating these apparatuses. In this position, the support member of these apparatuses is typically placed on top of or below a user's thigh and the handle member is grasped by a user's hands. A user exerts force downward on the handle member causing compression of the resistive member and thereby exercising their abdominal muscles in the process. Further, the handle members position the user's hands in a nonergonomical position, such as horizontal. All known prior art compact abdominal exercise apparatuses placed the hand positions at a height that didn't enable effective ergonomic crunches by the user. These apparatuses typically place the hands of the user in an elevated position approximately equal to chin or head height. In this context, "crunch" refers to the motion in which the trunk of the human body is raised from a
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supine position, while the spine is flexed so that the anterior portion of the spine is convex, with the legs remaining straight or bent. A crunch motion needs to be straight downward, thereby isolating abdominal muscles from hip flexors and back muscles. Otherwise, the hip flexors and back muscles are contributing to the exertive force and the abdominal muscle groups are not isolated and exercised independently. The range of travel for many of the prior art compact abdominal exercising apparatuses is generally too much to be conducive to a short crunch of the abdominal muscles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06712742__ •
Deep muscle stimulator device Inventor(s): Pivaroff; Jake W. (2711 E. Coast Hwy., Suite 206, Corona Del Mar, CA 92625) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,682,496 Date filed: December 28, 1999 Abstract: A deep muscle stimulation device having a titanium hollow head with loosely packed granular materials held therein is reciprocally mounted in a hollow top and driven by a rotating electrical motor held in a hollow handle so as to provide deep muscle tissue with kinetic forms of percussion and concussion vibration so as to benefit damaged muscles in a patient. The hollow head is connected by a number of reciprocating elements to a finger on a rotating cam so as to have between a 1/8 to 1/2 inch stroke at a high rate of speed to provide deep penetrating muscle tissue stimulation. The device is easy to handle, and includes an on/off switch and an electrical cable-coupling element. The device is made from high strength materials, such as stainless steel or titanium, so as to hold up under heavy use by professionals in a number of disciplines. The granular materials fill approximately 1/3 the volume of the hollow head and are selected from diamonds, rubies, copper, bloodstone, garnet, malachite and carbon. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to medical devices, and, more particularly, to a deep muscle stimulator device to increase muscle metabolism, increase the lactic acid cycle and to relieve pain. Many types of a vibrating massage-type devices are known for use on different portions of a person's body, to help relieve stress, or tightened muscles. However, the known devices either do not vibrate at high enough speeds and/or do not provide sufficient force to reach deep muscle tissues. Much of muscle pain stems from various conditions, caused by overstressing or over using muscles. These include strain, lactic acid build-up, scar tissue build-up, etc. The known prior art devices do not reach deep enough into the muscle tissues to provide the necessary relief for many persons. Therefore, there exists a need in the art for a deep muscle stimulator, such as the present invention, which uses percussion and mechanical vibrations that reach deep into the muscle tissue, to stimulate proprioceptive functions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682496__
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Dental appliance for treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea Inventor(s): Halstrom; Leonard Wayne (Lions Bay, CA) Assignee(s): Silent Knights Ventures Inc. (vancouver, Ca) Patent Number: 6,729,335 Date filed: March 27, 2000 Abstract: A dentally retained intra-oral appliance worn at night for treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. The appliance maintains the patient's mandible in an anterior, protruded position to prevent obstruction of the pharyngeal airway. The appliance allows a limited degree of lateral movement of the mandible relative to the upper jaw in the protruded position to prevent aggravation of the patient's tempromandibular joint and associated muscles and ligaments. The appliance preferably consists of an upper bite block conforming to the patient's maxillary dentition, a lower bite block conforming to the patient's mandibular dentition, and a connecting assembly secured to an anterior region of the upper and lower bite blocks for adjustably coupling the upper and lower bite blocks together. Excerpt(s): This application relates to a dentally retained intra-oral appliance worn at night for treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. The appliance maintains the patient's mandible in an anterior, protruded position to prevent obstruction of the pharyngeal airway. The appliance allows a limited degree of lateral movement of the mandible relative to the upper jaw in the protruded position to prevent aggravation of the tempromandibular joint and associated muscles and ligaments. Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea are typically caused by complete or partial obstruction of an individual's pharyngeal airway during sleep. Usually airway obstruction results from the apposition of the rear portion of the tongue or soft palate with the posterior pharyngeal wall. Obstructive sleep apnea is a potentially lethal disorder in which breathing stops during sleep for 10 seconds or more, sometimes up to 300 times per night. Snoring occurs when the pharyngeal airway is partially obstructed, resulting in vibration of the oral tissues during respiration. These sleep disorders tend to become more severe as patients grow older, likely due to a progressive loss of muscle tone in the patient's throat and oral tissues. Habitual snoring and sleep apnea have been associated with other potentially serious medical conditions, such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease and strokes. Accordingly, early diagnosis and treatment is recommended. One surgical approach, known as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, involves removal of a portion of the soft palate to prevent closure of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. However, this operation is not always effective and may result in undesirable complications, such as nasal regurgitation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06729335__
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Devices to reduce onset of symptoms of median nerve entrapment, carpal tunnel syndrome, reduce tactile deficit of fingers, and increase identification of mass in breast and other self examinations Inventor(s): Choate; John I. M. (c/o P.O. Box 65, Seminole, OK 74818-0065) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,692,435 Date filed: February 16, 1998
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Abstract: A method of using devices or compounds which reduce onset of symptoms of median nerve entrapment or carpal tunnel syndrome or repetitive stress syndrome, reduce tactile deficit of fingers, and increase identification of cancer mass in subcutaneous palpation by self examinations, disability accommodation, medical and physical therapy, cancer discovery and prevention, as well as many other applications. This includes improving the efficiency of the movement of the fingers, reducing the inflammation in the carpal canal, reducing the tendon excursion in the carpal canal, reducing finger flexion, reducing loss of nerve sensation, reducing loss of tactile sensation, increasing tactile sensitivity of the fingers, increasing movement of the dorsal interossei muscles of the hand, increasing movement of the volar interossei palmar muscles of the hand, and increasing movement of the lumbrical muscles of fingers. Excerpt(s): Pursuant to 37 CFR 1.71(e); A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. References in parenthesis in the specification are to sources appended at the end. The present invention is directed to using and testing devices or compounds which reduce onset of symptoms of median nerve entrapment or carpal tunnel syndrome or repetitive stress syndrome, reduce tactile deficit of fingers, and increase identification of foreign mass in breast and other self examinations, disability accommodation, medical and physical therapy, cancer discovery and prevention. Devices will improve the movement of the fingers, reduce the inflammation in the carpal canal, reduce the tendon excursion in the carpal canal, reduce finger flexion, reduce loss of nerve sensation, reduce loss of tactile sensation, increase tactile sensitivity of the fingers, increase movement of the dorsal interossei muscles of the hand, increase movement of the volar interossei palmar muscles of the hand, and increase movement of the lumbrical muscles of fingers, as well as many other applications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692435__ •
Electrotherapy device and method Inventor(s): Crowe; Michael Louis (Dublin, IE), Minogue; Michael Conor (Kinvara, IE) Assignee(s): Bio-medical Research Ltd. (galway, Ie) Patent Number: 6,728,577 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: A method for stimulating abdominal muscles of a subject, comprising the steps of providing at least three electrodes, one of the at least three electrodes being a central electrode and the other two of the at least three electrodes being side electrodes located on the subject spaced apart from the central electrode on respective sides thereof, and passing at least one pulsed signal subcutaneously through the subject between selected electrodes of the at least three electrodes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for attaching electrodes to a subject for stimulating abdominal muscles by electrotherapy, and the invention also relates to a device for stimulating abdominal muscles by electrotherapy. The invention further relates to an electrotherapeutic method for stimulating abdominal muscles, and to a fastener for use in the device. Electrotherapy is commonly used for stimulating abdominal muscles for improving and toning the muscles, and for the relief of pain.
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Known electrotherapeutic methods and devices require that a pulsed signal be passed subcutaneously through the subject between a pair of electrodes which typically, are aligned with the muscle to be stimulated for defining a current path between the electrode which is co-linear with the direction of the muscle. In known electrotherapeutic devices and methods, it is necessary to provide a relatively large number of electrode pairs for stimulating the more important abdominal muscles, for example, the central rectus abdominis muscle, and the transversalis and oblique muscles. Typically, one or two pairs of electrodes are required located on respective opposite sides of the umbilicus for stimulating the rectus abdominis muscle, and two obliquely located electrode pairs are required towards the respective sides of the abdominal region for stimulating the transversalis and oblique muscles on the respective sides of the abdomen. Thus, in order to stimulate the rectus abdominis muscle, the transversalis and oblique muscles, three to four electrode pairs are required. This, leads to a number of disadvantages, in that firstly, unless extreme care is taken in locating the electrodes on the abdomen of the subject some or all of the electrodes can readily easily be misaligned with the respective musdes or displaced therefrom, thus, leading to significant inefficiencies and indeed in extreme cases ineffectual treatment. Secondly, because of the high number of electrode pairs, a relatively complex signal generator is required for providing appropriately pulsed signals so that the pulsed signals only travel between the respective pairs between which the pulsed signals are to travel subcutaneously in the subject. Thirdly, in many cases there is a danger of transthoracic current paths being defined by the electrodes, which in certain cases can lead to transthoracic currents within the subject, which in extreme cases may cause cardiac arrhythmias. The possibility of misalignment of the electrode pairs further increases the risk of transthoracic currents being passed through the subject. There is therefore a need for a device for attaching electrodes to a subject for stimulating abdominal muscles and in particular for stimulating the rectus abdominis, the transversalis and the oblique muscles, which overcomes these problems. There is also a need for an electrotherapeutic device and a method for stimulating abdominal muscles which overcomes these problems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06728577__ •
Exercise apparatus Inventor(s): Jacobs; Robert (1121 Portofino Ct. #103, Corona, CA 92881) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,709,369 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: An exercise apparatus is described which when used can improve the muscle tone and/or strengthen the calve muscles of a user. The exercise apparatus comprises a riser extension attached to the bottom end portion of a foot plate in which the user may exercise the calve muscles by rocking the foot plate up and down while maintaining contact with a floor surface with the riser extension. The exercise apparatus also comprises a means for securing the users foot onto the foot plate. A thigh harness is connected to the foot plate with at least one tension member which provides resistance to the users efforts in rocking the foot plate up and down. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to exercise apparatus and more particularly to an exercise apparatus for conditioning and strengthening calve muscles of a user. In the hectic modern day life style, experience by many people, it is often difficult to find either
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the time or the motivation to exercise. Of course exercise is yields great physical and mental benefits to those that do exercise. However, under the constraints of modern day life styles, exercise regimens are usually avoided due to the expense and hassle of joining a gym. In an effort to avoid the expense and hassle of gyms many people opt to exercise at home. However, home exercise regimens are limited by the space available and the expense of purchasing individual pieces of equipment. Due to this dilemma many people either do not exercise at all or only perform a few isometric exercises which isolate certain muscle groups. One of the most popular muscle groups to isolate and exercise, for aesthetic reasons among others, are calf muscles. Unfortunately, calf muscles do not respond well to isometric exercises as they do with resistance exercising. Therefore, it would be a benefit to have an exercise device which is light weight and easy to use at home. It would be a further benefit to have an exercise device which is inexpensive. It would be a further benefit to have an exercise device which allows for resistance training of the calf muscles. A number of arrangements have been suggested in the prior art for providing exercise devices to overcome the objectional features of identifying a convenient and effective exerciser device for toning and strengthening calve muscles. Among these are the exercise device described by Mikell in U.S. Pat. No. 2,467,943 discloses a pair of rigid foot engaging rod member in which the members are disposed beneath the toes and immediately back of the ball of the user's foot. Attached to the rod members are a spring and a spacer unit connected to a knee harness. However, the Mikell disclosure is silent with regards to a riser extension unit attached to the bottom rear portion of a foot plate so that the user may be able to rock the foot plate up and down while maintaining contact with a floor surface with the bottom of the riser extension unit. Other disclosures including: the ankle and foot exercise apparatus disclosed by Williams in U.S. Pat No. 4,371,161; the night splint for a foot described by Miller in U.S. Pat. No. D434,504; the calf exerciser described by Scott in U.S. Pat. No. D320,825; the exercise device disclosed by Robles in 5,489,251; the exercising device for the fingers, wrist and forearm disclosed by Kauffman in U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,154; and the passive exercising device disclosed by Hajianpour in U.S. Pat. No. 4,538,595 all suffer the same disadvantages and limitations as noted above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06709369__ •
Exerciser Inventor(s): Chen; Ping (No. 29, Nanmei St., Nantun Li, Nantun Dist., Taichung, TW) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,692,419 Date filed: January 24, 2002 Abstract: An exerciser has a base and a rocking plate. The rocking plate is rotatably attached to the base with a ball joint. Consequently, a user can swing or twist body, rotate ankles and develop feet muscles when the user steps on the rocking plate to keep balance. The exerciser can exercise the lower part of the body of a user. This exerciser is more versatile than the prior art. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an exerciser, and more particularly to an exerciser that can swing or twist the user's body, rotate the ankles and develop the feet muscles. Although indoor exercisers have become popular in recent years, the conventional indoor exerciser only has one function. For example, a rotating exerciser that can twist the user's waist substantially comprises a bottom plate, a top plate and a series of rollers. The top plate is mounted above the bottom plate. The rollers are
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rotatably mounted between the bottom plate and the top plate. A user can step on the top plate and rotate the top plate relative to the bottom plate. Consequently, the waist of the user can be twisted, and the abdominal muscles of the user are trained. However, the conventional rotating exerciser only has one function as in the other indoor exercisers, and thus the conventional exerciser is not versatile. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692419__ •
Feminine toning balls Inventor(s): Wild; Patricia A. (8921 117th Ave., Grande Prairie, Alberta, CA T8X 1K2) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,723,031 Date filed: September 4, 2002 Abstract: A device for toning the pubococcygeus (PC) muscles is provided. These feminine toning balls comprise a durable device having metal balls connected to each other with a cord and a hard rubber exterior coating, with the cord extending from end of the toning balls for easy retrieval. The coating seamlessly covers said metal balls and is thick enough for the toning balls to withstand repeated used. There are 2 to 5 spherical or ovate balls in a set, which can be used to promote vaginal health and sexual enjoyment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an exercise aid for use in connection with increasing and maintaining vaginal health and sexual enjoyment. The toning balls have particular utility in connection with toning the pubococcygeus (PC) muscles and providing a durable and safe set of toning balls. The use of small balls use for strengthening the pubococcygeus (PC) muscles and increasing sexual enjoyment is well known. For centuries, Ben Wa balls have been used for strengthening the PC muscles and for sexual enjoyment. Ben Wa balls are spherical balls which can be inserted into the vaginal canal and held in place by controlled muscle movements. These balls are not connected to each other, so the balls will not continually knock against each other and separate causing vibrations within the vagina. When the balls are connected to each other, there is an enhancement of the effectiveness of the exercise the PC muscle receives without consciously controlling the muscle. This limits the effectiveness of the exercises done with the balls. In addition, the lack of a cord makes it more difficult to remove the balls when the exercise is complete. Ben Wa balls are made from various metals or are plated with a metal or a plastic. In some instances, 24 k gold is used to plate the Ben Wa balls to create an inert surface and increase on which bacteria will not grow. This causes the cost of the balls to dramatically increase, and the balls have to be discarded when the gold plating comes off. Other balls may be coated with a thin plastic shell, but with use, this shell deteriorates and creates a surface on which harmful bacteria will grow. Other than Ben Wa balls, Kegal exercises are used to increase the strength of the PC muscle and improve blood circulation to the pelvic area. This exercise has been shown to be effective, but a woman must spend time consciously exercising her PC muscle. Specific devices for strengthening the PC muscles are known in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,726,273 to Cole discloses a muscle exercise device for vaginal muscles having inflatable balls connected to each other by a stem. This light and flexible device can be used to measure the amount of tone in the PC muscle. However, Cole's patent does not provide weighted balls, which will vibrate to exercise the PC muscles, and has further drawbacks of not being durable.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06723031__ •
Hand exerciser Inventor(s): Siek; Jason L. (Bedford, OH) Assignee(s): Siek; Jason (bedford, Oh) Patent Number: 6,712,738 Date filed: April 3, 2002 Abstract: A readily applicable exercise device is provided constructed of four hinge-like or living hinge devices and four generally shaped blocks. Each said block has a rounded groove in the center for finger placement and grip. This design allows the fingers, placed on opposite sides of the machine, to be stretched equally on both sides and in a number of different variations to focus on specific muscles or tendons within the fingers and hand. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an exercising instrument useful in preparing the hand and fingers for strenuous, tedious or everyday use. In construction and capability the device also lends itself instrumental to the field of physical therapy to rehabilitate damaged muscles or tendons in the hand or fingers. The device of this invention would be advantageous to many different professions including baseball pitchers, computer users, skilled manual artists, therapists, musicians or any persons that would benefit from having stronger and more flexible hands and fingers. All users from beginner to advanced would equally gain from this machine. When applied consistently along with normal activities maximum results will be achieved faster and easier. The primary object of the invention is to provide a device to be used in a manner as to manipulate the skin, knuckle joints, tendons and muscles of the hand and fingers. This allows the maintenance of an unnaturally extended position in which said hand and fingers are forcibly stretched beyond normal and natural limits in order to extend said limits. Over time the user will gradually increase lateral reach, improve agility and develop independence between fingers. It is intended to be broadly constructed and the design in general is subordinate to the net effect of the device herein described as a hand exerciser. Prior patents have introduced numerous advantageous machines in the field of therapeutics and rehabilitation to enhance overall strength within the hand, or as an aid in cases of damaged tendons and their related muscles. Despite the numerous positive applications of such devices they have been restricted to either extremely complex and impractical systems or limited efficiency. Some previous machines designed to benefit hand development and digital dexterity requires time to apply and adjust the device such as U.S. Pat. No. 806,861 of Kursheedt, and U.S. Pat. No. 1,174,205 of Underwood, while others need a secondary item such as a guitar or keyboard to properly use. Columbo U.S. Pat. No. 3,724,314 is an example. What is clearly lacking in the above-described prior art is an easy to use appliance to prepare the hand and fingers for exertion. Such a device should stretch the muscles in the fingers and hand and, at the same time, increase muscular strength by repeated use. The design should also be lightweight, compact and yield the option to use at any time and place. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06712738__
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Intraocular lens system utilizing an adhesive and method for implanting the same Inventor(s): Peyman; Gholam A. (8654 Pontchartrain Blvd., Unit #1, New Orleans, LA 70124) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,702,853 Date filed: October 2, 2000 Abstract: A system and method for removing cataract cells inside of a lens capsule of an eye and inserting into the lens capsule an intraocular lens having an adhesive applied to at least one of its surface. Preferably, the adhesive is applied to the surface of the intraocular lens that faces the cornea of the eye. The adhesive causes the lens to adhere to an interior portion of the lens capsule, such as the remaining epithelial layer. The lens capsule conforms or shrinks around the intraocular lens, removing substantially any space between the lens capsule and the intraocular lens. Since there is no room between the lens capsule and the intraocular lens, proliferation of the remaining cells will not occur and therefore capsular opacification is eliminated or substantially reduced. Additionally, since the lens capsule and the intraocular lens are coupled together, the intraocular lens can move when ciliary body muscles contract and therefore, the focal point of the eye can change as in a normal eye. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a system and method for treating and removing cells in an interior chamber of an eye, such as in the lens capsule of an eye, and implanting an intraocular lens. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method that treats cataract by killing and removing the cataract causing cells from the interior of the lens of the eye without or substantially without causing protein denaturation to occur in the cells, and then inserting an intraocular lens having an adhesive thereon into the lens capsule of the eye so that the adhesive secures the intraocular lens to the lens capsule to eliminate capsular opacification and enable focusing. Cataract is a condition that creates cloudiness in the lens of an eye, and is one of the major causes of blindness in the developing world. Cataract occurs in the lens of an eye and impedes the lens from focusing light on the retina. The lens is composed of tightly packed lens fibers surrounded by a collagenous elastic capsule. Beneath the lens capsule are epithelial cells, which are responsible for the metabolic function of the lens. Cataract may occur in any or all of these parts of the lens, which results in several different classifications of cataract, namely, subcapsular, cortical, and nuclear. To treat cataract, the cloudy portion of the lens, whether it is in the lens fibers, the epithelial, or both, or in any other portion of the lens, should be surgically removed. Generally, this is attempted by making an incision in the corneal periphery (limbus) to enter the anterior chamber and remove the cataract. A conventional method for removing cataract in the eye is the (manual) extracapsular technique. In this procedure, the eye is opened at the limbus, and either a bent needle or any other curved sharp edged instrument or special forceps are employed to open the anterior lens capsule and remove the nucleus within the capsule of the lens. Thereafter, the remaining cortical material is removed so as to leave a clear posterior lens capsule in the eye. An artificial lens is then inserted into the lens capsule. The lens capsule therefore provides a barrier between the anterior chamber and the vitreous cavity of the eye, as well as a resting surface for the implanted artificial lens. However, this method does not stop cells from proliferating and causing capsular opacification. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06702853__
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Massaging device with rotating beaters Inventor(s): Adams; William A. (5905 Labath Ave., #204, Rohnert Park, CA 94928) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,663,580 Date filed: July 21, 2000 Abstract: A massaging device includes a motor, and a rotatable head attached to the motor. A hinged handle is attached to the motor for providing an adjustable grip. Resilient beaters are arranged radially around the head. The beaters are respectively connected to keys by narrowed necks. The keys are detachably secured in longitudinal slots on the head, so that the beaters are detachable from the head. When the head is set spinning by the motor, the beaters are rotated for massaging the body to relax muscles or reduce cellulite. The beaters are easily removable from the slots for exchanging them with replacement beaters. Each beater is comprised of a resilient core, such as foam, completely enclosed by a flexible non-tacky cover, such as a neoprene or vinyl sheet. Although many resilient materials, such as foam, tend to be sticky enough to grab hair if exposed, the beaters do not grab hair because the resilient cores are completely enclosed by the non-tacky covers. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to massaging devices. Numerous devices, for massaging a person's body are known. Most are provided with the familiar vibrating head for soothing and relaxing muscles with vibrations. A different massaging device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,765 to Adams for breaking down cellulite or lumpy fat tissue to smooth out the skin. It is comprised of a motorized rotating head, and a set of rotating beaters attached to the head in radial positions. The beaters are each comprised of a flexible sheet wrapped around a resilient foam core. When the head is activated, the spinning beaters beat and stretch the skin to break down the cellulite. The foam cores are exposed at the ends of the beaters. Since soft foam is tacky or slightly sticky, short body hair may get caught by the exposed foam and pulled out when the beaters are rotating, and long hair on the head may also get caught by the exposed foam and become wrapped around the beaters. The exposed foam cores thus present a possible safety hazard. to avoid pulling on body hair for safety. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06663580__
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Method and apparatus for electromagnetic stimulation of nerve, muscle, and body tissues Inventor(s): Burnett; Daniel (12565 Long Lake Ct., Jacksonville, FL 32225), Mangrum; Shane (3701 Danforth Dr. #908, Jacksonville, FL 32224) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,701,185 Date filed: February 19, 2002 Abstract: An electromagnetic stimulation device which is comprised of a plurality of overlapping coils which are able to be independently energized in a predetermined sequence such that each coil will generate its own independent electromagnetic field and significantly increase the adjacent field. The coils are co-planar and are disposed in an ergonomic body wrap, which is properly marked to permit an unskilled patient to locate the body wrap, on a particular part of the body, of the patient so that the
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stimulation coils will maximize the electromagnetic stimulation on the selected nerves, muscles, and/or body tissues near the treated area. The device can be used to treat medical conditions including: muscular atrophy, neuropathic bladder and bowel, musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, as well as possible future applications in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis and weight reduction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of medical devices, in particular electromagnetic stimulating devices for stimulation of nerve, muscle, and/or other body tissues with applications in the field of medicine. The instant invention is drawn to an electromagnetic stimulating device able to provide stimulation to tissues of the human body, including nerves, muscles (including superficial and deep muscles), and/or other body tissues without significant discomfort to the patient. This electromagnetic stimulating device utilizes a plurality of overlapping planar coils encased in an ergonomic, body-contoured wrap. The design of the wrap is intended to allow for ease of use and also for the targeting of anatomic regions to be exposed to the impulses of the electromagnetic fields. The device of the present invention provides an electromagnetic field to stimulate underlying body tissues in a manner necessary for the several applications including: the prevention/treatment of muscular atrophy, the treatment of neurogenic bladder and bowel, the treatment of musculoskeletal pain, the treatment of arthritis, and/or muscular augmentation. The plurality of overlapping coils are placed in an ergonomic wrap so as to blanket the designated therapeutic area, and thereby provide consistent therapy that can be quickly and easily administered. The invention is designed to be patient user friendly as well as to be portable. It can be used in a hospital, an outpatient clinic, a therapists office, or even at a patient's home. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06701185__ •
Method and apparatus for exercising internal and external oblique muscles Inventor(s): Slowinski; Peter (26411 N. 114th Pl., Scottsdale, AZ 85255) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,669,610 Date filed: December 31, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus for exercising internal and external oblique muscles utilizes lateral forces generated by the feet and maintain the upper body in a fixed position to facilitate exercise of the oblique muscles. The apparatus and method vary the inertial forces applied outside the feet to affect the degree of difficulty of the exercise. Excerpt(s): Not Applicable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06669610__
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Method and apparatus for processing ultra-sound scans of muscles Inventor(s): Talia; Bartolo Antonio (no. 37/1 Stradello Pirandello, I-41100 Modena, IT), Talia; Ferdinando (no. 3 Via Rismondo, I-41100 Modena, IT) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,676,604 Date filed: May 31, 2002
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Abstract: The method of the invention comprises a phase of ultra-sound analysis for creating a sequence of ultra-sound images of a muscle under examination. The sequence of images is directly memorised in an electronic processor which carries out a processing phase of data relating to the sequence of ultra-sound images. The apparatus of the invention uses an ultra-sound apparatus, which collects a sequence of ultra-sound images of the muscle under examination, and an electronic processor which comprises a video card that directly memorises the sequence of ultra-sound images of the muscle under examination obtained by the ultra-sound apparatus. The electronic processor comprises an electronic processing system which directly processes the sequence of images memorised in the processor. Excerpt(s): An evaluation of muscular contraction is one of the vital parameters involved in therapeutic treatment of muscular rehabilitation in the field of traumatic and neurological pathology, as well as in the field of sports therapy and training. Ultrasound scans have been used for some time now in the medical diagnostic field, as they provide information on the structure of the muscle and its dimensions as well as enabling a visualisation of morphological and dimensional modifications in the muscular venter during the contraction phase. The ultra-sound method used at present, and the relative instruments it is performed with, enable an evaluation of only those morphological modifications of the fibres which take place during contraction. With the ultrasound apparatus presently available it is not possible to obtain any quantitative information on the contraction dynamics; in other words quantification of the various stages taking place between the start phase (at rest) and the final phase of contraction; nor it is possible to define the parameters of muscular functionality (force, potential, velocity, contraction and relaxation times, etc.), which are important in defining the correct contractile behaviour as well as in identifying where the greatest deficit (if any) takes place within a determined muscular exertion. The latter is necessary so that a suitable therapy cycle or training scheme can be devised. To obviate this drawback, an apparatus was constructed, object of Italian patent no. IT 1287407, by the present inventor, which, briefly, uses a sampler which, from a pre-selected ultra-sound image of the muscle provided by the apparatus, provides signals which are proportional to the dilation of the section of the muscle under examination and converts them, by means of an analog-digital converter, into digital signals which are then transmitted to a computer. A program then enables the signals relating to a section of muscle, generated analogically and then digitally converted by the sampler, to be processed in a timedilation diagram which is visualised and memorised. This apparatus, though obviating the above-mentioned drawbacks, does not enable much and various processing to be carried out on a same section, which would give the advantage of offering a choice to the operator of the best section for the purpose in mind, i.e. the most accurate possible evaluation of a muscular contraction in a single situation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676604__ •
Method and device for retractor for microsurgical intermuscular lumbar arthrodesis Inventor(s): Ritland; Stephen (1150 N. San Francisco St., Flagstaff, AZ 86001) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,692,434 Date filed: October 1, 2001 Abstract: An instrument useful in performing lumbar arthrodesis with a minimal approach which spares the lumbar muscles from surgical disruption and includes one
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of two retractor designs having blades angled approximately 90.degree. with respect to each respective retractor handle. One blade is bent at an end portion thereof in a direction away from the handle portion. The other blade has first and second blade faces, with the second face having at least two toothed structures located thereon. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method and device for microsurgical intermuscular lumbar anthrodesis. Results of posterior lumbar fusion have frequently been compromised by residuals from muscular and neurovascular disruption accompanying anthrodesis. An approach along the lateral aspect of the multifidus avoids disruption of the dorsal lumbar musculature and allows for segmental pedicle fixation without disturbing the neurovascular supply to the erector spinae or multifidus. Detachment of the segmental insertion of the multifidus to the mamillary process provides access for a microsurgical transforaminal interbody fusion. Present techniques of lumbar anthrodesis including instrumentation and interbody fusion provide a reasonable expectation of fusion with surgery, however, outcomes remain limited by pain and adjacent segment failure. To the extent this results from fusion it may be unavoidable. Limitations from denervation, devascularization and disconnection of lumbar musculature and the disruption of musculoskeletal integrity of adjacent segments may be largely avoidable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06692434__ •
Method and device for use in minimally invasive approximation of muscle and other tissue Inventor(s): de la Pena; Jose (Lomas Virreyes, MX), de la Torre; Roger (Wentzville, MO), Drews; Michael (Sacramento, CA), Hermann; George D. (Portola Valley, CA), Howell; Thomas (Palo Alto, CA), Khouri; Roger (Key Biscayne, FL), Willis; David (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): Fogarty; Thomas J. (portola Valley, Ca) Patent Number: 6,706,048 Date filed: October 2, 2001 Abstract: Tissue approximation devices for the minimally invasive approximation of muscle or fascia, such as approximation of the rectus muscles in the abdomen (abdominoplasty), or hernia repair and other such applications using minimally invasive methods to access and perform the procedures thereby reducing or eliminating visible scars. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medical apparatus and methods and more particularly to devices and methods for the minimally invasive approximation of muscle, fascia or other tissue such as approximation of the rectus muscles in the abdomen (abdominoplasty), hernia repair, closing fascial defects and other such applications where fascia or other tissue structures need approximating, that provide patient benefit using minimally invasive techniques that, among other benefits, reduce or eliminate visible scars. In the case of diastasis of the rectus muscle and ventral hernias, separation of muscles and fascia from each other can occur over time due to stretching or weakening of tissue, resulting in protrusion at the region of separation of otherwise contained material, e.g. fat, tissue, or intestine. For example, during pregnancy or over time with weight gain, the rectus abdominals muscles, (the large muscles that run longitudinally along the abdomen from the torso to the groin of a human being), can diverge from each other, resulting in a flabby appearance or in some
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cases protrusion of accumulated fat or other structures through the separated region. Many people desire to undergo surgical repair of the separated muscles either to repair the herniation of material, or in less extreme cases, purely for cosmetic reasons, sometimes in conjunction with liposuction or removal of excess skin and fatty tissue. Historically, procedures such as abdominoplasty have been performed through a large open surgical incision in the abdomen, through which surgical tools are introduced to dissect away the subcutaneous tissue and fat from the abdominal fascia, and then directly reapproximating the medial borders of the rectus sheath, usually using sutures. Other methods for approximating fascia or otherwise joining body tissue are also known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,553 describes a surgical instrument for joining body tissue for stapling a hernial opening in internal tissues of a patient. U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,227 describes a staple cartridge for applying staples to a large amount of fascia in a patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06706048__ •
Methods and devices for improving mitral valve function Inventor(s): Kalgreen; Jason E. (Plymouth, MN), Mortler; Todd J. (Minneapolis, MN), Schroeder; Richard F. (Fridley, MN), Schweich, Jr.; Cyril J. (St. Paul, MN), Vidlund; Robert M. (Maplewood, MN) Assignee(s): Myocor, Inc. (maple Grove, Mn) Patent Number: 6,723,038 Date filed: October 6, 2000 Abstract: Devices and related methods for treating heart conditions, including, for example, dilatation, valve incompetencies, including mitral valve leakage, and other heart failure conditions, may operate to assist in the apposition of heart valve leaflets to improve valve function. A method for improving the function of a valve of a heart includes placing an elongate member transverse a heart chamber so that each end of the elongate member extends through a wall of the heart, and placing first and second anchoring members external the chamber. The first and second anchoring members are attached to first and second ends of the elongate member to fix the elongate member in a position across the chamber so as to reposition papillary muscles within the chamber. A method of treating the valve may include real-time monitoring the valve function and adjusting the device based on data obtained during the real-time monitoring. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to devices and related methods for improving the function of heart valves, and more particularly to devices and related methods that passively assist in the apposition of heart valve leaflets to improve valve function of poorly functioning valves. Heart failure is a condition whereby the left ventricle becomes enlarged and dilated as a result of numerous etiologies. Initial causes of heart failure include chronic hypertension, myocardial infarction, mitral valve incompetency, and other dilated cardiomyopathies. With each of these conditions, the heart is forced to overexert itself in order to provide the cardiac output demanded from the body during its various demand states. The result is an enlarged left ventricle. A dilated heart, and particularly a dilated left ventricle, can significantly increase the tension and/or stress in the heart wall both during diastolic filling and systolic contraction, which contributes to ongoing dilatation of the chamber. Prior treatments for heart failure include pharmacological treatments, assist devices such as pumps, and surgical treatments such as heart transplant, dynamic cardiomyoplasty, and the Batista partial left ventriculectomy. These prior treatments are described briefly in U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,440
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to Schweich, Jr. et al., issued Oct. 5, 1999 and entitled "Heart Wall Tension Reduction Apparatus and Method," the complete disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06723038__ •
Multi-functional exerciser Inventor(s): Chen; Ping (No. 29, Nanmei St., Nantun Li, Nantun Dist., Taichung, TW) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,712,743 Date filed: December 11, 2001 Abstract: An exerciser has a base, a rocking frame and a back pad. The rocking frame is pivotally attached to the top of the base and adapted for a user rocking the rocking frame relative to the base. The back pad is mounted on the rocking frame and adapted for the user to lay on the back pad. With such an exerciser, the user not only can train the abdominal muscles of user, but also can swing, twist or expand his or her body. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an exerciser, and more particularly to a multi-functional exerciser that can be used in different ways. To overcome the shortcomings, the present invention tends to provide an exerciser to mitigate or obviate the aforementioned problems. The main objective of the invention is to provide an exerciser that not only can be used to train the abdominal muscles of user, but also can be used to swing, to twist or to expand the body of the user. The exerciser has a base, a rocking frame and a back pad. The rocking frame is pivotally attached to the top of the base and adapted for a user to rock on the rocking frame relative to the base. The back pad is mounted on the rocking frame and adapted for the user to lay down on the back pad. This exerciser is especially versatile due to the novel rocking exercises and provides a distinct advantage over the prior art. Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06712743__
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Multiple function exercise device and method Inventor(s): Abelbeck; Kevin G. (Los Angeles, CA), Kaye; Lawrence S. (10509 Laramie Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311) Assignee(s): Davidson; R. Steven (van Nuys, Ca), Kaye; Lawrence S. (chatsworth, Ca) Patent Number: 6,676,573 Date filed: May 31, 2001 Abstract: This is a multiple function exercise device that enables simultaneous exercise of several muscle groups. The device includes a chest pad that is stationary to the support frame and a seat that moves in a path of motion that enables the user's chest to remain on the chest pad as the user's legs are extended, thereby causing movement of the seat. This combination provides activation of the leg and hip extensor muscles and the trunk flexor muscles at the same time. In another embodiment, a resistance arm is added that is pivotally attached to the frame and mechanically linked to the seat, thereby causing movement of the arm as the seat moves. This allows the additional
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activation of the triceps muscles, or elbow extensors of the upper arm, while also working the leg and hip extensor muscles and the trunk flexor muscles all in a single movement. The advantage to such a movement is the time saving effect of working a large group of muscles at one time as opposed to several exercises one after the other. Excerpt(s): The invention herein relates to an exercise device and more particularly to exercise devices that allow for work done concurrently by multiple muscle groups. This multiple function capability has an advantage in the time saving effect of working a large group of muscles at one time as opposed to several exercises one after the other. The busy schedules of the users are of utmost importance in any physical activity to promote physical health. Few people will or can spend and hour or more in the gym each day. A minimal 30-minute cardiovascular workout followed by 30-40 minutes of weight training doesn't even allow for a quick bite on the way back to the office. As more and more individuals work out of their homes, the need for fitness products that are usable in a home setting become more desirable. One of the necessities of a home piece of fitness equipment is in the versatility or variety of exercises that can be done given a specific space requirement of the device. A single device that performs a variety of exercises is very desirable in this respect. If the device also enables two or more exercises to be accomplished in a single composite movement, the device solves both the time and space considerations that would otherwise prevent many users from participating in a fitness program. Most health club products are not as sensitive to space as in the home market. As such, traditional health club facilities greatly rely on single function equipment, that is a device that works a particular muscle group. Though health club facilities are obviously dedicated to equipment placement and usage, unlike a home, but the space allotment still has associated costs including building rent. Therefore it is advantageous in many cases to provide equipment that has multiple uses. Traditionally these are generalized devices such as jungle gyms, racks for free weights and linear motion smith machines. Still these are not intended to perform seemingly unrelated movements in unison to save time for the user. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676573__ •
Muscle strength testing method and apparatus Inventor(s): Bouchard; Julien (1355 Cartier, Ville St-Laurent, QBC, CA H4L 2N7), Perrad; Jacques (408, rue Perreault, Chicoutimi, QBC, CA G7J 3Y9) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,706,003 Date filed: February 12, 2001 Abstract: An isometric muscle strength testing method and apparatus allow an intended examiner to qualitatively and subjectively assess the muscular contraction of a selected muscle, or group of muscles, of a patient through direct contact between the examiner's naked hand and the target segment of the patient that is anatomically coupled to the selected muscle. The method and apparatus allow a simultaneous quantitative and objective assessment of the strength of the muscular contraction through the use of a pressure sensor, without interfering on or modifying the conventional manual muscle test(s). The pressure sensor is positioned so that the force exerted by the selected muscle during contraction thereof is transmitted indirectly to the pressure sensor without direct contact between the pressure sensor and the patient target segment. A treatment table, or any other structure, can be positioned between the pressure sensor and either the patient or the examiner.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of gauging devices and is more particularly concerned with a muscle strength testing method and apparatus allowing simultaneous assessment of the muscular contraction of a selected muscle through direct contact between an examiner and a patient and assessment of the strength of the muscular contraction of the selected muscle through the use of a pressure sensor. Muscle strength can be defined as the ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to produce tension or exert force through the skeletal system. The generally accepted measurement criterion for the maximum tension which can be exerted by a muscle is the maximum amount of force a muscle can exert on a body part. In physiology, this is referred to as the maximum strength of the muscle and might be expressed, for example, in kilograms per square centimeter of muscular section. In day-to-day life with the patient, the strength is usually expressed in kilograms, Newtons, pounds or inchpounds and Newton-meters. There are a plurality of situations wherein it is desirable to monitor or test different muscle strength of an individual. This type of examination is commonly used in diagnostic, therapeutic and prevention activities. The tests are typically used to determine difference in strength between individuals and/or to determine strength deficits in a given individual. In such a case, deficits are detected by the comparison of contralateral limb segments or muscle groups. The tests are also typically used to monitor a patient's progress during a period of recovery or rehabilitation. Muscle testing is also used in the design of rehabilitation programs for injured patients or individuals wanting to undertake activities for which they are not properly conditioned. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06706003__ •
Pneumatic muscle analogs for exoskeletal robotic limbs and associated control mechanisms Inventor(s): Comer; Alan Elbert (P.O. Box 1134, Olalla, WA 98359) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,684,754 Date filed: July 10, 2002 Abstract: Artificial muscle analog 1000 is located within hollow exoskeletal bone 10. Muscle 1000 comprises inflatable bladder 120, cable 130, roller 140, anchor point 150, and connection means 160 whereby said bladder may be inflated and deflated. Bladder 120 is affixed to the interior surface of said bone. Cable 130, attached to bone 10 at point 150, passes over bladder 120 and through roller 140. Cable 130, if unobstructed and taut, takes a shortest path from point 150 to roller 140. When inflated, bladder 120 forces cable 130 to deviate from this shortest path, pulling cable 130 in through said roller, under tension. In their paired opposing muscle form 2000, the artificial muscles synergistically assist each other when used in opposition. Paired muscles 2000 may actuate a robotic arm 3000, and are easily controlled by the associated simple low-cost control systems 100a,b,c of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to mechanical actuators. More specifically, the present invention relates to artificial muscle analogs which do not rely on electromagnetism for their motive force. Certain aspects of the present invention relate to robust, low-cost exoskeletal limbs powered by such muscle analogs, which have applications in many fields including robotics or prosthetics. A final aspect of the present invention relates to a particularly simple means of controlling such exoskeletal limbs, using a novel electro-pneumatic feedback loop. Historically, machines have been
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invented using an almost endless array of different mechanical methods to induce physical movement. In recent years, however, most such machines have been based on some form of electromagnetic force, especially electrical motors. In some cases, this has been due more to the overwhelming prevalence of electricity and especially the electrical motor as a motive device, rather than the inherent superiority of this approach for the particular problem. Although an electrical motor is arguably the best solution for many problems, especially those requiring rotary motion, other situations exist where alternate approaches have inherent advantages. Yet relatively little research has been done into other motive methods, due in part to the tremendous popularity of the electrical motor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06684754__ •
Portable personal training and exercise device with a cable and pulley mechanism Inventor(s): Ihli; Stephen P. (423-D San Vicente Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90402) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,726,607 Date filed: June 18, 2002 Abstract: A portable personal training and exercise device having a base assembly, a pole assembly and cable and pulley assembly. The base assembly has a tilt mechanism for holding the pole assembly in different orientations. The cable and pulley assembly is attached to the pole assembly and has two coaxial pulleys rotatably mounted on a common single stationary shaft. Each pulley is spring biased for rewinding a cord onto the pulley. The cable and pulley assembly also has a tension adjustment unit for adjusting the resistance of the pulleys, and two multi-direction guide units mounted on the housing of the cable and pulley assembly for allowing the pulley cords to be pulled in multiple directions with reduced friction. A user may pull the cords of the pulleys for exercising various muscles of the user and adjust the resistance force of the cords at an appropriate level suitable to the user. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of sport and exercise devices and more particularly relates to a portable personal training and exercise device which utilizes a cable and pulley mechanism. In recent years personal training and exercise devices have become very popular among the general public. Many different types of personal training and exercise devices including fixed, stationary and portable types, have been designed and introduced by various manufacturers. However, existing personal training and exercise devices are often cumbersome, expensive or difficult to operate and maintain. It is always desirable to provide a new design and construction of a portable personal exercise device that can provide various exercise options with a wide range of resistance. It is also desirable to provide a new design and construction of a portable personal exercise device that utilizes a cable and pulley mechanism which is easy to operate and maintain. It is further desirable to provide a new design and construction of a portable personal exercise device that is compact, lightweight, and relatively inexpensive. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06726607__
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Protein and gene involved in myocyte differentiation Inventor(s): Kaul; Sunil C. (Tsukuba, JP), Reddel; Roger R. (Westmead, AU), Wadhwa; Renu (Niihari-mura, JP) Assignee(s): Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 6,670,450 Date filed: October 6, 2000 Abstract: A gene was unexpectedly isolated in an attempt to isolate a gene specifically expressed in immortalized cells via antibody screening using an antibody raised against a protein occurring specifically in immortalized cells. The gene thus isolated shares no sequence homology with the entries deposited in the database and was strongly expressed in skeletal muscles and undifferentiated cells. The protein encoded by this gene inhibits the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes. It also inhibits the transactivation function of p53, a transcription factor involved in tumor suppression. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel protein involved in myocyte differentiation and DNA encoding the protein. Genes, such as muscle creatine kinase, troponin, caveolin 3,.alpha.-actin, and myosin, are reported to be expressed predominantly in the skeletal muscles. A family of transcription factors specifically expressed in the muscles, including myoD, myogenin, myf-5, and MRF4/herculin/myf-6, have been cloned. These factors are phosphorylated nuclear proteins containing a helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif, as required for both dimerization and DNA binding, and are believed to be determinants of the cell-specific differentiation program (Olson and Klein (1994), Genes & Dev. 8:1-8). When one of these factors is introduced into non-myogenic cells, differentiation into mature muscle cells is initiated (Weintraub et al. (1991), Science 251:761-766). The myoD family, a group of transcription factors, has been found to direct muscle formation, inhibit proliferation, activate differentiation and induce a contractile phenotype. While myoD and myf-5 are expressed within the proliferating myoblasts, myogenin and MRF-4 are not expressed until the myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle in response to mitogen withdrawal. Based on these findings, it was demonstrated that myogenin and MRF-4 activate and maintain the expression of muscle-specific genes (Emerson (1993), Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3:265-274), while myoD and myf-5 are thought to play a role in the proliferation of myoblasts. Other cell-cycle regulatory proteins, such as RB (Shiio et al. (1996), Oncogene 12:18371845, Wang et al. (1997), Cancer Research 57:351-354), p21 (Guo et al. (1995), Mol. Cell Biol. 15:3823-3829), cyclin D, cdk2, cdk4 (Kiess et al. (1995), Oncogene 10:159-166) and tumor suppressor gene p53 (Soddu et al. (1996), J. Cell Biol. 134:193-204) are involved in the muscle cell differentiation program. Recently, caveolin 3 (Song et al. (1996), J. Cell Biol. 271:15160-15165),.alpha.-dystroglycan (Kostrominova and Tanzer (1995), J. Cell Biochem. 58:527-534) and DNA methyltransferases (Takagi et al. (1995), Eur. J. Biochem. 231:282-291) have been shown to play positive roles in myogenic differentiation. An objective of the present invention is to provide a novel protein and gene involved in myocyte differentiation, and the production and use thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06670450__
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Push-up/chest exercising device Inventor(s): Manailovich; John (51 Mudd Pond Rd., Blairstown, NJ 07825) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,716,145 Date filed: January 24, 2002 Abstract: A push-up/chest exercising device for exercising one's chest muscles while performing push-ups. The push-up/chest exercising device includes a support assembly including a plurality of leg members and a support member being mounted upon the leg members; and also includes a plurality of handhold members being movably mounted upon the support member; and further includes a plurality of resistance members being mounted upon the support member and being connected to the handhold members to resist movement of the handhold members toward one another. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chest exercisers and more particularly pertains to a new push-up/chest exercising device for exercising one's chest muscles while performing push-ups. The use of chest exercisers is known in the prior art. More specifically, chest exercisers heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements. Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,868; U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,802; U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,015; U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,873; U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,082; and U.S. Pat. No. Des. 335,512. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06716145__
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Replacement atrioventricular heart valve Inventor(s): Cox; James L. (Ladue, MO) Assignee(s): 3F Therapeutics, Inc. (lake Forest, Ca) Patent Number: 6,719,788 Date filed: May 21, 2002 Abstract: A replacement heart valve is configured to replace a native atrioventricular heart valve (mitral or tricuspid valve, positioned between an atrial chamber and a ventricular chamber). The replacement valve includes a a thin and flexible wall portion having no more than two leaflets. Two securement locations adjacent the outlet end of the valve are adapted to be attached to respective papillary muscles. The unconstrained regions between the securement locations flex inwardly into and out of engagement with each other in response to blood pressure in order to close and open the valve. The leaflets engage each other along a line of commissure. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of replacement heart valves. There are four valves in the heart that serve to direct the flow of blood through the two sides of the heart in a forward direction. On the left (systemic) side of the heart are: 1) the mitral valve, located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, and 2) the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta. These two valves direct oxygenated blood coming from the lungs, through the left side of the heart, into the aorta for distribution to the body. On the right (pulmonary) side of the heart are: 1) the tricuspid valve, located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and 2) the pulmonary valve, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. These two valves
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direct de-oxygenated blood coming from the body, through the right side of the heart, into the pulmonary artery for distribution to the lungs, where it again becomes reoxygenated to begin the circuit anew. All four of these heart valves are passive structures that they do not themselves expend any energy and do not perform any active contractile function. They consist of moveable "leaflets" that are designed simply to open and close in response to differential pressures on either side of the valve. The mitral and tricuspid valves are referred to as "atrioventricular valves" because of their being situated between an atrium and ventricle on each side of the heart. The mitral valve has two leaflets and the tricuspid valve has three. The aortic and pulmonary valves are referred to as "semilunar valves" because of the unique appearance of their leaflets, which are more aptly termed "cusps" and are shaped somewhat like a halfmoon. The aortic and pulmonary valves each have three cusps. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06719788__ •
Rotary tilt exercise machine Inventor(s): Rasmussen; Aaron P. (1776 Essex St., El Cajon, CA 92020) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,666,802 Date filed: November 13, 2002 Abstract: The rotary tilt exercise machine is a gravity-controlled device wherein the user, cradled in a body support unit, employs bodily balance and thrust to roll the body support unit, which is tiltably mounted on the ball joint of a housing drum. A pendular shaft is fixed to the base of the body support unit so that body support unit tilt produces angular displacement of the shaft within the housing. At its extension, the pendular shaft is weighted to provide ballast and centrifugal impetus to body support unit roll. Body support unit motion parameters are defined by either of two optional control devices, specified as a rotary wheel motion controller and as a crank arm motion controller. Auxiliary equipment includes a seat belt and grab bars mounted on the body support unit that stabilize the torso and enable body balance movements that work the back and abdominal muscles. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to exercise apparatus and more specifically to a rotary tilt exercise machine. Observation of children's playground equipment reveals the popularity of exercise apparatus wherein the user employs bodily motion or thrust to overcome inertia and spring resistance in exchange for a fun ride and some exercise. In these simple devices, thrust force is eventually overcome by a large grounded coil spring, which returns the support assembly to its point of origin. The value of tilt type exercise equipment resides in its ability to produce body balance movements that energize torso and limb musculature. That fact, coupled with the obvious "fun" appeal of balance oriented exercise equipment has contributed to the growing popularity and commercialization of exercise balls, wobble boards, and rocking blocks that serve as an exhilarate for exercise. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06666802__
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Shoe and last Inventor(s): Frye; Nancy C. (3526 Rockcrest Dr., Garland, TX 75044) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,698,050 Date filed: October 13, 2000 Abstract: A footwear exercising device for use by a wearer in improving various aspects of the wearer's physical condition, health and overall appearance. The footwear exercising device of the present invention includes a reverse wedge for wear below the sole of a wearer's foot, and may be worn with a wide variety of fashion. Prolonged use of the device of the present invention has been shown to improve the tone of the muscle groups of a wearer's body which have to do with the wearer's posture. Prolonged use of the instant invention has also been shown to improve the blood circulation in a wearer's legs and to strengthen significantly the muscles supporting a wearer's knees. The design of the device is such that prolonged wear of the invention is neither strenuous nor taxing. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to footwear and more particularly to an improved shoe and last. The present invention relates to exercise devices, and more particularly concerns exercise devices for wear with, or as part of, a shoe. Many footwear exercising devices have been proposed in the prior art for exercising the leg and back muscles. Examples of such devices can be found in the following U.S. Letters Patent: U.S. Pat. No. 2,769,252 by A. E. Monier; U.S. Pat. No. 3,472,508 by Baker et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,181 by Holcombe, Jr.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,678 by Lamb et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,114 by Lodispoto; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,073 by Robinson. While these devices may be suitable for a particular purpose to which they address, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that said devices would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present invention. Indeed, the devices of Monier, Baker et al. and Lamb et al. are all designed for purely therapeutic purposes, making it very difficult to wear such exercise devices throughout the activity of a normal day. On the other hand, the devices of Holcombe, Jr., Lodispoto and Robinson are designed for more prolonged wear. However, neither of the Lodispoto, Holcombe, Jr., or Robinson designs is able to be worn throughout the activities of a normal day with the extraordinary amount of comfort and lack of fatigue as is available through the present invention and still accomplish all the exercise purposes of the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06698050__
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Shoes and braces with superelastic supports Inventor(s): Houser; Russell A. (1787 Verdite St., Livermore, CA 94550), Whayne; James G. (137 New Castle Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27514) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,718,656 Date filed: July 3, 2001 Abstract: Described are shoes, orthodic appliances, and anatomic braces containing superelastic support members for enhanced performance. The superelastic supports provide dynamic response to deflection. As such, the superelastic supports incorporated in the soles of shoes enhance walking, running, jumping, kicking, or other motion
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involving the foot. The superelastic supports may be incorporated in the body of shoes to reinforce the ankle joint. The embodiments of the invention also provide superelastic supports in braces to reinforce or stabilize the knees, ankles, elbows, wrists, shoulders, back, neck, hips, or other anatomy commonly associated with a degree of twisting, rotation, bending, or other desired motion. The braces also intensify the motion of anatomic structures, apply a specific resistance at the joint to strengthen the muscles during training or rehabilitation, and/or immobilize or stabilize joints, bones, or other anatomic structures during healing of an injury. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to devices for enhancing the performance of shoes or braces. More particularly, the invention relates to supports that are incorporated in the soles of shoes to improve the vertical jump, the lateral agility, and the running stride of the shoe wearer. The supports also provide cushions for the heel and the ball of the foot to prevent injury occurring from pounding the foot against a hard surface. In addition, the supports facilitate walking by providing an upward force in response to downward deflection mimicking the natural motion of the foot and easing the stress of walking on the foot. The supports also correct congenital defects such as pronation and supenation by urging the foot into the correct position while walking or exercising. The embodiments of the invention also provide supports to reinforce the joints and prevent unwanted twisting, rolling, rotating, or bending. The supports may be incorporated in shoes to integrally provide reinforcement of the ankles or may be used in separate ankle braces to prevent unwanted or excess rolling, twisting, or bending of the ankle. Alternatively, the supports may be inserted into the ankle or body regions of shoes to provide additional reinforcement to the foot without being integrally encapsulated into the shoe; as such these supports function as orthodic appliances. The supports may also be used in knee, wrist, shoulder, or elbow braces to prevent unwanted twisting or bending at these joints. The supports may also be incorporated into rib, or other bone, guards to reinforce the ribs, or other bone, and distribute the stress applied to the ribs, or other bone. This prevents extremely concentrated force, which potentially causes fracture or other injury to the rib, tibia, or other bone. Current techniques for providing a cushion or spring involve using pockets of air incorporated in the shoe sole. Such pockets are intended to decrease and distribute the impact upon the foot when landing on a hard surface but do not exert an opposing force on the foot capable of aiding the shoe wearer in walking, running, or jumping. In addition, air pockets must typically be inflated to high pressures so the pockets have enough rigidity to withstand the weight of the shoe wearer without collapsing; as such, the pockets do not provide enough compression to cushion the foot. A need thus exists for shoe supports that are capable of being deflected a predetermined amount in response to an external force and exerting an opposing force in response to the deflection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06718656__ •
SPE-4 antibody preparations Inventor(s): L'hernault; Steven W. (Atlanta, GA) Assignee(s): Emory University (atlanta, Ga) Patent Number: 6,689,361 Date filed: February 1, 2000 Abstract: This application discloses SPE-4 related peptides, peptide-carrier protein conjugates and fusion proteins, immunogenic compositions, antibodies and methods for characterizing the SPE-4 related protein profiles, useful in diagnosing or monitoring
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SPE-4 related protein profiles of nematodes and/or Alzheimer's disease patients, either in postmortem tissue, preferably from the frontal cortex of the brain, or from other tissue samples, including without limitation muscles and peripheral blood or in a tissue sample of a living patient, where the tissue analyzed can include, brain, muscle or peripheral blood cells. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention is the area of peptide antigens, antibodies, methods and kits therefor, specifically using antibody preparations raised in response to antigen(s) derived wholly or in part from one or more proteins of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a significant health problem, and an economic problem as well, in moderns society. It is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system; clinical symptoms include progressive memory loss and decline in cognitive functions. Typically, the onset of AD is in the middle to late stages of human life. Late onset AD occurs at ages greater than 60 years while the symptoms of early onset AD appear in affected individuals between 30 and 60 years of age. At the histological level, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by such pathological features as amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles [Sherrington et al. (1995) Nature 3:754-760]. Several genetic loci have been implicated in AD, which appears to be complex with respect to its etiology. The 112Cys to Arg allele of ApolE (Apolipoprotein E) is associated with a significant proportion of the late onset AD cases [Strittmatter et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1977-1981; Saunders et al. (1993) Neurology 43:1467-1472]. Mutations in the.beta.-amyloid precursor protein gene (.beta.APP) have been associated in certain families (<3%) with AD onset prior to 65 years of age [See, e.g., Goate et al. (1991) Nature 3:704-706]. A third locus associated with AD is the stm-2 locus on chromosome 1; this gene determines the presenilin protein. Another locus (AD3 on chromosome 14q24.3), which functions as an autosomal dominant locus, may account for up to 70% of the cases of early onset AD [Schellenberg et al. (1992) Science 2:1445-1453]. Sherrington et al. (1995) supra has described five different missense mutations in a novel gene called s182, which mutations are associated with early onset AD. Pedigree studies suggested that these mutations confer an autosomal dominant AD phenotype. Sequence analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the protein product of this gene is likely to be an integral membrane protein despite the absence of an obvious signal peptide sequence and a dearth of potential glycosylation sites. The human S182 protein shares significant amino acid homology with the Caenorhabditis elegans spe-4 gene product, which has been shown to function in spermatogenesis in the nematode [L'Hernault et al. (1992) J. Cell Biol. 119:55-69]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689361__ •
Steerable sphincterotome sphincterotomy
and
methods
for
cannulation,
papillotomy
and
Inventor(s): Adams; Mark L. (Stoughton, MA), Hutchins; John E. (North Attleboro, MA) Assignee(s): Scimed Life Systems, Inc. (maple Grove, Mn) Patent Number: 6,676,659 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and devices for performing endoscopic cannulation, papillotomy and sphincterotomy and similar procedures. According to the present state of the art, endoscopic cannulation of the common bile duct and papillotomy and similar procedures are accomplished by advancing the device into an endoscope/duodenoscope so that the distal tip of the device exits the endoscope
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adjacent the sphincter muscles at the Papilla of Vater. The endoscope mechanisms are then manipulated to orient the distal tip of the device to the desired position for proper cannulation of the duct. Due to inconsistencies in, for example, the sphincterotome, anatomy, and endoscope manipulation, it is difficult to accurately and consistently position the sphincterotome for proper cannulation. The steerable sphincterotome of the present invention allows the physician to control the position of the distal tip of the device independently of the endoscope and adjust for inconsistencies in the device and the anatomy. According to the present invention, the handle to which the cutting wire is attached is freely rotatable relative to the catheter. The handle, secured to the cutting wire but rotatable relative to the shaft of the catheter, provides a mechanism to rotate the wire, transmitting the force to rotate the device tip. With the handle rotating independently of the shaft at the proximal end, the force can be applied directly to the distal tip without twisting the entire shaft. Also a rotation lock to maintain the orientation of the tip and/or a rotation marking, to indicate the amount of rotation may be included. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to apparatus that is useful in performing diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in the biliary tree and more particularly to apparatus that is adapted for facilitating the diagnosis of gallstones in the bile duct and other portions of the biliary tree and the removal of such gallstones. Historically the migration of gallstones into an individual's common bile duct was corrected by general surgical procedures. A surgeon would incise the bile duct and remove the gallstones and normally remove the gallbladder. In recent years less invasive treatment modalities have replaced these general surgical procedures and reduced patient trauma, long hospital stays and recovery periods. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,696,668 and 4,781,677, both to Wilcox, disclose a treatment modality involving the administration of a dissolution agent in the bile duct to essentially dissolve any gallstones. More specifically, a catheter contains several lumens for inflating and deflating each of two balloons, venting bile, and infusing and aspirating the dissolution agent. Inflating the balloons occludes the bile duct at two spaced sites and creates a sealed spaced that receives the dissolution agent. As the space is sealed from the remaining biliary tree, the dissolution agent finds access to the gallbladder and any gallstones therein through the cystic duct with the exclusion of bile from the gallbladder fundus. The dissolution agent also will be confined in high concentration around bile duct gallstones. After the gallstones dissolve the balloons are deflated and the catheter can be withdrawn. In this particular approach, the catheter is directed into the biliary tree using a standard duodenoscope that passes through the alimentary tract. Although this and analogous approaches have the potential of minimizing patient trauma, such treatments require extended placement of the duodenoscope in the patient, exhibit low efficacy and introduce a potential for adverse reactions to the dissolution agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676659__
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Surgical instruments and procedures for stabilizing the beating heart during coronary artery bypass graft surgery Inventor(s): Aldrich; William N. (Redwood City, CA), Benetti; Federico J. (Rosario, AR), Frantzen; John J. (Copperopolis, CA), Glines; Robert C. (Cameron Park, CA), Regan; Brent (Coeur d'Alene, ID), Salahieh; Amr (Campbell, CA), Sepetka; Ivan (Los Altos, CA), Taylor; Charles S. (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): Cardiothoracic Systems, Inc. (santa Clara, Ca) Patent Number: 6,701,930 Date filed: November 6, 2001 Abstract: The invention is methods and devices which a surgeon may use to stabilize the beating heart during a surgical procedure on the heart. Pursuant to the invention, a stabilizing device is introduced through an opening in the chest and brought into contact with the beating heart. By contacting the heart with the device and by exerting a stabilizing force on the device, the motion of the heart caused by the contraction of the heart muscles is effectively eliminated such that the heart is stabilized and the site of the surgery moves only minimally if at all. Typically, in separate steps, the surgeon contacts the heart with the stabilizing device, assesses the degree of movement of the anastomosis site, and exerts a force on the stabilizing device such that the contraction of the beating heart causes only minimal excess motion at the surgery site. By fixing the position of the stabilizing device in a configuration where the motion of the beating heart is effectively eliminated, the surgeon is able to stabilize the beating heart for the duration of the procedure. The stabilizing device may be attached to a rigid support or may be attached to a semi-rigid support which is rendered motionless mechanically, chemically, or by human intervention. In certain preferred embodiments, the stabilizing device is affixed to a semi-rigid support which is caused to become rigid, by any of a variety of techniques, such that the position of the stabilizing device becomes fixed by the support, and the heart remains substantially motionless for the duration of the procedure. Excerpt(s): Diseases of the cardiovascular system affect millions of people each year and are a leading cause of death in the United States and throughout the world. The costs to society from such diseases is enormous both in terms of the lives lost and in terms of the cost of treating patients through surgery. A particularly prevalent form of cardiovascular disease is a reduction in the blood supply leading to the heart caused by atherosclerosis or other condition that creates a restriction in blood flow at a critical point in the cardiovascular system that supplies blood to the heart. In many cases, such a blockage or restriction in the blood flow leading to the heart can be treated by a surgical procedure known as a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedure, which is more commonly known as a "heart bypass" operation. In the CABG procedure, the surgeon removes a portion of a vein from another part of the body to use as a graft and installs the graft at points which bypass the obstruction to restore normal blood flow to the heart. Although the CABG procedure has become relatively common, the procedure itself is lengthy and traumatic and can damage the heart and cardiovascular system, the central nervous system, and the blood supply itself. In a conventional CABG procedure, the surgeon must make a long incision down the center of the chest, cut through the entire length of the sternum, perform several other procedures necessary to attach the patient to a heart-lung bypass machine, cut off the blood flow to the heart, and then stop the heart from beating in order to install the graft. The lengthy surgical procedures are necessary, in part, to connect the patient to a cardiopulmonary bypass machine to continue the circulation of oxygenated blood to the rest of the body while the bypass
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graft is sewn into place. Although several efforts have been made to make the CABG procedure less invasive and less traumatic, most techniques still require cardiac bypass and cardioplegia (stoppage of the heart). The safety and efficacy of CABG procedure could be improved if the surgeon could avoid the need to stop the heart from beating during the procedure, thereby eliminating cardiopulmonary bypass and the lengthy and traumatic surgical procedures necessary to connect the patient to a cardiopulmonary bypass machine to sustain the patient's life during the procedure. In recent years, a small number of surgeons have begun performing CABG procedures using surgical techniques especially developed so that the CABG procedure could be performed while the heart is still beating. In such procedures, there is no need for any form of cardiopulmonary bypass, no need to perform the extensive surgical procedures necessary to connect the patient to a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, and no need to stop the heart. As a result, the surgery is much less invasive and the entire procedure can typically be achieved through one or two comparatively small incisions in the chest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06701930__ •
Synthetic muscle based diaphragm pump apparatuses Inventor(s): Shahinpoor; Mohsen (9910 Tanoan Dr. NE., Albuqerque, NM 87111), Soltanpour; David (5 Lindsley Dr., Larchmont, NY 10538) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,682,500 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: Implantable, pressure adjustable diaphragm pump systems which are scalable and are characterized by a common type of actuating mechanism. The pumps may be inductively and transcutaneously powered via adjacent, mutually inductive electromagnetic coils. Alternatively the pumps may be effectively "self" powered using a synthetic muscle attached to a local bending or twisting force. The pumps may be used in a range of applications from mechanical applications to medical applications such as intraocular pressure control for glaucoma patients, bodily fluid drainage control, and drug delivery systems. These pump systems each include a pumping chamber having an anterior end attached to an implantable influent conduit. In the case of an ocular pressure control device, the influent conduit is inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye. A flexing ionic polymer conductor composite IPCC synthetic muscle, which is a type of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) synthetic muscle, functions as the primary actuator. The posterior end of the pumping chamber is connected to an effluent or drainage conduit, which may drain bodily fluids or dispense drugs to an area of the body. A key feature of the invention is the self or secondary power generation system in the form of a much larger piece of IPCC synthetic muscle which, in the case of glaucoma prevention systems, may be placed on the globe surface (sclera) of the eye and attached to and secured by the extraocular muscles of the eye. An alternative external power system includes a biocompatible induction coil with gold wire armature that can be transcutanously activated, adjusted, and computer-interrogated and controlled by a surgeon. The device of the invention is further equipped with a pair of adjustable variable flow valves placed at the juncture of the inlet and effluent conduits with the pumping chamber. The valves are used to regulate fluid flow through the pumping chamber. A pressure regulating system including a pressure sensor and pump controlling microprocessor may also be used with the inventive system.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pump assemblies. More specifically, it relates to improved diaphragm pumps in a range of sizes, including micro-miniature pumps which may be used as bio-compatible medical implants for controlling diseases such as glaucoma and for controlled delivery of drugs. Mechanical and electromechanical medical implants are well known and, depending upon the type, have met with varying success rates. One problem with these devices is the lack of a reliable, long term power source. Ideally, the power source should last for the life of the implant, as many of these implants require invasive procedures both to install and maintain. Indeed, an external power source is virtually impossible in many situations. One use for mechanical implants is the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucoma is a common eye disease which is caused by excessive ocular pressure in the anterior chamber of the eyeball. Many devices and techniques have been devised in order to control this pressure. The devices fall generally into two types; passive devices such as a simple tubular shunt or similar device which drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber, and active devices which have means for controllably draining ocular pressure, the systems typically using check valves or similar mechanical devices. While these systems are somewhat effective, they all tend to suffer from the drawback in that they are unreliable or require frequent maintenance which always involves a fairly invasive procedure. Failure to properly maintain the devices can result in long term damage to the eye. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682500__ •
Variable resistance hand gripper device Inventor(s): Baltodano; Oscar (1009 N. Adams St., Tallahassee, FL 32303) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,672,995 Date filed: January 17, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is a variable resistance hand gripper ideally suited for use in exercising and strengthening the muscles of the hand and forearm. In order to provide optimum-strengthening capabilities, the present invention includes a plurality of removably resistance devices that are removably secured to the hand gripper device. The user can select the number of resistance devices so as to provide a device that includes adjusting capabilities. The device further comprises a pair of handles pivotally secured and having a upper section and a lower section. The upper section includes the resistance devices and the lower section receives the hands of the user. Adding or removing these conventional resistant elements will provide for the resistance to increase or decrease, as deemed necessary for peak muscle strengthening during utilization by the user. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a resistance hand gripper for use in exercising and strengthening the hand and forearm and more particularly to a resistance hand gripper device that utilizes same movement of conventional hand grippers yet includes a means for adjustable tension through resistance by rending a variable resistance device that includes a novel method for increasing or decreasing the tension via the removal or addition of conventional tension elements, such as rubber bands, springs, or the like. The device of the present invention provides for a quick, easy and effective means of adding or removing the particular tension elements used for resistance, inherently providing a device that increases efficiency and productivity for strengthening and working the muscles of the hand and forearm. Hand held exercise devices are conventional and well known in the art. Generally, hand held exercise
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devices are utilized for strengthening the muscles in the forearm and hand that are used for gripping a particular object. This strengthening can be advantageous and will enable a user to improve on a particular sport, hobby, jobs or the like, in which this gripping is essential for success. These hand held exercise devices are also employed for improving deteriorating or injured muscles, such as when a user's hand has suffered an injury such as in an accident or fire. Continuous exercise and therapeutic treatment may greatly increase the strength and dexterity of the deteriorated muscle. Knowing the benefits of improving and strengthening the muscles of the forearm and hand, it is not surprising that several hand exercise devices have been developed. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,580 issued to Chiu wherein disclosed is a grip exercise with a gear-shaped adjusting member having a pair of handles and a receiving head located at the intersection of the two handles, and a gear-like adjusting member housed within the receiving head. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06672995__ •
Weighted insert Inventor(s): VandenBerg; Nancy Lynn (4646 Wishing Well Ct., Portage, MI 49024) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,665,879 Date filed: May 8, 2002 Abstract: A durable weighted vest insert to produce a calming effect in users. The insert has a plurality of sealed compartments having weights in an anterior and posterior portion. Weight distribution is configured to provide a uniform and even pressure predominately over the upper muscles of the back and high on the pectoral muscles (i.e., an anterior and posterior shoulder girdle) when placed on a user and can be determined as a percentage of a user's body weight. The insert has mechanical fasteners such as pressure sensitive fastening materials, zippers, buttons, ties or hooks on an exposed surface. The invention can also include a vest having an interior surface comprising opposing mechanical fasteners placed corresponding to the fasteners of the insert whereby the insert can be incorporated and concealed within the vest. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of weighted vests, and in particular to a weighted vest with a plurality of evenly distributed weight enclosures that provides an even pressure across the anterior and posterior shoulder girdle of a person or animal to produce a calming effect. Weighted vests are known in the art and have primarily been developed to improve an athlete's strength and cardiovascular condition during exercise. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,917 to Massey describes a variably weighted vest with a plurality of deep and large pockets to add up to 30 pounds of weight. Most of the prior art weighted vests are designed for temporary use such as during exercise. Therefore, concerns about comfort, durability, appearance or the number of users are not a concern. Weighted vests designed for exercise also generally teach to keep the weights low on the vest. If the weights are high on the body, the athlete's balance is affected since the body's center of mass is raised as the distribution of weights raises. See generally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,267 to Watson. Unfortunately, low placement of the weight frequently causes poor and uneven weight distribution since the weights essentially "hang" from the user. This can cause shoulder discomfort as the weight pulls down on the vest rather than applying direct pressure to the muscles in the shoulder girdle area. Weight placed about the muscles of the shoulder girdle of an individual or animal is known to cause a calming effect and is
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known as proprioception or deep touch-pressure effect. This calming effect can be an important goal in teaching children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ("ADHD") and others with attention difficulties such as autism or pervasive developmental disorders. See VandenBerg, N. L.; Vol. 55, No. 6, AJOT 621-628, The Use of Weighted Vest to Increase On-Task Behavior in Children with Attention Difficulties and Fertel-Daly, D., Bedell, G., & Hinojosa, J. (2001). Vol. 55, No. 6, AJOT, 629-640, Effects of a Weighted Vest on Attention to Task and Self-Stimulatory Behaviors in Preschoolers With Pervasive Developmental Disorders. A weighted vest can, for example, calm children who have problems moderating their own level of arousal, preventing them from paying attention or attending to tasks. A weighted vest can allow them to focus attention through the physiological effects of sustained pressure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06665879__
Patent Applications on Muscles As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to muscles: •
Abdominal exercise device Inventor(s): Perez, Charles; (Venice, CA) Correspondence: Kelly Bauersfeld Lowry & Kelley, Llp; 6320 Canoga Avenue; Suite 1650; Woodland Hills; CA; 91367; US Patent Application Number: 20040063555 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Abstract: An exercise apparatus that will exercise at least five groups of muscles is disclosed. The exercise apparatus exercises the abdominal muscles, the serratus muscles, the intercostals muscles and the leg muscles. The apparatus uses a seated position for the person exercising and the exerciser is seated on a swing. When the exerciser contracts his or her abdominal muscles while lifting the legs, the swing rotates such that the exerciser's feet rotate upward. When the exerciser releases tension on the abdominal muscles, the apparatus goes back to its original position. When the exerciser bends forward, the above four groups of muscles are exercised. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/256,444 filed Sep. 26, 2002. The present invention generally relates to exercise devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to an abdominal exercise device which can be used at home. There exists a wide variety of exercise devices that provide a cardiovascular or resistance exercise to various muscle groups the body. Among these there are known a variety of abdominal exercise devises. In the gym setting, these devices are large, cumbersome, often difficult to operate, and relatively expensive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abdominal exercise routines using a flexible elongated device Inventor(s): Brown, Gordon L. JR.; (Anderson, SC) Correspondence: John B. Hardaway, Iii; Nexsen Pruet Jacobs & Pollard, Llc; P.O. Box 10107, FED. STA.; Greenville; SC; 29603-0107; US Patent Application Number: 20040082449 Date filed: October 23, 2002 Abstract: A method of exercise and especially for strengthening and toning the abdominal muscles using a flexible elongated device to increase resistance. The device is held at its ends by the hands with the arms in an outstretched position while a person sits with legs bent. The person places the device across and near the near the knees and crunches the abdominals against the added resistance of the flexible elongated device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of performing exercises intended to firm, strengthen and tone a person's abdominal muscles. The method requires the use of a flexible elongated device which creates resistance during the performance of the exercise routines such that the resistance from the device is transmitted to the abdominal muscles resulting in an enhancement of the muscles. Firming, strengthening and toning the abdominal muscles can improve the health and self-image of an individual. Strong abdominal muscles in combination with a strong back make injury to an individual engaged in physical activity less likely. Runners with conditioned abdominal muscles perform better. Abdominal muscles that are well defined increase a person's physical appearance. A person's confidence is often enhanced if the person feels that he or she is in good shape and a flat stomach with well-defined abdominal muscles enhances this confidence level. Much money, time and personal effort are expended by thousands of persons on a daily basis trying to achieve well-defined and strong abdominal muscles. The number of exercise routines and exercise devices on the market is large. The personal expenditures per year in the United States alone to strengthen and condition the muscles of the abdomen are in the millions of dollars annually. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Accommodating intraocular lens assembly with multi-functional capsular bag ring Inventor(s): McNicholas, Thomas; (Laguna Niguel, CA) Correspondence: Advanced Medical Optics, INC.; 1700 E. ST. Andrew Place; P.O. Box 25162; Santa Ana; CA; 92799-5162; US Patent Application Number: 20040039446 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: An intraocular lens (IOL) has been provided with an accommodation assembly that effects axial movement of the IOL optic through both the radial action of ciliary muscles and the axial forces resulting from vitreous pressure on the posterior wall of the capsular bag. In a preferred embodiment, the assembly comprises an IOL having substantially rigid, posteriorly extending fixation members which extend through slots in an accommodation ring encircling the optic. Axial forces exerted by vitreous fluids on the posterior wall of the capsular bag are transmitted from the posterior wall to the ring to the fixation members at the slot areas, causing axial movement of the IOL. At the same time, the angulation of the haptics converts radial forces due to contraction or
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expansion of the capsular bag into axial forces, causing still more axial movement of the IOL. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to intraocular lenses (IOLs). More particularly, the invention relates to intraocular lenses which provide accommodating movement in the eye. The human visual system includes the eyes, the extraocular muscles which control eye position within the eye socket, the optic and other nerves that connect the eyes to the brain, and particular areas of the brain that are in neural communication with the eyes. Each eye forms an image upon a vast array of light sensitive photoreceptors of the retina. The cornea is the primary refracting surface which admits light through the anterior part of the outer surface of the eye. The iris contains muscles which alter the size of the entrance port of the eye, or pupil. The crystalline lens has a variable shape within the capsular bag, under the indirect control of the ciliary muscle. Having a refractive index higher than the surrounding media, the crystalline lens gives the eye a variable focal length, allowing accommodation to objects at varying distances from the eye. Much of the remainder of the eye is filled with fluids and materials under pressure which help the eye maintain its shape. For example, the aqueous humor fills the anterior chamber between the cornea and the iris, and the vitreous humor fills the majority of the volume of the eye in the vitreous chamber behind the lens. The crystalline lens is contained within a third chamber of the eye, the posterior chamber, which is positioned between the anterior and vitreous chambers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Arm exercising device Inventor(s): Sleiman, Tony; (Windsor, CA) Correspondence: Warn, Burgess & Hoffmann, P.C.; P.O. Box 70098; Rochester Hills; MI; 48307; US Patent Application Number: 20040023763 Date filed: May 6, 2003 Abstract: The invention is directed to an arm exercising device having a base assembly with a base handle telescopically extendable from a first end of the base assembly. An arm actuator is pivotally mounted to the base assembly. A user interface is connected to the arm actuator to allow a user to pivot the arm actuator relative to the base assembly. A resistance medium is mounted between the arm actuator and the base assembly and provides resistance for the user as the arm actuator pivots in on or more directions with respect to the base assembly. In addition to providing a device for working the tendons and muscles of the shoulders and arms, this device is also collapsible for easy transport of the device. The base assembly and arm actuator are telescopic and are a fraction of their extended length when moved to the retracted position. Additionally, the user interface has a hollow cavity for receiving an holding an elbow pad that can be used to cushion the elbow of the user during operation. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/380,102, filed May 6, 2002. The present invention relates to a portable apparatus for exercising and conditioning the muscles of the arm and shoulder. More particularly, the present invention relates to an arm exercising device that exercises the users arm and shoulders by mimicking the range of motion found in the sport of arm wrestling. In the physical fitness and therapy fields it is often necessary for individuals to undergo exercises that will strengthen and condition an individual's arms including the tendons
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of the shoulder region. Frequently athletes such as tennis players, golfers, baseball pitchers, football quarterbacks, hockey player, etc. suffer from overexerted and straining tendons in the elbow and shoulder region. Similarly individuals who have undergone surgery for a torn rotor cuff or other type of shoulder surgery will have a similar need for strengthening the tendons in their shoulder and arms so that they can improve their mobility after surgery. Tendon strengthening exercises are much needed in both the sports and physical therapy industries. However, because of the range of motion involved very few exercise devices have been developed that specifically focus on strengthening both the tendons and muscles in the arm. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Articulating abdominal exercise bench Inventor(s): Eschenbach, Paul William; (Roebuck, SC) Correspondence: Paul W. Eschenbach; 290 South Tyger Lane; Roebuck; SC; 29376; US Patent Application Number: 20040067829 Date filed: October 4, 2002 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of abdominal exercise with the operator using the sit-up or crunch movements. More particularly, the present invention relates to an exercise apparatus that exercises the abdominal and back muscles with the lower torso of the operator supported by a moving seat while the upper torso of the operator is supported by a moving seatback. The articulation of the seatback is coordinated with the movement of the seat. Handles are provided such that the arm muscles can assist the sit-up or crunch movements. The benefits of regular exercise to improve overall health, appearance and longevity are well documented in the literature. One of the most difficult muscle groups to exercise is the abdominals. For exercise enthusiasts the search continues for safe apparatus that provides exercise to tone the abdominals without back strain. Many devices have appeared in the art to aid the user in the performance of sit-ups from a prone face-up position causing either more or less load on the abdominal muscles. The first category shows a stationary seat and seatback with relative operator movement such as Luna in U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,319, Geschwender in U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,485, Mclaughlin et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,128 and McArthur in U.S. Pat. No. 6,220,996. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Automatic device for optimized muscular stimulation Inventor(s): Bosco, Carmelo; (Roma, IT) Correspondence: Dann, Dorfman, Herrell & Skillman; 1601 Market Street; Suite 2400; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-2307; US Patent Application Number: 20040030361 Date filed: August 7, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to an automatic device for optimized muscular stimulation, the stimulation providing periodical contractions with constant frequency of one or more muscles of a user, the device comprising a central electronic unit (1), connected to a memory unit (2), to one or more muscular electrical activity detectors (4),
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each one applied on a corresponding muscle of the user to be subjected to stimulation, and to muscular stimulation means (5) actuated by the central unit (1), the central unit (1) managing and controlling the automatic device, processing the data coming from the detectors (4) in such a way to determine, within a range included between a lower limit frequency and an upper limit frequency, an optimum frequency of the periodical contractions in correspondence of which the sum of the amplitude of the signals provided by the detectors (4) from the corresponding muscles of the user as a response to the stimulation is the maximum one, the central unit (1) setting the muscular stimulation means (5) in such a way to produce periodical contractions of the muscle to be stimulated at the determined optimum frequency. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an automatic device for optimized mechanical muscular stimulation andlor stressing. More specifically, the invention concerns a device of the above kind, the stimulation of which, preferably mechanically produced, provides constant frequency periodical contractions of a muscle of a user, providing the preliminary detection of the frequencies of the periodical contractions corresponding to the best electro-myographycal response for the muscle to be stimulated, and a following stimulation of the same muscle at the optimum frequency sensed, the device being highly reliable and efficient. It is known that when a muscle is stimulated by application of mechanical vibrations, it contracts in a reflex way very similarly to what happens when the muscle is operated by voluntary contractions, e.g. during the execution of physical works. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Back-board Inventor(s): Spinosa, Joseph; (Honesdale, PA) Correspondence: MR. Joseph Spinosa JR.; 757 Terrace Street; Honesdale; PA; 18431; US Patent Application Number: 20040077467 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: The invention is designed to enable the user to perform both abdominal strengthening and back muscle strengthening exercises on the top of a conventional bed. A conventional bed is defined as one with a semi-rigid mattress and a rigid frame.The invention attaches and detaches to the described bed easily and provides the means to strengthen both flexor and extensor muscles of the trunk with the dual advantages of maximum convenience and minimum cost.The invention is a departure from the previous art in that it enables the user to strengthen the trunk muscles at home without the necessity of cumbersome and expensive equipment. Excerpt(s): Acute low back problems are experienced by a large percentage of the adult population in the United States. The costs in terms of medical treatment, time lost from work, and disruption of normal activities are significant. The invention is offered as a means to prevent acute low back pain as defined by, activity intolerance of less than three months duration in the absence of serious spinal pathology. The invention provides the means to strengthen the trunk muscles in the home setting at low cost and maximum convenience. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Conditioning exercises for the trunk muscles (particularly the back extensors) may be helpful, especially if the patient's acute low back problems persist." The latter quote is found on page 3 of the AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research) publication No. 95-0642 December 1994. Exercise devices for trunk strengthening have
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been offered in the past, but they tend to be expensive and inconvient to use at home. Since trunk strengthening must be done regularly throughout the active years of the life span, the methodology must maximize efficiency and convenience. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Belt load distribution device Inventor(s): Sullivan-West, Dawn L.; (Newport News, VA) Correspondence: George F. Helfrich; 162 Shasta DR.; Newport News; VA; 23608; US Patent Application Number: 20040055075 Date filed: September 23, 2002 Abstract: A belt load distribution device channels the loads produced by heavy belts, such as gun belts worn by law enforcement officers, away from the user's spine, and distributes the load comfortably across the muscles of the user's back. Heavy belt loads, which typically cause chronic lower back pain in police officers, are significantly mitigated. The belt load distribution device comprises a lower back panel which houses vertical and horizontal stays, and a belt for securing the device around the waist of the user. In addition to alleviating lower back pain caused by the wearing of heavy belts, the device is light, comfortable, durable, adjustable, and easy to maintain. Excerpt(s): The subject invention relates to health equipment, and relates more specifically to the prevention of lower back pain caused by the wearing of heavy belts. Chronic lower back pain resulting from wearing heavy gun/utility belts is a problem commonly suffered by veteran law enforcement officers, although it is not generally known to the public, and often not even discussed within law enforcement organizations themselves. Police departments sometimes have "no light duty" clauses in their employment agreements to protect themselves from liability. If an officer is "not fit for duty," then he can be removed from it, therefore officers are often hesitant to discuss their discomforts. Nevertheless, lower back pain caused by heavy gun belts is quietly recognized among law enforcement officers as a chronic problem, and one for which alleviation would be a welcome relief. A search of the related art reveals numerous products available for lower back support, especially to prevent injury or discomfort resulting from heavy lifting, bad posture, repetitive motion, strenuous exercise, and the like. Most available products involve some sort of a girdle-like belt that fits snugly about the waist of the user, and applies pressure and support to the muscles and spine to ensure that they remain in their correct positions during strenuous activity. Various products utilize lumbar pads, hot or cold gel packs, and even magnets, to prevent or alleviate lower back pain. Examples of such commercially available products are those sold by the "Relax The Back" company, which can be contacted at 1-800-222-5728. Relax The Back products can be viewed at the company website at http://relaxtheback.com. No products are offered however, that prevent pain caused by wearing a heavy gun belt, tool belt, or utility belt. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition and methods for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and collagen and elastin deficiencies Inventor(s): Gamay, Aly; (McLean, VA) Correspondence: Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, Pllc; P.O. Box 7037; Atlanta; GA; 30357-0037; US Patent Application Number: 20040029774 Date filed: August 6, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a composition and method of enhanced nutrients delivery system for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders and promotion of collagen and elastin synthesis in mammals by the oral administration of gel-like composition of hydrated Chondoritin, Glucosamine, MSM (Methyl-Sulfonyl-Methane), gelatin, hydrolyzed gelatin, collagen, and/or hydrolyzed collagen in combination with gelling agents. The increased bioavailability of the composition aids in the relief of joint pain and rebuilds cartilages, tendons, muscles, skin and connective tissues. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for treating musculoskeletal disorders and collagen and elastin deficiencies and in particular to the administration of a gel-like composition having increased bioavailability. Damage to the collagen and elastin containing tissues of the body can lead to sever malfunction of organs and cause serious disorders. The damage can be attributed to a variety of factors such as aging, poor nutrition, diseases and physical trauma. It is important from a therapeutic point of view to conserve intact tissues and to assist in the rapid repair of damaged tissue. Proper nutrition and ingestion of rejuvenating-nutrients can help in maintaining healthy tissues. Most cells in multicellular organisms are in contact with an intricate meshwork of interacting, extracellular macromolecules that constitute the extracellular matrix. These versatile protein and polysaccharide molecules are secreted locally and assemble into an organized meshwork in the extracellular space of most tissues. In addition to serving as a type of universal biological glue, they also form highly specialized structures such as cartilage, tendons, basal laminae, and bone and teeth. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Congestion preventing device for car Inventor(s): Kobayashi, Hiroaki; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20040034314 Date filed: November 29, 2002 Abstract: An apparatus for preventing congestion comprises a seat body 1, air bags 5g and 5h for energizing muscles of the legs of an occupant seated on the seat body 1, air supply/ exhaust device 6 for expanding and shrinking the air bags 5g and 5h and a control circuit 8 for controlling the air supply / exhaust apparatus 6.The control circuit 8 controls the air supply/exhaust apparatus 6 to expand and shrink the air bags 5g and 5h upon a predetermined time elapsed after sitting detection means 7A detects the sitting of the occupant. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for preventing congestion of an occupant for vehicle, which is installed in a vehicle such as an automobile, a bus, a truck,
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a railway, an airplane and so on. Hitherto, there has been installed a seat for an occupant in a vehicle such as an automobile, a bus, a truck, a railway, an airplane and so on. Such a seat includes at least a seat cushion and a seat back, and further includes an arm rest and a foot rest, etc., depending upon a kind and a class in case of an automobile, and depending upon a class in case of a railway and an airplane. A reclining system is also well known, which is capable of varying an oblique angle of the seat back. Further, in order to ensure comfort (relaxation), there is also well known an apparatus including a massage device provided in a seat cushion or a seat back. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Device for exercising pelvic floor muscles Inventor(s): Hunter, Richard John; (Huddersfield, GB) Correspondence: Dara L Onofrio; Onofrio Law; 1133 Broadway; Suite 1600; New York; NY; 10010; US Patent Application Number: 20040038783 Date filed: August 20, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to apparatus 1 for exercising the pelvic floor muscles of a female (not shown) comprising a hollow body 2 adapted to be inserted into a vagina and defined by a plurality of separable parts 3, 4, two in the embodiment, there being support means 5 of the body adapted to receive at least one of a set of weights 6, the arrangement being such that the weight of the body 2 is variable depending on the number of weights, from zero to N, where N (four in the embodiment) is the number of weights in the set, for providing exercise of the pelvic floor muscles of a user. The two body parts 3, 4 are each moulded from physiologically acceptable plastic, are cup shaped and have interengagable screw threads 7 for joining the parts 3, 4 together to form the body 2, and by which the parts 3, 4 are separable by unscrewing. One body part 3, the lower as viewed and in use, mounts the support means 5, which in the embodiment has an elongate member or spindle 8 which has at one end a larger diameter cylindrical plug 9 with a frusto-conical upper, in use, flange 10. The plug 9 is a secure push fit in an orifice 11 at the base of the one part, the cone angle of the frustoconical flange 10 being such as to be complementary to the (tapered) inner surface of the one part 3 adjacent the orifice 11 for centering and providing support for the support member 5. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a device for exercising pelvic floor muscles. Without exercise, pelvic floor muscles often weaken with age. This can give rise to problems with bladder control with women, often exacerbated by childbirth. However, many women have no conscious control of these muscles, and find it very difficult to exercise them properly, in order to strengthen them, without assistance. One known way of providing assistance is by means of a device for exercising pelvic floor muscles by insertion into the vagina, comprising a casing defining an internal cavity and being formed of two parts which are moveable between an open configuration allowing access to the internal cavity and a closed configuration in which the parts are sealingly connected together, and at least one weight adapted to be removably received in the internal cavity, the arrangement being such that in the closed configuration the casing parts defining the internal cavity are adapted to be fully received in the vagina. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Exercise apparatus for a person with muscular deficiency Inventor(s): Duncan, Michael Robert; (Lane Cove, AU), Parker, Simon Geoffrey; (Randwick, AU) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner; Llp; 1300 I Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20040023759 Date filed: July 11, 2003 Abstract: An exercise system (10) for exercising at least one limb, such as the legs, of a subject with spinal cord injury or deficiency. The system (10) comprises an exercise bicycle (20) having a crank (17) and pedals (16) to which the feet of the subject can be mounted, and a functional electrical stimulation (FES) system (30). The FES system (30) stimulates the muscles of the legs and includes a transducer (51) mountable to at least one of the legs of the subject (12) that outputs signals representative of the position and/or movement of the leg when performing the exercise. The FES system (30) further includes a control means that receives and processes the signals output by the transducer (51) and outputs control signals to a stimulator (35) that through electrodes (53) provides electrical stimulation to the legs of the subject (12) so as to cause the legs to drive the crank (17) of the bicycle (20). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a functional electrical stimulation (FES) system and method of using such a system. More particularly, the invention relates to a device and method for reducing or preventing muscle wastage in persons with spinal cord injury or deficiency. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems are seen to have particular future application in providing persons suffering from spinal cord injury or deficiency, such as paraplegia, with a capacity to make controlled movements of their dysfunctional limbs. Functional electrical stimulation systems use electronics to generate electrical impulses. These impulses are then delivered to the nerves or muscles of a subject via electrodes to stimulate movement of the muscles that are otherwise dysfunctional. In order for useful and controlled movements of limbs to be achieved several muscles must usually be operated in concert. This is normally achieved by an algorithm executed under the control of the FES system to deliver a pattern or sequence of stimulation impulses. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Exercise device Inventor(s): Geeting, Eliot; (Dana Point, CA), Rovere, Michael V.; (Hungtington Beach, CA) Correspondence: Sutherland Asbill & Brennan Llp; 999 Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20040067830 Date filed: February 3, 2003 Abstract: An exercise device has a seat pivotally coupled to at least one rocker. A forward support member extends from the seat and has a roller mounted proximate to a forward end thereof. The user sits on the seat and rocks forward and/or backward to exercise muscles of the torso and lower body.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of provisional application No. 60/362,457 filed Mar. 7, 2002. Our invention relates generally to exercise and fitness devices, and more specifically to a device that enables the user to achieve a balanced torso and lower body workout. Many devices have been invented to assist with physical exercise. Some assist the user in performing exercises that target the abdominal region. Others assist the user in performing exercises that target the back region. A few are intended to target both the abdominals and the back. Some devices are designed to provide a bun and thigh workout. Other devices have been made with nothing more than a cardiovascular benefit in mind. Other devices have been invented which assist the user in stretching. Still other devices have been invented to help massage the back. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Exercising machine for working muscles that support the spine Inventor(s): Carlson, Alan; (Lago Vista, TX) Correspondence: Alan Carlson; 6202 Lynn Lane; Lago Vista; TX; 78645; US Patent Application Number: 20040033863 Date filed: August 15, 2002 Abstract: An exercising machine is disclosed which can move in any direction in the X-Y plane on a multi-directional track. The head engaging member is coupled the multidirectional track and the multidirectional track is coupled to an arm that is moveable up and down on a frame to accommodate users of different heights. In one embodiment the multidirectional track is a swivel-able on the arm and as a user pushes the head engaging apparatus in a direction, the track will align with the direction of the user's push and then the rollers will start rolling on the track. In another embodiment the multi-directional track includes a first track mounted to a second track and the second track is mounted to the head engaging harness, wherein the first track can move in a first direction and the second track can moves in a second direction allowing the head engaging member to move in an infinite amount of directions in the X-Y plane. In another embodiment, as an exerciser moves the head engaging member in the X-Y plane the machine forces movement in the Z plane such that the head engaging member can maintain a point of contact on the users head as the exerciser rotates his head during exercise. At least one biasing member is coupled between the frame and the head engaging member to place a biasing force on the head engaging member. As a net force is applied to the head engaging member by the user, the biasing member(s) resist movement from the rest position thereby providing resistance to the user as the user exercises the muscles of the spine. The track can be arced or formed in a radius such that the head engaging member traverses a motion approximate to a radius of a neck rotation as measured from the forehead to the base of the neck. In other embodiments push rods roll on a dish surface to provide the arc movement of the head engaging member. In other embodiments, the arc of travel of the head engaging member can be adjusted by the user to accommodate the dimensions of the user. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to exercise equipment for the human body and in particular exercise equipment for all muscle groups which support the spine. Each year spinal cord injuries occur in contact sports such as football and wrestling. Many of these injuries could be prevented if the athlete had stronger muscles along the spinal cord. Prevention of spinal cord injuries is extremely important because these injuries often result in paralysis. One of the areas of the spinal cord which is susceptible to injury is the cervical area of the spine which resides between the shoulders and the skull. During
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collisions in football or during a fall or collision in any sport, the head can be snapped or over extended in relation to the body resulting in spinal cord injury and possible paralysis from the neck down. Many have created exercising machines and methods for the neck and portions of the spine. For example U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,393 by Kusch and U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,836 by Casali provided an outer ring member with radial members pulling on all sides of a headgear. Other concepts such as U.S. Pat. No. 6106,437 by Brooks uses the ring and two radial members connected to a pulley and a weight. Prior art devices fail to be widely accepted by athletes, trainers and weight programs for numerous reasons. One reason is the difficulty for individuals to get into and out of the exercise machine. Set up time for height and tension and head size adjustment all detract from the usability of the machine. Often, athletic teams working out together wherein, each athlete moves from exercise machine to exercise machine at timed intervals (referred to as circuit training). In this setting athletes only have a short time to exercise at a machine. If a particular machine requires too much set up time it cannot be used efficiently in circuit training. If a user is required to make numerous and/or precise adjustments to an exercise machine the setup becomes too much hassle and athletes will not use the machine. In order for a machine to be useful, the machine must be easily adjustable for users of all sizes. For example, a small youth and a three hundred and seventy five pound pro football player should be able to use the same machine. Other problems in the prior art include inadequate hygiene. Most prior art have a headgear which is made from leather or rigid plastic and these materials can cause cuts or abrasions to the skin where the head gear contacts the users head. The head gear in the prior art head often slides on the users skin making a work out uncomfortable. Additionally, the contact surfaces of the head gear is often not cleanable or sanitary. Another problem with prior art devices is that the resistance provided by the machine during exercise is un-damped and does not provide a fluent and responsive motion. Additionally, in prior art devices the head gear slides on the exerciser's head during exercise causing discomfort and an awkward feeling. The prior art falls short and is less than perfect in many respects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Full bearing 3D cushioning system Inventor(s): Hill, Jan; (Weisendorf, DE), Krabbe, Berthold; (Scheinfeld, DE), Manz, Gerd Rainer; (Weisendorf, DE), Steszyn, Michael; (Portland, OR) Correspondence: Testa, Hurwitz & Thibeault, Llp; High Street Tower; 125 High Street; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20040055182 Date filed: January 10, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a sliding element for a shoe sole. The sliding element includes an upper sliding surface and a lower sliding surface, wherein the lower sliding surface is arranged below the upper sliding surface so as to be slideable in at least two directions. The upper sliding surface can form a lower side of an upper sliding plate and the lower sliding surface can form an upper side of a lower sliding plate. A relative sliding movement between the upper sliding surface and the lower sliding surface distributes the deceleration of the shoe sole over a greater time period and allows the foot to feel as if it is wearing a conventional shoe that contacts a surface with reduced friction, for example, a soft forest ground. As a result, the force acting on the wearer and the momentum transfer on his or her muscles and bones are reduced.
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Excerpt(s): This application incorporates by reference, and claims priority to and the benefit of, German patent application serial number 10244435.8 that was filed on Sep. 24, 2002. The present invention relates to a sliding element for a shoe sole, in particular a shoe sole with a sliding element that provides cushioning to the shoe in three dimensions. Shoe soles should primarily meet two requirements. First, they should provide good friction with the ground. Second, they should sufficiently cushion the ground reaction forces arising during a step cycle to reduce the strains on the wearer's muscles and bones. These ground reaction forces can be classified into three mutually orthogonal components, i.e., a component occurring in each of the X-direction, the Ydirection, and the Z-direction. The Z-direction designates a dimension essentially perpendicular (or vertical) to the ground surface. The Y-direction designates a dimension essentially parallel to a longitudinal axis of a foot and essentially horizontal relative to the ground surface. The X-direction designates a dimension essentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the foot and essentially horizontal relative to the ground surface. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Golf exercise device Inventor(s): Sharps, Chester H.; (Manakin Sabot, VA) Correspondence: J. Michael Martinez DE Andino, ESQ.; Hunton & Williams; Riverfront Plaza, East Tower; 951 East Byrd Street; Richmond; VA; 23219-4074; US Patent Application Number: 20040063552 Date filed: September 24, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed is a golf exercise weight machine for anaerobically strengthening the large rotary muscles of the body--including the upper thigh, trunk and abdomen, and shoulders--most used in performing a golf swing. Preferably, the device includes a floor mounted base to which a yoke is rotatably attached to fit around the shoulders and arms of a user, so that during operation the user's body remains oriented in the proper swing position so as to mimic and improve the golf swing by strengthening the appropriate muscles. A weight stack provides variable resistance during the simulated golf swing, and the device offers adjustment over multiple degrees of freedom and it can accommodate both right-and left-handed swings. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/413,191 filed on Sep. 24, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The invention is directed to a golf exercise device, and, more particularly, to a golf exercise device that is adjustable to accommodate various-sized users and is designed to mimic and improve the golf swing by aerobically and/or anaerobically strengthening the large rotary muscles of the body--including the upper thigh, trunk and abdomen, and shoulders--most used in performing a golf swing, and to train the swing in the proper muscle usage. Conventional exercises and exercise machines, such as Nautilus or other weight or resistance-type systems, are frequently used to strengthen muscles of the body. For example, the abdominal muscles are strengthened through sit ups or specialty abdominal strengtheners. Also, muscles of the chest and shoulders are strengthened through a variety of chest and shoulder press machines. Likewise, leg press machines can be used to strengthen the thigh muscles. These types of machines are readily available at gymnasiums, and in the home. However effective these machines may be at offering weight-resistant strength training, the muscles are not trained or strengthened in a manner that is analogous to the golf swing.
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Heteroaryl alkyl piperazine derivatives as fatty acid oxidation inhibitors Inventor(s): Elzein, Elfatih; (Fremont, CA), Ibrahim, Prabha N; (Mountain View, CA), Palle, Venkata P; (Gurgaon, IN), Shunk, Kevin; (Palo Alto, CA), Zablocki, Jeff A; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 300 South Wacker Drive; Suite 3200; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20040029889 Date filed: July 14, 2003 Abstract: Novel compounds of the general formula (I): and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, wherein the compounds are useful in therapy to protect skeletal muscles against damage resulting from trauma or to protect skeletal muscles subsequent to muscle or systemic diseases such as intermittent claudication, to treat shock conditions, to preserve donor tissue and organs used in transplants, in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases including atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, Prinzmetal's (variant) angina, stable angina, and exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, and myocardial infarction. 1 Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with piperazine derivatives, therapeutic dosage forms including one or more of the derivatives, and methods for treating diseases in mammals, and in particular, in a human in a therapy selected from the group including protecting skeletal muscles against damage resulting from trauma, protecting skeletal muscles subsequent to muscle or systemic diseases such as intermittent claudication, to treat shock conditions, to preserve donor tissue and organs used in transplants, and to treat cardiovascular diseases including atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, Prinzmetal's (variant) angina, stable angina, and exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, and myocardial infarction. U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,264, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a class of substituted piperazine compounds that includes a compound known as ranolazine, (.+-.)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)-4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-propyl]-1- -piperazineacetamide, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and their use in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including arrhythmias, variant and exercise-induced angina, and myocardial infarction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,229, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses the use of ranolazine and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters for the treatment of tissues experiencing a physical or chemical insult, including cardioplegia, hypoxic or reperfusion injury to cardiac or skeletal muscle or brain tissue, and for use in transplants. In particular, ranolazine is particularly useful for treating arrhythmias, variant and exercise-induced angina, and myocardial infarction by partially inhibiting cardiac fatty acid oxidation. Conventional oral and parenteral ranolazine formulations are disclosed, including controlled release formulations. In particular, Example 7D of U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,229 describes a controlled release formulation in capsule form comprising microspheres of ranolazine and microcrystalline cellulose coated with release controlling polymers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Index-finger computer mouse Inventor(s): Kenin, Shahar; (Hod HaSharon, IL) Correspondence: G.E. Ehrlich (1995) LTD.; C/o Anthony Castorina; Suite 207; 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20040080493 Date filed: October 25, 2002 Abstract: A miniature, finger computer mouse is provided, arranged as a sleeve, for wearing on the index finger, at a natural anatomic resting position of the thumb on the finger. Mouse manipulation is achieved by the combined action of the thumb and the index finger, which is controlled by the intrinsic musculature of the hand and is more accurate and more sensible to joint movement than the extrinsic extensors muscles of the forearm. Overuse and overload of the tendons of the upper extremity, and in particular of the forearm, and their consequential orthopedic disorders, are avoided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a computer mouse and more particularly, to a miniature computer mouse, arranged about the mid interphalngeal section (middle phalanx) of the index finger, and manipulated by the combined action of the thumb and the index finger. Overuse and overload of the tendons of the upper extremity, and in particular of the forearm, may lead to orthopedic disorders, such as the carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis and bursitis The handling of a standard computer mouse can cause such overuse and overload and lead to these orthopedic disorders. Among the more sensitive muscles which may be overloaded, when using a standard computer mouse extensively, are the extensor indicis tendon and the extensor digitorium tendon, which extends the index finger. These two tendons are very active as the index finger is extended twice in the double-click action. Not only does the repetitive action likely to damage the delicate tendons, but also, hypertrophy of the muscles may occur, increasing the friction of the muscles in their points of origin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Intravaginal device for electrically stimulating and/or for sensing electrical activity of muscles and or nerves defining and surrounding the intravaginal cavity Inventor(s): Baur, Alfons Johannes; (Megiddo, IL), Eini, Meir; (Nes Ziona, IL), Sarig, Judith; (Saba, IL), Tamarkin, Dov; (Maccabim, IL) Correspondence: Anthony Castorina; G E Ehrlich; Suite 207; 2001 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20040030360 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: A device for stimulating muscles and nerves defining and surrounding an intravaginal cavity of an individual and/or for sensing tonus and/or electrical activity of muscles defining and surrounding an intravaginal cavity is provided. The device includes (a) a body having memory properties such that when the body is contracted and positioned within an intravaginal cavity of the individual the body self expands to conform to a contour of the intravaginal cavity; and (b) at least one pair of electrodes being attached to an exterior surface of the body such that when the body is positioned within the intravaginal cavity, each electrode of the at least one pair of electrodes is
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biased against a wall of the intravaginal cavity. Thus they maintain electrical contact with the wall. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an intravaginal device for electrically stimulating muscles and nerves defining and surrounding the intravaginal cavity and/or for sensing electrical activity of said muscles, and, more particularly, to a device and system utilizing same which are useful in preventing or treating pelvic floor dysfunction in women. Urinary incontinence is characterized by the involuntary loss of urine in individuals. Urinary incontinence is typically brought on by sphincter dysfunction, and/or by weakening of the pelvic floor support, which weakening leads to a "dropped" bladder neck (a condition often termed as "Urethrocele"), or by bladder disorders. Urinary incontinence affects approximately 13 million people in the United States alone, 85% of them women. Urinary incontinence can be caused by mechanical stress (stress incontinence) typically brought on by heavy object lifting, coughing, laughing or sneezing, an uninhibited urge to void (typically referred to as urge incontinence) or by an uncontrollable slow leak (which is termed over flow incontinence), which is often experienced when incomplete bladder emptying is present. Additional but less common types of urinary incontinence include functional incontinence and unconscious or reflex incontinence. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Massaging device Inventor(s): Chen, Kuo-Chin; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Pro-techtor International; 20775 Norada Court; Saratoga; CA; 950703018; US Patent Application Number: 20040015110 Date filed: July 18, 2002 Abstract: A massaging device includes a handle and the rollers at the two corners of two ends of the handle; at least the two rollers of one end are not parallel and slant downward. When the massaging device is moved to and fro on skin to massage muscles and stimulate meridian points, the two non-parallel rollers squeezes muscles located between them and push fats under skin to help a user in body fitness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a massaging device, and more particularly to a massaging device that includes two anterior rollers and two posterior rollers capable of massaging muscles and squeezing and pushing fats under skin to achieve an effect of body fitness. The commercially available manual type massaging devices are used to massage muscles and stimulate meridian points. The structure of the prior massage devices includes a handle and one or more pairs of rotatable rollers symmetrically and parallelly connected to two corners of the handle. By gripping at the handle, a user may apply proper downward force while moves the massaging device to and fro on skin, so that the one or more pairs of parallel rollers massage muscles and stimulate meridian points on the skin. Using the massaging device with parallel rollers, if the strength is too weak, the rollers only can glide on the skin lightly and cannot press the muscles. If the strength is too strong, it is easily to injure the muscle. Even if the user can use the massaging device on uniform force, the parallel rollers only can glide on the skin. The effect is just like massaging effect by using hands. Besides, it also cannot have effect of releasing muscles and fat-removing. It is therefore tried by the inventor to develop a roller-type massaging device that has anterior rollers and the posterior
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rollers'symmetrically and parallelly connected to two sides of the handle. This massage device has the functions provided by fat-removing and massaging muscles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Mastication monitoring device Inventor(s): Kurono, Takehiro; (Hamamatsu-shi, JP), Takeuchi, Tsunehiko; (Hamamatsu-shi, JP) Correspondence: Morgan Lewis & Bockius Llp; 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20040073142 Date filed: July 29, 2003 Abstract: A mastication monitoring device 1 is provided with a probe 2 which is attached to a cheek in order to detect the concentration of reduced hemoglobin in the masticatory muscles. A photodetector 22 of the probe 2 detects light scattered in the masticatory muscles and delivers a signal of the amount of light received to a signal processing unit 3. The signal processing unit 3 computes the reduced hemoglobin concentrations (time-series changes) from the signals of the amount of light received, and further computes outputs S (time-series changes) corresponding to the time-series changes in the reduced hemoglobin concentrations. A mastication iteration counting unit 41 detects peaks in periodical changes of Sd which is the difference between the output S and the moving average value Sma of the output S and counts the peaks in periodical changes of Sd as the mastication iterations. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a mastication monitoring device. It has been desired to realize a mastication monitoring device which can detect a state of mastication by a subject to be measured and provide information thereof in order to provide assistance for tutoring proper mastication, training mastication for prevention of dementia and the like. Conventional mastication monitoring devices include, for example, a device which measures the mastication iterations in response to a pressure change in the device corresponding to a movement of the skin upon masticating as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei-11-206740, a device which measures the mastication iterations in response to noises generated at the time of mastication as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei-11-123185, and a device which computes the mastication iterations and the force of mastication (different from biting force and defined as a force by which food is crushed between upper and lower teeth, or by which upper and lower teeth are contacted together upon attaching an oral device such as a mouth piece where the muscle force exerted at every bite converges generally within 0.4 seconds) from the potential of the masticatory muscles using an electrode as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-178706. However, there have been problems in that it is difficult to obtain accurate measurement results by conventional mastication monitoring devices because they are subjected to external factors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus for training muscle strength through progressive resistance exercise Inventor(s): Liu, Chiang; (Taipei, TW), Liu, Yu; (Taipei, TW), Shiang, Tzyy Yuang; (Taipei, TW), Wei, Shun Hwa; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Troxell Law Office Pllc; Suite 1404; 5205 Leesburg Pike; Falls Church; VA; 22041; US Patent Application Number: 20040009854 Date filed: July 9, 2002 Abstract: An apparatus for enhancing muscle strength is designed based on a curve of relation between joint angle and producible muscle strength, and includes a resistancevarying device that provides progressive resistances to give a trainee's body area being trained the most suitable load when the joint angle at the trained area changes. The resistance-varying device is embodied through serially connected four-bar linkages, two-bar linkages, or tension cords pivotally connected to one lateral side of weights of the apparatus with pins. Strength exerted by the trainee at the trained area is transmitted via a steel cord to pull a top weight upward and sequentially stretch the linkages or tension cords open, so that subsequent weights are pulled upward one by one until the last linkage or tension cord is fully stretched. A method using the apparatus to enhance muscle strength meets the human engineering and avoids unwanted injury of trained muscles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to method and apparatus for enhancing muscle strength through progressive resistance, and more particularly to a muscle training apparatus that provides progressively increased resistance to a trainee's body area being trained to meet a curve of relation between joint angle and producible strength thereof. 1. Isoload training--In this way of training, muscles contract at a speed and in a tension that vary with time. 2. Isometric training--In this way of training, muscles contract with the lengths thereof keeping unchanged. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and device for correcting or reducing the formation of facial lines Inventor(s): Chernyakhovsky, Anna; (Winnipeg, CA), Ioffe, Semyon; (Winnipeg, CA) Correspondence: Ogilvy Renault; 1981 Mcgill College Avenue; Suite 1600; Montreal; QC; H3a2y3; CA Patent Application Number: 20040024373 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: A method for reducing the formation of lines on the skin of a person's face and neck (and/or at least partly removing such lines) comprises applying pressure on the skin at locations where a reduction in the formation of lines (or a reduction of lines) is desired with this pressure being sufficient for at least partly impeding the development of these lines by causing the person in time to diminish his/her formation of facial expressions which cause the skin to wrinkle. If the pressure is applied for a prolonged period of time, biofeedback between the brain, muscles and skin subconsciously cause the person to reduce making such facial expressions. The device is a compression and face stabilising device which comprises a mask and/or one or more bands adapted to be positioned on the skin at the aforementioned locations, and an attachment mechanism to
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secure the mask to the head and/or neck of the person and which is adapted to apply sufficient pressure at such locations for at least partly impeding the development of lines thereat. Excerpt(s): This Application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/410,078 filed on Oct. 1, 1999, pending. The present invention relates to systems for improving facial aesthetics and, more particularly, for at least partly removing or reducing the formation of ageing lines on the face. With the ageing process, the skin loses its elasticity and cannot keep its original connection with the body's muscles. Therefore, when muscles repetitively contract to define different facial expressions, the associated skin contracts as well, but does not exactly return to its original position and shape thereby gradually creating fine lines and wrinkles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for laminectomy Inventor(s): Boehm, Frank H. JR.; (Utica, NY), Melnick, Benedetta D.; (Rome, NY) Correspondence: Yuri Kateshov, ESQ.; Dilworth & Barrese, Llp; 333 Earle Ovington BLVD.; Uniondale; NY; 11553; US Patent Application Number: 20040055607 Date filed: May 12, 2003 Abstract: A process for performing lumbar laminectomy is characterized by leaving the muscles intact along the base of spinous process and posterior faces of detached portions of lamina, facet joints, and transverse processes of at least one of adjacent superior and inferior vertebrae to preserve the blood flow to the detached portions and, thus, to create a living peace of bone used as fusion material between the bases of the transverse processes of the superior and inferior vertebrae. Excerpt(s): This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 1.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/379,371 filed on May 10, 2002 and fully incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to techniques for the treatment of various spine diseases. Particularly, the invention relates to a spinous laminectomy procedure wherein various posterior bony structures of vertebrae to be fused continue to have a vascular supply during implantation and fusion procedures. Lumbar laminectomy is an operation performed on the lower spine to relieve pressure on one or more nerve roots. The term is derived from lumbar (lower spine), lamina (the spinous canal's bony roof), and -ectomy (removal). Pressure on a nerve root in the lower spine causes, among others, back and leg pain. Upon removing the laminae allowing for the exposure of the compressed nerve(s), pressure is relieved by removal of the source of compression such as part of the disc, a disc fragment, a tumor, or a rough protrusion of bone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of inducing relaxation and sleep Inventor(s): Dyanne, Alana; (Redmond, WA) Correspondence: Patrick M. Dwyer PC; 1818 Westlake Avenue N, Suite 114; Seattle; WA; 98109; US Patent Application Number: 20040077521 Date filed: December 10, 2002 Abstract: A method of inducing relaxation or sleep comprising applying a drop of herbal formula to at least two of a group of twelve body locations, such as two points each on the inside of each wrist two inches above wrist crease, the center of the back of the head in a large hollow under the base of the skull, below the base of the skull, on the two large vertical neck muscles to either side of the spine, along large bone behind each ear and downward, and at the temples at the edge of the hairline. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Ser. No. 60/338,967 filed Dec. 10, 2001. Sleep deprivation has been called the `silent epidemic`, affecting more than 100 million American adults and 60% of all school age children. Current annual business losses are estimated to be $150 billion. AAA attributes 100,000+car `crashes` per year due to `falling asleep at the wheel`. Several major worldwide disasters have been attributed to sleep deprivation. Until now options for sleep aids have been primarily limited to oral prescription and over-the-counter drugs which have many unwanted side effects including dependency, drowsiness upon awakening, liver toxicity, and brain fog. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods for therapeutic treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome Inventor(s): Breuer, Brenda; (New York, NY), Pappagallo, Marco; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Klauber & Jackson; 411 Hackensack Avenue; Hackensack; NJ; 07601 Patent Application Number: 20040028704 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: A method of treating and/or preventing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is provided, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a botulinum toxin to a patient in need thereof or a patient at risk for development of CTS. More specifically, the method includes one or more injections of a botulinum toxin over a period of time into one or more muscles of the hand and/or wrist, or directly into the carpal tunnel along the median nerve. Pharmaceutical compositions are provided as are combination therapies with other agents such as anti-inflammatory drugs, growth factors, and agents useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The use of the methods of the present invention are also contemplated with other treatment regimens used to treat patients having carpal tunnel syndrome. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to provisional application U.S. Serial No. 60/379,714, filed May 10, 2002, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Applicants claim the benefit of the present application under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e). The present invention relates to therapeutic methods for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. More specifically, the instant invention provides a non-surgical alternative for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome through use of botulinum toxin and a prophylactic method for preventing the development of the condition. Furthermore,
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the present invention provides for combination therapy of carpal tunnel syndrome with botulinum toxin and other standard forms of therapy or treatment regimens. The bones and ligaments of the carpus, or wrist, form a structure that resembles a tunnel. The median nerve enters the hand by passing through the "carpal tunnel" formed by the carpal bones and transverse carpal ligament in the wrist. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a commonly occurring condition affecting the hand that arises from pressure on the median nerve in the wrist. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Multi-mode exerciser Inventor(s): Nizamuddin, Nash; (Thornhill, CA) Correspondence: Friedrich Kueffner; 342 Madison Avenue, Suite1921; New York; NY; 10173; US Patent Application Number: 20040033872 Date filed: August 16, 2002 Abstract: A multimode exerciser for muscles and muscle-groups stretch exercises has three horizontal platforms disposed along a horizontal rigid frame of bar elevated above ground. One platform near one end of the frame serves as a seat, while another platform near the foot-end services as a foot/ankle rest. An intermediate platform serves also as a foot rest for certain, different, exercises other than those using the foot-end rest. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an exercise apparatus in general, and in particular to a multi-mode personal exerciser. More particularly still, it relates to an apparatus suitable for stretch exercises for different bodily muscles and muscle groups. Prior art apparatii for exercising individual muscle groups are well known. Recently an apparatus for exercising the abdominal muscles of a user enjoyed widespread use. Other devices are known for exercising (primarily strengthening) targeted muscles or muscle groups. Such apparatii are mostly useful for increasing muscle strength and mass of the targeted muscles. The benefits of stretching are well known, in fact, it is one of the three essential components of fitness, namely strength, endurance and flexibility. It is also well known that most people are not spending enough time stretching, which results in increased injuries and reduced range of motion. Gyms everywhere provide users with mats so that they may stretch on the floor. An objective of the present invention is to allow a user to perform all the basic stretches he/she normally does on the floor, in a comfortable position elevated above the ground. Although there are other machines that are used for stretching, the present exerciser is unique in that its main focus is to promote the proper techniques for stretching. Existing products force the user into positions they normally would not perform, or that may be harmful to them. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Muscle fatigue meter Inventor(s): Duncan, Michael Robert; (Lane Cove, AU), Parker, Simon Geoffrey; (Ryde, AU) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner; Llp; 1300 I Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20040044381 Date filed: March 25, 2003 Abstract: A functional electrical stimulation system (30) for moving at least a portion of a body of a subject (12), such as their legs (13, 13a). The system is adapted to monitor its performance and/or the outcome of the provision of stimulation to the subject (12) and assess whether the body portion is showing evidence of fatigue. The system (30) comprises a stimulator (35) that can provide a plurality of sets of functional electrical stimulation to the legs, one or more transducers (60, 61) that outputs signals representative of the movement made by the legs in response to the functional electrical stimulation provided thereto, and a control means (32). The control means (32) receives and processes the signals output by the transducers (60, 61) and includes a comparator adapted to compare the output signals of the transducers resulting from the provision of two or more substantially equivalent sets of electrical stimulation to the legs and provide an output indicative of variation in the movement. The comparator of the control means (32) can also compare the level of electrical stimulation output by the stimulator (35) to achieve an equivalent movement of the legs. An increase in stimulation to achieve such equivalent can be interpreted by the control means as indicative of fatigue in the muscles of the legs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a functional electrical stimulation (FES) system and method of using such a system. More particularly, the invention relates to a device and method for determining the presence of fatigue in muscles receiving stimulation from a functional electrical stimulation system. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems have been developed using electronic body worn equipment which generates and delivers electrical impulses to the body to control muscle movement. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems are seen to have particular future application in providing persons suffering from spinal cord injury or deficiency, such as paraplegia, with a capacity to make controlled movements of their dysfunctional limbs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Muscle measuring device Inventor(s): Kouou, Takahito; (Tokyo, JP), Sakai, Yoshio; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Mcdermott, Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20040082877 Date filed: October 15, 2003 Abstract: Bioelectric impedances are measured by use of a plurality of electrodes which are brought into contact with body parts of a living body, muscle volumes and maximum voluntary contractions in body parts such as both hands and feet of the subject are calculated from the measured bioelectric impedances, a mechanomyogram
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when several degrees of loads are imposed on a muscle is also measured, the mechanomyogram data is frequency analyzed so as to determine average frequency and amplitude data, the amounts of actions (frequency of emission) of muscle fibers are calculated from inflection points thereof, and the type of the muscle (muscle fibers) and muscle fatigue of the subject are determined, so as to easily measure a maximum voluntary contraction which has heretofore been difficult to measure and make evaluations associated with muscles more accurately. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for making measurements with respect to muscles, i.e., determining the type of muscle and muscular fatigue of a subject. As a conventional method for measuring and determining the type of muscle fiber or muscular fatigue, a method of directly measuring a muscle tissue sample, a substance in the body such as lactic acid, a muscle pH or oxygen saturation in the blood and determining the type of muscle fiber or the muscular fatigue from the measurement value is known. Further, an electromyogram is also known that detects a potential difference by use of electrodes set on the skin so as to measure an electrical signal delivered to move a muscle. Alternatively, a mechanomyogram is also available that detects minute vibrations on the surface of a muscle by use of piezoelectric elements. It is considered a signal reflecting the mechanical action of a muscle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Passive exercise apparatus Inventor(s): McNally, Lynda Jeanne; (Boston, MA), Prunty, Cynthia Nuzzi; (Boston, MA) Correspondence: Fish & Richardson PC; 225 Franklin ST; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20040015108 Date filed: July 20, 2002 Abstract: A passive exercise apparatus for use in an erect, non-recumbent seating position that provides an unstable platform capable of encouraging an omni-directional involuntary rocking motion that will result in the involuntary contractions of muscles involved in maintaining muscle tone and promoting proper posture (viz., the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus muscles, external oblique muscles, and other muscles in the abdominal, lumbar/sacral, and pelvic regions) in order to counterbalance the rocking forces. The purpose of the device is to provide continuing involuntary contractions of these muscle groups (a recognized form of EXERSITTING, which is the combined execution of concentric and isometric muscle exertion and contractions performed while sitting on the apparatus of the present invention in order to help maintain muscle tone and encourage good seated posture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a passive exercise apparatus that assists the user to maintain muscle tone in selected muscle groups and to encourage good seated posture. Many millions of people have adopted a fitness lifestyle. They routinely participate in various exercise activitbies, such as weight training and aerobics these individuals use exercise equipment at fitness clubs, gyms, and at home. In addition to the significant amount of time, membership dues, and energy expended to get into and stay in shape, these individuals are increasingly purchasing exercise devices to use at home and in the office. 1) undoing much of the benefit obtained by targeting gluteal exercise and 2) potentially compromising one's health. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for effecting the relaxation of muscles of a human by means of fragrance Inventor(s): Chapuis-Fournier, Anne-Sophie; (Bois-Colombes, FR), Christensen, Carol M.; (Metuchen, NJ), Moscona, Murray; (Rumson, NJ), Warrenburg, William Stephen; (Little Silver, NJ) Correspondence: Joseph F. Leightner, ESQ.; International Flavors & Fragrances INC.; 521 West 57th Street; New York; NY; 10019; US Patent Application Number: 20040033279 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: Described is a process for effecting the relaxation of a tensive back, shoulder or neck muscle of a human mammal for a substantial period of time. The process of our invention consists essentially of the step of continuously or periodically administering to said human mammal through inhalation over a stress reactivity-reducing, tensive back, shoulder or neck muscle-relaxing period of time, a stress reactivity-reducing, tensive back, shoulder or neck muscle-relaxing quantity and concentration of one or more fragrance compositions having an aroma profile including one or more of a rose, floral, musky, ambery, sweet and/or powdery aroma notes. Excerpt(s): Our invention relates to a process for effecting the relaxation (i) to a substantially low stress-reactive state and (ii) to a substantially low tensive state, of at least one stress-reactive and tensive back, shoulder or neck muscle of a human mammal for a substantial period of time. The process of our invention consists essentially of the step of continuously or periodically administering to said human mammal through inhalation over a stress reactivity-reducing, tensive back, shoulder and/or neck musclerelaxing period of time, a stress reactivity-reducing, tensive back, shoulder and/or neck muscle-relaxing quantity and concentration of one or more fragrance compositions having an aroma profile including at least one rose, floral, musky, ambery, sweet and/or powdery aroma nuance(s). Reactivity to stress is insidious because it does not directly incapacitate a human, but acts as a vector of extreme discomfort in various locations of the body of the human, e.g., back, shoulder and/or neck muscle pain and spasms which are a direct result of excessive back, shoulder and/or neck muscle tension brought about by the reactivity to stress. The term "stress" hereinafter refers to an event or experience in life of an individual that has specific physiologic and/or subjective consequences that disturb the equilibrium of the individual (see Kopin, I. J., Definitions of Stress and Sympathetic Neuronal Responses Stress: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Implications, Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences, G. Chrousos, R. McCarty, K. Pacak et al editors, New York, N.Y., New York Academy of Sciences 771: 19-30.). Sources of stress may be an individual's occupation or it may be a life event such as a change of job. The term "reactivity" hereinafter refers to the change generated by stress in the individual's physiologic and/or subjective condition. Within the context of this invention, the term "reactivity" may be ascertained (a) objectively, by measuring, using electrical measuring techniques, the degree of muscular back, shoulder and/or neck tension and (b) subjectively by use of self-report of various symptoms including degree of muscular back and/or neck pain and degree of muscular back and/or neck `tension` and `relaxation`. Unlike a drug that is ingested orally or injected subcutaneously, the fragrance compositions utilized in the practice of our invention are inhaled. Hence, for the purpose of practicing this invention, the term "amount administered" hereinafter is intended to mean "amount of stress reactivity-reducing composition calculated to have been inhaled, retained, absorbed and/or provided into the blood-stream".
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Rope climbing simulator Inventor(s): Bassani, Darryl; (Yorba Linda, CA), Williams, Michael Edward; (Orange, CA) Correspondence: Stetina Brunda Garred & Brucker; 75 Enterprise, Suite 250; Aliso Viejo; CA; 92656; US Patent Application Number: 20040014568 Date filed: July 19, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a rope climbing simulator system for allowing a user to simulate ascending and descending rope climbing exercises therewith. The system includes a bead chain of serially connected beads. Each of the beads defines a palmar support portion graspable by the user's hands for moving the bead chain in downward and upward directions. A resistance mechanism is in mechanical communication with the bead chain for providing resistance to the bead chain. The bead chain and the resistance mechanism cooperate to impart flexion of the user's muscles during the exercises. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the field of exercise devices, more particularly to rope climbing simulators for allowing a user to simulate ascending and descending rope climbing exercises therewith. The rope climb is one of the historical exercises employed by the military, schools and gymnasiums for building upper body strength. Typically, the rope is suspended from the ceiling or another stationary object. The rope is generally thick and sometimes includes a series of knots to assist the user in gripping the rope at spaced points. The rope climb is considered to be an effective tool for training the upper body because the user is required to support his or her entire weight while climbing to the top of the rope. Descending the rope also provides as much upper body training to the user. Gripping a rope to support one's entire weight is very difficult to perform. Typically, athletes who have had a history of extensive upper body training can climb a rope. However, weaker individuals may find it difficult to even begin the rope climbing exercise, and gain associated training benefits. Also, some other weaker individuals may only be able to climb up the rope a short distance before they have to slide or drop from the rope. As such, these attempts at the rope climb may be difficult and unsafe without prior upper body training. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Saddle for training gonadal region Inventor(s): Kim, Ee Do; (Anyang-Si, KR) Correspondence: Cantor Colburn Llp; 55 Griffin Road South; Bloomfield; CT; 06002; US Patent Application Number: 20040026968 Date filed: May 28, 2003 Abstract: A saddle installed in a bicycle, or a motor cycle, or a health training cycle which is sports equipment, is provided. Muscles in the vicinity of a gonadal region in the human body, are automatically trained when legs are exercised by riding a bicycle or using a health training bicycle. The saddle for training a gonadal region solves
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problems caused by depression of genitals, and can be widely put into practice as a simple structure. The gonadal region training saddle includes: a safe supporter in which a groove is formed in the front side of the saddle and a combiner whose inner circumferential portion is formed of a screw thread is protrudingly installed at the center of the groove; a cushion member which is united with the upper portion of the safe supporter so as to encompass the edge portion of the safe supporter, in which a hole is formed at a position corresponding to the groove formed in the front side of the safe supporter; an adjustment unit at one side of which a connection rod is formed and at the other side of which a holder is formed, so as to be combined with the combiner of the safe supporter; and a friction unit at the bottom side of which a fitting groove is formed so as to be fitted with the end portion of the connection rod in the adjustment unit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a gonadal region training saddle, and more particularly, to a gonadal region training saddle having a friction unit which easily moves up and down at the upper portion of a saddle mounted in a vehicle which is used as a traffic transportation rider such as a bicycle and a motor cycle, or sports equipment such as a health training bicycle, and for training muscles near a gonadal region such as the testis or penis of a man, when he rides a bicycle or motor cycle or makes an exercise on a health training cycle, to thereby solve a problem caused by depression of genitals. Many an implement for training a gonadal region of men has been developed or under development, in order to solve the above problems. A representative implement is an auxiliary implement inserted into the genitals of men by surgical operations, or a nonpenetrative implement which is not inserted into genitals of men. However, insertion of the auxiliary implement by the surgical operation causes much cost. Also, a patient may run a risk which may be caused by a surgical operation. The non-penetrative implement is costless, but burdensome in using and managing it. An exercise implement for men disclosed in Korean Utility Model Laid-open Publication No. 1999-19938, will be described below as an example, which was developed in order to solve the above problems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Soft gel interior tub Inventor(s): Hill, Eva H.; (Jonesboro, GA) Correspondence: Chi Chi Okezie; 9582 Canvas Back Court; Jonesboro; GA; 30238; US Patent Application Number: 20040073996 Date filed: October 21, 2002 Abstract: A soft gel interior tub that is longer than the conventional size tubs. It is designed to reduce muscle tension, soreness, and fatigue while providing comfort, relaxation, and rejuvenation. The interior of the soft gel tub is in the shape of the posterior of the human body having raised hemispheres at the side walls and bottom of the interior of the tub. Underneath the raised hemispheres are vibrating elements, equipped with various settings, to apply therapy and relief to aching joints and muscles. The tub is also equipped with the thermostatic heating system and sound system. Excerpt(s): Most of the bathtubs on the market have hard plastic interior surfaces. The hard surface is uncomfortable to the bather and does not provide support and comfort. Although there are various therapeutic and massage tubs, theses tubs do not provide proper attention to the various pressure points of the human body. Furthermore, conventional tubs are short in length and do not allow bathers to comfortably recline,
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allowing continuous blood flow through the body. Thus, the prior art lacks in particular functions and are in need of drastic improvements. In studying the short comings of the prior art, the inventor has created new elements to modify the traditional bathtub design and function. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Storage unit for collapsible exercise device Inventor(s): Croft, Ellen; (Carpinteria, CA) Correspondence: Manatt Phelps And Phillips; Robert D. Becker; 1001 Page Mill Road, Building 2; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20040067828 Date filed: October 7, 2002 Abstract: A compact, low profile, collapsible exercise device with storage base. The device includes a storage case, a rectangular or U-shaped frame pivotally attached to the storage case, a horizontal hinge rod assembly attached to the frame and rotatably mounted on the frame, a resistance bar, a pair of swing arms, each swing arm having a distal end attached to opposing ends of the hinge rod, and proximal ends attached to opposing ends of the resistance bar. The device includes at least two springs, each spring having a proximal end and a distal end. The distal ends of the springs are releasably attached to spring connectors on the frame. The proximal ends of the springs are attached to the respective swing arms near the proximal ends thereof. In use, an exerciser positions a part of his/her body, such as the hands, in contact with the resistance bar and applies a force sufficient to extend the springs. When the exerciser releases the force, the spring restores to its non-extended length. The exerciser repeats the cycle until the targeted body part(s) is sufficiently exercised. The various possible attachment points for the distal ends of the springs enable the device to be used for exercising various muscles of the body, including the arms, shoulders, legs, back, chest and abdomen. The exercise device, when collapsed, is housed within the compact, low profile case for storage and transport. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to exercise equipment, and more particularly, to a collapsible resistance device for personal exercise. Wall-mountable resistance-type exercise devices are well known in the art. Various embodiments of such devices are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,468,205, 5,431,617, 4,402,504 and 5,385,525. Little, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,546, the contents of which patent is incorporated herein by reference thereto, provides a review of such prior art devices and discloses a wallmountable resistance-type exercise device that overcomes many of the limitations present in prior art devices. Little's device has a matched pair of slotted rails adapted to be vertically mounted on a vertical surface. A matched pair of swing arms are rotatably mounted on slidably adjustable universal blocks disposed within the slots. The opposing ends of the swing arms are attached to a resistance bar and an elastic resistance member. The points of attachment of both the swing arms and the elastic resistance members to the slotted rails are incrementally adjustable along substantially the entire length of the slotted rails. A disadvantage of the device is the large number of parts required to make the device operational. Croft, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,328,679, the content of which patent is incorporated herein by reference thereto, discloses a compact, low profile, wall-mountable exercise device ("the Croft device" or, in the alternative, "a Croft-type device"). The Croft device includes a modular, wall-mountable rectangular frame, a horizontal hinge rod assembly attached to the frame and rotatably mounted on
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the frame, a resistance bar, a pair of swing arms, each swing arm having a distal end attached to opposing ends of the hinge rod, and proximal ends attached to opposing ends of the resistance bar. The Croft device includes at least two springs, each spring having a proximal end and a distal end. The distal ends of the springs are releasably attached to spring connectors on the frame. The proximal ends of the springs are attached to the respective swing arms near the proximal ends thereof. In use, an exerciser positions a part of his/her body, such as the hands, in contact with the resistance bar and applies a force sufficient to extend the springs. When the exerciser releases the force, the spring restores to its non-extended length. The exerciser repeats the cycle until the targeted body part(s) is sufficiently exercised. The various possible attachment points for the distal ends of the springs enable the device to be used for exercising various muscles of the body, including the arms, shoulders, legs, back, chest and abdomen. The device is not readily transportable and requires a permanent wall mount which may not be aesthetically pleasing in a home setting. There is, therefore, a need for a versatile resistance-type exercise device that is quickly and easily assembled and may be collapsed when not in use for convenient storage and/or transport. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Stretching device Inventor(s): Repking, Mary C.; (Wausau, WI) Correspondence: Kinney & Lange, P.A.; The Kinney & Lange Building; 312 South Third Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55415-1002; US Patent Application Number: 20040023764 Date filed: August 2, 2002 Abstract: An apparatus is used on a surface and aids in stretching lower extremity muscles of a person in three planes of movement. The apparatus includes a plane for supporting a foot of the person. The plane has a front end, a rear end, a first edge, a second edge, a top side and a bottom side. The apparatus further includes a rear support associated with the bottom side near the rear end of the plane. The rear support extends from the first edge to the second edge. A front support is associated with the bottom side near the front end of the plane. The front support extends from the first edge to the second edge. The front support has a dimension between the surface and the plane that is greater than that of the rear support. The apparatus further includes means to rock the apparatus between the first edge and the second edge. Excerpt(s): None. The present invention relates to a stretching device. In particular, the present invention relates to a stretching device that aids in stretching the muscles of a user's lower extremities in three planes of movement. Enhancing function during activity is a goal for athletes of all ages, active adults, individuals with disabilities, injured workers, and the elderly. The conditioning process, including flexibility training, should be directed towards improving function by application of sound biomechanics. The biomechanics of function consist of a complex combination of systems within and outside our bodies (i.e. gravity) that are linked and react with each other. An understanding of the interaction of all joints in all three planes of movement with gravity and ground reaction forces is needed to perform optimum stretching of the musculature. The three planes of movement include the frontal plane (side to side motion), the sagittal plane (frontward to backward motion) and the transverse plane (rotational motion).
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Therapeutic exercise device Inventor(s): Craciunescu, Marin; (Seven Hills, OH) Correspondence: Marin Craciunescu; 4234 Vezber Drive; Seven Hills; OH; 44131; US Patent Application Number: 20040043876 Date filed: February 24, 2003 Abstract: A therapeutic exercise device, including receptacle means designed to support a person's lower or upper extremities. A substantially rectangular support base (10) is slidably associated with the carriage (16), in such a manner as to allow a longitudinal displacement of the carriage on the support base. In addition an adjustable resistance arrangement is included to allow increased frictional resistance in between the carriage, and the support base Consequently with increased frictional resistance, increased muscular energy is required to achieve the longitudinal displacement of the carriage on the support base. Thus a more versatile therapeutic device is provided, that permits a simple and accurate measurement of the rehabilitation performance of the lower or upper extremity affected. This device may be employed for strengthening abdominal and back muscles in the process of physical therapy, especially in facilitating Mc Kinsey exercises for lower back. Also, the present invention may be employed as a transferring device for a patient from one surface such as a wheelchair, to another surface such as a bed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to therapeutic portable exercising devices for conditioning and strengthening the muscles and tendons in the leg. Also this device may be employed in the therapeutic rehabilitation of the upper extremities and lower back exercises. a. By way of example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,001 to Roman, U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,521B1 to Foucault and U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,448B1 to Hassler, inventors created several types of portable leg exercise devices where the knee and hip are constrained to move in a linear fashion. b. Furthermore, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,271 to Gonzales and U.S. Pat. No. 6,056,675 to Aruin inventors created portable leg exercise devices which are designed to be used by a person in a sitting position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Therapeutic treatment of digestive organs with engineered stem cells Inventor(s): Mashimo, Hiroshi; (Lexington, MA), Singh, Satish K.; (Sharon, MA) Correspondence: Weingarten, Schurgin, Gagnebin & Lebovici Llp; Ten Post Office Square; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20040071674 Date filed: March 19, 2003 Abstract: A method of directly implanting embryonic or adult somatic stem cells into a desired site in a mammal, e.g., into the adult digestive tract, for gene therapy and/or cell replacement is disclosed. Stem cells with their inherent pluripotency have been found to be capable of being implanted directly, e.g., in the digestive system where they become permanently engrafted. The advantage of cultured stem cells is that they can be expanded in vitro and engineered to produce cells that stably express a variety of gene
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products. Stem cells directly implanted in the gastrointestinal tract according to the method of the invention, have been shown to differentiate into specialized cells of the adult gut (such as nerves, muscles and epithelia). These cells remain at the site of injection and respect local tissue architecture while permanently expressing transfected genes, e.g., nitric oxide synthase, which catalyzes the production of nitric gas in vivo. This approach is particularly well suited for such a diffusible, unstable and transiently bioactive compound as nitric oxide. This technology is useful, e.g., in treating gastrointestinal disorders where key components of a normally functioning bowel are missing, and where local administration of the gene product is thought to be essential. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/365,155 filed Mar. 19, 2002 entitled, ENGINEERED STEM CELLS DELIVERED DIRECTLY INTO DIGESTIVE ORGANS FOR DRUG DELIVERY, GENE THERAPY, CELL REPLACEMENT, RESEARCH AND DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS, the whole of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The traditional approaches to gene therapy (e.g., using adenovirus, lentivirus, and HSV) have met with mixed success. Major disadvantages of these approaches to gene therapy are the creation of inflammation at the site of delivery, the variable uptake and expression in different tissues, and the decline in expression of the gene of interest over time. The gastrointestinal tract has proven particularly problematic with respect to these approaches because it is immunologically highly active and because the entire epithelium is shed and renewed within days. It has been found that expression of a reporter gene introduced to the gut by a replication-defective adenovirus occurred largely in areas of Peyer's patches, perhaps reflecting the access through M cells (Foreman, 1998). Gene transfer by lipofection and adenoviral vectors can be carried out in gut epithelial cells such as for treatment of hemophilia (Lozier, 1997). However, local and stable long-term in vivo expression of genes in the gastrointestinal tract has not been achieved by any method. One particularly intractable set of digestive diseases is caused by nitric oxide deficiency. A relative deficiency of nitric oxide (NO), a readily diffusible gas, is implicated in a variety of gastrointestinal motility disorders including achalasia, Chagas' disease, diabetic gastroparesis, Hirschsprung's disease, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Amyl nitrate, nitroglycerin and, more recently, sildenafil, all of which are believed to work by augmenting the NO pathway, have been used to diagnose or treat some of these conditions in the esophagus, as well as in other sphincteric regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Unfortunately, these pharmacological agents are transient in effect and have wide systemic side effects. Thus, if it were possible to restore the local expression of nitric oxide in a stable, long term manner, significant progress could be made in treating these dysfunctions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Transfer assembly for use by caregivers to lift, support and move the elderly or infirm Inventor(s): Bezalel, Guy; (Givataim, IL) Correspondence: Nath & Associates, Pllc; Sixth Floor; 1030 15th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20040025250 Date filed: August 8, 2003 Abstract: In a transfer assembly for use by caregivers to lift, support or move an elderly or infirm patient, a sling supports a posterior portion of the patient during movement
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thereof, and is anchored toward a lower back portion of the caregiver via connecting straps for supporting the patient. This may be done by attaching the straps to a support worn by the caregiver. On lifting the patient, tension is applied to the connecting straps so as to assist in lifting the patient. The tension applies a counteracting force to the pelvis or hips of the caregiver, which are much less subject to strain that the weaker muscles in the lower back. As a result, lower back strain to the caregiver is significantly reduced. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/402,537 filed Aug. 12, 2002. This invention relates to transfer belts used by caregivers to lift, support and move the elderly or infirm. Transfer belts or, as they are also known, gait belts allow a caregiver to lift, support and move the elderly or infirm. Essentially, they comprise a belt or harness that supports, and may be worn by, the patient and includes handles for gripping by the caregiver when lifting or moving the patient. Such devices are well known in the art and representative examples taught in the patent literature include the following. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Undershirt Inventor(s): Kaname, Eiji; (Osaka, JP), Osada, Shoji; (Osaka, JP), Sakaguchi, Tatsuo; (Osaka, JP), Uno, Hidekazu; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20040016041 Date filed: May 23, 2003 Abstract: An undershirt worn in a state of being substantially in close contact with a surface of an upper body of a wearer includes a main constituent portion made of stretchable materials that include a first-type material, a second-type material, and a third-type material. The first-type material has a straining force greater than a straining force of the second-type material, and the second-type material has a straining force greater than a straining force of the third-type material. In the undershirt, the first-type material is arranged in regions such that in each region the material covers at least a part of musculus triceps brachii. The third-type material is arranged in regions such that in each region the material covers at least a part of a lateral portion of musculus trapezius, at least a part of a superior portion of musculus latissimus dorsi, and at least a part of a medial portion of musculus deltoideus in a vicinity of scapula. The second-type material is arranged in regions other than the regions where the first-type and third-type materials are arranged. Thus, an undershirt is provided in which materials having different straining forces are arranged in regions appropriately, according to movements of the muscles during pitching and batting, thereby intentionally improving motions of the shoulders and the arms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an undershirt that is worn in a state of being substantially in close contact with a surface of an upper body of a wearer, and particularly to a baseball undershirt that facilitates a pitching motion and a batting motion. (3) both of torso pieces and sleeves are formed with a 100% polyester filament fabric, and are treated so as to absorb sweat. The foregoing various types of conventional undershirts are formed with fabrics having a certain stretchability and a high sweat-absorbing property. Such an undershirt has a shape with a relatively great
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allowance, thereby being shaped so as not to be fitted tightly to, or not to be in contact with, the skin of a wearer, and is composed of roughly four parts of a front torso piece, a back torso piece, and sleeves. Though undershirts have differences in shape depending on purposes of use, such as short-sleeved, long-sleeved, high-necked, and turtle-necked, their functions center on the comfort to the wearers when the undershirts are worn, such as sweat absorption and heat retention during or after playing sports. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with muscles, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on muscles. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning muscles. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MUSCLES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to muscles. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on muscles include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on muscles: •
Relaxation Training Manual for People Who Are Hard-of-Hearing: Procedures for Reducing Stress Related to Hearing Loss, Revised Edition Source: The Living With Hearing Loss Program Series. Erie, PA. 2003. 58p. Contact: Available from Sam Trychin, Ph.D., 212 Cambridge Road, Erie, PA 16511. (814) 897-1194. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: www.trychin.com. PRICE: $23.00, shipping and handling included. Summary: Communication difficulties resulting from hearing loss produce stress for many people-hearing family members as well as those who are hard of hearing or latedeafened. People who have cochlear implants may also, at various stages, experience high levels of stress. Ordinarily, stress interferes with focusing attention, effective thinking, and problem solving, resulting in a cycle in which communication difficulties produce stress which, in turn, contributes to further communication difficulties. One effective way to break this cycle and reduce the effects of stress is to learn to relax.
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Relaxation in this regard is a technical term that means altering various physiological states or body conditions, e.g., de-contracting the muscles, lowering blood pressure, deepening respiration, etc. There are several methods for achieving this type of relaxation, and this book describes these methods and their benefits. •
Ageless Exercise: A Gentle Approach for the Inactive or Physically Limited Source: Williamsburg, MI: Angelwood Press. 1994. 63 p. Contact: Available from Publishers Distribution Service, 6893 Sullivan Avenue, Grawn , MI 49637. (800) 345-0098. PRICE: $10.95 plus $3.50 postage and handling. Summary: This book for inactive or physically limited individuals explains the process of centering and describes specific movements for loosening, stretching, and strengthening muscles. Loosening exercises are provided for the shoulders, hips, spine, feet and ankles, hands and wrists, face, and eyes. Stretching exercise focus on the legs, arms, and whole body, and strengthening exercises focus on the abdomen, back, arms, and whole body. Several sequential movement cycles are suggested, guidelines for creating individualized movements and designing a personalized movement program are provided, and various relaxation techniques are described. In addition, sample chair, chair/standing, floor/chair, and floor/standing programs are presented. 9 references.
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Lupus: Everything You Need to Know Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1998. 238 p. Contact: Available from Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0895298333. Summary: This book for people with lupus and their families uses a question and answer format to provide clear and concise information about this autoimmune disease. Chapter 1 presents an overview of lupus, focusing on the nature of lupus; the features of the three kinds of lupus; the causal factors involved; the progression of the disease; and its triggers. The next chapter answers questions about the diagnosis of lupus, focusing on common tests such as the antinuclear antibody test, the anti-deoxyribonucleic acid test, the anticardiolipin antibody test, and the anti-Smith test. It also identifies important factors in diagnosing lupus, visualization, and other procedures that are helpful in the diagnosis of lupus. The third chapter focuses on the symptoms of lupus, including common symptoms; complications of the joints and muscles, skin, kidneys, nervous system, blood, cardiovascular system, lungs, gastrointestinal system, reproductive system, mouth, and eyes; aches and pains; sun sensitivity; infections; and fatigue. Chapter 4 provides answers to questions about the methods of treating lupus, other than medication, focusing on physical therapy, plasmapheresis, alternative medicine, diet, and rest and exercise. The focus of the next chapter is on medications used to treat lupus, including aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and dehydroepiandrosterone. The final chapter answers questions about the impact of lupus on sexual activity, pregnancy, family life, and work. An appendix lists sources of additional information.
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Let's Get Things Moving: Overcoming Constipation Source: Woollahra, New South Wales, Australia: Health Books, Gore and Osment Publications. 1992. 72 p. Contact: Available from Health Books, Gore and Osment Publications, Private Box 427, 150 Queen Street, Woollahra, NSW 2025, Australia. (02) 361-5244. Fax (02) 360-7558.
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PRICE: $9.95 (Australian). ISBN: 1875531238. Also available from National Association for Continence (formerly Help For Incontinent People). P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) BLADDER or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. PRICE: $9.95 plus $2.00 shipping (as of 1996). Summary: This book on managing constipation is from a series of health books that provide straightforward, easy to understand information on a variety of health issues. Eleven chapters address the definition of constipation, its symptoms, and incidence; physiology of defecation; bowel anatomy; causes of constipation, including travel, changes in routine, food and nutrition, pain, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy; acute and chronic constipation in children; causes of constipation in the elderly; self-help strategies; the role of fiber; slow transit constipation; obstructed defecation; pelvic floor muscles; good defecation dynamics; diagnostic tests used to confirm bowel dysfunction; and surgical options for treatment, including rubber banding, sphincterotomy, rectopexy, proctectomy, colectomy, colostomy, and ileostomy. The book concludes with a glossary of terms. Simple, sometimes humorous, line drawings illustrate many of the concepts presented. •
The women's complete wellness book Source: New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin. 2000. 596 pp. Contact: Available from St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. $19.96. Summary: This book provides information relating to women's health issues and achieving optimal health and maintaining wellness. The book is divided into four parts. Part I presents an overview of women's health issues. Part II provides a detailed discussion about routine health care and the health concerns that arise in each stage of life as well as the importance of proactive routine care. Part III offers guidelines for making sensible lifestyle choices including the role of good nutrition, regular exercise, adequate rest, and relaxation. Part III also examines mental health concerns, injury and accident prevention, sexuality, relationships, communication, violence prevention, family planning, pregnancy, and menopause. Part IV discusses the complex systems of a woman's body, including the following topics: the cardiovascular system; reducing the risk of cancers; protecting the body from infection; lowering the risk of metabolic diseases; maintaining the mind; and strengthening the bones and muscles. The book is sponsored by the American Medical Women's Association and produced by the Philip Lief Group.
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Stephen Biesty's Incredible Body Source: New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. 1998. 31 p. Contact: Available from DK Publishing, Inc. 95 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (212) 213-4800. Fax (212) 213-5240. Website: www.dk.com. PRICE: $19.95. ISBN: 0789434245. Summary: This colorful children's book offers a wild journey through the human body. Readers follow the adventures of two tiny explorers through the labyrinth of arteries, veins, bones, and organs that make up author Stephen Biesty's body, and every human body. Using the special equipment they carry in their backpacks, the intrepid voyagers investigate every nook and cranny of Stephen's body to find out how it works, and what happens if it does not. Along the way, they meet the teams of body workers who maintain and service Stephen's body, and who explain exactly what they must do to
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keep Stephen going. The teams are color coded, to assist in understanding the complexity of the body's systems. The hormone team is dressed in green, the blood team in red, the immune team in purple, the muscle team in orange, the nerve team in blue, and specialized home team aspects of each organ are in white. Showered by bile and squashed in a muscle as it contracts, the explorers are catapulted from one close call to another, until they reach the end of their adventure and escape from Stephen's body in a most unusual way (sneezed out his nose). There are 11 detailed illustrations: the eye, the ear, the brain, the spinal cord and nerves, the skeleton, skin and muscles, the mouth and gut, the lymph and blood system, the kidneys, the bladder and reproductive system, the heart, and the nose and lungs. The gastrointestinal tract is the subject of a double centerfold page. A brief subject index is included. •
The OrganWise guys: A book about how to be smart from the inside out Source: Duluth, GA: Wellness Incorporated. 1996. ca. 30 pp. Contact: Available from Michelle Lombardo, Wellness Incorporated, 3000 Coles Way, Atlanta, GA 30350. Telephone: (770) 495-0374 / fax: (770) 495-0375. $14.95. Summary: This illustrated children's book teaches children about their heart, brain, kidneys, liver, intestines, pancreas, stomach, lungs, veins, arteries, and muscles. The book also teaches rules of good health and about keeping cholesterol low, exercise, nutrition, use of water, and fiber.
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Take Care of Your Back: A Self-Care Handbook Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 2000. 31 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Company, Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01372-0200. (800)628-7733. Fax: (800) 499-6464. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: Contact company for pricing information; available in bulk. Order Number: 96270B-10-00. Summary: This illustrated handbook provides people who have back pain with information on treating it and preventing it from recurring. The back is composed of vertebrae, the spinal cord, muscles, the sciatic nerve, disks, facet joints, nerves, and ligaments. Causes of back pain include strains, sprains, or spasms; a herniated disk; osteoarthritis; weak muscles, poor posture, or weight problems; sciatica; emotional stress; and certain health conditions. Although mild back symptoms may be self treated, medical advice is needed in some cases. Treating back pain at home involves using over the counter pain relievers, applying sources of cold and heat to the painful area, performing physical activity, managing stress using relaxation techniques, and taking precautions while recovering. Medical treatments for back pain include prescription medications, physical therapy, spinal manipulation, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, traction, biofeedback, and corsets. Correct body mechanics should be used when standing, walking, sitting, driving, sleeping, shoveling, raking, and vacuuming. Proper lifting techniques can help prevent back strain. Ergonomics can be used to reduce back strain at work. Regular physical activity is important to reduce the risk of injury. Moderate activities that are gentle on the back include walking, swimming, and riding a stationary bike. Various exercises including the cat stretch, elbow props, the pelvic tilt, hip rolls, the knee to chest lift, and bent leg situps help stretch and strengthen the back. Maintaining a healthy weight also helps reduce the risk of back injury.
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Promoting the Development of Young Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Guide for Mid-Level Rehabilitation Workers Source: Albany, NY: World Health Organization (WHO). 1993. 87 p. Contact: Available from World Health Organization (WHO). Publications Center, 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210. (518) 436-9686. PRICE: $10.80 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This manual from the World Health Organization (WHO) is designed for midlevel rehabilitation workers who work with children who have cerebral palsy and their families, and with other rehabilitation or health workers. The manual includes information on early detection of cerebral palsy and assessment of the child's development. Training suggestions are given for promoting mobility, self-help, and communication skills. Communication problems related to cerebral palsy include hearing loss and problems with eating and speaking because of a reduced ability to control the muscles of the tongue, lips, and throat. The chapter on communication outlines some of these problems and presents recommendations for addressing them. One section describes alternative ways of communicating, including asking yes or no questions, using picture boards, and using sign language.
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Physiology of Hearing. 3rd ed Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. (AAO-HNS). 1993. 74 p. Contact: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. (AAO-HNS). One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 836-4444. Fax (703) 6835100. PRICE: $20.00 for AAO-HNS members; $25.00 for nonmembers. Item Number: 5506145. Summary: This Self-Instructional Package (SIPac) booklet serves as a clinical reference on the physiology of hearing for residents in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Topics include the organization of the auditory system; psychoacoustics, including the sensitivity of the ear, loudness, pitch, sensitivity to changes, complex sounds, and directional hearing; sound conduction to the cochlea, including the effect of pinna, head and ear canal, the function of the middle ear, the acoustic impedance of the ear, the effect of air pressure changes, the effect of tympanic membrane (eardrum) perforation, the effect of fluid in the middle ear, the effect of contraction of the middle-ear muscles, and the acoustic middle-ear reflex; the inner ear, including the cochlea as a frequency analyzer, sensory transduction in the cochlea, and cochlear electrophysiology; and the auditory nervous system, including the ascending auditory pathway, the descending pathway, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP). The self-paced instruction style includes pre-tests for self-assessment, interim quizzes for each chapter, and a posttest. 37 figures.
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Children with Disabilities. 4th ed Source: Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1997. 940 p. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775 or (410) 337-9580. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557662932.
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Summary: This textbook addresses the impact of disabilities on child development and function. Thirty-six chapters, each written by subject specialists, cover chromosomes and genetics; heredity; birth defects, prenatal diagnosis, and fetal therapy; growth before birth; the birth process; the first weeks of life; prematurity and low birth weight infants; substance abuse and the infants of drug-dependent mothers; HIV and AIDS, including transmission from mother to child; nutrition; vision; hearing; language; the brain and nervous system; muscles, bones, and nerves; mental retardation; Down syndrome; fragile X syndrome; PKU and other inborn errors of metabolism; mental retardation and psychiatric disorders; autism and other pervasive developmental disorders; attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder; learning disabilities; cerebral palsy; neural tube defects; seizure disorders; traumatic brain injury (TBI); the feeding process and feeding problems in children with disabilities; dental care; behavior management and promoting adaptive behavior; technological assistance, notably innovations that promote independence; rehabilitation interventions, including physical therapy and occupational therapy; ethical choices; caring and coping and the family of a child with disabilities; adulthood and transition issues; and the changing health care environment. Each chapter begins with a list of learning objectives. Most chapters include one or more stories, or case studies, to illustrate the conditions and issues discussed in the chapter. As medical terms are introduced in the text, they appear in bold type; definitions for these terms are provided in a glossary. More than 200 drawings, photographs, x-rays, and tables reinforce the points of the text. Each chapter closes with a final section that reviews its key elements and abstracts the material covered. A reference list is included with each chapter. There are four appendices to the book: a glossary; a list of syndromes and inborn errors of metabolism (more than 150 inherited disorders causing disabilities); indications and side effects of medications often prescribed for children with disabilities; and a directory of national organizations, specialized hospitals, protection and advocacy programs, and university affiliated programs that can provide assistance to families and professionals. An extensive subject index concludes the volume.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “muscles” (or a synonym) in their titles. •
Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=muscles&mode=books
Chapters on Muscles In order to find chapters that specifically relate to muscles, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and muscles using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “muscles” (or synonyms)
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into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on muscles: •
Masticatory Muscle Disorders Source: in Zarb, G.A., et al. Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Disorders. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard. 1994. p. 256-270. Contact: Available from Munksgaard. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK 1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone Number: 45 33 12 70 30; Fax 45 33 12 93 87. PRICE: DDK1456.00. Contact publisher directly for current price in U.S. Dollars. ISBN: 8716106377. Summary: Disorders of masticatory muscles are a major cause of pain of non-dental origin in the oro-facial region. This chapter on masticatory muscle disorders is from a comprehensive textbook that addresses temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) and masticatory muscle disorders. Topics include pathogenesis, epidemiology, classification schemes, management, and case history presentations. The author notes that the presentation is similar in most patients, but a thorough evaluation reveals that there is not one syndrome but several related disorders which share common features. Specific disorders discussed include myalgia (localized dull aching), myofascial pain, myositis (acute painful generalized inflammation resulting from infection or trauma), splinting and spasm, contracture, hypertrophy, and symptoms of parafunction. The authors also briefly discuss the management of children. The case presentations show a range of muscle disorders and a range of outcomes, and a typical female to male ratio (2:1). 1 table. 38 references. (AA-M).
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Smooth Muscle of the Gut Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 92-116. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: The main function of smooth muscle of the gut is to mix and propel intraluminal contents, to enable efficient digestion of food, progressive absorption of nutrients, and eventual evacuation of residues. This chapter on smooth muscle of the gut is from a lengthy, two-volume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. This chapter discusses the structure of smooth muscle, the interaction of contractile proteins, signal transduction in visceral smooth muscle, electrical properties of smooth muscle, rhythmic electrical activity of smooth muscle, neural regulation of smooth muscle by the myenteric plexus, hormonal regulation of smooth muscle function, and humoral regulation of smooth muscle function. 19 figures. 177 references.
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Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises Source: in Corcos, J.; Schick, E., eds. Urinary Sphincter. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2001. p. 443-457. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Cimarron Road, P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701. (800) 228-1160 or (845) 796-1919. Fax (845) 796-1772. E-mail:
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[email protected]. International E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.dekker.com. PRICE: $225.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824704770. Summary: The urinary sphincter is the key to understanding both normal and abnormal function of the lower urinary tract. Its relationships with the bladder, the pelvic floor, and the bony structures of the pelvis are complex and incompletely understood. This chapter on pelvic floor muscle exercises is from a textbook that presents a detailed and systematic account of the current knowledge on the anatomy, physiology, functional relationships, and range of dysfunctions that affect the urinary sphincter. The author notes that the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) are one of many factors contributing to the urethral closure mechanism. Strengthening and improving PFM function can compensate for other nonfunctioning factors. PFM exercise, with or without biofeedback, has been effective in treating female genuine stress incontinence (GSI). PFM exercises, also called Kegel exercises, have no known side effects, and women should be motivated to perform intensive PFM exercises as the first choice of treatment for stress incontinence. However, more than 30 percent of women do not contract correctly at their first consultation, and thorough individual instruction is needed. Manual techniques and electrical stimulation can be used to teach women how to contract. Three sets of 8 to 12 close-to-maximum contractions every day or every second day are recommended. Most people need motivation and encouragement to perform hard strength training. This can be achieved in individual training sessions or in specifically designed PFM exercise classes. When sufficient function has been achieved, PFM strength has to be maintained by further training, but with lower frequency. The author concludes that more research is needed to find out how much exercise will maintain sufficient PFM function and to evaluate the effect of PFM exercise in men and in patients with urge incontinence. 6 figures. 50 references. •
Skeletal Muscle and the Effects of Inflammation Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 1. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p. 268-275. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals reviews the structure and function of human skeletal muscle. The structure of muscle is discussed in terms of muscle fibers, myofibrils and associated structures. Types of fibers are identified. The concept of force generation is explained. Factors that affect the quality and quantity of skeletal muscle are identified, including growth and development, aging, physical activity and training, and damage and regeneration. Muscle damage resulting from exercise is examined, focusing on metabolic and mechanical stress. Inflammatory muscle diseases are identified. The symptoms of muscle disease are described, including weakness and exercise-induced or myalgic pain. 10 references, 2 figures, 5 tables, and 1 plate.
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Jaw Muscle Tightness (Trismus) Source: in Dodd, M.J. Managing the Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy: A Guide for Patients and Their Families. 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco. 1996. p. 160-161. Contact: Available from UCSF Nursing Press. School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608. (415) 476-2626. PRICE: $26.00 per copy. ISBN: 0943671120.
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Summary: This chapter on jaw muscle tightness (trismus) resulting from radiation therapy is from a handbook designed to help patients and their families get through cancer treatment and on the road to recovery. The author describes what can happen, notes the anticipated duration of the complication, and then lists recommended self-care measures. Recommendations for when to consult a health care provider are given. •
Signal Transduction and Glucose Transport in Muscle Source: in Devlin, J.T. and Schneider, S.H., eds. Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2002. p. 101-124. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400191. Summary: This chapter on signal transduction and glucose transport in muscle is from a book that provides a practical, comprehensive guide to diabetes and exercise for health care professionals involved in patient care. Physical exercise can lower blood glucose concentrations in people with type 2 diabetes and make the contracting muscles more sensitive to insulin. Glucose transport is rate-limiting for glucose utilization with exercise. The GLUT4 glucose transporter is responsible for the majority of exercisestimulated and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. With exercise and insulin, GLUT4 moves from inside the muscle to the cell surface (translocation). Exercise signaling to GLUT4 translocation is poorly understood, but recent evidence suggests a role for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a metabolic fuel sensor. The finding that there are different signaling proteins leading to exercise and insulin stimulated GLUT4 translocation provides a molecular explanation for the ability of exercise to result in normal or near-normal activation of glucose transport in insulinresistant individuals. The signaling molecules that mediate the ability of exercise to make the contracting muscles more sensitive to insulin in the postexercise period have not been defined. 3 figures. 102 references.
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Chapter 46: Bones, Joints, and Muscles Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 3 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have musculoskeletal disorders with an overview of their causes, diagnosis, and treatment. The musculoskeletal system is composed of the skeleton, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other components of joints. All the bones in the body make up the skeleton. Bones are either flat or long, and they consist of a hard outer part composed largely of proteins and hydroxyapatite. The center of each bone consists of marrow, which is softer and less dense than the rest of the bone. Marrow contains specialized cells that produce blood cells. Joints are formed where bones meet. Some joints do not move, while others allow a range of motion. In a joint, the ends of bones are covered with cartilage. Joints also consist of synovial tissue that encloses them to form the joint capsule. Muscles are fiber bundles that can contract. Tendons are tough bands of connective tissue that attach each end of a muscle to a bone. Ligaments surround joints and connect one bone to another. Bursas are fluid filled sacs that provide extra cushioning between adjacent structures.
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Musculoskeletal disorders are major causes of chronic pain and physical disability. Injuries to bones, muscles, and joints are very common. Inflammation, a natural response to tissue irritation or damage, causes swelling, redness, heat, and loss of function. An inflammation may be localized or widespread, and it may become chronic and persistent. Bone and joint infections require immediate treatment to prevent permanent joint damage. Bone can be affected by benign tumors and cancers, and metabolic and hormonal imbalances can also affect bones and joints. Laboratory tests and imaging studies may be used to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders. Treatment depends on the type of disorder diagnosed. Therapeutic options include conservative measures and drug therapy. 2 figures. •
Rectus Muscle Sling Procedure for Severe Stress Urinary Incontinence Source: in Graham, S.D., Jr., et al., eds. Glenn's Urologic Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1998. p. 357-360. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: lww.com. PRICE: $199.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397587376. Summary: Type III stress urinary incontinence results from intrinsic dysfunction of the urethra and bladder neck incompetence. Effective surgical repair must restore closure of the deficient urethra. This chapter on the rectus muscle sling procedure used for severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is from an exhaustive textbook on urologic surgery. Current surgical techniques include the use of fascial slings, vaginal island slings, artificial urinary sphincter, or periurethral injections. Traditional indications would reserve sling procedures for those who have failed a primary surgical repair. In contemporary practice, the sling is also used as a primary procedure for patients with severe SUI. Clinical features would include leakage with a flood that occurs instantly with the first cough in a supine position, that occurs with a comfortably full bladder, or that occurs while standing without provocation. The authors detail the surgical technique using a combined abdominal and vaginal approach. Complications from this operation are few, but can include superficial wound infection and pelvic abscess. The authors note that voiding is quite normal for many of these patients after rectus muscle sling, and there are few complaints of irritative symptoms. 3 figures. 1 reference.
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON MUSCLES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on muscles. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on muscles is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “muscles” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on muscles: •
Chair Dancing Presents Chair Yoga: Stretching and Relaxation From the Comfort of Your Chair Source: Del Mar, CA: Chair Dancing International Inc. 2002. (Videorecording). Contact: Available from Chair Dancing International Inc. 2658 Del Mar Heights Road, Del Mar, CA 92014. (858) 793-1177. Fax: (858) 793-0747. Website: www.chairdancing.com. PRICE: $19.95; plus $4.00 shipping and handling. Summary: Chair Dancing is a unique, no-impact fitness program done while seated comfortably on a chair. It is beneficial to all individuals, even those whose physical condition, restricted mobility, or age, limits their participation in conventional forms of exercise. Chair Dancing is a safe, medically sound program that provides cardiovascular benefits, muscle-toning, flexibility, and complete range-of-motion exercise. The Chair Dancing method of instruction imparts constant positive reinforcement for the health value of exercise. This video incorporates this health-affirming narration, with stretching and strengthening exercises, breathing techniques, relaxation, and self massage, to
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present a program of Chair Yoga. Chair Yoga promotes relaxation and alleviates stress, increases mobility, loosens and limbers stiff joints, improves posture, strengthens muscles, stimulates circulation, and improves balance and coordination. •
Dynamotion. Kids Gotta Move. Food Fun Source: Dynamotion Enterprises, LLC and Take Aim Media. Mirage Video Productions. 26 minutes. 2003. Contact: Anice Hoachlander at
[email protected] or Laurie Carkeet at
[email protected] 8555 16th Street, Suite 750, Silver Spring, MD 20910. 301-5881500 or 1-888-take-aim. www.takeaimmedia.com. Summary: Combining animation and live action, this video, geared towards children ages 4 to 8, teaches how muscles work and ways to have fun moving one's body. The goal of the video is to give children an understanding of positive self-image, life-long learning, and healthy physical development. The video includes a question and answer segment with facts on muscles, rhythmic dances and songs, swimming therapy for special needs children, and healthy 'power snacks.' It uses an interactive approach to 'teach school-aged children and their families to lead healthy, active lives'.
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Kidney Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 1998. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126 or (609) 275-1400. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $59.95 plus shipping and handling. Order number CAF7591. Summary: Designed for use in the high school classroom, this videotape program on the kidney is one in a series that focuses on human genetics and six biological systems (muscles and bones, digestion, respiration, blood and circulation, the kidneys, and reproduction). This program discusses the structure and function of the kidneys and describes how they help maintain homeostasis in the body. The program is narrated by a high school science teacher and features interviews with physicians and other health care providers. The program begins by introducing homeostasis and describing the three processes of the kidney: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. A brief discussion of the difference between secretion and excretion is provided. The physiology of the kidneys is described, including the filtration of blood and maintenance of water, minerals, electrolytes, acid content, and protein content, the excretion of waste (urea and creatinine), and the production of hormones. The program then briefly discusses kidney malfunctions and shows hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis as they are performed at a children's hospital.
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Armchair Fitness: Gentle Exercise Source: Silver Spring, MD: CC-M Productions. 1996. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Armchair Fitness Videos-CHID. CC-M Productions. 8510 Cedar Street, Silver Spring, MD 20910. (800) 453-6280. Fax (301) 585-2321. PRICE: $29.95 plus $4.00 shipping and handling; series of 4 videocassettes available for $119.96 plus $7.50 shipping and handling. Summary: This exercise videotape features men and women of different ethnic groups and ages demonstrating aerobics that can be performed while seated. The 30-minute
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program is designed for persons with limited strength and range of motion. Teacher Betty Switkes, age 68, progresses through a gentle full-body routine including a seated dance and a refreshing relaxation accompanied by showstyle music. The program focuses on breathing techniques, getting one's heart rate up, strengthening muscles, and relaxation. The videotape is one in a series of four programs, including strength improvement, yoga health, and aerobics. (AA-M). •
Silent Stalker: A Video Promoting Prevention of Hepatitis and Substance Abuse Source: Cedar Grove, NJ: Hepatitis Foundation International. 2000. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Hepatitis Foundation International. 30 Sunrise Terrace, Cedar Grove, NJ 07009-1423. (800) 891-0707. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.hepfi.org. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This health promotion video describes hepatitis, a viral infection of the liver. The program begins in black and white, with spooky music, and introduces hepatitis as the Silent Stalker; various people are shown running in fear from a mysterious assailant. Then, young adult narrators stress that knowledge is power, which can be used to prevent hepatitis. The anatomy and physiology of the liver is briefly reviewed; the liver's roles as the body's chemical power plant, storage for energy supply, protein manufacturer (to build and repair muscles), and protector against germs, viruses, and poisons from alcohol and drugs. The program notes that the body usually offers pain to indicate damage or disease, however, the liver is an uncomplaining organ, so it can be under great stress or damage without symptoms. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are reviewed, and viewers are encouraged to get the hepatitis B vaccine. The narrators then review the strategies to prevent hepatitis C, including avoiding shared injectable drug equipment (needles), making sure that body piercing or tattooing needles used are sterilized, and practicing safe sex by using a condom. The narrators stress that they are not judging peoples' activities, just providing information and encouraging viewers to make healthy decisions for themselves. The theme of 'you've got the power' (to prevent infection) is reiterated. The program concludes with the same people that were shown fleeing at the beginning; the ending is filmed in color, with upbeat music and smiling faces. Contact information for the Hepatitis Foundation International is also provided (www.hepfi.org; 800-891-0707).
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Impotence and Diabetes Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, Inc. 1999. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Health Video, Inc. 12021 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This patient education videotape program reviews the problem of erectile dysfunction (impotence) and diabetes mellitus. The program defines erectile dysfunction (ED) as the consistent inability to get and maintain an erection. The program first explores the physiology of erections (how they happen), including the need for mental and physical stimulation, nerve impulses in the brain, and responses in muscles, fibrous tissues, and veins and arteries. The program offers a diagram and the use of a balloon to describe how an erection happens, the anatomy of the corpera cavernosa, and the role of nitrous oxide as a neurochemical transmitter. Age is noted as a factor in ED, and men with diabetes tend to develop ED 10 to 15 years earlier than men who do not have diabetes. The program notes that psychological factors (stress, depression, guilt, and performance anxiety) can cause 10 to 15 percent of ED; a series of
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self test questions are included for viewers to determine if psychological factors may play a role in their own ED. For men with diabetes, nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy) is the most likely culprit for causing ED; damage to the blood vessels (atherosclerosis) is another cause. Poor blood glucose control is the most important factor in both of these problems. The program includes a section noting the impact of drugs (including alcohol and nicotine) on ED. The program outlines the steps in diagnosing erectile problems, including first admitting that there is a problem, talking with a doctor, undergoing diagnostic tests, and participating in treatment. The final section reviews treatment options, reiterating the importance of good blood glucose control and describing the use of drug therapy (Viagra), vacuum erectile systems, self injection, and surgery (blood vessel repair and penile implants). The program includes drawings, graphics, and footage of patients and their physicians through the diagnosis and treatment processes. •
Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Male Pelvis Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1991. Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. PRICE: Purchase price $395 for HSC members, $276.50 for non-members. Rental price $55 members, $80 non-members. Order number N901-VI-077. Summary: This program is designed to provide the viewer with a detailed examination of the anatomy of the male pelvis. The videotape is part of a series that is designed for students of medicine, nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and students of other health professions taking courses in human anatomy. Using bones and gross specimens, Dr. Chandra describes the relevant osteology, muscles, viscera, vessels, and nerves. An examination of the bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles is presented. The arteries, veins and their branches are exposed and the paths traced, with special emphasis placed on the internal iliac vessels. (AA-M).
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Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis Series Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1990. (videocassettes). Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. Distribution Department, 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. Fax (919) 942-3689. PRICE: $663.60 for HSC members, $948.00 for nonmembers (as of 1996). Item Number C901-VI-073S. Rentals: $55.00 per tape (HSC members); $80 (nonmembers). Summary: This series provides the viewer with a detailed examination of the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. The series is designed for students of medicine, nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and students of other health professions taking courses in anatomy. Four programs cover the male perineum, the female perineum, the female pelvis, and the male pelvis. In each, the narrator, Dr. Shakti Chandra, uses diagrams, models, and prosected specimens to review the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. Relevant bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels are indicated, and important movements, attachments, and relationships are discussed. (AA-M).
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Jodi Stolove's Chair Dancing Presents Sit Down and Tone Up Source: Del Mar, CA: Chair Dancing International, Inc. 1996. (videocassette).
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Contact: Available from Chair Dancing International, Inc. 2658 Del Mar Heights Road, Del Mar, CA 92014. (800) 551-4386. Fax (619) 793-0747. PRICE: $14.95 for videocassette plus shipping and handling. Summary: This video presents a unique seated strength training program that stimulates bone growth, improves posture, decreases body fat, and improves balance and mobility. The program focuses on strengthening, toning, and shaping arm, shoulder, and back muscles while seated in a chair. Leg and abdominal exercises, followed by gentle stretching, complete the 20 minute workout. The program offers a medically sound cardiovascular fitness alternative to people whose physical condition, restricted mobility, or age limit their participation in conventional forms of exercise. The program will benefit people of all fitness levels. •
Diabetes and Food Myths Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, Inc. 1997. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Health Video, Inc. 12021 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 plus shipping and handling. Order number 250. Summary: This videotape examines diabetes and food myths. One myth is that sugar causes diabetes. Sugar itself does not cause of diabetes. The way the body responds to blood sugar is the cause of the problem. Another myth is that people who have diabetes can never eat any sugar. Research has shown that sugar does not have a greater effect on blood glucose than any other carbohydrate; therefore, people who have diabetes can eat some sugar if it is incorporated into their meal plan. A third myth is that people who have diabetes must eat very differently from other people. A low fat diet based on the principles of variety, proportion, and moderation is appropriate for people who have diabetes, as well as for the general public. People who have diabetes can find the elements of a healthy diet in the food guide pyramid. The video reviews foods in the pyramid and offers tips on preparing foods from various groups. Another myth dispelled in the video is that people who have diabetes have no role in developing their meal plan. In fact, patient participation in the development of a meal plan is a factor in its success. Other myths are that fat free means calorie free and that alcohol consumption and exercise are unimportant. The video points out that fat free foods are not calorie or carbohydrate free, so they should not be consumed in unlimited quantities. In addition, the video stresses that alcohol consumption can cause hypoglycemia and affect weight and that exercise is needed because it helps maintain weight and makes muscles and tissues more sensitive to insulin.
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Sit and Be Fit: Caregiver's Guide to Exercise Source: Spokane, WA: Sit and Be Fit. 1995. Contact: Available from Sit and Be Fit, Inc. PO Box 8033, Spokane, WA 99203. (509) 4489438; FAX: (509) 448-5078. EMAIL:
[email protected]. PRICE: $29.95 plus $3.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape is designed to help bed-ridden or minimally ambulatory individuals exercise their joints and muscles as part of their daily routine. This 48minute workout is designed to improve daily functioning, prevent deconditioning, and teach relaxation. The video includes morning bed exercises, afternoon seated exercises, evening seated exercises, self-massage, and relaxation techniques. Two "egg shakers," small hand-held rhythm instruments designed to help stimulate cognitive functioning
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and motivate the hands to move equally, are included with the video. The video is appropriate for patients whose cognitive function ranges from healthy to mildly impaired. Caregivers might also find the exercises, self-massage, and relaxation techniques helpful for maintaining their own health and well-being. •
Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis: The Male Perineum Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1990. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. Distribution Department, 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. Fax (919) 942-3689. PRICE: $276.50 for HSC members, $395.00 for nonmembers (as of 1996). Item Number C901-VI-074. Rentals: $55.00 (HSC members); $80 (nonmembers). Summary: This videotape is one of a series that provides the viewer with a detailed examination of the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. The series is designed for students of medicine, nursing, physical and occupational therapy, and students of other health professions taking courses in anatomy. This program discusses the male perineum. The narrator, Dr. Shakti Chandra, uses diagrams, models, and prosected specimens to review the anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis. Relevant bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels are indicated, and important movements, attachments, and relationships are discussed. (AA-M).
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Stadtlanders Stars for Life Fitness Video: Designed Especially for Transplant Recipients Source: Pittsburgh, PA: Stadtlanders Pharmacy. 1994. Contact: Available from Stadtlanders Pharmacy. 600 Penn Center Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5810. (800) 238-7828 or (412) 825-8155. Fax: (412) 825-8160. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This videotape presents exercise instructions and advice for transplant recipients who have been out of the hospital for at least 8 weeks, are otherwise in good health, and have permission from their physician to participate in an aerobic program. The videotape presents a low-impact fitness program designed to improve circulation, increase stamina, strengthen muscles, and be fun. The workout features two levels of intensity, so viewers can choose the one that is most appropriate for themselves. The program includes a warm-up and stretch section; an aerobics section; a set of abdominal exercises; and a cool-down section. The accompanying syllabus discusses the importance of regular exercise after transplant; ideas for a bone-building workout; the Borg scale; and the members of the Stars for Life fitness team depicted in the videotape program.
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How to Stay Dry: Seven Activities You Can Do to Stay or Become Dry Source: Milwaukee, WI: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee School of Nursing. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. Distribution Department, 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. Fax (919) 942-3689. Email:
[email protected]. PRICE: $195.00 (nonmembers) or $146.25 (members). HSC catalog number N951-VI-072. Summary: This videotape program is designed to help adults with urinary incontinence reduce or eliminate the possibility of a wetting accident. The viewer is introduced to
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seven activities that have been proven to help incontinence, none of which involve the use of instruments or medical procedures. The suggestions are to make environmental feature adjustments, such as using a raised toilet seat and wearing easy-to-remove clothing; drinking adequate liquids; making dietary changes for constipation, such as adding bran or prunes to the diet; emptying the bladder five to eight times daily; exercising the pelvic floor muscles as described in the program; stopping smoking, as coughing can cause wetting accidents; and taking vitamin E and vitamin B complex. (AA-M). •
What is Spasmodic Dysphonia? Source: Chicago, IL: National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association (NSDA). 1997. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association (NSDA). One East Wacker Drive, Suite 2430, Chicago, IL 60601-1905. (800) 795-6732. Fax (312) 803-0138. Email:
[email protected]. PRICE: $10.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program, designed for patients, health care providers and the general public, offers an explanation of spasmodic dysphonia (SD), a neurological condition affecting the nerves that control the muscles of speech. Narrated by Chip Hanauer, a race-car driver who has SD and who serves as the spokesperson for the National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association (NSDA), the program focuses on the symptoms and diagnosis of SD. Topics covered include the difficulties of obtaining an accurate diagnosis of SD, the symptoms of SD, the impact of certain situations (high stress, telephone use) on the voice symptoms of SD, the need for a multidisciplinary team to be involved in the diagnosis, the use of diagnostic tests (such as laryngoscopy), treatment options (botulinum toxin, voice therapy, surgery), the stages of improvement after botulinum injections, the need for patient involvement in tracking symptoms and calibrating appropriate dosages of botulinum, the importance of support groups, psychosocial factors (the problem of self-isolation, employment considerations, and the role of counseling), and current research studies. The program features interviews members of an SD support group, as well as footage of physician-patient interactions. The program concludes with Larry Kolasa of the NSDA describing the four goals of the association: to build awareness of SD, to advance research, to enable networking of patients and organizations, and to serve as a clearinghouse of information.
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on muscles: •
Pelvic Muscle Exercises: Audio Cassette Tape and Manual Source: Spartanburg, SC: National Association for Continence (NAFC). 199x. (audiocassette and manual).
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Contact: Available from National Association for Continence (NAFC). P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) BLADDER or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. PRICE: $6.00 plus $2.00 shipping and handling (as of 1996). Item number 316. Summary: This booklet and audiocassette package presents an overview of pelvic muscle training for urinary incontinence. Topics include the types of urinary incontinence, the causes of urinary incontinence, the anatomy of the male and female pelvic floor muscles, the use of pelvic muscle training in preventing and treating incontinence, how to know when the appropriate muscles are being exercised, when and how frequently the exercises should be done, and the types of results to expect. Specific exercises, separated into easy and difficult exercises, are described and illustrated in the booklet. The program concludes with some helpful hints for lifting and for rising from a reclining position without straining the stomach muscles. The package is designed to be most useful to women with mild to moderate stress and urge incontinence.
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for muscles. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with muscles. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to muscles: Alefacept •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amevive http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500465.html
Alfuzosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Uroxatral; http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500487.html
Amantadine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Symmetrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202024.html
Aminoglycosides •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amikin; Garamycin; G-Mycin; Jenamicin; Kantrex; Nebcin; Netromycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202027.html
Anabolic Steroids •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anadrol-50; Deca-Durabolin; Durabolin; Durabolin-50; Hybolin Decanoate; Hybolin-Improved; Kabolin; Oxandrin; Winstrol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202035.html
Androgens •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Andro L.A. 200; Androderm; AndroGel 1%; Android; Android-F; Andronate 100; Andronate 200; Andropository 200; Andryl 200; Delatest; Delatestryl; Depotest; Depo-Testosterone; Everone 200; Halotestin; ORETON Methyl; T-Cypionate; Testamone 100; Testaqua; Te http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202036.html
Androgens and Estrogens •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Depo-Testadiol; Estratest; Estratest H.S.; Valertest No. 1 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202037.html
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors •
ACE - U.S. Brands: Accupril; Aceon; Altace; Capoten; Lotensin; Mavik; Monopril; Prinivil; Univasc; Vasotec; Zestril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202044.html
Anticholinergics/Antispasmodics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anaspaz; A-Spas S/L; Banthine; Bentyl; Cantil; Cystospaz; Cystospaz-M; Donnamar; ED-SPAZ; Gastrosed; Homapin; Levbid; Levsin; Levsin/SL; Levsinex Timecaps; Pro-Banthine; Quarzan; Robinul; Robinul Forte; Symax SL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202049.html
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Anticonvulsants, Hydantoin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cerebyx; Dilantin; Dilantin Infatabs; Dilantin Kapseals; Dilantin-125; Mesantoin; Peganone; Phenytek http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202052.html
Anticonvulsants, Succinimide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Celontin; Zarontin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202053.html
Antidepressants, Tricyclic •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anafranil; Asendin; Aventyl; Elavil; Endep; Norfranil; Norpramin; Pamelor; Sinequan; Surmontil; Tipramine; Tofranil; Tofranil-PM; Vivactil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202055.html
Antidyskinetics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Akineton; Artane; Artane Sequels; Cogentin; Kemadrin; Parsidol; Trihexane; Trihexy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202057.html
Antihemophilic Factor •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alphanate; Bioclate; Helixate; Helixate FS; Hemofil M; Humate-P; Hyate:C; Koate-HP; Kogenate; Kogenate FS; Monarc-M; Monoclate-P; Recombinate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202671.html
Antihistamines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alavert; Allegra; Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Allermed; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Clarinex; Claritin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html
Antihistamines, Phenothiazine-derivative •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anergan 25; Anergan 50; Antinaus 50; Pentazine; Phenazine 25; Phenazine 50; Phencen-50; Phenergan; Phenergan Fortis; Phenergan Plain; Phenerzine; Phenoject-50; Pro-50; Promacot; Pro-Med 50; Promet; Prorex-25; Prorex-50; Prothazine; Prothazine Plain http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202063.html
Antimyasthenics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mestinon; Mestinon Timespans; Mytelase Caplets; Prostigmin; Regonol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202065.html
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Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •
Vitamin C - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cebid Timecelles; Cecon; Cecore 500; Cee500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Mega-C/A Plus; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html
Baclofen •
Intrathecal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lioresal Intrathecal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202999.html
•
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lioresal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202080.html
Barbiturates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alurate; Amytal; Barbita; Busodium; Butalan; Butisol; Luminal; Mebaral; Nembutal; Sarisol No. 2; Seconal; Solfoton; Tuinal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202081.html
Benzodiazepines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html
Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Betapace; Blocadren; Cartrol; Corgard; Inderal; Inderal LA; Kerlone; Levatol; Lopressor; Normodyne; Sectral; Tenormin; Toprol-XL; Trandate; Visken; Zebeta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202087.html
Botulinum Toxin Type A •
Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Botox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202608.html
Botulinum Toxin Type B •
Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Myobloc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500271.html
Bronchodilators, Adrenergic •
Oral/Injection - U.S. Brands: Adrenalin; Alupent; Ana-Guard; Brethine; Bricanyl; EpiPen Auto-Injector; EpiPen Jr. Auto-Injector; Isuprel; Proventil; Proventil Repetabs; Ventolin; Volmax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202096.html
Calcitonin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calcimar; Cibacalcin; Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202106.html
Researching Medications
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Calcium Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Mints; Amitone; Calcarb 600; Calci-Chew; Calciday 667; Calcilac; Calci-Mix; Calcionate; Calcium 600; Calglycine; Calphosan; CalPlus; Caltrate 600; Caltrate Jr; Chooz; Citracal; Citracal Liquitabs; Dicarbosil; Gencalc 600; Liquid Cal-600 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202108.html
Capreomycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Capastat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202109.html
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ak-Zol; Daranide; Dazamide; Diamox; Diamox Sequels; MZM; Neptazane; Storzolamide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202114.html
Carboprost •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hemabate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202116.html
Cefuroxime •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zinacef http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500337.html
Cephalosporins •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ancef; Ceclor; Ceclor CD; Cedax; Cefadyl; Cefditoren; Cefizox; Cefobid; Cefotan; Ceftin; Cefzil; Ceptaz; Claforan; Duricef; Fortaz; Keflex; Keftab; Kefurox; Kefzol; Mandol; Maxipime; Mefoxin; Monocid; Omnicef; Rocephin; Tazicef; Tazidime; Vantin; Velose http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202119.html
Chloroquine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aralen; Aralen HCl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202133.html
Cisplatin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Platinol; Platinol-AQ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202143.html
Citrates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bicitra; Citrolith; Oracit; Polycitra Syrup; Polycitra-K; Polycitra-K Crystals; Polycitra-LC; Urocit-K http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202144.html
Clindamycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cleocin; Cleocin Pediatric http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202145.html
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Corticosteroids Glucocorticoid Effects •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acetocot; A-hydroCort; Amcort; A-MethaPred; Aristocort; Aristocort Forte; Aristopak; Aristospan; Articulose-50; ArticuloseL.A.; Celestone; Celestone Phosphate; Celestone Soluspan; Cinalone 40; Cinonide 40; Clinacort; Clinalog; Cordrol; Cortastat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202018.html
Cyclobenzaprine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flexeril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202172.html
Dantrolene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Dantrium; Dantrium Intravenous http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202181.html
Deferoxamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Desferal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203185.html
Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed and Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tetramune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202911.html
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Poliovirus Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pediarix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500447.html
Doxazosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cardura http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202629.html
Entacapone •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Comtan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500103.html
Epirubicin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ellence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500038.html
Eprosartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Teveten http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500044.html
Ergonovine/Methylergonovine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ergotrate; Methergine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202613.html
Researching Medications
Ertapenem •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Invanz http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500395.html
Factor IX •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: AlphaNine SD; Bebulin VH; BeneFix; Konyne 80; Mononine; Profilnine SD; Proplex T http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202674.html
Follitropin Beta •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Follistim http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203453.html
Fulvestrant •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Faslodex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500419.html
Gemcitabine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Gemzar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203038.html
Hepatitis A Vaccine Inactivated •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Havrix; Vaqta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202902.html
Hepatitis A Virus Vaccine Inactivated and Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine Recombinant •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Twinrix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500307.html
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) •
Human - U.S. Brands: Nabi-HB http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500325.html
Interferon, Beta-1a •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avonex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203537.html
Magnesium Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Almora; Chloromag; Citroma; Concentrated Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Mag-200; Mag-L-100; Magonate; Mag-Ox 400; Mag-Tab SR; Magtrate; Maox; MGP; Phillips' Chewable Tablets; Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Slow-Mag; Uro-Mag http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202644.html
Medroxyprogesterone and Estradiol •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lunelle http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500255.html
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Niacin and Lovastatin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Advicor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500381.html
Orphenadrine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antiflex; Banflex; Flexoject; Mio-Rel; Myolin; Myotrol; Norflex; Orfro; Orphenate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202426.html
Orphenadrine and Aspirin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: N3 Gesic; N3 Gesic Forte; Norgesic; Norgesic Forte; Norphadrine; Norphadrine Forte; Orphenagesic; Orphenagesic Forte http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202427.html
Penicillins and Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Augmentin; Timentin; Unasyn; Zosyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202705.html
Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orimune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203606.html
Pralidoxime •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Protopam Chloride http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202779.html
Progestins For Contraceptive Use •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection; Micronor; NORPLANT System; Nor-QD; Ovrette; Plan B http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202757.html
Progestins For Noncontraceptive Use •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amen; Aygestin; Crinone; Curretab; Cycrin; DepoProvera; Gesterol 50; Gesterol LA 250; Hy/Gestrone; Hylutin; Megace; Prodrox; Prometrium; Pro-Span; Provera http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202758.html
Rabies Immune Globulin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: BayRab; Hyperab; Imogam; Imogam Rabies-HT http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202718.html
Rabies Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Imovax; Imovax I.D. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202719.html
Rh o(D) Immune Globulin •
D - U.S. Brands: BayRho-D Full Dose; BayRho-D Mini-Dose; MICRhoGAM; RhoGAM; WinRho SDF http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202720.html
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Selenium Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sele-Pak; Selepen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202633.html
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Carbacot; EZE-DS; Maolate; Paraflex; Parafon Forte DSC; Relaxazone; Remular; Remular-S; Robaxin; Robaxin-750; Skelaxin; Skelex; Soma; Strifon Forte DSC; Vanadom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202523.html
Sodium Oxybate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Xyrem http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500407.html
Spectinomycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trobicin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202530.html
Tamsulosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flomax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203479.html
Terazosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hytrin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202546.html
Tetanus Immune Globulin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: BayTet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202908.html
Tetracyclines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Achromycin V; Declomycin; Doryx; Dynacin; Minocin; Monodox; Terramycin; Vibramycin; Vibra-Tabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202552.html
Thiamine (Vitamin B 1) •
Vitamin B 1 - U.S. Brands: Biamine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202560.html
Thiethylperazine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Torecan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202561.html
Thioxanthenes •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Navane; Taractan; Thiothixene HCl Intensol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202564.html
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Thyroid Hormones •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Armour Thyroid; Cytomel; Levo-T; Levothroid; Levoxyl; Synthroid; Thyrar; Thyroid Strong; Thyrolar; Triostat; Westhroid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202566.html
Tizanidine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zanaflex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/207060.html
Trimethobenzamide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Benzacot; Stemetic; Tebamide; Tigan; Tribenzagan; Trimazide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202578.html
Triptorelin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trelstar Depot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500209.html
Typhoid Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Typhim Vi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202763.html
Urofollitropin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fertinex; Metrodin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202586.html
Vasopressin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Pitressin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202591.html
Vitamin E •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; Aquasol E; E-1000 I.U. Softgels; E-200 I.U. Softgels; E-400 I.U. in a Water Soluble Base; E-Complex-600; E-Vitamin Succinate; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E; Vita Plus E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html
Vitamin K •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: AquaMEPHYTON; Mephyton http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202599.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
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Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to muscles by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for muscles: •
Botulinum toxin type A (trade name: Botox) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=607
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•
Botulinum toxin type A (trade name: Botox) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=614
•
Botulinum toxin type A (trade name: Dysport) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=997
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
303
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
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Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 432148 2904 1065 119 853 437089
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “muscles” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
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Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
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The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Muscles In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and muscles. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).21 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for muscles: •
Abdominal Muscles, Absence Of, with Urinary Tract Abnormality Cryptorchidism Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=100100
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Actin, Alpha, Skeletal Muscle 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=102610
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Aplasia of Extensor Muscles of Fingers, Unilateral, with Generalized Polyneuropathy Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=207740
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Axenfeld-rieger Anomaly with Partially Absent Eye Muscles, Distinctive Face, Hydrocephaly, and Skeletal Abnormalities Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=109120
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Central Core Disease of Muscle Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=117000
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Chloride Channel 1, Skeletal Muscle Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=118425
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Creatine Kinase, Muscle Type Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=123310
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Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle, Hypoplasia of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=125520
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Dwarfism, Familial, with Muscle Spasms Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=600771
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Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles, Congenital, 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=135700
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Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles, Congenital, 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=602078
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Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles, Congenital, 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=600638
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Fibrosis of Extraocular Muscles, Congenital, 3a Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=607034
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Gluteal Muscles, Absence of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=231970
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Masticatory Muscles, Hypertrophy of Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=154850
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Muscle, Skeletal, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=601296
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Myopathy, Proximal, with Early Respiratory Muscle Involvement Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=603689
and
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Myosin, Heavy Chain 1, Skeletal Muscle, Adult Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=160730
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Myosin, Heavy Chain 16, Skeletal Muscle, Pseudogene Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=608580
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Myosin, Heavy Chain 8, Skeletal Muscle, Perinatal Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=160741
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Myosin, Skeletal Muscle, Heavy Chain 13 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=603487
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Ossified Ear Cartilages with Mental Deficiency, Muscle Wasting, and Bony Changes Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=259050
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Phosphorylase Kinase, Muscle, Alpha-1 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=311870
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Rippling Muscle Disease Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=606072 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
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To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database22 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database23 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box, and
22
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 23 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on muscles can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to muscles. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to muscles. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “muscles”:
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Guides on muscles Muscle Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/muscledisorders.html Muscles http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/musclesloader.html
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Other guides Anatomy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anatomy.html Muscular Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/musculardystrophy.html Neuromuscular Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuromusculardisorders.html Sprains and Strains http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sprainsandstrains.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to muscles, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Velocities Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q75ss.html Glossary of Orthopaedic Diagnostic Tests Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=372&topcategory=Abou t%2520Orthopaedics MR Imaging (MRI)-Musculoskeletal Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/mr_musculoskeletal.htm Muscle Biopsies Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q74ss.html Stiffness, Cramps and Twitching Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q73ss.html Ultrasound-Musculoskeletal Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/ultrasound-muscskel.htm
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Treatment Botulinum Toxin Injections: A Treatment for Muscle Spasms Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/017.xml
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Injections Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=PN00046 •
Specific Conditions/Aspects Compartment Syndrome Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=287&topcategory=Abou t%2520Orthopaedics Metabolic Diseases of Muscle Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/fa-metab.html Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/multifocal_neuropathy .htm Muscle Contusion (Bruise) Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=316&topcategory=Sport s Muscle Cramp Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00311 Myofascial Pain Syndrome Source: Beth Israel Medical Center, Dept. of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care http://stoppain.org/pain_medicine/myofascial.html Myopathies Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/fa-myop.html Myopathy Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/myopathy.htm Myotonia Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/myotonia.htm Myotonia Congenita Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/myotoniacongenita.ht m Periodic Paralyses Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/periodic_doc.htm
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Children Congenital Myopathies Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/myopathy_congenital. htm Hypotonia Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/hypotonia.htm Straight Talk About Curved Joints: Help for Patients with Arthrogryposis Source: Shriners Hospitals for Children http://www.shrinershq.org/patientedu/arthrogryposis1.html What is Arthrogryposis? Source: Shriners Hospitals for Children http://www.shrinershq.org/patientedu/arthrogryposis.html Your Multi-Talented Muscles Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/muscles_noSW.html
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Organizations American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.aaos.org/ Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/
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Research Muscle Abnormalities in Four Patients Taking Statins To Treat Unfavorable Cholesterol Levels Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/137/7/I-45 Muscle Biology Research Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/an/stratplan/musclebio.htm
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Teenagers Bones, Muscles, and Joints Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/bones_muscles_joints.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the
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exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on muscles. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Disorders Related to Excessive Pelvic Floor Muscle Tension Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. 1993. 2 p. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: $0.50. Summary: Disorders which have excessive pelvic floor muscle activity as their primary feature are often not recognized and diagnosed by physicians. This fact sheet briefly explains the role of the pelvic floor muscles and some symptoms related to the presence of elevated tension in these muscles, and then describes various treatment options available. The pelvic floor muscles are normally under voluntary control and the involuntary smooth muscle of the bladder, rectum, and colon is actually inhibited through the voluntary contraction of the pelvic floor muscles. The author considers the disorders that are associated with elevated levels of pelvic muscle activity, including proctalgia fugax, levator ani syndrome, cocccydinia, pelvic floor tension myalgia, anismus, and voiding dysfunction. Excessive pelvic floor muscle tension can also contribute to the development of various other conditions. When one defecates and strains against an unrelaxed and closed anal canal, a considerable mechanical stress is placed upon the structures of the pelvic floor. Over time, chronic straining can advance the development of anal fissures, hemorrhoids, rectocele, solitary rectal ulcer, and perineal descent. Biofeedback is a promising treatment for disorders related to excessive pelvic floor tension because it has the potential to alter the disordered muscle activity, changing life-long muscle patterns toward those associated with healthy bowel and bladder habits. Other conservative treatments include physiotherapy modalities such as rectal diathermy, hydrotherapy, massage, and postural adjustments. Drug therapy can also be utilized. The author encourages readers to obtain a thorough evaluation and diagnosis of any potential pelvic muscle dysfunction. (AA-M).
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Exercising Your Pelvic Muscles Source: American Family Physician. 62(11): 2447. December 1, 2000. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This brief fact sheet reviews the use of pelvic muscle exercises (Kegel exercises) for women who have urinary incontinence (involuntary leakage of urine).
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Pelvic muscles help stop the flow of urine, but pregnancy, childbirth, and being overweight can weaken the pelvic muscles. Women who leak urine may have better control of these muscles by doing Kegel exercises. The fact sheet describes the muscles that control the bladder and outlines the recommendations for exercising and strengthening these muscles. The fact sheet stresses that daily exercise can strengthen bladder control. The fact sheet also recommends that readers tighten their pelvic muscles before sneezing, lifting, or jumping; this can prevent pelvic muscle damage and urine leakage. The fact sheet includes a brief exercise log form where readers can record their daily exercise routine. 1 figure. •
Pelvic Muscle Exercise (PME) Source: Olivette, MO: Home Delivery Incontinent Supplies Company, Inc. 2002. 2 p. Contact: Available from Home Delivery Incontinent Supplies Company, Inc. 9385 Dielman Industrial Drive, Olivette, MO 63132. (800) 269-4663. Website: www.hdis.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes how the use of pelvic muscle exercises (PME, or Kegel exercises) can be used to help manage urinary incontinence (involuntary loss of urine). The brochure notes that incontinence has many causes, one of which is weakened pelvic muscles. These muscles can be weakened by pregnancy and childbirth, menopause, aging, or prostate surgery. PME is a series of contractions designed to strengthen the two major muscles which stretch across the pelvic floor. The brochure describes how exercising these muscles can be helpful to bladder control, and then walks readers step by step through performing PME. A tear off sheet is included with which readers can request bladder control and related products from the Home Delivery Incontinent Supplies company. 2 figures.
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Pelvic Muscle Exercises to Improve Your Bladder Control Source: Spartanburg, SC: National Association for Continence (NAFC). 199x. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Association for Continence (NAFC). P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) BLADDER or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. PRICE: $1.00 plus $1.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This brochure describes the use of pelvic muscle exercises (Kegel exercises), designed to help people with urinary incontinence help themselves. The brochure stresses that, through regular exercise, the pelvic muscles can be built up in strength and endurance and the result is improved bladder control. Topics include how to locate the muscles to be exercised, the recommended pattern of exercises, helpful tips, when improvement can be expected, making pelvic muscle exercises a part of one's daily routine, and ten healthy habits to improve bladder control. An example of an exercise and voiding chart is also included.
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Pelvic Muscle Exercises: Exercises Specifically for the Pelvic Floor Source: Spartanburg, SC: National Association for Continence (NAFC). 1997. 4 p. Contact: National Association for Continence (NAFC). P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) 252-3337 or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. PRICE: $1.00. Summary: This brochure provides basic information about pelvic muscle exercises, an important part of the behavioral treatment techniques that help increase bladder control and decrease bladder leakage. Topics include the physiology of the pelvic floor muscles,
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how to find and recognize the muscles, suggested exercises, a suggested exercise schedule, when to do the pelvic muscle exercises, and working with a health care provider. 2 figures. •
Joint and Muscle Pain in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Source: Washington, DC: Lupus Foundation of America. 2003. 6 p. Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America. 2000 L. St., Suite 710, Washington, DC 20036-4916. (202) 349-1155 or (800) 558-0121. (800) 558-0231 (information in Spanish). Fax: (202) 349-1156. Website: www.lupus.org. Summary: This brochure provides information about joint and muscle pain to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). More than 90 percent of patients with SLE will experience joint and/or muscle pain during the course of their illness. The main cause of joint pain is inflammation, which results in pain, swelling, tenderness, warmth, and fluid collection in the joint. Pain in or around the joints may also be due to other medical disorders, including fibromyalgia, avascular necrosis, tendinitis and bursitis, and other types of arthritis. Myositis (inflammation of skeletal muscle) may develop in patients with SLE. Symptoms of lupus myositis include muscle pain in the neck, pelvic girdle and thighs, shoulder girdle, and upper arms, and weakness. Diagnosis is confirmed by certain enzymes in the blood and abnormalities in the electromyogram test (a test which measures the electrical activity of muscle fibers). Corticosteroids are used to treat lupus myositis. Immunosuppressive drugs are prescribed for patients who do not respond to prednisone. Exercise may also help patients to regain muscle strength and function. Physicians should rule out drug-induced muscle disease (a possible sideeffect of medications such as prednsone and other corticosteroids) as a cause of weakness in patients with SLE.
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Botulinum Toxin Injections: A Treatment for Muscle Spasms Source: American Academy of Family Physicians. February 2003. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Academy of Family Physicians. Website: http://familydoctor.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses the use of botulinum toxin to stop muscle spasms that occur in the face, head, or eye. This treatment is used for a number of conditions including spasmodic torticollis and lazy eye. The botulinum toxin is administered by injection in small doses and works by stopping the chemical messages sent from nerves. Soreness at the injection sight may occur after treatment and can be treated with nonprescription medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen or with an ice pack. Other short-term side effects may include weakness in the injected muscles, rash, muscle soreness throughout the body, or difficulty swallowing.
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Four Exercises to Strengthen the Muscles of Your Rotator Cuff Source: American Family Physician. 57(4): 680-681. February 15, 1998. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article for people who have injured their shoulder provides them with information on four exercises to strengthen the muscles of the shoulder, particularly the rotator cuff. Each exercise is accompanied by illustrations depicting the
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proper way to perform the exercise. Guidelines for performing these exercises include performing each exercise slowly, looking at the accompanying pictures to follow the proper position, repeating each exercise until the arm is tired, performing all exercises three to five times a week, and applying an ice pack to the shoulder for 20 minutes following completion of the exercises. 4 figures. •
Dealing With Joint or Muscle Pain Source: Nurse Practitioner. 26(7): 23. July 2001. Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have muscle or joint pain with information on managing pain caused by misuse syndrome, an injury that damages tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissues as a result of not using muscles correctly. The article explains how a health care provider evaluates a misuse injury, how misuse syndrome is treated, and how it can be prevented. The article also discusses the protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation (PRICE) method of helping an injury heal.
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Continence Facts: Pelvic Muscle Exercises: Kegel Exercises for Urinary Incontinence Source: Westmount, Quebec: Canadian Continence Foundation. 2000. 2 p. Contact: Canadian Continence Foundation. B.P/P.O. 30, Succ. Victoria Branch, Westmount, Quebec, Canada, H3Z 2V4. (514) 488-8379. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.continence-fdn.ca. PRICE: $2.00; bulk copies available. Summary: Urinary incontinence (UI) is the loss of bladder control. This fact sheet helps readers who are experiencing urine leakage to learn about the use of pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegel exercises) that may be used for treating incontinence in both women and men of all ages. The fact sheet describes how pelvic muscle exercises may help and stresses the importance of working with a health care professional for UI concerns, as incontinence can almost always be cured, treated, or managed successfully. The fact sheet then outlines exactly how to do the pelvic muscle exercises (for men and for women), as well as a recommended schedule. Readers are encouraged to contact their health care provider if they are needing assistance with identifying the correct pelvic floor muscles; biofeedback can be used to identify and exercise the pelvic muscles. The brochure includes the contact information for the Canadian Continence Foundation (TCCF). 3 figures. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “muscles” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer Source: American Urological Association, Inc. - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 66 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2143&nbr=1369&a mp;string=muscle
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Use of adjuvant chemotherapy following cystectomy in patients with deep muscleinvasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder Source: Practice Guidelines Initiative - State/Local Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2001 October 9 (revised online 2003 January 22); 18 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4263&nbr=3263&a mp;string=muscle Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Exercising Your Pelvic Muscles Source: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7760
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Fibromyalgia Syndrome Summary: Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a disorder causing pain, tenderness, and stiffness in the muscles. Source: American Occupational Therapy Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7314
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Muscular Dystrophy Summary: Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscles which control movement. Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=749
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Why Exercise is Cool Summary: Important reasons why exercise is good for kids and why it is cool to be fit. Find out what exercise does for your heart, your muscles and your general health. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5824 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an
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ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to muscles. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on muscles is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to muscles. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “muscles” (or synonyms).
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “muscles” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to muscles, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “muscles” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on muscles: •
Muscle Cramps: Do They Cramp Your Style? Source: Fit Society Page. p. 7. Summer 2001. Contact: American College of Sports Medicine, P.O. Box 1440, Indianapolis, IN 462061440. Summary: Muscle cramps are poorly understood. Only recently have researchers found a way to cause cramps that may open the door for research on ways to prevent them. Muscle cramps commonly occur among athletes who work their muscles to the point of exhaustion. This intensity is likely related to over stimulation of the nerves that trigger the muscles to contract. Popular remedies to relieve cramps include massage, stretching, and acupressure. Although nutrition may not play a role, Clark provides a few food tips to help rule out theoretical nutritional causes. His first theory is lack of water followed by lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium. Some football players and athletic trainers also endorse pickle juice. The remedy is 2 ounces of pickle juice taken 10 minutes before exercise. Clark notes that although none of these theories are proven solutions, none will cause harm.
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The Mystery of Sore Muscles Source: Running and FitNews. 15(2):4-5; Feb 1997. Contact: American Running and Fitness Association, 4405 East West Highway, Suite 405, Bethesda, MD 20814. (800) 776-ARFA (2732). Summary: This article explains some of the causes of sore muscles, how to prevent them, and how to treat them. The author stresses that scientists still do not now much about how muscle forms or develops. The difference between eccentric and concentric exercise is described, and suggestions are given for preventing sore muscles.
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Your Muscles Need Work Source: Consumer Reports on Health. 13(5):1, 4-5. May 2001. Contact: Consumers Union of United States, Inc., 101 Truman Avenue, Yonkers, NY 1073-1057. Summary: This article recommends strength training in addition to aerobic activity for middle-aged and older people. Experts such as Miriam Nelson, director of the Center for Physical Fitness at Tufts University, advise that the older one becomes, the more evenly one should divide time between aerobic exercise and strength training. Strength begins to decline in the thirties and is eventually responsible for the weaknesses and disabilities associated with old age. Physical activity can help slow this process. The authors review the benefits of strong muscles including making life easier, increasing metabolism, building stronger bones, improving digestion, relieving back pain, and managing diabetes. They discuss strategies for safe training and injury prevention. A sidebar provides an at-home workout that exercises the major muscle groups in the arms, legs,
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shoulders, chest, back, and abdomen. It recommends three strength-building workouts a week to ensure maximum benefits. •
Nutrition: Preserving Muscle and Providing Energy for Rehabilitation Source: Renal Rehabilitation Report. 6(3): 7. May-June 1998. Contact: Available from Life Options Rehabilitation Program. Medical Education Institute, Inc, 414 D'Onofrid Drive., Suite 200, Madison, WI 53719. (608) 833-8033. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This brief article reviews the role of nutrition in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), particularly the importance of adequate nutrition as a prerequisite for rehabilitation. Dialysis patients have an increased need for protein, however, due to such factors as anorexia, nausea, comorbid conditions, or restrictive and unpalatable diets, they often have difficulty taking in enough protein to meet this increased need. When inadequate dietary protein is combined with chronic renal failure, patients often experience loss of lean tissue mass (muscle), muscle fiber deterioration, and decreased muscle function. The article emphasizes that the need for adequate dietary protein intake must be balanced with other aspects of the renal diet, including control of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, fluids, and in the case of patients with diabetes, simple sugars. The article briefly discusses the use of recommendations for the assessment and monitoring of patients nutritional status. The article concludes that good nutrition can prevent or reverse the effects of malnutrition, enabling patients to preserve the strength and energy they need for rehabilitation. 5 references.
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Muscle Cramps: Common and Often Manageable Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 22(2): 6. February 2004. Contact: Available from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Summary: This newsletter article discusses the causes and prevention of muscle cramps in the lower leg. Muscle cramps are common in athletes and older adults. Common causes of muscle cramps include muscle overuse or strain, dehydration, low levels of blood calcium, low levels of potassium in the body, and the use of certain medications. Less commonly, muscle cramps may be caused by peripheral nerve disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Individuals with severe, frequent muscle cramps should consult their doctor. Methods for preventing or curbing muscle cramps include drinking fluids to avoid dehydration, warming up before exercising and stretching afterwards, stretching before going to bed, and not overworking muscles. During a muscle cramp, individuals should gently stretch the contracted muscle for relief. Quinine may help relieve cramping for individuals whose cramps do not respond to preventive measures.
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Referred Pain and Hyperalgesia Related to Muscle and Visceral Pain Source: Lifeline: The Newsletter of the National Chronic Pain Outreach Association. p. 10-13. Summer 1999. Contact: Available from National Chronic Pain Outreach Association. P.O. Box 274, Millboro, VA 24460. (540) 862-9437. Fax (540) 862-9485. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article for health professionals and people who have chronic pain reviews current knowledge of referred pain and hyperalgesia from muscle and visceral pain. Hyperplasia from deep tissue can be detected as increased pain responses
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to normally nonpainful stimuli or increased pain to normally painful stimuli. Research on muscle pain indicates that at least two mechanisms may be operating during local and referred muscle pain. Central hyperexcitability is one mechanism that may be involved in the generation of referred pain. This mechanism generates referred pain and increased modality specific responses. In another mechanism, descending or segmental inhibition modulates the sensory neurons in the dorsal horn. These mechanisms may be competitive, resulting in the complex sensory findings involved in muscle pain. The extent of referred pain is related to the degree and duration of continuing pain and the degree of central hyperexcitability. Temporal summation may be strongly facilitated by hyperexcitability. Some aspects of the pain associated with inflammatory and functional disorders of the gut may be explained by sensitization of visceral afferents, recruitment of silent nociceptors, central summation of noxious input, and central hyperexcitability. These mechanisms are usually reversible. 1 figure and 35 references. •
Polymyositis: An Inflammatory Muscle Disease Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 22(3): 6. March 2004. Contact: Available from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Summary: This newsletter article provides information on polymyositis and dermatomyositis, two inflammatory muscle diseases (or myopathies) that cause muscle weakness and pain. Symptoms are gradual and include swallowing difficulties and mild muscle pain or tenderness, in addition to progressive muscle weakness. Dermatomyositis also produces a red or violet skin rash on the face, hands, elbows, knees, eyelids, chest, and back. To diagnose these conditions, doctors use a physical examination to assess muscle strength, a patient history, blood tests that check for elevated enzyme levels indicating muscle inflammation, muscle biopsies, and electromyography to detect electrical current in muscles. Corticosteroids are the initial choice for treatment. Other treatments include immunosuppressive drugs and intravenous immunoglobulin. The article lists other conditions that may cause muscle discomfort.
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Pelvic Muscle Rehabilitation Source: Quality Care. 16(3): 1-2. Summer 1998. Contact: Available from National Association for Continence. P.O. Box 8310, Spartanburg, SC 29305-8310. (800) 252-3337 or (864) 579-7900. Fax (864) 579-7902. Summary: This newsletter article reviews the use of pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegel exercises) to prevent or treat urinary incontinence. The author notes that exercising the muscles of the pelvic floor on a regular basis should be as much a part of a woman's preventive health care routine as an annual Pap smear and monthly breast self examination. Pelvic muscles are frequently damaged during childbirth and sometimes by surgery in the pelvic area (hysterectomy or prolapse surgeries for women and prostatectomy for men). The author describes the purpose of pelvic muscle rehabilitation and then details how the exercises are done. The author notes that some people may only need written directions to undertake these exercises, but some people may need help from a health care professional to locate and exercise the pelvic muscles. Biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and vaginal weights are the most common methods used to help individuals locate and begin to use their pelvic muscles. The author concludes that, whichever method is prescribed, successful pelvic muscle rehabilitation depends on a consistent effort by the individual. 1 figure.
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to muscles. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with muscles. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about muscles. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “muscles” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “muscles”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “muscles” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “muscles” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
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Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on muscles: •
Basic Guidelines for Muscles Muscle aches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm Muscle atrophy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003188.htm Muscle biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003924.htm Muscle function loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003190.htm Muscle spasmsor cramps Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle strain treatment Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002116.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Muscles Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Arthralgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Atrophy (loss of muscle mass) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003188.htm Bruising Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Contracture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003185.htm Decreased muscle tone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003298.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Excessive sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Excessive urine volume Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Fasciculations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003296.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm General ill feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Loss of sensation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm
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Muscle contractures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle spasms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle strain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle twitching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003296.htm Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Muscles Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Blood differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm Blood flow studies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003442.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm
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CT scan of the head Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm Electromyography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003929.htm EMG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003929.htm Extremity angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003772.htm Extremity arteriography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003772.htm Muscle biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003924.htm Myelography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003807.htm Myopathic changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001220.htm Nerve conduction studies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003927.htm Serum calcium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003477.htm Serum sodium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003481.htm Spine CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003787.htm Spine X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003806.htm Thyroid function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003444.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm X-rays of the head Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003802.htm •
Background Topics for Muscles Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm
Online Glossaries 339
Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Burns Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Fracture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm Fractures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Necrosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002266.htm Pain medications Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Pain relievers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Peripheral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002273.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm
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Relieved by Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002288.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Shellfish Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002851.htm Splints Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000040.htm Sprains Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000041.htm Strains - first aid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000042.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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MUSCLES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abduction: Forcible pulling of a limb away from its natural position, a risk in road accidents and disasters; move outwards away from middle line. [NIH] Abductor: A muscle that draws a part away from the median line. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinin: A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Actomyosin: A protein complex of actin and myosin occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different
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from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adductor: A muscle that draws a part toward the median line. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Aeroembolism: Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure
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greater than the normal atmospheric pressure. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Afterload: The tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agrin: A protein component of the synaptic basal lamina. It has been shown to induce clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of muscle fibers and other synaptic molecules in both synapse regeneration and development. [NIH] Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have
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nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
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[NIH]
Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Anal Fistula: A channel that develops between the anus and the skin. Most fistulas are the result of an abscess (infection) that spreads to the skin. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angulation: Deviation from the normal long axis, as in a fractured bone healed out of line.
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[NIH]
Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Ankle Joint: The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia, the malleolar articular surface of the fibula, and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. [NIH] Anterograde: Moving or extending forward; called also antegrade. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH]
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Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arginase: A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ORNITHINE and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes hyperargininemia. EC 3.5.3.1. [NIH]
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection
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of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]
Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Artificial Organs: Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (artificial eye) as well as functional (artificial limbs). [NIH] Asepsis: The prevention of access by infecting organisms to the locus of potential infection. [NIH]
Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the
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heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Axotomy: Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH]
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Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Bends: The form of aeroembolism that is marked by intense pain in muscles and joints due to formation of gas bubbles in the tissues. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH]
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Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biomedical Engineering: Application of principles and practices of engineering science to biomedical research and health care. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids. [NIH] Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [NIH]
Blinking: Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Development: Gross development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes
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osteogenesis, which is restricted to formation and development of bone from the undifferentiated cells of the germ layers of the embryo. It does not include osseointegration. [NIH]
Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bottle Feeding: Use of nursing bottles for feeding. Applies to humans and animals. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradycardia: Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the
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trachea. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle,
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cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiomyoplasty: A surgical procedure that involves detaching one end of a back muscle and attaching it to the heart. An electric stimulator causes the muscle to contract to pump blood from the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH]
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Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotid Body: A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control. [NIH] Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure. [NIH] Carpal Bones: The eight bones of the wrist: capitate bone, hamate bone, lunate bone (semilunar bone), pisiform bone, scaphoid bone, trapezium bone, trapezoid bone and triquetral bone. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH]
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Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph
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nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Development: The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= growth). [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2chlorobutadiene. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH]
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Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chordae Tendineae: The tendinous cords that connect each cusp of the two atrioventricular valves to appropriate papillary muscles in the heart ventricles, preventing the valves from reversing themselves when the ventricles contract. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of
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inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Colectomy: An operation to remove the colon. An open colectomy is the removal of the colon through a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy uses a thin, lighted tube attached to a video camera. It allows the surgeon to remove the colon without a large incision. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH]
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Colostomy: An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH]
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Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continence: The ability to hold in a bowel movement or urine. [NIH] Contractile Proteins: Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include
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muscle proteins as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into
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three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniosynostoses: Premature closure of one or more sutures of the skull. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]
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Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cystectomy: Used for excision of the urinary bladder. [NIH] Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and the small intestine. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deglutition: The process or the act of swallowing. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU]
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Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Depth Perception: Perception of three-dimensionality. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]
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Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a
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delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dynamometer: An instrument for measuring the force of muscular contraction. [NIH] Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Dystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Ecchymosis: Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH]
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Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejection fraction: A measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower values indicate ventricular dysfunction. [EU] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrodiagnosis: Diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromagnetic Fields: Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces. [NIH] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous
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phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]
Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood
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capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epiglottis: Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Episiotomy: An incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH]
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Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Ergonomics: Study of the relationships between man and machines; adjusting the design of machines to the need and capacities of man; study of the effect of machines on man's behavior. [NIH] Erythrina: A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding certain alkaloids, lectins, and other useful compounds. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of
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energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Therapy: Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to physical fitness, but not physical education and training. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]
Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exons: Coding regions of messenger RNA included in the genetic transcript which survive the processing of RNA in cell nuclei to become part of a spliced messenger of structural RNA in the cytoplasm. They include joining and diversity exons of immunoglobulin genes. [NIH]
Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU]
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Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-
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identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Finite Element Analysis: A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components. [NIH] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH]
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Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Functional Disorders: Disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. These conditions result from poor nerve and muscle function. Symptoms such as gas, pain, constipation, and diarrhea come back again and again, but there are no signs of disease or damage. Emotional stress can trigger symptoms. Also called motility disorders. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the
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blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gelsolin: A 90-kD protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed i.e., transcribed, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genitals: Sex organs, including the penis and testicles in men and the vagina and vulva in women. [NIH]
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Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ Layers: The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
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Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH]
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Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Happiness: Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Helix-loop-helix: Regulatory protein of cell cycle. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH]
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Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]
Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH]
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Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human Engineering: The science of designing, building or equipping mechanical devices or artificial environments to the anthropometric, physiological, or psychological requirements of the people who will use them. [NIH] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH]
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Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hypercapnia: A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertonia: Or hypertony n, pl. hypertonias or hypertonies : hypertonicity. n. Pathology: increased rigidity, tension and spasticity of the muscles. [EU] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypotonia: A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of
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muscles to passive stretching. [EU] Hypoventilation: A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Ibotenic Acid: Neurotoxic isoxazole substance found in Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH]
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Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Inertia: Inactivity, inability to move spontaneously. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called
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intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intermittent Claudication: A symptom complex characterized by leg pain and weakness brought on by walking, with the disappearance of the symptoms following a brief rest. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of
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diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12. Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia. [NIH]
Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation,
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interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isometric Contraction: Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length. [NIH] Iteration: Unvarying repetition or unvarying persistence. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinesin: A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-. [NIH]
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Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Knee Injuries: Injuries to the knee or the knee joint. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lacerations: Torn, ragged, mangled wounds. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngoscopy: Examination, therapy, or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH]
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Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lingual Nerve: A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior twothirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linoleic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive
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substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]
Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lunate: A curved sulcus of the lateral surface which forms the anterior limit of the visual cortex. [NIH] Lung volume: The amount of air the lungs hold. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells.
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These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mandibular Nerve: A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Masseter Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Masticatory: 1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication. 2. a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]
Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
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Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Mechanoreceptors: Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptors include hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with nonneural accessory structures. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meniscus: A fibro-cartilage within a joint, especially of the knee. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal
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tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metamorphosis: The ontogeny of insects, i. e. the series of changes undergone from egg, through larva and pupa, or through nymph, to adult. [NIH] Methyltransferases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH]
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Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Motor Endplate: The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. The motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. Among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]
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Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSIN. More than a dozen accessary proteins exist including troponin, tropomyosin, and dystrophin. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myenteric: On stimulation of an intestinal segment, the segment above contracts and that below relaxes. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping.
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Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myogenic Regulatory Factors: A family of muscle-specific transcription factors which bind to DNA in control regions and thus regulate myogenesis. All members of this family contain a conserved helix-loop-helix motif which is homologous to the myc family proteins. These factors are only found in skeletal muscle. Members include the myoD protein, myogenin, myf-5, and myf-6 (also called MRF4 or herculin). [NIH] Myogenin: A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Myogenin is induced during differentiation of every skeletal muscle cell line that has been investigated, in contrast to the other myogenic regulatory factors that only appear in certain cell types. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nasalis: A small fly whose larvae are parasites of the horse, the adult female fly depositing them into and around the nostrils, from where they later migrate to the pharynx or larynx of their host. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH]
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Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus). [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neoprene: An oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by the polymerization of chloroprene. [NIH]
Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Crest: A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. [NIH] Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]
Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube
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defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neurites: In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell. [NIH] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]
Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier
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nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]
Nociceptors: Peripheral receptors for pain. Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All nociceptors are free nerve endings. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH]
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Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nulliparous: Having never given birth to a viable infant. [EU] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nymph: The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Occupational Therapy: The field concerned with utilizing craft or work activities in the rehabilitation of patients. Occupational therapy can also refer to the activities themselves. [NIH]
Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH]
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Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants). [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteology: A branch of anatomy dealing with the bones. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging atpase. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH]
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Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH]
Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Palpitation: A subjective sensation of an unduly rapid or irregular heart beat. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillary Muscles: Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH]
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Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Participation: Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health. [NIH] Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue
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enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU]
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Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Petechia: A pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or submucous haemorrhage. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngeal Muscles: The muscles of the pharynx are the inferior, middle and superior constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-Daspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Phosphoglycerate Mutase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-Dglycerate to 3-phospho-D-glycerate. EC 5.4.2.1. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH]
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Phosphorus Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm. [NIH]
Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH]
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Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by
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covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Positive End-Expiratory Pressure: A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lung at the end of expiration, thus keeping the alveoli open and improving gas exchange. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior chamber: The space between the back of the iris and the front face of the vitreous; filled with aqueous fluid. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU]
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Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Proctalgia Fugax: Intense pain in the rectum that occasionally happens at night. Caused by muscle spasms around the anus. [NIH] Proctectomy: An operation to remove the rectum. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Pronation: Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body). [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU]
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Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Folding: A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the
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animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoacoustics: The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Pterygoid: A canal in the sphenoid bone for the vidian nerve. [NIH] Pterygoid Muscles: Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Alveoli: Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Valve: A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Punishment: The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior. [NIH] Pupa: An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pyloric Stenosis: Obstruction of the pyloric canal. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH]
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Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of
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diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH]
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Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]
Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines
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with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retractor: An instrument designed for pulling aside tissues to improve exposure at operation; an instrument for drawing back the edge of a wound. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rotator Cuff: The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the shoulder joint about its longitudinal axis. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly,
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and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]
Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Safe Sex: Sex behavior that prevents or decreases the spread of sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane of a smooth, striated, or cardiac muscle fiber. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sarcomere: The repeating structural unit of a striated muscle fiber. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scaphoid Bone: The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of carpal bones. [NIH]
Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH]
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Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH] Sciatica: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the L4, L5, S1 or S2 spinal nerve roots; often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs
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discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semilunar Bone: A carpal bone which is located between the scaphoid and triquelateral bones. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female
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or male. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the
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large intestine. [NIH] Smiling: A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solitary Rectal Ulcer: A rare type of ulcer in the rectum. May develop because of straining to have a bowel movement. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with
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heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. [NIH]
Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH]
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Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spiral Lamina: The bony plate which extends outwards from the modiolus. It is part of the structure which divides trhe cochlea into sections. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sports Equipment: Equipment required for engaging in a sport (such as balls, bats, rackets, skis, skates, ropes, weights) and devices for the protection of athletes during their performance (such as masks, gloves, mouth pieces). [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stapedius: The stapedius muscle arises from the wall of the middle ear and is inserted into the neck of the stapes. Its action is to pull the head of the stapes backward. [NIH] Stapes: One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal ear. [NIH] Staurosporine: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
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Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress incontinence: An involuntary loss of urine that occurs at the same time that internal abdominal pressure is increased, such as with laughing, sneezing, coughing, or physical activity. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stress urinary: Leakage of urine caused by actions--such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, running, or lifting--that place pressure on the bladder from inside the body. Stress urinary incontinence can result from either a fallen bladder or weak sphincter muscles. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcapsular: Situated below a capsule. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its
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bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for. [NIH]
Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supination: Applies to the movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward and when applied to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion of the foot. [NIH]
Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules.
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Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]
Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenotomy: The cutting of a tendon. [NIH] Tensor Tympani: Two muscles which operate on the hammer and stirrup. They contract in response to loud sounds. Their action reduces the amplitude of movement of the ossicles, thus limiting the sound intensity delivered to the inner ear. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH]
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Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are
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concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tibia: The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the fibula laterally, the talus distally, and the femur proximally. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]
Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the
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vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]
Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH]
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Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricuspid Valve: The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nuclei: Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve situated in the brain stem. They include the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (spinal trigeminal nucleus), the principal sensory nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus, and the motor nucleus. [NIH] Trismus: Spasmodic contraction of the masseter muscle resulting in forceful jaw closure. This may be seen with a variety of diseases, including tetanus, as a complication of radiation therapy, trauma, or in association with neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Trophic: Of or pertaining to nutrition. [EU] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Troponin C: One of the three polypeptide chains that make up the troponin complex of skeletal muscle. It is a calcium-binding protein. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent
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light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tympani: The part of the cochlea below the spiral lamina. [NIH] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilicus: The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]
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Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of
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one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation
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occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zebrafish: A species of North American fishes of the family Cyprinidae. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development. [NIH]
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Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
435
INDEX A Abduction, 341, 409 Abductor, 5, 95, 98, 120, 341 Aberrant, 10, 52, 91, 341 Abscess, 280, 341, 345, 374, 418 Acceptor, 341, 402, 428 Acclimatization, 39, 341 Accommodation, 214, 241, 242, 341 Acetaminophen, 319, 341 Acetylcholine, 9, 49, 51, 76, 80, 81, 86, 118, 146, 341, 343, 357, 358, 398, 399 Acetylcholinesterase, 11, 63, 69, 152, 341 Acidosis, 110, 341 Acoustic, 19, 275, 341 Acrylonitrile, 341, 416 Actinin, 68, 341, 367 Action Potentials, 28, 95, 341 Actomyosin, 59, 341 Adaptability, 341, 356 Adaptation, 39, 47, 54, 135, 341, 342, 407 Adduction, 342, 424 Adductor, 5, 18, 98, 109, 126, 342 Adenosine, 184, 342, 387, 405 Adenovirus, 10, 68, 75, 76, 86, 268, 342 Adipocytes, 23, 30, 342, 361, 388 Adipose Tissue, 342, 389, 426 Adjustment, 90, 228, 250, 251, 264, 341, 342 Adjuvant, 321, 342, 376 Adolescence, 342, 357 Adrenal Cortex, 342, 362, 371, 409 Adrenergic, 69, 94, 292, 342, 370 Adverse Effect, 342, 344, 419 Aerobic, 139, 286, 324, 342, 372, 394, 402 Aerobic Exercise, 324, 342 Aerobic Metabolism, 342, 402 Aerobic Respiration, 342, 402 Aeroembolism, 342, 350 Aerosol, 343, 399 Afferent, 20, 29, 46, 48, 53, 58, 60, 135, 343, 373, 388, 389, 421 Affinity, 64, 343, 420 Afterload, 38, 343 Agar, 343, 363, 383, 406 Agarose, 343, 383 Age of Onset, 343, 430 Ageing, 257, 343 Aggravation, 213, 343
Agonist, 28, 60, 343, 383, 387, 399 Agrin, 10, 53, 77, 80, 343 Air Pressure, 275, 343 Airway, 10, 24, 28, 39, 49, 50, 57, 58, 129, 213, 343, 419 Algorithms, 343, 351 Alimentary, 235, 343, 403 Alkaline, 341, 343, 344, 353, 426 Alkaloid, 343, 399, 416 Allergen, 344, 365, 418 Alpha Particles, 344, 412 Alpha-1, 85, 309, 344, 406 Alpha-helix, 344, 387 Alternative medicine, 272, 323, 344 Alternative Splicing, 344, 410 Alveoli, 344, 365, 408, 431 Amblyopia, 13, 65, 344 Amino acid, 34, 56, 150, 234, 344, 346, 347, 348, 363, 372, 377, 378, 382, 383, 387, 388, 391, 400, 404, 405, 409, 410, 415, 418, 423, 427, 428, 429, 430 Amino Acid Sequence, 234, 344, 346 Ammonia, 344, 377, 424, 430 Amplification, 21, 24, 344 Ampulla, 344, 369 Amputation, 120, 344 Amygdala, 20, 344, 350, 389, 426 Amyloid, 86, 97, 234, 345 Anabolic, 10, 290, 345 Anaerobic, 137, 345 Anaesthesia, 107, 126, 345, 384 Anal, 4, 122, 317, 345, 374 Anal Fissure, 317, 345 Anal Fistula, 4, 345 Analgesic, 210, 341, 345, 383, 399 Analog, 222, 227, 345 Analogous, 235, 251, 345, 381, 428 Anaphylatoxins, 345, 360 Anastomosis, 236, 345 Anatomical, 12, 13, 19, 51, 63, 89, 95, 119, 345, 348, 351, 357, 366, 369, 384, 394, 417 Androgens, 41, 290, 342, 345, 363 Anemia, 14, 310, 345, 405 Anesthesia, 27, 343, 345, 363, 369, 387 Aneurysm, 345, 431 Angina, 165, 252, 345, 399 Angiography, 338, 345 Angioplasty, 68, 345, 396
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Angulation, 241, 345 Animal model, 8, 18, 28, 30, 32, 38, 41, 50, 65, 147, 346 Anions, 346, 386, 424 Ankle, 9, 11, 117, 123, 136, 216, 233, 259, 346 Ankle Joint, 233, 346 Anomalies, 37, 346 Anorectal, 4, 346 Anorexia, 165, 325, 346 Anterior chamber, 219, 237, 238, 242, 346, 386 Anterior Cruciate Ligament, 9, 12, 137, 346 Anterograde, 19, 346 Antibacterial, 346, 421 Antibiotic, 185, 346, 421 Antibodies, 32, 51, 233, 234, 346, 349, 379, 383, 391, 407 Anticoagulant, 149, 346, 410 Antigen, 78, 81, 234, 343, 346, 360, 381, 382, 383, 384, 418 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 346, 360 Anti-inflammatory, 258, 272, 341, 347, 348, 363, 365, 377, 383, 408 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 347, 348, 363 Antineoplastic, 347, 363 Antioxidant, 54, 55, 71, 151, 347 Antipyretic, 341, 347 Anus, 345, 346, 347, 352, 359, 404, 409, 413 Anxiety, 165, 283, 336, 347 Aorta, 90, 153, 230, 347, 354, 362, 432 Aortic Valve, 230, 347 Aperture, 347, 411 Apnea, 50, 52, 213, 347 Apolipoproteins, 347, 389 Apoptosis, 25, 347 Applicability, 64, 347 Approximate, 249, 347 Apraxia, 29, 176, 347 Aqueous, 238, 242, 347, 350, 358, 364, 368, 381, 388, 408 Aqueous fluid, 347, 408 Aqueous humor, 238, 242, 347, 358 Arginase, 72, 347 Arginine, 83, 186, 345, 347, 399 Arterial, 18, 27, 50, 75, 347, 348, 357, 382, 399, 410, 425 Arteries, 119, 151, 273, 274, 283, 284, 347, 348, 351, 362, 390, 393, 395, 430 Arteriography, 338, 347 Arterioles, 39, 136, 348, 351, 354, 431
Arteriolosclerosis, 348 Arteriosclerosis, 80, 165, 348 Arteriosus, 348, 411 Articular, 346, 348, 387, 401 Articulation, 243, 348, 367 Artificial Organs, 348, 415 Asepsis, 210, 348 Aspartate, 348, 387, 405 Asphyxia, 57, 348, 399 Aspiration, 10, 348 Aspirin, 272, 296, 348 Assay, 23, 44, 51, 66, 69, 81, 348 Ataxia, 310, 348, 383, 426 Atrial, 230, 252, 348 Atrioventricular, 230, 231, 348, 358, 402 Atrium, 230, 348, 354, 394, 429, 432 Atrophy, 14, 20, 24, 30, 40, 44, 45, 82, 90, 137, 309, 310, 335, 336, 349, 389 Attenuation, 28, 349 Atypical, 118, 349 Auditory, 19, 275, 349, 359, 367, 371, 379, 392, 430, 431 Auditory Cortex, 349, 359 Autoantibodies, 128, 349 Autoantigens, 349 Autoimmune disease, 272, 349 Autoimmunity, 23, 349 Autonomic, 27, 341, 349, 377, 399, 404, 421 Autonomic Nervous System, 349, 404 Autopsy, 149, 349 Avian, 65, 349 Avulsion, 54, 349 Axonal, 48, 65, 349 Axons, 53, 65, 117, 349, 386, 400, 409, 421 Axotomy, 53, 349 B Back Pain, 209, 245, 274, 324, 349 Bacteria, 217, 346, 349, 350, 361, 368, 370, 373, 393, 407, 412, 418, 421, 427, 428, 431 Bacterial Physiology, 342, 349 Bacteriophage, 349, 406, 428 Bacterium, 350, 361 Basal Ganglia, 348, 350, 352, 375, 389 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 348, 350 Basement Membrane, 350, 372, 388 Bed Rest, 6, 34, 350 Bends, 240, 350 Benign, 91, 166, 280, 339, 348, 350, 375, 397, 412 Beta-pleated, 345, 350 Bilateral, 29, 89, 91, 92, 111, 116, 209, 350, 402, 403
437
Bile, 187, 235, 274, 350, 364, 375, 381, 389, 422 Bile Acids, 350, 422 Bile Acids and Salts, 350 Bile duct, 235, 350, 375 Biliary, 235, 350, 360 Bilirubin, 350, 375 Binding Sites, 61, 350 Bioavailability, 246, 350 Biochemical, 7, 10, 14, 19, 33, 43, 52, 111, 350, 378, 388, 401, 410 Biogenesis, 69, 350 Biological response modifier, 351, 385 Biological therapy, 351, 379 Biomechanics, 10, 15, 36, 62, 92, 96, 112, 117, 125, 127, 151, 266, 351 Biomedical Engineering, 8, 35, 351 Biopsy, 5, 7, 335, 337, 338, 351, 404 Biotechnology, 66, 87, 146, 305, 307, 309, 310, 311, 323, 351 Blepharitis, 29, 351 Blepharospasm, 29, 351 Blinking, 29, 351 Bloating, 351, 376 Blood Coagulation, 351, 353, 426 Blood Glucose, 279, 284, 285, 351, 380, 385 Blood pressure, 27, 59, 111, 142, 230, 272, 351, 354, 355, 357, 382, 394, 420 Blood Volume, 39, 351 Body Fluids, 351, 353, 367, 420 Body Mass Index, 351, 401 Body Regions, 233, 351 Bolus, 24, 351 Bolus infusion, 351 Bone Development, 55, 351 Bone Marrow, 176, 352, 376, 383, 390 Bone scan, 352, 416 Boron, 146, 352, 363 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 352 Bottle Feeding, 52, 352 Bowel, 170, 221, 268, 273, 317, 345, 352, 361, 366, 375, 386, 398, 404, 420, 423 Bowel Movement, 352, 361, 366, 420, 423 Brachial, 352, 381, 392, 430 Brachial Plexus, 352, 392, 430 Brachytherapy, 352, 386, 387, 412, 433 Bradycardia, 52, 352 Bradykinin, 352, 399 Brain Diseases, 352, 402 Brain Stem, 352, 359, 398, 429 Branch, 53, 320, 333, 352, 364, 368, 389, 391, 392, 401, 403, 411, 421, 426, 427
Breakdown, 149, 352, 365, 375, 400 Bronchi, 352, 353, 370, 428 Bronchitis, 166, 353, 358 Bronchoscopy, 126, 353 Buccal, 353, 390 Burns, 9, 151, 339, 353 Burns, Electric, 353 Bursitis, 90, 166, 253, 319, 353 Bypass, 236, 353, 396 C Cachexia, 44, 353 Cadaver, 133, 353 Calcification, 348, 353 Calcineurin, 44, 45, 67, 69, 70, 74, 353 Calcium Channels, 62, 353 Calmodulin, 34, 67, 69, 353, 385 Calpain, 41, 84, 353 Cannula, 52, 354 Capillary, 21, 352, 354, 389, 411, 432 Capsular, 219, 241, 242, 354 Capsules, 354, 367, 376 Carbohydrate, 55, 149, 150, 285, 354, 363, 377, 378, 408 Carbon Dioxide, 354, 355, 374, 376, 382, 406, 414 Carcinogen, 354, 371 Carcinogenic, 354, 357, 385, 400, 409, 422 Carcinoma, 354 Cardiac Output, 17, 39, 224, 354 Cardiomyopathy, 81, 84, 166, 354 Cardiomyoplasty, 224, 354 Cardiopulmonary, 39, 236, 354 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 236, 354 Cardiorespiratory, 90, 342, 354 Cardiovascular, 28, 59, 70, 90, 111, 150, 226, 236, 239, 240, 249, 252, 272, 273, 281, 285, 353, 354, 372, 431 Cardiovascular disease, 236, 252, 354 Cardiovascular System, 236, 272, 273, 354 Carnitine, 149, 155, 156, 157, 354 Carotene, 355, 414 Carotid Body, 355, 357 Carotid Sinus, 355, 377 Carpal Bones, 259, 355, 416 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 166, 213, 214, 253, 258, 355 Case report, 114, 121, 355 Catalyse, 355, 428 Cataract, 219, 354, 355 Catheter, 235, 355, 369 Catheterization, 345, 355, 396 Cathode, 129, 355
438
Muscles
Cations, 141, 355, 386 Cauda Equina, 355, 417 Caudal, 22, 355, 365, 382, 408 Causal, 16, 24, 33, 272, 355 Cause of Death, 10, 236, 355 Cell Adhesion, 85, 120, 355 Cell Count, 54, 355, 405 Cell Death, 23, 37, 42, 53, 85, 347, 356 Cell Differentiation, 67, 69, 70, 80, 229, 356, 419 Cell Division, 309, 349, 356, 364, 379, 392, 394, 406, 409, 417 Cell Lineage, 85, 356 Cell membrane, 77, 353, 356, 365, 372, 385, 405, 433 Cell proliferation, 30, 35, 68, 71, 72, 77, 83, 85, 348, 356, 419 Cell Respiration, 342, 356, 394, 402, 414 Cell Size, 41, 356 Cell Survival, 42, 73, 356, 379 Cell Transplantation, 83, 356 Cellobiose, 356 Cellulose, 252, 356, 406 Cerebellar, 348, 356, 359, 413, 429 Cerebral Cortex, 348, 352, 356, 371, 373, 397 Cerebral Palsy, 11, 48, 99, 275, 276, 356, 420 Cerebrospinal, 356, 419 Cerebrospinal fluid, 356, 419 Cerebrovascular, 350, 354, 356, 426 Cerebrum, 356, 429 Cervical, 89, 93, 97, 105, 116, 118, 125, 130, 131, 249, 352, 356, 357, 392, 397, 406, 430 Cervical Plexus, 357, 406 Cervix, 206, 357, 374, 414 Character, 357, 364 Chemoreceptor, 57, 357 Chemotactic Factors, 357, 360 Chemotherapy, 278, 321, 357 Child Development, 276, 357 Chimeras, 137, 357 Chin, 74, 211, 254, 357, 393 Chiropractic, 26, 177, 210, 357 Chlorine, 357, 382 Chloroprene, 357, 397 Cholesterol, 90, 146, 159, 169, 274, 316, 350, 357, 358, 362, 375, 382, 389, 390, 392, 422 Cholesterol Esters, 357, 389 Choline, 341, 357 Cholinergic, 151, 358, 394, 399
Chondrocytes, 358, 374 Chordae Tendineae, 358, 402 Choroid, 358, 362, 414 Chromatin, 347, 358 Chromium, 146, 156, 358 Chromosomal, 344, 358, 407, 415, 416 Chromosome, 234, 358, 361, 389, 416, 417, 430 Chronic Disease, 353, 358 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 83, 115, 124, 167, 358 Chronic renal, 325, 358, 407 Chylomicrons, 358, 389 Ciliary, 106, 219, 241, 242, 347, 348, 358, 418 Ciliary Body, 219, 348, 358, 418 Ciliary processes, 347, 358 CIS, 358, 414 Clavicle, 15, 358 Clear cell carcinoma, 358, 365 Clinical Medicine, 358, 408 Clinical trial, 7, 11, 15, 28, 64, 305, 358, 362, 410, 412 Clone, 22, 29, 358 Clonic, 351, 359 Cloning, 41, 351, 359 Cochlea, 19, 275, 359, 385, 422, 430 Cochlear, 19, 271, 275, 359 Cochlear Implants, 271, 359 Cochlear Nerve, 359 Cochlear Nucleus, 19, 359 Coenzyme, 98, 189, 359 Cofactor, 80, 359, 410, 426 Cognitive restructuring, 359, 423 Colectomy, 273, 359 Collagen, 43, 246, 344, 350, 359, 376, 407, 409 Collapse, 352, 359, 419 Colloidal, 359, 368 Colon, 4, 150, 174, 309, 317, 359, 360, 388 Colostomy, 273, 360 Combination Therapy, 8, 259, 360 Common Bile Duct, 234, 235, 360, 364 Complement, 32, 345, 360, 376, 418 Complementary and alternative medicine, 163, 164, 204, 360 Complementary medicine, 163, 164, 360 Complementation, 52, 148, 360 Computational Biology, 305, 307, 360 Computed tomography, 128, 360, 361, 416 Computer Systems, 64, 361 Computerized tomography, 360, 361
439
Concentric, 95, 96, 113, 122, 261, 324, 348, 361 Concomitant, 23, 78, 361 Conduction, 275, 314, 338, 361 Cone, 247, 361, 424 Congestion, 246, 361 Conjugated, 51, 148, 189, 190, 350, 361, 396, 399, 400 Conjugation, 44, 82, 128, 361 Conjunctiva, 361, 429 Connective Tissue, 7, 37, 43, 63, 246, 279, 352, 359, 361, 374, 375, 376, 390, 415, 416, 425 Connective Tissue Cells, 361 Consciousness, 210, 345, 361, 364, 366, 411 Constipation, 4, 167, 272, 273, 287, 361, 375 Constitutional, 361, 395 Constriction, 361, 387, 416 Consultation, 278, 361 Consumption, 285, 361, 400, 402 Contamination, 361, 380 Continence, 273, 287, 288, 318, 320, 326, 361 Contractile Proteins, 19, 56, 277, 361 Contractility, 10, 27, 47, 362, 368 Contracture, 46, 58, 88, 277, 336, 362 Contraindications, ii, 362 Contralateral, 50, 61, 96, 124, 227, 362, 393, 400, 413 Contrast medium, 345, 362 Control group, 4, 42, 362 Conus, 87, 362, 411 Coordination, 12, 24, 29, 47, 49, 282, 362 Cornea, 29, 219, 242, 346, 347, 362, 387, 417, 423 Corneum, 362, 370 Coronary, 38, 94, 140, 167, 236, 354, 362, 393, 395, 399 Coronary Artery Bypass, 236, 362 Coronary heart disease, 354, 362 Coronary Thrombosis, 362, 393, 395 Corpus, 362, 404, 409, 418, 426, 432 Corpus Luteum, 362, 409 Cortex, 48, 53, 96, 182, 234, 344, 347, 362, 371, 381 Cortical, 6, 13, 42, 48, 52, 77, 91, 105, 219, 344, 362, 372, 417, 426 Corticosteroid, 149, 362, 408 Cortisone, 363, 365, 408 Cranial, 16, 359, 363, 373, 377, 382, 389, 391, 397, 400, 404, 421, 429, 431
Craniosynostoses, 104, 363 Creatine, 55, 76, 140, 146, 156, 229, 308, 363 Creatine Kinase, 55, 76, 229, 308, 363 Creatinine, 282, 363 Criterion, 28, 227, 363 Critical Illness, 9, 363 Crossing-over, 363, 413 Cryotherapy, 6, 363 Cues, 22, 363 Culture Media, 147, 343, 363 Curare, 363, 395 Curative, 363, 426 Curcumin, 45, 363 Cutaneous, 61, 357, 363, 390 Cyclic, 353, 354, 363, 379, 399 Cyclin, 68, 229, 364 Cystectomy, 321, 364 Cystic Duct, 235, 360, 364 Cytogenetics, 364, 416 Cytokines, 147, 364 Cytomegalovirus, 76, 364 Cytoplasm, 347, 356, 362, 364, 372, 378, 385, 396, 398, 415, 416, 425 Cytoskeleton, 34, 55, 364, 393 Cytotoxic, 364, 412, 419 D Data Collection, 64, 364 Deamination, 364, 430 Defecation, 273, 364 Degenerative, 120, 128, 234, 362, 364, 380, 401 Deglutition, 24, 364 Dehydration, 325, 364 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 190, 272, 364 Deletion, 21, 22, 24, 55, 78, 347, 364, 376 Delivery of Health Care, 364, 379 Dementia, 255, 364, 398 Denaturation, 219, 364 Dendrites, 364, 398 Dendritic, 364, 392, 421 Density, 146, 351, 365, 389, 394, 400, 420 Dental Care, 276, 365 Dentition, 213, 365 Deoxyribonucleic, 272, 365 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 272, 365 Deoxyribonucleotides, 365 Depolarization, 61, 365, 419 Deprivation, 69, 258, 344, 365 Depth Perception, 14, 365 DES, 21, 135, 137, 139, 149, 152, 345, 365 Desensitization, 30, 365
440
Muscles
Dexamethasone, 62, 71, 365 Dexterity, 218, 239, 365 Diabetes Mellitus, 44, 79, 80, 283, 365, 377, 380 Diagnostic procedure, 205, 323, 365 Dialyzer, 365, 379 Diaphragm, 17, 39, 41, 53, 54, 98, 118, 126, 237, 238, 357, 365, 406, 414 Diarrhea, 336, 365, 375 Diastole, 365 Diastolic, 224, 365, 382 Diathermy, 317, 365 Diencephalon, 365, 382, 398, 403, 426 Digestion, 277, 282, 324, 343, 350, 352, 365, 376, 386, 389, 423 Digestive system, 267, 366 Digestive tract, 267, 366, 419 Digitalis, 366, 401 Dilatation, 224, 345, 366, 409, 431 Dilatation, Pathologic, 366, 431 Dilation, 222, 352, 366, 431 Dilator, 49, 58, 366, 399 Dimerization, 229, 366 Diploid, 360, 366, 406 Discrete, 87, 366, 410, 425 Disparity, 13, 130, 366 Dissection, 63, 78, 366 Dissociation, 17, 57, 343, 366 Dissociative Disorders, 366 Distal, 38, 64, 104, 150, 211, 234, 265, 266, 349, 362, 366, 368, 404, 409, 411 Dominance, 210, 366 Dorsal, 48, 214, 223, 326, 359, 366, 397, 408, 421 Dosage Forms, 252, 366 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 23, 42, 43, 49, 55, 58, 99, 103, 145, 248, 287, 318, 325, 367, 389 Drug Delivery Systems, 237, 367 Drug Interactions, 299, 367 Duct, 235, 344, 354, 355, 360, 367, 372, 416, 422, 424 Duodenum, 350, 367, 369, 376, 423 Dyes, 22, 345, 367 Dynamometer, 4, 367 Dysarthria, 63, 367 Dysphagia, 24, 63, 367 Dysphonia, 5, 109, 287, 367 Dysplasia, 310, 367 Dystonia, 97, 367 Dystrophic, 33, 74, 75, 113, 118, 133, 137, 139, 142, 367
Dystrophin, 9, 32, 75, 82, 84, 113, 142, 367, 395 Dystrophy, 32, 75, 86, 89, 171, 309, 314, 315, 316, 321, 367 E Eardrum, 275, 367 Ecchymosis, 6, 367 Ectoderm, 367, 397 Ectopic, 74, 77, 367 Edema, 54, 168, 173, 357, 367, 387, 396 Effector, 31, 341, 360, 367 Efferent, 19, 46, 367, 373, 394, 421 Efficacy, 28, 235, 237, 368 Ejection fraction, 111, 368 Elastic, 38, 96, 209, 211, 219, 265, 368, 420 Elasticity, 40, 82, 257, 348, 368 Elastin, 246, 359, 368 Elective, 125, 368 Electrode, 28, 214, 215, 253, 255, 355, 368 Electrodiagnosis, 105, 368 Electrolysis, 346, 355, 368 Electrolyte, 363, 368, 393, 408, 420 Electromagnetic Fields, 221, 368 Electromyography, 9, 19, 35, 36, 38, 40, 89, 97, 101, 106, 108, 114, 115, 116, 117, 123, 124, 127, 129, 134, 139, 140, 314, 326, 338, 368 Electrophoresis, 21, 368, 383 Electrophysiological, 66, 89, 106, 108, 117, 123, 124, 127, 137, 368 Elementary Particles, 368, 391, 398, 410 Embolus, 368, 384 Embryo, 352, 356, 367, 368, 373, 377, 384, 393, 401, 430 Emphysema, 168, 358, 368 Empirical, 40, 368 Emulsion, 368, 374 Enamel, 369, 387 Encapsulated, 233, 369 Encephalitis, 369 Encephalocele, 369, 397 Encephalomyelitis, 86, 369 Endarterectomy, 345, 369 Endemic, 369, 422 Endocrine System, 369 Endocrinology, 23, 369 Endogenous, 22, 54, 349, 353, 369, 428 Endometrium, 369, 392 Endoscope, 234, 369, 388 Endoscopic, 234, 353, 369 Endothelial cell, 73, 369, 374, 426
441
Endothelium, 80, 82, 136, 369, 370, 399, 407 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 369 Endothelium, Vascular, 369 Endothelium-derived, 370, 399 Endotoxin, 69, 370, 429 End-stage renal, 325, 358, 370, 407 Energetic, 40, 68, 370 Energy balance, 370, 388 Enhancer, 69, 76, 80, 86, 370, 414 Environmental Exposure, 370, 400 Environmental Health, 116, 304, 306, 370 Enzymatic, 23, 344, 353, 355, 360, 370, 392, 414 Epidemic, 258, 370, 422 Epidermis, 141, 211, 362, 370, 381, 387 Epidural, 206, 370 Epigastric, 370, 402 Epiglottis, 10, 24, 370 Epinephrine, 342, 370, 398, 399, 430 Episiotomy, 43, 370 Epithelial, 37, 219, 268, 358, 370, 380, 388 Epithelial Cells, 219, 268, 370, 380, 388 Epithelium, 268, 350, 369, 370, 386 Erectile, 283, 370, 371, 403 Erection, 283, 370, 371 Ergonomics, 50, 274, 371 Erythrina, 195, 199, 371 Erythrocyte Volume, 351, 371 Erythrocytes, 345, 352, 354, 371, 418 Esophageal, 3, 11, 371 Esophagus, 3, 268, 366, 371, 390, 405, 413, 423 Esotropia, 92, 105, 124, 371, 423 Essential Tremor, 310, 371 Estradiol, 27, 135, 295, 371 Estrogen, 27, 371 Estrone, 16, 371 Ethnic Groups, 282, 371 Eukaryotic Cells, 371, 399, 401, 430 Evacuation, 277, 361, 371, 376 Evoke, 371, 422 Evoked Potentials, 105, 275, 371 Excitability, 46, 48, 371 Excitation, 61, 62, 68, 79, 80, 357, 371, 398 Excitatory, 19, 49, 372, 377, 383, 387 Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, 372, 387 Exercise Test, 372 Exercise Therapy, 138, 139, 372 Exercise Tolerance, 115, 372 Exhaustion, 137, 169, 324, 372 Exocrine, 372, 402
Exocytosis, 372, 425 Exogenous, 10, 369, 372, 430 Exons, 33, 344, 372 Exotropia, 107, 372, 423 Expiration, 372, 408, 414 Expiratory, 17, 28, 93, 102, 137, 372, 405 Extensor, 12, 46, 88, 89, 101, 105, 112, 113, 119, 131, 135, 209, 225, 244, 253, 308, 372 External-beam radiation, 372, 386, 412, 433 Extracellular, 21, 42, 69, 246, 345, 361, 372, 420, 426 Extracellular Matrix, 246, 361, 372 Extracellular Space, 246, 372 Extraction, 72, 372 Extremity, 6, 9, 15, 36, 117, 125, 136, 253, 266, 267, 338, 352, 373, 392, 403, 417, 430 Eye Infections, 342, 373 Eye Movements, 12, 14, 29, 58, 65, 373 Eye socket, 242, 373 F Facial, 16, 19, 37, 95, 96, 101, 115, 119, 128, 256, 257, 277, 373, 392, 403, 420 Facial Expression, 37, 119, 256, 257, 373, 420 Facial Nerve, 95, 373, 403 Facial Paralysis, 96, 373 Fallopian tube, 373, 414 Family Planning, 273, 305, 373 Fatty acids, 148, 149, 373, 378, 389, 426 Feces, 361, 373, 423 Femoral, 18, 354, 373 Femoral Artery, 354, 373 Femur, 346, 373, 427 Fetal Development, 373, 397 Fetus, 137, 351, 373, 406, 408, 430, 431 Fibrin, 351, 373, 407, 426 Fibrinogen, 373, 407, 426 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 71, 73, 374 Fibrosis, 59, 88, 105, 108, 109, 308, 310, 362, 374, 417 Fibula, 346, 374, 427 Filtration, 282, 374 Fine-needle aspiration, 374, 397 Finite Element Analysis, 20, 28, 374 Fistulas, 345, 374 Fixation, 12, 92, 223, 241, 374, 418 Flatus, 374, 375 Flexion, 18, 42, 48, 89, 96, 211, 214, 263, 374
442
Muscles
Flexor, 11, 12, 42, 49, 89, 94, 96, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 113, 117, 135, 211, 212, 225, 244, 372, 374 Fluorescence, 21, 51, 54, 59, 61, 66, 374 Fold, 20, 24, 26, 56, 374 Follicular Phase, 149, 374 Foramen, 357, 375, 380, 392, 404 Forearm, 18, 48, 89, 118, 216, 238, 253, 351, 375, 392, 409, 412, 424, 430 Fossa, 375, 415 Fovea, 374, 375 Fractionation, 10, 375 Free Radicals, 54, 347, 366, 375, 396 Friction, 228, 250, 251, 253, 264, 375 Frontal Lobe, 375, 394 Fructose, 30, 375, 378 Functional Disorders, 326, 375 Fundus, 235, 374, 375 Fungi, 361, 373, 375, 393, 433 G Gait, 11, 16, 27, 89, 120, 126, 141, 269, 375 Gallbladder, 235, 341, 350, 364, 366, 375 Gallstones, 235, 350, 375 Gamma Rays, 375, 412 Ganglia, 341, 350, 375, 397, 404, 421 Ganglion, 359, 375, 397, 400, 429 Gas exchange, 39, 375, 408, 411, 414, 431 Gastric, 52, 106, 354, 366, 376, 386 Gastric Emptying, 376 Gastrin, 376, 381 Gastrointestinal, 59, 93, 106, 211, 268, 272, 274, 277, 317, 352, 370, 376, 420, 423, 431 Gastrointestinal tract, 268, 274, 376, 420 Gastroparesis, 268, 376 Gelatin, 246, 363, 376, 378, 424 Gelsolin, 17, 376 Gene Deletion, 68, 376 Gene Expression, 24, 32, 44, 49, 62, 72, 74, 76, 80, 82, 150, 310, 376 Gene Expression Profiling, 24, 376 Gene Therapy, 14, 33, 67, 74, 267, 268, 342, 376 Generator, 215, 376 Genetic Engineering, 351, 359, 376 Genetics, 23, 32, 78, 108, 109, 146, 150, 276, 282, 361, 364, 366, 376 Genitals, 264, 376 Genotype, 58, 377, 405 Germ Cells, 377, 392, 401, 420, 425 Germ Layers, 352, 367, 377 Gestation, 377, 404, 406 Gestures, 377, 419
Ginseng, 185, 198, 201, 377 Gland, 342, 363, 377, 390, 402, 403, 406, 410, 417, 422, 424, 426 Glomerular, 377, 413 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 11, 377 Glucocorticoid, 294, 365, 377, 408 Glucose Intolerance, 365, 377 Glucuronic Acid, 377, 380 Glutamic Acid, 193, 377, 398, 409 Glutamine, 30, 146, 193, 377 Glutathione Peroxidase, 377, 417 Glycerol, 377, 378, 405 Glycerophospholipids, 378, 405 Glycine, 344, 350, 378, 398 Glycogen, 69, 77, 79, 80, 85, 107, 149, 378, 395, 406 Glycogen Synthase, 79, 378 Glycols, 378, 382 Glycoprotein, 142, 373, 378, 386, 388, 426, 429 Glycoside, 378, 401, 416 Glycosidic, 356, 378, 406 Glycosylation, 30, 234, 378 Goats, 38, 378 Gonad, 378 Gonadal, 41, 263, 264, 378, 422 Governing Board, 378, 408 Gp120, 75, 378 Grade, 38, 378 Graft, 236, 378, 381, 384, 396 Grafting, 362, 378, 384 Granule, 378, 415 Granulocytes, 378, 388, 419, 433 Gravidity, 378, 403 Gravis, 59, 97, 378 Groin, 223, 379 Growth factors, 30, 65, 73, 258, 379, 398 Guanylate Cyclase, 379, 399 H Hair Cells, 359, 379, 392 Hair follicles, 379, 433 Hallucinogen, 379, 405 Hammer, 379, 401, 425 Happiness, 121, 379 Haptens, 343, 379 Health Care Costs, 45, 379 Health Expenditures, 379 Health Promotion, 283, 379 Heart attack, 354, 379 Heart failure, 18, 91, 125, 224, 379 Helix-loop-helix, 229, 379, 396 Heme, 350, 379, 396
443
Hemiparesis, 46, 379 Hemodialysis, 282, 365, 379, 387 Hemodynamics, 39, 380 Hemoglobin, 255, 345, 371, 379, 380, 388 Hemoglobinopathies, 376, 380 Hemoglobinuria, 309, 380 Hemophilia, 169, 268, 310, 380 Hemorrhage, 380, 396, 406, 423 Hemorrhoids, 317, 380 Heparin, 116, 380 Hepatic, 55, 360, 380 Hepatitis, 283, 294, 295, 380 Hepatitis A, 283, 295, 380 Hepatocytes, 380 Hepatovirus, 380 Hereditary, 380, 415 Heredity, 276, 376, 380 Hernia, 223, 380 Herniated, 274, 380 Heterogeneity, 17, 81, 139, 343, 380 Heterotropia, 380, 423 Heterozygotes, 366, 381 Hippocampus, 381, 389, 398 Histology, 109, 381, 398 Homeostasis, 55, 64, 84, 282, 381 Homogeneous, 17, 38, 348, 381, 405 Homologous, 25, 49, 363, 376, 381, 396, 417, 418, 424 Hormonal, 30, 277, 280, 349, 363, 381 Horny layer, 370, 381 Host, 17, 21, 34, 349, 381, 383, 384, 396, 415, 431, 432 Human Engineering, 256, 381 Humeral, 97, 381 Humoral, 277, 381 Humour, 381 Hybrid, 359, 381 Hydrogen, 341, 350, 354, 364, 377, 381, 382, 394, 395, 398, 402, 410, 424 Hydrogen Peroxide, 377, 381, 424 Hydrolysis, 70, 341, 347, 356, 381, 387, 405, 410 Hydrophobic, 378, 381, 389 Hydroxides, 381, 382 Hydroxyl Radical, 41, 382 Hydroxylation, 43, 382 Hydroxylysine, 359, 382 Hydroxyproline, 344, 359, 382 Hyperalgesia, 325, 382 Hypercapnia, 57, 58, 382 Hypercholesterolemia, 90, 169, 382 Hyperglycemia, 29, 382
Hyperplasia, 39, 79, 166, 325, 382 Hypersensitivity, 166, 344, 365, 382, 418 Hypertension, 62, 77, 169, 173, 213, 224, 348, 354, 382 Hyperthermia, 365, 382 Hyperthyroidism, 32, 382 Hypertonia, 46, 123, 382 Hypertrophy, 35, 69, 85, 91, 253, 277, 308, 382 Hyperventilation, 85, 382 Hypnotic, 104, 382 Hypochlorous Acid, 41, 382 Hypoglossal Nerve, 54, 382 Hypoglycemia, 285, 382 Hypothalamic, 28, 382 Hypothalamus, 42, 349, 352, 365, 382, 389, 406, 420, 426 Hypotonia, 316, 382 Hypoventilation, 9, 383 Hypoxia, 18, 39, 52, 54, 57, 66, 76, 383, 426 Hypoxic, 252, 383 Hysterectomy, 326, 383 I Ibotenic Acid, 20, 383 Ibuprofen, 319, 383 Id, 22, 80, 154, 164, 308, 309, 315, 320, 321, 322, 332, 334, 383 Idiopathic, 29, 111, 383 Ileal, 150, 383 Ileostomy, 273, 383 Ileum, 383 Immune response, 342, 346, 349, 363, 379, 383, 418, 423, 431, 432 Immune system, 146, 349, 351, 383, 384, 391, 431, 433 Immunity, 383 Immunization, 383, 384, 418 Immunodeficiency, 309, 383 Immunodiffusion, 343, 383 Immunoelectrophoresis, 63, 343, 383 Immunogenic, 233, 383 Immunoglobulin, 326, 346, 372, 383, 394 Immunohistochemistry, 63, 383 Immunology, 23, 342, 343, 383 Immunophilin, 353, 383 Immunosuppressive, 319, 326, 353, 377, 383, 384 Immunotherapy, 351, 365, 384 Impairment, 11, 13, 15, 34, 36, 76, 348, 367, 373, 384, 393 Implant radiation, 384, 386, 412, 433 Implantation, 257, 384
444
Muscles
Impotence, 283, 370, 384 In situ, 21, 23, 384 Incision, 219, 224, 236, 359, 370, 384, 386, 410 Incompetence, 280, 384 Incontinence, 4, 43, 114, 175, 254, 278, 280, 286, 288, 317, 318, 320, 326, 384, 423 Incubation, 384, 388 Incubation period, 384, 388 Indicative, 206, 260, 384, 403, 431 Induction, 49, 54, 62, 77, 80, 237, 345, 365, 384, 387 Inertia, 61, 231, 384 Infarction, 5, 171, 252, 384, 414 Infiltration, 94, 384 Infusion, 54, 56, 384, 396 Ingestion, 246, 385, 407, 426 Inhalation, 262, 343, 385, 407 Initiation, 37, 46, 54, 56, 385, 409, 428 Inlay, 385, 414 Inner ear, 19, 275, 385, 425 Inositol, 76, 87, 195, 385 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, 87, 385 Insight, 15, 22, 27, 34, 43, 54, 385 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 75, 385 Insulin-like, 14, 65, 66, 71, 82, 87, 385 Intercostal, 57, 85, 99, 107, 116, 135, 385, 414 Interferon, 76, 295, 385 Interferon-alpha, 385 Intermediate Filaments, 385, 398 Intermittent, 117, 170, 252, 385, 390, 404 Intermittent Claudication, 170, 252, 385 Internal Medicine, 17, 23, 27, 39, 54, 124, 147, 149, 369, 385 Internal radiation, 386, 412, 433 Interneurons, 19, 20, 48, 386 Interstitial, 352, 372, 386, 387, 413, 433 Intervertebral, 380, 386, 390, 417 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 386, 390, 417 Intestinal, 120, 121, 355, 386, 391, 395, 431 Intestinal Mucosa, 386, 431 Intestine, 74, 223, 350, 352, 386, 388 Intoxication, 386, 433 Intracellular, 22, 42, 62, 65, 71, 73, 150, 384, 385, 386, 392, 399, 408, 417, 419 Intramuscular, 32, 48, 108, 113, 386, 403 Intramuscular injection, 33, 386 Intraocular, 219, 237, 241, 242, 386 Intraocular pressure, 237, 386
Intravenous, 78, 206, 294, 326, 339, 385, 386, 403 Intrinsic, 10, 18, 36, 40, 57, 65, 91, 103, 107, 125, 253, 280, 343, 350, 386 Intrinsic Factor, 36, 386 Invasive, 9, 38, 119, 223, 235, 237, 238, 320, 321, 383, 386, 391 Invertebrates, 18, 386 Involuntary, 29, 210, 254, 261, 317, 318, 350, 351, 371, 386, 396, 413, 419, 420, 423 Ions, 350, 353, 366, 368, 376, 381, 385, 386, 410, 416 Iris, 106, 242, 346, 348, 362, 386, 408, 411 Irradiation, 45, 352, 386, 433 Ischemia, 54, 66, 75, 349, 387, 396, 414 Isoenzyme, 363, 387 Isometric Contraction, 18, 49, 119, 120, 124, 126, 387 Iteration, 255, 387 J Joint Capsule, 279, 387, 425 K Kainic Acid, 19, 387 Kb, 304, 387 Keratin, 97, 387 Keratitis, 29, 387 Ketamine, 387, 405 Keto, 69, 387, 428 Kidney Disease, 44, 304, 310, 321, 387 Kidney Failure, 370, 387 Kinesin, 74, 108, 387 Kinetic, 9, 72, 212, 388 Knee Injuries, 7, 388 L Labile, 55, 360, 388 Labyrinth, 273, 359, 385, 388, 410, 418, 432 Lacerations, 370, 388 Lacrimal, 373, 388, 401 Laminin, 81, 350, 388 Large Intestine, 366, 386, 388, 413, 420 Larva, 175, 388, 393 Laryngeal, 5, 24, 57, 388 Laryngoscopy, 287, 388 Larynx, 10, 24, 63, 98, 126, 370, 388, 396, 428, 431, 433 Latency, 115, 117, 388 Lectins, 371, 388 Lens, 219, 241, 242, 347, 354, 355, 388, 432 Lentivirus, 268, 388 Leptin, 16, 151, 388 Lethal, 32, 213, 388 Leucine, 148, 388
445
Leucocyte, 344, 388 Leukemia, 309, 376, 388 Leukocytes, 352, 357, 364, 378, 385, 389, 429 Libido, 345, 389 Library Services, 332, 389 Ligament, 9, 12, 259, 346, 373, 389, 410, 422 Ligands, 22, 389 Ligation, 54, 389 Limbic, 344, 389 Limbic System, 344, 389 Lingual Nerve, 57, 389 Linkage, 16, 23, 46, 48, 52, 256, 356, 389 Linoleic Acids, 148, 389 Lip, 101, 389, 391 Lipid, 84, 147, 148, 347, 348, 357, 377, 385, 387, 389 Lipodystrophy, 147, 389 Lipoprotein, 116, 389, 390 Lipoprotein Lipase, 116, 389 Liver scan, 389, 416 Localization, 10, 68, 72, 79, 80, 84, 93, 115, 121, 383, 390 Localized, 6, 28, 56, 277, 280, 341, 362, 367, 369, 374, 384, 388, 389, 390, 397, 406, 425, 430 Locomotion, 8, 12, 27, 28, 36, 40, 46, 88, 133, 390, 406 Locomotor, 8, 17, 27, 28, 38, 46, 115, 125, 390 Long-Term Care, 15, 390 Loop, 8, 46, 61, 116, 196, 227, 380, 383, 390 Low Back Pain, 26, 94, 136, 138, 139, 170, 244, 390 Low-density lipoprotein, 389, 390 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 3, 390 Lucida, 388, 390 Lumbar, 26, 41, 96, 120, 136, 209, 222, 223, 245, 257, 261, 349, 355, 386, 390, 417, 427 Lumen, 64, 354, 369, 390 Lunate, 355, 390 Lung volume, 39, 58, 139, 390 Lupus, 170, 174, 272, 319, 390, 425 Lymph, 274, 356, 369, 381, 390 Lymph node, 357, 390 Lymphatic, 171, 369, 384, 390, 407, 422 Lymphatic system, 390, 422 Lymphocyte, 78, 346, 391 Lymphoid, 346, 388, 391 Lymphoma, 309, 391 Lysine, 43, 382, 391
Lysosome, 102, 391 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 6, 7, 9, 20, 102, 108, 122, 391, 416 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 121, 129, 391 Malabsorption, 171, 309, 391 Malformation, 10, 391 Malignant, 309, 347, 348, 391, 397, 412, 416 Malnutrition, 55, 153, 325, 349, 353, 391, 395 Mammary, 362, 389, 391 Mandible, 213, 357, 391, 411 Mandibular Nerve, 389, 391 Manifest, 349, 391, 423 Masseter Muscle, 391, 429 Mastication, 16, 37, 52, 103, 151, 255, 391, 429 Masticatory, 112, 122, 128, 130, 134, 150, 151, 255, 277, 308, 391, 411 Maxillary, 213, 391, 429 Maxillary Nerve, 391, 429 Meat, 136, 147, 148, 160, 391 Meatus, 367, 392, 430, 431 Mechanical ventilation, 18, 40, 131, 392, 408 Mechanoreceptors, 57, 60, 85, 379, 392, 395 Medial, 12, 92, 95, 121, 124, 224, 269, 346, 348, 359, 372, 392, 400, 411, 416, 421, 427, 430 Median Nerve, 213, 214, 258, 259, 355, 392 Mediate, 68, 279, 359, 392 MEDLINE, 5, 305, 307, 310, 392 Meiosis, 392, 424, 430 Melanin, 386, 392, 405, 430 Melanocytes, 392 Melanoma, 309, 352, 392 Membrane Lipids, 392, 405 Memory, 22, 31, 234, 243, 253, 346, 364, 392 Meninges, 356, 392, 421 Meningitis, 392, 406 Meniscus, 12, 392 Menopause, 171, 273, 318, 392 Menstrual Cycle, 149, 273, 374, 392, 409 Menstruation, 374, 392 Mental Disorders, 41, 393, 406, 411 Mental Health, iv, 7, 273, 304, 306, 393, 411 Mental Processes, 366, 393, 411 Mental Retardation, 276, 311, 393 Mesencephalic, 28, 393, 413, 429
446
Muscles
Mesoderm, 37, 393 Metabolic disorder, 7, 393 Metabolite, 148, 371, 393 Metamorphosis, 79, 152, 393, 400 Methyltransferases, 229, 393 MI, 110, 120, 210, 239, 272, 340, 393 Microbe, 393, 427 Microbiology, 342, 349, 393 Microorganism, 359, 393, 433 Microscopy, 17, 26, 33, 51, 63, 350, 393, 399 Microspheres, 40, 252, 393 Microtubule-Associated Proteins, 393, 398 Microtubules, 385, 387, 393, 398 Migration, 70, 83, 235, 393 Mineralocorticoids, 342, 363, 393 Mitochondria, 21, 394, 396, 401 Mitosis, 347, 388, 394 Mitral Valve, 38, 224, 230, 394 Mobility, 30, 36, 45, 243, 275, 281, 285, 394 Mobilization, 9, 394 Modeling, 9, 13, 15, 17, 20, 28, 31, 40, 99, 135, 139, 394 Modification, 31, 49, 104, 344, 376, 394, 412 Monitor, 35, 61, 125, 227, 260, 363, 394, 399 Monoclonal, 79, 387, 394, 412, 433 Monocyte, 72, 394 Mononuclear, 394, 429 Morphological, 35, 41, 52, 65, 133, 222, 343, 368, 392, 394 Morphology, 14, 16, 51, 53, 58, 147, 153, 355, 394 Motility, 19, 33, 51, 59, 93, 99, 151, 268, 375, 376, 394 Motion Sickness, 171, 394, 397 Motor Activity, 21, 40, 42, 394 Motor Cortex, 48, 52, 120, 394, 413 Motor Endplate, 63, 394 Motor nerve, 28, 44, 64, 66, 115, 125, 394, 395, 400, 404, 406 Motor Neurons, 49, 53, 54, 63, 394 Mucosa, 390, 394, 423 Muscle Contraction, 3, 24, 27, 33, 34, 42, 56, 58, 59, 139, 206, 210, 345, 367, 395, 416 Muscle Fatigue, 6, 108, 138, 139, 261, 395 Muscle Proteins, 41, 44, 53, 136, 362, 395 Muscle relaxant, 210, 395, 423 Muscle Relaxation, 209, 395, 396, 424 Muscle Spindles, 26, 60, 123, 395 Muscle tension, 262, 264, 317, 395 Muscular Atrophy, 63, 221, 309, 395
Muscular Diseases, 373, 395, 402 Muscular Dystrophies, 9, 367, 395 Musculature, 4, 13, 29, 52, 58, 223, 231, 253, 266, 395, 422 Musculoskeletal System, 36, 46, 279, 395 Myalgia, 277, 317, 395 Myasthenia, 59, 97, 395 Mydriatic, 366, 395 Myenteric, 277, 395 Myocardial infarction, 38, 224, 252, 362, 393, 395 Myocardial Reperfusion, 395, 396, 414 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 396, 414 Myocardium, 25, 393, 395, 396 Myofibrils, 92, 278, 354, 367, 396 Myogenic Regulatory Factors, 25, 396 Myogenin, 80, 229, 396 Myoglobin, 7, 81, 139, 396 Myopathy, 20, 74, 308, 315, 316, 396 Myositis, 92, 97, 102, 109, 122, 277, 319, 396 Myotonia, 315, 396 Myotonic Dystrophy, 309, 396 N Narcotic, 396, 399 Nasal Septum, 16, 396 Nasalis, 97, 396 Nasogastric, 52, 396 Nasopharynx, 377, 397 Natural selection, 350, 397 Nausea, 325, 366, 376, 397, 430 Neck Muscles, 98, 99, 102, 258, 397 Neck Pain, 26, 262, 397 Needle biopsy, 14, 374, 397 Neocortex, 397, 398 Neonatal, 10, 78, 397 Neoplasia, 309, 397 Neoplasm, 397, 416 Neoplastic, 391, 397, 429 Neoprene, 220, 357, 397 Nephropathy, 387, 397 Nerve Endings, 397, 399 Neural Crest, 37, 397 Neural Pathways, 58, 397 Neural tube defects, 276, 397 Neurites, 22, 398 Neuroanatomy, 8, 389, 398 Neurofibrillary Tangles, 234, 398 Neurofilaments, 398 Neurogenic, 221, 398 Neurologic, 46, 369, 398
447
Neuromuscular Junction, 10, 49, 58, 79, 120, 341, 398 Neuronal, 21, 27, 54, 75, 87, 262, 349, 353, 398 Neuropathy, 315, 398, 404, 417 Neuropeptides, 353, 398 Neurophysiology, 8, 91, 96, 101, 103, 115, 118, 365, 398 Neurotoxicity, 387, 398 Neurotoxin, 19, 106, 398 Neurotransmitter, 341, 342, 344, 352, 377, 378, 398, 399, 419, 420, 423, 424, 431 Neutrons, 344, 352, 386, 398, 412 Nicotine, 284, 399 Nitric Oxide, 67, 75, 82, 83, 126, 268, 399 Nitrogen, 343, 344, 345, 374, 377, 399, 429 Nitroglycerin, 198, 268, 399 Nitrous Oxide, 283, 399 Nociceptors, 326, 399 Norepinephrine, 342, 398, 399 Nuclear, 74, 76, 80, 86, 103, 105, 110, 121, 219, 229, 350, 361, 371, 375, 389, 399 Nuclear Proteins, 229, 399 Nuclei, 20, 25, 344, 359, 361, 372, 373, 376, 389, 391, 394, 398, 399, 400, 410, 429 Nucleic acid, 399, 400 Nucleolus, 399, 415 Nucleoproteins, 399, 400 Nulliparous, 43, 122, 400 Nutritional Status, 325, 400 Nymph, 393, 400 Nystagmus, 98, 107, 130, 400 O Occupational Therapy, 276, 284, 286, 321, 400 Ocular, 12, 25, 29, 37, 59, 104, 119, 237, 238, 371, 372, 400 Oculi, 29, 126, 127, 351, 400 Oculomotor, 65, 393, 400 Ointments, 367, 400 Oncogene, 152, 229, 309, 400 Oncogenic, 388, 400 Opacity, 355, 365, 400 Open Reading Frames, 388, 400 Ophthalmic, 104, 400, 429 Ophthalmology, 25, 58, 88, 91, 92, 112, 113, 117, 126, 150, 374, 400 Opsin, 400, 414, 415 Optic Chiasm, 382, 400 Optic cup, 400, 403 Optic Nerve, 344, 400, 403, 414, 417 Orbicularis, 29, 126, 351, 401
Orbit, 373, 401 Orbital, 104, 128, 401 Organ Culture, 401, 427 Organelles, 364, 387, 392, 401 Osmosis, 401 Osmotic, 26, 54, 401 Osseointegration, 352, 401 Ossicles, 379, 401, 422, 425 Osteoarthritis, 172, 274, 401 Osteogenesis, 352, 401 Osteology, 284, 401 Otolaryngology, 10, 19, 62, 98, 275, 401 Ouabain, 141, 401 Outpatient, 221, 401 Ovaries, 401, 414, 418 Ovary, 362, 371, 378, 401, 402 Overexpress, 66, 401 Overweight, 153, 318, 401 Ovulation, 374, 401, 402 Ovum, 362, 377, 402, 409, 433, 434 Oxidation, 41, 73, 252, 341, 347, 377, 402, 426 Oxidative metabolism, 23, 119, 342, 402 Oxygen Consumption, 85, 106, 372, 402, 414 Oxygenator, 354, 402 P Pacemaker, 402 Pain Threshold, 138, 210, 402 Palate, 10, 130, 213, 377, 397, 402, 420, 431 Palliative, 315, 402, 426 Palpation, 214, 402 Palpitation, 6, 402 Palsy, 29, 47, 96, 166, 275, 402 Pancreas, 274, 341, 366, 385, 402, 420 Pancreatic, 172, 309, 354, 402 Pancreatic cancer, 309, 402 Papilla, 235, 402 Papillary, 37, 90, 110, 111, 119, 122, 224, 230, 358, 402 Papillary Muscles, 37, 90, 110, 111, 119, 122, 224, 230, 358, 402 Paradoxical, 123, 402 Paralysis, 93, 95, 249, 347, 363, 371, 373, 379, 393, 402, 403, 420 Paraplegia, 96, 131, 248, 260, 402 Parathyroid, 14, 68, 80, 403, 426 Parathyroid Glands, 403 Parathyroid hormone, 14, 68, 80, 403 Parenteral, 10, 210, 252, 292, 403 Paresis, 373, 403 Parity, 43, 403
448
Muscles
Parotid, 377, 403 Paroxysmal, 309, 403 Parturition, 43, 403 Patch, 362, 367, 403 Pathogenesis, 5, 277, 403 Pathologic, 6, 341, 347, 351, 352, 362, 382, 403, 421 Pathologic Processes, 347, 403 Pathologies, 15, 47, 403 Pathophysiology, 4, 10, 29, 47, 63, 403 Patient Education, 283, 317, 330, 332, 340, 403 Patient Participation, 285, 403 Peak flow, 28, 403 Pedicle, 223, 403 Pelvis, 269, 278, 284, 286, 341, 390, 401, 403, 430, 431 Penis, 264, 376, 403, 405, 414 Peptide, 21, 23, 35, 56, 61, 152, 233, 234, 344, 374, 387, 388, 404, 410 Perception, 60, 61, 361, 365, 404, 417 Percutaneous, 38, 129, 404 Perforation, 275, 347, 375, 404 Perfusion, 16, 56, 110, 383, 404 Pericardium, 404, 425 Perinatal, 41, 309, 404 Perineal, 4, 41, 317, 404 Perineum, 284, 286, 404 Peripheral blood, 234, 385, 404 Peripheral Nervous System, 7, 22, 367, 398, 402, 404, 409, 420, 423, 431 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 7, 402, 404 Peripheral Neuropathy, 284, 404 Peritoneal, 282, 404 Peritoneal Cavity, 404 Peritoneal Dialysis, 282, 404 Peritoneum, 404 Pernicious, 386, 404, 405 Pernicious anemia, 386, 405 Peroneal Nerve, 18, 405, 417 Petechia, 367, 405 Phallic, 374, 405 Phantom, 20, 405 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 356, 376, 405 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 367, 405 Pharmacologic, 121, 163, 345, 405, 427 Pharyngeal Muscles, 58, 405 Pharynx, 10, 50, 396, 397, 405, 431 Phencyclidine, 93, 405
Phenotype, 22, 58, 86, 229, 234, 360, 376, 405 Phenylalanine, 199, 405, 430 Phonation, 5, 37, 405 Phosphoglycerate Mutase, 67, 405 Phospholipases, 405, 419 Phospholipids, 146, 373, 385, 389, 392, 405 Phosphorus, 121, 148, 199, 325, 353, 403, 405, 406 Phosphorus Compounds, 148, 406 Phosphorylase, 76, 309, 354, 406 Phosphorylated, 78, 229, 359, 406 Phosphorylation, 18, 30, 34, 56, 57, 59, 64, 68, 69, 151, 406 Photophobia, 29, 406 Photoreceptors, 242, 406 Phrenic Nerve, 118, 124, 406 Physical Examination, 7, 12, 326, 406 Physical Fitness, 127, 242, 324, 372, 406 Physical Therapy, 34, 46, 89, 103, 120, 208, 210, 214, 218, 243, 267, 272, 274, 276, 406 Physiologic, 19, 44, 56, 262, 343, 373, 392, 406, 413, 419, 429 Pigments, 355, 406, 414 Pilot study, 47, 406 Pitch, 275, 406 Pituitary Gland, 362, 374, 406 Placenta, 371, 406, 409, 430 Plana, 406, 418 Plants, 343, 354, 357, 366, 377, 378, 394, 399, 401, 406, 416, 427, 429 Plaque, 345, 406 Plasma cells, 346, 407 Plasmapheresis, 272, 407 Plasmid, 14, 407, 431 Plasmin, 407 Plasminogen, 81, 407 Plasminogen Activators, 407 Plasticity, 8, 42, 138, 407 Platelet Activation, 407, 419 Platelet Aggregation, 345, 399, 407 Platelets, 83, 354, 399, 407, 426 Platinum, 390, 407 Pleated, 387, 407 Plexus, 10, 277, 352, 357, 407, 417 Pneumonia, 362, 407 Poisoning, 168, 386, 397, 407 Polycystic, 310, 407 Polymers, 252, 407, 410, 423 Polysaccharide, 151, 246, 298, 343, 346, 356, 408 Pons, 352, 373, 408
449
Port, 242, 408 Port-a-cath, 408 Positive End-Expiratory Pressure, 93, 408 Posterior chamber, 242, 408 Postnatal, 22, 49, 52, 55, 408, 422 Postsynaptic, 52, 77, 394, 408, 419, 424 Post-translational, 30, 408 Postural, 89, 90, 94, 110, 117, 130, 317, 408 Potassium, 158, 324, 325, 393, 408 Potentiation, 83, 112, 408, 419 Practice Guidelines, 306, 320, 321, 408 Preclinical, 35, 152, 408 Precursor, 45, 83, 86, 97, 234, 357, 367, 370, 399, 405, 407, 408, 410, 429, 430 Prednisolone, 408 Prednisone, 319, 408 Prenatal, 276, 368, 408 Presynaptic, 48, 51, 98, 394, 397, 398, 409, 424, 425 Presynaptic Terminals, 51, 397, 409, 425 Prevalence, 15, 210, 228, 409 Probe, 61, 255, 409 Problem Solving, 271, 409 Proctalgia Fugax, 317, 409 Proctectomy, 273, 409 Progeny, 361, 409 Progesterone, 54, 409, 422 Progression, 21, 24, 38, 43, 52, 64, 272, 346, 409 Projection, 386, 399, 400, 409, 413 Prolapse, 43, 326, 409 Proline, 359, 382, 409 Promoter, 14, 62, 65, 67, 70, 76, 111, 409 Promotor, 409, 414 Pronation, 48, 233, 409 Prone, 49, 243, 409 Prophase, 409, 424, 430 Prophylaxis, 409, 431 Proportional, 18, 222, 409 Proprioception, 60, 240, 410 Prostate, 166, 172, 173, 284, 309, 318, 410, 414, 428 Prostatectomy, 326, 410 Protease, 360, 410 Protein C, 35, 56, 58, 69, 233, 282, 341, 343, 344, 347, 349, 387, 389, 395, 410, 421, 429, 430 Protein Conformation, 344, 387, 410 Protein Folding, 44, 410 Protein Isoforms, 47, 344, 410 Protein Kinases, 34, 410
Protein S, 14, 23, 35, 56, 59, 72, 139, 234, 310, 351, 410, 415 Proteolytic, 41, 81, 344, 360, 374, 407, 410 Prothrombin, 410, 426 Protocol, 25, 209, 410 Protons, 344, 381, 391, 410, 412 Protozoa, 361, 393, 410 Proximal, 38, 54, 64, 235, 265, 266, 308, 366, 409, 411, 416, 418 Psychiatric, 276, 393, 411, 419 Psychiatry, 88, 374, 411, 431 Psychic, 389, 393, 411, 417 Psychoacoustics, 275, 411 Psychoactive, 411, 433 Psychology, 41, 366, 411 Psychophysiology, 90, 411 Pterygoid, 95, 411 Pterygoid Muscles, 95, 411 Public Health, 15, 306, 411 Public Policy, 305, 411 Pulmonary, 38, 39, 126, 151, 173, 230, 351, 357, 361, 372, 382, 383, 387, 411, 414, 431, 432 Pulmonary Alveoli, 383, 411 Pulmonary Artery, 230, 351, 411, 432 Pulmonary Valve, 230, 411 Pulmonary Ventilation, 382, 411, 414 Pulse, 394, 411 Punishment, 54, 411 Pupa, 393, 411 Pupil, 242, 362, 366, 395, 411 Pyloric Stenosis, 173, 268, 411 Pyridoxal, 411, 428 Q Quality of Life, 14, 45, 412 Quaternary, 410, 412, 423 R Race, 93, 148, 287, 393, 412 Radiation, 278, 279, 368, 370, 372, 374, 375, 382, 386, 405, 412, 416, 429, 433 Radiation therapy, 279, 372, 375, 386, 387, 412, 429, 433 Radio Waves, 365, 412 Radioactive, 352, 381, 384, 386, 387, 389, 399, 400, 412, 416, 433 Radioisotope, 371, 412, 428 Radiolabeled, 28, 387, 412, 433 Radiological, 314, 404, 412 Radiopharmaceutical, 376, 412 Radiotherapy, 352, 387, 412, 433 Radius, 249, 412 Randomized, 11, 35, 368, 412
450
Muscles
Randomized clinical trial, 11, 412 Reaction Time, 6, 412 Reactive Oxygen Species, 54, 412 Recombinant, 14, 35, 71, 75, 295, 413, 431 Recombinant Proteins, 14, 413 Recombination, 37, 361, 376, 413 Rectal, 4, 317, 413 Rectum, 4, 317, 346, 347, 352, 359, 364, 366, 374, 375, 384, 388, 409, 410, 413, 420, 424 Recurrence, 6, 413 Red Nucleus, 348, 413 Refer, 1, 353, 360, 374, 375, 386, 390, 398, 400, 413, 418, 427 Reflex, 7, 14, 19, 27, 29, 46, 116, 123, 124, 135, 244, 254, 275, 373, 395, 413 Reflux, 10, 413 Refraction, 413, 421 Refractive Errors, 344, 413 Regeneration, 35, 78, 79, 82, 85, 278, 343, 374, 413 Regimen, 146, 368, 413 Regurgitation, 37, 213, 413 Rehabilitative, 27, 30, 39, 40, 45, 413 Relaxant, 413, 424 Relaxation Techniques, 180, 272, 274, 285, 413 Reliability, 127, 413 Remission, 413 Renal failure, 44, 413 Renal pelvis, 414, 428 Reperfusion, 66, 252, 396, 414 Reperfusion Injury, 252, 414 Reproductive system, 59, 272, 274, 414 Research Design, 56, 414 Research Support, 23, 414 Resection, 65, 125, 414, 428 Respiration, 21, 99, 135, 213, 272, 282, 347, 354, 357, 363, 394, 414 Respirator, 392, 414, 432 Respiratory Muscles, 17, 41, 85, 98, 101, 106, 112, 126, 131, 142, 414 Respiratory Physiology, 124, 131, 414, 431 Respiratory System, 10, 414, 431 Response Elements, 62, 414 Restoration, 28, 48, 65, 82, 395, 406, 414, 416, 433 Retina, 219, 242, 358, 362, 388, 400, 414, 415, 418, 432 Retinal, 13, 361, 366, 400, 414, 415 Retinoblastoma, 309, 415 Retinoid, 32, 71, 415 Retinol, 158, 414, 415
Retractor, 18, 50, 222, 223, 415 Retrograde, 19, 58, 415 Retropubic, 410, 415 Retrospective, 3, 88, 415 Retroviral vector, 376, 415 Retrovirus, 14, 415 Rhamnose, 401, 415 Rheumatism, 129, 383, 415 Rhodopsin, 400, 414, 415 Ribosome, 56, 415, 428 Rigidity, 6, 233, 382, 406, 415 Risk factor, 15, 43, 415 Robotics, 227, 415 Rod, 32, 72, 216, 264, 265, 350, 415 Rotator, 113, 127, 319, 415 Rotator Cuff, 127, 319, 415 Rubber, 217, 238, 273, 341, 357, 397, 415 Ruminants, 378, 416 Ryanodine, 61, 68, 86, 416 S Safe Sex, 283, 416 Sagittal, 4, 133, 266, 416 Salivary, 364, 366, 373, 402, 416 Salivary glands, 364, 366, 373, 416 Sanitary, 250, 416 Saphenous, 362, 416 Saphenous Vein, 362, 416 Saponins, 416, 422 Sarcolemma, 58, 150, 396, 416 Sarcoma, 86, 416 Sarcomere, 17, 77, 83, 416 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 67, 68, 70, 79, 83, 86, 92, 416 Satellite, 25, 30, 35, 67, 74, 82, 104, 416 Scans, 15, 221, 222, 416 Scaphoid Bone, 355, 416 Scatter, 405, 416 Schizoid, 417, 433 Schizophrenia, 41, 417, 433 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 417, 433 Sciatic Nerve, 274, 405, 417, 427 Sciatica, 274, 417 Sclera, 237, 358, 361, 362, 417 Scleroproteins, 387, 417 Sclerosis, 63, 66, 101, 171, 310, 325, 348, 417 Scoliosis, 120, 417 Screening, 229, 358, 417 Sebaceous, 417, 433 Secretion, 14, 23, 81, 85, 282, 363, 381, 385, 393, 417 Sedentary, 209, 417
451
Segmental, 23, 36, 82, 106, 121, 223, 326, 417, 421 Segmentation, 417 Segregation, 21, 413, 417 Seizures, 403, 417 Selenium, 148, 158, 297, 417 Semen, 410, 417, 418 Semicircular canal, 385, 418 Semilunar Bone, 355, 418 Seminal vesicles, 284, 418 Senna, 201, 418 Sensibility, 345, 382, 418 Sensitization, 82, 326, 418 Sensor, 35, 75, 206, 226, 227, 237, 279, 418 Sepsis, 55, 56, 418 Septal, 16, 39, 122, 389, 418 Septic, 44, 56, 418 Septum, 16, 418 Septum Pellucidum, 418 Sequence Homology, 229, 418 Sequencing, 23, 418 Sequester, 418, 425 Serous, 369, 418 Serrata, 187, 358, 418 Serrated, 418 Serum, 7, 16, 67, 68, 80, 85, 173, 338, 345, 360, 363, 390, 393, 418, 429 Sex Characteristics, 342, 345, 418 Sex Determination, 310, 418 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 174, 416, 419 Shivering, 419, 426 Shock, 174, 252, 419, 428 Shunt, 85, 238, 419 Side effect, 14, 206, 258, 268, 276, 278, 289, 299, 319, 342, 351, 419, 427 Sign Language, 275, 419 Signal Transduction, 30, 44, 277, 279, 353, 385, 419 Silicon, 35, 419 Silicon Dioxide, 419 Skeleton, 58, 83, 274, 279, 341, 373, 387, 419, 427 Skull, 16, 98, 151, 249, 258, 363, 369, 373, 397, 401, 419, 425 Sleep apnea, 10, 50, 213, 419 Sleep Deprivation, 258, 419 Small intestine, 358, 364, 367, 381, 383, 386, 396, 419 Smiling, 283, 420 Sneezing, 254, 318, 420, 423 Snoring, 213, 420
Social Environment, 412, 420 Social Support, 420, 423 Sodium, 78, 150, 297, 324, 325, 338, 393, 420, 424 Soft tissue, 6, 15, 16, 320, 352, 419, 420 Solitary Rectal Ulcer, 317, 420 Solvent, 377, 401, 405, 420 Soma, 297, 420 Somatic, 39, 267, 342, 377, 381, 389, 392, 394, 404, 420, 431 Somatostatin, 49, 420 Sound wave, 361, 365, 420 Spasm, 10, 84, 171, 209, 210, 277, 351, 393, 420, 426 Spasmodic, 5, 29, 109, 125, 287, 319, 420, 429 Spastic, 11, 47, 96, 125, 174, 420 Spasticity, 6, 11, 20, 47, 115, 382, 420 Specialist, 327, 366, 421 Specificity, 343, 353, 421 Spectrin, 367, 421 Spectroscopic, 108, 391, 421 Spectrum, 20, 363, 412, 421 Sperm, 345, 358, 421, 425 Spermatogenesis, 234, 421 Sphenoid, 411, 421 Sphincter, 3, 4, 11, 106, 122, 235, 254, 268, 277, 278, 280, 388, 421, 423 Spike, 48, 421 Spina bifida, 397, 421 Spinal Cord Diseases, 402, 421 Spinal Nerve Roots, 417, 421 Spinal Nerves, 404, 421 Spinous, 257, 370, 422 Spiral Lamina, 422, 430 Spleen, 39, 364, 390, 422 Splint, 112, 216, 422 Spondylolisthesis, 128, 422 Sporadic, 97, 415, 422 Sports Equipment, 263, 264, 422 Sprains and Strains, 161, 174, 314, 390, 422 Stabilization, 10, 101, 112, 124, 422 Staging, 416, 422 Stapedius, 19, 422 Stapes, 422 Staurosporine, 62, 422 Steel, 212, 256, 422, 429 Stem Cells, 14, 82, 267, 422 Stenosis, 88, 422, 423 Sterile, 403, 422 Sternum, 236, 422 Steroid, 41, 53, 62, 350, 363, 416, 422
452
Muscles
Stimulants, 377, 422 Stimulus, 60, 344, 362, 367, 368, 371, 385, 388, 411, 412, 413, 422, 426 Stool, 359, 384, 388, 423 Strabismus, 12, 25, 59, 65, 92, 104, 105, 107, 119, 130, 150, 344, 423 Stress incontinence, 254, 278, 423 Stress management, 209, 210, 423 Stress urinary, 280, 423 Stricture, 422, 423 Stroke, 17, 20, 46, 48, 60, 90, 101, 115, 123, 128, 174, 212, 304, 315, 316, 321, 354, 423 Stroma, 386, 423 Styrene, 416, 423 Subacute, 384, 423 Subarachnoid, 406, 423 Subcapsular, 219, 423 Subclinical, 384, 417, 423 Subcutaneous, 14, 214, 224, 342, 367, 389, 403, 423 Submucous, 109, 405, 423 Subspecies, 421, 423 Substance P, 84, 393, 417, 423 Substrate, 58, 137, 423 Succinylcholine, 107, 423 Suction, 374, 424 Superoxide, 66, 151, 424 Superoxide Dismutase, 66, 424 Supination, 48, 424 Supine, 88, 120, 211, 280, 424 Supine Position, 211, 280, 424 Supplementation, 147, 148, 152, 424 Support group, 287, 424 Suppositories, 376, 424 Suppression, 76, 229, 363, 424 Supraspinal, 20, 424 Sweat, 269, 424 Sweat Glands, 424 Symphysis, 357, 410, 424 Symptomatic, 15, 424 Synapse, 22, 51, 53, 69, 81, 342, 343, 398, 409, 424, 428 Synapsis, 424 Synaptic, 22, 48, 49, 51, 53, 343, 394, 398, 399, 419, 424 Synaptic Transmission, 399, 424 Synaptic Vesicles, 51, 424 Synergistic, 33, 48, 90, 123, 425 Synovial, 279, 387, 425 Synovial Membrane, 387, 425 Systemic disease, 252, 425 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 319, 425
Systemic therapy, 78, 425 Systolic, 224, 382, 425 T Talus, 346, 425, 427 Telangiectasia, 310, 425 Telecommunications, 361, 425 Temporal, 14, 59, 60, 65, 85, 93, 326, 344, 349, 381, 392, 425 Temporal Lobe, 344, 349, 425 Tendinitis, 161, 174, 253, 319, 425 Tendon, 6, 9, 26, 27, 38, 99, 113, 214, 243, 253, 353, 375, 421, 425 Tenotomy, 47, 425 Tensor Tympani, 19, 425 Testicles, 376, 425 Testis, 114, 264, 371, 425 Tetanic, 35, 85, 425 Tetanus, 294, 297, 425, 426, 429 Tetany, 403, 426 Thalamic, 348, 426 Thalamic Diseases, 348, 426 Therapeutics, 33, 218, 230, 299, 426 Thermal, 54, 352, 366, 398, 426 Thermogenesis, 151, 426 Thigh, 91, 107, 122, 125, 133, 211, 215, 249, 251, 373, 379, 426 Third Ventricle, 382, 426 Thoracic, 18, 20, 28, 39, 349, 352, 365, 392, 426, 430, 433 Thorax, 15, 39, 341, 390, 426, 431 Threshold, 18, 46, 371, 382, 426 Thrombin, 73, 373, 407, 410, 426 Thrombocytes, 407, 426 Thrombolytic, 407, 426 Thrombomodulin, 410, 426 Thrombosis, 221, 410, 423, 426 Thrombus, 362, 384, 396, 407, 426 Thyroid, 32, 76, 79, 128, 298, 338, 382, 403, 426, 427, 430 Thyroid Gland, 382, 403, 426, 427 Thyroxine, 114, 405, 427 Tibia, 233, 346, 374, 427 Tibial Nerve, 417, 427 Tidal Volume, 382, 427 Time Management, 423, 427 Tin, 337, 355, 404, 407, 427 Tissue Culture, 23, 398, 427 Tomography, 15, 102, 107, 360, 361, 391, 416, 427 Tone, 6, 18, 46, 94, 213, 215, 217, 232, 241, 243, 261, 284, 336, 382, 420, 427 Tonic, 10, 63, 151, 351, 427
453
Tonicity, 367, 427 Tonus, 209, 253, 427 Tooth Preparation, 342, 427 Topical, 211, 381, 427 Torsion, 13, 384, 427 Toxic, iv, 344, 357, 361, 363, 366, 367, 369, 370, 383, 398, 399, 417, 423, 427 Toxicity, 29, 210, 258, 367, 427 Toxicology, 306, 427 Toxin, 65, 93, 99, 107, 115, 123, 258, 287, 292, 299, 300, 314, 319, 370, 425, 427 Trace element, 352, 358, 419, 427, 428 Tracer, 19, 428 Trachea, 94, 353, 388, 405, 426, 428 Traction, 274, 428 Transaminase, 140, 428 Transcriptase, 85, 415, 428 Transcription Factors, 62, 229, 396, 414, 428 Transcutaneous, 95, 274, 428 Transduction, 34, 73, 85, 275, 419, 428 Transfection, 351, 376, 428 Transferases, 378, 428 Transitional cell carcinoma, 321, 428 Translation, 6, 56, 344, 428 Translational, 428 Translocation, 30, 71, 279, 428 Transmitter, 66, 283, 341, 399, 424, 428 Transplantation, 63, 358, 383, 428 Transurethral, 410, 428 Transurethral resection, 410, 428 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 410, 428 Trauma, 8, 104, 235, 246, 252, 277, 350, 426, 428, 429, 433 Trees, 371, 415, 429 Tremor, 393, 429 Tricuspid Valve, 122, 230, 429 Trigeminal, 19, 29, 389, 391, 429 Trigeminal Nerve, 19, 429 Trigeminal Nuclei, 19, 429 Trismus, 278, 279, 429 Trophic, 41, 49, 65, 429 Tropomyosin, 17, 57, 59, 80, 86, 136, 395, 429 Troponin, 17, 47, 67, 74, 136, 229, 395, 429 Troponin C, 74, 429 Tryptophan, 359, 429 Tuberous Sclerosis, 310, 429 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 69, 429 Tumor suppressor gene, 229, 429 Tungsten, 355, 429
Tympani, 19, 430 Tympanic membrane, 275, 401, 430 Type 2 diabetes, 279, 430 Tyrosine, 22, 30, 81, 84, 308, 430 U Ubiquitin, 41, 44, 82, 128, 398, 430 Ulcer, 420, 430 Ulnar Nerve, 96, 430 Ultrasonography, 123, 430 Umbilical Cord, 430 Umbilicus, 215, 430 Unconscious, 254, 383, 430 Univalent, 382, 402, 430 Urea, 282, 347, 424, 430 Uremia, 387, 413, 430 Ureter, 414, 428, 430 Urethra, 280, 404, 410, 428, 430 Urinary tract, 278, 430 Urinate, 430, 433 Urine, 254, 317, 318, 320, 336, 351, 361, 363, 371, 380, 384, 414, 423, 430 Urokinase, 81, 431 Uterus, 94, 357, 362, 369, 374, 375, 383, 393, 401, 409, 414, 431 Uvula, 420, 431 V Vaccination, 92, 431 Vaccine, 283, 294, 295, 296, 298, 342, 410, 431 Vagal, 20, 58, 431 Vagina, 217, 247, 357, 365, 376, 392, 414, 431, 433 Vaginal, 43, 217, 280, 326, 370, 431, 433 Vagus Nerve, 54, 431 Valves, 224, 230, 237, 238, 358, 402, 431 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 66, 431 Vascular Resistance, 18, 431 Vasoactive, 106, 431 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, 106, 431 Vasodilation, 17, 136, 431 Vasodilators, 203, 399, 431 VE, 121, 283, 431 Vector, 35, 74, 75, 86, 139, 262, 428, 431 Vein, 221, 236, 345, 386, 399, 403, 416, 430, 431 Venom, 87, 431 Venous, 99, 380, 399, 410, 431 Venter, 222, 431, 432 Ventilation, 39, 40, 49, 142, 431, 432 Ventilator, 392, 414, 432
454
Muscles
Ventral, 28, 223, 359, 382, 400, 408, 421, 432 Ventricle, 38, 119, 122, 224, 230, 344, 347, 348, 381, 394, 411, 425, 426, 429, 432 Ventricular, 26, 37, 39, 70, 110, 111, 230, 252, 368, 396, 432 Ventricular Dysfunction, 368, 432 Venules, 351, 354, 369, 432 Vertebrae, 257, 274, 386, 421, 432 Vertebral, 26, 406, 421, 432 Vestibule, 359, 385, 418, 432 Veterinary Medicine, 148, 305, 432 Viral, 14, 29, 87, 283, 369, 400, 415, 428, 432 Virulence, 427, 432 Visceral, 20, 93, 110, 175, 277, 325, 349, 377, 389, 404, 431, 432 Visceral Afferents, 326, 349, 377, 431, 432 Viscosity, 61, 432 Visual Cortex, 344, 390, 432 Visual Perception, 13, 432 Vitamin A, 158, 385, 415, 432 Vitreous, 219, 241, 242, 388, 408, 414, 432 Vitreous Body, 414, 432 Vitreous Humor, 242, 432 Vitro, 10, 14, 19, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 45, 55, 59, 66, 69, 70, 72, 76, 82, 121, 148, 181, 267, 376, 380, 384, 427, 432 Vivo, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 20, 26, 27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 55, 57, 61, 64, 66, 67, 70,
72, 76, 84, 108, 111, 112, 268, 376, 380, 384, 433 Vocal cord, 405, 433 Void, 254, 433 Volition, 386, 433 Voltage-gated, 62, 433 Vulgaris, 186, 187, 202, 433 Vulva, 376, 433 W Weight Gain, 223, 433 Weight-Bearing, 35, 139, 433 White blood cell, 346, 389, 390, 391, 394, 407, 433 Windpipe, 405, 426, 433 Withdrawal, 40, 229, 433 Womb, 414, 431, 433 Wound Healing, 161, 374, 433 Wound Infection, 280, 433 X Xenograft, 346, 433 X-ray, 16, 26, 57, 77, 276, 338, 347, 355, 360, 361, 362, 374, 375, 386, 399, 412, 416, 433 X-ray therapy, 387, 433 Y Yeasts, 375, 405, 433 Z Zebrafish, 51, 433 Zygote, 361, 434 Zymogen, 410, 434
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456
Muscles
