Miconazole - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MICONAZOLE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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MICONAZOLE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Miconazole: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00727-4 1. Miconazole-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on miconazole. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MICONAZOLE ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Miconazole .................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MICONAZOLE ................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Miconazole................................................................................... 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MICONAZOLE ........................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MICONAZOLE ........................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patents on Miconazole ................................................................................................................. 65 Patent Applications on Miconazole ............................................................................................. 72 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MICONAZOLE............................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Chapters on Miconazole............................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MICONAZOLE .............................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 77 Academic Periodicals covering Miconazole ................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 81 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 82 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 95 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 95 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 95 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 101 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 101

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MICONAZOLE DICTIONARY .................................................................................................. 103 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 143

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with miconazole is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about miconazole, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to miconazole, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on miconazole. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to miconazole, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on miconazole. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MICONAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on miconazole.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and miconazole, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Topical Corticosteroids in Association with Miconazole and Chlorhexidine in the Long-Term Management of Atrophic-Erosive Oral Lichen Planus: A PlaceboControlled and Comparative Study Between Source: Oral Diseases. 5(1): 44-49. January 1999. Contact: Available from Stockton Press. Marketing Department, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, United Kingdom. (800) 747-3187. Website: www.stockton-press.co.uk. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of topical corticosteroids with topical antifungal drugs in the treatment of atrophic-erosive forms of oral lichen planus (OLP). The study population consisted of 60 patients with OLP subdivided into three groups matched for sex and age. The first

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group (n = 25) received 0.05 percent clobetasol propionate ointment; and the second group (n = 24) received 0.05 percent fluocinonide ointment; both groups also received antifungal treatment consisting of miconazole gel and 0.12 percent chlorhexidine mouthwashes. The third group (n = 11), the placebo group, received only a plain ointment (hydroxyethyl cellulose gel), and antifungal treatment as above. All the treatment regimens were carried out for 6 months; each patient was examined every 2 months and for a further 6 months of follow up after active treatment. All patients treated with clobetasol and 90 percent of the patients treated with fluocinonide witness some improvement, whereas in the placebo group only 20 percent of patients improved. However, when considering complete responses, only clobetasol gave significantly better results than placebo. Clobestasol resolved 75 percent of the lesions whereas fluocinonide was effective in 25 percent of cases and placebo in none. Similar results were obtained for symptoms. None of the treated patients contracted oropharyngeal candidiasis. After 6 months of follow up, 65 percent of the clobetasol treated group and 55 percent of the fluocinonide group were stable. Estimation of plasma cortisol levels showed no significant systemic adverse effects of clobetasol or fluocinonide. The authors conclude that a very potent topical corticosteroid such as clobetasol may control OLP in most cases, with no significant adrenal suppression or adverse effects. Moreover, a concomitant antifungal treatment with miconazole gel and chlorhexidine mouthwashes is a useful and safe prophylaxis agent against oropharyngeal candidiasis. 2 figures. 3 tables. 33 references.

Federally Funded Research on Miconazole The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to miconazole. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to miconazole. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore miconazole. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for miconazole: •

Project Title: ANTIFUNGAL RESPONSE--MDR INDUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Edlind, Thomas D.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Drexel University College of Medicine 245 N 15Th St Philadelphia, Pa 19102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-1999; Project End 30-APR-2004

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Summary: Fungi may respond to the stress of antifungal chemotherapy in specific ways that ultimately reduce the efficacy of the therapy. This "antifungal response" would be analogous to, but mechanistically distinct from, the heat shock response. The focus of this proposal is one such antifungal response, termed MDR induction, involving the rapid drug-dependent transcriptional induction of genes encoding transporters involved in multidrug resistance (MDR). Specifically, a 15-20 min exposure of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae to certain drugs (including the antifungal azoles miconazole and clotrimazole, the benzimidazole albendazole, and sulfadiazine) induced a 3 to > 10-fold increase in mRNAs encoding specific MDR transporters. initial studies indicate that MDR induction is the most likely explanation for the intrinsic resistance of Candida species to benzimidazoles and for the antagonistic activity between compounds that induce MDR (albendazole and sulfadiazine) and compounds that are substrates for the MDR transporters (azoles). Hypothetically, MDR induction could also contribute to phenotypic adaptation to azoles (reflected in the "trailing effect"), to the variable sensitivity of different fungi to different azoles, and to acquired antifungal drug resistance. The Specific Aims of this proposal are to examine the: (1) Spectrum of MDR induction. New antifungal agents and anti-infective agents commonly used in immunocompromised patients will be tested for C. albicans MDR induction and antagonism of azole activity. MDR induction and antagonism will be compared in azole-sensitive and resistant isolates, and in C. albicans yeast and hyphal forms. MDR gene fragments will be amplified from Candida glabrata, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans and used as probes for MDR induction studies in those fungi. (2) Transcriptional activators of MDR induction in C. albicans. Initial studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have implicated two classes of transcriptional activators in azole-dependent MDR induction, PDR1/PDR3 and YAP1/YAP2. Candida homologues of these factors will be identified by PCR or expression in S. cerevisiae. Their role in MDR induction will be examined by gene disruption. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EDHF AND ENDOTHELIUM DEPENDENT VASODILATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Smetanka, Rachel D.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This study is assessing resistance vessel endothelial function in the absence and presence of a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, miconazole, to assess the contribution of endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor to endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in healthy subjects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for miconazole in the PubMed Central database: •

Effects of Miconazole and Dodecylimidazole on Sterol Biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis. by Henry MJ, Sisler HD.; 1979 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352718

•

Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species Is an Important Mediator of Miconazole Antifungal Effect. by Kobayashi D, Kondo K, Uehara N, Otokozawa S, Tsuji N, Yagihashi A, Watanabe N.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128784

•

Evaluation of Miconazole Therapy in Experimental Disseminated Candidiasis in Laboratory Rats. by Balk MW, Crumrine MH, Fischer GW.; 1978 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352234

•

Growth phase in relation to ketoconazole and miconazole susceptibilities of Candida albicans. by Beggs WH.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185507

•

In vitro activities of miconazole, miconazole nitrate, and ketoconazole alone and combined with rifampin against Candida spp. and Torulopsis glabrata recovered from cancer patients. by Moody MR, Young VM, Morris MJ, Schimpff SC.; 1980 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283890

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In vitro susceptibilities to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and miconazole of filamentous fungi isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. by Hennequin C, Benailly N, Silly C, Sorin M, Scheinmann P, Lenoir G, Gaillard JL, Berche P.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164071

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In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical ketoconazole and miconazole in human stratum corneum. by Pershing LK, Corlett J, Jorgensen C.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284402

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Interaction between warfarin and topical miconazole cream. by Devaraj A, O'Beirne JP, Veasey R, Dunk AA.; 2002 Jul 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117127

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Interactions among amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, ketoconazole, and miconazole against pathogenic fungi in vitro. by Odds FC.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185657

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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

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Morphological Effects of Miconazole on Helicobacter pylori. by von Recklinghausen G, Schmid EN, Vollmer A, Ansorg R.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105530

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Reversible Thrombocytosis and Anemia Due to Miconazole Therapy. by Marmion LC, Desser KB, Lilly RB, Stevens DA.; 1976 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429768

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Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Miconazole: Effect of Miconazole on Respiration and Cell Permeability of Candida albicans. by Swamy KH, Sirsi M, Rao GR.; 1974 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=428986

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Treatment of Experimental Murine Cryptococcosis: a Comparison of Miconazole and Amphotericin B. by Graybill JR, Mitchell L, Levine HB.; 1978 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352227

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with miconazole, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for miconazole (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of chronic oropharyngo-esophageal candidiasis with immunological deficiency: successful treatment with miconazole. Author(s): Tytgat GN, Surachno S, de Groot WP, Schellekens PT. Source: Gastroenterology. 1977 March; 72(3): 536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=832803

•

A case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis successfully treated with miconazole. Author(s): Bee OB, Tan T, Pang R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 May; 117(5): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7224658

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

A clinical double-blind trial of topical haloprogin and miconazole against superficial fungal infections. Author(s): Clayton YM, Gange RW, Macdonald DM, Carruthers JA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1979 March; 4(1): 65-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=376192

•

A clinical double-blind trial of topical miconazole and clotrimazole against superficial fungal infections and erythrasma. Author(s): Clayton YM, Knight AG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1976 September; 1(3): 225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=788971

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A comparative clinical evaluation of econazole nitrate, miconazole, and nystatin in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Emele FE, Fadahunsi AA, Anyiwo CE, Ogunleye O. Source: West Afr J Med. 2000 January-March; 19(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10821079

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A comparative evaluation of Nystatin, Amphotericin-B and Miconazole in keratomycosis. Author(s): Reddy PR, Reddy PS, Reddy AR, Saboo NK. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1982 July; 30(4): 249-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7166397

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A comparative study of miconazole nitrate pessaries and Nystan vaginal tablets in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Bentley S, Bourne MS, Powell A. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1978 September; 32(9): 258-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=367417

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A comparative study of once daily bifonazole cream versus twice daily miconazole cream in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Roberts DT, Adriaans B, Gentles JC. Source: Mykosen. 1985 November; 28(11): 550-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3908932

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A comparison between the effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole on vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Eliot BW, Howat RC, Mack AE. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1979 July; 86(7): 572-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=476023

Studies

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A comparison of miconazole nitrate and selenium disulfide as anti-dandruff agents. Author(s): Sheth RA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1983 March; 22(2): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6840946

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A comparison of miconazole, ketoconazole and fluconazole in their effects on temperature-dependent growth and thermal death in Candida albicans. Author(s): Madeira-Lopes A, Miranda J. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1995 November-December; 33(6): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8683405

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A double-blind clinical trial with a lotion containing 5% benzoyl peroxide and 2% miconazole in patients with acne vulgaris. Author(s): Mesquita-Guimaraes J, Ramos S, Tavares MR, Carvalho MR. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 September; 14(5): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2532986

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A double-blind evaluation of miconazole in dermatomycoses. Author(s): Stratigos I, Tzitzi K, Delivoria A, Capetanakis J. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1976 July; 20(1): 24-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=821702

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A double-blind parallel study of sulconazole nitrate 1% cream compared with miconazole nitrate 2% cream in dermatophytoses. Author(s): Gip L, Forsstrom S. Source: Mykosen. 1983 May; 26(5): 231-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6877272

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A double-blind study comparing Daktacort, miconazole and hydrocortisone in inflammatory skin infections. Author(s): Mertens RL, Morias J, Verhamme G. Source: Dermatologica. 1976; 153(4): 228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=797593

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A miconazole lacquer in the treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Author(s): Budtz-Jorgensen E, Carlino P. Source: Mycoses. 1994 March-April; 37(3-4): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7845419

10

Miconazole

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A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial of topical clotrimazole versus miconazole for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Larbi EB, al-Khawajah A, al-Gindan Y, Jain S, Abahusain A, al-Zayer A. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 February; 52(2): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7872446

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A shortened regime for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidosis with a new presentation of miconazole. Author(s): Callaerts J, Peeters F, Maes-Dockx F, Wesel S, Bafort P. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1980 June; 10(5): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7190515

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Action of miconazole in histoplasmosis. Author(s): Negroni R, Tuculet Mde L. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1979 SeptemberOctober; 21(5): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=549211

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Activity of miconazole against Streptococcus agalactiae. Author(s): de Louvois J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1980 November; 6(6): 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7002899

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Acute pyogenic Pseudallescheria boydii foot infection sequentially treated with miconazole and itraconazole. Author(s): Pether JV, Jones W, Greatorex FB, Bunting W. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1992 November; 25(3): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335468

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Allergic contact dermatitis from sertaconazole with cross-sensitivity to miconazole and econazole. Author(s): Goday JJ, Yanguas I, Aguirre A, Ilardia R, Soloeta R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 June; 32(6): 370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554895

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An institutional survey of tinea capitis in Harare, Zimbabwe and a trial of miconazole cream versus Whitfield's ointment in its treatment. Author(s): Wright S, Robertson VJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1986 July; 11(4): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2948740

Studies

11

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An open clinical trial with 2% miconazole plus 1% hydrocortisone ointment in the treatment of eczematous lesions. Author(s): Harcup JW, Tooley PJ. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1988; 5(3): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3283775

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An open study to assess the acceptability and effectiveness of miconazole 1,200 mg single ovule in the treatment of acute vaginal candidosis. Author(s): Dinsmore WW, Granger SE. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1989 July; 43(7): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2597606

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Antagonism of the direct fungicidal action of miconazole by miconazole fungistasis. Author(s): Beggs WH, LaSota IR, Hughes CE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 June; 7(3): 413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3137047

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Antitumor effects of miconazole on human colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice through induction of apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Author(s): Wu CH, Jeng JH, Wang YJ, Tseng CJ, Liang YC, Chen CH, Lee HM, Lin JK, Lin CH, Lin SY, Li CP, Ho YS. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2002 April 1; 180(1): 22-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922774

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Bioavailability study of a 1200 mg miconazole nitrate vaginal ovule in healthy female adults. Author(s): Stevens RE, Konsil J, Verrill SS, Roy P, Desai PB, Upmalis DH, Cone FL. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 January; 42(1): 52-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11808824

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Biometrological assessment of the preventive effect of a miconazole spray powder on athlete's foot. Author(s): Pierard GE, Wallace R, De Doncker P. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 September; 21(5): 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9136152

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Blastomycosis treated successfully with miconazole. Author(s): Bleeker PA, Haanen C. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1979 June; 31(2): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=505562

12

Miconazole

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Bone and joint coccidioidomycosis treated with miconazole. Author(s): Deresinski SC, Stevens DA. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 November; 120(5): 1101-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=507526

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Butoconazole and miconazole in treating vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Bradbeer CS, Mayhew SR, Barlow D. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1985 August; 61(4): 270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3894216

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Butoconazole nitrate 2% for vulvovaginal candidiasis. New, single-dose vaginal cream formulation vs. seven-day treatment with miconazole nitrate. Gynazole 1 Study Group. Author(s): Brown D, Henzl MR, Kaufman RH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1999 November; 44(11): 933-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10589403

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Butoconazole vaginal cream in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Comparison with miconazole nitrate and placebo. Author(s): Brown D Jr, Henzl MR, LePage ME, Tsao LL, Izu AE, Walker KA, Adamson GD, Droegmuller W. Source: J Reprod Med. 1986 November; 31(11): 1045-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3543342

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Candidal vaginitis. A study of the efficacy of a reduced duration treatment with miconazole nitrate. Author(s): Mayhew SR, Suffield WE. Source: The Practitioner. 1979 April; 222(1330): 564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=471917

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Candida-septicemia with chorioretinitis, osteomyelitis and arthritis treated with systemic miconazole and intraarticular amphotericin B. Author(s): Meberg A, Langslet A, Sovde A, Kolstad A. Source: Mykosen. 1977 July; 20(7): 257-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=904655

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Cardiorespiratory toxicity due to miconazole. Author(s): Fainstein V, Bodey GP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980 September; 93(3): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7436161

Studies

13

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CDR1, a multidrug resistance gene from Candida albicans, contains multiple regulatory domains in its promoter and the distal AP-1 element mediates its induction by miconazole. Author(s): Puri N, Krishnamurthy S, Habib S, Hasnain SE, Goswami SK, Prasad R. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1999 November 15; 180(2): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556714

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Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis - treatment of the oral lesions with miconazole: two case reports. Author(s): Kessel LJ, Taylor WD. Source: Br J Oral Surg. 1980 June; 18(1): 51-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6951609

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Clinical and experimental evidence on miconazole for the treatment of systemic mycoses: a review. Author(s): Symoens J. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 1: 4-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122647

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Clinical evaluation of fenticonazole cream in cutaneous fungal infections: a comparison with miconazole cream. Author(s): Athow-Frost TA, Freeman K, Mann TA, Marks R, Vollum D, Warin AP. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1986; 10(2): 107-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3709210

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Clinical evaluation of miconazole tincture in skin mycoses. Author(s): Aussems J. Source: Mykosen. 1977 July; 20(7): 269-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=904658

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Combined intravenous miconazole and intrathecal amphotericin B for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Davis SJ, Donovan WH. Source: Chest. 1979 August; 76(2): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=582301

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Comparative efficacy of topical therapy with a slow-release mucoadhesive buccal tablet containing miconazole nitrate versus systemic therapy with ketoconazole in HIV-positive patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Author(s): Van Roey J, Haxaire M, Kamya M, Lwanga I, Katabira E. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2004 February 1; 35(2): 144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722446

14

Miconazole

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Comparative study of miconazole and clotrimazole in superficial mycosis. Author(s): Saha KC. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1989 September; 34(3): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2632381

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Comparison between oral ketoconazole and topical miconazole in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Puolakka J, Tuimala R. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1983; 62(6): 575-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6322505

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Comparison of dermatopharmacokinetic vs. clinicial efficacy methods for bioequivalence assessment of miconazole nitrate vaginal cream, 2% in humans. Author(s): Pershing LK, Corlett JL, Nelson JL. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2002 March; 19(3): 270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11934233

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Comparison of miconazole-coated tampons with clotrimazole vaginal tablets in the treatment of vaginal candidosis. Author(s): Balsdon MJ. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1981 August; 57(4): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7272707

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Comparison of salivary miconazole concentrations after administration of a bioadhesive slow-release buccal tablet and an oral gel. Author(s): Bouckaert S, Schautteet H, Lefebvre RA, Remon JP, van Clooster R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 43(2): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1425869

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Comparison of the immunosuppressive activities of the antimycotic agents itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole and miconazole on human T-cells. Author(s): Pawelec G, Ehninger G, Rehbein A, Schaudt K, Jaschonek K. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1991; 13(2-3): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1649144

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Comparison of the in vitro antifungal activities of clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole and exalamide against clinical isolates of dermatophytes. Author(s): Kusunoki T, Harada S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1984 June; 11(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6386917

Studies

15

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Comparison of the in vitro antifungal activities of miconazole and a new imidazole, R41,400. Author(s): Dixon D, Shadomy S, Shadomy HJ, Espinel-Ingroff A, Kerkering TM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1978 August; 138(2): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=681800

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Comparison of three-day butoconazole treatment with seven-day miconazole treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Kaufman RH, Henzl MR, Brown D Jr, Horner DS, Krauss RH, Mehlisch DR, Moore DE, Prentice RL. Source: J Reprod Med. 1989 July; 34(7): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2671362

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Congenital cutaneous candidiasis and septicaemia treated with miconazole. Author(s): Burke AM, Fitzsimons RB, Kearney PJ. Source: Ir Med J. 1985 August; 78(8): 219-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4044206

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Contact allergy to miconazole. Author(s): Perret CM, Happle R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 July; 19(1): 75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3180774

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Contact dermatitis due to a combined miconazole nitrate/hydrocortisone cream. Author(s): Aldridge RD, Main RA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1984 January; 10(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705530

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Contact dermatitis due to miconazole nitrate. Author(s): Foged EK, Hammershoy O. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 July; 8(4): 284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7105701

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Contact dermatitis to miconazole nitrate. Author(s): Degreef H, Verhoeve L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1975 August; 1(4): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=139246

16

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Contact sensitivity to miconazole with ortho-chloro cross-sensitivity to other imidazoles. Author(s): Baes H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 February; 24(2): 89-93. Erratum In: Contact Dermatitis 1991 July; 25(1): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1828223

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Convulsions after miconazole overdose. Author(s): Coulthard K, Martin J, Matthews N. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1987 January 5; 146(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3796399

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Cryptococcal meningitis: treatment of three patients with miconazole. Author(s): de Wytt CN. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 May 16; 1(10): 525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7254015

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Cure rates of oral contraceptive users and non-users when treated for vulvovaginal candidiasis (moniliasis) with miconazole nitrate 2% vaginal cream. Author(s): Pasquale SA, Yuliano SE. Source: Contraception. 1977 March; 15(3): 355-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=880814

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Cure stability with miconazole in vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Vlassis G, Zissis NP, Kyrou A, Papaloukas A. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1977; 32(5): 291-6. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=610306

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Cutaneous alternariosis treated with miconazole. Author(s): de Moragas JM, Prats G, Verger G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 May; 117(5): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7224659

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Cutaneous candidiasis: treatment with miconazole nitrate. Author(s): Cullin SI. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1977 January; 19(1): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=319956

Studies

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Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of miconazole and econazole--isolation, toxicity on human cells, and confirmation of a new interpretation of the drug supersaturation phenomenon. Author(s): Pedersen M, Jacobsen J, Sorensen AM. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1999 April; 25(4): 463-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10194601

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Cyclosporine interactions with miconazole and other azole-antimycotics: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Horton CM, Freeman CD, Nolan PE Jr, Copeland JG 3rd. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 1992 November-December; 11(6): 112732. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1457436

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Deep infections from Petriellidium boydii treated with miconazole. Author(s): Lutwick LI, Rytel MW, Yanez JP, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 January 19; 241(3): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=758531

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Derangement of warfarin anticoagulation by miconazole oral gel. Author(s): Pemberton MN, Sloan P, Ariyaratnam S, Thakker NS, Thornhill MH. Source: British Dental Journal. 1998 January 24; 184(2): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9489213

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Determination of miconazole in human saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Turner A, Warnock DW. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1982 January 8; 227(1): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7056815

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Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B and miconazole for 21 strains of Aspergillus. Author(s): Martinez J, Torres JM, Arteaga F, Foz-Tena A. Source: Mycopathologia. 1978 November 10; 64(3): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=104180

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Diaper dermatitis: a therapeutic dilemma. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of miconazole nitrate 0.25%. Author(s): Concannon P, Gisoldi E, Phillips S, Grossman R. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 March-April; 18(2): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358560

18

Miconazole

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Differential effects of the imidazole derivatives etomidate, ketoconazole and miconazole and of metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by human adrenocortical cells. Author(s): Lamberts SW, Bons EG, Bruining HA, de Jong FH. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1987 January; 240(1): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3027305

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Disposition of radioactivity following intravaginal administration of 3H-miconazole nitrate. Author(s): Abrams LS, Weintraub HS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 December 15; 147(8): 9701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6650638

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Disseminated candidiasis in a patient with acute leukemia. Successful treatment with miconazole. Author(s): Katz ME, Cassileth PA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 March 14; 237(11): 1124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=264981

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Double blind comparison of the efficacy of tioconazole and miconazole for the treatment of fungal infection of the skin or erythrasma. Author(s): Clayton YM, Hay RJ, McGibbon DH, Pye RJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1982 September; 7(5): 543-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6756715

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Double-blind comparison of 200-mg ketoconazole oral tablets and 1200-mg miconazole vaginal capsule in the treatment of vaginal candidosis. Author(s): van der Meijden WI, van der Hoek JC, Staal HJ, van Joost T, Stolz E. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1986 July; 22(3): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3525273

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Double-blind comparison of miconazole/corticosteroid combination versus miconazole in inflammatory dermatomycoses. Author(s): Nolting S, Rogalla K. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 February; 34(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7737773

Studies

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Double-blind evaluation of a miconazole - benzoyl peroxide combination for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. Author(s): Degreef H, Vanden Bussche G. Source: Dermatologica. 1982 March; 164(3): 201-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6211379

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Double-blind evaluation of miconazole tampons, compared with clotrimazole vaginal tablets, in vaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Lolis D, Kanellopoulos N, Liappas I, Xyngakis A, Zissis NP. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1981; 4(3): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7307036

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Double-blind study of the efficacy of 1 week topical terbinafine cream compared to 4 weeks miconazole cream in patients with tinea pedis. Author(s): Leenutaphong V, Niumpradit N, Tangwiwat S, Sritaveesuwan R, Muanprasat C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 October; 82(10): 1006-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10561963

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Effect of topical miconazole in plaque psoriasis. Author(s): Niczyporuk W, Krajewska-Kulak E. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1997; 42(1): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9581486

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Efficacy and tolerance of a miconazole-benzoyl peroxide cream combination versus a benzoyl peroxide gel in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. Author(s): Fluckiger R, Furrer HJ, Rufli T. Source: Dermatologica. 1988; 177(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2971582

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Efficacy and tolerance of fenticonazole versus miconazole cream. Author(s): Clerico R, Ribuffo A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1987; 7(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3583491

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Efficacy of 7-day treatment with metronidazole+miconazole (Neo-Penotran) - a tripleactive pessary for the treatment of single and mixed vaginal infections. Author(s): Ozyurt E, Toykuliyeva MB, Danilyans IL, Morton O, Baktir G. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 July; 74(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11430939

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Efficacy of miconazole in superficial mycoses. Author(s): Lal S, Krishnaram AS, Baruah MC. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1985 April; 30(2): 31-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3843230

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Efficacy of miconazole in the topical treatment of tinea pedis in sportsmen. Author(s): Gentles JC, Jones GR, Roberts DT. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1975 July; 93(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1103934

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Efficacy of topical miconazole treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Ongley RC. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1978 August 26; 119(4): 353-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356949

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Endobronchial miconazole for pulmonary aspergilloma. Author(s): Hamamoto T, Watanabe K, Ikemoto H. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 June; 98(6): 1030. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6859701

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Endogenous reactive oxygen species is an important mediator of miconazole antifungal effect. Author(s): Kobayashi D, Kondo K, Uehara N, Otokozawa S, Tsuji N, Yagihashi A, Watanabe N. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 October; 46(10): 3113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234832

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Eruptive xanthomas associated with intravenous miconazole therapy. Author(s): Barr RJ, Fujita WH, Graham JH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 October; 114(10): 1544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=718197

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Evaluation of miconazole in vaginal gelatin capsules as a topical treatment for vaginal candidosis. Author(s): Roongpisuthipong A, Bhiraleus P, Pattanapanich P, Bhadrakom C, Chaisilwattana P, Sukroongreung S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1985 March; 68(3): 126-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3894555

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Evaluation of Monistat cream (miconazole nitrate 2%) in a reduced regimen for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Sargent EC Jr, Pasquale SA. Source: J Reprod Med. 1977 August; 19(2): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=894647

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Flucytosine-miconazole treatment of Candida peritonitis. Its use during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Lempert KD, Jones JM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 March; 142(3): 577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7065793

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Fungal retinitis: a case of Torulopsis glabrata infection treated with miconazole. Author(s): Fitzsimons RB, Nicholls MD, Billson FA, Robertson TI, Hersey P. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1980 September; 64(9): 672-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7191722

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Further experiences with miconazole nitrate, a broad-spectrum antimycotic with antibacterial activity. Author(s): Botter AA. Source: Mykosen. 1972 April; 15(4): 179-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5075547

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Granuloma and pseudogranuloma of the skin due to Microsporum canis. Successful management with local injections of miconazole. Author(s): Barson WJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 July; 121(7): 895-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4015135

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Gynodaktarin (miconazole nitrate) for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Author(s): Rutherford AM. Source: N Z Med J. 1976 July 14; 84(567): 9-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1067505

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High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for the determination of miconazole in human plasma using solid-phase extraction. Author(s): Kobylinska M, Kobylinska K, Sobik B. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1996 October 11; 685(1): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8930770

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High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of miconazole in vaginal fluid. Author(s): Selinger K, Matheou D, Hill HM. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 December 29; 434(1): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3243823

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Hyperlipidemia related to miconazole therapy. Author(s): Rose HD, Roth DA, Barboriak JJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979 September; 91(3): 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475186

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In vitro activities of miconazole, miconazole nitrate, and ketoconazole alone and combined with rifampin against Candida spp. and Torulopsis glabrata recovered from cancer patients. Author(s): Moody MR, Young VM, Morris MJ, Schimpff SC. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1980 May; 17(5): 871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6249197

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In vitro antifungal activity of the new triazole D0870 against Penicillium marneffei compared with that of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole and flucytosine. Author(s): Boon-Long J, Mekha N, Poonwan N, Kusum M, Mikami Y, Yazawa K, Konyama K. Source: Mycoses. 1996 November-December; 39(11-12): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9145003

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In vitro evaluation of lingering antimycotic effect of 2% miconazole nitrate cream (citaderm) on human skin. Author(s): Rai MK, David M. Source: Hindustan Antibiot Bull. 1992 August-November; 34(3-4): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1289301

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In vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes from Munich to griseofulvin, miconazole and ketoconazole. Author(s): Korting HC, Rosenkranz S. Source: Mycoses. 1990 March; 33(3): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2359418

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In vitro synergic antifungal effect of MUC7 12-mer with histatin-5 12-mer or miconazole. Author(s): Wei GX, Bobek LA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2004 May; 53(5): 750-8. Epub 2004 April 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15073161

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In vitro/in vivo correlation of the bioadhesive properties of a buccal bioadhesive miconazole slow-release tablet. Author(s): Bouckaert S, Lefebvre RA, Remon JP. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1993 June; 10(6): 853-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8321853

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In vivo and in vitro effects of the antifungal agent miconazole on estrogen biosynthesis in human breast cancer. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Fukuoka M, Yasumura T, Okada H. Source: Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989 October; 25(10): 1493-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2591441

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In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical ketoconazole and miconazole in human stratum corneum. Author(s): Pershing LK, Corlett J, Jorgensen C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 January; 38(1): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8141586

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Influence of the application site on bioadhesion and slow-release characteristics of a bioadhesive buccal slow-release tablet of miconazole. Author(s): Bouckaert S, Lefebvre RA, Colardyn F, Remon JP. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993; 44(4): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8513844

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Inhibitory effect of miconazole on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses. Author(s): Thong YH, Rowan-Kelly B. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 January 21; 1(6106): 149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=620230

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Interaction between miconazole oral gel (Daktarin) and warfarin. Author(s): Pillans P, Woods DJ. Source: N Z Med J. 1996 September 13; 109(1029): 346. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8862358

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Interaction between warfarin and miconazole oral gel. Author(s): Colquhoun MC, Daly M, Stewart P, Beeley L. Source: Lancet. 1987 March 21; 1(8534): 695-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2882124

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Interaction between warfarin and topical miconazole cream. Author(s): Devaraj A, O'Beirne JP, Veasey R, Dunk AA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 July 13; 325(7355): 77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114237

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Interference of granulocyte function by the vehicle of miconazole. Author(s): Lee C, Maderazo EG. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 March; 13(3): 548-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=263892

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Intravenous and intrathecal miconazole therapy for systemic mycoses. Author(s): Sung JP, Grendahl JG, Levine HB. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1977 January; 126(1): 5-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=576177

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Intravenous miconazole in the treatment of chronic esophageal candidiasis. Author(s): Rutgeerts L, Verhaegen H. Source: Gastroenterology. 1977 February; 72(2): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=830582

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Intravenous miconazole in the treatment of keratomycosis. Author(s): Ishibashi Y, Matsumoto Y. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1984 May; 97(5): 646-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6720848

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Intravenous miconazole therapy of mycotic infections. Author(s): Wade TR, Jones HE, Chanda JJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1979 July; 139(7): 784-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=454066

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In-vitro antifungal activity of sertaconazole, bifonazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole against yeasts of the Candida genus. Author(s): Carrilo-Munoz AJ, Tur C, Torres J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 April; 37(4): 815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722548

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Irritant and allergic reactions to topically applied Micatin cream. Author(s): Wade TR, Jones HE, Artis WA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1979 May; 5(3): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=455964

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Itraconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis: a double-blind comparison with miconazole. Author(s): Haneke E, Tajerbashi M, De Doncker P, Heremans A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 196(3): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9621140

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Keratomycosis caused by Acremonium Recifei, treated with keratoplasty, Miconazole and Ketoconazole. Author(s): Simonsz HJ. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1983 December 15; 56(1-2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6319101

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Keratomycosis treated with miconazole drops. Author(s): George J, Thomas R, Alexander TA. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1986; 34: 93-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3155138

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Letter: Antagonism between miconazole and amphotericin B. Author(s): Schacter LP, Owellen RJ, Rathbun HK, Buchanan B. Source: Lancet. 1976 August 7; 2(7980): 318. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=59892

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Management of human keratomycosis with miconazole. Author(s): Mohan M, Panda A, Gupta SK. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1989 August; 17(3): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2679814

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Mechanisms of the stereoselective interaction between miconazole and racemic warfarin in human subjects. Author(s): O'Reilly RA, Goulart DA, Kunze KL, Neal J, Gibaldi M, Eddy AC, Trager WF. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1992 June; 51(6): 656-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1611805

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Miconazole alcoholic solution in the treatment of mycotic nail infections. Author(s): Vanderdonckt J, Lauwers W, Bockaert J. Source: Mykosen. 1976 July; 19(7): 251-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=135927

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Miconazole and amphotericin B alter polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions and membrane fluidity in similar fashions. Author(s): Yasui K, Masuda M, Matsuoka T, Yamazaki M, Komiyama A, Akabane T, Murata K. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1988 December; 32(12): 1864-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3245698

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Miconazole and clobazam; a useful interaction in Dravet's syndrome? Author(s): Goldsmith J, McKnight C, Dickson S, Heenan M, Berezowski R. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2004 January; 89(1): 89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709525

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Miconazole and ketoconazole as a satisfactory first-line treatment for keratomycosis. Author(s): Ishibashi Y. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1986 October 15; 102(4): 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3766681

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Miconazole and ketoconazole as a satisfactory first-line treatment for keratomycosis. Author(s): Fitzsimons R, Peters AL. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1986 May 15; 101(5): 605-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3706466

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Miconazole as a treatment for Candida septicaemia. Author(s): Ryan DW, Freeman R. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1980 August; 6(4): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6775019

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Miconazole carrier solution, hyperlipidemia and hematologie problems. Author(s): Niell HB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 June 23; 296(25): 1479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=865521

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Miconazole chewing gum for treatment of chronic oral candidosis. Author(s): Rindum JL, Holmstrup P, Pedersen M, Rassing MR, Stoltze K. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1993 December; 101(6): 386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290882

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Miconazole corneal toxicity. Author(s): Zaidman GW. Source: Cornea. 1991 January; 10(1): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2019117

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Miconazole for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Unfavorable experience. Author(s): Meyer RD, Sattler FR, Linne SR, Ruskin J. Source: Chest. 1978 June; 73(6): 825-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=657856

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Miconazole gel for the treatment of oral thrush in adult patients. Author(s): Botter AA. Source: Mykosen. 1980 October; 23(10): 574-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7442707

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Miconazole gel increases the cure rate of Helicobacter pylori infection when added to lansoprazole and amoxicillin in a randomized trial. Author(s): Ikezawa K, Kashimura H, Mahmudul H, Nakahara A, Yanaka A, Matsuzaki Y, Mutoh H, Tanaka N. Source: Helicobacter. 1998 June; 3(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9631311

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Miconazole in cryptococcosis and systemic candidiasis: a word of caution. Author(s): Bennett JE, Remington JS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981 May; 94(5): 708-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7235405

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Miconazole in fungal endophthalmitis. Author(s): Gallo J, Grunstein H, Clifton-Bligh P, Billson FA, Tarr KH. Source: Lancet. 1982 January 2; 1(8262): 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6119450

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Miconazole in paracoccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Stevens DA, Restrepo A. Source: Lancet. 1979 June 16; 1(8129): 1301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=87769

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Miconazole in systemic candidiasis. Author(s): Sutton A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1983 April; 58(4): 319. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6847238

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Miconazole in the treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a preliminary report. Author(s): Fischer TJ, Klein RB, Kershnar HE, Borut TC, Stiehm ER. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 November; 91(5): 815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=909025

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Miconazole in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Author(s): Stevens DA. Source: Drugs. 1983 October; 26(4): 347-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6354686

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Miconazole in the treatment of oral candidosis. Author(s): Roed-Petersen B. Source: Int J Oral Surg. 1978 December; 7(6): 558-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=103855

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Miconazole in the treatment of superficial mycoses. Author(s): Manohar V, Rao GR, Sirsi M, Krishnamurti N. Source: Mycopathologia. 1976 August 30; 59(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=967228

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Miconazole in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. Author(s): Stevens D. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977 November; 116(5): 801-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=921060

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Miconazole in the treatment of vaginal candidosis. A multicenter study. Author(s): Gummerus M, Timonen H, Kauko M, Kivijarvi A, Saarikoski S, Tuimala R, Venesmaa P, Wilen-Rosenqvist G. Source: Mycoses. 1988 March; 31(3): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3393169

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Miconazole in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: comparison of a 6-day therapy and a 3-day treatment course. Author(s): Van Leusden HA, Nuijten ST. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1980 March; 10(3): 203-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7189485

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Miconazole inhibition of platelet aggregation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase. Author(s): Ishikawa S, Manabe S, Wada O. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1986 June 1; 35(11): 1787-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3087363

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Miconazole lacquer compared with gel in treatment of denture stomatitis. Author(s): Parvinen T, Kokko J, Yli-Urpo A. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1994 December; 102(6): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7871360

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Miconazole lacquer in the treatment of denture stomatitis: clinical and microbiological findings in Chinese patients. Author(s): Dias AP, Samaranayake LP, Lee MT. Source: Clinical Oral Investigations. 1997 February; 1(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9552817

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Miconazole oral gel and drug interactions. Author(s): Pemberton MN, Oliver RJ, Theaker ED. Source: British Dental Journal. 2004 May 8; 196(9): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15131616

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Miconazole oral gel enhances acenocoumarol anticoagulant activity: a report of three cases. Author(s): Ortin M, Olalla JI, Muruzabal MJ, Peralta FG, Gutierrez MA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 February; 33(2): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084413

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Miconazole oral gel potentiates warfarin anticoagulant activity. Author(s): Silingardi M, Ghirarduzzi A, Tincani E, Iorio A, Iori I. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2000 May; 83(5): 794-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10823285

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Miconazole sorption to intravenous infusion sets. Author(s): McGookin AG, Millership JS, Scott EM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1987 December; 12(6): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3440815

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Miconazole therapy for fungal meningitis. Author(s): Sung JP, Campbell GD, Grendahl JG. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1978 July; 35(7): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=580889

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Miconazole therapy for keratomycosis. Author(s): Foster CS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1981 May; 91(5): 622-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6263095

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Miconazole therapy for systemic candidiasis in a conjoined (Siamese) twin and a premature newborn. Author(s): Sung JP, Rajani K, Chopra DR, Grendahl JG, Haws EB. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1979 November; 138(5): 688-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=386810

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Miconazole therapy for treatment of fungal infections in cancer patients. Author(s): Jordan WM, Bodey GP, Rodriguez V, Ketchel SJ, Henney J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1979 December; 16(6): 792-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=575281

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Miconazole therapy in Pseudallescheria boydii infection. Author(s): Collignon PJ, Macleod C, Packham DR. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1985 December; 26(3): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3835956

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Miconazole treatment after renal transplantation. Author(s): Lai KN, Newton M, Seymour A, Pugsley D, Jones T. Source: Lancet. 1981 July 4; 2(8236): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6113423

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Miconazole treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Author(s): Ophir J, Krakowski A, Brenner S, Siegman-Igra Y, Michaeli D. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1983 December; 148(6): 1168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6655297

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Miconazole treatment of candida sepsis in aminophenazone induced agranulocytosis. Author(s): Evers KG, Knoop UF. Source: Acta Paediatr Belg. 1978 July-September; 31(3): 151-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=707093

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Miconazole treatment of pityriasis versicolor a review. Author(s): Van Cutsem J, Reyntjens A. Source: Mykosen. 1978 March; 21(3): 87-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=642972

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Miconazole treatment of relapsed pulmonary blastomycosis. Author(s): Rose HD, Varkey B. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 August; 118(2): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=697188

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Miconazole. A monograph. Author(s): Peak VJ, Amerson AB. Source: Am Pharm. 1987 October; Ns27(10): 40-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3687723

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Miconazole: a cost-effective antifungal genitourinary irrigant. Author(s): Wise GJ, Goldman WM, Goldberg PE, Rothenberg RG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1987 December; 138(6): 1413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3119869

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Miconazole: a preliminary review of its therapeutic efficacy in systemic fungal infections. Author(s): Heel RC, Brogden RN, Pakes GE, Speight TM, Avery GS. Source: Drugs. 1980 January; 19(1): 7-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6988200

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Miconazole-induced alteration in tobramycin pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Hatfield SM, Crane LR, Duman K, Karanes C, Kiel RJ. Source: Clin Pharm. 1986 May; 5(5): 415-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3522054

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Miconazole-induced fatal dysrhythmia. Author(s): Coley KC, Crain JL. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1997 March-April; 17(2): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9085333

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Miconazole-resistant Candida. Author(s): Holt RJ, Azmi A. Source: Lancet. 1978 January 7; 1(8054): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=74535

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Miconazole-warfarin interaction: increased INR. Author(s): Murty M. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2001 July 10; 165(1): 81-2, 85-6. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11468962

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Misplaced table regarding dosage of Miconazole (Monistat i.v.) Author(s): Moores KG, Davis AM, Murray MF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 June 10; 249(22): 3015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6854818

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Mucoadhesive buccal patches of miconazole nitrate: in vitro/in vivo performance and effect of ageing. Author(s): Nafee NA, Ismail FA, Boraie NA, Mortada LM. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2003 October 2; 264(1-2): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972331

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Multi-centre double-blind trial on the efficacy and safety of sertaconazole 2% cream in comparison with miconazole 2% cream on patients suffering from cutaneous mycoses. Author(s): Alomar C, Bassas S, Casas M, Crespo V, Ferrandiz C, Fonseca E, Hernandez B, Noguera J, Pedragosa R, Peyri J, et al. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1992 May; 42(5A): 767-73. Erratum In: Arzneimittelforschung 1992 June; 42(6): 884. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1627204

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Naftifine cream 1% compared with miconazole cream 2% in dermatophytosis. Author(s): el Darouti MA, Kalinka P. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 September; 29(7): 521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2228386

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Naftifine versus miconazole/hydrocortisone in inflammatory dermatophyte infections. Author(s): Nada M, Hanafi S, al-Omari H, Mokhtar M, el-Shamy S, Muhlbacher J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 August; 33(8): 570-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7960355

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Neonatal systemic candidiasis treated miconazole. Author(s): Tuck S. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1980 November; 55(11): 903-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7436467

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Neonatal systemic candidiasis treated with miconazole and ketoconazole. Author(s): Tudehope DI, Rigby B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1983 May 14; 1(10): 480-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6302455

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Neonatal systemic candidiasis treated with miconazole. Author(s): Clarke M, Davies DP, Odds F, Mitchell C. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 August 2; 281(6236): 354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7427274

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Neonatal systemic candidiasis: a failure to respond to intravenous miconazole in two neonates. Author(s): McDougall PN, Fleming PJ, Speller DC, Daish P, Speidel BD. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1982 November; 57(11): 884-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7149766

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New therapeutic approach in skin mycoses: a comparative trial once versus twice daily application of fenticonazole in comparison to miconazole. Author(s): Vannini P, Difonzo EM, Cordaro CI, Sartani A, Panconesi E. Source: Mycoses. 1988 May; 31(5): 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3047577

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Observations made with the simultaneous local application of metronidazole and miconazole in vulvovaginitis. Author(s): Tatar L. Source: Ther Hung. 1982; 30(4): 189-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6926918

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Oral histoplasmosis treated with miconazole. Author(s): Nicholls M, Robertson TI, Jennis F. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1980 October; 10(5): 563-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6937170

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Oral itraconazole and topical miconazole with debridement for Acanthamoeba keratitis. Author(s): Ishibashi Y, Matsumoto Y, Kabata T, Watanabe R, Hommura S, Yasuraoka K, Ishii K. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1990 February 15; 109(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2154105

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Oral ketoconazole and miconazole vaginal pessary treatment for vaginal candidosis. Author(s): Sharma JB, Buckshee K, Gulati N. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1991 August; 31(3): 276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1804095

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Oral prophylaxis with miconazole or ketoconazole of invasive fungal disease in neutropenic cancer patients. Author(s): Meunier-Carpentier F, Cruciani M, Klastersky J. Source: Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1983 January; 19(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6303794

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Oral thrush in children treated with miconazole gel. Author(s): Casneuf J, de Loore F, Dhondt F, Devlieger H, Poot J, van den Bon P, van Eygen M. Source: Mykosen. 1980 February; 23(2): 75-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7383057

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Paecilomyces cellulitis in a renal transplant patient: successful treatment with intravenous miconazole. Author(s): Harris LF, Dan BM, Lefkowitz LB Jr, Alford RH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 July; 72(7): 897-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=377509

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Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis): treatment with miconazole. Author(s): Stevens DA, Restrepo-M A, Cortes A, Betancourt J, Galgiani JN, Gomez I. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1978 July; 27(4): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=686247

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Penetration of the human nail plate: the effects of vehicle pH on the permeation of miconazole. Author(s): Walters KA, Flynn GL, Marvel JR. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1985 July; 37(7): 498-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2863357

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Perchloric acid, toxicolor, endospecy, and miconazole in the early diagnosis and treatment of fungemia. Author(s): Endo S, Inoue Y, Amano K, Yamada A, Fujii N, Nakamura A, Nagasawa T, Kikuchi M, Taki K, Hoshi S, et al. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1990 January-February; 12(1): 48-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2158403

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Persistence of miconazole in vaginal secretions after single applications. Implications for the treatment of vaginal candidosis. Author(s): Odds FC, MacDonald F. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1981 December; 57(6): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7326555

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Petriellidium (Allescheria) boydii orbital and brain abscess treated with intravenous miconazole. Author(s): Anderson RL, Carroll TF, Harvey JT, Myers MG. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1984 June; 97(6): 771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6731542

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Petriellidium boydii pachymeningitis treated with miconazole and ketoconazole. Author(s): Schiess RJ, Coscia MF, McClellan GA. Source: Neurosurgery. 1984 February; 14(2): 220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6324020

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Pharmacokinetics of miconazole in serum and exudate of pelvic retroperitoneal space after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Author(s): Mikamo H, Kawazoe K, Sato Y, Ito K, Tamaya T. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1997 January; 9(3): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9552718

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Pharmacokinetics of the antimicrobial agents rifampicin and miconazole released from a loaded central venous catheter. Author(s): Rump AF, Guttler K, Konig DP, Yucel N, Korenkov M, Schierholz JM. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 February; 53(2): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12586573

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Phenytoin intoxication during treatment with parenteral miconazole. Author(s): Rolan PE, Somogyi AA, Drew MJ, Cobain WG, South D, Bochner F. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 December 10; 287(6407): 1760. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6416579

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Potentiation of acenocoumarol during vaginal administration of miconazole. Author(s): Lansdorp D, Bressers HP, Dekens-Konter JA, Meyboom RH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 February; 47(2): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10190660

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Potentiation of warfarin action by miconazole oral gel. Author(s): Shenfield GM, Page M. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1991 December; 21(6): 928. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1818557

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Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulant activity by miconazole oral gel. Author(s): Ariyaratnam S, Thakker NS, Sloan P, Thornhill MH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 February 1; 314(7077): 349. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9040331

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Potentiation of warfarin's hypoprothrombinemic effect with miconazole vaginal suppositories. Author(s): Thirion DJ, Zanetti LA. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 January; 20(1): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10641982

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Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of the buccal bioadhesive properties of slow-release tablets containing miconazole nitrate. Author(s): Mohammed FA, Khedr H. Source: Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2003 March; 29(3): 321-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12741613

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Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of miconazole-cyclodextrin complexes for improved oral and topical delivery. Author(s): Tenjarla S, Puranajoti P, Kasina R, Mandal T. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1998 April; 87(4): 425-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9548893

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Prevention of fungal sepsis in patients with prolonged neutropenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous miconazole. Author(s): Wingard JR, Vaughan WP, Braine HG, Merz WG, Saral R. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 December; 83(6): 1103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3332568

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Primary giant Candida lung abscess. Response to miconazole. Author(s): Schoenfeld MR, Lapin RH, Palmer TE. Source: N Y State J Med. 1983 October-November; 83(11-12): 1187-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6580568

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Problems with clinical trials in general practice--a double-blind comparison of cream containing miconazole and hydrocortisone with hydrocortisone alone in the treatment of intertrigo. Author(s): Hedley K, Tooley P, Williams H. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 April; 44(4): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2196926

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Prophylactic miconazole oral gel for the prevention of neonatal fungal rectal colonization and systemic infection. Author(s): Wainer S, Cooper PA, Funk E, Bental RY, Sandler DA, Patel J. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1992 September; 11(9): 713-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1448310

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Prophylactic treatment with miconazole in patients highly predisposed to fungal infection. A placebo-controlled double-blind study. Author(s): Brincker H. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1978; 204(1-2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=356523

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Pseudallescheria boydii brain abscess: association with near-drowning and efficacy of high-dose, prolonged miconazole therapy in patients with multiple abscesses. Author(s): Dworzack DL, Clark RB, Borkowski WJ Jr, Smith DL, Dykstra M, Pugsley MP, Horowitz EA, Connolly TL, McKinney DL, Hostetler MK, et al. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1989 July; 68(4): 218-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2739563

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Pulmonary aspergilloma successfully treated with long-term intermittent inhalation therapy with miconazole. Author(s): Mikami M, Nakamura S, Kawakami M. Source: Intern Med. 1993 March; 32(3): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8329821

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Pulmonary candidiasis complicating a severe burn treated with miconazole. Author(s): Eve MD, Watson JL, Moss E. Source: Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1982 March; 8(4): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7066729

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Pulmonary sporotrichosis: Treatment with miconazole. Author(s): Rohwedder JJ, Archer G. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 August; 114(2): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=973727

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Randomized comparison of two nystatin oral gels with miconazole oral gel for treatment of oral thrush in infants. Antimycotics Study Group. Author(s): Hoppe JE, Hahn H. Source: Infection. 1996 March-April; 24(2): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740106

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Recalcitrant sporotrichosis: a report of a patient treated with various therapies including oral miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. Author(s): Beardmore GL. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1979 April; 20(1): 10-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475692

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Recurrence of vulvovaginal candidosis during pregnancy. Comparison of miconazole vs nystatin treatment. Author(s): Wallenburg HC, Wladimiroff JW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 October; 48(4): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=787858

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Recurrent vaginal candidosis: prospective study of effectiveness of maintenance miconazole treatment. Author(s): Balsdon MJ, Tobin JM. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 April; 64(2): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3384428

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Results of miconazole therapy in twenty-eight patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Author(s): Negroni R, Rubinstein P, Herrmann A, Gimenez A. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 1: 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122643

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Retroperitoneal haematoma and small bowel intramural haematoma caused by warfarin and miconazole interaction. Author(s): Marco M, Guy AJ. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1998 December; 27(6): 485. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9869294

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Reversible thrombocytosis and anemia due to miconazole therapy. Author(s): Marmion LC, Desser KB, Lilly RB, Stevens DA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1976 September; 10(3): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=984785

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Rhodotorula spp. fungemia in an immunocompromised boy after neurosurgery successfully treated with miconazole and 5-flucytosine: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Marinova I, Szabadosova V, Brandeburova O, Krcmery V Jr. Source: Chemotherapy. 1994 July-August; 40(4): 287-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8082417

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Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of tinea versicolor. Effects of treatment with miconazole nitrate and clotrimazole. Author(s): McDaniel DH, Welton WA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 August; 120(8): 1057-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6465911

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Seborrhoeic dermatitis and Pityrosporum orbiculare: treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp with miconazole-hydrocortisone (Daktacort), miconazole and hydrocortisone. Author(s): Faergemann J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1986 June; 114(6): 695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2941051

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Sensitivity to miconazole of micro-organisms associated with angular cheilitis. Author(s): MacFarlane TW, Ferguson MM, MacKenzie D. Source: British Dental Journal. 1978 April 4; 144(7): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=346034

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Shorter treatment for vaginal candidosis: comparison between single-dose oral fluconazole and three-day treatment with local miconazole. Author(s): Timonen H. Source: Mycoses. 1992 November-December; 35(11-12): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1302807

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Single-dose miconazole nitrate vaginal ovule in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: two single-blind, controlled studies versus miconazole nitrate 100 mg cream for 7 days. Author(s): Upmalis DH, Cone FL, Lamia CA, Reisman H, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Gilderman L, Bradley L. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 May; 9(4): 421-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10868615

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Single-dose oral fluconazole versus single-dose topical miconazole for the treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidosis. Author(s): van Heusden AM, Merkus HM, Corbeij RS, Oosterbaan HP, Stoot JE, Ubachs HM, Verhoeff A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1990; 69(5): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2270767

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Stimulation of dengue virus replication in cultured Aedes albopictus (C6/36) mosquito cells by the antifungal imidazoles ketoconazole and miconazole. Author(s): Lee E, McLean K, Weir RC, Dalgarno L. Source: Virology. 2000 March 30; 269(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10725192

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Subconjunctival miconazole and anterior segment blastomycosis. Author(s): Mason JO 3rd, Parker JS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1993 October 15; 116(4): 506-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8213986

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Subcutaneous infection with phialophora richardsiae and its susceptibility to 5fluorocytosine, amphotericin B and miconazole. Author(s): Corrado ML, Weitzman I, Stanek A, Goetz R, Agyare E. Source: Sabouraudia. 1980 June; 18(2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7423334

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Successful treatment of cerebral cryptococcoma and meningitis with miconazole. Author(s): Weinstein L, Jacoby I. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980 October; 93(4): 569-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7436189

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Successful treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with intraventricular miconazole. Author(s): Graybill JR, Levine HB. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 May; 138(5): 814-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=646546

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Successful treatment of systemic cryptococcosis with miconazole. Author(s): Morgans ME, Thomas ME, Mackenzie DW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 July 14; 2(6182): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=466288

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Sulconazole nitrate 1.0 percent cream: a comparison with miconazole in the treatment of tinea pedis and tinea cruris/corporis. Author(s): Tanenbaum L, Anderson C, Rosenberg MJ, Howard W, McDaniel W, Neimanis A, Ryan ME, Perez R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1982 July; 30(1): 105-7, 115, 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6749440

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Symptomatic assessment of miconazole cream in the treatment of Tinea pedis. Author(s): Edwards HW. Source: J Int Med Res. 1978; 6(2): 157-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=631418

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Synergistic inhibition of the growth in vitro of Microsporum canis by miconazole and chlorhexidine. Author(s): Perrins N, Bond R. Source: Veterinary Dermatology. 2003 April; 14(2): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12662267

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Systemic absorption of miconazole from the vagina. Author(s): Daneshmend TK. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1986 October; 18(4): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771433

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Systemic contact dermatitis from miconazole. Author(s): Fernandez L, Maquiera E, Rodriguez F, Picans I, Duque S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 March; 34(3): 217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8833469

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Systemic miconazole treatment of a patient with chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis. Author(s): Blomqvist K, Horsmanheimo M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1978; 58(5): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=82358

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Terconazole and miconazole cream for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis. A comparison. Author(s): Corson SL, Kapikian RR, Nehring R. Source: J Reprod Med. 1991 August; 36(8): 561-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1941796

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The antifungal imidazoles: clotrimazole and miconazole. Author(s): Milne LJ. Source: Scott Med J. 1978 April; 23(2): 149-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=644298

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The effect of miconazole on vulvo-vaginal candidosis in pregnant and non-pregnant women and their partners. Author(s): Brundin J. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1976; 14(6): 537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=20357

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The effects of intravenous miconazole on fungal keratitis. Author(s): Ishibashi Y, Matsumoto Y, Takei K. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1984 October 15; 98(4): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6541434

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The effects of miconazole on the ultrastructure of Candida albicans. Author(s): De Nollin S, Borgers M, Van Belle H. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 4: 19-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122689

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The effects of the antifungal azoles itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole and miconazole on cytokine gene expression in human lymphoid cells. Author(s): Friccius H, Pohla H, Adibzadeh M, Siegels-Hubenthal P, Schenk A, Pawelec G. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1992 July; 14(5): 791-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1380951

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The efficacy of topical miconazole in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Author(s): Watson CJ, Walker DM, Bates JF, Newcombe RG. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 June 15; 152(12): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7049200

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The emergence of Candida albicans resistant to miconazole during the treatment of urinary tract candidosis. Author(s): Holt RJ, Azmi A. Source: Infection. 1978; 6(4): 198-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=357296

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The imidazole antimycotics econazole and miconazole reduce agonist-evoked protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and evoke membrane depolarisation in human platelets: cautions for their use in studying Ca2+ signalling pathways. Author(s): Sargeant P, Farndale RW, Sage SO. Source: Cell Calcium. 1994 November; 16(5): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7532106

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The measurement of serum 5-fluorocytosine levels in the presence of miconazole. Author(s): Roselle GA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1982 September; 78(3): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7113974

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The treatment of onychomycosis with miconazole tincture. Author(s): Bentley-Phillips B. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1982 July 10; 62(2): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6211785

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The treatment of secondary bacterial infections in atopic eczema with miconazole plus hydrocortisone. Author(s): White I, Blatchford N. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1983 June; 37(6): 215-6, 222. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6882651

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The treatment of two cases Tinea nigra by miconazole. Author(s): Pradinaud R. Source: Mykosen. 1978 April; 21(4): 99-102. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=651944

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Therapeutic failure of miconazole in the treatment of torulopsis glabrata infection in the vagina. Author(s): Notowicz A. Source: Mykosen. 1975 June; 18(6): 285-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1237791

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Therapeutic failures with miconazole. Author(s): Fisher JF, Duma RJ, Markowitz SM, Shadomy S, Espinel-Ingroff A, Chew WH. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 June; 13(6): 965-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=354523

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Therapy of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: miconazole or amphotericin B for coccidioidal and candidal infection. Author(s): Blumenkranz MS, Stevens DA. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980 July; 98(7): 1216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6967308

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Tinea inguinalis treated with miconazole cream: a double-blind study. Author(s): Ganor S, Radai S, Shneur R. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1977 June; 13(6): 587-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=885711

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Tolciclate versus miconazole, a double-blind trial in patients with dermatomycosis. Author(s): Cuce LC, Assuncao BF, Medawar LG, Salibian A, Groppi W. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(2): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6989684

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Topical corticosteroids in association with miconazole and chlorhexidine in the longterm management of atrophic-erosive oral lichen planus: a placebo-controlled and comparative study between clobetasol and fluocinonide. Author(s): Carbone M, Conrotto D, Carrozzo M, Broccoletti R, Gandolfo S, Scully C. Source: Oral Diseases. 1999 January; 5(1): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10218041

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Topical miconazole cream in infantile napkin dermatitis. Author(s): MacKie RM, Scott E. Source: The Practitioner. 1979 January; 222(1327): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=368755

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Topical treatment of fungous infection of the skin and nail with miconazole nitrate (Nufungex) cream. Author(s): Bhattacharyya SK, Thammayya A, Sanyal M, Saha KC. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1979 April; 24(3): 42-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=540976

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Topical treatment of nail and skin infections with miconazole, a new broad-spectrum antimycotic. Author(s): Botter AA. Source: Mykosen. 1971 April 1; 14(4): 187-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4251820

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Topical use of miconazole antifungal oral gel on warfarinized patients: a word of caution. Author(s): Ezsias A, Wojnarowska F, Juniper R. Source: Dent Update. 1997 December; 24(10): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9534418

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Toxicity of amphotericin B, miconazole, and ketoconazole to human granulocyte progenitor cells in vitro. Author(s): Meeker TC, Siegel MS, Shiota FM, Crowley JJ, McGuffin RW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983 January; 23(1): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6299181

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Toxicity of intravenous miconazole overdosage in a preterm infant. Author(s): Kanarek KS, Williams PR. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 July-August; 5(4): 486-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3725663

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Treatment of advanced breast cancer with miconazole: a potential inhibitor of peripheral oestrogen synthesis. Author(s): Jones AL, Dowsett MJ, Powles TJ, Gallagher CJ, Coombes RC. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1991; 27(3): 301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1827318

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Treatment of Candida albicans meningitis with intravenous and intrathecal miconazole. A case report. Author(s): Morison A, Erasmus DS, Bowie MD. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1988 September 3; 74(5): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3413613

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Treatment of Candida-infected denture stomatitis with a miconazole lacquer. Author(s): Konsberg R, Axell T. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994 September; 78(3): 306-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7970589

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Treatment of candidal vaginitis with miconazole, a new broad-spectrum antimycotic. Changes in microbiology, vaginal pH and cytology. Author(s): Peeters F, Snauwaert R, Segers J, Van Cutsem J, Amery W. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1973 August; 23(8): 1107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4588098

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Treatment of coccidioidomycosis with miconazole. Author(s): Hoeprich PD, Lawrence RM, Goldstein E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 May 16; 243(19): 1923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7365975

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Treatment of dermatomycoses with topical tioconazole and miconazole. Author(s): Fredriksson T. Source: Dermatologica. 1983; 166 Suppl 1: 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6350071

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Treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with miconazole. Author(s): Sung JP. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1976 January; 124(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1251606

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Treatment of erythrasma with miconazole. Author(s): Pitcher DG, Noble WC, Seville RH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1979 December; 4(4): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=535173

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Treatment of fungal infections with miconazole. Author(s): Stille W, Helm E, Kilp W. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 1: 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122648

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Treatment of fungal meningitis with miconazole. Author(s): Deresinski SC, Lilly RB, Levine HB, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1977 September; 137(9): 1180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=901086

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Treatment of impetigo and ecthyma. A comparison of sulconazole with miconazole. Author(s): Nolting S, Strauss WB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 December; 27(10): 716-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3069760

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Treatment of long-term tinea pedis with miconazole. Double-blind clinical evaluation. Author(s): Brugmans JP, Van Cutsem JM, Thienpont DC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1970 October; 102(4): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4919243

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Treatment of onychomycosis by partial nail avulsion and topical miconazole. Author(s): Rollman O. Source: Dermatologica. 1982 July; 165(1): 54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6214436

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Treatment of onychomycosis with a solution of miconazole 2% in alcohol. Author(s): Achten G, Degreef H, Dockx P. Source: Mykosen. 1977 July; 20(7): 251-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=143615

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Treatment of oral candidiasis in debilitated patients with miconazole--a new potent antifungal drug. Author(s): Brincker H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1976; 8(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1273521

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Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunocompetent infants: a randomized multicenter study of miconazole gel vs. nystatin suspension. The Antifungals Study Group. Author(s): Hoppe JE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 March; 16(3): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076817

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Treatment of otitis externa with miconazole nitrate. A comparative study involving 85 cases. Author(s): Bak JP, Wagenfeld DJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1983 April 9; 63(15): 562-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6342163

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Treatment of Pseudallescheria boydii infection with oral ketoconazole and topical miconazole. Author(s): Willsteed E, Regan W. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1987 April; 28(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3426479

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Treatment of South American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis) with miconazole by the oral route: an on-going study. Author(s): Lima NS, Teixeira G, Miranda J, do Valle AC. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 1: 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122646

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Treatment of South-American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis) with orally administered miconazole. Author(s): Lima NS, Teixeira GA, Miranda JL, do Valle AC. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1978 NovemberDecember; 20(6): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=751171

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Treatment of systemic mycoses with miconazole: a review. Author(s): Symoens J, Amery W. Source: Mod Med Asia. 1977 March; 13(3): 9-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=593251

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Treatment of tinea nigra palmaris with miconazole. Author(s): Marks JG Jr, King RD, Davis BM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 March; 116(3): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7189394

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Treatment of vaginal candidiasis with miconazole. Author(s): Hilton AL, Warnock DW, Milne JD, Scott AJ. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1977-78; 5(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=630905

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Treatment off vulvovaginal candidal infection with miconazole-coated tampons. Author(s): Bergstein NA. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1980 December; 56(6): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7470219

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Tribological and mycological consequences of the use of a miconazole nitratecontaining paste for the prevention of diaper dermatitis: an open pilot study. Author(s): Pierard-Franchimont C, Letawe C, Pierard GE. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 September; 155(9): 756-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8874106

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Unusual serum lipoprotein abnormality induced by the vehicle of miconazole. Author(s): Bagnarello AG, Lewis LA, McHenry MC, Weinstein AJ, Naito HK, McCullough AJ, Lederman RJ, Gavan TL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 March 3; 296(9): 497-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=834227

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Use and safety of miconazole during pregnancy. Author(s): Ainsworth RE. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1987 November; 147(5): 599-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3424830

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Use of miconazole as bladder irrigant. Author(s): Wise GJ. Source: Urology. 1984 August; 24(2): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6464261

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Use of miconazole for prevention of opportunistic fungal infection during treatment of haematological malignancies. Author(s): Michaux JL, Jacquemin P, Cornu G, Wauters G, Gigi J, Noel H, Turine JB, Ferrant A. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70 Suppl 1: 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122645

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Vaginal distribution of miconazole nitrate suspension from administration of a single vaginal insert. Author(s): Barnhart K, Pretorius ES, Marunich R, Hummel A. Source: J Reprod Med. 2004 February; 49(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15018434

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Vulvovaginal candidiasis treated with clotrimazole cream in seven days compared with fourteen-day treatment with miconazole cream. Author(s): Robertson WH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 October 1; 132(3): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=360842

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Vulvovaginal candidosis, effectively treated with one miconazole ovule. Author(s): Yo Le Sian A, Vandeputte E, Arien J, Cartrysse U, Peeters T. Source: Mykosen. 1980 July; 23(7): 373-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6999341

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Warfarin-miconazole interaction. Author(s): Long E. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1983 November; 143(11): 2214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6639249

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MICONAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and miconazole.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Miconazole The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Miconazole

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “miconazole” (or a synonym): •

Abrogation by glucose of the ATP suppression induced by miconazole in Candida albicans. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Leicester, UK. Source: Abbott, A B Odds, F C J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1989 December; 24(6): 905-19 0305-7453

•

Comparative study of the enantiomeric resolution of chiral antifungal drugs econazole, miconazole and sulconazole by HPLC on various cellulose chiral columns in normal phase mode. Author(s): Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-03), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia. [email protected] Source: Aboul Enein, Hassan Y Ali, Imran J-Pharm-Biomed-Anal. 2002 January 15; 27(34): 441-6 0731-7085

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Effect of miconazole on warfarin disposition in rabbits. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, PA 19104. Source: D'Mello, A P Venkataramanan, R V Bates, T R Drug-Metab-Dispos. 1992 JulAugust; 20(4): 572-7 0090-9556

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Effect of supplementation of ergosterol on miconazole action in vivo and in vitro in Candida albicans. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Source: Mago, N Khuller, G K Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1991 September; 29(9): 841-4 0019-5189

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In vitro comparison of the antimycotic activity of a miconazole-HP-beta-cyclodextrin solution with a miconazole surfactant solution. Author(s): Laboratoires de Technologie Pharmaceutique and Laboratoire de Microbiologie Medicale, Institut de Pharmacie, Universite de Liege, Belgium. [email protected] Source: Piel, G Hayette, M P Pavoni, E Evrard, B Van Hees, T de Hassonville, S H De Mol, P Delattre, L J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 2001 July; 48(1): 83-7 0305-7453

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Inhibition of platelet serotonin uptake by cytochrome P450 inhibitors miconazole and econazole. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, 92697-1681, USA. Source: Helmeste, D M Tang, S W Vu, R Life-Sci. 1998; 62(24): 2203-8 0024-3205

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MICONAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to miconazole. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to miconazole and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to miconazole: •

5-Fluorocytosine antagonizes the action of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in Candida glabrata. Author(s): Siau H, Kerridge D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 June; 43(6): 767-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10404315

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A Chinese cream (fu suo) for psoriasis. Author(s): Bonnetblanc JM, Marquet P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 192(3): 294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726658

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Afferent arteriolar response to arachidonic acid: involvement of metabolic pathways. Author(s): Imig JD, Navar LG.

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Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1996 July; 271(1 Pt 2): F87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8760247 •

Anticandidal activity of certain South Indian medicinal plants. Author(s): Vaijayanthimala J, Anandi C, Udhaya V, Pugalendi KV. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 May; 14(3): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10815017

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Antidermatophytic activity of extracts from Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae) correlated with the presence of a flavonoid compound. Author(s): Rajendra Prasad N, Anandi C, Balasubramanian S, Pugalendi KV. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 March; 91(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15036462

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Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro. Author(s): Nenoff P, Haustein UF, Brandt W. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1996; 9(6): 388-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9055360

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Antifungal activity of turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). Author(s): Apisariyakul A, Vanittanakom N, Buddhasukh D. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 December 15; 49(3): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8824742

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Antifungal agents useful in therapy of systemic fungal infections. Author(s): Medoff G, Brajtburg J, Kobayashi GS, Bolard J. Source: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1983; 23: 303-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6307124

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Antimicrobial activity of extracts of herbal plants used in the traditional medicine of Jordan. Author(s): Mahasneh AM, El-Oqlah AA. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999 March; 64(3): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10363844

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Biochemical basis for the activity and selectivity of oral antifungal drugs. Author(s): Vanden Bossche H, Marichal P, Gorrens J, Coene MC. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990 September; 71: 41-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2091733

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Biochemical effects of miconazole on fungi. II. Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans. Author(s): van den Bossche H, Willemsens G, Cools W, Lauwers WF, Le Jeune L. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1978 April; 21(1): 59-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=352553

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Biochemical mode of action and enantiomeric selectivity of SDZ 89-485, a new triazole antimycotic. Author(s): Ryder NS. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1990; 28(5): 385-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2283585

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Biochemical targets for antifungal azole derivatives: hypothesis on the mode of action. Author(s): Vanden Bossche H. Source: Curr Top Med Mycol. 1985; 1: 313-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3916772

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Combined effects of hyperbaric oxygen and antifungal agents on the growth of Candida albicans. Author(s): Gudewicz TM, Mader JT, Davis CP. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1987 July; 58(7): 673-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3304267

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Correlation of inhibition of sterol synthesis with growth-inhibitory action of imidazole antimycotics in Candida albicans. Author(s): Nicholas RO, Kerridge D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1989 January; 23(1): 7-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2663807

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Cryptococcal meningitis. Author(s): Tjia TL, Yeow YK, Tan CB. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1985 September; 48(9): 853-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4045478

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Differential inhibitory effects of protoberberines on sterol and chitin biosyntheses in Candida albicans. Author(s): Park KS, Kang KC, Kim JH, Adams DJ, Johng TN, Paik YK. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 May; 43(5): 667-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10382888

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Differential response of cultured human umbilical vein and artery endothelial cells to Ah receptor agonist treatment: CYP-dependent activation of food and environmental mutagens. Author(s): Annas A, Granberg AL, Brittebo EB. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2000 November 15; 169(1): 94-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11076701

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Drug interactions of paclitaxel metabolism in human liver microsomes. Author(s): Bun SS, Ciccolini J, Bun H, Aubert C, Catalin J. Source: J Chemother. 2003 June; 15(3): 266-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12868554

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Drug-induced phenotypes provide a tool for the functional analysis of yeast genes. Author(s): Launhardt H, Hinnen A, Munder T. Source: Yeast (Chichester, England). 1998 July; 14(10): 935-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9717239

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Effect of antifungal agents on lipid biosynthesis and membrane integrity in Candida albicans. Author(s): Georgopapadakou NH, Dix BA, Smith SA, Freudenberger J, Funke PT. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1987 January; 31(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3551826

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Effect of different inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis on both fungal growth and aflatoxin production. Author(s): Fanelli C, Fabbri AA, Brasini S, De Luca C, Passi S. Source: Natural Toxins. 1995; 3(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7613735

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Effect of imidazole antifungals on the development of germ tubes by strains of Candida albicans. Author(s): Johnson EM, Richardson MD, Warnock DW. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1983 October; 12(4): 303-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6315670

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Effect of Inula viscosa extract on chitin synthesis in dermatophytes and Candida albicans. Author(s): Maoz M, Neeman I. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 August; 71(3): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10940586

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Effect of miconazole and clotrimazole on K+ release and inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in Trichophyton mentagrophytes and related ultrastructural

Alternative Medicine 59

observations. Author(s): Scott EM, Gorman SP, Millership JS, Wright LR. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1986 April; 17(4): 423-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3710956 •

Effect of miconazole on the structure and function of plasma membrane of Candida albicans. Author(s): Ansari S, Prasad R. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1993 November 15; 114(1): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8293965

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Effect of supplementation of ergosterol on miconazole action in vivo and in vitro in Candida albicans. Author(s): Mago N, Khuller GK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1991 September; 29(9): 841-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1794867

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Effects of antifungal agents on ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes: differential inhibitory sites of naphthiomate and miconazole. Author(s): Morita T, Nozawa Y. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1985 November; 85(5): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3902987

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Effects of maitotoxin on calcium entry and phosphoinositide breakdown in the rabbit ciliated tracheal epithelium. Author(s): Venant A, Dazy AC, Diogene G, Metezeau P, Marano F. Source: Biology of the Cell / under the Auspices of the European Cell Biology Organization. 1994; 82(2-3): 195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7606215

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Effects of miconazole and dodecylimidazole on sterol biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis. Author(s): Henry MJ, Sisler HD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1979 April; 15(4): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=464593

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Effects of terconazole and other azole antifungal agents on the sterol and carbohydrate composition of Candida albicans. Author(s): Pfaller MA, Riley J, Koerner T.

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Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1990 January-February; 13(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2184984 •

Evaluation of the potential of cancer chemopreventive activity mediated by inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity. Author(s): Lee SK, Pezzuto JM. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 1999 December; 22(6): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10615860

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Evidence for requirement of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase in the microsomal NADPH-sterol Delta7-reductase system. Author(s): Nishino H, Ishibashi T. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2000 February 15; 374(2): 293-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10666310

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Expression of CDR1, a multidrug resistance gene of Candida albicans: transcriptional activation by heat shock, drugs and human steroid hormones. Author(s): Krishnamurthy S, Gupta V, Prasad R, Panwar SL, Prasad R. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1998 March 15; 160(2): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9532737

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Heterogeneity of action of mechanisms among antimycotic imidazoles. Author(s): Sud IJ, Feingold DS. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1981 July; 20(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6269485

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Hydrogen peroxide acts as an EDHF in the piglet pial vasculature in response to bradykinin. Author(s): Lacza Z, Puskar M, Kis B, Perciaccante JV, Miller AW, Busija DW. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2002 July; 283(1): H406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063315

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In vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Malassezia species. Author(s): Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 February; 44(2): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10639388

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In vitro susceptibility of opportunistic Fusarium spp. to essential oils. Author(s): Rai MK, Qureshi S, Pandey AK.

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Source: Mycoses. 1999 April; 42(1-2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10394856 •

In vitro synergism between nyasol, an active compound isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides, and azole agents against Candida albicans. Author(s): Iida Y, Oh KB, Saito M, Matsuoka H, Kurata H. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 June; 66(5): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10909263

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Inhibition and induction of microsomal enzymes in rat. A comparative study of four antimycotics: miconazole, econazole, clotrimazole and ketoconazole. Author(s): Niemegeers CJ, Levron JC, Awouters F, Janssen PA. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1981 May; 251(1): 26-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6266358

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Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis by sertaconazole in Candida albicans. Author(s): Agut J, Palacin C, Sacristan A, Ortiz JA. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1992 May; 42(5A): 718-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1627190

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Inhibition of hyphal development in Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthroconidia by ketoconazole and miconazole. Author(s): Scott EM, Gorman SP, McGrath SJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1985 April; 15(4): 405-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4008375

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Inhibition of platelet serotonin uptake by cytochrome P450 inhibitors miconazole and econazole. Author(s): Helmeste DM, Tang SW, Vu R. Source: Life Sciences. 1998; 62(24): 2203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9627079

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Inhibitory effect of miconazole on melanogenesis. Author(s): Mun YJ, Lee SW, Jeong HW, Lee KG, Kim JH, Woo WH. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2004 June; 27(6): 806-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15187422

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Ketoconazole-resistant mutants of Microsporum gypseum. II. Characteristics of mutants. Author(s): Lenhart K, Merkunova A, Walterova D, Latinak J, Kozeny M.

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Source: Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med. 1989; 122: 71-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2530848 •

Mechanisms of action of the antimycotic imidazoles. Author(s): Sud IJ, Feingold DS. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1981 June; 76(6): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7017013

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Metabolism of artelinic acid to dihydroqinqhaosu by human liver cytochrome P4503A. Author(s): Grace JM, Skanchy DJ, Aguilar AJ. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1999 July; 29(7): 703-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456689

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Mode of action of anti-Candida drugs: focus on terconazole and other ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Author(s): Vanden Bossche H, Marichal P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 October; 165(4 Pt 2): 11939. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1951574

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Otomycosis--a clinico-mycological study and efficacy of mercurochrome in its treatment. Author(s): Chander J, Maini S, Subrahmanyan S, Handa A. Source: Mycopathologia. 1996; 135(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9008878

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The effect of miconazole on ergosterol-less mutant of Candida albicans. Author(s): Pesti M, Becher D, Bartsch G. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1983; 30(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6362313

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to miconazole; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Antifungal Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MICONAZOLE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “miconazole” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on miconazole, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Miconazole By performing a patent search focusing on miconazole, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on miconazole: •

.beta.-cyclodextrin complexes of miconazole and econazole Inventor(s): Bononi; Loris J. (Gabbiana, IT) Assignee(s): Bononi & C. Gruppo di Ricerca S.r.L. (Florence, IT) Patent Number: 5,422,347 Date filed: September 5, 1990 Abstract: The econazole and miconazole complexes with.beta.-cyclodextrin show in vitro a good anti-fungal activity with a wide spectrum and, if locally applied, are well tolerated and more effective than the corresponding nitrates for the control, in vivo and clinically, of mycosis as induced from dermatophytes and from Candida albicans. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel derivatives of miconazole and econazole, more specifically to complexes of these compounds with.beta.-cyclodextrin having, anti-mycotic activity. The cutaneous mycoses are infections mainly induced from dermatophytes and from Candida Albicans. The dermatophytes are fungi found as parasites in the horny layer, in the hair and in the nails owing to the presence of keratolytic enzymes, capable of hydrolyzing the long polypeptidic chains of keratin. Three genuses (Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton) are mainly responsible of the cutaneous pathologies. The infections induced from dermatophytes are generally defined as tinea. Depending on the part affected there are several clinical pictures: tinea capiris, tinea barbae, tinea corpotis, tinea cruris, tinea padis, tinea manuum, tinea faciei, tinea unguium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05422347__

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Antifungal agent Inventor(s): Akashi; Toshi (Tokyo, JP), Kohita; Hideki (Tokyo, JP), Obata; Kiyotaka (Tokyo, JP), Sugita; Kimiko (Tokyo, JP), Tanaka; Shigeo (Tokyo, JP), Yamagishi; Michio (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 6,001,864 Date filed: November 20, 1997 Abstract: An antifungal composition including an imidazole-type antifungal compound and a quaternary ammonium salt is a medicament having a far more potentiated activity of miconazole nitrate and a higher therapeutic effect, and is effective against both Trichophyton and Candida. Excerpt(s): This is a 371 of PCT/JP96/01553 filed Jun. 7, 1996. This invention relates to an antifungal composition. More particularly, it is concerned with an antifungal composition wherein an imidazole-type antifungal compound is combined with a quaternary ammonium salt. Imidazole-type antifungal compounds, as worldwide, leading antifungal agents, are those having an imidazole group in the chemical structure thereof. They have been believed to exhibit an antifungal activity mainly by damaging the cell membrane of fungi. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06001864__

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Antifungal dermatological solution Inventor(s): Das; Sudeb (Dayton, NJ), Dubash; Darius D. (Somerville, NJ) Assignee(s): Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation (Raritan, NJ) Patent Number: 4,912,124 Date filed: February 23, 1984 Abstract: Alcohol/aqueous solutions of certain relatively insoluble imidazole derivatives, particularly micronazole and miconazole nitrate, are prepared to concentrations of at least 1.0 percent by weight active agent. The solutions are pharmacologically acceptable for topical application as the treatment of fungal skin infections and are readily applied by means of a pump sprayer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to antifungal solutions for dermatological use and more particularly to solvent solutions of certain imidazole derivatives which are effective in treating fungal skin infections. R" is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl. An example of an imidazole solution is given in Example LX of the '655 patent where five parts of 1-[p-chloro-.beta.-(2,6dichlorobenzyloxy)phenethyl] imidazole are dissolved in 95 parts of alkylated naphthalene and used as a spray for the treatment of fungus infected subjects or on walls, floors or other objects to prevent infection by fungi. Such solutions of the imidazole derivatives, while effective antifungal compositions, are obviously not suitable for dermatological use due to the presence of the strong organic solvent which has an irritating and defatting effect on tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04912124__

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Anti-seborrhoeic formulation Inventor(s): Mason; Kenneth V. (22 Kana Crescent, Slack's Creek, AU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,536,742 Date filed: April 14, 1994 Abstract: An anti-seborrhoeic composition containing both a broad spectrum antifungal drug and a topical antiseptic is disclosed for the treatment of dogs. The composition can be formulated as a shampoo further containing a keratolytic or keratoplastic compound. The preferred antifungal drug is miconazole and the preferred topical antiseptic is chlorhexidine, and the formulation optionally contains selenium sulphide as an added ingredient. Excerpt(s): Seborrhoea is a chronic skin disease that is considered to be a defect in keratinization with increased scale formulation. Dandruff is a mild form. Seborrhoea is divided into three clinical forms. Seborrhoea sicca which is characterised by dry scaling of the skin. Seborrhoea oleosa is characterised by local to diffuse scaling associated with excessive sebum. Seborrhoeic dermatitis is characterised by scaling and greasiness with gross evidence of local or diffuse inflammation. There are breed predilections for Cocker Spaniels, Springer Spaniels, Basset Hounds and, in particular, the most difficult form occurs in West Highland White Terriers. It is considered to be a primary keratinization defect of genetic origin. Although some causes are known, these if found are designated secondary seborrhoeas. Primary idiopathic seborrhoeic dermatitis is currently considered to be a chronic disease that can be ameliorated but not cured. Standard

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ameliorating treatments are usually shampoos containing salicylic acid, sulphur, selenium sulphide, tars and antiseptics. These give only very temporary relief from symptoms, usually for a few days at the most. Human seborrhoeic dermatitis has recently been associated with the yeast Malassezia (Pityrosporum) ovale. Malassezia packydermatis has been reported to be associated with a dermatitis in dogs. However, dogs with the classic seborrhoeic dermatitis in West Highland Whites have been treated with ketaconazole tablets orally without producing a reliable cure. Symptoms reoccurred or worsened while on a treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05536742__ •

Compounds for treating fungal pathologies of the oral cavity Inventor(s): Catania; Anna P (Milan, IT), Lipton; James M. (Woodland Hills, CA) Assignee(s): Zengen, Inc. (Woodland Hills, CA) Patent Number: 6,780,838 Date filed: January 29, 2001 Abstract: The broadest aspect of the invention is a composition and method of treatment of fungal pathologies of the oral cavity or fungal growth on the surface of dentures. A preferred embodiment of the is a pharmacologically effective amount of a peptide selected from the group of peptides with a C-terminal sequence consisting of KPV(SEQ ID NO: 1), HFRWGKPV(SEQ ID NO: 3), and SYSMEHFRWGKPV (SEQ ID NO: 4) in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a fungicide selected from the group consisting of: itraconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, imconazole and fluconazole. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for treating fungal pathologies of the oral cavity and dentures by application of a pharmacologically effective amount of a peptide selected from the group of peptides with a C-terminal sequence consisting of KPV (SEQ ID NO: 1), HFRWGKPV (SEQ ID NO: 3), and SYSMEHFRWGKPV (SEQ ID NO: 4) in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a fungicide selected from the group consisting of: itraconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and fluconazole. In yet another embodiment of the invention these peptides are used in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of gram positive and/or gram negative antibiotics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of pathologies of the oral cavity caused by fungi. One of the most common and stubborn infections of the mouth and throat is Candidiasis. Thrush or acute candidiasis is caused by extensive candidal invasion of the oral mucosal epithelium. Thrush presents as creamy, yellow tufts which can be readily wiped off with a swab to expose a red and inflamed area of epithelium. The cottony tufts are the result of extensive infiltration of candidal hyphae into the mucosal epithelium. Although thrush is most common in infants, it also occurs in adults that are immunocompromised, undergoing broad spectrum antibiotic treatment, undergoing corticosteroid treatment, diabetics and anemics. In adult patients, particularly immunosuppresed patients, thrush is treated with large amounts of azole compounds such as miconazole, itraconazole, econazole, ketoconazole or fluconazole. Among thrush patients not already undergoing broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, broadspectrum antibiotics are frequently prescribed in combination with fungicide therapy to avoid or treat any secondary bacterial infections. Infants are usually treated with fungicidal suspensions if the infection does not spontaneously clear. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06780838__

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Imidazole derivative tincture and method of manufacture Inventor(s): Strauss; Richard (Woodbury, NY), Thaler; Irwin (Dix Hills, NY) Assignee(s): Corwood Laboratories, Inc. (Hauppauge, NY), Pedinol Pharmacal, Inc. (Farmingdale, NY) Patent Number: 5,461,068 Date filed: September 29, 1993 Abstract: A stable solvent system for imidazole derivatives useful in treating antifungal diseases is described. The system comprises a primary carboxylic acid, a polar solvent, a solubilizer, one or more surfactants, and therapeutically effective amounts of an imidazole derivative, preferably miconazole nitrate. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to improved formulations for topical treatment of fungal diseases, and more particularly to solutions of imidazole derivatives of sufficient strength and stability for pharmaceutical use. Fungal infections of the skin, hair and mucosae are mainly caused by dermatophytes, which induce pathologies known collectively as tinea, and by Candida albicans, which causes vulvovaginities and oral candidiases ("thrush"), among other syndromes. In recent years, oral candidiases have become more prevalent and intractable due to their appearance in immunocompromised patients, such as those infected with Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or suffering from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). U.S. Pat. No. 3,717,655 discloses the preparation and use of imidazole derivatives for the topical treatment of fungal infections. 1-[2,4-dichloro-.beta.-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)phenethyl]imidazole nitrate, whose common name is miconazole nitrate, is disclosed as a broadspectrum antifungal agent with a powerful activity against dermatophytes and Candida albicans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05461068__

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Methods and kits for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis with miconazole nitrate Inventor(s): Upmalis; David H. (51 Declaration Dr., Newtown, PA 18940) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,153,635 Date filed: November 20, 1998 Abstract: A method for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis including the steps of: (a) administering a single dose of an effective amount of miconazole nitrate in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier intra-vaginally; and (b) applying miconazole nitrate in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to the vulva. Also a kit for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis including: (a) a single dose of an effective amount of miconazole nitrate in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and in a form adapted to be administered intra-vaginally; and (b) an amount of miconazole nitrate in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier adapted to be applied topically to the vulva. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with miconazole nitrate and more particularly to methods for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis employing a single dose of miconazole nitrate applied intra-vaginally and additional doses of miconazole nitrate applied topically to the vulva. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a relatively common form of yeast infection. Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with the anti-fungal composition miconazole

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nitrate is well known. The most common regimen of treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with miconazole nitrate comprises the intra-vaginal application of a cream or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier containing miconazole nitrate once a day for 1, 3 or 7 days depending upon the concentration of miconazole nitrate in the cream. Thus, commercial kits for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with miconazole nitrate comprise a supply of vaginal suppositories or cream containing miconazole nitrate and a suitable applicator for administering the miconazole nitrate intravaginally. While these methods of treating vulvovaginal candidiasis are highly effective, there is a certain amount of discomfort and inconvenience for the patient in having to repeatedly administer the miconazole nitrate intra-vaginally. Both of these disadvantages can affect patient compliance and, therefore, the effectiveness of the treatment. In addition, relief of symptoms can take 4-5 days or more. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06153635__ •

Skin care compositions Inventor(s): Clum; Charles E. (Kingston, NJ), Isaacson; David M. (East Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): Johnson and Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. (New Brunswick, NJ) Patent Number: 4,911,932 Date filed: February 11, 1985 Abstract: A skin care composition having improved effectiveness in preventing and treating acute inflammatory skin conditions comprising miconazole nitrate and zinc oxide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to skin care compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to skin care compositions which can be applied topically to prevent or treat acute inflammatory skin conditions, especially in young children. One of the most prevalent inflammatory skin conditions to afflict infants and young children is "diaper rash". Diaper rash is an acute, superficial inflammatory dermatitis which is frequent during the diaper wearing period. It is characterized by maceration, chaffing and erythematous papules, and the skin is sensitive and painful to the touch. The sites of inflammation are normally the buttocks, groin, inner thighs and the folds of joints. In severe cases the inflammation is complicated by infection with one or more of the indigeneous saprophytic micro-organisms which are present in the diaper area notably bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or yeast such as Candida albicans. Over the years numerous methods of prevention and treatment of diaper rash have been advocated with varying degrees of success. Zinc oxide, purified talcs and corn starch have been suggested for use in various formulations to act as protectants and as absorbents of moisture and sweat. Various agents suggested to promote healing have included peruvian balsam, cod liver oil and vitamins A and D as well as various antibiotics, antifungal agents and quaternary ammonium chloride compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04911932__

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Therapeutic anti-fungal nail preparation Inventor(s): Reeves; Stanley Forrest (Demopolis, AL) Assignee(s): Astan, Inc. (Birmingham, AL) Patent Number: 6,159,977 Date filed: November 16, 1998 Abstract: A therapeutic solution and application procedure for curing Nail fungus infections or Onychomycosis comprising a combination of an anti-fungal agent with DMSO in a anhydrous solution of Polyglycol, and including a secondary antiinflammatory agent. The DMSO acts as a delivery vehicle so that active anti-fungal agents such as Miconazole in combination with an anti-inflammatory compound such as ibuprofen can be delivered directly to fungal infected areas under and around the nail. The DMSO, Miconazole, and ibuprofen are dissolved in a viscous solution of Polyglycol so that the combined ingredients may be applied directly to the affected nails with superior penetration. The therapeutic solution is formulated by dissolving the Miconazole into the Polyglycol over heat and adding the ibuprofen and DMSO over additional heat in a timed process. Repeated applications of the resulting solution on Onychomycosis infected nails over one 4-6 week period yields satisfactory result rates as high as 85-90% without augmenting the therapy with systemic drugs. Most versions of the therapeutic solution are anticipated to not require a prescription. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to therapeutic preparations using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a transport mechanism to deliver active agents to infected areas. In particular, the present invention relates to therapeutic preparations using DMSO to deliver anti-fungal agents to infected areas relatively inaccessible to conventional therapeutic compounds. Infections on the exterior of the human body are caused by a variety of micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and molds. Many micro-organisms living on or within the body are beneficial, but others multiply rapidly and may form infections if unchecked by crowding of other micro-organisms or controlling environmental factors. Some organisms such as microscopic plants or fungi can live on the skin and obtain nourishment from dead tissues such as hair, nails, and outer skin layers. When fungi growing on the body grows out of control, an infection can result with detrimental effects to living tissue. In addition, fungal infections are communicable and individuals who frequent public swimming pools, gyms, or shower rooms are susceptible to being infected with various types of fungal infections as other infected individuals visit these public areas. Onychomycosis is caused by a variety of micro-organisms such as dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. However, the majority of Onychomycosis cases are caused by Fungi such as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton tonsurans and Epidermophyton floccosum. Once these micro-organisms establish subcutaneous growth, eradication with current treatments is difficult and reoccurrences of the stubborn disease is costly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159977__

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Patent Applications on Miconazole As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to miconazole: •

Combination tanning and antifungal topical system for treating tinea versicolor Inventor(s): Hauan, Diana L.; (Clarksville, TN) Correspondence: Wheeler Law Offices, P.C.; 222 Washington Trust Building; Washington; PA; 15301; US Patent Application Number: 20020009422 Date filed: July 24, 2001 Abstract: A combination tanning and antifungal topical system for treating tinea versicolor that includes a body wash, a tanning lotion and anti-fungal topical and a body spray devised to treat tinea versicolor and promote even tanning. The present invention includes the active ingredients tolnaftate and miconazole nitrate. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/220,372 filed on Jul. 24, 2000. The present invention relates generally to tanning products. More specifically, the present invention relates to tanning products that treat tinea versicolor while working to enhance user's tan. Tinea versicolor is an infection of the skin. It generally occurs on the skin of the upper body around the shoulders and upper trunk with the fungus Malasezzia furfur. The fungus de-pigments the skin as it grows and the disease appears as little patches perhaps an eighth to a quarter of an inch in diameter on the affected upper body areas. A tan generally makes the depigmentation stand out more making the disease appear to be a disease of the summer months. It is not. Tinea versicolor can occur at any time of the year. It is prominent among tanning bed users. It is caused when fungal spores from the hair fall onto the upper body and germinate on the skin. Once treated, the light areas of the skin will gradually fill back in with normal skin pigment. Various methods and treatments are available to treat the disease, but they are often unpleasant in smell, or leave the skin feeling dry and rough. Accordingly, there is a need for a means by which those who suffer from tinea versicolor can be afforded a method to treat the skin disease in a manner that is quick, easy and effective without being detrimental to the user's skin. The present invention fulfills this need. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compound and method of treatment for fungal pathologies of the oral cavity Inventor(s): Lipton, James M.; (Woodland Hills, CA) Correspondence: Lyon & Lyon Llp; 633 West Fifth Street; Suite 4700; Los Angeles; CA; 90071; US Patent Application Number: 20020146374 Date filed: January 29, 2001

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: The broadest aspect of the invention is a composition and method of treatment of fungal pathologies of the oral cavity or fungal growth on the surface of dentures. A preferred embodiment of the is a pharmacologically effective amount of a peptide selected from the group of peptides with a C-terminal sequence consisting of KPV, HFRWGKPV, and SYSMEHFRWGKPV in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a fungicide selected from the group consisting of: itraconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and fluconazole. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for treating fungal pathologies of the of oral cavity and dentures by application of a pharmacologically effective amount of a peptide selected from the group of peptides with a C-terminal sequence consisting of KPV, HFRWGKPV, and SYSMEHFRWGKPV in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a fungicide selected from the group consisting of: itraconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and fluconazole. In yet another embodiment of the invention these peptides are used in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of gram positive and/or gram negative antibiotics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of pathologies of the oral cavity caused by fungi. One of the most common and stubborn infections of the mouth and throat is Candidiasis. Thrush or acute candidiasis is caused by extensive candidal invasion of the oral mucosal epithelium. Thrush presents as creamy, yellow tufts which can be readily wiped off with a swab to expose a red and inflamed area of epithelium. The cottony tufts are the result of extensive infiltration of candidal hyphae into the mucosal epithelium. Although thrush is most common in infants, it also occurs in adults that are immunocompromised, undergoing broad spectrum antibiotic treatment, undergoing corticosteroid treatment, diabetics and anemics. In adult patients, particularly immunosuppresed patients, thrush is treated with large amounts of azole compounds such as miconazole, itraconazole, econazole, ketoconazole or fluconazole. Among thrush patients not already undergoing broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, broadspectrum antibiotics are frequently prescribed in combination with fungicide therapy to avoid or treat any secondary bacterial infections. Infants are usually treated with fungicidal suspensions if the infection does not spontaneously clear. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with miconazole, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on miconazole. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning miconazole. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MICONAZOLE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to miconazole. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on miconazole include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Miconazole In order to find chapters that specifically relate to miconazole, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and miconazole using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on miconazole: •

Topical and Systemic Antifungal and Antiviral Agents Source: in Newman, M.G. and van Winkelhoff, A.J., eds. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2001. p. 6988. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $32.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153970. Summary: This chapter on topical and systemic antifungal and antiviral agents is from a textbook that integrates basic facts and principles of antibiotic therapy with recentlyemerged concepts of care. The author notes that the last decade has seen an increase in the number of agents available for the treatment of fungi and viruses, in part due to research in treatments for people with HIV. The chapter covers only drugs already released or soon to be released by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration).

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Antifungals discussed are polyenes, including amphotericin B and nystatin; azoles, including ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole nitrate, clotrimazole, and topical azoles; allylamines and benzylamines; and miscellaneous antifungal drugs, including flucytosine, griseofulvin, potassium iodide, and topical agents. Antiviral agents discussed are nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, including acyclovir, valacyclovir hydrochloride, penciclovir, famciclovir, cidofovir, vidarabine, trifluridine, and idoxuridine, and ribavirin; pyrophosphate analogue, notably foscarnet sodium; carbon ring amines, including amantadine and rimantadine; neuraminidase inhibitors, including zanamivir and oseltamivir; recombinant protein; antisense oligonucleotide (fomivirsen); and a monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). For each drug, the author reviews indications, distribution in the body, adverse effects, the spectrum of efficacy, and drug variations (form and use). The chapter concludes with a review of the treatment of common oral fungal and viral infections. Important principles, key facts, and clinical insights are highlighted and the chapter concludes with a list of references. 2 figures. 5 tables. 17 references. •

Oral Thrush Source: in World Health Organization (WHO) Global Programme on AIDS. Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HIV Infection in Adults. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1991. p. 4:1-4:10. Contact: Available from WHO Publications Center USA. 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210. Fax (518) 436-7433. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $11.70 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This chapter provides a patient care algorithm for managing patients with HIV-infection who have oral thrush. The chapter is from a set of guidelines, published by the World Health Organization, on the clinical management of HIV infection in adults. The guidelines address the wide variations in the presentation of HIV-related diseases, availability of resources, and health infrastructures in various countries around the world. The algorithm for oral thrush begins with instructions for diagnosis, the describes recommended treatment options, including treatment for chronic or recurrent thrush problems. The author notes that candidiasis may extend into the esophagus and cause difficulty (dysphagia) and pain (odynophagia) on swallowing. Hairy leukoplakia may mimic thrush. Therapies discussed include ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and amphotericin B. In the presence of oral candidiasis, gastroscopy is usually only performed after failure of adequate antifungal chemotherapy and in the presence of esophageal symptoms. A biopsy is important to confirm tissue invasion by Candida albicans or to identify other causes. 1 figure. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MICONAZOLE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover miconazole.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on miconazole is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to miconazole. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “miconazole” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for miconazole: •

FDA warns about warfarin, miconazole interaction Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 06, 2001

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “miconazole” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to miconazole, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “miconazole” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Miconazole Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to miconazole. In addition to

Periodicals and News

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these sources, you can search for articles covering miconazole that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for miconazole. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with miconazole. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to miconazole: Antifungals, Azole •

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: FemCare; Femizol-M; Femstat 3; Gyne-Lotrimin; GyneLotrimin Combination Pack; Gyne-Lotrimin3; Gyne-Lotrimin3 Combination Pack; Miconazole-7; Monistat 1; Monistat 3; Monistat 3 Combination Pack; Monistat 5 Tampon; Monistat 7; Monistat 7 Combination Pack; Mycelex Twin Pack; Mycelex-7; Mycelex-G; Terazol 3; Terazol 7; Vagistat-1 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202294.html

Miconazole •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Micatin; Monistat-Derm; Zeasorb-AF http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202371.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2442 4 325 23 23 2817

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “miconazole” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on miconazole can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to miconazole. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to miconazole. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “miconazole”:

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AIDS and Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aidsandinfections.html Athlete's Foot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/athletesfoot.html Candidiasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Pneumonia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pneumonia.html Vaginal Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vaginaldiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on miconazole. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

WHO Accepts Drug Donation on Behalf of African AIDS Patients Contact: World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unaids.org. Summary: This news release discusses the conclusion of an agreement between the World Health Organization (WHO) and Janssen Pharmaceutics of Belgium for a donation of approximately one-third of the drugs needed to treat two common and disabling illnesses in Persons with AIDS in Africa. The agreement involves two antifungal agents, miconazole and ketoconazole, which are used in the treatment of oral candidiasis and oesophageal candidiasis. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate

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in some way to miconazole. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to miconazole. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with miconazole. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about miconazole. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine.

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To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “miconazole” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “miconazole”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “miconazole” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “miconazole” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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MICONAZOLE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent

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chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH)

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group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]

Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotics, Antifungal: Antibiotics inhibiting the growth of or killing fungi and used in the treatment of various fungal diseases. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier

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for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]

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Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for burns and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of acne and poison ivy. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. [NIH] Benzylamines: Toluenes in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is substituted by an amino group. Permitted are any substituents on the benzene ring or the amino group. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH]

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Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomyces: A genus of onygenacetous mitosporic fungi whose perfect state is Ajellomyces. The species Blastomyces dermatitidis (perfect state Ajellomyces dermatitidis) causes blastomycosis. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH]

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Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

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Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH]

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Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cidofovir: A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clobetasol: Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than fluocinonide. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but

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now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU]

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Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Crowding: Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing

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form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]

Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dengue Virus: A species of the genus Flavivirus which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH]

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Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatomycoses: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. [NIH] Dermatomycosis: A superficial infection of the skin or its appendages by fungi. The term includes dermatophytosis and the various clinical forms of tinea, as well as deep fungous infections. Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Dermatophytosis: Any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during cryopreservation. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU]

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Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Econazole: A broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against gram-positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium,

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characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermomycosis: An infection caused by dermatophytes. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrasma: A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic. [NIH]

Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH]

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Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczemas. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy, or surgery of the interior of the stomach. [NIH]

Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia

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lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Griseofulvin: An antifungal antibiotic. Griseofulvin may be given by mouth in the treatment of tinea infections. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the

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prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater

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specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Idoxuridine: An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent, particularly in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU]

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Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intertrigo: A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH]

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Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]

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Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH]

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Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fluidity: The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercurochrome: Merbromine, introduced as mercurochrome, is a surgical disinfectant. [NIH]

Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two

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hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mycological: Relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]

Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel

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across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Odynophagia: A painful condition of the esophagus. [NIH] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]

Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the

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optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paracoccidioidomycosis: A mycosis affecting the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. It is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is also called paracoccidioidal granuloma. Superficial resemblance of P. brasiliensis to Blastomyces brasiliensis (blastomyces) may cause misdiagnosis. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other

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route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]

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Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phialophora: A mitosporic fungal genus. Phialophora verrucosa is a cause of chromomycosis (chromoblastomycosis). Ophiobolus is the teleomorph of Phialophora. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]

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Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes

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a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU]

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Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The

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outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Space: An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Ribavirin: 1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses. [NIH] Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH]

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Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sicca: Failure of lacrimal secretion, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, failure of secretion of the salivary glands and mucous glands of the upper respiratory tract and polyarthritis. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH]

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Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Sprayer: A device for converting a medicated liquid into a vapor for inhalation; an instrument for applying a spray which is a jet of fine medicated vapor used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH]

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Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfadiazine: A short-acting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]

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Systemic therapy: Treatment that uses substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytosis: Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. [EU] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for

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increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tolnaftate: A synthetic antifungal agent. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]

Dictionary 141

Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vidarabine: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the vaccinia virus and varicella zoster virus. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU]

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Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] Vulvovaginitis: Inflammation of the vulva and vagina, or of the vulvovaginal glands. [EU] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

143

INDEX A Abdominal, 103, 115, 130, 135 Abdominal Pain, 103, 130 Abortion, 103, 128 Abscess, 35, 36, 37, 103 Acne, 9, 19, 103, 107 Acne Vulgaris, 9, 19, 103 Acute leukemia, 18, 103 Acyclovir, 76, 103 Acyl, 103, 126 Adaptation, 5, 103, 127 Adjustment, 103 Adjuvant, 103, 119 Adrenal Cortex, 103, 113, 121, 128, 132 Adverse Effect, 4, 76, 103, 136 Aerosol, 103, 138 Affinity, 103, 104, 136 Agar, 104, 131 Ageing, 32, 104 Agonist, 42, 58, 104, 116 Agranulocytosis, 30, 104 Algorithms, 104, 108 Alimentary, 104, 129 Alkaline, 104, 105, 109 Alpha-helix, 104, 124 Alternative medicine, 78, 104 Amantadine, 76, 104 Amber, 104, 122 Amebiasis, 104, 126 Ameliorated, 67, 104 Ameliorating, 68, 104 Amino acid, 104, 105, 107, 115, 126, 129, 130, 131, 133, 136, 138, 140 Ammonia, 105, 138, 140 Ammonium Chloride, 70, 105 Amoxicillin, 27, 105 Ampicillin, 105 Anaesthesia, 105, 122 Analgesic, 105, 122 Analog, 103, 105, 118, 122 Analogous, 5, 105, 140 Androgens, 103, 105, 113 Anemia, 7, 38, 105 Anhydrous, 71, 105 Antagonism, 5, 11, 25, 105 Antiallergic, 105, 113 Antibacterial, 21, 105, 137

Antibiotic, 68, 73, 75, 105, 109, 119, 120, 127, 128, 130, 137, 139, 141 Antibiotics, Antifungal, 70, 105 Antibodies, 105, 125 Antibody, 76, 104, 105, 106, 112, 122, 123, 125, 127, 134 Anticoagulant, 29, 36, 106, 133 Antifungal Agents, 5, 57, 58, 59, 63, 66, 106 Antigen, 104, 105, 106, 112, 123, 125 Anti-infective, 5, 106, 111, 136 Anti-Infective Agents, 5, 106 Anti-inflammatory, 71, 106, 113, 120, 122 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 106, 113 Antimetabolite, 103, 106, 135 Antimycotic, 14, 21, 22, 44, 45, 52, 57, 60, 62, 106, 111, 116 Antineoplastic, 106, 113, 129, 141 Antiseptic, 67, 106, 142 Antiviral, 75, 103, 104, 106, 119, 122, 135, 141 Antiviral Agents, 75, 106 Anus, 106, 112, 134 Apolipoproteins, 106, 125 Apoptosis, 11, 106 Aqueous, 67, 106, 114, 125 Arachidonic Acid, 55, 107, 132 Archaea, 107, 126 Arginine, 107, 129, 133 Arteries, 107, 108, 113, 125, 126, 139 Artery, 58, 107, 108, 113 Aspergillosis, 107, 123 Astringent, 107, 142 Atmospheric Pressure, 107, 121, 122 Atopic, 43, 107 Atopic Eczema, 43, 107 Avulsion, 46, 107 B Bacteria, 70, 71, 103, 105, 106, 107, 118, 120, 126, 134, 136, 137, 139, 140 Bacterial Infections, 43, 68, 73, 107 Bacterial Physiology, 103, 107 Bacteriophage, 107, 131 Basophils, 104, 107, 120 Benzene, 107 Benzoyl Peroxide, 9, 19, 107 Benzylamines, 76, 107 Bilateral, 107, 135

144

Miconazole

Bile, 108, 125, 137 Biochemical, 29, 56, 57, 106, 108, 130, 136 Biopsy, 76, 108 Biosynthesis, 6, 23, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 107, 108, 111, 129 Biotechnology, 5, 7, 78, 87, 108 Biotransformation, 108 Bladder, 48, 108, 132, 140 Blastomyces, 108, 129 Blastomycosis, 11, 31, 34, 38, 40, 47, 108, 123 Blood Coagulation, 108, 109 Blood Platelets, 108, 136 Blood pressure, 108, 136 Blood vessel, 108, 110, 117, 118, 120, 121, 141 Body Fluids, 108, 116, 136 Bone Marrow, 103, 107, 108, 125 Bowel, 38, 109, 123, 130, 137 Bradykinin, 60, 109, 124 Broad-spectrum, 21, 44, 45, 68, 69, 73, 105, 109, 139 Buccal, 13, 14, 23, 32, 36, 109, 137 Burns, 37, 107, 109 C Calcium, 42, 59, 109, 112 Candidosis, 10, 11, 14, 18, 20, 26, 28, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 49, 109 Capillary, 109 Capillary Permeability, 109 Capsules, 20, 109, 119 Carbohydrate, 59, 109, 113, 120, 132 Carcinogen, 109, 126 Carcinogenesis, 109, 110 Carcinogenic, 107, 109, 132, 137 Carcinoma, 11, 109 Cardiac, 110, 117, 127, 137 Cardiovascular, 110, 118, 136 Cardiovascular System, 110, 118 Case report, 13, 17, 38, 45, 110 Catheter, 35, 110 Causal, 110, 136 Cell Cycle, 11, 110, 133 Cell Death, 106, 110, 127 Cell Division, 107, 110, 126, 131 Cell membrane, 66, 110, 111, 131 Cellobiose, 110 Cellulitis, 34, 110 Cellulose, 4, 52, 110, 119, 131 Central Nervous System, 107, 110, 129, 136 Centrifugation, 110, 126

Cerebral, 40, 110, 117, 118 Cerebral Cortex, 110, 118 Cerebrum, 110 Cheilitis, 39, 110 Chemopreventive, 60, 110 Chemotherapy, 5, 10, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 30, 38, 41, 43, 45, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 76, 111 Chlorhexidine, 3, 4, 41, 44, 67, 111 Chlorophyll, 111, 119 Cholesterol, 108, 111, 125, 126, 137 Cholesterol Esters, 111, 125 Chorioretinitis, 12, 111, 135 Choroid, 111, 134, 135, 141 Chromatin, 106, 111, 117, 128 Chronic, 7, 13, 24, 26, 28, 41, 67, 76, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 118, 123, 133, 138 Chronic Disease, 67, 111 Chylomicrons, 111, 125 Cidofovir, 76, 111 Clinical trial, 4, 9, 10, 11, 36, 87, 111, 116, 127, 134 Clobetasol, 4, 44, 111 Cloning, 108, 111 Clotrimazole, 5, 8, 10, 14, 19, 39, 41, 49, 58, 61, 76, 111 Coccidioidomycosis, 12, 13, 27, 28, 45, 46, 111 Collagen, 105, 111, 119, 121, 131 Collagen disease, 111, 121 Colloidal, 112, 138 Colon, 11, 112, 124 Complement, 112 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 63, 112 Complementary medicine, 55, 112 Complete response, 4, 112 Computational Biology, 87, 112 Conception, 103, 112, 113, 118 Concomitant, 4, 112 Cone, 11, 39, 113, 138 Conjugated, 113, 114, 120 Connective Tissue, 108, 110, 111, 113, 118, 119, 125, 135 Constipation, 113, 130 Constitutional, 113, 135 Contact dermatitis, 10, 15, 41, 113 Contraceptive, 16, 113 Contraindications, ii, 113 Cornea, 27, 113, 124, 142 Corneum, 6, 23, 113, 115, 117 Coronary, 113, 126

145

Coronary Thrombosis, 113, 126 Cortex, 113, 129 Corticosteroid, 4, 18, 68, 73, 111, 113 Cortisol, 4, 18, 113 Crowding, 71, 113 Crowns, 113, 115 Cryopreservation, 113, 115 Cryptococcosis, 7, 27, 40, 114 Curative, 114, 139 Cutaneous, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 30, 32, 40, 66, 108, 109, 113, 114, 124, 137, 141 Cytochrome, 5, 52, 60, 61, 62, 114 Cytokine, 42, 114 Cytomegalovirus, 114, 119 Cytomegalovirus Retinitis, 114, 119 Cytoplasm, 106, 107, 110, 114, 117, 128 Cytosine, 114, 118 D Decarboxylation, 114, 129, 133 Decubitus, 114, 136 Decubitus Ulcer, 114, 136 Degenerative, 114, 125 Deletion, 106, 114 Dengue Virus, 40, 114 Density, 110, 114, 125 Dental Abutments, 114, 115 Dentures, 68, 73, 115 Dermal, 115, 124 Dermatitis, 10, 15, 16, 17, 25, 39, 41, 44, 48, 67, 70, 115, 123 Dermatomycoses, 9, 18, 46, 115, 116 Dermatomycosis, 44, 115 Dermatophytosis, 32, 115 Detergents, 115, 136 Deuterium, 115, 121 Diagnostic procedure, 65, 78, 115 Diaper Rash, 70, 115 Diaphragm, 115, 135 Diffusion, 109, 115, 123 Digestion, 104, 108, 109, 115, 123, 125, 137 Dihydrotestosterone, 115, 134 Dilation, 109, 115 Dimethyl, 71, 115 Dimethyl Sulfoxide, 71, 115 Diploid, 115, 131 Direct, iii, 11, 81, 115, 116, 120, 134 Discrete, 115, 124, 142 Disinfectant, 111, 115, 126, 137 Disposition, 18, 52, 116 Dissection, 116, 125 Distal, 13, 116 Diuretic, 105, 116

Dopamine, 104, 116, 128, 131 Double-blind, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19, 25, 32, 36, 37, 44, 46, 116 Drug Interactions, 29, 82, 116 Drug Resistance, 5, 116 Drug Tolerance, 116, 139 Duct, 116, 135, 138 Dura mater, 116, 126, 129 Dysphagia, 76, 116 E Econazole, 8, 10, 14, 17, 42, 52, 60, 61, 66, 68, 73, 116 Edema, 113, 114, 116 Efficacy, 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 31, 32, 37, 42, 62, 76, 116 Elastic, 116, 138 Electrolyte, 113, 116, 126, 132, 136 Embryo, 103, 116, 122, 128 Enamel, 116, 124 Endocarditis, 109, 116 Endocrine Glands, 117 Endogenous, 6, 20, 43, 116, 117 Endophthalmitis, 27, 43, 117 Endothelial cell, 58, 117 Endothelium, 5, 117 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 117 Endothelium, Vascular, 117 Environmental Health, 86, 88, 117 Enzymatic, 105, 109, 112, 117 Enzyme, 111, 117, 120, 127, 132, 134, 138, 139, 142 Eosinophils, 104, 117, 120 Epidermal, 117, 124 Epidermis, 113, 117, 124, 133 Epidermomycosis, 115, 117 Epinephrine, 116, 117, 128, 140 Epithelial, 117 Epithelial Cells, 117 Epithelium, 59, 68, 73, 117, 142 Erythema, 113, 118, 123 Erythrasma, 8, 18, 46, 118 Erythrocytes, 105, 108, 118 Esophageal, 7, 24, 76, 118 Esophagus, 76, 118, 128, 137 Estrogen, 23, 118 Etomidate, 18, 118 Evoke, 42, 118 Exhaustion, 105, 118 Exogenous, 108, 117, 118 Expectorant, 105, 118 Extensor, 118, 133 Extracellular, 113, 118, 136

146

Miconazole

Extraction, 21, 118 Extrapyramidal, 104, 116, 118 Exudate, 35, 111, 118 F Family Planning, 87, 118 Fat, 107, 108, 113, 114, 118, 124, 135, 138 Febrile, 114, 118 Feces, 113, 115, 118, 137 Fetus, 103, 118, 125, 141 Fibrosis, 6, 118 Flexor, 118, 124 Fluconazole, 9, 14, 22, 39, 42, 68, 73, 76, 118 Flucytosine, 21, 22, 38, 76, 118 Fluocinonide, 4, 44, 111, 119 Fold, 5, 119, 123 Foscarnet, 76, 119 Friction, 119, 123 Fungemia, 34, 38, 119 Fungicide, 68, 73, 119 Fungicides, Industrial, 106, 119 Fungus, 67, 71, 72, 109, 111, 114, 119, 127 G Gas, 105, 115, 119, 121, 127, 138, 141 Gastric, 105, 119 Gastric Acid, 105, 119 Gastrointestinal, 109, 117, 119, 136, 138 Gastrointestinal tract, 119, 136 Gastroscopy, 76, 119 Gelatin, 20, 119, 138 Gels, 37, 119 Gene, 5, 13, 42, 60, 108, 119 Gene Expression, 42, 119 Genital, 119, 142 Genotype, 119, 131 Giardiasis, 119, 126 Gland, 103, 120, 125, 131, 132, 135, 138, 139 Glucocorticoid, 119, 120, 121 Glucose, 52, 110, 120, 121, 135 Glutathione Peroxidase, 120, 135 Glycoproteins, 120, 127 Glycosidic, 110, 120, 127, 128 Gonadal, 120, 137 Governing Board, 120, 132 Gram-negative, 120, 139 Gram-positive, 116, 120, 137 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 116, 120 Granulocyte, 24, 45, 120 Granuloma, 21, 120, 129 Griseofulvin, 22, 76, 120 Groin, 70, 120

H Haematological, 49, 120 Haematology, 120 Haematoma, 38, 120 Haploid, 120, 131 Heme, 114, 120 Hemoglobin, 105, 118, 120, 121 Hemolytic, 121, 122 Hemostasis, 121, 136 Heredity, 103, 119, 121 Herpes, 103, 121, 122, 141 Herpes virus, 121, 141 Heterotrophic, 119, 121 Histology, 121, 125 Hormonal, 113, 121 Hormone, 113, 117, 121, 132, 139 Hydrocortisone, 9, 11, 15, 32, 36, 39, 43, 121 Hydrogen, 60, 67, 107, 109, 115, 120, 121, 127, 129, 133 Hydrolysis, 108, 110, 121, 127 Hydrophobic, 115, 121, 125 Hygienic, 121, 136 Hyperbaric, 57, 121, 122 Hyperbaric oxygen, 57, 121, 122 Hyperlipidemia, 22, 26, 122 Hyperplasia, 122, 124 Hypnotic, 118, 122 Hypoxic, 122, 126 Hysterectomy, 35, 122 I Ibuprofen, 71, 122 Idiopathic, 67, 122 Idoxuridine, 76, 122 Imidazole, 15, 18, 42, 57, 58, 66, 67, 69, 111, 118, 122 Immune response, 103, 106, 113, 122, 138, 141 Immune system, 122, 125, 142 Immunocompromised, 5, 38, 68, 69, 73, 122 Immunodeficiency, 69, 122, 138 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 122, 138 Immunoglobulin, 105, 122, 127 Immunosuppressive, 14, 120, 122 Impetigo, 46, 122 Implantation, 112, 122, 128 In vitro, 6, 14, 15, 22, 23, 32, 36, 41, 45, 52, 56, 59, 60, 61, 66, 122 In vivo, 6, 23, 32, 36, 52, 59, 66, 122, 139 Incision, 122, 123 Induction, 5, 11, 13, 61, 105, 118, 122, 134

147

Infancy, 122 Infantile, 44, 122 Infarction, 113, 123, 126 Infiltration, 68, 73, 123, 142 Influenza, 104, 123, 135 Infusion, 29, 123 Inhalation, 37, 103, 111, 123, 132, 137 Intermittent, 37, 123, 130 Intertrigo, 36, 123 Intestine, 109, 119, 121, 123, 124, 137 Intoxication, 35, 123 Intracellular, 123, 132, 134, 135 Intramuscular, 123, 130 Intraocular, 117, 123 Intrathecal, 13, 24, 45, 123 Intravenous, 13, 20, 24, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 45, 119, 123, 130 Intrinsic, 5, 104, 123 Invasive, 34, 123 Ions, 116, 121, 123 Itraconazole, 6, 10, 14, 22, 25, 33, 42, 68, 73, 76, 123 K Kallidin, 109, 124 Kb, 86, 124 Keratin, 66, 124, 135 Keratitis, 33, 42, 122, 124 Keratoconjunctivitis, 124, 136 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, 124, 136 Keratolytic, 66, 67, 124 Kinetic, 124 L Lacrimal, 124, 136 Lactation, 124, 128 Large Intestine, 123, 124, 134 Leishmaniasis, 10, 30, 124 Lesion, 108, 120, 124, 139, 140 Leukemia, 124 Leukoplakia, 76, 124 Lichen Planus, 3, 44, 124 Life cycle, 119, 124 Linkages, 121, 124, 127 Lipid, 58, 106, 109, 124, 125, 126 Lipoprotein, 48, 120, 125 Liquor, 125, 133 Liver, 58, 62, 70, 103, 107, 108, 114, 118, 125, 140 Localized, 103, 115, 120, 123, 124, 125, 129, 131, 140 Locomotion, 125, 131 Low-density lipoprotein, 125 Lymph, 117, 125, 129

Lymph node, 125, 129 Lymphadenectomy, 35, 125 Lymphatic, 117, 123, 125 Lymphocyte, 23, 106, 125 Lymphoid, 42, 105, 125 M Maceration, 70, 123, 125 Mannans, 119, 125 Mediator, 6, 20, 125, 136 Medicament, 66, 125, 138 MEDLINE, 87, 125 Melanin, 125, 131, 140 Membrane, 26, 42, 58, 59, 110, 111, 112, 120, 126, 127, 131, 134, 142 Membrane Fluidity, 26, 126 Meninges, 110, 116, 126 Meningitis, 16, 29, 40, 45, 46, 57, 118, 123, 126 Menopause, 126, 128 Mental, iv, 4, 86, 88, 110, 116, 126 Mercurochrome, 62, 126 Metabolite, 108, 115, 126 Methionine, 115, 126 Metronidazole, 19, 33, 126 MI, 101, 126 Microbe, 126, 140 Microbiology, 4, 11, 13, 45, 52, 59, 60, 103, 126 Microorganism, 126, 142 Micro-organism, 39, 70, 71 Micro-organism, 126 Micro-organism, 136 Microsomal, 60, 61, 126 Microtubules, 126, 129 Mineralocorticoids, 103, 113, 126 Mitosis, 106, 126 Molecular, 87, 89, 104, 108, 112, 124, 126, 134, 140 Molecule, 106, 109, 112, 120, 121, 126, 129, 134 Monoclonal, 76, 127, 134 Morphological, 7, 104, 116, 119, 127 Morphology, 107, 120, 127 Motility, 127, 136 Mucins, 120, 127, 135 Mucocutaneous, 13, 28, 41, 124, 127 Mucosa, 123, 127, 137 Multicenter study, 28, 47, 127 Multidrug resistance, 5, 13, 60, 127 Mutagen, 127 Mycological, 48, 62, 127 Mycosis, 14, 66, 127, 128, 129

148

Miconazole

Mycotic, 24, 26, 66, 127 Myocardium, 126, 127 N Nebramycin, 127, 139 Necrosis, 106, 114, 117, 123, 126, 127 Neonatal, 32, 33, 37, 127 Neoplastic, 121, 127 Nerve, 125, 127, 128, 139, 140, 142 Nervous System, 110, 125, 127, 138 Neuraminidase, 76, 127 Neuroretinitis, 127, 135 Neurosurgery, 35, 38, 57, 127 Neurotransmitter, 105, 109, 116, 127, 138 Neutropenia, 36, 119, 128 Neutrophils, 104, 120, 128 Nitrates, 66, 128 Nitric acid, 128 Nuclear, 127, 128, 134 Nucleic acid, 114, 128, 135, 137 Nucleus, 106, 107, 111, 114, 115, 117, 128, 133 Nystatin, 8, 37, 38, 47, 76, 128 O Obstetrics, 8, 10, 18, 19, 28, 33, 38, 42, 49, 62, 125, 128 Odynophagia, 76, 128 Oestrogen, 45, 128 Ointments, 128, 136, 142 Oligosaccharides, 127, 128 Onychomycosis, 25, 43, 46, 47, 71, 128 Optic Nerve, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135 Orbit, 129 Orbital, 35, 129 Ornithine, 60, 129, 133 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 60, 129 Osteomyelitis, 12, 129 Osteoporosis, 128, 129 Otitis, 47, 129 Ovary, 128, 129 Overdosage, 45, 129 Overdose, 16, 129 Oxidation, 108, 114, 120, 129 P Pachymeningitis, 35, 126, 129 Paclitaxel, 58, 129 Palate, 129, 137 Palliative, 128, 129, 139 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 27, 34, 38, 47, 129 Parenteral, 35, 129 Patch, 124, 130 Pathologic, 106, 108, 109, 113, 130, 133 Pathologic Processes, 106, 130

Pathologies, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 130 Patient Compliance, 70, 130 Patient Education, 92, 96, 98, 101, 130 Pelvic, 35, 130, 133, 135 Pelvis, 130, 135, 141 Penicillin, 105, 130 Peptide, 68, 73, 105, 124, 130, 133 Peripheral blood, 130, 139 Peritoneal, 21, 130 Peritoneal Cavity, 130 Peritoneal Dialysis, 21, 130 Peritoneum, 130, 135 Peritonitis, 21, 130 Peroxide, 19, 60, 107, 120, 130 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 110, 119, 130 Pharmacodynamics, 6, 23, 130 Pharmacokinetic, 130 Pharmacologic, 130, 140 Phenotypes, 58, 131 Phenylalanine, 131, 140 Phialophora, 40, 131 Phorbol, 60, 131 Phospholipids, 118, 125, 126, 131 Phosphorus, 109, 131 Phosphorylation, 42, 131 Physiologic, 104, 108, 131, 134 Pigment, 72, 131 Pigmentation, 72, 131 Pilot study, 48, 131 Pituitary Gland, 113, 131 Pityriasis, 30, 131 Plants, 56, 71, 120, 127, 131, 135, 137, 140 Plaque, 19, 111, 131 Plasma, 4, 21, 59, 105, 110, 111, 117, 119, 121, 126, 131 Platelet Aggregation, 29, 131, 139 Platelets, 42, 131, 139 Pleated, 124, 131 Pneumonia, 92, 113, 131 Poisoning, 123, 132, 136 Polyarthritis, 124, 132, 136 Polymerase, 106, 132 Polysaccharide, 106, 110, 132 Posterior, 111, 129, 132, 135 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 104, 132 Postoperative, 119, 132 Potassium, 76, 126, 132, 136 Potentiates, 29, 132 Practice Guidelines, 88, 132 Precancerous, 110, 132 Precursor, 107, 116, 117, 131, 132, 137, 140

149

Progesterone, 132, 137 Progressive, 116, 127, 132 Promoter, 13, 132 Prophylaxis, 4, 34, 106, 132, 135 Prospective study, 38, 132 Prostaglandins, 107, 132 Prostate, 128, 132 Protein C, 106, 107, 124, 125, 133, 140 Protein S, 106, 108, 133 Proteins, 105, 106, 110, 111, 112, 117, 124, 127, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136 Protons, 121, 133, 134 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 129, 133 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 129, 133 Protozoa, 124, 126, 133, 137 Pruritic, 124, 133, 139 Psoriasis, 19, 55, 111, 133 Public Policy, 87, 133 Publishing, 6, 75, 133 Pulmonary, 20, 31, 37, 108, 133, 138, 141 Purulent, 117, 133, 141 Pustular, 103, 122, 133 Putrescine, 129, 133, 137 Pyogenic, 10, 129, 133, 136 Pyridoxal, 129, 134 Q Quaternary, 66, 70, 134 R Race, 25, 134 Racemic, 25, 134 Radiation, 122, 126, 134 Radiation therapy, 122, 134 Radioactive, 121, 122, 128, 134 Radioactivity, 18, 134 Randomized, 10, 27, 36, 37, 47, 116, 134 Reactive Oxygen Species, 6, 20, 134 Receptor, 58, 103, 106, 113, 116, 134, 136 Receptors, Serotonin, 134, 136 Recombinant, 76, 134 Rectal, 37, 134 Rectum, 106, 112, 119, 124, 133, 134, 138 Reductase, 60, 134 Refer, 1, 109, 112, 119, 121, 125, 134, 140 Refraction, 134, 137 Regimen, 21, 70, 116, 130, 134 Retina, 111, 114, 127, 128, 134, 135, 142 Retinitis, 21, 114, 135 Retroperitoneal, 35, 38, 135 Retroperitoneal Space, 35, 135 Rheumatism, 122, 135 Ribavirin, 76, 135 Rimantadine, 76, 135

Risk factor, 132, 135 S Salicylic, 68, 135 Saliva, 17, 135 Salivary, 14, 114, 135, 136 Salivary glands, 114, 135, 136 Saponins, 135, 137 Scleroproteins, 124, 135 Screening, 111, 135 Sebaceous, 135 Sebaceous gland, 135 Sebum, 67, 103, 135 Secretion, 18, 103, 113, 124, 126, 127, 135, 136 Selenium, 9, 67, 68, 135 Semisynthetic, 105, 136 Sepsis, 30, 36, 119, 136 Septicaemia, 15, 26, 136 Septicemia, 12, 136 Serotonin, 52, 61, 128, 134, 136, 140 Serotypes, 114, 136 Serous, 117, 136 Serum, 35, 43, 48, 105, 112, 125, 126, 130, 136 Sex Characteristics, 105, 128, 136, 139 Shock, 5, 60, 121, 136 Sicca, 67, 136 Side effect, 81, 103, 136, 140 Skin Care, 70, 136 Soaps, 136 Sodium, 76, 126, 136, 138 Solvent, 67, 69, 107, 115, 137 Specialist, 52, 93, 115, 137 Species, 5, 60, 104, 108, 114, 117, 124, 126, 127, 128, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 Spectrum, 5, 66, 67, 68, 73, 76, 111, 116, 124, 137, 141 Spermidine, 129, 137 Spinal cord, 110, 111, 116, 123, 126, 127, 129, 137, 138 Spores, 72, 111, 137 Sporotrichosis, 37, 38, 137 Sprayer, 67, 137 Staphylococcus, 70, 122, 137 Staphylococcus aureus, 70, 122, 137 Steroid, 60, 113, 128, 135, 137 Stomach, 103, 118, 119, 121, 130, 137 Stomatitis, 9, 29, 42, 45, 137 Stool, 112, 124, 137 Streptococci, 122, 137 Stress, 5, 113, 138 Subacute, 123, 138

150

Miconazole

Subclinical, 123, 138 Subcutaneous, 40, 71, 110, 116, 130, 137, 138 Subspecies, 137, 138, 141 Substance P, 126, 135, 138 Substrate, 127, 138 Sulfadiazine, 5, 138 Supplementation, 52, 59, 138 Suppositories, 36, 70, 119, 138 Suppression, 4, 52, 111, 113, 138 Suppurative, 110, 117, 138 Surfactant, 52, 138 Suspensions, 68, 73, 138 Sweat, 70, 138 Sweat Glands, 138 Sympathetic Nervous System, 127, 138 Symptomatic, 41, 104, 138 Symptomatic treatment, 104, 138 Systemic therapy, 13, 139 T Tea Tree Oil, 56, 139 Testis, 128, 139 Testosterone, 134, 139 Therapeutics, 18, 19, 25, 29, 34, 82, 139 Thermal, 9, 139 Thigh, 120, 139 Thrombin, 131, 133, 139 Thrombocytes, 131, 139 Thrombocytosis, 7, 38, 139 Thromboxanes, 107, 139 Thrombus, 113, 123, 131, 139 Thrush, 27, 34, 37, 68, 69, 73, 76, 109, 139 Thyroid, 139, 140 Tinea Pedis, 8, 19, 20, 40, 46, 115, 139 Tinnitus, 129, 139 Tobramycin, 31, 139 Tolerance, 19, 139 Tolnaftate, 72, 140 Tooth Preparation, 103, 140 Toxic, iv, 107, 128, 133, 135, 140 Toxicity, 12, 17, 27, 45, 116, 140 Toxicokinetics, 140 Toxicology, 11, 56, 58, 88, 140 Toxin, 139, 140 Transfection, 108, 140 Transmitter, 116, 125, 140 Transplantation, 17, 30, 140 Trichomoniasis, 126, 140

Tryptophan, 111, 136, 140 Tuberculosis, 135, 140 Tyrosine, 42, 116, 140 U Ulcer, 110, 114, 140 Urea, 129, 138, 140 Ureters, 140 Urethra, 132, 140 Urinary, 42, 140 Urinary tract, 42, 140 Urine, 108, 115, 116, 140 Uterus, 103, 122, 125, 132, 141 Uvea, 117, 141 V Vaccinia, 141 Vaccinia Virus, 141 Vagina, 41, 43, 109, 141, 142 Vaginitis, 12, 45, 109, 141 Varicella, 141 Vascular, 111, 117, 123, 139, 141 Vasodilatation, 5, 124, 141 Vasodilator, 109, 116, 141 Vein, 58, 123, 128, 141 Venous, 35, 133, 141 Ventilation, 118, 141 Vertigo, 129, 141 Vesicular, 107, 126, 141 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 141 Vidarabine, 76, 141 Viral, 76, 106, 122, 123, 141 Virulence, 140, 141 Virus, 69, 106, 107, 131, 141, 142 Virus Diseases, 106, 141 Visceral, 124, 130, 141 Vitreous, 111, 134, 142 Vitreous Body, 111, 134, 142 Vitro, 24, 142 Vivo, 142 Vulva, 69, 142 Vulvovaginitis, 33, 142 W White blood cell, 105, 120, 125, 128, 142 Y Yeasts, 24, 71, 109, 119, 142 Z Zinc Oxide, 70, 142 Zoster, 121, 141, 142

151

152

Miconazole

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