Memory - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MEMORY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Memory: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-11071-7 1. Memory-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on memory. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MEMORY ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Memory....................................................................................... 18 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 75 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .............................................................................. 100 Academic Periodicals covering Memory .................................................................................... 145 Dissertations on Memory........................................................................................................... 145 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MEMORY ................................................................. 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 151 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 152 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 152 General References ..................................................................................................................... 162 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON MEMORY ................................................................................................. 163 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 163 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 163 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 171 Chapters on Memory.................................................................................................................. 171 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 178 CHAPTER 4. MULTIMEDIA ON MEMORY....................................................................................... 181 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 181 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 181 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 185 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 189 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 189 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 189 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 190 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 195 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 195 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 195 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 197 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 199 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 201 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 201 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 201 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 214 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 215 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 217 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 219 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 219 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 219 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 219 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 219 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 225 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 226 MEMORY DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 227

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 285

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with memory is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about memory, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to memory, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on memory. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to memory, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on memory. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MEMORY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on memory.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and memory, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “memory” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Association Between Memory Complaints and Incident Alzheimer's Disease in Elderly People With Normal Baseline Cognition Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 156(4): 531-537. April 1999. Summary: The authors of this journal article hypothesized that memory complaints in older people without cognitive decline also may predict the eventual onset of dementia before mental status examinations can detect change in cognitive function. In a community-based study of 3,778 people without dementia in Amsterdam, researchers found that memory complaints were associated with the eventual onset of Alzheimer's disease in people with normal cognition at baseline. The same was not true of those whose cognitive abilities were already impaired at baseline. This research suggests that older people may be aware of a decline in cognition at a time when mental status tests are unable to detect it. 34 references, 1 appendix (AA-M).

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Memory Complaints in the Able Elderly Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 19(2): 3-24. 1998. Summary: This article addresses the influence of depression, physical health, education level, and levels of ability on memory complaints among 130 older adults. Researchers investigated the impact of memory complaints, mood, and memory training. Many older adults complain of memory decline, but most studies show that memory complaints are not related to memory performance. In this study, depression and physical health accounted for significant proportions of the variance in memory complaints. The level of education did not relate to memory complaints. A relationship between memory complaints and objective memory performance was demonstrated when premorbid ability was taken into account. Difference scores accounted for more than 5 percent of the variance in the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, which detects impairment in memory functioning by providing analogues to everyday memory situations. Researchers determined that treatment significantly reduced memory complaints. 48 references.

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Spaced Retrieval vs. Memory Tape Therapy in Memory Rehabilitation for Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 24(1-2): 123-139. 2001. Summary: This article compares two memory rehabilitation techniques, spaced retrieval and memory tape training, for people with dementia. Six nursing home residents with mild to moderate dementia were paired on the basis of age, gender, education, and dementia severity. Pair members were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: memory tape (n=3) and spaced retrieval (n=3). Each participant received a total of 12 treatment sessions, held 4 times per week for 30 minutes each. Memory performance was assessed at baseline, the end of the treatment period, a 1-week follow-up, and a second follow-up one day later with a different examiner. Two participants in the memory tape group and all three in the spaced retrieval group completed the study. Results showed that both treatment techniques were effective forms of memory rehabilitation for these patients with dementia. Participants recalled most target items at follow-up, even when working with a different examiner. 5 figures, 1 table, 26 references.

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Ginkgo for Memory Enhancement: A Randomized Controlled Trial Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 288(7): 835- 840. August 21, 2002. Summary: This article describes a randomized, controlled trial of ginkgo for memory enhancement in healthy elderly people. A sample of 230 community-dwelling volunteers (98 men, 132 women) aged 60 years and older were enrolled in the 6-week trial. All participants were free of cognitive impairment as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination. Individuals received ginkgo at a dose of 40 mg, 3 times per day (n=115) or placebo (n=115). The main outcome measures were standardized neuropsychological tests of verbal and nonverbal learning and memory, attention and concentration, and naming and expressive language; a self-report memory questionnaire; and a caregiver clinical global impression of change as reported by a companion. Analyses were conducted for both the intent-to-treat population (all 219 participants who returned for evaluation) and the fully compliant population (n= 203). In both analyses, no significant differences between treatment groups were found on any outcome measure. The results suggest that ginkgo may provide no measurable

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benefit in memory or cognitive function to elderly adults without cognitive impairment. 2 figures, 3 tables, 26 references. •

Implicit and Explicit Memory in Alzheimer's Disease, Fronto-Temporal Dementia and Dementia With Lewy Bodies Source: Alzheimer's Reports. 1: 61-64. 1998. Summary: This article describes a study in Lille, France that compared explicit and implicit visual memory performance in Alzheimer's disease (AD), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Researchers assessed explicit and implicit memory in 11 AD subjects, 13 with DLB, 11 with FTD, and 11 controls using a visual priming task adapted from the fragmented picture test. The patient groups were comparable in age, sex, level of education, and severity of dementia. Data showed that early stage DLB patients recognized explicitly fewer figures and made more source errors than controls; while early-stage AD and FTD patients did not differ from controls. DLB and AD patients showed decreased visual priming compared to controls; whereas FTD patients had a better visual priming than AD patients. The authors conclude that the results demonstrated impaired visual memory in DLB patients and more severe impairment of visual priming in AD than in DLB and FTD. This confirms the idea that implicit memory may be more impaired in temporal parietal lobe damage than in frontal lobe damage. 2 figures, 1 table, 13 references (AA-M).

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Increasing Memory Self-Efficacy and Strategy Use in Hispanic Elders Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 19(2): 57-76. 1998. Summary: This article describes a study that tested the effects of a 4 week, 9 session group intervention for Hispanic older adults called "Quieres Mejorar Tu Memoria" (Do you want to improve your memory?). This intervention is the Spanish version of the author's Cognitive Behavioral Model of Everyday Memory, which was designed to improve or maintain memory, confidence, and strategy use in older adults. The 35 Puerto Rican participants ranged in age from 55 to 87 and scored equal to or less than 17 on the Mini-Mental State Exam, which includes those with mild cognitive impairment. Researchers administered a booster session and post-test after 3 months months to the 22-person intervention group. The post-test showed that the intervention group reported greater confidence in preventing decline in their memories and greater use of the internal strategy of elaboration and the external strategies of list making and note taking. 5 tables, 51 references.

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Memory Enhancement Program Source: Alzheimer's Care Quarterly. 2(4): 47-55. Fall 2001. Summary: This article describes the Memory Enhancement Program (MEP), a program designed to support residents who have early Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment but who do not need to live in a special care unit. The MEP concept is adaptable to a variety of settings including residential independent living communities, nursing homes, and assisted living facilities. Residents follow a structured daily schedule that includes normal household tasks, social interaction with other participants, and reality-based activities. In addition, staff members help minimize the effects of memory loss with memory classes, physical exercise, nutritious meals, and stress-reducing memory cues. The MEP has been implemented in two assisted living communities, one in New Jersey and one in Massachusetts. This article describes the

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MEP, its components, and its positive effects on participants in the two pilot sites. 3 figures, 3 references. •

Memory Loss -- When Is It Alzheimer's Disease? Source: JAMA. 279(21): 1689-1690. June 3, 1998. Summary: This article discusses differentiating normal age-related memory changes from the impairments associated with dementias, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors discuss age-related memory change, and issues related to diagnosis such as clinical history, neurologic examination, neuroimaging, and psychiatric examination. The authors point out that early identification of AD plays an important role in providing optimal care and planning for the future. 13 references (AA-M).

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Common Causes of Memory Loss in Older Adults Source: Northbrook, IL: Extended Care Information Network. 2000. 4 p. Contact: Available from Extended Care Information Network, 2100 Sanders Road, Suite 120. Northbrook, IL. 60062. (888) 353-3726. Fax: (888) 446-2022. Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.extendedcare.com/library/memory01.asp. Free online access. Summary: This article discusses the common causes of memory loss in older adults. It focuses on memory problems that are caused by age-related changes or environmental factors rather than a degenerative disorder such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). It explains how aging can affect memory and mental activities that use memory and outlines some of the things that can lead to memory problems, including medical conditions, medications, and stress. It also discusses the differences between normal, age-related memory loss and memory problems that are signs of a more serious medical condition such as AD, and explains when someone should see a physician about memory problems.

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Creative Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease: Familiar Activities, Videos Can Help Patients Cope With Memory Loss Source: Geriatrics. 57(3): 62, 65-66. March 2002. Summary: This article discusses the value of creative interventions for patients with Alzheimer's disease, with a focus on the benefits of video biographies. The first part explains the importance of implementing interventions that target the patient's preserved skills and strengths and provide the patient with satisfaction and pleasure. The second part describes a video intervention called Therapeutic/Restorative Biographies. The biographies are created using videotaped snapshots of old photographs that are explained and narrated by family members. These video biographies can spark the patient's memory, provide enjoyment, and help staff learn more about the patients in their care. The article includes a handout that can be copied and given to family members who are interested in creating a video biography. It also has a list of interventions that can be tailored to the patient's skill level. 1 table, 3 references.

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Assessing the Effectiveness of a Memory Club for Elderly Persons Suffering from Mild Cognitive Deterioration Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 22(1): 3-14. 2000.

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Summary: This article examines the effectiveness of a memory club for older people with mild cognitive impairment in Jerusalem, Israel. Both Hebrew and English speaking people attended the club. The cognitive and memory functioning of 31 club members, mean age of 79.6 years, were assessed every 4 months over 1 year. The majority of these participants (61.3 percent) had a diagnosis of dementia. Data were analyzed using an intra-individual, repeated measures design. At the end of the year, 19 of the 31 participants were still attending the memory club. The reasons for stopping were health status (n=4), cognitive deterioration (n=3), transportation problems (n=3), dissatisfaction (n=1), and death (n=1). Analysis of changes over time showed a significant decline in participants' overall cognitive functioning, but memory function was improved or at least maintained. The effect was especially pronounced in the verbal fluency test assessing semantic memory. However, due to the nature of the club, it is not possible to separate the effects of the social aspects from the memory training aspects. 1 figure, 1 table, 25 references. •

Reflections of an Early Stage Memory Loss Support Group for Persons With Alzheimer's and Their Family Members Source: Alzheimer's Care Quarterly. 4(3): 185-188. July-September 2003. Summary: This article examines the psychosocial needs of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their family members. Participants in an Early Stage Memory Loss Support Group were asked to reflect on how researchers and service providers should direct their efforts to meet the psychological and social needs of AD patients and families. Two main themes emerged in the discussions. The first was a feeling of marginalization. Participants reported being seen as an 'AD patient' or a 'caregiver,' and not a whole person. Patients are treated as less able to participate in life, and are often ignored, demeaned, or minimized. They are marginalized in the doctor's office, by a loss of independence, and by the media. Similarly, family members reported being treated as if their caregiving role defines them. They want to be seen as a whole person with other roles and needs of their own. The second theme is a need for a sense of belonging. Participants expressed a desire to be involved with people who are having similar experiences, and to be part of an advocacy group to receive the latest information about research and to feel more in control. The authors suggest that these two themes can guide research and service development efforts for people with AD and their families.

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Exploration of Memory Span Performance in Alzheimer's Disease Source: Research and Practice in Alzheimer's Disease. 249-262. 1998. Summary: This article examines verbal and visuospatial memory span performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in normal elderly subjects. Researchers found that AD patients showed a reduced verbal short-term memory but normally were sensitive to work length and phonological complexity. These results confirm that the articulatory rehearsal mechanism functions normally in AD patients and indicate that the capacity of the phonological store may be reduced. A poor visuospatial span performance was found in AD patients. Patients with AD, contrary to control subjects, did not obtain better results in the simultaneous visuospatial span task than in the sequential one. The significant correlations observed suggest that the visuospatial shortterm memory deficit of AD patients may by caused by an impairment affecting basic visuospatial encoding abilities. 2 tables, 45 references.

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Improving Visual Memory With Aricept (Donepezil Hydrochloride, E2020) in Mildto-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 24(1-2): 55-73. 2001. Summary: This article reports an improvement of visual memory with donepezil (Aricept) treatment in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sixteen patients completed tests of cognitive and neuropsychological function at baseline and about 16 weeks later, after treatment with donepezil. The initial dose was 5 mg (mean of 84.9 days at 5 mg), followed by 10 mg when tolerated (mean of 24.9 days). All patients significantly improved their scores on tests measuring visual memory, visuospatial skills, and auditory verbal memory after treatment with donepezil. There were no significant changes on measures of depression and anxiety, suggesting that the enhanced memory functioning could not be attributed to a general improvement in mood. The findings are consistent with those of previous studies that found an overall increase in cognitive functioning with donepezil. However, they are unique in showing specific improvement in visual memory and visuospatial skills and auditory verbal memory. 3 figures, 7 tables, 53 references.

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Effect of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Global Cognition Function in Postmenopausal Women. The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 289(20): 2663-2672. May 28, 2003. Summary: This article reports the effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women, using data from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). The WHIMS is a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial involving postmenopausal, community-dwelling women aged 65 years or older. Of 4,894 eligible women who were free of probable dementia at baseline, 4,532 (92.6 percent) were enrolled in the estrogen plus progestin component of the trial. A total of 4,381 participants (96.7 percent) provided at least 1 valid cognitive function score between June 1995 and July 2002. Participants received one tablet daily containing either 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen with 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (n=2,145) or placebo (2,236). Global cognitive function measured with the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination increased slightly over time in both groups. Women taking estrogen plus progestin had smaller average increases than those taking placebo, but the differences were not clinically important. However, more women in the estrogen plus progestin group had a clinically meaningful cognitive decline compared with the placebo group. Results do not support the use of estrogen plus progestin to protect cognition in older women. 4 figures, 4 tables, 58 references.

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Utility of a Modified Object Memory Test in Distinguishing Between Different Age Groups of Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Normal Controls Source: Journal of Mental Health and Aging. 7(3): 317-324. 2001. Summary: This article reports the utility of a modified object memory test for distinguishing between individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls in different age groups. A three-trial version of the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (OME) was administered to 268 AD patients and 144 elderly controls divided into 3 age groups. An OME total retrieval cut-off score of 19 of 30 possible points resulted in correct classification of AD patients more than 92.5 percent of the time in two age groups, those aged 68 years or less and those aged 69 to 78 years. The older group of AD

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patients (79 to 90 years) could be classified with greater sensitivity and only a modest loss of specificity when the total retrieval cut-off score for impairment was lowered to 18. Increasing age was only mildly correlated with OME scores for both AD and control groups. There was no significant correlation between OME score and level of educational attainment. The authors conclude that the modified OME may be useful as an age and educationally fair memory test for older adults with cognitive impairment. 3 tables, 20 references. •

Deterioration of Semantic Memory in Alzheimer's Disease Source: Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 53(1): 108-116. 1999. Summary: This article reviews recent studies in California examining the semantic memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These studies have found that patients with AD are more impaired than people without dementia in generating exemplars from a particular semantic category (e.g., animals) as opposed to words beginning with a particular letter. In addition, they exhibit an altered temporal dynamic during the production of category exemplars and are impaired on confrontation naming tasks, making predominantly superordinate or semantically related errors. In addition, AD patients frequently misidentify the same objects across a variety of semantic tasks and have alterations in multidimensional scaling models of their semantic network, indicating a loss of concepts and associations. In the authors' opinion, these findings suggest that AD results in a breakdown in the organization and structure of semantic knowledge as neurodegeneration spreads to the association cortices presumed to store semantic representations. 3 figures, 56 references.

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Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy and Memory Dysfunction as Predictors for Dementia in Subjects With Mild Cognitive Impairment Source: Journal of Neurology. 246: 477-485. 1999. Summary: This journal article compares atrophy of the medial temporal lobe and memory dysfunction as predictors for dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Participants were recruited from an ongoing study of mental functioning in noninstitutionalized older adults, aged 65 to 85 years, living in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A sample of 7 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 20 who met criteria for minimal dementia, and 18 healthy participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the medial temporal lobe at baseline. The volume of the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus was measured, and medial temporal lobe atrophy was estimated visually. Memory functioning was assessed annually over 3 years of follow up. Nine participants with minimal dementia at baseline developed AD during follow up. Although the memory score was the best predictor of clinical outcome, all medial temporal lobe measures improved the accuracy of prediction over memory alone by reducing the number of false negative classifications. Severe medial temporal lobe atrophy was present in some participants with mild cognitive impairment, but the absence of such atrophy did not exclude progression to dementia. 3 figures, 3 tables, 38 references.

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Memory Impairment on Free and Cued Selective Reminding Predicts Dementia Source: Neurology. 54: 827-832. February 2000. Summary: This journal article compares the relative rates of dementia in individuals initially free of dementia who did or did not exhibit memory impairment defined by baseline free recall on the Free and Cued Selective Reminding (FCSR) test. A sample of 264 elderly participants from the Einstein Aging Study were followed with clinical and

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psychometric examinations every 12 to 18 months for up to 10 years. Thirty-two incident cases of dementia developed during follow-up. Survival analyses indicated that dementia developed at higher rates in participants with impaired free recall at baseline than in those with intact free recall, after adjusting for age, gender, and education. The authors conclude that poor performance on FCSR free recall predicts future dementia. These findings support the existence of a preclinical phase of dementia characterized by memory impairment. 1 figure, 4 tables, 46 references. (AA-M). •

Memory Complaints in Young and Elderly Subjects Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 14: 291-301. 1999. Summary: This journal article describes a French study that compared memory complaints in cognitively normal people under and over age 50. The study retrospectively reviewed the files of consecutive patients who attended a memory clinic in Paris over a 1-year period. Researchers included them if they had memory complaints, but normal general cognitive functioning according to age and educational level, and had no history of neurologic or psychiatric disorders. Participants had provided demographic, medical, social, and psychiatric history data; specified their subjective memory disturbances; rated the severity of memory complaints as major or minor; and completed a questionnaire assessing various memory difficulties in everyday life. Researchers compared the relationship between severity of memory complaints and demographics, memory performance, and affective status. Semiologic aspects and correlates of memory complaints were similar in both groups. There was no close relationship between severity of memory complaints and memory performance. In both groups, memory complaints strongly related to affective status. Memory complaints related to gender in younger people and subjective assessment of wellbeing in older people. The researchers conclude that memory complaints of older people do not differ much from those of younger people. 2 figures, 6 tables, 58 references. (AA-M).

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Memory Training for Remembering Names in Older Adults Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 20(2): 57-73. 1999. Summary: This journal article describes a program to help older adults remember names by making names more meaningful. The study group consisted of 35 people not diagnosed with dementia or depression. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated using tasks for remembering names and verbal memory tests. The authors discuss shortterm and long-term training effects and individual differences. The group participating in the training program improved on tasks for remembering names, even after three months. The effects of training did not generalize to other aspects of memory. The authors suggest that a strategy for remembering names based on meaning may be a good alternative to the face-name association technique. 46 references, 6 tables, 2 figures (AA-M).

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Memory Self-Appraisal in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With the Apolipoprotein E-4 Allele Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 156(7): 1035-1038. July 1999. Summary: This journal article describes a study that examined the influence of the major genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the apolipoprotein E-4 (apoE4) allele, on selfreports of memory performance in middle aged and older people. Participants were 39 people aged 50-82 years with mild memory complaints. Researchers compared subjective and objective assessments of memory performance in the presence and

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absence of the apoE4 allele. Evaluation included neuropsychological tests to assess cognitive performance, self-appraisal of everyday memory functioning, standardized laboratory screening tests, magnetic resonance imaging, DNA testing, apoE genotyping, and examination of demographic and clinical characteristics. The people with the apoE4 allele had higher rates of family history of AD and lower scores on objective verbal memory and on the subjective memory measure for retrospective functioning. Among people age 55-74 years, the age group in which apoE4 has its greatest influence on the risk of AD, lower scores on subjective memory measures for frequency of forgetting were recorded. The standardized difference in retrospective functioning scores between the two groups increased when examining the mid-age range group rather than the whole group. 1 table, 20 references. (AA-M). •

Screening for Dementia With the Memory Impairment Screen Source: Neurology. 52: 231-238. January 1999. Summary: This journal article describes an evaluation of the Memory Impairment Screen (MIS), a 4-minute, four-item test of delayed free-recall and cued-recall memory impairment. The MIS was tested in a sample of 483 older people, 50 participants with a diagnosis of dementia, including 39 with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alternate forms reliability was assessed by administering equivalent forms of the MIS to a subset of participants at the beginning and end of the testing session. Construct validity was assessed by comparison with the 16-item, multi-trial Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test. Discriminant validity was assessed by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the MIS both as a screening test for dementia in general and specifically for AD. The results indicated that the MIS has good alternate forms reliability, high construct validity for memory impairment, and good discriminative validity. The article includes normative data for use in settings with different base rates of AD and other dementias. 2 figures, 3 tables, 45 references.

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Life Review of an Older Adult With Memory Difficulties Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 14: 261-265. 1999. Summary: This journal article describes how life review therapy (LRT) can help older people with memory difficulties when individual sessions are tailored to particular cognitive abilities. LRT addresses issues regarding unresolved conflicts, guilt, and resentment which a person has particular difficulty reviewing independently. The article presents the case of an older adult with above average intelligence who became distressed when recollecting her childhood. Researchers conducted LRT using various therapeutic techniques adjusted to compensate for her memory difficulties. She focused on significant, problematic relationships with both parents during her childhood. By the end of therapy, she could acknowledge both positive and negative aspects in each parents' caretaking. Researchers administered many standardized measures during treatment, at the end, and at followup, examining depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with childhood. LRT proved beneficial for this woman despite memory difficulties, because, following therapy, she was no longer distressed when thinking about childhood. 1 table, 11 references. (AA-M).

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Effect of Estrogen on Brain Activation Patterns in Postmenopausal Women During Working Memory Tasks Source: JAMA. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 281(13): 1197-1202. April 7, 1999.

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Summary: This journal article describes the effects of estrogen on brain activation patterns in post-menopausal women during verbal and nonverbal working memory tasks. Forty-six postmenopausal women, aged 33 to 61 years, were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Women were randomly assigned to 21 days of treatment with conjugated equine estrogens (1.25 mg/d) or placebo, followed by a washout period of 14 days before crossover to the other treatment. Brain activation patterns were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging during tasks involving verbal and nonverbal working memory. Treatment with estrogen increased activation in the inferior parietal lobule during storage of verbal material, whereas it decreased activation during storage of nonverbal material. Estrogen also produced a sharpening of the hemisphere encoding/retrieval asymmetry effect; it increased activation in the right superior frontal gyrus during retrieval tasks, with greater left hemisphere activation during encoding. Estrogen did not affect actual performance on the verbal and nonverbal memory tasks. The results suggest that it may be possible to affect functional brain organization in older women. 4 figures, 34 references. (AA-M). •

Preclinical Memory Decline in Cognitively Normal Apolipoprotein E-e4 Homozygotes Source: Neurology. 53: 201-207. July 1999. Summary: This journal article discusses the effect of apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype on age-related memory decline in cognitively normal adults. Tests of immediate and delayed recall and other neuropsychological measures were administered to 3 genetically defined groups of cognitively normal people aged 49 to 69 years: 25 apoE4 homozygotes, 25 apoE4 heterozygotes (all apoE3/4), and 50 non-apoE carriers. The groups were matched for age, gender, and educational level. The relationship between age and neuropsychological test performance was compared across the three groups. No intergroup differences appeared in mean scores on any of the psychological measures. However, tests sensitive to immediate and delayed recall showed a significant negative correlation with age in the apoE4 homozygote group compared with the non-carrier group. The findings suggest that age-related memory decline occurs earlier in cognitively healthy apoE4 homozygotes than in apoE4 heterozygotes and non-carriers, and precedes clinically detectable Alzheimer's disease. 1 figure, 3 tables, 39 references.

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Relative Sparing of Emotionally Influenced Memory in Alzheimer's Disease Source: Neuroreport. 11(4): 653-655. March 2000. Summary: This journal article examined the effect of negative emotional content on memory in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Participants were 16 healthy controls and 28 people with a diagnosis of mild to moderate AD. Participants viewed slides that presented an audiovisual story divided into emotional phases. The participants then viewed the slides without the accompanying narrative and answered whether they had seen each slide previously. Overall, controls performed significantly better than people with AD on the memory task. People with AD had better memory for the emotionally negative story phase compared to the neutral phases. The authors concluded that the influence of emotion on memory is spared to some degree in people with AD. 2 figures, 9 references.

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Sensitivity to Semantic Cuing: An Index of Episodic Memory Dysfunction in Early Alzheimer Disease Source: Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 13(1): 38-46. 1999.

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Summary: This journal article examines sensitivity to semantic cuing and other aspects of episodic memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and various degrees of cognitive impairment. The participants were 131 patients from the Memory Clinic of the Hopital de la Salpetriere, France, and 20 healthy older adults of similar age and educational level. The AD patients were divided into four subgroups based on their Mini-Mental State Examination scores. All participants completed an episodic memory test with controlled encoding and selective reminding. The subgroups of AD patients were homogeneous with respect to free recall and recognition, but differed in terms of sensitivity to semantic cuing. The results confirm that a severe amnesic syndrome occurs very early in AD, even in patients in the predementia stage of impairment. The authors conclude that sensitivity to cuing may be more appropriate than free recall as an index of episodic memory for AD patients in pharmacological trials. 2 figures, 4 tables, 35 references. •

Do Memory Clinics Improve the Quality of Life of Carers? A Randomized Pilot Trial Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 14: 626-632. 1999. Summary: This journal article examines the effects of attendance at a memory clinic on the psychosocial health of caregivers of people with mild to moderate dementia. Fifty people with mild to moderate dementia and their caregivers were recruited from the community and randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Those assigned to the intervention group attended a memory clinic on two occasions for assessment, counseling, education, and care planning. The participants with dementia were assessed with standardized measures of cognitive and functional status. The caregivers completed measures of caregiver burden, psychological distress, psychosocial health, and knowledge of dementia. After adjusting for age and baseline scores, caregivers who attended the memory clinic showed significant improvement in overall psychosocial health-related quality of life and in the domains of alertness behavior and social interaction at 6 months. The improvement in social interaction was maintained at 12 months. No other differences between memory clinic and control groups were seen at 6 or 12 months. 4 tables, 25 references.

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Depression Does Not Aggravate the Episodic Memory Deficits Associated With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Neuropsychology. 13(4): 532-538. 1999. Summary: This journal article examines the potential effects of depression on memory performance in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a population-based study of people aged 75 years and older in the Kungsholmen parish of Stockholm, Sweden, 296 healthy older adults, 45 patients with AD, and 9 patients with AD and depression (ADD) were compared on free recall and recognition of slowly and rapidly presented words and digit span. The healthy older group outperformed the two AD groups across all tasks except forward digit span. In free recall, only the healthy group performed better with slowly presented than rapidly presented words. In recognition, however, all three groups showed similar gains from receiving more study time. This pattern of results suggests that both AD and AD-D patients have deficits in the ability to use more study time for remembering. The main finding was that the AD and AD-D groups were indistinguishable for all task variables, indicating that depression does not further impair episodic memory performance in people with AD. 2 figures, 2 tables, 46 references.

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Differential Genetic Influence for Components of Memory in Aging Adult Twins Source: Archives of Neurology. 56: 1127-1132. September 1999. Summary: This journal article examines the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on specific components of memory in aging adult twins. The California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) was administered to 94 monozygotic (MZ) and 89 dizygotic (DZ) elderly male twin pairs, with a mean age of 71.8 years, participating in the fourth examination of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study. Participants had no history of stroke and/or a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 23 or greater. The main outcome measure was twin pair similarity in performance on four factor analytically derived components of the CVLT measuring verbal learning and memory, response discrimination, learning strategy, and recognition memory. The MZ intraclass correlation was significantly larger than the DZ correlation for verbal learning and memory, but not for the other three memory components. Whereas verbal learning and memory had a substantial genetic influence (56% of total variance), the other components appeared to be largely (response discrimination) or entirely influenced by environmental factors. 2 figures, 2 tables, 31 references.

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Remote Memory in Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 11(4): 490-497. Fall 1999. Summary: This journal article examines the severity and type of deficits in remote memory in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). In one study, 40 AD patients and 40 healthy controls completed the Remote Memory Scale (RMS), which measures memory for famous people and well-known events. The groups did not differ significantly on age, gender, and years of education. The AD patients showed significantly more severe deficits on both the free-recall and the recognition sections of the RMS compared with the controls. In the second study, 25 AD patients and 20 healthy controls completed the Autobiographical Memory Scale (AMS). The groups did not differ on gender or years of education, but the control group was older than the AD group. The AD group showed significantly more deficits on the free recall section of the AMS compared with the controls. The authors conclude that remote memory deficits in AD may be related to both retrieval deficits and damage to memory traces. 5 figures, 1 table, 22 references.

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Memory Enhancement for Emotional Stimuli is Impaired in Early Alzheimer's Disease Source: Neuropsychology. 14(1): 82-92. 2000. Summary: This journal article explores whether memory is enhanced for emotional stimuli compared with neutral stimuli in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as it is in neurologically intact individuals. Researchers compared emotional memory and emotional reactions in patients with mild to moderate AD and matched control subjects. Participants viewed sets of pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral photographs and rated the arousal elicited. Skin conductance responses also were assessed. The AD group exhibited a normal overall pattern of responses to the stimuli. After a brief delay, memory for the photographs was tested by free recall and recognition. For free recall, AD patients showed an intact emotional memory effect for positive stimuli, but an impaired effect for negative stimuli. For recognition, the memory effect was impaired for positive and negative stimuli. The results suggest that the neural basis for the emotional memory effect may be disrupted in AD. 4 figures, 2 tables, 59 references.

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Efficacy of Ginkgo for Elderly People With Dementia and Age- Associated Memory Impairment: New Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial Source: JAGS. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 48(10): 1183- 1194. October 2000. Summary: This journal article investigated the efficacy, dose-dependence, and durability of ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in elderly people with dementia or age-related memory impairment. The 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study included 214 people with dementia or age-related memory impairment. Participants received ginkgo at a high dose, standard dose, or placebo. After 12 weeks of treatment, ginkgo users were randomized again to either continued treatment with ginkgo or placebo. Results indicated that there was no effect for participants in the ginkgo group compared to participants in the placebo group. After 12 weeks of treatment, the high dose and standard dose ginkgo groups had slightly better self- reported activities of daily living but slightly worse self-perceived health status compared to the placebo group. The study showed no beneficial effects of a higher dose or prolonged duration of treatment with ginkgo. The researchers concluded that ginkgo is not an effective treatment for older people with mild to moderate dementia or agerelated memory impairment. 1 figure, 6 tables, 63 references.

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Mental and Behavioral Disturbances in Dementia: Findings from the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 157(5): 708-714. May 2000. Summary: This journal article presents findings from a population-based study of mental and behavioral disturbances in older people with dementia. The participants, aged 65 years or older, were 329 individuals with dementia, and 673 without dementia, who underwent comprehensive neuropsychiatric examinations. Of the participants with dementia, 201 had exhibited one or more mental or behavioral disturbances, such as apathy, depression, or agitation, in the past month. These disturbances were almost four times more common in participants with dementia than those without. Only modest differences in the prevalence of the disturbances were observed within different types of dementia or at different stages of illness. 1 figure, 4 tables, 34 references.

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Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, a Useful Tool in the Assessment of Urban Geriatric Patients Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 19(1): 39-49. 1998. Summary: This journal article reports on the convergent and discriminant validity of the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation (FOME). The FOME is an instrument that uses multiple sensory modalities to assess memory impairment in geriatric patients. Its validity was evaluated in 146 patients, age 60 years or older, admitted to the geriatric unit of an urban Midwestern rehabilitation hospital. Participants' mean age was 78.9 years, and their mean educational level was 9.9 years; 52 percent were Caucasian and 48 percent were African American. According to the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), 49 percent were cognitively impaired and 51 percent were not. FOME scores were significantly correlated with scores on the Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory ScaleRevised, the DRS Memory Scale, and total DRS, supporting the convergent validity of the instrument. The FOME was not correlated with gender, race, education, or a measure of word recognition, supporting its discriminant validity. Education was significantly correlated with the other memory measures. The authors conclude that the

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FOME appears to be a useful assessment tool for older, ethnically diverse patients, including those with lower levels of education and reading skills. 5 tables, 18 references. •

Do Health Factors Affect Memory Performance in Old Age? Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 14: 572-576. 1999. Summary: This journal article reports the effect of health factors on memory performance in a population-based sample of 679 older people (mean age 69.2 years) in the Netherlands. Memory performance was assessed with an immediate and delayed recall tests. Age, gender, education, self-rated health, number of self-reported chronic medical conditions, blood pressure, lung function, and blood parameter measures were used as predictor variables. Self-rated health was not correlated with scores on the memory tests. Some of the objective health measures had significant bivariate correlations with one or both of the memory measures, but in regression analyses only age, gender, and education contributed significantly to the memory test scores. The authors conclude that health factors appear to have only a weak relationship to memory performance in older adults. 2 tables, 23 references.

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Prevalence and Incidence of Clinically Diagnosed Memory Impairments in a Geographically Defined General Population in Sweden Source: Neuroepidemiology. 18: 144-155. 1999. Summary: This journal article reports the prevalence and incidence of clinically diagnosed memory impairments in a geographically defined area of Sweden. In the four communities of the Pitea River Valley, Sweden, all persons with memory impairment that interferes with normal life activities are referred to one hospital department for clinical workup and diagnosis. A total of 619 patients were assessed in the department between 1990 and 1995. Of these, 36.9 percent had Alzheimer's disease (AD), 30.4 percent had vascular dementia (VaD), 3.0 percent had mixed AD/VaD, 3.2 percent had frontotemporal dementia, and 5.3 percent had other forms of dementia. Another 7 percent had memory impairment but not dementia. The overall mean annual incidence rate of clinically relevant dementia was 295/100,000 population, and the mean prevalence rate was 755/100,000 population. Among persons age 65 years and older, the incidence and prevalence rates were 840/100,000 and 2,150/100,000 population, respectively. 4 figures, 6 tables, 42 references. (AA-M).

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AB Peptide Vaccination Prevents Memory Loss in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease Source: Nature. 408(6815): 982-985. December 21, 2000. Summary: This letter describes a study investigating the effect of amyloid-beta peptide (AB) vaccination in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vaccinations with AB have been shown to reduce amyloid deposition in a transgenic mouse model of AD. To determine if the vaccinations have deleterious or beneficial functional consequences, researchers tested eight months of AB vaccination in a different transgenic mouse model of AD in which the mice develop learning deficits as amyloid accumulates. Vaccination with AB protected the transgenic mice from the learning and age-related memory deficits that normally occur in this model of AD. All mice performed well on the radialarm water-maze test of working memory. Further, at an age when untreated transgenic mice show memory deficits, the cognitive performance of the AB-vaccinated transgenic mice was superior to that of control mice and equal to that of nontransgenic mice. The

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vaccinated mice also had a partial reduction in amyloid burden at the end of the study. 3 figures, 19 references. (AA-M). •

Dressing in Alzheimer's Disease: Executive Function and Procedural Memory Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 19(2): 88-92. 1998. Summary: This pilot study examines the contributions of procedural memory and executive function (e.g., organizing tasks, solving problems, evaluating outcomes) to the task of dressing in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous research suggests that procedural memory may be spared in individuals diagnosed with probable AD and could be a resource for minimizing functional decline. Some studies found executive function impaired in AD, suggesting that interventions that use prior experience with minimal new learning might be effective in preserving function. Experts viewed videotapes of 20 AD patients (11 female, 9 male) who removed and replaced items of clothing according to the Self-Care Scale for the Cognitively Impaired (SSCI). Results support other findings that procedural memory is retained longer than executive functioning by people with AD. Structuring activities based on well-learned habits may therefore preserve function. 1 figure, 6 references.

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Assessment of Patients With Memory Problems Using a Nurse-Administered Instrument to Detect Early Dementia and Dementia Subtypes Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 13(6): 405-409. June 1998. Summary: This study evaluated the performance of a community psychiatric nurse (CPN) using a semi-structured assessment instrument to diagnose early dementia and differentiate dementia subtypes in the homes of 64 people referred to a memory clinic. The assessment instrument examined reasons for clinic referral; informant history; depression; anxiety, psychosis, and mania; physical health and abilities; activities of daily living and social care; an extended version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; and a clock drawing. The CPN reported her findings to a psychiatrist, and they agreed upon a diagnosis. Researchers compared this diagnosis with the memory clinic's diagnosis and a standardized diagnosis recorded by another psychiatrist examining clinic records. Results showed that the nurse-assessment procedure performed well in detecting dementia compared to the memory and standardized clinic diagnoses. However, the CPN was not able to accurately differentiate subtypes of dementia with the structured assessment instrument. A single, supervised CPN, using a structured assessment instrument, can accurately detect early dementia, but not subtypes of dementia, in people referred with memory problems. 3 tables, 14 references. (AA-M).

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Florida Care College: A Training Program for Long-Term-Care Staff Working With Memory-Impaired Residents Source: Journal of Mental Health and Aging. 5(2): 187-199. 1999. Summary: This study, involving 135 staff in 26 long-term care facilities, measured the effectiveness of a 16-hour curriculum to train nursing home and assisted-living facility staff to manage residents with memory impairment. The curriculum addressed eight content areas: philosophy of dementia care management, individualized goals and activities, causes of dementia, identification of problem behaviors, behavioral management techniques, communication strategies, environmental modification, and staff stress management. Training participants were assigned to one of three training conditions: university classroom instruction, train-the-trainer instruction, and intensive staff training for facility-based staff. Quizzes were given before and after training and

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again 3 months later. Facility administrators also were sent surveys at 3 months to measure the rate of participant performance and the value of the Florida Care College training. Results show all three training strategies resulting in significant improvement in knowledge, which was maintained at 3-month follow-up. 5 tables, 19 references. (AAM).

Federally Funded Research on Memory The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to memory. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to memory. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore memory. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for memory: •

Project Title: A COMPENSATORY FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF ADHD Principal Investigator & Institution: Schweitzer, Julie B.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Impairments in working memory create difficulties for individuals with ADHD in their academic, social, and occupational activities. The overall hypothesis of this application is that individuals with ADHD engage an altered neural system when performing working memory tasks. This altered system arises as a consequence of an impaired executive system, which is subserved by the anterior cingulate (ACC) and prefrontal cortical regions (PFC). Impaired executive functioning weakens the ability to recruit subsidiary brain regions and strategies that support working memory. Functional imaging techniques give us a window into the neural basis of those strategies. Our imaging data suggest that phonological rehearsal strategies and the brain regions subserving them are impaired in ADHD. Visual-spatial strategies and their associated neural networks, are however, intact. Limited access to both phonological and visual strategies may increase errors and processing speed. We propose the following aims to investigate working memory in children with ADHD: 1) Define the neural correlates of working memory deficits in ADHD children using subtraction techniques in conjunction with a visual serial addition task; 2) Identify the relationship between BOLD signal changes generated during a working memory task and behavior (response time, error type; classroom ratings); and 3) Compare ADHD children with the Combined subtype to Inattentive subtype to identify the working

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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memory neural strategies associated with each. We hypothesize that a general pattern will emerge in which ADHD combined type subjects use a predominantly visual-spatial strategy to perform a working memory serial addition task. The degree of ADHD dysfunction in the natural setting is expected to positively relate to visualspatial activation and negatively to prefrontal cortical activation. We predict that the ADHDinattentive type will not exhibit the same level of visual-spatial activation during task performance as the Combined-type. Instead they will exhibit reduced activation in the same regions activated by the normal control children. A better understanding of strategies used in ADHD has potential educational implications for how children with ADHD learn and targets for treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AFFECT, REHEARSAL, AND DYSPHORIA IN HUMAN MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, W Richard.; Winston-Salem State University 601 Martin Luther King Jr Dr Winston-Salem, Nc 27110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Research in human memory indicates that negative emotions fade faster in memory than positive emotions (the Fading Affect Bias), that this bias is substantially weakened by mild depression (dysphoria), and that these effects are related to event rehearsal (thinking or talking about memories). These findings indicate that healthy coping processes related to rehearsal operate in human memory, but that these processes can be disrupted by dysphoria. Cognitive models that have attempted to understand such effects have typically ignored important social factors related to memory. The current proposal calls for studies that will investigate both cognitive and social mechanisms responsible for memory deficits and emotional biases in human memory. By exploring these mechanisms and how they operate in dysphorics and in non-dysphorics, it is hoped that a framework can be constructed to explain some of the memory deficits and emotional biases observed in dysphoria. This proposal will focus on autobiographical memory, the memory for events in a person's life, because these memories are the most prone to such effects. While the methods for the various experiments differ, most of these studies are conceptually similar and have similar theoretical aims. In general, most studies will ask participants to recall personal events from their lives and make a variety of memory judgments about each event. In some cases, participants will be given specific constraints on the kinds of memories they are to recall and how they are to be recalled. The main purposes of the first set of experiments are to examine whether positive memories are remembered better than negative memories, if this effect is altered by dysphoria, and whether these memory differences might be related to the affective intensity of events and the frequency of event rehearsals. Of particular interest will be whether specific types of rehearsal are associated with the disruption of the Fading Affect Bias in dysphorics. The main purposes of the studies in the second set of experiments are to examine whether the manipulation of rehearsal wiIl produce changes in affect or memory ratings and if the public disclosure of autobiographical memories has any measurable effects on memory content. If social factors help to bias human memory, then the manipulation of these factors should substantially alter such biases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AGING AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gold, Paul E.; Professor; Psychology; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Administration of glucose enhances learning and memory in rodents and humans, and is especially effective in reversing age-related impairments in memory. This research project will examine whether age-related changes in the regulation of blood and brain glucose contribute to age-related impairments of learning and memory. Training is often accompanied by increases in circulating epinephrine levels, with subsequent increases in circulating glucose levels, in a manner related to endogenous modulation of learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests that, in aged male Fischer 344 rats, there is an uncoupling between epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla and subsequent increases in blood glucose levels, resulting in diminished responses of circulating glucose levels to training. The reduced responses of blood glucose levels may significantly influence brain processes important for learning and memory. In the brain, extracellular glucose levels in the hippocampus are depleted while rats are tested on a hippocampus dependent spontaneous alternation task. As compared to young adult rats, aged rats perform poorly on this task and exhibit exaggerated depletion of glucose in the hippocampus during behavioral testing. Injections (i.p.) of glucose block the depletion in the hippocampus and also enhance performance on the alternation task in aged rats. Together, these findings suggest that altered control of glucose levels in blood and brain during aging may contribute to agerelated impairments of memory. Using young and old rats, the proposed experiments will examine the contribution of age-related changes in responses of glucose to training to age-related changes in learning and memory. Proposed experiments will examine changes in circulating and brain glucose responses to training in aged rats, assessing the relationship of these changes to learning and memory. The experiments will determine whether the depletion of extracellular glucose levels in the hippocampus, prominent in aged rats, is evident also in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. These experiments include measures of changes in extracellular brain glucose levels during training with and without treatments that enhance learning and memory in aged rats and also assess the efficacy in enhancing learning and memory of microinjections of glucose directly into those brain areas in which glucose is depleted by training. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AGING AND MEMORY ILLUSIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Daniel, Mark A.; Psychology; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The goals of the present project are to conduct a systematic investigation of age-related changes in memory illusions in three paradigms, to specify the reasons that older adults may show exaggerated tendencies for false memories, and to identify and test techniques to compensate for age-related exaggerations in memory illusions. We test three specific theories based on a source monitoring approach to memory illusions, and neuropsychological theory of aging. In the first paradigm subjects are given lists of associatively related words that are derived from a common associate that is omitted from the list. Subjects show robust false recall and recognition of the nonpresented but associatively related word, and it is expected that this memory illusion will be exaggerated for older adults. We also explore techniques for reducing any age-related increases in this type of memory illusion. The second paradigm is a misinformation paradigm in which subjects witness a videotape or slide sequence, then read a narrative in which misleading information is introduced. Our framework anticipates situations in which older adults may either show more or less false memory due to the

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misinformation than younger adults. In the third paradigm, subjects perform or imagine performing events provided in the laboratory context (push the toy car). When younger adults repeatedly imagine performing an event, they later recall actually having performed the event. We will develop this paradigm to allow investigation of these memory illusions in older adults. Based on considerations of source monitoring, agerelated increases in this type of illusion are expected. If so, it would be the first demonstration of false memory for actions in older adults, and would underscore the possible prevalence of everyday memory illusions in older adults. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AGING AND MEMORY--FMRI STUDIES OF COMPONENT PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: D'esposito, Mark; Professor; Inst of Personality & Soc Res; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 947205940 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): All higher order cognition (e.g., remembering autobiographical events, reasoning, and problem solving) depends critically on two broad classes of memory function, working memory(WM) and long term memory (LTM). Aging is associated with deficits in both WM and LTM and such deficits have an impact on the cognitive functioning of older adults in all areas of their lives. Working memory refers to the information from perception and long-term memory that is currently active, and the set of processes that maintain and manipulate this active information. It allows us to keep something in mind after the initiating stimulus disappears, make connections and comparisons between events, and sustain goal directed behavior. Furthermore, WM processes are "encoding" processes for information that will be available later in LTM as part of the cumulative record of our past experiences. Neuronal studies with monkeys, human brain damage studies, and recent human neuroimaging studies point to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as critical for WM and important in understanding memory and aging (e.g., age-related decreases in neuronal loss may be greatest within PFC). By capitalizing on converging developments in current memory theories and breakthroughs in neuroimaging technology, the proposed research combines a component process approach to memory with fMRI imaging techniques in order to characterize more precisely, cognitively and neurally, memory deficits associated with aging. For example, we test the hypotheses that (a) maintenance involves ventral PFC whereas manipulating information (combining features, shifting between tasks, cumulative rehearsal, temporal judgements) involves dorsal PFC and (b) there are greater age-related changes in component process subserved by dorsal than ventral PFC. The proposed project has four major goals: (1) further clarify the component processes that underlie the maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory and to identify their neural bases, (2) Identify the WM component processes most affected by aging (3) explore the relations between WM component processes and LTM, and the implications for LTM of agerelated changes in these component processes, (4) further develop and improve fMRI techniques for studying age-related changes in the neural basis of memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AGING AND THE TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF SELF INITIATED RECALL Principal Investigator & Institution: Wingfield, Arthur; Professor; Psychology; Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham, Ma 024549110

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): One of the most damaging effects of normal aging is that of increasing difficulty with memory for recent events. These are sometimes referred to as episodic memories in that they are encoded within a context, in contrast with one's semantic memory that reflects long-held, context-free, knowledge. Although this difficulty in forming episodic memories is a virtual hallmark of the aging process, the factors that underlie this deficit in self-initiated recall remain largely unknown. This application offers an approach to this question that employs an analysis of the temporal output pattern of recall responses both in the early stages of learning and when young and elderly adults are equated for recall level by allowing differential amounts of practice. In this way, one can examine age differences in strength and organization of memory traces when material is correctly recalled, as well as when memory fails. Of special interest is, first, the way in which semantic organization and temporal information are encoded when sets of verbal materials are learned, and second, the extent to which deficiencies in elderly memory performance result from a failure to form effective retrieval cues based on these factors. A detailed modeling of the age-affected systems could lead not only to a better understanding of aging memory but also provide a theoretical basis on which to build potential schemes for memory remediation among elderly adults suffering age-related memory impairment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ATTENUATION OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT USING BDZR LIGANDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Delorey, Timothy M.; Moltech Corporation 2495 Old Middlefield Way Mountain View, Ca 94043 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 19-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): As the U.S. population ages, the incidence of Alzheimer s disease will rise dramatically. Senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) arises from progressive failure of the cholinergic system, impairing memory and hypofunction. These approaches tend to elicit direct postsynaptic stimulation, causing constant, tonic neuronal activity unfavorable to normal cognitive processing, which is a serious drawback. An alternative but largely unexploited strategy for ameliorating cogninve decline associated with cholinergic hypofunction is to use one of the brain's own internal control systems, GABAergic inhibitory modulation of cholinergic inputs, to augment the impact of cholinergic excitation in the hippocampus. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we propose to demonstrate that compounds developed to specifically interact with a subset of GABA-A receptors containing the alpha5 subunit, found almost exclusively on pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, can be designed to dampen GABA-mediated CI- passage into the neuron. This would effectively counteract contextual memory deficits caused by cholinergic hypofunction. We intend to achieve this through the application of a unique computational tool we have developed in which both behavioral data and in vitro binding and activation data are used to build models (known as 3D pharmacophores) that reflects the essential chemical features inherent to BDZR ligands crucial to enhancing contextual memory. The previously developed 3D recognition pharmacophore has subsequently aided us in identifying the alpha 5 subunit of the GABAA receptor as a key element in GABAergic influence on contextual memory. The overall goal of this Phase I SBIR proposal is to use the information contained within contextual memory 3D pharmacophores (both recognition and activation) to direct the synthesis of candidate compounds that specifically, bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on GABA-A receptors containing the as subunit and cause

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a strong reduction in GABA-mediated Cl- currents, thereby optimal enhancing contextual memory function while simultaneously minimizing undesirable side-effects. The success of this proposal will demonstrate the viability of developing highly efficacious, activation-specific BDZR ligands capable of alleviating contextual memory deficits attributed to cholinergic hypofunction. This will lay the groundwork for pursuing the most promising lead compounds in a Phase II application aimed at addressing the serious problem of cognitive decline observed in aging and SDAT. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Farber, Donna L.; Associate Professor; Surgery; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Memory immune responses provide enhanced protection from pathogens previously encountered, and are remarkably long-lived, persisting over a lifetime of an individual. The ability of the immune system to generate memory is the basis for the success of many vaccines in preventing or eradicating deadly diseases; however, generation of immune memory that protects against infectious agents such as HIV, malaria and many bacterial pathogens has remained elusive. Memory immune responses begin with recognition of an antigen by naive T cells via their cell surface T cell antigen receptor (TCR) resulting in proliferation and differentiation to activated effector cells producing cytokines to recruit and activate immune cells from antigen clearance. Most of these activated effector cells die, but a small proportion of activated and/or effector T cells persists as memory T cells that mediate an enhanced recall response for rapid antigen clearance. Aside from this general scheme, the mechanisms by which immune memory is generated, how it mediates superior immune reactions, and how it is maintained in the host are largely unknown. We have taken a biochemical approach to dissect the signal transduction pathways mediated through the TCR in naive, effector and memory CD4 T cells to understand the mechanisms controlling their diverse functions, life spans, and activation properties. We found that while naive T cells exhibit TCR-coupled signaling similar to T cell lines and clones, effector T cells are marked by a striking amplification of signals and alteration of the proximal TCR signaling complex, and memory CD4 T cells exhibit a profound dampening of signaling, with a remarkable decrease in expression of the critical linker/adapter moleculeSLP-76. These results suggest the hypothesis that TCR-mediated signaling changes drive T cell differentiation to effector and memory subsets. It is the goal of this application to directly test this hypothesis and elucidate the precise roles of specific signaling changes on effector and memory T cell differentiation and function in vitro and in vivo, using biochemical, molecular and cellular immunological approaches. The proposed research has the potential to elucidate precise mechanisms for regulation of memory immune responses on the biochemical level and identify novel targets for manipulation of memory and effector immune responses in anti-pathogen immune responses and in autoimmune diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CNS TARGETS OF PROPOFOL'S HYPNOTIC AND MEMORY EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Veselis, Robert A.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 10021

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Memory

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Many sedative/hypnotic drugs used in anesthesia are given specifically to ablate memory formation during unpleasant medical experiences. The production of this reversible memory impairment, with the avoidance of excessive sedation, is of key concern to both patients and clinicians on a daily basis. These drugs may impair memory solely by their sedative effects on arousal and attention systems in the brain, or additionally by specifically affecting memory processes. We have shown that one such drug, propofol, has memory effects independent of sedation during behavioral testing. We wish to delineate the physiologic basis for this finding. Recent functional neuroimaging studies have identified differing neuroanatomical regions mediating arousal, attention and memory processes in humans who have not had any drug. Thus, the separate memory and sedative effects of propofol could be mediated in different neuroanatomical regions. The main hypothesis tested in this research proposal is that there are differing neuroanatomical regions mediating drug-induced sedation and amnesia, and that these can be identified by specific changes in electrophysiology and more precisely by changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). If a physiologic basis for the separation of drug- induced memory from sedation effects can be shown, then it is possible that these can be manipulated separately, and that sensitive and specific measures of these functional effects can be developed. Even in the absence of explicit recall, poorly understood unconscious memory processes are still present during anesthesia. These are of clear concern to both patients receiving anesthesia and clinicians administering anesthetic drugs. The methods developed and used in this proposal will be applicable to the study of anesthetic effects, and possibly the study of memory enhancing drugs, on memory processes. Propofol and thiopental, models of anesthetic drugs with differing sedative and memory effects, will be studied over a wide dose range. Current measures of sedation are inadequate monitors over both sedative and anesthetic concentrations of drug. The first specific aim will determine the best electrophysiologic measure of sedation over all concentrations of the drugs studied, and locate generators of this measure in the brain with a low resolution technique. The sedation independent effect of propofol on memory will be delineated using this electrophysiologic parameter. The second specific aim will locate the neuroanatomical regions mediating the sedative/hypnotic and memory effects of propofol using a high resolution rCBF technique by separately manipulating memory versus sedative processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COGNITIVE AND NEURAL BASES OF AGING AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Petten, Cyma K.; Professor; Psychology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): Cognitive approaches to the problems of declining memory in the normally-aging population have proceeded largely independently of neurobiological investigations of age-related changes in brain structures and processes. The proposed research combines these two approaches in order to explore directly the relations between changes in neural structures and the cognitive/behavioral changes that occur with age. In recent years it has become evident that memory is not a unitary function, but is composed of different systems and processes, some affected by aging and brain damage and others not. Understanding the nature of these processes and their neural correlates will enable us to develop rehabilitation techniques that target specific areas of deficit and at the same time take

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advantage of specific areas of strength within an individual. Most studies of aging compare a randomly selected group of older adults to a group of young adults. Such comparisons, however, fail to take into account the heterogeneity of the elderly population. The investigators' research program specifically focuses on individual differences by categorizing older individuals according to their performance on groups of neuropsychological tests thought to tap functions associated with either prefrontal or medial temporal cortex. The composite scores of neuropsychological function are then used as predictors in all behavioral experiments and in electrophysiological studies that examine event-related potentials in related paradigms. A subset of the elderly individuals will also receive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain regions thought to be implicated in different kinds of memory in order to confirm the relations between cognitive and brain function. Research will focus on the differences between memory for the content of an experience and memory for its context, often referred to as source memory. Older adults show a disproportionate deficit in source memory, which has been hypothesized to be due to declining frontal lobe function. Other research suggests that the medial temporal lobes are critical for the binding of various attributes of an experience into a coherent memory trace. The investigators' goal is to differentiate the contributions of these two brain regions to source and item memory and to document their differential impact on age related memory decline. The proposed experiments include several context/source manipulations--perceptual, spatial, temporal, and internal vs external--across a range of materials--verbal, nonverbal, auditory, visual, novel and familiar. In each study, comparisons will be made not only between older and younger adults, but also among subgroups of older adults according to their putative frontal and medial temporal functioning. Issues to be addressed include: the extent to which age-related memory deficits are attributable to problems of encoding, retrieval or both, the role of interference in source attributions, and the dissociation between explicit and implicit memory for source. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPONENTS SCHIZOPHRENIA

OF

WORKING

MEMORY

DEFICIT

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Park, Sohee; Associate Professor; Psychology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The major goal of this project is to analyze the neurocognitive components of working memory deficits in schizophrenia. The three proposed studies are designed to specify parameters of the prefrontal working memory systems and to characterize their possible links to the expression of the symptoms of schizophrenia. The investigator's global hypothesis is that an inability to regulate behavior by prefrontal working memory systems may demarcate cardinal features of schizophrenia. Growing evidence supports this view but the role of working memory in clinical symptoms is unclear, because of the functional heterogeneity of the frontal lobes, multiplicIty of the working memory systems and diffuse definitions of symptoms. The roles of the dorsolateral prefrontal and ventral/orbitofrontal systems in schizophrenia will be probed, using a series of specific experiments designed to assess dissociation and integration of the multiple working memory systems. Spatial working memory is mediated by a neural circuitry including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas visual (nonspatial) and olfactory working memory systems are associated with the integrity of the ventral/orbitofrontal system. There are 3 studies, consisting of 3 experiments each. Study 1 is focused on examining spatial, visual (nonspatial) and

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Memory

olfactory working memory systems separately in schizophrenia patients in order to determine which systems are consistently impaired independent of fluctuating symptoms versus which systems are linked to the symptoms. Young siblings of schizophrenia patients will be tested to see if they show similar patterns of deficit. Study 2 is concerned with determining how these anatomically and psychologically separable working memory systems are dissociated, coordinated or inhibited to guide action by a control mechanism (the "central executive"). In Study 3, the integrity of the connections between orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal systems will be examined by inspecting the roles of affect, arousal and reward on working memory. Ultimately, all the components of working memory and subdivisions of frontal systems must be integrated in an organism with intact personality and self-regulating behaviors. The key to understanding cognitive deficits and symptoms of schizophrenia may be found in the patterns of dissociation and integration of these multiple systems, in response to specific task demands. In summary, this project will enable the investigator to further identity and elucidate neurocognitive components of schizophrenia and thus contribute towards our understanding of the complex interplay between cortical functions, cognitive deficits and clinical syndromes in men and women with schizophrenia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONDITIONING ANALYSIS OF INFANT MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rovee-Collier, Carolyn K.; Psychology; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: A central problem for theories of memory development is how the superior memory of children and adults evolves from the memory abilities of infants. Currently, the paucity of data on infant long-term memory precludes a solution. In the last funding period, we obtained the first systematic data describing the ontogeny of infant long-term memory from 2 to 18 months of age and its specificity from 2 to 12 months. We also began characterizing effective memory reactivation (reminder) treatments from 3 to 12 months and demonstrated that memories acquired at 2 to 6 months could be maintained over significant periods of development by periodic nonverbal reminders: either reinstatement or reactivation treatments, which were originally developed with immature animals. Which reminder was most effective, however depended on the state of the memory: Reinstatement was more effective when the memory was active, and reactivation was more effective when it was not. This proposal asks two fundamental questions: What are the characteristics of effective reminders for infants? And how do they work? To answer them, we will systematically examine the "nuts and bolts" of these two reminder procedures with infants of different age, characterizing effective reactivation and reinstatement reminders and documenting for each type the effect of reminder number and spacing on the persistence and specificity of memories, the consequences of reminding at different points on the forgetting function, how different memories interact during reminding, and if and how memories are distorted over the course of reminding, etc. Our research uses a standardized operant conditioning procedure. During training in their own homes, infants learn to activate a particular mobile or miniature train in a particular context. During reminding, they receive brief reinstatements (periodic partial training episode) or reactivation treatments (exposure to an isolated component of original training). During the long-term retention test, they are shown an object that is the same as or different from the training object and indicate whether or not they recognize it by responding above baseline. Reminder controls receive the same reminder regimen without prior training. This research will solve the

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central problem, revealing how the effects of early experiences endure and contribute to an individual's growing knowledge base. In addition, the findings will establish an important database for research into the brain mechanisms that underlie early memory development, extending the breadth and generality of earlier reminder studies with animals. These findings will offer new insights into how re-encoding, storage, and retrieval mechanisms are implicated in reminding. They will also shed light on whether reactivation and reinstatement engage the same underlying process or different processes. Finally, they will significantly advance our understanding of the normal development and structure of early cognition. From a mental health perspective, the findings will provide interventions that can alleviate learning/memory deficits of individuals of any age who require remediation and can enhance the learning/retention of individuals who do not. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONTROL BELIEFS, MEMORY, AND AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Lachman, Margie; Professor; Psychology; Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham, Ma 024549110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): A view commonly associated with aging is that memory loss is inevitable and irreversible. Research on memory aging consistently shows there are age-related declines on some aspects of memory, such as episodic memory for words. Nevertheless, not all individuals show decrements, and there is evidence that memory can be improved. Yet, many middle-aged and older adults believe that they have little control over their memory. Two aspects of control, beliefs about memory ability or competence (efficacy) and beliefs about contingency (the relation between effort and performance) will be studied. These beliefs not only show age differences and declines, but they are consistently related to performance outcomes. The aim of this research is to examine the role that memory control beliefs play in contributing to age differences in episodic memory performance and to consider what behavioral and physiological mechanisms link control beliefs and memory performance. Memory for categorizable word lists will be tested in adults between the ages of 21 and 80. It is expected that age differences in episodic memory for words can be reduced by instilling positive views of memory control and by offering opportunities for actual control. It is predicted that promoting a sense of control over memory will result in more effective strategy use, less stress reactivity, and better memory performance, especially for middle-aged and older adults. Stress reactivity and recovery, assessed using salivary cortisol, and strategy use will be tested as mediators of the relationship between control beliefs and memory. To the extent that we can understand the nature of this relationship, it may be possible to develop more effect intervention strategies to enhance memory performance. The results can provide promising directives for reducing memory impairment and improving the everyday functioning of older adults. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DETECTION AND CORRECTION OF ERRORS IN DECLARATIVE MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Mangels, Jennifer A.; Psychology; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004

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Summary: (provided by applicant): It is often said that we learn best from our mistakes, yet little is known about the neural and cognitive processes subserving the correction of errors in declarative memory tasks. Although recent years have seen some attempts to use cognitive strategies to suppress the high rates of false alarms found in tasks such as Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, few such strategies have proven successful. Although event-related potential (ERP) studies have been successful in measuring the rapid neural response to the detection and correction of errors in motor and perceptual judgment tasks, this technique has not yet been used to study these processes in declarative memory. In this proposal we describe a convergence of these cognitive and neuroscience approaches to error processing. Capitalizing on the superior temporal resolution of ERPs, we propose a series of behavioral and ERP experiments that measure the neural response to the detection of retrieval errors in semantic and episodic memory and determine whether this response predicts error correction on unexpected immediate and delayed memory retests. These studies focus on errors that individuals initially endorse as correct with high-confidence because they constitute not only errors in retrieval, but also a mismatch between subjective beliefs regarding one's memory accuracy (i.e., metamemory) and the actual accuracy of the response. Rather than being more difficult to revise, preliminary studies demonstrate that highconfidence errors are more likely to be corrected than low-confidence errors, at least when the information is of a factual nature. Within semantic memory, hypercorrection of high-confidence errors may be a combination of increased arousal consequent to detection of metamemory mismatch paired with the strong likelihood that subjects will be familiar with the correct answer. To disentangle the contribution of these factors to hypercorrection, the first 2 experiments examine this effect in situations where familiarity can facilitate error correction (Experiment 1: trivia question paradigm) and in situations where familiarity must be overcome in order for error correction to be successful (Experiment 2: DRM false-memory paradigm). To evaluate the hypothesis that the conceptual distinctiveness and emotional arousal of metamemory mismatch facilitate hypercorrection, Experiment 3 employs a von Restorff memory paradigm that compares and contrasts neural activity during the detection of perceptual, conceptual and emotional isolates, and evaluates the relationship of this activity to later memory performance. These studies will increase our understanding of the basic cognitive and neural principles underlying detection and correction of memory retrieval and monitoring errors, and have far reaching implications for populations that suffer memory and/or metacognitive deficits Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT LYMPHOCYTES

AND

PERSISTENCE

OF

MEMORY

T

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ashton-Rickardt, Philip G.; Assistant Professor; Pathology; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): The cardinal feature of the immune system lies in its ability to specifically recognize, then "remember" its encounter with a microbe or foreign antigen. Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus (so called, T lymphocytes) recognize antigenic peptides, expressed on the surface of cells with selfMHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules. When a T-cell recognizes antigen for the first time (naive T-cell), it becomes activated and undergoes rapid cell division and differentiates into effector cells, which eliminate the antigen and memory cells, which persist after the antigen is cleared. Memory T-cells respond vigorously to re-

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challenge by antigen, and so give protection against recurrent infection. A key to understanding immunological memory is to determine how long-lived, memory T-cells develop and persist after antigen challenge. The precise lineage relationship between memory and effector cells is not well understood. They will use an assay that will allow them to "count" the number of cell divisions that occur after T-cells encounter antigen and differentiate into effector cells. The application will test the ability of different generations of antigen-activated T-cells to give rise to memory cells 70 days after transfer to antigen-free mice. This will allow them to determine whether CD8+ memory T-cells arise from terminally differentiated effector CTLs or from an earlier progenitor. Mature T-cells express T-cell receptors (TCRs), which are weakly reactive to selfpeptide/MHC as a result of positive selection in the thymus. The aim will test the hypothesis that the long-term survival and function of T-cells relies on the specific recognition of self-peptide/MHC. The survival of TCR-transgenic CD8+ cells specific for a male antigen (H-Y) or one of two viruses (influenza or Lymphocytic Choriomengitis virus) in transgenic mice which express single, self-peptide/MHC molecules will be tested. The self-peptide requirements for the maintenance of a diverse and functional repertoire of CD8+ T-cells will also be tested in similar experiments. This application will help determine whether self-reactivity, that can sometimes lead to autoimmune disease, is an intrinsic property of the immune system which ensures immunological memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC T CELL MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcheyzer-Williams, Michael G.; Associate Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The cellular origins of helper T cell memory and the regulation of its development in vivo have been the focus of intense research in recent years. Unraveling the mechanisms controlling effective memory formation is of fundamental interest with potentially high impact on the public health initiative of vaccine design. Insights into the complex cellular processes that underlie the development of Th cell immunity may also reveal new treatment modalities for a broad range of clinically-relevant conditions such as autoimmune disease, transplant rejection, and various infectious diseases. Immunological memory is a multi-faceted process whose main purpose is long-term protection precisely targeted to previously- experienced antigens. Th cell memory is a systemic phenomenon characterized by the rapid emergence of effector Th cells in response to rechallenge with antigen. My laboratory is primarily interested in the cellular origins of this rapid memory response to antigen and the regulation of its development in vivo. We hypothesize that Th cell memory is organized in multiple cellular compartments, each sub-specialized to regulate long-term antigen- specific protection. We use a murine model of protective immunity to a non-replicating protein antigen to focus Th cell activity on the development of antigen-specific B cell immunity. We have developed a flow cytometric strategy to quantify, phenotype, and isolate antigen-specific Th cells at various stages after initial priming and antigen rechallenge in vivo. We propose to study clonal selection, function, and regulation of antigen-specific Th cell immunity directly ex vivo, post-adoptive transfer in vivo and using single cell analyses of function in vitro. The seminal work of Kupfer, Dustin, and others have identified a molecular process that serves to organize cognate inter-cellular interactions that are now commonly referred to as the formation of an immunological synapse. During the development of an immune response, antigen-specific Th cells will form

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immune synapses with a variety of different cell types, often in dynamic microenvironments specifically associated with the response to antigen. Here, we outline a Serial Synapsis Model for the ordered development of antigen-specific Th cell immunity. This model integrates our understanding of the progression of cellular events in vivo with overlapping phases of synapse dependent and synapse independent lymphocyte development. Using this model as a framework, we will pursue our central hypothesis in three broad specific aims. (1) To understand the mechanisms that underlie clonal selection in the Th cell compartment during an immune response and assess what contribution the pre-immune repertoire plays in the development of clonal dominance. (2) To evaluate quantitatively the spectrum of Th cell function that develops as a consequence of antigen experience. (3) To probe the changes in Th cell physiology that accompany developmental progression from naive to effector to memory Th cells in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT, SURVIVAL, AND FUNCTION OF MEMORY T CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bai, Ailin; Center for Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room E19-750 Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Immunological memory is responsible for the long-lasting host protection against previously exposed infectious agents. The broad objective of this proposal is to understand the mechanism by which memory T cells are generated and maintained. It is hypothesized that proliferation is required for the development, survival, and function of memory T cells. This hypothesis is based on the observation that both antigen- and lymphopenia-induced proliferation lead to the generation of memory T cells, and once memory cells are formed, they continuously undergo low-level proliferation. Genes that either inhibit proliferation of mediate proliferation-promoting signals will be directly introduced into naive or memory T cells to alter their proliferation behaviors. This will be achieved by using a newly developed lentivirus-based gene transfer system. Analysis on modified cells will be conducted both in vitro and in vivo with emphasis on three specific aims 1) role of antigen- and cytokine-induced naive T cell proliferation in the development of memory T cells, 2) role of cytokine-induced memory cell proliferation in the survival and function maintenance of memory T cells, 3) relationship between proliferation and chromatin remodeling at effector cytokine loci. Findings from proposed studies will provide a basis for new vaccine development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS TO SKILLED REMEMBERING Principal Investigator & Institution: Ornstein, Peter A.; Professor; Psychology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Given the critical role of memory in all aspects of successful adaption, this project is designed to identify and characterize developmental pathways to skilled remembering in young children. It builds upon a rich data base regarding age-related changes in children's memory that has been amassed over the last 20 years. This research has shown convincingly that with increases in age, children become more

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proficient in the production of narrative accounts of their previous experiences and the generation of effective strategies of the storage and retrieval of information. The wealth of information regarding the mnemonic abilities of children of different ages notwithstanding, critical issues concerning the development of these skills remain largely unaddressed For example, little is known about the course of development of autobiographical recall and planful remembering and the intersection between these two domains of memory. Moreover, even less is understood about the experiential factors that are associated with the emergence and refinement of these cognitive skills. The research proposed here is designed to address these issues by providing a longitudinal analysis of children's varied abilities to remember. Using two overlapping cohorts of children, age-related changes in remembering will be tracked from 18 to 72 months of age, concentrating especially on the multiple contributions of language and social communication to the development of memory. Taking non-verbal indices of young children's memory as a foundation, the emergence, refinement, and generalization of verbal skills for remembering will be charted. Moreover, this emphasis on the development of key verbal memory skills mandates a parallel examination of transitions between children's abilities (a) to talk about experiences in the present; (b) to discuss events in the past, and (c) to plan deliberately for future assessments of memory. Although there are rich research literatures in each of these areas, these bodies of work have not been integrated with each other, and longitudinal methods have not bee used to tracer the development of memory skills within individual children from late infancy through the transition to school. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DOPAMINERGIC MODULATION OF WORKING MEMORY IN PD Principal Investigator & Institution: Hershey, Tamara G.; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The applicant is a clinical neuropsychologist with graduate training in neuropsychology and postdoctoral training in neuropharmacology and positron emission tomography (PET). The goal of this career development award is to integrate and advance these two areas of interest to answer questions about the neuropharmacological and neurophysiological basis of cognitive dysfunction in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This award will provide the applicant with training in the technical and theoretical issues related to using cognitive and pharmacological activation techniques in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Long-term objectives are to address questions about the neural basis of cognitive dysfunction in movement disorders related to dopaminergic and/or basal ganglia dysfunction, such as PD, Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's disease. In addition, questions about the effects of dopaminergic treatments for these and other disorders (e.g. dystonia) on cognitive and neurophysiological functioning are also of interest. Cognitive dysfunction in these diseases, either due to the disease process itself or its treatments, can be limiting and disabling. Understanding the neurophysiologic basis for these symptoms may aid in assessing the effectiveness of current treatments or in developing better treatments. During the award period, the applicant will develop expertise in the use of fMRI, cognitive and neuropharmacological techniques to study these disorders, and will continue to hone her clinical skills in the neuropsychological assessment of movement disorders. The applicant will apply these new techniques to investigate the role of dopamine in working memory. The specific aims of the proposed studies are to test the hypothesis that 1) PD affects prefrontal cortex involvement in

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working memory and 2) dopaminergic modulation of working memory primarily occurs due to changes in lateral prefrontal cortical activity. To test these hypotheses, the applicant will first perform a behavioral study examining the effects of a steady-state infusion of levodopa, a dopamine precursor, on verbal and spatial working memory in PD patients and controls. The results of this study will then guide the choices of working memory tasks for an fMRl study. Subjects will be asked to perform working memory tasks before and during a steady-state infusion of levodopa. Modulation of the lateral prefrontal cortex is predicted during levodopa infusion. The degree of modulation is predicted to depend on baseline dopaminergic status (PD vs control) and the degree of memory load (low vs high). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DRUG EFFECTS ON LEARNING AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcgaugh, James L.; Director; Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this research program is to understand the neurobiological systems regulating the consolidation of long-term memory. Previous research has shown that stress hormones and activation of the amygdala enhance the consolidation of recent experiences. Such evidence suggests that the amygdala regulates the strength of memory in relation to the significance of experiences. The specific aims of the experiments are to determine: 1) neuromodulatory interactions within the basolateral region of the amygdala (BLA) that are critically involved in regulating memory consolidation, 2) BLA regulation of the consolidation of different aspects or forms of memory, and 3) BLA influences on other brain regions involved in consolidation of different aspects or forms of memory. Experiments will use intra-BLA infusions administered to rats after inhibitory avoidance training to test the specific hypothesis that muscarinic cholinergic activation in the BLA is critical for the effects, on memory consolidation, of drugs affecting other neuromodulatory systems, including noradrenergic and GABAergic systems. Experiments will also use in vivo microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography to determine the effects of inhibitory avoidance training on the release of norepinephrine and acetyicholine in the BLA. Other experiments will use intra-BLA infusions of memory-enhancing doses of noradrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic drugs administered after either context exposure or a brief footshock to determine whether the infusions differentially affect memory for the context or shock experiences. Experiments using intra-BLA drug infusions administered after exposure to context or footshock will determine BLA influences on memory processing in other brain regions. The findings of these experiments will significantly increase our understanding of the functioning of BLA activation in regulating the consolidation of long-term memory. Additionally, as the BLA mediates stress hormone-induced enhancement of memory consolidation, the findings may have important implications for understanding and treating disorders of emotionally influenced memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF AGE ON THE COGNITIVE ERPD/CARDIAC WAVEFFECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Friedman, David; Professor of Clinical Psychology; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1986; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is, by now, axiomatic, that older adult subjects demonstrate deficits, relative to young adults, on episodic or explicit test of memory, such as~ free recall, cued recall, and recognition, tests which require the conscious access to previously experienced events. However, the causes of these episodic memory deficits remain largely unknown. This revised proposal's major aim, therefore, is to test the hypothesis that alterations in executive, or cognitive control processes presumably mediated by the prefrontal cortex, can explain at least some of the older adults' decline in memory function ERP, EEG, and behavioral data will be obtained from young (20-30), young/old (60-70) and old/old (71-85) adults during series of episodic memory tasks and independent assessments of executive processing. The recruitment of 2 older age groups will enable the determination of continuity and/or discontinuity in memory function and underlying neurophysiology during the older adult years. The first two experiments are aimed at determining whether the older adults' encoding difficulties are due to a deficit in semantic retrieval per Se, or to a deficient cognitive control mechanism that enables the selection of semantic attributes from competing alternatives. The third experiment assesses the effect of resource allocation on age-related changes in episodic encoding. The fourth experiment tests the hypothesis that the older aduIts' source memory deficiencies may be due to a decline in encoding and retrieving "bound" information. The final memory task assesses the effect of inhibitory control on episodic memory performance and whether knowledge of source information can overcome the older adult's difficulty in inhibiting the retrieval of no longer relevant mnemonic information The independent executive tasks, which will be administered to all subjects, assess the older adults' working memory span, ability to task switch, and verbal and category fluency, all quintessential, prefrontally-based cognitive contrc mechanisms. ERPs will be recorded from 62 scalp sites to enable good spatial resolution for current source density, and EEG coherence analyses. The latter will enable a better understanding of the possible age-related alterations in the neural networks underpinning episodic memory performance. The data will be relevant to age-related changes ii cognitive control mechanisms, prefrontal functioning, and episodic memory, and their physiological underpinnings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ELEMENTS OF B CELL MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Cascalho, Marilia; Assistant Professor of Surgery; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Characterized by a greater, faster and more specific antibody response alter repeated immunization, immunological memory is still poorly understood and yet widely manipulated for the prevention of disease. The overall goal of the proposed research is to characterize the means by which a B-cell memory response is generated from naive B-cells and to define the requirements for the maintenance of such responses. To elucidate the elements of B-cell memory, a novel experimental system in mice was generated. These mice (monoclonal B-T mice) have a knock-in heavy-chain gene, a transgenic lambda light chain and a transgenic T helper Tcell receptor. Because they are engineered in a V(D)J recombinase-negative background, the primary antibody repertoire is monoclonal and can be diversified in response to immunization. In this way, by immunization with a hapten-carrier conjugate, a memory response and memory B-cells are generated. In one variant of the mouse models, the immunoglobulin expression by the B-cells will be regulated by the tet repressor system

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(Inducible immunoglobulin mice). In these mice, generation of B-cells memory will be studied under various conditions of surface Ig expression by the B-cells. One goal of these studies is to determine whether memory B-cells in addition to plasma cells can be identified after a primary response and whether memory B-cells have an activated or resting phenotype. Another goal is to determine whether expression surface Ig on Bcells will affect cell differentiation to effector-plasma cell vs. memory cell upon engagement by antigen. These goals will be achieved by analysis of the antigen specific Ig titer and by analysis of somatic hypermutation of the heavy-chain V exons following immunization with the cognate antigen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EMOTION AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Marsolek, Chad J.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objectives for this project are to develop and test a new method for examining the kind of emotional influences on memory that are exhibited in "flashbulb memories." Well-controlled laboratory experiments will test the hypothesis that emotional reactivity to visual scenes enhances episodic memory for the visual details in those scenes. This focused hypothesis helps to avoid some of the theoretical indeterminacy in previous discussions of such memories. Also, both emotional reactivity (to a standardized set of emotion-provoking scenes) and visual detail (e.g., particular left/right reflections of slides) are operationalized in concrete and physiologically motivated ways. In addition, the new method helps to overcome methodological concerns raised in previous naturalistic and laboratory research: Recognition memory procedures will provide experimental control and sensitive tests of memory accuracy, immediate tests will alleviate concerns about rehearsal of encoded information, and the use of many varied items will allow for strong and effective statistical tests. Preliminary experiments validate this method and indicate enhanced memory for details in high-emotional scenes but not in lowemotional scenes. Proposed experiments will examine important properties of this memory effect to address particular theoretical explanations. They will test whether detailed memory for emotion-provoking scenes (a) is observed only for negative scenes and not for the positive scenes, (b) depends on particular encoding or test tasks, (c) exhibits mood-congruent effects, (d) can be expressed in implicit memory, and (e) is influenced by retention interval. A clearer understanding of the properties of these flashbulb-like memory effects should help to suggest principles predicting the veridicality of emotional memories in eyewitness testimony situations. It also should help to provide new ways to conceptualize debilitating memories in post-traumatic stress disorder (and some phobias) and to suggest new treatments for such afflictions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EMOTION, REACTIVITY, AND MEMORY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Quas, Jodi A.; Psychology and Social Behavior; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although there is much interest in the study of emotions and memory in childhood, empirical findings have been mixed. One reason for the discrepancies concerns individual differences among children. Specifically, the

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relations between emotion and memory may depend on characteristics in children that affect both their emotional reactions to and memory for their experiences. The purpose of the proposed research is, first, to determine whether individual differences in children's physiological reactivity, that is, children's ability to regulate their physiological reactions to stress, influence their memory for negative and positive emotional information, and second, to determine the processes by which reactivity influences children's memory. One hundred twenty five-year-olds will take part in a protocol composed of challenging tasks. During the protocol, children's physiological responses will be monitored to identify reactive and nonreactive children. Reactive children have difficulty regulating their responses. They tend to exhibit exaggerated, prolonged physiological reactions to stress, whereas nonreactive children are better able to regulate their reactions. Two weeks after the protocol, children's memory for negative and positive emotional information (e.g., emotionally evocative video clips) will be tested. Within the reactive and nonreactive groups, half of the children will be questioned by a friendly, supportive interviewer, and half will be questioned by a cold, nonsupportive interviewer. By manipulating interviewer-provided social support, it will be possible to determine if encoding failures or some other factor (e.g., retrieval difficulties) underlie associations between emotion and memory in some children (i.e., those considered physiologically reactive). Broadly, the study's results will advance theory concerning how emotions affect memory in childhood. The results will also provide practical information about children's ability to recount personal, emotional experiences. By identifying the mechanisms that underlie children's memory for emotional information, it will be possible to determine whether or not and how best to intervene and improve their memory abilities. This knowledge will benefit educators, clinicians, legal professionals, and others charged with the responsibility of obtaining accurate and complete accounts from children across a variety of contexts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EMOTIONAL MEMORY IN AGING: COGNITIVE & NEURAL PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Corkin, Suzanne H.; Professor; Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room E19-750 Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The material and memories of everyday life are often infused with an emotional relevance that is not present, and may even be avoided, in traditional studies of memory in aging. To date, few studies have investigated the cognitive and neural substrates of emotional memory in older adults, and none has investigated behavior, brain structure, and brain physiology in a single study of emotional memory in any participant group. To fill this gap, we will adopt a twopronged approach: a series of behavioral experiments that will show the extent to which emotional valence conveys a benefit on the quantity and, significantly, the quality of information remembered by older adults; and related structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments using advanced technology. These investigations will allow us to uncover the neural structures that underlie emotional memory in younger adults, and altered and preserved emotional memory circuits in older adults. In young adults, memory is typically better for emotional as compared to neutral stimuli. Evidence from our laboratory and others suggests that older adults also show enhancement based on emotional valence. It is unclear, however, whether normal aging affects the cognitive or neural mechanisms supporting a specific component of emotional enhancement: the increased ability to remember rich details of a negative

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event. This question is of particular interest because older adults have difficulty recalling specific details of non-emotional events (as compared to remembering the gist of the events). Recollective memory for neutral items is thought to rely on the hippocampal formation, and we predict that the recollective enhancement for emotional stimuli results from connections between the amygdala, other medial temporal lobe structures, and prefrontal cortex. In contrast to older adults' ability to show enhancement based on the arousal or valence of an item, we found that older adults do not show enhancement for neutral stimuli embedded in a negative versus a neutral context. A second goal of the proposed research is to examine whether this deficit is present across a range of stimuli, and whether the impairment is related to dysfunction of specific brain regions. Because of the particular role of prefrontal cortex in binding an item to its context, or source memory, we propose that older adults' reduced enhancement may be due to structural or functional alterations in prefrontal cortex. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ERP STUDIES OF DUAL PROCESSES IN RECOGNITION MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Curran, Tim E.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of the proposed research is to understand the neurocognitive processes that underlie human recognition memory. Recognition is supported by processes that are sensitive to the general familiarity of stimuli as well as by processes enabling the recollection of specific information. Behavioral research suggests that these processes can be dissociated by manipulating variables that differentially affect recollection and familiarity, but the characteristics of the underlying brain processes have yet to be reliably differentiated. Based on preliminary results, the proposed research investigates the hypothesis that recollection and familiarity can be differentiated with event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Early (300-500 ms) frontal ERP effects are modulated by stimulus familiarity, whereas later (400-800 ms) parietal ERP effects are related to recollection. The general aim of the proposed research is to better specify the relationship between the hypothesized ERP familiarity and recollection effects, contemporary theories of familiarity and recollection, and behavioral recognition memory performance. The first specific aim is to delineate the temporal correspondence between the hypothesized ERP familiarity and recollection effects and behavioral recognition memory performance. The second specific aim is to electrophysiologically replicate several behavioral dissociations between recollection and familiarity that have been previously reported. The third specific aim is to use ERPs to examine empirical phenomena that are central to current cognitive theorizing about recognition memory. The present research will advance our understanding of the processes that underlie human memory at both the cognitive and neural level. Our understanding of the brain mechanisms of memory will be advanced by characterizing the timing and anatomical separability of these processes. Our understanding of the cognitive processes of recollection and familiarity will be enhanced by establishing measures of brain electrical activity that reliably differentiate between these processes, by manipulating psychological variables known to affect recognition, and by observing how these variables differentially affect the electrophysiological measures of recollection and familiarity. Future studies can apply these methods to the investigation of memory impairments associated with normal aging, psychiatric disorders, and neurological damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FACE-NAME ASSOCIATION: FMRI STUDIES IN AGING & MILD AD Principal Investigator & Institution: Sperling, Reisa A.; Assistant Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the application): This is an application for a K23-Mentored Patient-Oriented Career Development Award entitled "Face-Name Association: fMRI Studies in Aging & Mild AD". The primary goal of the proposed research is to utilize fMRI to investigate the functional networks subserving "relational" explicit memory tasks, such as face-name association, and to examine the alterations in this network that occur in normal aging and mild AD. The ability to learn and remember associations between components of newly acquired information, such as names and faces, is an essential memory requirement of everyday life. Moreover, difficulty recalling proper names is the most common memory complaint of older individuals, raising fears of an underlying neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer s disease (AD). Functional MRI (fMRI) is a powerful new technique for investigating the neural substrates of cognition, and provides an excellent opportunity to study complex memory processes, such as face-name association. It is hypothesized that face-name association will require the integration of multiple brain regions, including the fusiform gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal formation, that will be differentially affected by the processes of normal aging and mild AD. An integrated series of cognitive and imaging studies is planned to address the following questions: 1) What is the functional anatomy of memory for face-name associations in young individuals? 2) What functional alterations occur in the brain during these tasks with normal aging? 3) How are the functional changes that occur in mild AD different from those seen in normal aging? 4) Is it feasible to develop fMRI during face-name association tasks as a surrogate marker of response to pharmacologic therapy in AD patients? This functional dissection of the explicit memory network using a clinically relevant task will provide new and important insights about memory alterations that occur with age and in early AD. In order to achieve these goals, the candidate seeks training in 1) fMRI physics and analytic techniques, 2) cognitive neuroscience methodology relevant to explicit memory, and 3) clinical research design and analysis. The proposed research plan, didactic courses, and tutorial instruction from mentors and advisors will serve to foster the candidate's development into an independent clinical researcher in the field of functional neuroimaging and neurodegenerative disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FMRI ANALYSIS OF DECLARATIVE MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gabrieli, John D.; Professor; Psychology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) This proposal aims to elucidate the contributions of medial-temporal lobe (MTL) and frontal-lobe regions to the encoding and retrieval of declarative memory via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Dysfunction in MTL and frontal regions is thought to be important for many neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. There are, however, major contradictions in the functional neuroimaging literature in characterizing MTL and frontal-lobe contributions to declarative memories. The overall goal of the studies is to

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develop a reliable understanding of the meaning of MTL and frontal activations during declarative memory performance, so that neuroimaging studies may become better integrated with evidence from animal, human lesion, computional, and theoretical approaches. Experiments 1-5 exploit recent advances in the use of event-related fMRI to discover the anatomic locus of activations, within the MTL, correlated with sucessful encoding or retrieval memories for scenes (Experiment 1), words (Experiment 2), faces (Experiment 3), nonverbal patterns (Experiment 4), and sentences (Experiment 5). Experiment 6 examines different ways of measuring encoding. Experiments 14-15 focus on differences across materials. The critical questions are similarities and differences for (a) encoding vs. retrieval and (b)different stimulus types. Both lesion and neuroimaging evidence suggests that the amygdala enhances declarative memory for emotional, especially negative, visual scenes. In Experiments 7-8 we examine MTL activations for negative (Experiment 7) or positive (Experiment 8) vs. neutral scenes. We hypothesize that frontal-lobe activations commomly observed during declarative memory encoding and retrieval reflect domain-specific and process-specific working memory processes interacting with long-term memory stores. Experiments 9-10 test the hypothesis that frontal-lobe retrieval activations are co-localized for short-term and long-term memory judgements. Experiment 11 tests the hypothesis that left-prefrontal encoding activations reflect working-memory processes of verbal selection among competing alternative responses. Experiment 12 tests the hypothesis that there is material-specificity for frontal-lobe encoding and retrieval processes. Experiment 13 examines whether the material-specific hypothesis applies to both task-based and material-based operationalizations of encoding. Experiment 16 examines what frontal-lobe component of working memory (encoding, storage, or retrieval) participates in declarative memory retrieval. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FMRI STUDIES IN EARLY ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Petrella, Jeffrey R.; Assistant Professor; Radiology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The broad, long-term goal of this research is to develop antemortem markers that are sensitive to the detection of the earliest neuronal changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Such markers may be useful to characterize subjects at risk, to differentiate normal age-related memory changes from prodromal dementia, and to monitor the effects of therapy as adjuncts to neuropsychological and clinical assessments. The short term goals of this proposal are to further elucidate the specific neural substrates and potential compensatory mechanisms underlying the memory deficits in early AD. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative dementia associated with disruption of neuronal function. Accumulating evidence suggests that histological changes in specific temporal and frontal lobe structures may begin years prior to the development of clinical symptoms. Further, the diagnosis of probable AD is often preceded by a prodromal phase in which specific memory deficits may precede other cognitive or functional impairments. In longitudinal studies, approximately 10-15 percent of such "prodromal AD" patients progress to diagnosable probable AD annually. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers great promise to study neuronal activation patterns in specific brain regions during the performance of memory tasks in early AD. Clinically, such studies may offer diagnostic or prognostic potential by revealing subtle neural deficits not obvious on resting scans or clinical assessments alone. We have validated a novel event- related working memory fMRI paradigm that can study activation during

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component processes of memory as well as how such patterns are affected by increasing memory load. We propose to use this paradigm to study three carefully characterized groups of elderly subjects: mild AD, prodromal AD, and matched controls. Our primary aim is to study the neural correlates of memory impairment in memory specific brain regions of the frontal and medial temporal lobes in early or questionable AD. We will also examine whether there is recruitment of "new" brain regions in patients with prodromal AD compared to normals as well as the differential effects of increasing memory load on the "reserve" capacity to activate these same brain regions. As a secondary aim, we will test the sensitivity of fMRI activation patterns to separate mild AD cases from controls as well as the prognostic utility of a baseline fMRI, as an adjunct to genetic and neuropsychological tests, in predicting cognitive decline over a 3-5 year follow-up period in prodromal AD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FRONTAL/MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE CONTRIBUTIONS TO MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Ojemann, Jeffrey G.; Neurological Surgery; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neuroimaging studies have suggested involvement of both frontal and medial temporal regions during memory formation. The evaluation of medial temporal lobe function is necessary prior to temporal lobectomy for epilepsy to avoid postoperative amnesia. Injection of the anesthetic, amytal, into the internal carotid artery has been used to predict whether the side opposite surgery can sustain memory. The resulting memory impairment is poorly predictive of postoperative memory decline. Frontal lobe activation in memory could explain these results given the limited perfusion of medial temporal lobe structures with amytal injections. Further, similar lateralizing effects of the type of material memorized have been described for both frontal lobe activation and cerebral amytal results. In the proposed studies, functional MRI (fMRI) of memory encoding would be performed in patients undergoing cerebral amytal testing and subsequent temporal lobectomy. These fMRI studies are proposed to: 1) Image medial temporal lobe (MTL) functional activity in patients who are candidates for temporal lobectomy to treat seizures. Activation of both left and right MTL will be optimized using different encoding paradigms. 2) Demonstrate superior predictive value of postoperative memory performance with fMRI of memory compared to the predictive value of the cerebral amytal test. Preoperative fMRI studies will attempt to demonstrate both the integrity of the MTL opposite the side of operation as well as any remaining function on the side of surgery. 3) Demonstrate better correlation with frontal lobe activations than MTL activations with results of the cerebral amytaL consistent with the known distribution of intracarotid injections. 4) Follow the plasticity of frontal lobe activations following temporal lobectomy. Functional MRI of postoperative patients, who undergo temporal lobectomy, will be performed to determine if frontal lobe activation during memory encoding remains, and if it retains its preoperative lateralization with encoding different material. This final aim will help establish the relationship between ipsilateral frontal and medial temporal lobe activation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF RECOGNITION MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Yonelinas, Andrew P.; Professor; Psychology; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Recognition memory judgments can be based either on recollection of qualitative information about a previous event or on assessments of stimulus familiarity. Cognitive studies show that these two memory retrieval processes are functionally distinct. However, very little is known about the cortical substrates of these two processes, and significant gaps remain in our understanding of their functional properties. The specific aims of the current proposal are as follows. (1) Determine if hippocampal and parahippocampal regions contribute to recollection and familiarity by contrasting the recognition memory deficits of amnesic patients with hippocampal (H) and hippocampal+parahippocampal (HP) lesions. Previous studies showed that patients with HP lesions exhibited deficits in both recollection and familiarity. In order to identify whether these regions contribute differentially to these two processes it is now essential that we contrast the memory deficits of H and HP patients. By examining the cortical substrates of recollection and familiarity these studies will serve to test competing theories of recognition memory and will evaluate the functional specificity of regions within the medial temporal lobe in humans. (2) Determine if familiarity-based recognition judgments are based on conceptual implicit memory, by contrasting the effects of two experimental variables (i.e., semantic encoding and dividing attention) and medial temporal lobe lesions (i.e., H and HP lesions) on familiarity and implicit memory. The results will show whether familiarity and conceptual implicit memory exhibit similar cortical regions, and thus will provide a test of current models of recognition memory and implicit memory. 3) Determine the forgetting functions of recollection and familiarity in healthy subjects and patients with hippocampal and parahippocampal damage in order to further characterize these processes and cortical regions, and to test models that assert that hippocampal and parahippocampal regions support long-term and intermediate-term memory respectively. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GLUCOCORTICOID REGULATION OF MEMORY IN AGING HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Newcomer, John W.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) The long-term objective of this research is to develop effective treatment approaches for memory impairments associated with excess glucocorticoid (GC) exposure. GCs are known to regulate brain metabolism, physiology and gene expression, particularly in the hippocampus, as well as memory function. Increased GC exposure including several days of exposure to the endogenous human GC, cortisol, at levels associated with major stress, is known to decrease memory performance. It is not known whether cortisol levels associated with mild to moderate stress can produce similar effects. In addition, indirect evidence from aging humans suggests that age-related increases in cortisol levels are associated with progressive agerelated memory declines. This application proposes to identify the full range of plasma cortisol levels associated with adverse effects on human: memory, and to directly test the effect of cortisol on memory in older humans to define suspected age-related changes in GC effects. Evidence indicating age-related declines in hippocampal GC

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receptor function suggests that age-related memory decreases may not be a direct effect of increasing GC levels. Pilot data for application indicate age-related decreases in GC effects on memory. Confirmation of increased or decreased effects on memory in older humans is highly relevant to hypotheses that drive ongoing research to prevent related memory loss. This project aims to 1) define age-related changes in the effect of cortisol on memory, 2) define the relationship of plasma cortisol levels to memory across the full range of levels relevant to stress. Secondary aims include identification of additional variables that may modify vulnerability to cortisol-induced impairments. A doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple fixed-dose comparison of oral cortisol treatment in younger and older adults will be used to measure cognitive and plasma variables at baseline, during treatment, and after washout. Doses are selected to produce a wide and continuous range of plasma cortisol levels associated with stress. Regression models and ANOVA will be used to assess the relationship of plasma cortisol levels and dose to memory, as well as relevant age effects. The results of this study are directly relevant to iatrogenic GC exposure, and to the effect of common physical and psychological stresses on memory function in all healthy humans. The results will address public health concerns about stress and learning, quantify of GC effects on memory during aging, and provide data on plasma cortisol levels relevant to treatment considerations (e.g., GC receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers) for preventing this adverse effect on memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNE ACTIVATION, HIPPOCAMPAL IL-1BETA, AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rudy, Jerry W.; Professor of Psychology; Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: The causes of many cognitive and memory disturbances are poorly understood. However, many of these disturbances (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, AIDS dementia, autoimmune disease, viral diseases such as Borna virus, normal aging, cancer and cancer chemotherapy) are associated with elevated levels of peripheral and/or brain cytokines, which are immune products released in response to infection. Some researchers have speculated that cognitive impairments are part of the "sickness pattern" produced by cytokines and that increased brain levels of a particular cytokine, IL-1beta, may play a key role in the production of these phenomena. However, the hypothesis that brain IL-1beta, or other cytokines produce cognitive/memory disturbances has received little systematic attention. The goal of this proposal is to systematically explore the implications of this hypothesis. We will do this by building on our past work to (a) determine if IL-1beta, impairs long-term memory consolidation on a range of tasks that depend on the hippocampus, (b) determine if IL-1beta, also impairs short-term memory, (c) determine if such memory impairments can be produced by naturally occurring conditions that induce IL-1beta, in the hippocampus such as infection, and (d) examine the hypothesis that IL-1beta, produces its effects on memory by its influence on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Thus, the proposed research will contribute to an understanding of disorders of memory, the operation of IL-1beta, in the brain, and the mechanisms that underlie learning and memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF B CELL DIFFERENTIATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Press, Joan L.; Associate Professor; Biology; Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham, Ma 024549110

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1977; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): First encounter with thymus-dependent antigen usually induces both a primary (1 primary) antibody response and B cell memory, thus providing a rationale for vaccination. However, the dichotomy in response to epitopes on (Tyr, Glu)-Ala--Lys [(T,G)-A--L] shows that B cell activation leading to the antibody forming cell (AFC) vs. memory pathways are separable events: the 1 primary antibody response is against GT, but upon memory recall, 20- 30% of the B cells respond to A-L, thus (T,G)-A--L-priming generated memory to A-L with no detectable early 1 primary effector phase. The long-term objectives are to understand the mechanisms that control cell fate determination (effector vs. memory) after 1 degree B cell activation. The proposed experiments will test the hypothesis that higher avidity 1 degree B cells (e. g., GT+) are activated to become AFC, whereas lower avidity B cells (e. g., A-L+) are activated only to enter the germinal center to memory pathway. V(D)J knock-in mice will be used to follow the cell fate of higher vs. lower avidity 1 primary B cells. The GT knock-in expresses a heavy chain from a 1 degree GT+ B cell. Two A-L+ knock-ins (ALM, collectively) express mutated heavy chains from an A-L+ memory cell, whereas the AL-GL knock-in uses the same, but unmutated, heavy chain. Aim 1 asks whether B cells differing in avidity have different cell fate outcomes after in vivo activation, and it will analyze different aspects of AFC or memory cell formation by GT, AL-M, and AL-GL 1 primary B cells using flow cytometry and adoptive transfer experiments. Aim 2 asks whether in vitro correlates exist for differential signaling by BCRs differing in avidity, and it will analyze B cell antigen presentation ability, activation profiles, and BCR translocation to lipid rafts. If, as this hypothesis proposes, the signal threshold for memory cell generation is lower than that for AFC differentiation, then modifying strength of signal might modulate cell fate. Aim 3 asks whether reducing CD22 negative regulation allows lower avidity cells to become AFC, and whether reducing Btk signals impedes AFC differentiation of higher avidity B cells. It will compare effector vs. memory cell generation in GT, AL-M, and AL-GL knock-ins on the CD22 -/- or.xid background. Understanding the relationships among B cell avidity, B cell activation signals, and B cell fate (effector vs. memory) will help in the design of vaccines that can elicit both protective, early 1 primary antibody and B cell memory after one priming event. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMPACT CONVERSATION

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Lockridge, Calion B.; Psychology; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although previous findings in the experimental psycholinguistics literature suggest that working memory span can shape text processing, no research examines how working memory span shapes spoken language processing. The goal of this project is to determine what effect individual differences in working memory span have on referential communication--in particular, how people with high and low working memory spans use language to coordinate disparate, preexisting perspectives on objects in order to reach a joint perspective in conversation. It is believed that a high working memory span allows people to maintain more information in working memory and perform more cognitive operations on this information. I will use a two-phase method where the first phase will measure 200-250 participants' working memory span using the Operation-Word Span task (Engle, 1999). I will also use

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the Interpersonal Reactivity Index questionnaire (Davis, 1983) to control for people's willingness to take another's perspective. In Phase II, 40 high and 40 low-span people will interact in pairs (either matched for high span or low span, or mismatched with a partner having a different span) to perform a referential communication task in which they repeatedly match identical sets of ambiguous pictures for which they have previously learned the same perspective, a different perspective, or no perspective. Measures will include efficiency, errors, and the point at which pairs entrain (converge) on the same referring expressions. I predict high-span individuals will display more flexibility in taking perspectives. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LEARNING & MEMORY DEPENDENT ENCODING IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shapiro, Matthew L.; Associate Professor; Neurobiology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Memory is crucial to identity and survival, and the hippocampus is required for normal memory. The causal relationship between hippocampal cell activity and learning and memory performance, however, remains unknown because few experiments record neuronal firing while memory demands are varied and other aspects of behavior are held constant. Aim 1. To identify learningdependent changes in neuronal encoding by recording groups of hippocampal neurons while rats perform a task that requires the hippocampus. Successful newlearning that requires the hippocampus should require the formation of new and persistent firing patterns by hippocampal neurons. Rats will be trained in a + maze task that can be solved by either hippocampus-dependent or independent strategies. Groups of hippocampal cells will be recorded in rats that behave identically but differ in learning ability, memory strategy, and hippocampal function. Probes will test the strategies used by each rat, and unit activity will be compared in normal place and response learners, and rats with fornix or caudate lesions. Aim 2. To test the generality of the results in Aim 1, neuronal activity will be recorded in rats trained in a distinct type of learning, the social transmission of food preference. A subset of dynamic neuronal responses may be required for all types of hippocampus-dependent learning, independent of behavioral expression, type of motivation, and specific content of learning. Hippocampal neurons in normal rats should develop persistent olfactory associations between the arbitrarily selected novel food odors and the odor of carbon disulfide, the signal of food safety. Aim 3. To test if temporal relationships among spike trains encode memory by comparing real-time ensemble activity in the hippocampus. Significant memory information may be encoded by the temporal relationships among neurons action potentials. The temporal dynamics of spiking within ensembles recorded during identical behaviors but different memoryloads will be assessed using published and a new method. The analysis will begin by comparing spike records as rats traverse the start arm of a + maze during right and left turns. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LEARNING DISABILITIES IN ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Geary, David C.; Professor; Psychology; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Research on average-IQ children with poor math achievement, that is, math disabled (MD) children, has revealed several sources of their lower than expected (based on IQ) achievement. These children have a poor conceptual understanding of counting, use immature counting procedures to solve arithmetic problems, commit many procedural errors, and have difficulties remembering basic arithmetic facts. The poor counting knowledge of these children appears to contribute to their use of immature counting procedures and their procedural errors, although it is not currently known if this poor counting knowledge extends beyond second grade. Poor working memory resources also appear to contribute to these procedural deficits and it has been argued that these working memory deficits are due to a slow counting speed. The source of the fact-retrieval deficits of these children is unclear, but appears to be related to a combination of difficulties in inhibiting irrelevant associations from entering working memory and from difficulties in lexical access (e.g., retrieving information from semantic memory). Recent theoretical and methodological advances suggest that these working memory and retrieval deficits are more complex than previously conceptualized. Individual differences in working memory appear to be related to ease of inhibiting irrelevant associations, speed of articulating words, speed of scanning the contents of working memory, and ease of regenerating phonetic and semantic traces that are decaying in working memory. The latter, in theory, is related to MD children's difficulties in lexical access and the associated fact-retrieval deficits. The proposed research will be the first to: 1) assess the counting knowledge of first, third and fifth grade MD children and normal controls and examine the relations among counting span (an index of working memory), counting knowledge and procedural competencies in arithmetic; 2) use recent theoretical and methodological advances to provide an assessment of each of the above described components of working memory in first, third and fifth grade MD children and normal controls and relate these competencies to the working memory, counting procedure, and fact-retrieval deficits of MD children; 3) use negative priming methods to test the hypothesis that the fact-retrieval deficit of MD children is related, in part, to difficulties in inhibiting irrelevant associations from entering working memory; and 4) systematically compare the counting and arithmetic competencies of MD children and children with low-IQ scores and low math achievement scores. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LTP AND SPATIAL LEARNING Principal Investigator & Institution: Teyler, Timothy J.; Professor of Medical Science; Medical Education; University of Idaho Moscow, Id 838443020 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): This proposal is the second resubmission of one reviewed in June 1998. The conceptual framework guiding the proposed research is that the biophysical properties of different LTP mechanisms should be reflected in different aspects of learning and memory. The PI has made important contributions toward understanding these, as well as the cellular and biological properties of LTP, including the recent discovery of an NMDA receptor independent form of LTP in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse (Grover & Teyler, Nature, 1990). The PI now proposes to investigate the links between learning and memory and the cellular and synaptic mechanisms of LTP.The PI discovered a form of long-term potentiation (LTP) that is independent of NMDA receptors. This form of LTP is induced by 200 Hz stimulation through voltage dependent calcium channels, and contributes to the LTP

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observed in typical in vitro and in vivo experiments (i.e. 100 Hz stimulation). In contrast to NMDA receptor-dependent LTP, which is induced quickly and decays, voltagedependent calcium channel LTP (vdccLTP) can be induced in the presence of NMDA receptor antagonists, builds up slowly (~20 minutes) and decays slowly (no change > 10 h in vitro). The two patterns of stimulation are differentially sensitive to different enzymatic poisons: Serine/threonine kinase poison H-7 inhibits PKC, PKA, PKG, and CamKII, and prevents NMDA-dependent LTP induction (25Hz tetanus); tyrosine kinase poisons (e.g. genistein and lavendustin A) did not significantly attenuate 25Hz LTP induction, but prevented the vdccLTP (200Hz stim) from lasting more than 80 minutes. The proposed research will explore the relationship between learning and memory and the mechanisms underlying these two forms of plasticity. Specifically, the PI will test the effects of drugs that selectively block either voltage-dependent or NMDA receptor dependent LTP on memory performance in the radial maze.To test the hypothesis that vdccLTP is required for long-term memory retention, whereas NMDA receptordependent LTP is required for the acquisition of shorter-term reference memory, rats will be trained and tested in the 4/8 task on a radial maze. In this task, food is placed in 4 of the 8 arms of the maze at the start of each trial without replacement, and the task for the rat is to enter each of these baited arms once to get the food most efficiently. Entries into arms that never have food define reference memory errors, and repeated entries into arms with food within a trial define working memory errors (episodic memory). Hippocampal lesions impair acquisition of both working and reference memory in this task, but lesions given after training impair only the working memory component. Two major unanswered questions remain: 1. How does the within-trial working memory persist when NMDA receptors are blocked? 2. How and where in the brain is the longterm reference memory stored? The proposal focuses on the 2nd of these questions. NMDA receptor antagonists and voltage-dependent calcium channel LTP blockers will be given, alone and in combination, to behaving rats. In separate experiments, the drugs will be given systemically and into the hippocampus directly. Dose/response curves for the effects of the drugs on LTP induction will be tested in vivo. The hypothesis is that voltage-dependent LTP is required for long-term memory retention, whereas NMDA receptor dependent LTP is required for the shorter-term acquisition of reference memory. The drugs will also be given in combination. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISM OF AUTOANTIBODY FORMATION IN HUMAN AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Stollar, Bernard D.; Professor and Chairman; Biochemistry; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The long term goal of the proposed research is to understand agingassociated changes in autoantibody formation and humoral responses to vaccination. In the current period of this grant support, we have confirmed the increased frequency of autoantibody production, identified changes in the expressed Ig gene repertoire in human aging, and found a high degree of variability among elderly humans in frequency of Ig gene mutations and in the memory B cell numbers. We will pursue the implications of these findings, both in continuing studies on the origins of agingassociated autoantibodies and in tests of the functional significance of variations in memory B cell numbers. Specific Aim 1. We will continue to test alternate hypotheses for mechanisms underlying autoantibody formation, to distinguish between unmasked expression of natural autoantibodies and autoantigen-stimulated selection. Specific Aim

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2: We will test the hypothesis that marked deviations from normal numbers of CD27+ memory B cells predict a poor response of nursing home residents to influenza vaccination and that their memory B cell changes are related to underlying changes in T cell functions. We will determine: a. whether CD19+CD27+ cells correspond to memory B cells, with mutated V region genes, in elderly people as in young adults; b. whether the size of the CD27+ memory B cell population is a fixed characteristic for individuals, or a labile parameter that may reflect disease or diminished regulation; c. whether influenza-specific memory B cells are present among the CD27+ B cells of vaccinated subjects; d. Whether unusually low or high levels of CD27+ B cells are correlated with unusual levels of T cell subset populations and/or low T cell function, which might underlie B cell dysregulation; and e. whether nursing home residents with either very low or very high numbers of memory B cells generate a low humoral response to influenza vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEDIAL SEPTUM IN SPATIAL MEMORY AND THETA RHYTHM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pang, Kevin Ch.; Associate Professor; Psychology; Bowling Green State Univ Bowling Green 220 Mcfall Ctr Bowling Green, Oh 43403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Learning and memory impairments are a common complaint in the elderly and are very severe in patients with Alzheimer's disease. A brain area that shows age-related degeneration is the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex (MSDB), and consistent degeneration of the MSDB occurs in Alzheimer's disease. The MSDB provides a major subcortical input to the hippocampus, a brain structure well known to be critical for memory. To date, most studies have focused on cholinergic MSDB neurons because agents have been available to damage these neurons selectively. Less is known about the function of noncholinergic MSDB neurons, even though their projection to the hippocampus can be as large as the cholinergic neurons. The proposed studies hypothesize that noncholinergic MSDB neurons are important for spatial memory because they modulate hippocampal physiology. Administration of kainic acid into the MSDB can damage noncholinergic MSDB neurons and spare the cholinergic neurons. The studies in this proposal do the following: 1) provide more information regarding the damaging effects of kainic acid administration on noncholinergic MSDB neurons, 2) examine the effects of intraseptal kainic acid administration on spatial memory, 3) investigate whether changes in spatial memory caused by intraseptal kainic acid is due to alterations of hippocampal place cells, 4) determine the effects of intraseptal kainic acid administration on rhythmic activity patterns (theta rhythm) in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. The proposed studies focus on a population of neurons that has not received much previous study, and therefore, the results of this proposal will greatly advance our knowledge of the role of noncholinergic MSDB neurons in memory. Additionally, much will be learned of the interaction between the medial septum-diagonal band complex and the hippocampus. Because these brain areas are so important in memory, the results from this proposal will have important broad implications in the treatment and prevention of memory impairments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MEMORY AND IMPLICIT COGNITION IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sussman, Steven Y.; Professor; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-NOV-2002; Project End 31-OCT-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project seeks to understand how drug abuse prevention programs have effects from a memory and implicit cognition perspective in theory and assessment and to begin to apply this perspective to the improvement and maintenance of prevention effects. This approach emphasizes cognitive processes that have received continued support in basic research on human memory, cognition and neuroscience but which have rarely been addressed in drug use prevention research. The essence of this approach is that one?s behavior at any one moment is governed primarily by the current pattern of activation in memory, and that activation is often primarily an implicit, or relatively spontaneous, process. To understand nonoptimal behavioral decisions, such as drug use, and its change, one must understand how patterns of activation in memory change spontaneously in response to different circumstances and how these processes are modified by drug experience and interventions. This approach assumes that group and individual differences may exist in how this implicit process operates. We propose to study critical and inter-related theoretical, assessment, and prevention issues from this approach in a particularly highrisk population: continuation high-school students. In Study 1 we propose to evaluate and refine the best assessments of associative memory processes and drug abuse, focusing on tests of associative memory in high-risk youth. In Study 2, we propose to evaluate effects of key curricula from a nationally recognized, prevention program on memory and implicit cognition processes on high risk youth. We apply the best assessments from the preceding study, but further differentiate among several assessments to see which are best at uncovering prevention effects on cognitive processes. We also propose to investigate other potential processes underlying curricula effects, including more traditional assessments. Other variables to be investigated are plausible moderators (effect-modifiers) of program effects on cognition (gender, acculturation change and traitbased factors), some of which are addressed as well by other center projects. Thus, Study 2 will evaluate a variety of alternative ways through which prevention programming may operate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MEMORY AND LEARNING IN CHILDREN WITH IDDM Principal Investigator & Institution: Holmes, Clarissa S.; Professor; Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): The project's long-term goal is the longitudinal study of memory and learning skills in children with insulin-dependent diabetes --- mellitus (IDDM). As children progress through school, information acquisition becomes increasingly visual at the same time that adolescents with diabetes begin to experience central visual processing anomalies. Visual memory and learning is virtually unstudied in youth with diabetes even though difficulties with verbally based acquisition skills have been documented. Problems remembering or learning to accurately implement the diabetes treatment regimen can affect metabolic control and compromise both further cognitive functioning and long-term health status. This application proposes to ascertain the functional impact of memory and learning skills on

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daily self care behaviors of children. A group of adolescents, ages 12-15, will be followed longitudinally as they enter a crucial developmental transition from parental management of their diabetes to increasing self-care responsibility. Approximately 120 adolescents from Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. will be evaluated initially to provide baseline documentation of their memory and learning skills, their academic achievements as well as their diabetes self-care behaviors. Children will be evaluated every year for a total of 4 assessments over the course of 4 years. An accelerated longitudinal design with growth curve analyses will be used to evaluate the achievement and self-care outcomes related to memory and learning skills. It is hypothesized that visual memory will decrease over time in a linear fashion because the visual system is particularly vulnerable with longer disease duration, even though acuity remains intact. It is hypothesized that verbal memory should remain relatively unchanged over time except for adolescents who experience episodes of severe hypoglycemia, which disrupts left hemisphere medial temporal/hippocampal functioning; modality specific learning patterns over time should follow these memory patterns and better memory should relate to better achievement scores and self-care behaviors, independent of the effect of general intelligence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEMORY FUNCTION IN ALCOHOLISM--PROCESSES & BRAIN SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Jernigan, Terry L.; Clinical Research Psychologist; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Priming refers to the fact that the mere processing of an item can facilitate subsequent processing of that same item. Priming effects can occur in the absence of conscious recollection of the prior study episode, and it has, therefore, been suggested that priming and explicit memory disorder patients is critical for this hypothesis, since if it is possible to link the breakdown of explicit memory and priming to damage to different brain regions this would strengthen the independent memory systems hypothesis. Difficulties associated with evaluating priming effects in memory impaired subjects include that priming measures may be less sensitive than explicit memory measures, and that the priming obtained in a given task is related to baseline performance, with poorer baseline performance resulting in greater priming. Therefore, it patients have even mild information processing deficits this may make priming impairments. The proposed project will investigate these issues in normal subjects and alcoholic patients with varying degrees of memory and processing deficits. The proposed project will investigate these issues in normal subjects and alcoholic patients with varying degrees of memory and processing deficits. The proposed experiments are designed to manipulate baseline performance level and sensitivity of the priming measures. Measures of priming, baseline performance, and explicit memory will be obtained. The subjects will be normal controls and chronic alcoholic patients who differ in the severity of their explicit memory defects, ranging from non amnesic patients without noticeable memory impairments through "borderline Korsakoff" patients with only mild memory deficits to severely amnesic patients with Korasoff's syndrome. Measures of volume loss in specific brain structures will be obtained from MRI. These measures will be related to the behavioral indices, using a multiple regression approach, to determine the specific role of each brain region in perceptual. lexical processing, explicit memory and magnitude of priming.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEMORY SYSTEMS OF THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Squire, Larry R.; Research Career Scientist and Professor; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1979; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Studies are proposed to investigate the structure and function of mammalian memory systems. We propose neuropsychological studies of amnesic patients and patients with Parkinson's disease, studies of human eyeblink conditioning, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, and new studies in the rat, which will complement the studies in humans. The work is organized as five topics. 1. The organization of declarative memory proposes seven experiments that concern medial temporal lobe function: a) episodic and semantic memory; b) the functions of the perirhinal cortex; c) the problem of task classification; d) the hypothesis that declarative memory is flexible and non-declarative memory, less flexible. 2. Non-declarative memory as an independent entity proposes three experiments concerning a) category (prototype) learning and b) conceptual priming. 3. Eyeblink conditioning proposes four experiments to pursue our finding that awareness of the stimulus contingencies is a prerequisite for differential trace conditioning. We propose to study a) single-cue conditioning; b) the development of awareness during conditioning; c) trace conditioning in amnesia; d) the effects of divided attention on retention of trace conditioning. 4. Declarative and nondeclarative memory as revealed in fMRI proposes five experiments using blocked and event-related techniques. We will a) compare perceptual priming and recognition; b) compare priming and recognition in amnesia; and c) study medial temporal lobe activation during retrieval as a function of retention interval. 5. Complementary studies in rats proposes six experiments in our newly operational rat laboratory (up and going since March, 1998. We will assess visual recognition memory following ibotenic or radio-frequency lesions of the hippocampus using a) non- matching to sample; b) the visual paired-comparison task; c) the socially- acquired food preference task. We will also d) determine the locus and size of the effective lesion in the case of task (b) and compare the findings to what has been determined for a spatial task (Moser et al. 1993). Finally 3), we will study the temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia. It is worth noting that a key component of the work in humans is the availability of two profoundly amnesic patients who have no capacity for declarative memory. A second key component of our program is our new work with rats, which is conceptually closely related to our work with humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MEMORY T CELL DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Abbas, Abul K.; Professor and Chair; Pathology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The objective of this project is to examine the mechanisms of generation of memory CD4 T cells, and the functional and biochemical characteristics of memory cells. The experimental system for studying CD4 memory uses adoptive transfer of primed T cells expressing a transgenic TCR (DO.11.10) into normal recipients, in which the antigen-specific cells can be followed quantitatively and purified. The specific aims of the project are the following: 1. Stimuli for the generation and maintenance of memory cells: The influence of priming conditions on the generation of memory cells

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will be defined, in order to establish correlations between the initial T cell expansion and differentiation and the size of the memory pool that develops subsequently. Using knockout mice lacking molecules involved in T cell activation and homeostasis (e.g., CD28, CD40L, IL-2, FasL), we will examine the role of these molecules in the development of memory cells. 2. Functional responses of memory T cells: Long-lived memory DO.11 T cells will be isolated from transfer recipients and analyzed for ex vivo responses to antigen, costimulation, and cytokines. The recall responses of these memory cells to immunogenic and tolerogenic forms of antigen will be defined. 3. Gene expression and biochemical alterations in memory T cells: We will examine the activation of selected genes and signaling pathways in memory cells to identify biochemical changes that may contribute to the survival and functional attributes of these cells. We will focus on pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, cytokines and cytokine receptors, and intracellular biochemical intermediates that may account for the relative costimulator independence and tolerance resistance of memory cells. The physiologic importance of genes expressed in memory cells will be examined by introducing these genes into T cells by retrovirus-mediated transfer, and examining effects on memory cell generation. Thus, this proposal addresses basic issues of immunologic memory, which is fundamental to effective vaccination. Defining the stimuli and genes that control memory T cell development should lead to more rational strategies for vaccine development than the largely empirical approaches that are in common use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEMORY, REMODELING AND VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosen, Michael R.; Gustavus A. Pfeiffer Professor of Pharma; Pharmacology; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (Verbatim from the application): Accurate prediction and prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmias would have a major impact on the survival of approximately 300,000 persons/year in the US. Yet, the current status of the field is such that further efforts at identification, comprehension and application of novel approaches are warranted. Therefore, the goal of the proposed studies is to seek new directions for understanding the fundamental plasticity of myocardium such that we can deliberately induce therapeutically beneficial remodeling. Our general hypothesis is that we can remodel ion channels and gap junctions to prevent the occurrence of potentially lethal arrhythmias. Our approach focuses on the modulation of cardiac memory, a nonpathological form of remodeling that can be induced by ventricular pacing or arrhythmias and that is associated with altered repolarization, refractoriness and gap junctional density and distribution. Our protocols focus on integration of basic mechanism and clinical expression in pursuing three aims: to determine (1) the mechanisms underlying cardiac memory-induced regional ventricular alterations in repolarization and refractoriness in normal and arrhythmic infarcted hearts and the interaction with antiarrhythmic drugs; (2) the electrophysiological significance of the remodeling of gap junctions associated with cardiac memory in normal and infarcted, arrhythmic hearts; and (3) the ionic and molecular determinants of the electrophysiologic changes that characterize cardiac memory. The model is the chronically instrumented canine with or without infarction which undergoes 3 weeks of cardiac pacing to induce memory, and is studied in a clinical surrogate (the conscious dog) using electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic techniques. We use cardiac mapping to determine ventricular activation and repolarization characteristics in the

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setting of memory with and without infarction, microelectrode techniques to determine the cellular mechanisms responsible for the changes seen in the intact animal studies, and biophysical and molecular techniques to understand accompanying sarcolemmal ion channel and gap junctional changes with the intent of identifying the subcellular mechanisms responsible for memory and its interaction with arrhythmias. Incorporated in the proposal as well are experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms responsible for the unpredictability of antiarrhythmic drug actions, which may be a consequence of drug-memory interactions. The overall approach is both reductionist (asking questions about mechanism at the subcellular level) and integrative. We believe it will permit us to understand and to modulate memory and arrhythmias predictably and reproducibly in a clinical setting based on the mechanistic information derived. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURAL BASIS OF BEHAVIORAL PRIMING: INDUCTION AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Vilim, Ferdinand S.; Physiology and Biophysics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Although it is well established that the speed of many complex behaviors is subject to priming, i. e. facilitation by previous responses, and once primed the increased response speed can persist for a considerable period of time, there is a dearth of information about the neuronal mechanisms that are responsible for the development of priming or for the memory component of the primed state. The long range goal of the research presented in this proposal is to understand the neural mechanisms that lead to the progressive increase of the speed of responding and of the mechanisms that are responsible for the memory component of this process, i.e. its persistence. We propose to use the well characterized feeding behavior and its neural substrate in Aplysia in order to extract the principles which relate the properties of the stimuli, synaptic plasticity and plasticity of the biophysical characteristics of behavior generating neurons to the process of the development and memory of the primed state. We propose to test a hypothesis that the development and memory of the primed state are a result of a series of steps that include: a) suppression of antagonistic responses, b) short term synaptic facilitation, and c) modulation of the biophysical characteristics of neurons by peptidergic cotransmitters that are released from the neurons that participate in the generation of the behavior. The proposed projects include: 1) characterization of synaptic plasticity of interneurons that facilitate antagonistic behaviors; 2) identification of cellular correlates of the development and of the memory of the primed state; 3) identification of transmitters and modulators contained in neurons that are involved in the development and memory of the primed state, 4) determination of the cellular mechanisms of action of these modulators and their contribution to the development and memory of priming. The research will utilize an interdisciplinary approach in which classical electrophysiological approaches are combined with cell biological, molecular and biochemical techniques to critically test the proposed hypotheses. The general importance of this type of research is likely to extend beyond the specific findings that we will obtain, as the mechanisms that are responsible for response selection, response priming, and the short term memory of these processes are likely to participate in a multitude of behaviors that for their efficiency rely on short term memory and selective attention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEURAL CORRELATES OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wu, Christine; Associate Professor; Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this study is to examine different etiologies and cognitive profiles of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical characterization originally defined to identify individuals in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). It is now clear that a large portion of individuals with MCI do not progress to AD, thus understanding MCI becomes a more general problem for the aging population. We propose that hippocampal dysfunction and vascular disease are two possible etiologies of MCI that may lead to different cognitive profiles of MCI. It is possible that the episodic memory deficit used to classify MCI is, in some cases, a secondary effect of deficits in working memory. There is some evidence that white matter signal hyperintensities (WMH), an indication of cerebrovascular disease, are correlated with deficits in working memory. Thus, we predict that individuals with MCI and high WMH will have deficits in working memory that lead to deficits in episodic memory Using hippocampal atrophy as a marker for hippocampal dysfunction, we predict that individuals with MCI and hippocampal atrophy will show classic episodic memory deficits with normal working memory. We will also examine the mechanisms of memory impairments in these groups of individuals with MCI by using fMRI to compare patterns of brain activity during performance on working memory and episodic memory tasks. We predict that MCI individuals with WMH will show reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, an area known to be involved in working memory, during performance on a working memory task. In contrast, we predict MCI individuals with hippocampal atrophy will show reduced hippocampal activation during performance on an episodic memory task. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL RECOGNITION AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnston, Robert E.; Psychology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The goal of this proposal is to understand the neural mechanisms of social recognition and memory. This information will lead to a more thorough understanding of the brain, especially sensory processing by the olfactory and vomeronasal systems, higher-order perceptual and cognitive processes involved in pattern perception, recognition, similarity judgments, and the formation of multi-component representations. In addition, the research will provide a new, unique perspective on the functional neuroanatomy of memory by investigating the role of various brain loci in social memory. Understanding of the brain, and especially of social recognition and memory processes, is relevant to the understanding of many types of human disabilities due to stroke or head injury, and also to understanding the deficits caused by a variety of degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's syndrome. The specific aims of the study are to use the extensive knowledge obtained about social communication in hamsters as a model system to investigate the neural mechanisms of recognition of individuals, kin, sex, and reproductive state by odors. There are four specific goals. First, the role of the

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hippocampal system in discrimination and recognition of individuals will be investigated using lesions and histological methods to determine the brain areas involved and Fos histochemical methods to determine particular groups of cells that are activated during recognition and memory processes. Second, the role of the medial amygdala in sex and reproductive state recognition will be investigated using the same methods. Third, the roles of the hippocampal system (including entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal area and peri-rhinal cortex) and of the pre-frontal agranular insular cortex in higher-order processes such as multi-component representations of individuals will be examined. Fourth, the functional neuroanatomy of kin recognition will be examined, particularly the similarities and differences between recognition of kin by familiarity and recognition of kin by phenotype matching. These experiments will provide new and unique knowledge about the neural basis of social recognition and social memory that should provide a compelling complement to what is known about other types of learning and memory. They will also provide a basis for finer-grained anatomical and neurophysiological investigations of these processes that are so crucial to the lives of animals and humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROANATOMICAL SUBSTRATES OF EMOTIONAL MEMORY IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Adolphs, Ralph; Assistant Professor; Neurology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): This revised FIRST Award builds on the principal investigator's previous work on emotion, and takes advantage of the unique resources provided by the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa. The proposed studies aim at elucidating the neural systems responsible for emotional memory in humans. The phrase "emotional memory" refers to the modulation of long-term memory by the emotional state of the subject at the time stimuli are encoded. This issue is of importance in the study of memory, because it addresses the critical question of selectivity: why are some events more memorable than others? Neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant audiovisual stimuli will be shown to subjects. Memory for the stimuli will be assessed 24 hours later with free recall tasks, verbal and visual recognition memory tasks, and by measuring autonomic responses to previously seen stimuli. Two main hypotheses will be tested with two complementary methods. 1) Amygdala, ventral prefrontal cortex, and right somatosensory cortices are hypothesized to modulate memory by emotion. This hypothesis will be tested with the lesion method, by comparing memory performances between control subjects and subjects with lesions in target structures specified in the hypothesis. 2) GABAergic and beta-adrenergic neurotransmitter systems are hypothesized to modulate memory by emotion. This hypothesis will be tested with pharmacological manipulation, by comparing withinsubject performances with or without specific drugs. It is predicted that normal subjects will remember best those stimuli that they found the most emotional, but that there will be specific impairments in memory for emotional stimuli in brain-damaged subjects who have lesions in target structures, and in normal subjects who have been given pharmacological agents. The results will inform strategies for the treatment of patients with disorders of emotion and memory, such as those caused by stroke, anxiety, and depression, and will contribute to our understanding of traumatic memories and eyewitness testimony. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROCOGNITIVE AGING OF MEMORY AND EXECUTIVE PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Working memory consists of storage mechanisms that hold information online for brief intervals and executive processes that can manipulate the stored contents in service of higher cognitive demands. Working memory declines dramatically with age, however the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying this decline have yet to be identified. We propose a program of research that combines behavioral, functional, and structural neuroimaging analyses to investigate age differences in working memory storage and executive functions. Comparisons of good and poor performers in each age group will be used to distinguish between a continuum of neurocognitive processes, with continuity across the lifespan, versus qualitative changes unique to aging. The working memory circuitry includes several parietal and frontal regions, with left hemisphere prominence for verbal working memory and right hemisphere prominence for spatial working memory. Evidence from positron emission tomography studies indicates that aging (1) alters the laterality of regions recruited by verbal and spatial working memory tasks, and (2) leads to the recruitment of prefrontal sites under conditions that do not necessarily engage these regions in the younger brain. The proposed research has 2 major goals. First, we want to identify the functional significance of the laterality and prefrontal activation differences between younger and older adults. We will use event-related fMRI to identify the cognitive operations associated with these age differences comparing verbal and spatial working memory tasks that emphasize storage. These studies constitute Aim 1 and provide the foundation for investigating executive processes in Aims 2-3. Considerable evidence indicates that executive processes and the frontal regions that mediate them are particularly vulnerable to aging. Therefore, our second major goal is to examine age effects on two executive processes in working memory: (1) the coding of temporal context and (2) the resolution of interference from competing events. For each process our goals are to identify the underlying neural mechanisms, to determine whether the executive mechanisms contribute to encoding, maintenance, and retrieval processes, to determine the extent to which these mechanisms differ for verbal and spatial materials, and to identify whether aging exerts selective effects on these mechanisms that are compensatory in nature or lead to impaired cognitive performance. By obtaining structural measurements of brain regions implicated in working memory, we intend to determine the contribution of age-related atrophy to cognitive performance and to alterations in the neural substrates as revealed through fMRI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROLOGY OF MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Zola, Stuart M.; Director; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1983; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: This is our second competing continuation for a project begun in 1983. Work during the most recent funding period (1987-present) has resulted in 27 publications that lay out the steps that have established an animal model of amnesia in the monkey and in identifying the anatomical components of the medial temporal lobe memory

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system. These developments allow us to now address a fundamental issue concerning memory function, that is, how individual structures of this system contribute to memory. The present proposal involves detailed behavioral and anatomic analyses of a group of normal monkeys and seven operated groups of monkeys including those with damage to components of the medial temporal lobe memory system and to area TE. Two major long-standing issues will be addressed: (1) Short-term Memory. Despite its theoretical importance, and its sparing in human amnesia, short-term memory has rarely been assessed in monkeys or other animals. We will determine whether damage to the medial temporal lobe spares short-term memory. A key aspect of this component of the project is to ask whether the pattern of performance on tests of short-term memory following lesions that involve the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex resembles more closely the pattern associated with lesions of the hippocampus or the pattern associated with TE lesions. (2) Specialization of Function Within the Medial Temporal Lobe. We will determine if the components of the medial temporal lobe memory system have specialized memory functions by determining if lesions of these structures result in disproportionate deficits in any of two domains of memory relative to recognition memory: objective-reward association and spatial memory. We will also reference the effects of lesions in the medial temporal lobe, which are predicted to affect memory without affecting visual processing, to the effects of damage in an area where we expect to find a visual processing deficit. Thus, we will also determine the effect on these domains of lesions to area TE. This work is advantaged by new facts about the neuroanatomy of the primate temporal lobe that make differential predictions about the effects of specific lesions on visual and spatial memory task performance. In addition, we will compare the effects of circumscribed hippocampal and amygdala lesions to the effects of larger lesions that include adjacent cortex. A finding that hippocampal damage effects spatial memory to the same degree as do larger lesions would suggest that the hippocampus has a special role in spatial memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF WORKING MEMORY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Adler, Caleb M.; Psychiatry; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This NIMH Mentored Patient-Oriented Career Development (K23) Award application is to support Dr. Caleb M. Adler's developing expertise in neuroimaging and bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric illness accompanied by severe morbidity and mortality. Traditionally viewed as a cyclic illness with a return to baseline function between affective episodes, evidence suggests that bipolar disorder is associated with significant deficits in specific cognitive domains, particularly working memory. Neuroimaging studies in bipolar patients suggest dysfunction of structures associated with the "network" of brain regions involved in working memory. Consistent with these observations, working memory deficits are observed in bipolar patients across the affective spectrum, suggesting that these deficits represent a "core symptom" of bipolar disorder, rising out of the neurophysiology of the illness. The specific research supported by this award will involve studying neuronal activity associated with working memory inpatients with bipolar disorder and healthy volunteers. The candidate will use fMRI to study patterns of activation in bipolar patients and healthy volunteers while they are performing a series of working memory tasks increasing parametrically in difficulty. Both medicated

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and unmedicated bipolar patients will be enrolled. In addition to increasing understanding of the neurophysiology underlying working memory deficits in bipolar patients, the candidate seeks to improve our understanding of the effects of medication on activation patterns. A better understanding of this "core symptom" may help clarify the underlying neurophysiologic substrates of bipolar disorder, ultimately suggesting future treatment directions. As a follow-up protocol, the candidate will compare working memory-induced activation in bipolar patients during acute mood states with the previously obtained euthymic data. Working memory deficits are exacerbated in depression and mania; these comparisons may clarify changes in the neurophysiology of bipolar disorder during acute affective episodes. During the course of this K23 award, the candidate will obtain additional training in bipolar psychopathology, functional imaging techniques, cognitive testing and statistical analysis, as well as research ethics. The candidate will integrate these skills with previous training and experience in other areas of functional imaging and clinical psychiatry in order to develop expertise in the investigation of the neurophysiology of bipolar disorder. At the conclusion of this award, the candidate will be well positioned to function as an independent investigator extending this work using other cognitive paradigms and to further examine staterelated cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NICOTINE AND COGNITION IN PARKINSONISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Schneider, Jay S.; Professor; Pathology, Anat/Cell Biology; Thomas Jefferson University Office of Research Administration Philadelphia, Pa 191075587 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Nicotinic cholinergic systems are involved in several important aspects of cognitive function including attention, memory and learning. However, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of nicotine effects on cognition. This is particularly apparent in our understanding of the role of nicotine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the cognitive deficits associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Since neither attention nor memory is a unitary process, they must be studied with various tasks that assess distinct attentional components as well as different aspects of memory. The research proposed in this application has the following specific aims: 1) Examine the effects of chronic low dose MPTP exposure on different components of attention (attention set shifting ability, focused (selective) attention, visuospatial attention shifting, sustained attention, distractibility) and memory (spatial working memory, nonspatial working memory, associative memory, visual recognition memory) in non-human primates. We hypothesize that chronic low dose MPTP-treated monkeys, a model for "early" Parkinsonism, will display specific attention and memory deficits as a result of their specific neurochemical lesion. Specific pathologic and neurochemical changes in the brains of these animals should result in distinct patterns of cognitive deficits; 2) Assess the potential therapeutic effects of nicotine and sub-type selective nAChR agonists (ex., selective a4b2, a4b4 and a7) on attention and memory dysfunctions described under Specific Aim 1. We hypothesize that nicotine and different subtype selective nAChR agonists with different pharmacological profiles will have different effects on distinct components of attention and memory in chronic low dose MPTP-treated monkeys. Results from these studies will indicate which components of Parkinson-related attentional and memory deficits are responsive to specific mcotinic therapies and suggest possible new treatment strategies for cognitive deficits associated with

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Parkinson's disease; 3) Examine changes in gene expression and autoradiographic distribution of different nAChR subtypes in cortical and subcortical brain regions in our Parkinson model. We hypothesize that differences in regional expression of distinct nAChR subtypes in Parkinsonism will be related to the different types of cognitive impairments observed in these animals. These studies will provide important new data on nicotinic receptor distribution and gene expression in non-human primates. The proposed studies will be the first to provide a detailed examination of the scope of the attention and memory deficits associated with Parkinsonism in non-human primates, relate these findings to alterations in nAChR subtype expression and distribution and test potential ameliorative therapies based on selective pharmacological stimulation of nAChR subtypes. These studies should enhance our understanding of nicotinic acetylcholine involvement in cognition in non-human primates, whose behavioral repertoire resembles that generated by the human neurobehavioral system more than any other laboratory animal except higher apes, and lead to new therapies for cognitive dysfunctions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF SINGLE-TRIAL LEARNING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hegde, Ashok N.; Associate Professor; Anatomy and Neurobiology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A major endeavor in neuroscience is to elucidate the mechanisms by which the brain stores information acquired through learning. To make progress towards a complete understanding of memory formation, model systems that allow the experimenter to relate changes in specific synapses to specific behavior are essential. We propose to study a pheromone memory model that is ideally suited for integrating several levels of analysis: from molecules to behavior. Female mice form memory to the male's pheromones during mating through single-trial learning and retain the information for a significant period of their lifetime. The memory formation occurs only if two neurotransmitter inputs, glutamate and norepinephrine (NE), coincide in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), the locus of pheromone memory. Glutamate and NE somehow lead to structural and functional modifications of the AOB synapses. Our overall goal is to understand how coincidence of glutamate and NE is detected, and to elucidate the signaling mechanisms downstream of glutamate and NE that control formation of long-term pheromone memory. Our preliminary results suggest that protein kinase C (PKC) has a critical signaling role. Our first aim is to use a novel approach that uses specific activators and inhibitors of PKC isoforms in electrophysiological experiments in combination with biochemical experiments to identify the isoform of PKC that detects coincident glutamate and NE inputs in the AOB. Our second aim is to develop a method to knock down the expression of a specific PKC isoform via virally-mediated delivery of small interfering RNAs. The proposed experiments would launch a research program that has enormous potential to address unanswered questions pertaining to mammalian long-term memory. In the pheromone memory model the neural circuitry is well delineated, the behavioral output is unambiguous, and genetic manipulations can be readily done. Therefore, this model system has unparalleled advantages over other systems in linking molecular changes in a specific synapse to changes in a specific behavior. Clarification of the mechanisms governing synaptic plasticity would be beneficial for discovering the causes of memory

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deficits and cognitive dysfunctions that occur in abnormalities like posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, and for devising therapeutic strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRIMING OF MEMORY AND EFFECTOR CD4 T CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bottomly, Kim; Professor; Immunobiology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1984; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Immunological memory provides us with a long-lived immunity to reinfection by pathogens. The activation of antigen-specific cells during the primary response leads to the generation of effector cells, some of which survive indefinitely as a long-lived population of cells, referred to as memory cells. Upon reinfection, the response is more effective due to the an increased number of antigen-specific lymphocytes available, due to the increased responsiveness of the memory cells, and due to the greater flexibility of memory cell recirculation. However, these properties of the memory cell pool which provide immunity could pose a problem in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. The focus of this proposal is to study a unique mechanism of peripheral tolerance found only in memory and not naive CD4 T cells and determine if this mechanism leading to memory CD4 T cell unresponsiveness is important in peripheral tolerance. Our studies have shown that CD4 ligation by MHC class II upon memory but not naive CD4 T cell activation leads to unresponsiveness. The induction of memory CD4 T cell unresponsiveness is due to CTLA4/B7 interaction which occurs upon TCR signalling, suggesting that CTLA4 plays an early role in determining memory CD4 T cell responsiveness. In this proposal, we will 1) determine the role of CTLA4 signalling in memory CD4 T cell responses and 2) analyze how CD4 ligation regulates CTLA4 function/expression. Given that CD4 ligation by antibody and HIV glycoprotein GP120 leads to unresponsiveness to TCR signalling, understanding the role of CD4 ligation in CTLA4 function in memory cells will provide an understanding of a novel mechanism for downregulating recall responses that accompanies HIV-1 infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, CORTISOL, AND MEMORY IN YOUNG CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Heffelfinger, Amy K.; Neurology; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532260509 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Memory has a steep developmental trajectory in early childhood, which is necessary for the associated rapid acquisition of skills, facts, and cognitive concepts. The neural systems sub-serving memory have been shown to be susceptible to early negative influences, which may diminish future learning and memory ability. The investigator and colleagues have been the first to show that as early as the preschool period, stress induced alterations in cortisol are related to poorer memory performance. Although this has significant educational implications, the possible risk and protective factors that result in decreased memory abilities as a result of altered HPA axis function have not been investigated to date. The presence of very early psychopathology is hypothesized as a robust risk factor, because of the breadth of animal and human literature. Children with psychopathology are known to be at high risk for comorbid learning difficulties, which may be associated with HPA axis

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dysfunction. The investigator proposes to 1) replicate earlier associations between poststress cortisol and memory abilities in young children found in a clinical sample in a community sample, 2) investigate whether young children with internalizing and/or externalizing disorders have poorer memory performance as a result of cortisol dysfunction compared to children without psychopathology, and 3) examine potential risk and protective factors for memory difficulties as a result of cortisol alterations, such as child temperament and parent-child relationship. Two existing data sets, one focused on early psychopathology and the other on risk factors will be examined. An investigation of both data sets will allow for increased generalizability of findings. They have remarkably similar, multi-informant, and comprehensive assessment measures, and both data set PIs and the investigator have an established history of collaboration on studies of early psychopathology with the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development. Investigating memory difficulties as a result of HPA axis dysfunction and psychopathology will result in implications for education, mental health prevention and treatment, and early stress management and prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: QUANTITITIVE MODELS OF CD8+ IMMUNE MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Antia, Rustom N.; Associate Professor; Biology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): While immune memory is a central feature of the immune response of vertebrates, many fundamental questions, such as how long memory will be maintained in the absence of re-stimulation, remain unanswered. The answer to this question is quantitative in nature, and requires the use of mathematical models in addition to experimental research. This grant involves the construction of empirically-based models to address this and other questions on immune memory. Because of the wealth of data available and the need to focus on a soluble set of problems, the grant is limited to the cytotoxic T-cell (CD8+) responses. There are two broad objectives: 1. Quantifying the dynamics of immune cells, In order to keep the theoretical models closely tied to experimental research, one has to accurately quantify the dynamics of immune cells. A theoretical framework to quantify proliferation and death rates of immune cells from the experimental data will be developed. 2. Development of quantitative models for memory and the repertoire. These models will be used to examine the relative contributions of different factors on the maintenance of memory, and to quantitatively estimate the rate of decline of memory in the absence of specific antigen. These models have important implications for vaccination protocols, particularly on the interactions between immune memory to different vaccines. The models will allow us to examine how the rate at which immune memory to one vaccine may decline when other vaccines are administered, and this will be used to suggest improved schedules for vaccination. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATION OF T CELLS BY THE CYTOKINES IL-7 AND IL-15 Principal Investigator & Institution: Klonowski, Kimberly D.; Medicine; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Memory T cells are long-lived T cells which have previously encountered antigen and are poised for rapid response upon a

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secondary challenge. To date, the factor(s) involved in generating and maintaining the CD8 memory T cell pool remains an enigma. IL-7 is a well documented cytokine important for survival of CD8+T cells. Further, IL-15, a related cytokine, is also believed to be partially responsible for memory T cell development. The objective of this proposal is to evaluate the roles the two cytokines on memory T cell development and survival. To test whether IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) expression correlates with the generation of memory T cells, TCR transgenic IL-7R-alpha[hi] and IL-7R-alpha[lo] expressing activated T cells will be transferred into normal mice. Donor cell attrition and IL-7R expression will be monitored over time. Blocking experiments using an anti-IL7R-alpha mAb will pinpoint the stage at which IL-7 is essential for memory T cell generation. To look at the effects of both IL-7 and IL-15 on memory T cell development, memory T cells will be transferred into IL-15-/- mice followed by anti-IL-7R-alpha treatment. Together, these experiments will address the basic requirements for memory T cell development and may result in numerous clinical applications including augmenting vaccine efficacy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REHABILITATION OF COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS IN MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Deluca, John; Director of Neuroscience Research; Kessler Medical Rehab Res & Educ Corp Research & Education Corp. West Orange, Nj 07052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): In March 1993, the National Advisory Board on Medical Rehabilitation Research identified "the development of cognitive rehabilitation strategies" in persons with neurological disorders as a high priority research area (HPRA). The present proposal is designed to study the precise mechanism responsible for impaired working memory performance in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and to more closely test a rehabilitation strategy previously found by our laboratory to improve working memory in this population. It has long been recognized that persons with MS have deficits in working memory (defined as the ability to simultaneously store and manipulate information in short-term storage). However, preliminary work from our laboratory has shown that, when given enough time to process information, MS subjects perform as well as healthy controls (HCs) on the most commonly used working memory task, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). This suggests that persons with MS may not be impaired with regard to working memory at all! Rather, their working memory deficits appear to be primarily attributable to impaired information processing speed. What is still not known, however, is whether increased time for information processing improves MS accuracy on working memory tasks: a) other than the PASAT and b) with varied levels of working memory difficulty. The OVERALL OBJECTIVE of this project is to determine whether increasing the amount of information processing time improves working memory accuracy in MS subjects across tasks with different levels of difficulty. The SPECIFIC AIMS of this project are to: I ) examine the hypothesis that working memory impairment among MS subjects is due to speed of information processing and not accuracy of performance; 2) examine the hypothesis that MS subjects, when given more time to process information, will perform as accurately as HCs on working memory tasks; And 3) extend our initial pilot study by using working memory tasks at various levels of difficulty, thereby increasing the generalizability of our preliminary findings. To investigate these hypotheses, 80 subjects (40 MS and 40 HC) will be administered a variant of the PASAT (also known as the l-back) as well as a more difficult derivative, known as the 2back. In both the 1- and 2-back tasks, accuracy of performance will be

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controlled at 50 percent correct (by using a computer algorithm utilizing a "method of limits" procedure). This then allows for the quantification of the amount of information processing time required for each subject to achieve accuracy performance of 50 percent correct. To address our aim of increasing the generalizability of our pilot data, we will assess the impact of increased information processing time on performance accuracy on a different working memory task. To achieve this, all subjects will be administered the Salthouse working memory task at 4 levels of task difficulty and with three different amounts of time for information processing (12 different permutations in all). By performing these experiments, we will be able to determine whether increased information processing time is the key cognitive element responsible for deficient working memory performance in patients with MS. Results of this project will have significant implications for the treatment of memory disorders in persons with MS. If our hypotheses are supported, then our data will lay the foundation for intervention strategies geared toward increasing information processing efficiency to improve memory performance in everyday life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SEMANTIC RELATEDNESS EFFECT RECALL & RECOGNITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jou, Jerwen; Univ of Texas-Pan American Edinburg, Tx Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1977; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research manipulates semantic relatedness (similarity) of words and examines its effects on recall and recognition. Its impacts on basic memory theories and issues of false memories will be examined. Semantic similarity in information is a major source of a type of memory errors called false (illusory) memory, to which senile and brain-damaged people are especially vulnerable. The nature of the false memory and the procedures to reduce/eliminate it are studied. The questions to be examined are: Does semantic relatedness affect recall and recognition in the same or opposite ways? Does it interact with memory-set size variable in a Steinberg task? Does it produce a mirror effect? Does it facilitate or inhibit recall output? At what memory-set size do semantically related intrusions and false positive recognitions occur? The answers to these questions will shed light on the nature of the memory processes underlying recall and recognition, and have important theoretical implications for several major memory theories, i.e., the Spreading Activation, Output Interference, Serial Memory Scan, Search of Associated Memory, Mirror Effects, and Relative List Strength theories. Memory errors from related and unrelated materials will be comparatively analyzed. True memory and false memory will be contrasted in recognition response time, word recall latency, word output serial position, and learning dissociation effects. Although false memory is phenomenally as realistic as true memory, the proposed research will demonstrate that it can be reliably distinguished from true memory by these measures. Additionally, this research will propose a theory and method for reducing/eliminating false memory in which people can be made aware of their initially creating false memory and internally editing it out. It will be shown that by undergoing this metacognitive self-correcting process, people can be made to avoid similar false memory on a later test. Finally, a theory and method of cumulative levels of processing will be proposed to explain why deeper processing of information cannot consistently reduce false memory and how the proposed method can more reliably reduce it. The findings from this study will contribute to efforts towards rehabilitating senile and brain-damaged people who are found to be especially prone to false memory.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SHORT-TERM MEMORY AND SYNTACTIC DEFICITS IN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Randi C.; Elma Schneider Professor; Psychology; Rice University 6100 S Main Houston, Tx 77005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this project is to analyze the nature of short-term memory deficits in aphasic patients and their relation to bask cognitive functions and to language comprehension and production. Short-term memory tasks will be administered to identify deficits in retaining input phonological representations, output phonological representations, and semantic representations. The patterns of short-term memory deficits will be related to patients' performance on simple cognitive tasks designed to tap components of executive functioning specifically inhibition, set shifting, and updating. The pattern of short-term memory deficits will also be related to patients' ability to understand sentences in which integration of word meanings is immediate or requires the reactivation of material from earlier in the sentence. It is predicted that patients with semantic short-term memory deficits, but not those with phonological retention deficits, will have difficulty with the sentences involving delayed integration. We will also assess patients' ability to process grammatical structure for sentences that should place heavy demands on a capacity from maintaining syntactic information. These experiments will test whether syntactic retention capacity is separate from the capacities involved in retaining semantic and phonological information. The studies on speech production will obtain further evidence on whether patients with a semantic retention deficit, but not those with a phonological retention deficit, have difficulty producing phrases containing several lexical-semantic representation preceding the head of the phrase. We will carry out studies designed to test between a phrasal scope of speech production planning versus word-by-word planning. We will also develop tests for assessing speech-production planning at the phonological level and determine whether patients with output phonological retention deficits on memory span tasks are impaired on phonological planning aspects of sentence production. Anatomical MRI data will be obtained for all the patients and lesion localization will be related to the pattern of short-term memory deficits and performance on the basic cognitive tasks. These studies will have important implications concerning whether short-term deficits are the source of the patients' other language deficits and will provide valuable information on the neural circuitry underlying the components of verbal short-term memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTING MEMORY AND SELF Principal Investigator & Institution: Pasupathi, Monisha; Psychology; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed studies are based on a model of autobiographical memory and related self-conceptions as shaped by listeners in conversation. The general model has two core assumptions. First, it posits that memory retelling in conversation is influenced by speakers and listeners. Second, memory retelling in conversation influences speakers' subsequent memory for the retold experiences. The proposed studies test the effect of listeners' engagement and affirmation on speakers' storytelling and self-conceptions, and examine whether the

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effects of listeners persist over time. This is done by manipulating the engagement and affirmation provided by listeners, assessing speakers' retellings and event-related selfconceptions, and by assessing memory and self-conceptions related to their retold events after a one-month delay. Engaged listeners, as compared to unengaged listeners, are expected to elicit more detailed memory for events both during retelling and over the long-term. Listeners who provide affirmation for speakers' self-conceptions (as expressed in storytelling) are expected to support stability in event-related selfconceptions over time. The results will extend research on listener influences to personal experiences and event-related self-conceptions. It will also help disentangle two components of attentive listening: the engagement exhibited by such listeners, and the affirmation they provide. Finally, the findings will confirm that listener effects persist over time. Conceptually, the findings will connect research on autobiographical memory with work on psycholinguistics, self-research, and research on social support. Elaborative memories are related directly to features of mental health like depression and attachment style and may indirectly influence mental health via their connection to self-conceptions. Ultimately, these studies and related findings reveal a potential mechanism by which the social world comes to influence the way individuals remember their lives and conceive of themselves - among the oldest questions in both social and developmental psychology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SPATIAL- TEMPORAL ASPECTS OF DROSOPHILA MEMORY FORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Yin, Jerry C.; Associate Professor; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1 Bungtown Road Cold Spring Harbor, Ny 11724 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since the dawn of language, one of the most intriguing questions has been the physical location of human memories in the brain. Neurologists have inferred anatomical function from studies of injury and disease to different areas of the brain. Experimental psychologists have used brain lesion as a tool to dissect function in experimental animals. We propose to use genetic tools to address this question in the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This genetically tractable, genome-mined and experimentally pliable model organism exhibits complex neuronal functions such as learning and memory formation, circadian biology, sleep, and stereotyped behavioral responses to addictive drugs. Because of the rich history of genetics in this animal, the total access to the genome structure and information-coding capacity, and the variety of molecular tools that can be applied, it is likely that we will achieve a complete, multilevel understanding of complex neuronal function in this organism. There are two types of consolidated memory that exists for an olfactoryavoidance behavior in Drosophila, anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) and long-term memory (LTM). We have disrupted and enhanced both of these processes through the reverse genetic manipulation of single genes. In parallel, we have developed new technology that allows both spatial (anatomical) and temporal control over the induction of transgenes. In this proposal, we will utilize this technology to conditionally express genes that inhibit each of these types of memory. Because we can control the brain regions where the disrupting genes are expressed, it will be possible to anatomically dissect these memories. This information will provide a first-glimpse of what a memory looks like in the three-dimensional space of the brain. In mammals, there are some very intriguing temporal properties of memory formation, suggesting that memory "consolidation" is not necessarily a process with a fixed starting and

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ending point in time. Since we can also control when the interfering genes are induced, we will analyze temporal questions about memory formation. These experiments should help us understand the complexity of memory formation and its relationship with on-going neuronal processes. Finally, we will test the feasibility of using the spatialtemporal system to ablate adult brain neurons, providing a totally complementary approach to many of the same issues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SPEECH PERCEPTION AND MEMORY IN AN EPISODIC LEXICON Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldinger, Stephen D.; Associate Professor; Psychology; Arizona State University P.O. Box 873503 Tempe, Az 852873503 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research investigates lexical representations in long-term memory and the processes that both encode and retrieve those representations. Most theories assume that speech waveforms are converted to phoneme strings, which are then compared to the mental lexicon. When comparisons yield matches, words are "recognized." This typical view emphasizes the abstract properties of words: Speech signals containing idiosyncratic information (e.g., speaker's voice, ambient noise) are normalized into a canonical form, then matched to abstract lexical entries. Few theories consider idiosyncrasies of speech as more than "noise" in the signal. However, episodic memory models posits that details of perceptual experiences are not forgotten; instead, they are integral to later perception. The proposed research further tests the episodic view, using speech perception, memory, and production experiments, coupled with model simulations. In Project 1, perception and memory experiments will test factors governing episodic content, examining roles of selective attention and working memory. The experiments will assess the nature and extent of perceptual-conceptual tradeoffs in trace formation. In Project 2, multidimensional scaling experiments are coupled with memory tests, with a goal of discovering the similarity-distance function in episodic word priming. Project 3 provides a critical test of the episodic view, using eye-tracking procedures to assess the timecourse of episodic effects in perception. The experiments in Project 4 will examine memory for larger episodic units, using full sentences as stimuli. In addition to standard tests, sentence memory will also be assessed using a novel speech-production method, examining the acoustic-phonetic content of spoken responses. As in previous research, we expect people to spontaneously imitate acoustic patterns of the stimulus sentences. The episodic theory predicts that degrees of imitation will be affected by "abstract" characteristics of the sentences, such as semantic complexity, suggesting that speech acoustics reflect a complex interplay of linguistic stimuli and their episodic representations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRESS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Peavy, Guerry M.; Assistant Neurosciences; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934

Professor;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in the insidious onset and gradual progression of deficits in memory and other cognitive and functional abilities. The neuropathologic changes associated with AD begin in the hippocampus and surrounding areas, brain regions

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known to be crucial for memory. Recent conceptualizations of AD suggest that these changes begin well before clinical symptoms become apparent, and that the onset of symptoms and their progression may be influenced by any comorbid factor that increases neuronal vulnerability in these regions. One potential comorbid factor is chronic psychological stress. Numerous studies have shown that chronic stress results in the release of glucocorticoids that target the brain and exert their actions primarily on the hippocampus, with consequent loss of neurons and synapses and decline in memory. This suggests that comorbid, prolonged stress will adversely affect the integrity of mesial temporal structures and, as a result, will hasten the development of the dementia syndrome that characterizes AD in individuals who are likely to be in a preclinical phase. One such group, those with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), have been identified as having memory complaints, mild memory loss on objective psychometric testing, and little or no loss of other cognitive functions or skills in activities of daily living. The present project will compare older, normal control and MCI subjects on measures of baseline psychological and physiological (cortisol) stress, with attention to the reactions of MCI subjects to potentially stressful events and difficulties, including loss of memory. Taking into account other risk factors for AD (e.g., age, APOE status), the project will determine the degree to which psychological and physiological stress sustained over time, increase susceptibility to cognitive decline, particularly memory loss, and conversion to clinically apparent AD, in subjects with MCI. If memory decline and the development of dementia are exacerbated by chronic stress in individuals with preclinical AD, behavioral and/or psychopharmacological means of ameliorating stress could delay the onset of clinical symptoms of AD by months or even years. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURAL/FUNCTION B CELL DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Edward A.; Professor; Microbiology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1986; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: Depending on the stage of a B cell, CD40 can a) rescue cells from cell death, b) stimulate cell survival, c) make cells susceptible or resistant to cell death, or d) induce cell death. The major goal of this proposal is to define the mechanisms by which signaling through CD40 promotes cell survival or death. We will start by defining the CD40 signaling pathways in B cell lines where CD40 induces survival vs. death, and then we will explore how downstream elements in the CD40 pathway regulate the fate of mouse immature and memory B cells, human germinal center (GC) B and memory B cells, and human dendritic cells (DCs). Our specific Aims are: 1) To test the hypothesis that distinct downstream proteins such as NF-kappaB function to determine whether CD40 induces a survival or inhibitory signal. We will compare the signaling pathways induced where CD40 rescues cells from death vs. where CD40 induces death phenotypes. We will test if CD40-induced growth arrest and death can be prevented by survival/anti-apoptotic genes such cIAP2, Bcl-X and/or A1; 2) To test the hypotheses that the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, Al, is essential for CD40 to a) rescue immature B cells from death and b) to induce and maintain memory B cells. We found that mRNA encoding the Bcl-2 family member, Al, is expressed in human GC and memory B cells, and that ligating CD40 on GC B cells increases expression of Al. Thus, Al may have a critical role in the regulation of B cell fate via CD40. Therefore, using A1/-mice we will test the hypothesis that Al -/- B cells cannot be signaled via CD40 to proliferate or be rescued from cell death. We will also test if A1-/- mice have defective

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CD40-dependent memory B cell responses; 3) The generation of GCs and memory B cells involves finely tuned selection processes. In Aim 3 we will examine how CD40 and a CD40-regulated receptor, CDw150 (SLAM) expressed on GC B cells and/or memory B cells, affect cell fate including Fas-mediated cell death. In particular, we will test the hypothesis that CDw150 functions to regulate lifespan of memory B cells; 4) CD40 may either induce survival of DCS, put them at risk to die, or turn them into killers. Using approaches as in Aim 3, we will test the hypothesis that CD40 can induce dendritic cells to become more susceptible to cell death. These studies should lead to new insights into how CD40 regulates GC formation and B cell memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL MRI STUDIES OF MEMORY IN MCI & AD Principal Investigator & Institution: Dickerson, Bradford C.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is an application for a K23-Mentored PatientOriented Research Career Development Award entitled "Structural-functional MRI studies of memory in MCI & AD." The primary goal of the proposed research is to use an integrated set of structural and functional MRI measures to define the anatomic and physiologic abnormalities underlying memory dysfunction in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quantitative volumetric MRI methods are capable of detecting neuroanatomic abnormalities in aging, MCI and AD some of which are useful as predictors of cognitive decline. Functional MRI (fMRI) tools have begun revealing specific regional brain activity associated with learning and memory. Despite the fact that memory deficits are a hallmark initial symptom of AD, very few fMRi studies have attempted to explore specific abnormalities associated with memory loss in aging, MCI, or AD, and relationships between neurodegenerative structural changes and brain activation patterns are only beginning to be investigated. Therefore, the primary goals of the proposed research are to 1) study regional brain activation patterns associated with encoding of word lists in young and elderly controls, and in patients with MC! and very mild AD, using an event-related "subsequent-memory" fMRI paradigm, and 2) study the relationships between these activation patterns and regional brain atrophy, measured using quantitative volumetric MRI techniques. The overarching hypotheses of this research are that elderly, MCI, and AD subject groups will show different abnormal fMRI activation patterns during word list learning, and that these abnormalities will not merely reflect atrophy but will indicate attempted compensatory responses, some of which will predict subsequent recall and some of which will not. As part of the proposed research, the candidate seeks training in: 1) fMRI techniques and methods for integrating structural and fMRI data; 2) the cognitive neuroscience of learning and memory and psychometrics of age-related cognitive decline; and 3) ethical clinical research methods. The proposed research plan, didactic courses, and tutorial instruction from mentors and advisors will foster the candidate's development into an independent clinician-scientist using neuroimaging and cognitive methods to study the anatomy and physiology of memory deficits in aging, MCI, and AD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION OF MEMORY IN THE PRIMATE BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Rapp, Peter R.; Associate Professor; Neurobiology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Normal memory depends on a system of anatomically related structures in the medial temporal lobe that includes the hippocampal formation and perirhinal cortex. Damage to these structures causes profound impairment in the ability to establish a reliable record of the events and episodes that comprise our lives. The specific information processing functions that enable episodic memory are poorly understood, however, and there is no consensus on how the hippocampus and related brain regions contribute this capacity. The perspective developed in the present application is that advances in neurological research and cognitive psychology converge on a valuable strategy for defining the brain organization of memory in primates. In one set of experiments, intact monkeys and animals with selective ibotenic acid lesions of the hippocampus (the dentate gyrus, hippocampus proper, and subiculum) will be tested across a battery of assessments designed to manipulate demands on candidate operating characteristics of episodic memory: l) the temporal organization of memory, 2) memory for context, 3) "autobiographical" memory, and 4) the relational organization of memory. Although a variety of tasks are proposed, the underlying strategy involves a novel approach to cognitive assessment that uses carefully designed probe tests to go beyond standard accuracy measures, illuminating the representational structure of normal an disordered memory. By this design the overall aim is to define the information processing functions of the primate hippocampus that enable episodic memory. A second set of experiments targets a closely related goal. One perspective on the organization of the medial temporal lobe is that the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex operate as a functional unit, subserving overlapping and redundant processing capacities in support of memory. Other evidence suggests a different conclusion, that the structures comprising this system are functionally specialized. These alternatives will be evaluated in the proposed project by comparing the cognitive effects of damage to the hippocampus with selective aspiration lesions of the perirhinal cortex (Areas 35 and 36). Using the same extensive battery of assessments across investigations, the overall goal is to test the hypothesis that the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex mediate qualitatively distinct mnemonic processing functions. Taken together, the results will substantially illuminate the structure and organization of memory in the primate brain and, ultimately, fuel progress in research on a variety of clinical conditions in which the medial temporal lobe an memory are prominently affected. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEFICITS

SYNAPTIC

SUBSTRATES

OF

AGE-DEPENDENT

MEMORY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Geinisman, Yuri; Cell and Molecular Biology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Loss of memory, especially for newly acquired information, is one of the hallmarks of normal aging. Yet, it has long been noted that some individuals retain remarkably intact memory even at advanced chronological age. An important and still unresolved problem in the neurobiology of aging is how to explain why memory is preserved in some aged individuals and lost or

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impaired in others. The proposed project is designed to investigate this problem by testing the hypothesis that memory deficits typical of the majority of aged individuals are due to a loss of synapses in pertinent brain regions. Young adult, middle-aged and old rats will be examined. A battery of behavioral tasks will be used to separate old rats into memory-impaired and memory-intact subgroups based on the presence or absence of memory deficits as compared with young adult and middle aged rats. The behavioral tasks to be employed include the Morris water maze, trace eyeblink conditioning and trace fear conditioning. The structural integrity of the hippocampus is a prerequisite for successful performance of animals on these tasks. Synapses will be analyzed in two hippocampal subregions, in the CA1 subfield and the dentate gyrus. Electrophysiologically, the efficacy of impulse transmission will be evaluated at Schaffer collateral-pyramidal cell synapses in the CA1 subregion and at medial perforant pathgranule cell synapses in the dentate gyrus, using field potential recordings in vivo. At the electron microscopic level, unbiased techniques of moderm stereology will be employed to obtain estimates of the total number of synapses in the total volume of the CA1 stratum radiatum and the dentate middle molecular layer. Additionally, such techniques will also be used at the light microscopic level to make unbiased estimates of the total number of principal neurons in various hippocampal subregions. The results to be obtained will definitively demonstrate whether old animals with marked impairments of hippocampus-dependent memory function are the ones that exhibit a loss of hippocampal synapses and a decline in synaptic efficacy when compared with memory-intact old, middle-aged or young animals. These results will also show if a loss of hippocampal neurons occurs in memory-impaired old animals but not in memoryintact animals of different ages. Such data are important for a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms that underlie deficits in learning and memory typical of normal aging, as well as of memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the data may be useful for designing preventive measures to make aging "successful." Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: T CELL MEMORY IN ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lakkis, Fadi G.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Verbatim from the applicant's abstract) Long-lived memory T cells that recognize donor alloantigens may jeopardize the survival of life-saving organ transplants. We propose here that allospecific memory T cells are an important impediment to achieving allograft acceptance because of their unique abilities to persist in the recipient and to respond to donor antigens under much less stringent conditions than those required for naive T cells. To test this hypothesis, we plan to explore the fundamental mechanisms that govern the long-term maintenance and the recall response of allospecific memory T cells in the mouse and to investigate whether targeting one or more of these mechanisms promotes allograft acceptance. The specific aims are: (1) To investigate the anatomic requirements for the maintenance and recall of allospecific memory T cells. Specifically, we will study the role of secondary lymphoid organs; (2) To investigate the functional requirements for the maintenance and recall of allospecific memory T cells. Specifically, we will study the roles of IL-15 and T cell costimulation; and (3) To investigate whether suppressing allospecific T cell memory by targeting IL-15 or the common cytokine receptor gamma-chain facilitates allograft acceptance and tolerance induction. Mutant, gene-knockout, and T cell receptor transgenic mouse strains will be used to track memory T cells and study their biology.

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The vascularized heterotopic heart allograft model will be used to investigate the role of T cell memory in organ transplantation. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms that govern the maintenance and recall of alloreactive memory T cells could provide insights into devising clinical strategies for achieving permanent allograft acceptance and transplantation tolerance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF MEMORY PROCESSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Tsien, Joe Z.; Assistant Professor; Molecular Biology; Princeton University 4 New South Building Princeton, Nj 085440036 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goals of our research are to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of learning and memory in the brain. This application will focus on memory retrieval, a fundamental yet mysterious component believed to involve a rapid reconstructive process involving a new recapitulation of the learned information. Over the past several years, conditional gene knockout techniques have been shown to be increasingly valuable for molecular analysis of learning and memory processes. However, because these available techniques either lack temporal controls or only offer limited temporal resolutions, the molecular manipulations and analyses of memory retrieval process have not been rigorously attempted. This proposal will take advantage of our newly developed fourthgeneration genetic technology that permits high time-resolution manipulations and analyses of the memory retrieval process. A comprehensive set of biochemical, genetic, and behavioral experiments will be conducted to demonstrate that memory retrieval, like other stages of memory process, can be selectively interfered through rapid manipulation of activity of a gene product known to play a crucial role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. Another set of integrated analyses will be carried out to determine the possible cellular and neural mechanisms underlying the observed retrieval deficits. Finally, detailed electrophysiological analyses and additional genetic manipulations will be performed to further test the proposed hypothesis. Development and application of new genetic technology should increase researchers' ability to observe, manipulate, and discover the molecular and cellular processes underlying learning and memory in the mammalian brain. It is conceivable that such progress might eventually lead to new strategy for potential therapeutic interventions for the prevention and treatment of memory-related disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON MEMORY AND THE BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Pravosudov, Vladimir V.; Neurobiol/Physiol & Behavior; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Stress has many important implications for mental health. Increased stress usually results in elevation of glucocorticoid hormones, which, among many other effects, could have an impact on memory and the brain. The proposed research concerns two types of stress, nutritional (metabolic), which is usually caused by nutritional deficits, and psychosocial, which could be caused by social interactions. The main goal of the proposed study is to investigate how nutritional and social stress are mediated by stress hormones, and their effects on memory and

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hippocampal plasticity using mountain chickadees and scrub jays. Specific Aim 1 will examine whether corticosterone is directly involved in mediating memory performance and neurogenesis in the avian hippocampus on short- and long-term basis by using corticosterone implants. Specific aim 2 will investigate whether social dominance interactions result in increased stress in subordinate individuals and whether such stress is associated with increased levels of stress hormones and corresponding changes in memory and the hippocampus. Specific aim 3 will test the hypothesis that nutritional stress during development results in increased levels of stress hormones and in deteriorated memory performance and changes in the hippocampal formation during the adulthood. First, young birds will receive a restricted diet during their development and after becoming nutritionally independent their memory performance, levels of corticosterone and neurogenesis rates will be compared with those of young receiving ad libitum diet. Second, all young will be fed ad libitum during their development, but half of the birds will receive food containing corticosterone whereas the other half will receive food containing placebo. Memory performance and neurogenesis rates of both groups will be compared after birds become nutritionally independent. This study will provide important insights into how social and nutritional stress can affect levels of corticosterone, and how such changes mediate alterations in memory and neural plasticity in adult animals. This study will add to our knowledge of the effects of stress on mental health and will help us to understand the evolution and adaptive significance of stress responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF SHAPE AND SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Sereno, Anne B.; Neurobiology and Anatomy; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: adapted from applicant's abstract): This proposal examines two kinds of working memory-memory for shape and space- at the cellular level using a single unit recording technique in awake behaving rhesus monkeys. Much work suggests that perceptual processing proceeds along two cortical paths in temporal and parietal cortices, often characterized as the 'what' and where pathways, respectively. Both pathways project to regions of prefrontal cortex. Previous work has not been careful in the manipulation of featural and spatial working memory requirements and no study has compared cell response to both kinds of working memory within the same cortical area with identical visual conditions. Using the proposed paradigms, we have just finished recording from posterior parietal and inferior temporal cortices of animals performing these tasks where we found quite different patterns of findings. This study will provide valuable information as to whether working memory of shape and space are physiologically segregated in prefrontal cortex. We will also be able to report exactly how these types of working memory modulate cell response and how this relates to the sensory and motor response of the cell. Further, we will be able to compare the findings directly to data we have obtained from posterior parietal and inferior temporal cortices. Prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of human neurological and mental diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Huntington's chorea, Korsakoff's disease, and schizophrenia. Little work in the neuropsvchology of memory has focused on shortterm or working memory. Characterization of mechanisms related to working memory in prefrontal cortex may prove useful for better understanding what role short-term or

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working memory deficits play in the cognitive and psychiatric abnormalities that are associated with these conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROLE OF PERCEPTUAL FLUENCY IN RECOGNITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Westerman, Deanne L.; Psychology; State University New York Binghamton Vestal Pky E Binghamton, Ny 13901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recognition memory is the ability to discriminate between events that have and have not occurred in the past. A thorough understanding of recognition memory is essential to many important topics, such as eyewitness memory, memories of traumatic events, and memory disorders such as amnesia and the symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease. All current theories of recognition memory propose that recognition performance is based on the assessed familiarity of a stimulus, with greater levels of familiarity increasing the probability that an item will be classified as "old" on a recognition memory test. One factor that contributes to the assessed familiarity of a stimulus is the speed and ease with which that stimulus is perceived--a factor that has been termed perceptual fluency (Jacoby & Dallas, 1981). Stimuli that are perceived fluently are more likely to be called "old" on a recognition test compared to stimuli that are perceived less fluently, regardless of whether they are old or new. It is theorized that the relationship between perceptual fluency and recognition memory is mediated by an attributional process whereby perceptual fluency is interpreted as a sign of previous experience with a stimulus. The primary question that is addressed in this proposal is whether the attributional process that mediates the role fluency in recognition is sensitivity to the relevance of perceptual fluency as a sign of prior occurrence. The results of numerous experiments investigating the relative size of perceptual priming effects as a function of differences in the perceptual form of targets and lures suggest that perceptual fluency is more relevant as a sign of prior experience in situations in which there is a perceptual match between the first and subsequent presentations of a stimulus (e.g., Blaxton, 1989; Rajaram & Roediger, 1993; Weldon, 1991). Therefore, the perceptual match between the study and test phases of recognition memory experiments will be manipulated in the proposed experiments. Eleven experiments are described. In all experiments, the perceptual fluency of a portion of the test items is enhanced through priming. The results of Experiments 1-3 (total N = 168) provide pilot data that demonstrate that the role of perceptual fluency in recognition depends on the sensory match between the study and test phases of the experiment. Eight additional experiments are proposed that will a.) further investigate how variations in perceptual form between the study and test phases of the experiment moderate the influence of perceptual fluency in recognition memory b.) examine alternate theoretical accounts for experimental results and c.) investigate potential differenced between the role of fluency in recognition and other types of judgments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VIRGIN AND MEMORY T CELLS IN SUPERANTIGEN-INDUCED ANERGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, William T.; Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza Albany, Ny 12237 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-1995; Project End 31-MAY-2007

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Memory

Summary: (provided by investigator): Immunological memory is critical to adaptive immunity. In the periphery, some cells can recognize self-antigen and memory development must be prevented. To understand how to generate vigorous recall responses while protecting against autoimmunity, it is essential to determine activation differences between naive and memory cells. A key question concerns how some stimuli activate cells while others induce tolerance. This is especially pertinent to memory, as memory cells are hypo-responsive or tolerant to certain agents (eg. superantigens and anti-CD3 Abs) that are strong stimulants of naive cells. This dichotomy provides strong evidence that naive and memory cells use different means to achieve a balance between immunity and tolerance. The objective of this proposal is to determine how superantigens induce tolerance in memory T cells and to better understand how improper activation of memory cells use is prevented. Thus, the planned studies will determine the activation paths of CD4 memory T cells in response to peptide antigen and superantigens. Since both antigens and superantigens may be normally encountered, understanding how they differently impact the immune system has important implications for pathology and therapy. A TCR transgenic mouse model will be used to obtain naive and memory cells bearing receptors that bind to the same peptide antigen and the same superantigen. This model will be used to test the hypothesis that superantigen induces tolerance selectively in memory T cells because of signal transduction differences in naive and memory cells. The specific aims are: 1) to identify unique signaling properties in memory T cells exposed to SEB; 2) to determine if exposure of memory cells to superantigen potentiates inhibition by negative regulators of TCR/CD3 signaling; and, 3) to determine the organizational structure of signaling proteins within the membrane of memory cells before and after exposure to superantigen. The sum of these studies will contribute to our understanding of changes occurring during the differentiation of naive cells into memory cells, will provide information on how bacterial superantigens may modulate immunity during infection, and will aid in the development of cell-specific therapies for autoimmune disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VISUAL SHORT TERM MEMORY IN INFANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Oakes, Lisa M.; Psychology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Visual short-term memory is crucially important for tasks significant in infancy such as developing hand-eye coordination and associating words with objects. Thus, understanding infants' short-term memory abilities will add significantly to our understanding of normal development. Unlike long-term memory, which has a virtually unlimited capacity, short-term memory has a very limited capacity, and this has serious consequences for many other aspects of cognition. For example, reduced short-term memory capacity may lead a developing system to focus on smaller chunks of the input, facilitating the acquisition of language and other cognitive abilities. Thus, understanding of infants' short-term memory abilities is important for understanding the general constraints on cognitive development. The goals of the proposed project are to develop sensitive procedures to assess short-term memory in infancy and to use those procedures to determine how infants' short-term memory abilities are similar to and different from those of older children and adults. In the first year, two experiments will be conducted to evaluate the usefulness of two change-detection procedures for assessing infants' visual short-term memory. In one procedure, infants' preference for changing over non-changing stimulus streams will be

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observed. The logic is that if infants can remember the items in the display, they will detect the change and prefer (i.e., look longer at) streams that change over those that remain the same. The second procedure will evaluate infants' ability to learn that changing (or non-changing) streams are associated with a reward as indicated by their accurately turning their head toward the source of that reward. If infants detect a change (or no change), they will be more likely to turn their head toward the rewarding stimulus than of they do not detect a change (or no change). The logic is that infants w ill correctly turn their head only when the number of items in the changing (or nonchanging) array does not exceed their short-term memory capacity. In the second year of the project, the more sensitive of these two procedures will be used to determine the capacity of short-term memory in infants and whether infants, like adults, can remember multiple-feature objects just as easily as single-feature objects. These experiments will provide an important foundation for the study of short-term memory in infancy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WORKING SCHIZOPHRENIA

MEMORY

AND

SOCIAL

FUNCTIONING

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cannon, Tyrone D.; Staglin Family Professor; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neurocognitive deficits, particularly in the domain of working memory/executive processes, are thought to play major roles in the development of schizophrenia and associated deficits in role functioning. We propose a novel translational behavioral science strategy probing the functional architecture of working memory and its disturbance in the developmental course of schizophrenia. We aim to identify major functional subdivisions within working memory using behavioral paradigms drawn from cognitive psychology during trial-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies with healthy subjects and to translate these paradigms into short-term longitudinal fMRI studies of prodromal and first-episode schizophrenic patients to determine the possible differential relevance of disturbances in specific aspects of these systems to the prediction of schizophrenia onset and socialoccupational outcome after the first year of psychosis. Our basic science goals are to improve our understanding of the cognitive neuroscience of working memory, focusing in particular on the proposed distinction between maintenance- versus manipulationrelated processes and on processes associated with relational binding of elements held in working memory. We expect to detect participation of a number of interacting brain systems in these functions, including areas in dorsolateral prefrontal, inferior prefrontal, posterior parietal, and cingulate cortex, but we also expect to observe differential involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in executive-related working memory processing and in relational binding operations. Our clinical aims are to improve our understanding of the nature, timing of onset, course, and neurophysiologic correlates of working memory disturbances in the pre-onset and early post-onset phases of schizophrenia and to elucidate the roles of these disturbances in the development of impaired social and work functioning in these patients. We expect to detect differential deficits in behavioral and physiologic indicators of executive-related working memory processing and relational binding in the patient groups. Deterioration in these functions over time should predict a higher risk for conversion to schizophrenia among prodromal patients and poorer social and work outcome after the first year of psychosis

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in first-episode patients. This information will improve theoretical specification of the nature of working memory disturbances in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and can be applied in future prodromal research to facilitate prediction of schizophrenia and in designing strategies for primary or secondary prevention. This information will also be pertinent to the development of strategies either to prevent or attenuate social and occupational impairments in schizophrenia or compensate for them by optimizing on intact skill acquisition systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY IN CHILDREN WITH SLI Principal Investigator & Institution: Marton, Klara; Speech Communication Arts and Sciences; Brooklyn College 2900 Bedford Ave New York, Ny 11210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have difficulty performing tasks involving verbal short-term memory. The purpose of this proposed study is to obtain more specific information on the underlying processes of working memory difficulties in children with SLI. Our goal is to examine the contributions of attentional capacity and the long-term lexicon to working memory performance in children with SLI, in their age- matched, and in their language-matched peers. Previous data from simple working memory tasks showed no significant differences between children with typical development and SLI on articulation rate, encoding, and rehearsal. In more complex working memory tasks (e.g., when word repetition and sentence comprehension are combined) children with SLI perform more poorly than their age-matched peers The long-term lexicon seems to play a critical role in working memory performance. Furthermore, there is an interaction between working memory, attention and the lexicon. If we enhance the contribution of the lexicon in maintaining words, then the attentional requirements for retaining these words in working memory will decrease. Thus, more attention can be focused on the recall processes. The results of children's working memory performances will be compared in four behavioral tasks, including nonword repetition and listening span, under different conditions to examine the effects of attention and the long-term lexicon on working memory performance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: WORKING MEMORY IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA-AN FMRI STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Thomas, Robert J.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with abnormalities of higher order executive cognitive functions. The precise neuroanatomical localization of these deficits is unknown. The physiological correlates of executive cognitive dysfunction are poorly defined, and recovery following therapy may be incomplete. This project proposes the novel use of a neuroimaging technology, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and precise neurobehavioral protocols, to localize the neuroanatomical site of dysfunction. Additional protocols will isolate specific physiological correlates of these neurocognitive abnormalities such as sleep fragmentation, sleep deprivation, and nocturnal oxygen desaturation and will relate them to altered regional cortical function. We will examine the cause of incomplete

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recovery of executive function while on therapy with nasal positive airway pressure. Working memory is a brain system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of information necessary to execute complex cognitive tasks, and it contributes to several executive functions. The n-back paradigm is an extensively used probe of working memory in MU studies, and is normally associated with activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate and posterior parietal cortex. We have adapted this task at the 2- back level of difficulty for use in OSA patients. Our preliminary data suggest a reversible (with treatment) reduction of working memory capacity in OSA patients that may be secondary to selective dysfunction in the DLPFC, relative to other nodes in the executive control network. Based on this data we hypothesize that: 1) Patients with OSA have reduced activation of the DLPFC, relative to posterior parietal cortex during tests of working memory. 2) Sleep deprivation or fragmentation but not nocturnal hypoxia disrupts working memory in normal subjects. 3). Post-treatment residual abnormalities are caused by persisting sleep fragmentation, not prior hypoxic exposure. The P.I. has training in general medicine, neurology, sleep disorders and functional neuroimaging. The proposed projects will be performed under the direct guidance of experts in sleep disorders, cognitive neuroscience, and fMRI within the Harvard system. The relevant research environment is particularly rich at the participating institutions-basic and applied neurobiology of sleep, clinical sleep disorders, behavioral neurology, and fMRI. The career development plan will include training in MRI physics, applied MRI, statistics and research methodology, ethics, planning of clinical research, and cognitive neuroscience. The immediate career goal is to acquire the necessary skills for applied clinical fMRI and determine the functional neurocircuitry of the localization, etiology and recovery of reduced working memory capacity in patients with OSA using the 2-back task paradigm. The longterm career goal is to develop a model of the function of sleep by demonstrating the functional consequences of sleep disruption in conditions such as depression, age-related memory dysfunction, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “memory” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for memory in the PubMed Central database:

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A cellular memory module conveys epigenetic inheritance of hedgehog expression during Drosophila wing imaginal disc development. by Maurange C, Paro R.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187463

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A comparison of T cell memory against the same antigen induced by virus versus intracellular bacteria. by Ochsenbein AF, Karrer U, Klenerman P, Althage A, Ciurea A, Shen H, Miller JF, Whitton JL, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM.; 1999 Aug 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17773

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A family of human phosphodiesterases homologous to the dunce learning and memory gene product of Drosophila melanogaster are potential targets for antidepressant drugs. by Bolger G, Michaeli T, Martins T, St John T, Steiner B, Rodgers L, Riggs M, Wigler M, Ferguson K.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=364715

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A Large-Capacity Memory System that Recognizes the Calls and Songs of Individual Birds. by Chew SJ, Vicario DS, Nottebohm F.; 1996 Mar 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39889

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A larger hippocampus is associated with longer-lasting spatial memory. by Biegler R, McGregor A, Krebs JR, Healy SD.; 2001 Jun 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34457

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A mechanism for memory storage insensitive to molecular turnover: a bistable autophosphorylating kinase. by Lisman JE.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=397705

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A mechanism for the Hebb and the anti-Hebb processes underlying learning and memory. by Lisman J.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298540

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A memory-efficient dynamic programming algorithm for optimal alignment of a sequence to an RNA secondary structure. by Eddy SR.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119854

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A model of long-term memory storage in the cerebellar cortex: A possible role for plasticity at parallel fiber synapses onto stellate /basket interneurons. by Kenyon GT.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28457

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A mouse model of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: Defective long-term memory is ameliorated by inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4. by Bourtchouladze R, Lidge R, Catapano R, Stanley J, Gossweiler S, Romashko D, Scott R, Tully T.; 2003 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193593

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A neural network model of sensoritopic maps with predictive short-term memory properties. by Droulez J, Berthoz A.; 1991 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=52776

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A neural system for human visual working memory. by Ungerleider LG, Courtney SM, Haxby JV.; 1998 Feb 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33812

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A New Group-Training Procedure for Habituation Demonstrates That Presynaptic Glutamate Release Contributes to Long-Term Memory in Caenorhabditis elegans. by Rose JK, Kaun KR, Rankin CH.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182588

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A perceptual memory for low-contrast visual signals. by Tanaka Y, Sagi D.; 1998 Oct 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22899

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A relaxation model for memory with high storage density. by Bachmann CM, Cooper LN, Dembo A, Zeitouni O.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299332

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A resource model of the neural basis of executive working memory. by Bunge SA, Klingberg T, Jacobsen RB, Gabrieli JD.; 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16281

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A role for the [beta]-amyloid precursor protein in memory? by Sisodia SS, Gallagher M.; 1998 Oct 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33903

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A synaptic basis for memory storage in the cerebral cortex. by Bear MF.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33630

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AB-polymer networks based on oligo([var epsilon]-caprolactone) segments showing shape-memory properties. by Lendlein A, Schmidt AM, Langer R.; 2001 Jan 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14671

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Accessing Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific T-Cell Memory with Peptide-Loaded Dendritic Cells. by Redchenko IV, Rickinson AB.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103838

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Activation of Memory Circuits during Cue-Elicited Cocaine Craving. by Grant S, London ED, Newlin DB, Villemagne VL, Liu X, Contoreggi C, Phillips RL, Kimes AS, Margolin A.; 1996 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38179

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Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: a functional anatomical study of memory. by Squire LR, Ojemann JG, Miezin FM, Petersen SE, Videen TO, Raichle ME.; 1992 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=48548

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Adoptive immunotherapy of murine cytomegalovirus adrenalitis in the immunocompromised host: CD4-helper-independent antiviral function of CD8positive memory T lymphocytes derived from latently infected donors. by Reddehase MJ, Jonjic S, Weiland F, Mutter W, Koszinowski UH.; 1988 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253668

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Adoptive transfer of gut mucosal antitoxin memory by isolated B cells 1 year after oral immunization with cholera toxin. by Lycke N, Holmgren J.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313242

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Adrenalectomy and the Suppression of Memory by Puromycin. by Flexner JB, Flexner LB.; 1970 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=286085

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Adrenocortical Suppression Blocks the Memory-Enhancing Effects of Amphetamine and Epinephrine. by Roozendaal B, Carmi O, McGaugh JL.; 1996 Feb 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39955

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Age-related defects in spatial memory are correlated with defects in the late phase of hippocampal long-term potentiation in vitro and are attenuated by drugs that enhance the cAMP signaling pathway. by Bach ME, Barad M, Son H, Zhuo M, Lu YF, Shih R, Mansuy I, Hawkins RD, Kandel ER.; 1999 Apr 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21855

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Alleviation of x-irradiation-based deficit in memory-based learning by damphetamine: Suggestions for attention deficit --hyperactivity disorder. by Highfield DA, Hu D, Amsel A.; 1998 May 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20457

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Altered Activity, Social Behavior, and Spatial Memory in Mice Lacking the NTAN1p Amidase and the Asparagine Branch of the N-End Rule Pathway. by Kwon YT, Balogh SA, Davydov IV, Kashina AS, Yoon JK, Xie Y, Gaur A, Hyde L, Denenberg VH, Varshavsky A.; 2000 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85783

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Altered Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Formation in Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor-Treated Rats. by Bohme GA, Bon C, Lemaire M, Reibaud M, Piot O, Stutzmann J, Doble A, Blanchard J.; 1993 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47528

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Alzheimer and [beta]-Amyloid-Treated Fibroblasts Demonstrate a Decrease in a Memory-Associated GTP-Binding Protein, Cp20. by Kim CS, Han Y, Etcheberrigaray R, Nelson TJ, Olds JL, Yoshioka T, Alkon DL.; 1995 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42359

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Amygdala Modulation of Hippocampal-Dependent and Caudate Nucleus-Dependent Memory Processes. by Packard MG, Cahill L, McGaugh JL.; 1994 Aug 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44629

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Anatomical organization of forward fiber projections from area TE to perirhinal neurons representing visual long-term memory in monkeys. by Yoshida M, Naya Y, Miyashita Y.; 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153080

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Antigen challenge leads to in vivo activation and elimination of highly polarized TH1 memory T cells. by Hayashi N, Liu D, Min B, Ben-Sasson SZ, Paul WE.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122924

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Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated disruption of hippocampal cAMP response element binding protein levels impairs consolidation of memory for water maze training. by Guzowski JF, McGaugh JL.; 1997 Mar 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20151

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Archaeosome Vaccine Adjuvants Induce Strong Humoral, Cell-Mediated, and Memory Responses: Comparison to Conventional Liposomes and Alum. by Krishnan L, Dicaire CJ, Patel GB, Sprott GD.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97101

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Arousal and the conversion of "short-term" to "long-term" memory. by Barondes SH, Cohen HD.; 1968 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=305416

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Associative memory neural network with low temporal spiking rates. by Amit DJ, Treves A.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298173

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Audiospatial and Visuospatial Working Memory in 6 --13 Year Old School Children. by Vuontela V, Steenari MR, Carlson S, Koivisto J, Fjallberg M, Aronen ET.; 2003 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=196650

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Bacterial Superantigen Exposure after Resolution of Influenza Virus Infection Perturbs the Virus-Specific Memory CD8 +-T-Cell Repertoire. by Huang CC, Shah S, Nguyen P, Altman JD, Blackman MA.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136287

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BAFF selectively enhances the survival of plasmablasts generated from human memory B cells. by Avery DT, Kalled SL, Ellyard JI, Ambrose C, Bixler SA, Thien M, Brink R, Mackay F, Hodgkin PD, Tangye SG.; 2003 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164292

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Basolateral amygdala is not critical for cognitive memory of contextual fear conditioning. by Vazdarjanova A, McGaugh JL.; 1998 Dec 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24565

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Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic influence enables enhancement of memory consolidation induced by hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor activation. by Roozendaal B, Nguyen BT, Power AE, McGaugh JL.; 1999 Sep 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18087

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Bias and heteroscedastic memory error in self-reported health behavior: an investigation using covariance structure analysis. by Kupek E.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138800

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Both Memory and CD45RA +/CD62L + Naive CD4 + T Cells Are Infected in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals. by Ostrowski MA, Chun TW, Justement SJ, Motola I, Spinelli MA, Adelsberger J, Ehler LA, Mizell SB, Hallahan CW, Fauci AS.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112723

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Brevican-Deficient Mice Display Impaired Hippocampal CA1 Long-Term Potentiation but Show No Obvious Deficits in Learning and Memory. by Brakebusch C, Seidenbecher CI, Asztely F, Rauch U, Matthies H, Meyer H, Krug M, Bockers TM, Zhou X, Kreutz MR, Montag D, Gundelfinger ED, Fassler R.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135663

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Can medial temporal lobe regions distinguish true from false? An event-related functional MRI study of veridical and illusory recognition memory. by Cabeza R, Rao SM, Wagner AD, Mayer AR, Schacter DL.; 2001 Apr 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31915

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Carbamazepine reduces memory induced activation of mesial temporal lobe structures: a pharmacological fMRI-study. by Jokeit H, Okujava M, Woermann FG.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59836

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CD25 +CD4 + T cells contribute to the control of memory CD8 + T cells. by Murakami M, Sakamoto A, Bender J, Kappler J, Marrack P.; 2002 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124384

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CD28 costimulation independence of target organ versus circulating memory antigenspecific CD4 + T cells. by Fontenot AP, Gharavi L, Bennett SR, Canavera SJ, Newman LS, Kotzin BL.; 2003 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182206

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CD4 + T-Cell Subsets That Mediate Immunological Memory to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. by Andersen P, Smedegaard B.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97184

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CD4 +CD25 + regulatory T cells suppress allograft rejection mediated by memory CD8 + T cells via a CD30-dependent mechanism. by Dai Z, Li Q, Wang Y, Gao G, Diggs LS, Tellides G, Lakkis FG.; 2004 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=311434

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CD40 Ligand-Mediated Interactions Are Involved in the Generation of Memory CD8 + Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) but Are Not Required for the Maintenance of CTL Memory following Virus Infection. by Borrow P, Tough DF, Eto D, Tishon A, Grewal IS, Sprent J, Flavell RA, Oldstone MB.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109974

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CD8 + T Cells Participate in the Memory Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. by Serbina NV, Flynn JL.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98502

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Characterization of a GTP-Binding Protein Implicated in Both Memory Storage and Interorganelle Vesicle Transport. by Nelson TJ, Yoshioka T, Toyoshima S, Han Y, Alkon DL.; 1994 Sep 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44797

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Cholinergic stimulation alters performance and task-specific regional cerebral blood flow during working memory. by Furey ML, Pietrini P, Haxby JV, Alexander GE, Lee HC, VanMeter J, Grady CL, Shetty U, Rapoport SI, Schapiro MB, Freo U.; 1997 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21081

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Cholinergic ventral forebrain grafts into the neocortex improve passive avoidance memory in a rat model of Alzheimer disease. by Fine A, Dunnett SB, Bjorklund A, Iversen SD.; 1985 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=390533

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Competition and representation during memory retrieval: Roles of the prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. by Sohn MH, Goode A, Stenger VA, Carter CS, Anderson JR.; 2003 Jun 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165889

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Components of verbal working memory: Evidence from neuroimaging. by Smith EE, Jonides J, Marshuetz C, Koeppe RA.; 1998 Feb 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33811

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Compromised Influenza Virus-Specific CD8 +-T-Cell Memory in CD4 +-T-CellDeficient Mice. by Belz GT, Wodarz D, Diaz G, Nowak MA, Doherty PC.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136883

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CTACK, a skin-associated chemokine that preferentially attracts skin-homing memory T cells. by Morales J, Homey B, Vicari AP, Hudak S, Oldham E, Hedrick J, Orozco R, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, McEvoy LM, Zlotnik A.; 1999 Dec 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24460

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Cytokine, activation marker, and chemokine receptor expression by individual CD4+ memory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. by Nanki T, E Lipsky P.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17818

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Decreased effector memory CD45RA+ CD62L- CD8+ T cells and increased central memory CD45RA- CD62L+ CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients. by Maldonado A, Mueller YM, Thomas P, Bojczuk P, O'Connors C, Katsikis PD.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165030

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Deficient long-term memory and long-lasting long-term potentiation in mice with a targeted deletion of neurotrophin-4 gene. by Xie CW, Sayah D, Chen QS, Wei WZ, Smith D, Liu X.; 2000 Jul 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16679

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Deficits in Memory and Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation in Mice with Reduced Calbindin D28K Expression. by Molinari S, Battini R, Ferrari S, Pozzi L, Killcross AS, Robbins TW, Jouvenceau A, Billard J, Dutar P, Lamour Y, Baker WA, Cox H, Emson PC.; 1996 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38869

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Deficits in memory and motor performance in synaptotagmin IV mutant mice. by Ferguson GD, Anagnostaras SG, Silva AJ, Herschman HR.; 2000 May 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25874

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Delayed and sustained effect of acetoxycycloheximide on memory in mice. by Barondes SH, Cohen HD.; 1967 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=335611

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Delayed Emergence of Effects of Memory-Enhancing Drugs: Implications for the Dynamics of Long-Term Memory. by Mondadori C, Hengerer B, Ducret T, Borkowski J.; 1994 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43305

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Dichotomy between naive and memory CD4 + T cell responses to Fas engagement. by Desbarats J, Wade T, Wade WF, Newell MK.; 1999 Jul 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22195

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Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. by Honey GD, Bullmore ET, Soni W, Varatheesan M, Williams SC, Sharma T.; 1999 Nov 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23965

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Different contributions of thymopoiesis and homeostasis-driven proliferation to the reconstitution of naive and memory T cell compartments. by Ge Q, Hu H, Eisen HN, Chen J.; 2002 Mar 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122460

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Differential susceptibility of naive and memory CD4+ T cells to the cytopathic effects of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain LAI. by Chun TW, Chadwick K, Margolick J, Siliciano RF.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191662

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Discovery of genes involved with learning and memory: An experimental synthesis of Hirschian and Benzerian perspectives. by Tully T.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33631

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Dissociable neural mechanisms underlying response-based and familiarity-based conflict in working memory. by Nelson JK, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Sylvester CY, Jonides J, Smith EE.; 2003 Sep 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=196946

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Dissociation in human prefrontal cortex of affective influences on working memoryrelated activity. by Perlstein WM, Elbert T, Stenger VA.; 2002 Feb 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122260

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Dissociation of human mid-dorsolateral from posterior dorsolateral frontal cortex in memory processing. by Petrides M, Alivisatos B, Evans AC, Meyer E.; 1993 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=45772

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Distinct Neural Correlates of Visual Long-Term Memory for Spatial Location and Object Identity: A Positron Emission Tomography Study in Humans. by Moscovitch M, Kapur S, Kohler S, Houle S.; 1995 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42033

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Effect of acetoxycycloheximide and of an acetoxycycloheximide-puromycin mixture on cerebral protein synthesis and memory in mice. by Flexner LB, Flexner JB.; 1966 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=224151

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Effect of antigen form on local immunoglobulin A memory response of intestinal secretions to Shigella flexneri. by Keren DF, McDonald RA, Scott PJ, Rosner AM, Strubel E.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261486

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Effect of nicotine on brain activation during performance of a working memory task. by Ernst M, Matochik JA, Heishman SJ, Van Horn JD, Jons PH, Henningfield JE, London ED.; 2001 Apr 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31902

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Effector differentiation is not prerequisite for generation of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes. by Manjunath N, Shankar P, Wan J, Weninger W, Crowley MA, Hieshima K, Springer TA, Fan X, Shen H, Lieberman J, von Andrian UH.; 2001 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=200936

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Effects of Age on Measures of Complex Working Memory Span in the Beagle Dog (Canis familiaris) Using Two Versions of a Spatial List Learning Paradigm. by Tapp PD, Siwak CT, Estrada J, Holowachuk D, Milgram NW.; 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=196663

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Effects of Stress and Hippocampal NMDA Receptor Antagonism on Recognition Memory in Rats. by Baker KB, Kim JJ.; 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155932

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Effects of temporal association on recognition memory. by Wallis G, Bulthoff HH.; 2001 Apr 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31914

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Electroconvulsive Shock and Lidocaine Reveal Rapid Consolidation of Spatial Working Memory in the Water Maze. by Bohbot V, Otahal P, Liu Z, Nadel L, Bures J.; 1996 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39478

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Enhanced Immunological Memory Responses to Listeria monocytogenes in Rodents, as Measured by Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), Adoptive Transfer of DTH, and Protective Immunity, following Lactobacillus casei Shirota Ingestion. by de Waard R, Claassen E, Bokken GC, Buiting B, Garssen J, Vos JG.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145274

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Enrichment of Immediate-Early 1 (m123/pp89) Peptide-Specific CD8 T Cells in a Pulmonary CD62Llo Memory-Effector Cell Pool during Latent Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection of the Lungs. by Holtappels R, Pahl-Seibert MF, Thomas D, Reddehase MJ.; 2000 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112429

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Establishment and persistence of photoperiodic memory in hamsters. by Prendergast BJ, Gorman MR, Zucker I.; 2000 May 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25872

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Establishment of memory for IL-10 expression in developing T helper 2 cells requires repetitive IL-4 costimulation and does not impair proliferation. by Lohning M, Richter A, Stamm T, Hu-Li J, Assenmacher M, Paul WE, Radbruch A.; 2003 Oct 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=218754

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Event-related brain potential correlates of two states of conscious awareness in memory. by Duzel E, Yonelinas AP, Mangun GR, Heinze HJ, Tulving E.; 1997 May 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20891

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Evidence for a Peripheral Olfactory Memory in Imprinted Salmon. by Nevitt GA, Dittman AH, Quinn TP, Moody WJ Jr.; 1994 May 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43770

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Evidence for an Underlying CD4 Helper and CD8 T-Cell Defect in B-Cell-Deficient Mice: Failure To Clear Persistent Virus Infection after Adoptive Immunotherapy with Virus-Specific Memory Cells from [mu]MT/[mu]MT Mice. by Homann D, Tishon A, Berger DP, Weigle WO, von Herrath MG, Oldstone MB.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110340

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Memory

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Evidence on precise time-coded symbols and memory of patterns in monkey cortical neuronal spike trains. by Strehler BL, Lestienne R.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=387232

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Evidence relating human verbal memory to hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. by Grunwald T, Beck H, Lehnertz K, Blumcke I, Pezer N, Kurthen M, Fernandez G, Van Roost D, Heinze HJ, Kutas M, Elger CE.; 1999 Oct 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18416

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Ex vivo analysis of human memory CD4 T cells specific for hepatitis C virus using MHC class II tetramers. by Day CL, Seth NP, Lucas M, Appel H, Gauthier L, Lauer GM, Robbins GK, Szczepiorkowski ZM, Casson DR, Chung RT, Bell S, Harcourt G, Walker BD, Klenerman P, Wucherpfennig KW.; 2003 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193667

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Exploring pathways for memory T cell generation. by Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A.; 2001 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=200942

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Expression of the [alpha]1[beta]1 integrin, VLA-1, marks a distinct subset of human CD4 + memory T cells. by Goldstein I, Ben-Horin S, Li J, Bank I, Jiang H, Chess L.; 2003 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=228473

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Expression of the Mucosal Homing Receptor [alpha]4[beta]7 Correlates with the Ability of CD8 + Memory T Cells To Clear Rotavirus Infection. by Rose JR, Williams MB, Rott LS, Butcher EC, Greenberg HB.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109428

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Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activity in the Entorhinal Cortex Is Necessary for Long-Term Spatial Memory. by Hebert AE, Dash PK.; 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182586

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Facilitation of Glutamate Receptors Enhances Memory. by Staubli U, Rogers G, Lynch G.; 1994 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43032

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Functional activation of the human frontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks. by Petrides M, Alivisatos B, Meyer E, Evans AC.; 1993 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=45773

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Functional differences between memory and naive CD8 T cells. by Cho BK, Wang C, Sugawa S, Eisen HN, Chen J.; 1999 Mar 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15880

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Prefrontal Cortex Activation During a Spatial Working Memory Task. by McCarthy G, Blamire AM, Puce A, Nobre AC, Bloch G, Hyder F, Goldman-Rakic P, Shulman RG.; 1994 Aug 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44672

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Functional MRI detection of pharmacologically induced memory impairment. by Sperling R, Greve D, Dale A, Killiany R, Holmes J, Rosas HD, Cocchiarella A, Firth P, Rosen B, Lake S, Lange N, Routledge C, Albert M.; 2002 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117581

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Functional neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performance. by Postle BR, Berger JS, D'Esposito M.; 1999 Oct 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23182

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Functional neuroimaging studies of encoding, priming, and explicit memory retrieval. by Buckner RL, Koutstaal W.; 1998 Feb 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33813

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Functional organization of spatial and nonspatial working memory processing within the human lateral frontal cortex. by Owen AM, Stern CE, Look RB, Tracey I, Rosen BR, Petrides M.; 1998 Jun 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22736

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Functional organization of the hippocampal memory system. by Eichenbaum H, Schoenbaum G, Young B, Bunsey M.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33637

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Functional plasticity of an antigen-specific memory CD4 T cell population. by Ahmadzadeh M, Farber DL.; 2002 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129349

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Functionally Heterogeneous CD8 + T-Cell Memory Is Induced by Sendai Virus Infection of Mice. by Usherwood EJ, Hogan RJ, Crowther G, Surman SL, Hogg TL, Altman JD, Woodland DL.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104253

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Functionally mature virus-specific CD8 + T memory cells in congenitally infected newborns: proof of principle for neonatal vaccination? by Holt PG.; 2003 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156114

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Galanin antagonizes acetylcholine on a memory task in basal forebrain-lesioned rats. by Mastropaolo J, Nadi NS, Ostrowski NL, Crawley JN.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=282877

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Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory storage involves noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. by Quirarte GL, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28430

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Glutamatergic activity in the amygdala signals visceral input during taste memory formation. by Miranda MI, Ferreira G, Ramirez-Lugo L, Bermudez-Rattoni F.; 2002 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123271

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Habitual prospective memory in schizophrenia. by Elvevag B, Maylor EA, Gilbert AL.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=184442

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Helicobacter pylori-Specific CD4 + CD25high Regulatory T Cells Suppress Memory T-Cell Responses to H. pylori in Infected Individuals. by Lundgren A, Suri-Payer E, Enarsson K, Svennerholm AM, Lundin BS.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152046

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Memory

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Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry in Episodic Memory: Positron Emission Tomography Findings. by Tulving E, Kapur S, Craik FI, Moscovitch M, Houle S.; 1994 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43300

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Heterogeneity of CD4 and CD8+ memory T cells in localized and generalized Wegener's granulomatosis. by Lamprecht P, Erdmann A, Mueller A, Csernok E, Reinhold-Keller E, Holl-Ulrich K, Feller AC, Bruehl H, Gross WL.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154430

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Hippocampal Acetylcholine Release during Memory Testing in Rats: Augmentation by Glucose. by Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE.; 1996 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39341

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Hippocampal Damage and Exploratory Preferences in Rats: Memory for Objects, Places, and Contexts. by Mumby DG, Gaskin S, Glenn MJ, Schramek TE, Lehmann H.; 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155935

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Homosynaptic long-term depression: A mechanism for memory? by Bear MF.; 1999 Aug 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33710

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Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: Evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin. by Kivisakk P, Mahad DJ, Callahan MK, Trebst C, Tucky B, Wei T, Wu L, Baekkevold ES, Lassmann H, Staugaitis SM, Campbell JJ, Ransohoff RM.; 2003 Jul 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166239

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Human hippocampus associates information in memory. by Henke K, Weber B, Kneifel S, Wieser HG, Buck A.; 1999 May 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21955

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Human Memory Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) Responses to Hantaan Virus Infection: Identification of Virus-Specific and Cross-Reactive CD8 + CTL Epitopes on Nucleocapsid Protein. by Van Epps HL, Schmaljohn CS, Ennis FA.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112585

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Identification of cyclic AMP as the response regulator for neurosecretory potentiation: a memory model system. by Morimoto BH, Koshland DE Jr.; 1991 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=53026

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Identification of Promiscuous Epitopes from the Mycobacterial 65-Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein Recognized by Human CD4 + T Cells of the Mycobacterium leprae Memory Repertoire. by Mustafa AS, Lundin KE, Meloen RH, Shinnick TM, Oftung F.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96942

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Identifying the Target Cell in Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infection: Highly Activated Memory CD4 + T Cells Are Rapidly Eliminated in Early SIV Infection In Vivo. by Veazey RS, Tham IC, Mansfield KG, DeMaria M, Forand AE, Shvetz DE, Chalifoux LV, Sehgal PK, Lackner AA.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111513

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IL-15 mimics T cell receptor crosslinking in the induction of cellular proliferation, gene expression, and cytotoxicity in CD8 + memory T cells. by Liu K, Catalfamo M, Li Y, Henkart PA, Weng NP.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122925

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IL-15R[alpha] expression on CD8 + T cells is dispensable for T cell memory. by Burkett PR, Koka R, Chien M, Chai S, Chan F, Ma A, Boone DL.; 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153623

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Immunologic Memory Induced by a Glycoconjugate Vaccine in a Murine Adoptive Lymphocyte Transfer Model. by Guttormsen HK, Wetzler LM, Finberg RW, Kasper DL.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108159

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Impaired retention of spatial memory after transection of longitudinally oriented axons of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. by Steffenach HA, Sloviter RS, Moser EI, Moser MB.; 2002 Mar 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122495

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In vivo proliferation of naive and memory influenza-specific CD8 + T cells. by Flynn KJ, Riberdy JM, Christensen JP, Altman JD, Doherty PC.; 1999 Jul 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17562

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Increase of Synaptic Density and Memory Retention by a Peptide Representing the Trophic Domain of the Amyloid [beta]/A4 Protein Precursor. by Roch J, Masliah E, Roch-Levecq A, Sundsmo MP, Otero DA, Veinbergs I, Saitoh T.; 1994 Aug 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44418

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Increased Dopamine Turnover in the Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Spatial Working Memory Performance in Rats and Monkeys. by Murphy BL, Arnsten AF, GoldmanRakic PS, Roth RH.; 1996 Feb 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40079

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Inducible protein knockout reveals temporal requirement of CaMKII reactivation for memory consolidation in the brain. by Wang H, Shimizu E, Tang YP, Cho M, Kyin M, Zuo W, Robinson DA, Alaimo PJ, Zhang C, Morimoto H, Zhuo M, Feng R, Shokat KM, Tsien JZ.; 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153085

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Induction of behavioral associative memory by stimulation of the nucleus basalis. by McLin DE III, Miasnikov AA, Weinberger NM.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122638

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Induction of Long-Term Memory CD8 + T Cells for Recall of Viral Clearing Responses against Influenza Virus. by Deliyannis G, Jackson DC, Ede NJ, Zeng W, Hourdakis I, Sakabetis E, Brown LE.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155065

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Induction of Mucosal B-Cell Memory by Intramuscular Inoculation of Mice with Rotavirus. by Coffin SE, Offit PA.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109862

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Inhibition in verbal working memory revealed by brain activation. by Jonides J, Smith EE, Marshuetz C, Koeppe RA, Reuter-Lorenz PA.; 1998 Jul 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20989

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Inhibition of calcineurin facilitates the induction of memory for sensitization in Aplysia: Requirement of mitogen-activated protein kinase. by Sharma SK, Bagnall MW, Sutton MA, Carew TJ.; 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153646

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Initial localization of the memory trace for a basic form of learning. by McCormick DA, Clark GA, Lavond DG, Thompson RF.; 1982 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=346276

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Interaction between Amount and Pattern of Training in the Induction of Intermediate- and Long-Term Memory for Sensitization in Aplysia. by Sutton MA, Ide J, Masters SE, Carew TJ.; 2002 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155928

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Interactions between thalamic and cortical rhythms during semantic memory recall in human. by Slotnick SD, Moo LR, Kraut MA, Lesser RP, Hart J Jr.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122967

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Involvement of BDNF Receptor TrkB in Spatial Memory Formation. by Mizuno M, Yamada K, He J, Nakajima A, Nabeshima T.; 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=196664

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Involvement of hippocampal cAMP /cAMP-dependent protein kinase signaling pathways in a late memory consolidation phase of aversively motivated learning in rats. by Bernabeu R, Bevilaqua L, Ardenghi P, Bromberg E, Schmitz P, Bianchin M, Izquierdo I, Medina JH.; 1997 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21281

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Involvement of stress-released corticotropin-releasing hormone in the basolateral amygdala in regulating memory consolidation. by Roozendaal B, Brunson KL, Holloway BL, McGaugh JL, Baram TZ.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129796

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Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: Interaction with other brain systems. by McGaugh JL, Cahill L, Roozendaal B.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33638

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Isolation of high-affinity memory B cells: phycoerythrin as a probe for antigenbinding cells. by Hayakawa K, Ishii R, Yamasaki K, Kishimoto T, Hardy RR.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304433

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Kinetics of CD4 + and CD8 + Memory T-Cell Responses during Hepatitis C Virus Rechallenge of Previously Recovered Chimpanzees. by Nascimbeni M, Mizukoshi E, Bosmann M, Major ME, Mihalik K, Rice CM, Feinstone SM, Rehermann B.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152131

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KINETICS OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION: ROLE OF AMNESIC TREATMENT PARAMETERS. by Cherkin A.; 1969 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=223433

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Late memory-related genes in the hippocampus revealed by RNA fingerprinting. by Cavallaro S, Meiri N, Yi CL, Musco S, Ma W, Goldberg J, Alkon DL.; 1997 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23247

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Learning and memory. by Okano H, Hirano T, Balaban E.; 2000 Nov 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34060

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Learning and memory: regional changes in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the chick brain after imprinting. by McCabe BJ, Horn G.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280097

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Lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis induced by 192 IgG-saporin block memory enhancement with posttraining norepinephrine in the basolateral amygdala. by Power AE, Thal LJ, McGaugh JL.; 2002 Feb 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122362

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Linking brain and behavior in sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. by Stickgold R, Fosse R, Walker MP.; 2002 Dec 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139175

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Location, location, location: The many addresses of memory formation. by Yin JC.; 1999 Aug 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33724

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Long-Term CD4 Th1 and Th2 Memory following Acute Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. by Whitmire JK, Asano MS, Murali-Krishna K, Suresh M, Ahmed R.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110189

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Long-term memory for a life on the move. by Mettke-Hofmann C, Gwinner E.; 2003 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156292

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Long-term memory in Aplysia modulates the total number of varicosities of single identified sensory neurons. by Bailey CH, Chen M.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=279995

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Long-Term Memory Survives Nerve Injury and the Subsequent Regeneration Process. by Lukowiak K, Haque Z, Spencer G, Varshay N, Sangha S, Syed N.; 2003 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=196652

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Long-term T cell memory requires the surface expression of self-peptide /major histocompatibility complex molecules. by Markiewicz MA, Girao C, Opferman JT, Sun J, Hu Q, Agulnik AA, Bishop CE, Thompson CB, Ashton-Rickardt PG.; 1998 Mar 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19695

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Loss of perforated synapses in the dentate gyrus: morphological substrate of memory deficit in aged rats. by Geinisman Y, de Toledo-Morrell L, Morrell F.; 1986 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=323440

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Loss of WAVE-1 causes sensorimotor retardation and reduced learning and memory in mice. by Soderling SH, Langeberg LK, Soderling JA, Davee SM, Simerly R, Raber J, Scott JD.; 2003 Feb 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149900

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Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DR-Restricted Memory CD4 + T Lymphocytes Recognize Conserved Immunodominant Epitopes of Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 1a. by Brown WC, McGuire TC, Mwangi W, Kegerreis KA, Macmillan H, Lewin HA, Palmer GH.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128355

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Manipulation of prenatal hormones and dietary phytoestrogens during adulthood alter the sexually dimorphic expression of visual spatial memory. by Lund TD, Lephart ED.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64559

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Mapping Memory with Positron Emission Tomography. by Roskies AL.; 1994 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=43294

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Mapping of Olfactory Memory Circuits: Region-Specific c-fos Activation After OdorReward Associative Learning or After Its Retrieval. by Tronel S, Sara SJ.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182591

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Memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) dissociated: Normal spatial memory despite CA1 LTP elimination with Kv1.4 antisense. by Meiri N, Sun MK, Segal Z, Alkon DL.; 1998 Dec 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24571

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Memory CD4 + T cells do not induce graft-versus-host disease. by Anderson BE, McNiff J, Yan J, Doyle H, Mamula M, Shlomchik MJ, Shlomchik WD.; 2003 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162285

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Memory Consolidation and the Medial Temporal Lobe: A Simple Network Model. by Alvarez P, Squire LR.; 1994 Jul 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44334

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Memory Consolidation for the Discrimination of Frequency-Modulated Tones in Mongolian Gerbils Is Sensitive to Protein-Synthesis Inhibitors Applied to the Auditory Cortex. by Kraus M, Schicknick H, Wetzel W, Ohl F, Staak S, Tischmeyer W.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187117

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Memory consolidation of one-trial learning in chicks. by Lee-Teng E, Sherman SM.; 1966 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=219948

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Memory Enhancement by Intrahippocampal, Intraamygdala, or Intraentorhinal Infusion of Platelet-Activating Factor Measured in an Inhibitory Avoidance Task. by Izquierdo I, Fin C, Schmitz PK, Silva RC, Jerusalinsky D, Quillfeldt JA, Ferreira MB, Medina JH, Bazan NG.; 1995 May 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41845

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Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex. by Rainer G, Asaad WF, Miller EK.; 1998 Dec 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24566

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Memory fixation in the goldfish. by Agranoff BW, Davis RE, Brink JJ.; 1965 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=219745

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Memory for Extinction of Conditioned Fear Is Long-lasting and Persists Following Spontaneous Recovery. by Quirk GJ.; 2002 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187587

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Memory for Object Features Versus Memory for Object Location: A PositronEmission Tomography Study of Encoding and Retrieval Processes. by Owen AM, Milner B, Petrides M, Evans AC.; 1996 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38621

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Memory from the dynamics of intrinsic membrane currents. by Marder E, Abbott LF, Turrigiano GG, Liu Z, Golowasch J.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33634

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Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA /DNA oxidation: Partial reversal by feeding acetyl-l-carnitine and /or R-[alpha]-lipoic acid. by Liu J, Head E, Gharib AM, Yuan W, Ingersoll RT, Hagen TM, Cotman CW, Ames BN.; 2002 Feb 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122369

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Memory neuron: operating characteristics for the memory component of a neuroconnective brain model. by Wooldridge DE.; 1980 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348703

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Memory neuron: synapse microchemistry for the memory component of a neuroconnective brain model. by Wooldridge DE.; 1980 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=349538

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Memory systems analyses of mnemonic disorders in aging and age-related diseases. by Gabrieli JD.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33642

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Memory systems in the brain and localization of a memory. by Thompson RF, Kim JJ.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33628

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Memory T cell-mediated resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in innately susceptible and resistant mice. by Hubbard RD, Flory CM, Collins FM.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257958

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Memory: Recording experience in cells and circuits: Diversity in memory research. by Goldman-Rakic PS.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33627

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Memory-enhancing effects in male mice of pregnenolone and steroids metabolically derived from it. by Flood JF, Morley JE, Roberts E.; 1992 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=48493

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Memory-enhancing effects of secreted forms of the [beta]-amyloid precursor protein in normal and amnestic mice. by Meziane H, Dodart JC, Mathis C, Little S, Clemens J, Paul SM, Ungerer A.; 1998 Oct 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22891

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Memory's echo: Vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex. by Wheeler ME, Petersen SE, Buckner RL.; 2000 Sep 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27159

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Memory-specific temporal profiles of gene expression in the hippocampus. by Cavallaro S, D'Agata V, Manickam P, Dufour F, Alkon DL.; 2002 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138602

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Model of cortical organization embodying a basis for a theory of information processing and memory recall. by Shaw GL, Silverman DJ, Pearson JC.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=397558

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Models of immune memory: On the role of cross-reactive stimulation, competition, and homeostasis in maintaining immune memory. by Antia R, Pilyugin SS, Ahmed R.; 1998 Dec 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24552

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Modulation of function and gated learning in a network memory. by Abbott LF.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=55140

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Morphology of a sensory neuron in Drosophila is abnormal in memory mutants and changes during aging. by Corfas G, Dudai Y.; 1991 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=52272

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Multiple routes to memory: Distinct medial temporal lobe processes build item and source memories. by Davachi L, Mitchell JP, Wagner AD.; 2003 Feb 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149975

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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in memory circuits: Implications for treatment of Alzheimer disease. by Levey AI.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33643

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Naive and Memory CD4 T Cells Differ in Their Susceptibilities to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection following CD28 Costimulation: Implications for Transmission and Pathogenesis. by Riley JL, Levine BL, Craighead N, Francomano T, Kim D, Carroll RG, June CH.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110187

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Neural basis of protracted developmental changes in visuo-spatial working memory. by Kwon H, Reiss AL, Menon V.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130634

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Neural mechanisms for visual memory and their role in attention. by Desimone R.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33636

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Neuroanatomical Correlates of Encoding in Episodic Memory: Levels of Processing Effect. by Kapur S, Craik FI, Tulving E, Wilson AA, Houle S, Brown GM.; 1994 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43298

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Neuroanatomical Correlates of Retrieval in Episodic Memory: Auditory Sentence Recognition. by Tulving E, Kapur S, Markowitsch HJ, Craik FI, Habib R, Houle S.; 1994 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43299

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Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory. by Smith EE, Jonides J.; 1998 Sep 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21765

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New psychological conceptions of memory. by Guilford JP.; 1966 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285676

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Novel memory mutants in Drosophila: Behavioral characteristics of the mutant nemyP153. by Kamyshev NG, Iliadi KG, Bragina JV, Kamysheva EA, Tokmatcheva EV, Preat T, Savvateeva-Popova EV.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122055

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Ontogeny of Th1 Memory Responses against a Brucella abortus Conjugate. by Scharf O, Agranovich I, Lee K, Eller NL, Levy L, Inman J, Scott DE, Golding B.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98652

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Overexpression of motor protein KIF17 enhances spatial and working memory in transgenic mice. by Wong RW, Setou M, Teng J, Takei Y, Hirokawa N.; 2002 Oct 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137912

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Perforin-low memory CD8 + cells are the predominant T cells in normal humans that synthesize the [beta]-chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1[beta]. by Kamin-Lewis R, Abdelwahab SF, Trang C, Baker A, DeVico AL, Gallo RC, Lewis GK.; 2001 Jul 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55412

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Pituitary Peptides and the Suppression of Memory by Puromycin. by Flexner JB, Flexner LB.; 1971 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=389459

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Positive feedback, memory, and the predictability of earthquakes. by Sammis CG, Sornette D.; 2002 Feb 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128568

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Post-Training Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibition Impairs Memory Consolidation. by Teather LA, Packard MG, Bazan NG.; 2002 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155926

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Potent induction of long-term CD8 + T cell memory by short-term IL-4 exposure during T cell receptor stimulation. by Huang LR, Chen FL, Chen YT, Lin YM, Kung JT.; 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16252

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Preferential infection of CD4+ memory T cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence for a role in the selective T-cell functional defects observed in infected individuals. by Schnittman SM, Lane HC, Greenhouse J, Justement JS, Baseler M, Fauci AS.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=54471

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Prefrontal cortex and episodic memory retrieval mode. by Lepage M, Ghaffar O, Nyberg L, Tulving E.; 2000 Jan 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26693

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Pregnenolone Sulfate Enhances Post-Training Memory Processes When Injected in Very Low Doses into Limbic System Structures: The Amygdala is by Far the Most Sensitive. by Flood JF, Morley JE, Roberts E.; 1995 Nov 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40701

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Prenatal exposure to a cannabinoid agonist produces memory deficits linked to dysfunction in hippocampal long-term potentiation and glutamate release. by Mereu G, Fa M, Ferraro L, Cagiano R, Antonelli T, Tattoli M, Ghiglieri V, Tanganelli S, Gessa GL, Cuomo V.; 2003 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153655

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Profound Protection against Respiratory Challenge with a Lethal H7N7 Influenza A Virus by Increasing the Magnitude of CD8 + T-Cell Memory. by Christensen JP, Doherty PC, Branum KC, Riberdy JM.; 2000 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112451

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Progressive entorhinal cortex lesions accelerate hippocampal sprouting and spare spatial memory in rats. by Ramirez JJ, McQuilkin M, Carrigan T, MacDonald K, Kelley MS.; 1996 Dec 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26436

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Protection against immunopathological consequences of a viral infection by activated but not resting cytotoxic T cells: T cell memory without "memory T cells"? by Bachmann MF, Kundig TM, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM.; 1997 Jan 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19566

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Protective long-term antibody memory by antigen-driven and T help-dependent differentiation of long-lived memory B cells to short-lived plasma cells independent of secondary lymphoid organs. by Ochsenbein AF, Pinschewer DD, Sierro S, Horvath E, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM.; 2000 Nov 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27213

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Quantitative Analysis of Long-Term Virus-Specific CD8 +-T-Cell Memory in Mice Challenged with Unrelated Pathogens. by Liu H, Andreansky S, Diaz G, Turner SJ, Wodarz D, Doherty PC.; 2003 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161950

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Radish, a Drosophila Mutant Deficient is Consolidated Memory. by Folkers E, Drain P, Quinn WG.; 1993 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47300

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Reactivation of encoding-related brain activity during memory retrieval. by Nyberg L, Habib R, McIntosh AR, Tulving E.; 2000 Sep 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27158

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Recall and propagation of allospecific memory T cells independent of secondary lymphoid organs. by Chalasani G, Dai Z, Konieczny BT, Baddoura FK, Lakkis FG.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122922

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Recognition Memory for Single Items and for Associations Is Similarly Impaired Following Damage to the Hippocampal Region. by Stark CE, Bayley PJ, Squire LR.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187132

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Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Coexpressing the F Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) Does Not Inhibit the Development of RSVSpecific Memory Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, whereas Priming Is Diminished in the Presence of High Levels of IL-2 or Gamma Interferon. by Bembridge GP, Lopez JA, Cook R, Melero JA, Taylor G.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109637

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Reduced glucose tolerance is associated with poor memory performance and hippocampal atrophy among normal elderly. by Convit A, Wolf OT, Tarshish C, de Leon MJ.; 2003 Feb 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149951

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Regional and cellular fractionation of working memory. by Goldman-Rakic PS.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33633

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Regulation of gene expression and its role in long-term memory and synaptic plasticity. by Tully T.; 1997 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33661

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Reset of human neocortical oscillations during a working memory task. by Rizzuto DS, Madsen JR, Bromfield EB, Schulze-Bonhage A, Seelig D, Aschenbrenner-Scheibe R, Kahana MJ.; 2003 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164690

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Restoration of expression of memory lost after treatment with puromycin. by Flexner JB, Flexner LB.; 1967 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=224527

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Retrieval of memory for fear-motivated training initiates extinction requiring protein synthesis in the rat hippocampus. by Vianna MR, Szapiro G, McGaugh JL, Medina JH, Izquierdo I.; 2001 Oct 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59800

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Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone. by Carney JM, StarkeReed PE, Oliver CN, Landum RW, Cheng MS, Wu JF, Floyd RA.; 1991 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=51506

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Reversal of Spatial Memory Impairments in Aged Rats by Nerve Growth Factor and Neurotrophins 3 and 4/5 but not by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. by Fischer W, Sirevaag A, Wiegand SJ, Lindsay RM, Bjorklund A.; 1994 Aug 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44655

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Reversible antisense inhibition of Shaker-like Kv1.1 potassium channel expression impairs associative memory in mouse and rat. by Meiri N, Ghelardini C, Tesco G, Galeotti N, Dahl D, Tomsic D, Cavallaro S, Quattrone A, Capaccioli S, Bartolini A, Alkon DL.; 1997 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20739

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Robust Recall and Long-Term Memory T-Cell Responses Induced by Prime-Boost Regimens with Heterologous Live Viral Vectors Expressing Human

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Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag and Env Proteins. by Haglund K, Leiner I, Kerksiek K, Buonocore L, Pamer E, Rose JK.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136360 •

Role of Cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptors in Auditory Sensory Memory and Mismatch Negativity Generation: Implications for Schizophrenia. by Javitt DC, Steinschneider M, Schroeder CE, Arezzo JC.; 1996 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38166

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Rolipram, a type IV-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, facilitates the establishment of long-lasting long-term potentiation and improves memory. by Barad M, Bourtchouladze R, Winder DG, Golan H, Kandel E.; 1998 Dec 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24568

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Seeds of Instruction: Hippocampus and Memory in Food-Storing Birds. by Doupe AJ.; 1994 Aug 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=44404

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Selective networks capable of representative transformations, limited generalizations, and associative memory. by Edelman GM, Reeke GN Jr.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=346129

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sgk, a primary glucocorticoid-induced gene, facilitates memory consolidation of spatial learning in rats. by Tsai KJ, Chen SK, Ma YL, Hsu WL, Lee EH.; 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122636

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Short-Term and Long-Term Verbal Memory: A Positron Emission Tomography Study. by Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Arndt S, Cizadlo T, Hurtig R, Rezai K, Watkins GL, Ponto LL, Hichwa RD.; 1995 May 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41858

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Sleep Deprivation Selectively Impairs Memory Consolidation for Contextual Fear Conditioning. by Graves LA, Heller EA, Pack AI, Abel T.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=202307

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Sleep forms memory for finger skills. by Fischer S, Hallschmid M, Elsner AL, Born J.; 2002 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129381

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Some Evidence for the Involvement of Adrenergic Sites in the Memory Trace. by Roberts RB, Flexner JB, Flexner LB.; 1970 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283045

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Spatial memory is related to hippocampal subcellular concentrations of calciumdependent protein kinase C isoforms in young and aged rats. by Colombo PJ, Wetsel WC, Gallagher M.; 1997 Dec 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28456

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Specificity of a protective memory immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. by Andersen P, Heron I.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302810

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Spontaneously hypertensive rats: further evaluation of age-related memory performance and cholinergic marker expression. by Hernandez CM, Hoifodt H, Terry AV Jr.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161744

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Stages of memory formation in goldfish: evidence for an environmental trigger. by Davis RE, Agranoff BW.; 1966 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=224186

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Stages of memory in mice treated with acetoxycycloheximide before or immediately after learning. by Flexner LB, Flexner JB, Roberts RB.; 1966 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=224433

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Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. by Squire LR, Zola SM.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33639

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Studies of retrograde memory: A long-term view. by Warrington EK.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33640

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Studies on Memory: Distribution of Peptidyl-Puromycin in Subcellular Fractions of Mouse Brain. by Flexner LB, Gambetti P, Flexner JB, Roberts RB.; 1971 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=391094

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STUDIES ON MEMORY: EVIDENCE FOR A WIDESPREAD MEMORY TRACE IN THE NEOCORTEX AFTER THE SUPPRESSION OF RECENT MEMORY BY PUROMYCIN. by Flexner JB, Flexner LB.; 1969 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=223659

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Studies on memory: the long survival of peptidyl-puromycin in mouse brain. by Flexner LB, Flexner JB.; 1968 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=225141

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Synapse formation is associated with memory storage in the cerebellum. by Kleim JA, Freeman JH Jr, Bruneau R, Nolan BC, Cooper NR, Zook A, Walters D.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130615

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Synchronization between prefrontal and posterior association cortex during human working memory. by Sarnthein J, Petsche H, Rappelsberger P, Shaw GL, von Stein A.; 1998 Jun 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22750

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Target organ localization of memory CD4 + T cells in patients with chronic beryllium disease. by Fontenot AP, Canavera SJ, Gharavi L, Newman LS, Kotzin BL.; 2002 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151812

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Task-related and item-related brain processes of memory retrieval. by Duzel E, Cabeza R, Picton TW, Yonelinas AP, Scheich H, Heinze HJ, Tulving E.; 1999 Feb 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15598

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The Animal Model of Human Amnesia: Long-Term Memory Impaired and ShortTerm Memory Intact. by Alvarez P, Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR.; 1994 Jun 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44051

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The Deferred Imitation Task as a Nonverbal Measure of Declarative Memory. by McDonough L, Mandler JM, McKee RD, Squire LR.; 1995 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41383

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The fractionation of working memory. by Baddeley A.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33632

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The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations. by Dusek JA, Eichenbaum H.; 1997 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21293

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The Hippocampus and Memory of Verbal and Pictorial Material. by Papanicolaou AC, Simos PG, Castillo EM, Breier JI, Katz JS, Wright AA.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182590

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The hippocampus mediates glucocorticoid-induced impairment of spatial memory retrieval: Dependence on the basolateral amygdala. by Roozendaal B, Griffith QK, Buranday J, de Quervain DJ, McGaugh JL.; 2003 Feb 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=298772

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The Memory Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) Response to Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Contains Individual Peptide-Specific CTL Clones That Have Undergone Extensive Expansion In Vivo. by Weekes MP, Wills MR, Mynard K, Carmichael AJ, Sissons JG.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104454

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The neural basis of task-switching in working memory: Effects of performance and aging. by Smith EE, Geva A, Jonides J, Miller A, Reuter-Lorenz P, Koeppe RA.; 2001 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29387

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The neural substrate and temporal dynamics of interference effects in working memory as revealed by event-related functional MRI. by D'Esposito M, Postle BR, Jonides J, Smith EE.; 1999 Jun 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22117

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The Resource Consumption Principle: Attention and Memory in Volumes of Neural Tissue. by Montague PR.; 1996 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39660

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The role of antigen and IL-12 in sustaining Th1 memory cells in vivo: IL-12 is required to maintain memory /effector Th1 cells sufficient to mediate protection to an infectious parasite challenge. by Stobie L, Gurunathan S, Prussin C, Sacks DL, Glaichenhaus N, Wu CY, Seder RA.; 2000 Jul 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26964

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The role of left prefrontal cortex in language and memory. by Gabrieli JD, Poldrack RA, Desmond JE.; 1998 Feb 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33815

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The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory: Effects of memory load and individual differences. by Rypma B, D'Esposito M.; 1999 May 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26921

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The synthetic enantiomer of pregnenolone sulfate is very active on memory in rats and mice, even more so than its physiological neurosteroid counterpart: Distinct mechanisms? by Akwa Y, Ladurelle N, Covey DF, Baulieu EE.; 2001 Nov 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61162

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The visual paired-comparison task as a measure of declarative memory. by Manns JR, Stark CE, Squire LR.; 2000 Oct 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17349

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The voltage-gated Kv1.3 K + channel in effector memory T cells as new target for MS. by Wulff H, Calabresi PA, Allie R, Yun S, Pennington M, Beeton C, Chandy KG.; 2003 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156104

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Therapeutic limitations in tumor-specific CD8+ memory T cell engraftment. by Bathe OF, Dalyot-Herman N, Malek TR.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=183847

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Theta oscillations index human hippocampal activation during a working memory task. by Tesche CD, Karhu J.; 2000 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15431

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Tonsillar memory B cells, latently infected with Epstein --Barr virus, express the restricted pattern of latent genes previously found only in Epstein --Barr virusassociated tumors. by Babcock GJ, Thorley-Lawson DA.; 2000 Oct 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17327

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Toward a molecular definition of long-term memory storage. by Bailey CH, Bartsch D, Kandel ER.; 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33629

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Tracking memory's trace. by Horn G, Nicol AU, Brown MW.; 2001 Apr 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33201

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Tropism of Varicella-Zoster Virus for Human Tonsillar CD4 + T Lymphocytes That Express Activation, Memory, and Skin Homing Markers. by Ku CC, Padilla JA, Grose C, Butcher EC, Arvin AM.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136789

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Two Antigenic Peptides from Genes m123 and m164 of Murine Cytomegalovirus Quantitatively Dominate CD8 T-Cell Memory in the H-2d Haplotype. by Holtappels R, Thomas D, Podlech J, Reddehase MJ.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135724

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Vaccine-Induced, Pseudorabies Virus-Specific, Extrathymic CD4 +CD8 + Memory THelper Cells in Swine. by Ober BT, Summerfield A, Mattlinger C, Wiesmuller KH, Jung G, Pfaff E, Saalmuller A, Rziha HJ.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110037

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Visual memory-deficit amnesia: A distinct amnesic presentation and etiology. by Rubin DC, Greenberg DL.; 1998 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20275

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Visual spatial memory is enhanced in female rats (but inhibited in males) by dietary soy phytoestrogens. by Lund TD, West TW, Tian LY, Bu LH, Simmons DL, Setchell KD, Adlercreutz H, Lephart ED.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=64558

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Walkerton, 2 years later: "Memory fades very quickly". by Mackay B.; 2002 May 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111101

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Working memory and fear conditioning. by Carter RM, Hofstotter C, Tsuchiya N, Koch C.; 2003 Feb 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=298784

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Working memory constrains human cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma. by Milinski M, Wedekind C.; 1998 Nov 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24892

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with memory, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for memory (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A memory of an aesthetic experience transferred to clinical practice. Author(s): Wikstrom BM. Source: Educ Health (Abingdon). 2003 March; 16(1): 40-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14741922

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A new approach in clinical neuropsychology to the assessment of spatial working memory: the block suppression test. Author(s): Beblo T, Macek C, Brinkers I, Hartje W, Klaver P. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004 February; 26(1): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14972698

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A working memory model based on fast Hebbian learning. Author(s): Sandberg A, Tegner J, Lansner A. Source: Network (Bristol, England). 2003 November; 14(4): 789-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14653503

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Abnormal prefrontal and anterior cingulate activation in major depressive disorder during episodic memory encoding of sad stimuli. Author(s): Fahim C, Stip E, Mancini-Marie A, Mensour B, Leroux JM, Beaudoin G, Bourgouin P, Beauregard M. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2004 March; 54(2): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025051

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Acquisition, recall, and forgetting of verbal information in long-term memory by young, middle-aged, and elderly individuals. Author(s): Davis HP, Small SA, Stern Y, Mayeux R, Feldstein SN, Keller FR. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 1063-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584567

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Adaptive changes of response criterion in recognition memory. Author(s): Heit E, Brockdorff N, Lamberts K. Source: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2003 September; 10(3): 718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620369

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Age differences in implicit memory: conceptual, perceptual, or methodological? Author(s): Mitchell DB, Bruss PJ. Source: Psychology and Aging. 2003 December; 18(4): 807-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692866

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Age-related memory impairment. Is the cure worse than the disease? Author(s): Baxter MG. Source: Neuron. 2003 November 13; 40(4): 669-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14622572

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Aging and memory control beliefs: performance in relation to goal setting and memory self-evaluation. Author(s): West RL, Yassuda MS. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2004 March; 59(2): P56-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15014088

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Amygdala modulation of parahippocampal and frontal regions during emotionally influenced memory storage. Author(s): Kilpatrick L, Cahill L. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 December; 20(4): 2091-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14683713

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An anti-CD45RO immunotoxin kills HIV-latently infected cells from individuals on HAART with little effect on CD8 memory. Author(s): Saavedra-Lozano J, Cao Y, Callison J, Sarode R, Sodora D, Edgar J, Hatfield J, Picker L, Peterson D, Ramilo O, Vitetta ES. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004 February 24; 101(8): 2494-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14983037

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An electrophysiological investigation of memory encoding, depth of processing, and word frequency in humans. Author(s): Guo C, Zhu Y, Ding J, Fan S, Paller KA. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 February 12; 356(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14746868

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An investigation of verbal short-term memory and phonological processing in four children with Williams syndrome. Author(s): Majerus S, Barisnikov K, Vuillemin I, Poncelet M, van der Linden M. Source: Neurocase : Case Studies in Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, and Behavioural Neurology. 2003 October; 9(5): 390-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14972754

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Are covert verbal responses mediating false implicit memory? Author(s): Lovden M, Johansson M. Source: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2003 September; 10(3): 724-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620370

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Assessing stroke patients' prospective memory using virtual reality. Author(s): Brooks BM, Rose FD, Potter J, Jayawardena S, Morling A. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2004 April; 18(4): 391-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742152

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Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. Author(s): Minzenberg MJ, Poole JH, Benton C, Vinogradov S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 January; 161(1): 116-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14702259

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Associative memory by recurrent neural networks with delay elements. Author(s): Miyoshi S, Yanai HF, Okada M. Source: Neural Networks : the Official Journal of the International Neural Network Society. 2004 January; 17(1): 55-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690707

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Attention and working memory in resident anaesthetists after night duty: group and individual effects. Author(s): Bartel P, Offermeier W, Smith F, Becker P. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2004 February; 61(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14739384

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Attention and working memory: a dynamical model of neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex. Author(s): Deco G, Rolls ET. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 October; 18(8): 2374-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14622200

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and working memory in clinically referred adults. Author(s): Stearns CL, Dunham M, McIntosh D, Dean RS. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2004 February; 114(2): 273-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14702216

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B cell memory: sapping the T cell. Author(s): Welsh RM, Stepp SE, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E. Source: Nature Medicine. 2003 February; 9(2): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563333

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BAFF selectively enhances the survival of plasmablasts generated from human memory B cells. Author(s): Avery DT, Kalled SL, Ellyard JI, Ambrose C, Bixler SA, Thien M, Brink R, Mackay F, Hodgkin PD, Tangye SG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 July; 112(2): 286-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865416

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Base rate of Hiscock Digit Memory Test failure in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Author(s): Woods SP, Conover E, Weinborn M, Rippeth JD, Brill RM, Heaton RK, Grant I; HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center ( HNRC) Group. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2003 August; 17(3): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704888

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Baseline experience with Modified Mini Mental State Exam: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). Author(s): Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Hogan P, Jones BN, Dugan E; The WHIMS investigators. Source: Aging & Mental Health. 2003 May; 7(3): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12775404

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Behavioral and functional MRI study of attention shift in human verbal working memory. Author(s): Li ZH, Sun XW, Wang ZX, Zhang XC, Zhang da R, He S, Hu XP. Source: Neuroimage. 2004 January; 21(1): 181-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14741655

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Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of episodic coding, proactive interference, and list length effects in a running span verbal working memory task. Author(s): Postle BR, Berger JS, Goldstein JH, Curtis CE, D'Esposito M. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2001 March; 1(1): 10-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12467100

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Behavioral comparison of 4 and 6 month-old Ts65Dn mice: age-related impairments in working and reference memory. Author(s): Hunter CL, Bimonte HA, Granholm AC. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 2003 January 22; 138(2): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12527443

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Bender Gestalt Recall as a measure of short-term visual memory in children and adolescents with psychotic and other severe disorders. Author(s): McCarthy J, Rabinowitz D, Habib M, Goldman H, Miley D, Stefanyshyn HY, Freeman S, Murray T, Clauselle R. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 December; 95(3 Pt 2): 1233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578264

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Better oral reading and short-term memory in midlife, postmenopausal women taking estrogen. Author(s): Shaywitz SE, Naftolin F, Zelterman D, Marchione KE, Holahan JM, Palter SF, Shaywitz BA. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2003 September-October; 10(5): 420-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501603

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Bias and heteroscedastic memory error in self-reported health behavior: an investigation using covariance structure analysis. Author(s): Kupek E. Source: Bmc Medical Research Methodology [electronic Resource]. 2002 November 18; 2(1): 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435276

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Bill and Monica: memory, emotion and normativity in Clinton's Grand Jury testimony. Author(s): Locke A, Edwards D. Source: The British Journal of Social Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2003 June; 42(Pt 2): 239-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869247

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Biological and psychological factors associated with memory function in fibromyalgia syndrome. Author(s): Sephton SE, Studts JL, Hoover K, Weissbecker I, Lynch G, Ho I, McGuffin S, Salmon P. Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2003 November; 22(6): 592-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640856

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Black and white men at risk for memory impairment. Author(s): McDougall GJ Jr, Holston EC. Source: Nursing Research. 2003 January-February; 52(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12552174

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Blinks of the mind: memory effects of attentional processes. Author(s): Martens S, Wolters G, van Raamsdonk M. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. 2002 December; 28(6): 1275-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12542127

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Blockade of central cholinergic receptors impairs new learning and increases proactive interference in a word paired-associate memory task. Author(s): Atri A, Sherman S, Norman KA, Kirchhoff BA, Nicolas MM, Greicius MD, Cramer SC, Breiter HC, Hasselmo ME, Stern CE. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 2004 February; 118(1): 223-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14979800

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Bone marrow contains melanoma-reactive CD8+ effector T cells and, compared with peripheral blood, enriched numbers of melanoma-reactive CD8+ memory T cells. Author(s): Letsch A, Keilholz U, Assfalg G, Mailander V, Thiel E, Scheibenbogen C. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 September 1; 63(17): 5582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500398

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Both processing speed and semantic memory organization predict verbal fluency in schizophrenia. Author(s): Vinogradov S, Kirkland J, Poole JH, Drexler M, Ober BA, Shenaut GK. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2003 February 1; 59(2-3): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414084

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Brain development: memory enhancement in early childhood. Author(s): Liston C, Kagan J. Source: Nature. 2002 October 31; 419(6910): 896. Erratum In: Nature. 2003 February 6; 421(6923): 600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410299

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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism affects human memoryrelated hippocampal activity and predicts memory performance. Author(s): Hariri AR, Goldberg TE, Mattay VS, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 July 30; 23(17): 6690-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890761

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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling in memory processes. Author(s): Yamada K, Nabeshima T. Source: Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 April; 91(4): 267-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719654

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Calcineurin in memory and bidirectional plasticity. Author(s): Mansuy IM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 November 28; 311(4): 1195-208. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14623305

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Can a visual representation support the online control of memory-dependent reaching? Evident from a variable spatial mapping paradigm. Author(s): Heath M, Westwood DA. Source: Motor Control. 2003 October; 7(4): 346-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999133

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Cannabinoids and memory: animal studies. Author(s): Castellano C, Rossi-Arnaud C, Cestari V, Costanzi M. Source: Current Drug Targets. Cns and Neurological Disorders. 2003 December; 2(6): 389-402. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14683467

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Category-specific visual agnosia: lesion to semantic memory versus extra-lesional variables in a case study and a connectionist model. Author(s): Barbeau E, Giusiano B. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 December; 53(3): 433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642293

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CD28 costimulation enhances the sensitivity of the ELISPOT assay for detection of antigen-specific memory effector CD4 and CD8 cell populations in human diseases. Author(s): Ott PA, Berner BR, Herzog BA, Guerkov R, Yonkers NL, Durinovic-Bello I, Tary-Lehmann M, Lehmann PV, Anthony DD. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 2004 February 15; 285(2): 223-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14980436

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Cdk5: a novel role in learning and memory. Author(s): Fischer A, Sananbenesi F, Spiess J, Radulovic J. Source: Neuro-Signals. 2003 September-October; 12(4-5): 200-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673206

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Central sensitization and LTP: do pain and memory share similar mechanisms? Author(s): Ji RR, Kohno T, Moore KA, Woolf CJ. Source: Trends in Neurosciences. 2003 December; 26(12): 696-705. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14624855

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Childhood head injury and metacognitive processes in language and memory. Author(s): Hanten G, Dennis M, Zhang L, Barnes M, Roberson G, Archibald J, Song J, Levin HS. Source: Developmental Neuropsychology. 2004; 25(1-2): 85-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984330

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Clinician influences on use of portable electronic memory devices in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Author(s): O'Neil-Pirozzi TM, Kendrick H, Goldstein R, Glenn M. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2004 February; 18(2): 179-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660229

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Cognitive and psychological predictors of everyday memory in children with intractable epilepsy. Author(s): Kadis DS, Stollstorff M, Elliott I, Lach L, Smith ML. Source: Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B. 2004 February; 5(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751205

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Cognitive reserve-mediated modulation of positron emission tomographic activations during memory tasks in Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Scarmeas N, Zarahn E, Anderson KE, Honig LS, Park A, Hilton J, Flynn J, Sackeim HA, Stern Y. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2004 January; 61(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732623

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Comprehension and memory for warning symbols: age-related differences and impact of training. Author(s): Lesch MF. Source: Journal of Safety Research. 2003; 34(5): 495-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14733983

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Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation. Author(s): Philippot P, Schaefer A, Herbette G. Source: Emotion (Washington, D.C.). 2003 September; 3(3): 270-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14498796

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Content memory and temporal order memory for performed activities after severe closed-head injury. Author(s): Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Wright MJ. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003 October; 25(7): 933-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680441

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Contribution of organizational strategy to verbal learning and memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Roth RM, Wishart HA, Flashman LA, Riordan HJ, Huey L, Saykin AJ. Source: Neuropsychology. 2004 January; 18(1): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744190

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Contributions of thalamic nuclei to declarative memory functioning. Author(s): Van der Werf YD, Jolles J, Witter MP, Uylings HB. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 1047-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584566

Studies

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Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Author(s): Schmader T, Johns M. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003 September; 85(3): 440-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14498781

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Cortical capacity constraints for visual working memory: dissociation of fMRI load effects in a fronto-parietal network. Author(s): Linden DE, Bittner RA, Muckli L, Waltz JA, Kriegeskorte N, Goebel R, Singer W, Munk MH. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 November; 20(3): 1518-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642464

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CpG-A and CpG-B oligonucleotides differentially enhance human peptide-specific primary and memory CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro. Author(s): Rothenfusser S, Hornung V, Ayyoub M, Britsch S, Towarowski A, Krug A, Sarris A, Lubenow N, Speiser D, Endres S, Hartmann G. Source: Blood. 2004 March 15; 103(6): 2162-9. Epub 2003 November 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14630815

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Cutting edge: long-term B cell memory in humans after smallpox vaccination. Author(s): Crotty S, Felgner P, Davies H, Glidewell J, Villarreal L, Ahmed R. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 November 15; 171(10): 4969-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607890

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Deficit of short-term memory in newly diagnosed untreated parkinsonian patients: reversal after L-dopa therapy. Author(s): Marini P, Ramat S, Ginestroni A, Paganini M. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 October; 24(3): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14598078

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Demonstration of the Burkitt's lymphoma Epstein-Barr virus phenotype in dividing latently infected memory cells in vivo. Author(s): Hochberg D, Middeldorp JM, Catalina M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, ThorleyLawson DA. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004 January 6; 101(1): 239-44. Epub 2003 December 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688409

110

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Depression, insomnia, and memory loss in a patient with chronic intoxication by inorganic mercury. Author(s): Cordeiro Q Jr, de Araujo Medrado Faria M, Fraguas R Jr. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 Fall; 15(4): 457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627777

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Detection and enumeration of circulating HIV-1-specific memory B cells in HIV-1infected patients. Author(s): Fondere JM, Huguet MF, Macura-Biegun A, Baillat V, Ohayon V, Reynes J, Vendrell JP. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2004 February 1; 35(2): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722441

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Developments in long-term explicit memory late in the first year of life: behavioral and electrophysiological indices. Author(s): Bauer PJ, Wiebe SA, Carver LJ, Waters JM, Nelson CA. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2003 November; 14(6): 629-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629697

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Diagnostic evaluation of elderly patients with mild memory problems. Author(s): Horton MS, Schillerstrom JE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004 January 6; 140(1): 71-2; Author Reply 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706989

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Differences in induced brain activity during the performance of learning and working-memory tasks related to intelligence. Author(s): Jausovec N, Jausovec K. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2004 February; 54(1): 65-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14733902

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Differences in memory performance and other clinical characteristics in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampal atrophy. Author(s): Alessio A, Damasceno BP, Camargo CH, Kobayashi E, Guerreiro CA, Cendes F. Source: Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B. 2004 February; 5(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751202

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Different cytokine production and effector/memory dynamics of alpha beta+ or gamma delta+ T-cell subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Gioia C, Agrati C, Goletti D, Vincenti D, Carrara S, Amicosante M, Casarini M, Giosue S, Puglisi G, Rossi A, Colizzi V, Pucillo LP, Poccia F. Source: Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2003 September-December; 16(3): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14611728

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Differential age-related change of prose memory in older Hong Kong Chinese of higher and lower education. Author(s): Lee TM, Yuen KS, Chu LW, Chi I. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2004 March; 19(3): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15027036

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Differential associations between entorhinal and hippocampal volumes and memory performance in older adults. Author(s): Rosen AC, Prull MW, Gabrieli JD, Stoub T, O'Hara R, Friedman L, Yesavage JA, deToledo-Morrell L. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 2003 December; 117(6): 1150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674836

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Differentiating amodal familiarity from modality-specific memory processes: an ERP study. Author(s): Curran T, Dien J. Source: Psychophysiology. 2003 November; 40(6): 979-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986851

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Differentiating location- and distance-based processes in memory for time: an ERP study. Author(s): Curran T, Friedman WJ. Source: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2003 September; 10(3): 711-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620368

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Discrimination of temporal information at the cerebellum: functional magnetic resonance imaging of nonverbal auditory memory. Author(s): Mathiak K, Hertrich I, Grodd W, Ackermann H. Source: Neuroimage. 2004 January; 21(1): 154-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14741652

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Disruption of inhibitory control of memory following lesions to the frontal and temporal lobes. Author(s): Conway MA, Fthenaki A. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 667-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584548

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Disruption of the neural correlates of working memory using high- and lowfrequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a negative study. Author(s): Feredoes EA, Sachdev PS, Wen W. Source: Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2003; 56: 187-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14677394

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Dissecting out conscious and unconscious memory (sub)processes within the human medial temporal lobe. Author(s): Grunwald T, Pezer N, Munte TF, Kurthen M, Lehnertz K, Van Roost D, Fernandez G, Kutas M, Elger CE. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 November; 20 Suppl 1: S139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14597307

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Dissociable brain mechanisms for inhibitory control: effects of interference content and working memory capacity. Author(s): Mecklinger A, Weber K, Gunter TC, Engle RW. Source: Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research. 2003 December; 18(1): 26-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659494

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Does information about what things are influence children's memory for where things are? Author(s): Hund AM, Plumert JM. Source: Developmental Psychology. 2003 November; 39(6): 939-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584976

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Double standards: memory loading in temporal reference memory. Author(s): Jones L, Wearden JH. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 2004 January; 57(1): 55-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690849

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Effect of negative emotional content on working memory and long-term memory. Author(s): Kensinger EA, Corkin S. Source: Emotion (Washington, D.C.). 2003 December; 3(4): 378-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674830

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Effect of unilateral temporal lobe resection on short-term memory for auditory object and sound location. Author(s): Lancelot C, Samson S, Ahad P, Baulac M. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 November; 999: 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681159

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Effects of age and anxiety on episodic memory: selectivity and variability. Author(s): Li J, Nilsson LG, Wu Z. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 2004 April; 45(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15016266

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Effects of an oral mixture containing glycine, glutamine and niacin on memory, GH and IGF-I secretion in middle-aged and elderly subjects. Author(s): Arwert LI, Deijen JB, Drent ML. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2003 October; 6(5): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609312

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Effects on memory of verbal labeling for hand movements in persons with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Miyahara M. Source: Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2003 November-December; 18(6): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14682083

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Egocentric and geocentric frames of reference in memory of large-scale space. Author(s): McNamara TP, Rump B, Werner S. Source: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2003 September; 10(3): 589-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620351

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Electrophysiological study of working memory in mild cognitive impairment patients. Author(s): Blanchet S, Belleville S, Phillips N, Mellah S, Gauthier S, Chertkow H. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2004 March; 54(2): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025042

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Emotional memory and perception in temporal lobectomy patients with amygdala damage. Author(s): Brierley B, Medford N, Shaw P, David AS. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 April; 75(4): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15026504

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Emotional tagging of memory formation--in the search for neural mechanisms. Author(s): Richter-Levin G, Akirav I. Source: Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 2003 December; 43(3): 247-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629927

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Enhancing synaptic plasticity and memory: a role for small-conductance Ca(2+)activated K+ channels. Author(s): Tzounopoulos T, Stackman R. Source: The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry. 2003 December; 9(6): 434-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678575

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Environmental context-dependent recognition memory effects: an examination of ICE model and cue-overload hypotheses. Author(s): Rutherford A. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology. 2004 January; 57(1): 107-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681006

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Episodic memory signals in the rat hippocampus. Author(s): Suzuki WA. Source: Neuron. 2003 December 18; 40(6): 1055-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687539

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Evaluating the neuropsychological dissociation evidence for multiple memory systems. Author(s): Ryan JD, Cohen NJ. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2003 September; 3(3): 168-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672154

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Event-induced theta responses as a window on the dynamics of memory. Author(s): Bastiaansen M, Hagoort P. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 967-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584562

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Event-related potential correlates of impaired visuospatial working memory in schizophrenia. Author(s): Cameron AM, Geffen GM, Kavanagh DJ, Wright MJ, McGrath JJ, Geffen LB. Source: Psychophysiology. 2003 September; 40(5): 702-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696724

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Event-related potential N270, a negative component to identification of conflicting information following memory retrieval. Author(s): Zhang X, Wang Y, Li S, Wang L. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 December; 114(12): 2461-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652106

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Evidence for disproportionate dual-task costs in older adults for episodic but not semantic memory. Author(s): Riby L, Perfect T, Stollery B. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology. 2004 February; 57(2): 241-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742176

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Evidence for quantitative domain dominance for verbal and spatial working memory in frontal and parietal cortex. Author(s): Walter H, Bretschneider V, Gron G, Zurowski B, Wunderlich AP, Tomczak R, Spitzer M. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 897-911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584558

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Executive control emerging from dynamic interactions between brain systems mediating language, working memory and attentional processes. Author(s): Gruber O, Goschke T. Source: Acta Psychologica. 2004 February-March; 115(2-3): 105-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14962396

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Exploring semantic memory by investigating buildup and release of proactive interference in healthy older adults and individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Author(s): Multhaup KS, Balota DA, Faust ME. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2003 September; 9(6): 830-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632241

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Face and facial expression memory in temporal lobe epilepsy patients: preliminary results. Author(s): Glogau S, Ellgring H, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C. Source: Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B. 2004 February; 5(1): 106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751215

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Face memory and its disorders. Author(s): Rapcsak SZ. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2003 November; 3(6): 494-501. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14565904

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False memory syndrome: undermining the credibility of complainants in sexual offences. Author(s): Raitt FE, Zeedyk MS. Source: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2003 September-October; 26(5): 453-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522220

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Female advantage for spatial location memory in both static and dynamic environments. Author(s): Tottenham LS, Saucier D, Elias L, Gutwin C. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 November; 53(2): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607186

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Fisher Lecture: the 2002 R. A. Fisher lecture: dedicated to the memory of Shanti S. Gupta. Variances are not always nuisance parameters. Author(s): Carroll RJ. Source: Biometrics. 2003 June; 59(2): 211-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12926705

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Flunarizine in prevention of headache, ataxia, and memory deficits during decompression to 4559 m. Author(s): Baumgartner RW, Keller S, Regard M, Bartsch P. Source: High Altitude Medicine & Biology. 2003 Fall; 4(3): 333-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561238

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fMRI studies of remote spatial memory in an amnesic person. Author(s): Rosenbaum RS, Winocur G, Ziegler M, Hevenor SJ, Grady CL, Moscovitch M. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2004 March; 54(2): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025057

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Forgetting and remembering. A star-studded search for memory-enhancing drugs. Author(s): Marshall E. Source: Science. 2004 April 2; 304(5667): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15060299

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Fragmentary and en bloc blackouts: similarity and distinction among episodes of alcohol-induced memory loss. Author(s): Hartzler B, Fromme K. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2003 July; 64(4): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921196

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Fratricide: a mechanism for T memory-cell homeostasis. Author(s): Callard RE, Stark J, Yates AJ. Source: Trends in Immunology. 2003 July; 24(7): 370-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860527

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Frequent display of human papillomavirus type 16 E6-specific memory t-Helper cells in the healthy population as witness of previous viral encounter. Author(s): Welters MJ, de Jong A, van den Eeden SJ, van der Hulst JM, Kwappenberg KM, Hassane S, Franken KL, Drijfhout JW, Fleuren GJ, Kenter G, Melief CJ, Offringa R, van der Burg SH. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 February 1; 63(3): 636-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566307

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Frontal activations associated with accessing and evaluating information in working memory: an fMRI study. Author(s): Zhang JX, Leung HC, Johnson MK. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 November; 20(3): 1531-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642465

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Frontal cortex as the central executive of working memory: time to revise our view. Author(s): Andres P. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 871-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584557

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Frontal cortex, laterality, and memory: encoding versus retrieval. Author(s): Kavcic V, Zhong J, Yoshiura T, Doty RW. Source: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2003; 63(4): 337-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15053257

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Functional analysis of human memory B-cell subpopulations: IgD+CD27+ B cells are crucial in secondary immune response by producing high affinity IgM. Author(s): Shi Y, Agematsu K, Ochs HD, Sugane K. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2003 August; 108(2): 128-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921759

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Functional anatomy of pitch memory--an fMRI study with sparse temporal sampling. Author(s): Gaab N, Gaser C, Zaehle T, Jancke L, Schlaug G. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 August; 19(4): 1417-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948699

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Functional and anatomical memory indices in patients with or at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Phillips NA, Chertkow H, Leblanc MM, Pim H, Murtha S. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2004 March; 10(2): 200-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15012840

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Functional roles of the cingulo-frontal network in performance on working memory. Author(s): Kondo H, Morishita M, Osaka N, Osaka M, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H. Source: Neuroimage. 2004 January; 21(1): 2-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14741637

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Functional specificity of memory function associated with different subregions of the medial temporal lobe. Author(s): Kesner RP. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2003 November; 3(6): 449-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14565897

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Functional-anatomic correlates of control processes in memory. Author(s): Buckner RL. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 May 15; 23(10): 3999-4004. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12764084

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Gains and losses in action memory. Author(s): Engelkamp J, Seiler KH. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology. 2003 July; 56(5): 829-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12850992

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Gamma oscillations correlate with working memory load in humans. Author(s): Howard MW, Rizzuto DS, Caplan JB, Madsen JR, Lisman J, AschenbrennerScheibe R, Schulze-Bonhage A, Kahana MJ. Source: Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2003 December; 13(12): 1369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14615302

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Gender as a moderator of memory after traumatic brain injury in children. Author(s): Donders J, Woodward HR. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2003 March-April; 18(2): 106-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12802220

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Gender differences in memory and learning in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) over a 4-year follow-up interval. Author(s): Fox MA, Chen RS, Holmes CS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2003 December; 28(8): 569-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14602847

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Gender differences in memory for film of pigmies' hunting-gathering activities among Japanese children and adults. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Yano T. Source: J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 2002 December; 31(1-2): 59-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908336

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Gender differences in memory test performance among children and adolescents. Author(s): Lowe PA, Mayfield JW, Reynolds CR. Source: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists. 2003 December; 18(8): 865-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609581

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Gender, kinship and caregiver burden: the case of community-dwelling memory impaired seniors. Author(s): Chumbler NR, Grimm JW, Cody M, Beck C. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 August; 18(8): 722-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891641

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Genetic approaches to the study of synaptic plasticity and memory storage. Author(s): Kaplan MP, Abel T. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 August; 8(8): 597-610. Review. Erratum In: Cns Spectr. 2003 October; 8(10): 719. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12907923

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Genetic evidence for cognitive reserve: variations in memory and related cognitive functions. Author(s): Lee JH. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003 August; 25(5): 594-613. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12815498

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Genetics of childhood disorders: LI. Learning and memory, Part 4: Human cognitive disorders and the ras/ERK/CREB pathway. Author(s): Sweatt JD, Weeber EJ, Lombroso PJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 June; 42(6): 741-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921483

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Genetics of childhood disorders: LII. Learning and memory, part 5: human cognitive disorders and the ras/ERK/CREB pathway. Author(s): Sweatt JD, Weeber EJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 July; 42(7): 873-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819448

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Genetics of childhood disorders: LIII. Learning and memory, part 6: induction of long-term potentiation. Author(s): Blitzer R, Lombroso PJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 August; 42(8): 998-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874504

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Genetics of childhood disorders: LIV. learning and memory, Part 7: maintenance of long-term potentiation. Author(s): Blitzer R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 September; 42(9): 1131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960714

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Ginkgo and memory. Author(s): Nathan PJ, Harrison BJ, Bartholomeusz C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 5; 289(5): 546; Author Reply 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578477

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Ginkgo and memory. Author(s): Arnold KR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 5; 289(5): 546; Author Reply 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578476

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Ginkgo and memory. Author(s): Wheatley D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 5; 289(5): 546-7; Author Reply 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578475

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Ginkgo and memory. Author(s): Doraiswamy PM, Pomara N. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 5; 289(5): 547; Author Reply 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578474

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Ginkgo and memory. Author(s): Cheuvront SN, Carter R 3rd. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 5; 289(5): 547; Author Reply 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12578473

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Ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): van Dongen M, van Rossum E, Kessels A, Sielhorst H, Knipschild P. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2003 April; 56(4): 367-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12767414

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Greater orbitofrontal activity predicts better memory for faces. Author(s): Frey S, Petrides M. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 June; 17(12): 2755-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823483

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Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine-induced immunological memory in symptomatic HIV-1-infected children. Author(s): Spoulou VI, Tsoumas DL, Papaevangelou VG, Mostrou GI, Theodoridou MC. Source: Aids (London, England). 2003 June 13; 17(9): 1396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799564

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HCV-specific CD27- CD28- memory T cells are depleted in hepatitis C virus and Schistosoma mansoni co-infection. Author(s): Elrefaei M, El-Sheikh N, Kamal K, Cao H. Source: Immunology. 2003 December; 110(4): 513-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632650

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Hemifield memory for attractiveness. Author(s): Deblieck C, Zaidel DW. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 July; 113(7): 931-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881186

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Hemispheric asymmetries in memory processes as measured in a false recognition paradigm. Author(s): Westerberg CE, Marsolek CJ. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 627-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584546

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Hepatitis A vaccine: indirect evidence of immune memory 12 years after the primary course. Author(s): Van Herck K, Van Damme P, Lievens M, Stoffel M. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2004 February; 72(2): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695659

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Hepatitis B immunisation induces higher antibody and memory Th2 responses in new-borns than in adults. Author(s): Ota MO, Vekemans J, Schlegel-Haueter SE, Fielding K, Whittle H, Lambert PH, McAdam KP, Siegrist CA, Marchant A. Source: Vaccine. 2004 January 2; 22(3-4): 511-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670334

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Higher estrogen levels are not associated with larger hippocampi and better memory performance. Author(s): den Heijer T, Geerlings MI, Hofman A, de Jong FH, Launer LJ, Pols HA, Breteler MM. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 February; 60(2): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580706

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Hippocampal dopamine D2 receptors correlate with memory functions in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Kemppainen N, Laine M, Laakso MP, Kaasinen V, Nagren K, Vahlberg T, Kurki T, Rinne JO. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 July; 18(1): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859348

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Hippocampal size and memory function in the ninth and tenth decades of life: the Sydney Older Persons Study. Author(s): Lye TC, Piguet O, Grayson DA, Creasey H, Ridley LJ, Bennett HP, Broe GA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 April; 75(4): 548-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15026494

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Hippocampal volume is associated with memory but not monmemory cognitive performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Author(s): Grundman M, Jack CR Jr, Petersen RC, Kim HT, Taylor C, Datvian M, Weiner MF, DeCarli C, DeKosky ST, van Dyck C, Darvesh S, Yaffe K, Kaye J, Ferris SH, Thomas RG, Thal LJ; Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. Source: Journal of Molecular Neuroscience : Mn. 2003; 20(3): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501003

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Hippocampus and memory. Can we have our place and fear it too? Author(s): Knierim JJ. Source: Neuron. 2003 February 6; 37(3): 372-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12575945

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HIV-1 viremia prevents the establishment of interleukin 2-producing HIV-specific memory CD4+ T cells endowed with proliferative capacity. Author(s): Younes SA, Yassine-Diab B, Dumont AR, Boulassel MR, Grossman Z, Routy JP, Sekaly RP. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2003 December 15; 198(12): 1909-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14676302

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Homeostasis of naive and memory CD4+ T cells: IL-2 and IL-7 differentially regulate the balance between proliferation and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Author(s): Jaleco S, Swainson L, Dardalhon V, Burjanadze M, Kinet S, Taylor N. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 July 1; 171(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816983

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How much memory does oculomotor search have? Author(s): McCarley JS, Wang RF, Kramer AF, Irwin DE, Peterson MS. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2003 September; 14(5): 422-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12930471

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Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin. Author(s): Kivisakk P, Mahad DJ, Callahan MK, Trebst C, Tucky B, Wei T, Wu L, Baekkevold ES, Lassmann H, Staugaitis SM, Campbell JJ, Ransohoff RM. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 July 8; 100(14): 8389-94. Epub 2003 June 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12829791

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Human cortical responses during one-bit short-term memory. A high-resolution EEG study on delayed choice reaction time tasks. Author(s): Babiloni C, Babiloni F, Carducci F, Cappa SF, Cincotti F, Del Percio C, Miniussi C, Moretti DV, Rossi S, Sosta K, Rossini PM. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2004 January; 115(1): 161-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706484

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Human hippocampal and parahippocampal activity during visual associative recognition memory for spatial and nonspatial stimulus configurations. Author(s): Duzel E, Habib R, Rotte M, Guderian S, Tulving E, Heinze HJ. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 October 15; 23(28): 9439-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14561873

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Human visual object categorization can be described by models with low memory capacity. Author(s): Peters RJ, Gabbiani F, Koch C. Source: Vision Research. 2003 September; 43(21): 2265-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12885380

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Hypnosis, memory, and frontal executive functioning. Author(s): Farvolden P, Woody EZ. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2004 January; 52(1): 3-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768966

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Hypothesis generation, probability judgment, and individual differences in working memory capacity. Author(s): Dougherty MR, Hunter JE. Source: Acta Psychologica. 2003 July; 113(3): 263-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834999

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Impaired decision making related to working memory deficits in individuals with substance addictions. Author(s): Bechara A, Martin EM. Source: Neuropsychology. 2004 January; 18(1): 152-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744198

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Impaired visual and odor recognition memory span in patients with hippocampal lesions. Author(s): Levy DA, Manns JR, Hopkins RO, Gold JJ, Broadbent NJ, Squire LR. Source: Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). 2003 November-December; 10(6): 531-6. Erratum In: Learn Mem. 2004 January-February; 11(1): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657265

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Impairments in spatial learning and memory: ethanol, allopregnanolone, and the hippocampus. Author(s): Silvers JM, Tokunaga S, Berry RB, White AM, Matthews DB. Source: Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 2003 December; 43(3): 275-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629930

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Implicit and explicit emotional memory for melodies in Alzheimer's disease and depression. Author(s): Quoniam N, Ergis AM, Fossati P, Peretz I, Samson S, Sarazin M, Allilaire JF. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 November; 999: 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681160

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Implicit and explicit memory biases in mixed anxiety-depression. Author(s): Tarsia M, Power MJ, Sanavio E. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 December; 77(3): 213-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14612221

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Implicit memory formation in sedated ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Author(s): Clark J, Voss L, Barnard J, Sleigh J. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 December; 91(6): 810-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14633750

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In vitro muman memory CD8 T cell expansion in response to cytomegalovirus requires CD4+ T cell help. Author(s): Salkowitz JR, Sieg SF, Harding CV, Lederman MM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004 March 15; 189(6): 971-83. Epub 2004 Mar 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999599

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In vitro tensometric measurements of the tensions caused by NiTi alloy springs with memory in metal tubes and human femurs. Author(s): Kurcik D. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2003; 104(11): 356-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055721

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Increased anticholinergic challenge-induced memory impairment associated with the APOE-epsilon4 allele in the elderly: a controlled pilot study. Author(s): Pomara N, Willoughby LM, Wesnes K, Sidtis JJ. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 February; 29(2): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14735126

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Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Author(s): Olesen PJ, Westerberg H, Klingberg T. Source: Nature Neuroscience. 2004 January; 7(1): 75-9. Epub 2003 December 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699419

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Increased proportions of activated and proliferating memory CD8+ T lymphocytes in both blood and lung are associated with blood HIV viral load. Author(s): Barry SM, Johnson MA, Janossy G. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2003 December 1; 34(4): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14615652

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Inhibition of return with rapid serial shifts of attention: implications for memory and visual search. Author(s): Dodd MD, Castel AD, Pratt J. Source: Perception & Psychophysics. 2003 October; 65(7): 1126-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674638

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Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia. Author(s): Cantor JM, Blanchard R, Christensen BK, Dickey R, Klassen PE, Beckstead AL, Blak T, Kuban ME. Source: Neuropsychology. 2004 January; 18(1): 3-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744183

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Interindividual differences in functional interactions among prefrontal, parietal and parahippocampal regions during working memory. Author(s): Glabus MF, Horwitz B, Holt JL, Kohn PD, Gerton BK, Callicott JH, MeyerLindenberg A, Berman KF. Source: Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2003 December; 13(12): 1352-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14615300

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Interrelations between subjective health and episodic memory change in Swedish and Canadian samples of older adults. Author(s): Wahlin A, Maitland SB, Backman L, Dixon RA. Source: International Journal of Aging & Human Development. 2003; 57(1): 21-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977238

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Intracellular expression of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-stimulated CD4+ CD57+ T-cell subpopulation with memory phenotype in tuberculosis patients. Author(s): Jimenez-Martinez MC, Linares M, Baez R, Montano LF, Martinez-Cairo S, Gorocica P, Chavez R, Zenteno E, Lascurain R. Source: Immunology. 2004 January; 111(1): 100-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678204

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Inverse relation between postural variability and difficulty of a concurrent short-term memory task. Author(s): Riley MA, Baker AA, Schmit JM. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2003 December 30; 62(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698352

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Is there touch in the game of Twister? The effects of innocuous touch and suggestive questions on children's eyewitness memory. Author(s): Krackow E, Lynn SJ. Source: Law and Human Behavior. 2003 December; 27(6): 589-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14724958

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Isolating the retrieval of imagined pictures during episodic memory: activation of the left precuneus and left prefrontal cortex. Author(s): Lundstrom BN, Petersson KM, Andersson J, Johansson M, Fransson P, Ingvar M. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 December; 20(4): 1934-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14683699

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Item recognition memory and the receiver operating characteristic. Author(s): Heathcote A. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2003 November; 29(6): 1210-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14622056

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Judgments of recency and their relation to recognition memory. Author(s): Hintzman DL. Source: Memory & Cognition. 2003 January; 31(1): 26-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699140

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Kinetics of CCR7 expression differ between primary activation and effector memory states of T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells. Author(s): Calabresi PA, Allie R, Mullen KM, Yun SH, Georgantas RW 3rd, Whartenby KA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 June; 139(1-2): 58-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799021

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Kinetics of CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cell responses during hepatitis C virus rechallenge of previously recovered chimpanzees. Author(s): Nascimbeni M, Mizukoshi E, Bosmann M, Major ME, Mihalik K, Rice CM, Feinstone SM, Rehermann B. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 April; 77(8): 4781-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12663785

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Knowing in advance: the impact of prior event information on memory and event knowledge. Author(s): Sutherland R, Pipe ME, Schick K, Murray J, Gobbo C. Source: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2003 March; 84(3): 244-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12706386

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Lack of false recognition in schizophrenia: a consequence of poor memory? Author(s): Elvevag B, Fisher JE, Weickert TW, Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(4): 546-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14728926

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Language and memory profiles of adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Author(s): Moran C, Gillon G. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2004 March; 18(3): 273-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726286

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Latent change models of adult cognition: are changes in processing speed and working memory associated with changes in episodic memory? Author(s): Hertzog C, Dixon RA, Hultsch DF, MacDonald SW. Source: Psychology and Aging. 2003 December; 18(4): 755-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692862

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Later developments: molecular keys to age-related memory impairment. Author(s): Barad M. Source: Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 2003 July-September; 17(3): 16876. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512831

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Learning and memory in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Yehuda R, Golier JA, Halligan SL, Harvey PD. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 February 1; 55(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744471

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Lending a helping eye: artists in residence at a memory clinic. Author(s): Rockwood K. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2004 February; 3(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14747004

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LIGHT, a new TNF superfamily member, is essential for memory T helper cellmediated activation of dendritic cells. Author(s): Morel Y, Truneh A, Costello RT, Olive D. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2003 November; 33(11): 3213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14579290

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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in memory formation and consolidation: further evidence and discussion. Author(s): Das UN. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 November-December; 19(11-12): 988-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14624950

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Long-term memory deficits in schizophrenia: primary or secondary dysfunction? Author(s): Holthausen EA, Wiersma D, Sitskoorn MM, Dingemans PM, Schene AH, van den Bosch RJ. Source: Neuropsychology. 2003 October; 17(4): 539-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599267

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Long-term memory for pitch in six-month-old infants. Author(s): Plantinga J, Trainor LJ. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 November; 999: 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681177

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Long-term persistence of T cell memory to HBsAg after hepatitis B vaccination. Author(s): Wang RX, Boland GJ, van Hattum J, de Gast GC. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2004 January 15; 10(2): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14716835

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Long-term potentiation and memory. Author(s): Lynch MA. Source: Physiological Reviews. 2004 January; 84(1): 87-136. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715912

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Loss of circulating CD27+ memory B cells and CCR4+ T cells occurring in association with elevated EBV loads in XLP patients surviving primary EBV infection. Author(s): Malbran A, Belmonte L, Ruibal-Ares B, Bare P, Massud I, Parodi C, Felippo M, Hodinka R, Haines K, Nichols KE, de Bracco MM. Source: Blood. 2004 March 1; 103(5): 1625-31. Epub 2003 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14604960

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Low acetylcholine during slow-wave sleep is critical for declarative memory consolidation. Author(s): Gais S, Born J. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004 February 17; 101(7): 2140-4. Epub 2004 Feb 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766981

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Lower animal conditioning studies help in the understanding of human memory and its disorders: the merits of conditioned taste, odor, and flavor aversion research. Author(s): Sandner G. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2004 February; 286(2): R251-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707010

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Mechanisms of verbal memory impairment in four neurodevelopmental disorders. Author(s): Nichols S, Jones W, Roman MJ, Wulfeck B, Delis DC, Reilly J, Bellugi U. Source: Brain and Language. 2004 February; 88(2): 180-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14965540

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Memory and the cerebellum. Author(s): Yeo CH. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004 March; 4(2): 87-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984678

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Memory for emotional stimuli in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Fleming K, Kim SH, Doo M, Maguire G, Potkin SG. Source: Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2003 November-December; 18(6): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14682081

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Memory for visuospatial location following selective hippocampal sclerosis: the use of different coordinate systems. Author(s): Incisa della Rocchetta A, Samson S, Ehrle N, Denos M, Hasboun D, Baulac M. Source: Neuropsychology. 2004 January; 18(1): 15-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744184

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Memory functions of Taiwanese American older adults. Author(s): Suen LJ, Morris DL, McDougall GJ Jr. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2004 March; 26(2): 222-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005990

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Memory, synaptic translation, and.prions? Author(s): Darnell RB. Source: Cell. 2003 December 26; 115(7): 767-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14697195

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Methylphenidate improves visual-spatial memory in children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Bedard AC, Martinussen R, Ickowicz A, Tannock R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 March; 43(3): 260-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15076258

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Modality effects in verbal working memory: differential prefrontal and parietal responses to auditory and visual stimuli. Author(s): Crottaz-Herbette S, Anagnoson RT, Menon V. Source: Neuroimage. 2004 January; 21(1): 340-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14741672

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Modeling memory decline in older adults: the importance of preclinical dementia, attrition, and chronological age. Author(s): Sliwinski MJ, Hofer SM, Hall C, Buschke H, Lipton RB. Source: Psychology and Aging. 2003 December; 18(4): 658-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692855

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Molecular mechanisms of taste-recognition memory. Author(s): Bermudez-Rattoni F. Source: Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2004 March; 5(3): 209-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14976520

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Negative neurofunctional effects of frequency, depth and environment in recreational scuba diving: the Geneva “memory dive” study. Author(s): Slosman DO, De Ribaupierre S, Chicherio C, Ludwig C, Montandon ML, Allaoua M, Genton L, Pichard C, Grousset A, Mayer E, Annoni JM, De Ribaupierre A. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 April; 38(2): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15039241

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Neural correlates of auditory sensory memory and automatic change detection. Author(s): Sabri M, Kareken DA, Dzemidzic M, Lowe MJ, Melara RD. Source: Neuroimage. 2004 January; 21(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14741643

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Neural correlates of training-related memory improvement in adulthood and aging. Author(s): Nyberg L, Sandblom J, Jones S, Neely AS, Petersson KM, Ingvar M, Backman L. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 November 11; 100(23): 13728-33. Epub 2003 Nov 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14597711

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Neural hybrid model of semantic object memory: implications from event-related timing using fMRI. Author(s): Kraut MA, Calhoun V, Pitcock JA, Cusick C, Hart J Jr. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2003 November; 9(7): 1031-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738284

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Neural networks engaged in short-term memory rehearsal are disrupted by irrelevant speech in human subjects. Author(s): Kopp F, Schroger E, Lipka S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 January 2; 354(1): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698478

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Neuroimaging evidence for the emotional potency of odor-evoked memory. Author(s): Herz RS, Eliassen J, Beland S, Souza T. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(3): 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670575

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New learning and remote memory in atypical Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Thompson JC, Beswick T, Foster JK, Snowden JS. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 751-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584551

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N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in working memory impairments in schizophrenia: event-related potential study of late stage of working memory process. Author(s): Ahn KH, Youn T, Cho SS, Ha TH, Ha KS, Kim MS, Kwon JS. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2003 September; 27(6): 993-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14499316

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No effects of a combination of caregivers support group and memory training/music therapy in dementia patients from a memory clinic population. Author(s): Berger G, Bernhardt T, Schramm U, Muller R, Landsiedel-Anders S, Peters J, Kratzsch T, Frolich L. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2004 March; 19(3): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15027037

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Novelty effects on recollection and familiarity in recognition memory. Author(s): Kishiyama MM, Yonelinas AP. Source: Memory & Cognition. 2003 October; 31(7): 1045-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704019

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Obesity enhances verbal memory in postmenopausal women with Down syndrome. Author(s): Patel BN, Pang D, Stern Y, Silverman W, Kline JK, Mayeux R, Schupf N. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2004 February; 25(2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749133

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Object-load and feature-load modulate EEG in a short-term memory task. Author(s): Busch NA, Herrmann CS. Source: Neuroreport. 2003 September 15; 14(13): 1721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512845

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Oculomotor control and the maintenance of spatially and temporally distributed events in visuo-spatial working memory. Author(s): Pearson D, Sahraie A. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology. 2003 October; 56(7): 1089-111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959905

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Olfactory identification in elderly Greek people in relation to memory and attention measures. Author(s): Economou A. Source: Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2003 September-October; 37(2): 119-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888225

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Olfactory perceptual learning: the critical role of memory in odor discrimination. Author(s): Wilson DA, Stevenson RJ. Source: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2003 September; 27(4): 307-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946684

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Olfactory short-term memory and related amygdala recordings in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Author(s): Hudry J, Perrin F, Ryvlin P, Mauguiere F, Royet JP. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 August; 126(Pt 8): 1851-63. Epub 2003 June 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12805107

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On the memory of a chronic illness. Author(s): Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Peterson ED. Source: Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2003 November 12; 2003(45): Re8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14614128

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Ordering our world: An examination of time in autobiographical memory. Author(s): Skowronski JJ, Walker WR, Betz AL. Source: Memory (Hove, England). 2003 May; 11(3): 247-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908674

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Organizational and visual memory deficits in schizophrenia and bipolar psychoses using the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: effects of duration of illness. Author(s): Seidman LJ, Lanca M, Kremen WS, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003 October; 25(7): 949-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680442

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Outcome of memory rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury assessed by neuropsychological tests and questionnaires. Author(s): Quemada JI, Munoz Cespedes JM, Ezkerra J, Ballesteros J, Ibarra N, Urruticoechea I. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2003 November-December; 18(6): 532-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707883

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Palliation of terminal malignancy with shape memory alloy ureteric stents. Author(s): Ho KJ, McAteer EJ, Little BT, O'Brien A. Source: Ulster Med J. 2003 November; 72(2): 108-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696821

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Perceptual implicit memory relies on intentional, load-sensitive processing at encoding. Author(s): Crabb BT, Dark VJ. Source: Memory & Cognition. 2003 October; 31(7): 997-1008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704015

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Picture-word matching: flexibility in conceptual memory and pupillary responses. Author(s): van der Meer E, Friedrich M, Nuthmann A, Stelzel C, Kuchinke L. Source: Psychophysiology. 2003 November; 40(6): 904-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986843

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Posttraumatic stress disorder and fMRI activation patterns of traumatic memory in patients with borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Driessen M, Beblo T, Mertens M, Piefke M, Rullkoetter N, Silva-Saavedra A, Reddemann L, Rau H, Markowitsch HJ, Wulff H, Lange W, Woermann FG. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 March 15; 55(6): 603-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013829

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Prefrontal broadband noise, working memory, and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Author(s): Winterer G, Coppola R, Goldberg TE, Egan MF, Jones DW, Sanchez CE, Weinberger DR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 March; 161(3): 490-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14992975

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Premorbid proneness to distress and episodic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Wilson RS, Fleischman DA, Myers RA, Bennett DA, Bienias JL, Gilley DW, Evans DA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 February; 75(2): 1915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742585

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Probability judgment and subadditivity: the role of working memory capacity and constraining retrieval. Author(s): Dougherty MR, Hunter J. Source: Memory & Cognition. 2003 September; 31(6): 968-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14651303

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Prospective memory in pediatric traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. Author(s): McCauley SR, Levin HS. Source: Developmental Neuropsychology. 2004; 25(1-2): 5-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984326

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Psychiatric morbidity in a neurology-based memory clinic: the effect of systematic psychiatric evaluation. Author(s): Hejl AM, Hording M, Hasselbalch E, Dam H, Hemmingsen R, Waldemar G. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 December; 51(12): 1773-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687357

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Psychometric analysis of the Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist: factor structure of occurrence and reaction ratings. Author(s): Roth DL, Burgio LD, Gitlin LN, Gallagher-Thompson D, Coon DW, Belle SH, Stevens AB, Burns R. Source: Psychology and Aging. 2003 December; 18(4): 906-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692875

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Qualities of autobiographical memory modulate hippocampal activation during retrieval: preliminary findings of an fMRI study. Author(s): Addis DR, Moscovitch M, Crawley AP, McAndrews MP. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2004 March; 54(2): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025043

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Quantitative and functional characteristics of intestinal-homing memory T cells: analysis of Crohn's disease patients and healthy controls. Author(s): Hart AL, Kamm MA, Knight SC, Stagg AJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2004 January; 135(1): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678275

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Quantitative measures of memory malingering on the Wechsler Memory Scale--Third edition in mild head injury litigants. Author(s): Langeluddecke PM, Lucas SK. Source: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists. 2003 March; 18(2): 181-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14591470

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Recalling sexual behavior: a methodological analysis of memory recall bias via interview using the diary as the gold standard. Author(s): Graham CA, Catania JA, Brand R, Duong T, Canchola JA. Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2003 November; 40(4): 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14735406

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Recognition memory for single items and for associations in amnesic patients. Author(s): Turriziani P, Fadda L, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(4): 426-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14728917

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Recognition memory of serially or simultaneously presented words or figures, of epilepsy patients with or without mesial temporal sclerosis. Author(s): Hendriks MP, van Kampen A, Aldenkamp AP, van der Vlugt H, Alpherts WC, Vermeulen J. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2003 December; 57(2-3): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013054

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Recollection rejection: false-memory editing in children and adults. Author(s): Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF, Wright R, Mojardin AH. Source: Psychological Review. 2003 October; 110(4): 762-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599242

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Reconstructive memory related to adolescent-parent conflict interactions: the influence of attachment-related representations on immediate perceptions and changes in perceptions over time. Author(s): Feeney BC, Cassidy J. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003 November; 85(5): 945-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599256

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Regional brain activations predicting subsequent memory success: an event-related fMRI study of the influence of encoding tasks. Author(s): Fletcher PC, Stephenson CM, Carpenter TA, Donovan T, Bullmorel ET. Source: Cortex. 2003 September-December; 39(4-5): 1009-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584564

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Relationship between testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin and plasma amyloid beta peptide 40 in older men with subjective memory loss or dementia. Author(s): Gillett MJ, Martins RN, Clarnette RM, Chubb SA, Bruce DG, Yeap BB. Source: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : Jad. 2003 August; 5(4): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14624021

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Relationship of self-perceptions of memory and worry to objective measures of memory and cognition in the general population. Author(s): Podewils LJ, McLay RN, Rebok GW, Lyketsos CG. Source: Psychosomatics. 2003 November-December; 44(6): 461-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14597680

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Replicative senescence: the final stage of memory T cell differentiation? Author(s): Effros RB. Source: Curr Hiv Res. 2003 April; 1(2): 153-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15043200

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Results of a randomized placebo-controlled study of memory training for mildly impaired Alzheimer's disease patients. Author(s): Cahn-Weiner DA, Malloy PF, Rebok GW, Ott BR. Source: Applied Neuropsychology. 2003; 10(4): 215-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690802

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Separable routes to human memory formation: dissociating task and material contributions in the prefrontal cortex. Author(s): Wig GS, Miller MB, Kingstone A, Kelley WM. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2004 January-February; 16(1): 139-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006043

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Serial position effects in auditory event-related potentials during working memory retrieval. Author(s): Golob EJ, Starr A. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2004 January-February; 16(1): 40-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006035

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Slow-wave sleep, acetylcholine, and memory consolidation. Author(s): Power AE. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004 February 17; 101(7): 1795-6. Epub 2004 Feb 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769926

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Spatial working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder are associated with excessive engagement of the medial frontal cortex. Author(s): van der Wee NJ, Ramsey NF, Jansma JM, Denys DA, van Megen HJ, Westenberg HM, Kahn RS. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 December; 20(4): 2271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14683728

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Strategy-dependent changes in memory: effects on behavior and brain activity. Author(s): Speer NK, Jacoby LL, Braver TS. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2003 September; 3(3): 155-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672153

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Striatal contributions to working memory: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in humans. Author(s): Lewis SJ, Dove A, Robbins TW, Barker RA, Owen AM. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2004 February; 19(3): 755-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984425

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Structure and deterioration of semantic memory: a neuropsychological and computational investigation. Author(s): Rogers TT, Lambon Ralph MA, Garrard P, Bozeat S, McClelland JL, Hodges JR, Patterson K. Source: Psychological Review. 2004 January; 111(1): 205-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756594

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Subsets of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited by vaccination influence the efficiency of secondary expansion in vivo. Author(s): Seaman MS, Peyerl FW, Jackson SS, Lifton MA, Gorgone DA, Schmitz JE, Letvin NL. Source: Journal of Virology. 2004 January; 78(1): 206-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14671102

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Symptom, screen memory, and dream. The complexity of mental representation and disguise. Author(s): Battin D, Mahon E. Source: Psychoanal Study Child. 2003; 58: 246-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982024

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Systemic sulpiride modulates striatal blood flow: relationships to spatial working memory and planning. Author(s): Mehta MA, McGowan SW, Lawrence AD, Aitken MR, Montgomery AJ, Grasby PM. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 December; 20(4): 1982-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14683704

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The causal role of the prefrontal cortex in episodic memory as demonstrated with rTMS. Author(s): Miniussi C, Cappa SF, Sandrini M, Rossini PM, Rossi S. Source: Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2003; 56: 312-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14677408

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The effect of aging on script memory for typical and atypical actions. Author(s): Vakil E, Mosak C, Ashkenazi M. Source: Applied Neuropsychology. 2003; 10(4): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14690805

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The effects of aging and divided attention on memory for item and associative information. Author(s): Castel AD, Craik FI. Source: Psychology and Aging. 2003 December; 18(4): 873-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692872

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The effects of divided attention at encoding on item and associative memory. Author(s): Naveh-Benjamin M, Guez J, Marom M. Source: Memory & Cognition. 2003 October; 31(7): 1021-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704017

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The neural basis of autobiographical and semantic memory: new evidence from three PET studies. Author(s): Graham KS, Lee AC, Brett M, Patterson K. Source: Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience. 2003 September; 3(3): 234-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672158

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The Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist--Nursing Home: instrument development and measurement of burden among certified nursing assistants. Author(s): Allen RS, Burgio LD, Roth DL, Ragsdale R, Gerstle J, Bourgeois MS, Dijkstra K, Teri L. Source: Psychology and Aging. 2003 December; 18(4): 886-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692873

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Theta coupling in the human electroencephalogram during a working memory task. Author(s): Sauseng P, Klimesch W, Doppelmayr M, Hanslmayr S, Schabus M, Gruber WR. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 January 9; 354(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698454

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Toddlers' musical preferences: musical preference and musical memory in the early years. Author(s): Lamont A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 November; 999: 518-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681176

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Transferring voice effects in recognition memory from remembering to knowing. Author(s): Karayianni I, Gardiner JM. Source: Memory & Cognition. 2003 October; 31(7): 1052-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704020

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Treatment of psoriasis with alefacept: correlation of clinical improvement with reductions of memory T-cell counts. Author(s): Gordon KB, Vaishnaw AK, O'Gorman J, Haney J, Menter A; Alefacept Clinical Study Group. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 December; 139(12): 1563-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14676071

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Updating and inhibition processes in working memory: a comparison between Alzheimer's type dementia and frontal lobe focal damage. Author(s): Borgo F, Giovannini L, Moro R, Semenza C, Arcicasa M, Zaramella M. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 November; 53(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607147

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Use of memory compensation strategies is related to psychosocial and health indicators. Author(s): de Frias CM, Dixon RA, Backman L. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2003 January; 58(1): P12-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496297

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Usefulness of language and memory testing during intracarotid amobarbital testing: observations from an fMRI study. Author(s): Aldenkamp AP, Boon PA, Deblaere K, Achten E, Backes WH, Boon P, Hofman P, Troost J, Vandemaele P, Vermeulen J, Vonck K, Wilmink J. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 September; 108(3): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911455

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Using auditory streaming to reduce disruption to serial memory by extraneous auditory warnings. Author(s): Banbury S, Fricker L, Tremblay S, Emery L. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied. 2003 March; 9(1): 12-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12710834

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Using executive heterogeneity to explore the nature of working memory deficits in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Lewis SJ, Cools R, Robbins TW, Dove A, Barker RA, Owen AM. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2003; 41(6): 645-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12591022

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Using memory strategies to improve 24-hour dietary recalls among older adults. Author(s): Shumaker NL, Ball AL, Neils-Strunjas J, Smith R, Weiler E, Krikorian R. Source: Journal of Allied Health. 2003 Fall; 32(3): 196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14526903

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Using the WMS-III faces subtest to detect malingered memory impairment. Author(s): Glassmire DM, Bierley RA, Wisniewski AM, Greene RL, Kennedy JE, Date E. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003 June; 25(4): 465-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911101

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Validity and reliability of the newly translated Hellenic Neuropsychiatric Inventory (H-NPI) applied to Greek outpatients with Alzheimer's disease: a study of disturbing behaviors among referrals to a memory clinic. Author(s): Politis AM, Mayer LS, Passa M, Maillis A, Lyketsos CG. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2004 March; 19(3): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15027034

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Verbal declarative memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: from clinical assessment to genetics and brain mechanisms. Author(s): Cirillo MA, Seidman LJ. Source: Neuropsychology Review. 2003 June; 13(2): 43-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12887039

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Verbal learning and memory in schizophrenic and Parkinson's disease patients. Author(s): van Oostrom I, Dollfus S, Brazo P, Abadie P, Halbecq I, Thery S, Marie RM. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2003 January 25; 117(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581818

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Verbal memory in mania: effects of clinical state and task requirements. Author(s): Fleck DE, Shear PK, Zimmerman ME, Getz GE, Corey KB, Jak A, Lebowitz BK, Strakowski SM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 October; 5(5): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14525560

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Verbal working memory and on-line syntactic processing: evidence from self-paced listening. Author(s): Waters GS, Caplan D. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology. 2004 January; 57(1): 129-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14681007

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Victoria Symptom Validity Test scores of patients with profound memory impairment: nonlitigants case studies. Author(s): Slick DJ, Tan JE, Strauss E, Mateer CA, Harnadek M, Sherman EM. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2003 August; 17(3): 390-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704889

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Visual but not spatial working memory deficit in children with spina bifida. Author(s): Mammarella N, Cornoldi C, Donadello E. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 November; 53(2): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607170

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Visual memory deficit in children with dysgraphia. Author(s): Vlachos F, Karapetsas A. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2003 December; 97(3 Pt 2): 1281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15002872

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Visual working memory for image statistics. Author(s): Victor JD, Conte MM. Source: Vision Research. 2004 March; 44(6): 541-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14693182

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Visuomotor coordination and visuospatial working memory of children with specific reading disabilities: a study using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. Author(s): Mati-Zissi H, Zafiropoulou M. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2003 October; 97(2): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620243

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Who makes good use of memory aids? Results of a survey of people with acquired brain injury. Author(s): Evans JJ, Wilson BA, Needham P, Brentnall S. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2003 September; 9(6): 925-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632251

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Working memory after mild, moderate, or severe childhood closed head injury. Author(s): Roncadin C, Guger S, Archibald J, Barnes M, Dennis M. Source: Developmental Neuropsychology. 2004; 25(1-2): 21-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984327

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Working memory and mental practice outcomes after stroke. Author(s): Malouin F, Belleville S, Richards CL, Desrosiers J, Doyon J. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 February; 85(2): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14966700

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Working memory and perseveration in verbal fluency. Author(s): Azuma T. Source: Neuropsychology. 2004 January; 18(1): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14744189

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Working memory and processing speed deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus as measured by the paced auditory serial addition test. Author(s): Shucard JL, Parrish J, Shucard DW, McCabe DC, Benedict RH, Ambrus J Jr. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2004 January; 10(1): 35-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751005

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Working memory and relational reasoning in Klinefelter syndrome. Author(s): Fales CL, Knowlton BJ, Holyoak KJ, Geschwind DH, Swerdloff RS, Gonzalo IG. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2003 September; 9(6): 839-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632242

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Working memory capacity and language processes in children with specific language impairment. Author(s): Marton K, Schwartz RG. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 2003 October; 46(5): 1138-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575348

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Working memory deficits after traumatic brain injury: catecholaminergic mechanisms and prospects for treatment -- a review. Author(s): McAllister TW, Flashman LA, Sparling MB, Saykin AJ. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2004 April; 18(4): 331-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742148

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Working memory deficits in chronic fatigue syndrome: differentiating between speed and accuracy of information processing. Author(s): Deluca J, Christodoulou C, Diamond BJ, Rosenstein ED, Kramer N, Natelson BH. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2004 January; 10(1): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751012

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Working memory for complex scenes: age differences in frontal and hippocampal activations. Author(s): Park DC, Welsh RC, Marshuetz C, Gutchess AH, Mikels J, Polk TA, Noll DC, Taylor SF. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2003 November 15; 15(8): 1122-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14709231

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You must remember this. An overview of memory loss. Author(s): Luggen AS. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2003 December; 11(12): 53-60. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14689746

Academic Periodicals covering Memory Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to memory. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

Dissertations on Memory ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to memory. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “memory” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A THEORETICAL VIEW OF THE FUNCTION OF MEMORY IN ORAL COMMUNICATION. by KING, CORWIN PRIOR, PHD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1973, 326 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7420934

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A COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE STRATEGY USAGE WITH SINGLE STRATEGY USAGE BY SIXTH GRADERS SOLVING MENTAL ADDITIONS (ARITHMETIC, ALGORITHMS, PROBLEM-SOLVING, SHORT-TERM-MEMORY) by MARTINAK, ROSEMARY, PHD from University of Colorado at Boulder, 1985, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8522681

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A META-ANALYSIS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY IN MENTAL RETARDATION by MATTSON, PAUL DENNIS, PHD from University of California, Riverside, 1985, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8520636

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A STUDY OF ORAL STEREOGNOSIS, AUDITORY MEMORY SPAN, ARTICULATION, AND PRODUCTION OF NON-ENGLISH PHONES IN A NATURAL GROUP OF KINDERGARTEN AND FIRST GRADE CHILDREN by LOCKE, JOHN LAUDERDALE, PHD from Ohio University, 1968, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6811770

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A STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SELECTED ASPECTS OF ORAL LANGUAGE, SHORT-TERM MEMORY, AND WORD IDENTIFICATION AT THE PRIMARY LEVEL. by CROWELL, EDEE GAMMON, EDD from Boston University School of Education, 1978, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7819728

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AN EXAMINATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF AUDITORY-VISUAL INTEGRATION, VISUAL-AUDITORY INTEGRATION, AUDITORY MEMORY, AND VISUAL MEMORY TO ORAL READING by RODENBORN, LEO VINCENT, JR., EDD from Oklahoma State University, 1969, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7021470

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AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEQUENTIAL MEMORY AND ORAL READING SKILLS IN NORMAL AND LEARNING DISABLED CHILDREN. by BURNS, SANDRA MADER, PHD from Northwestern University, 1975, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7529592

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An oral history of the April 1, 1946 tsunami at Laupahoehoe, Hawai'i: A case study in the educative value of constructing history from memory and narrative by Nishimoto, Warren Seiji; PhD from University of Hawai'i, 2002, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070718

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ANXIETY AND MEMORY IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHRONIC AND ACUTE PAIN PATIENTS by EDELSTEIN, LINDA JAN, PHD from United States International University, 1984, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8429942

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ANXIETY AND MEMORY IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHRONIC AND ACUTE PAIN PATIENTS by EDELSTEIN, LINDA JAN, PHD from United States International University, 1984, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8429942

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ANXIETY AND MEMORY IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHRONIC AND ACUTE PAIN PATIENTS by EDELSTEIN, LINDA JAN, PHD from United States International University, 1984, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8429942

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ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY: EFFECTS OF STIMULANT DRUG AND BIOFEEDBACK TREATMENTS ON SELECTED MEASURES OF ATTENTION, MEMORY, AND LOCUS OF CONTROL by DUFRESNE, FRANCIS CALO, EDD from University of Massachusetts, 1984, 424 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8500073

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AUTOMATIC AND EFFORTFUL MEMORY PROCESSING BY STUDENTS WITH AND WITHOUT MENTAL RETARDATION by THOMAS, SUZANNE B., PHD from University of Florida, 1994, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9607279

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Cognitive dysfunction, perceived memory impairment, fear of mental incapacitation, and anxiety and distress in older adults by Deer, Teresa May; PhD from The Herman M. Finch U. of Health Sciences - the Chicago Medical Sch., 2003, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3102139

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COMBINING PHYSICAL AND MENTAL PRACTICE WITH MUSCLE MEMORY TRAINING TO IMPROVE A MOTOR SKILL (PHYSICAL PRACTICE, IMAGERY) by AUGUSTINE, JACK H., EDD from University of Arkansas, 1990, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9112931

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COMBINING PHYSICAL AND MENTAL PRACTICE WITH MUSCLE MEMORY TRAINING TO IMPROVE A MOTOR SKILL (PHYSICAL PRACTICE, IMAGERY) by AUGUSTINE, JACK H., EDD from University of Arkansas, 1990, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9112931

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EFFECTS OF INDUCED MENTAL IMAGERY ON ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING AND MEMORY AMONG DEVELOPMENTAL AGE LEVELS OF YOUNG CHILDREN. by MILLER, LAWRENCE EUGENE, PHD from University of Miami, 1973, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7414341

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EFFECTS OF VISUAL AIDS, PROBLEM COMPLEXITY, AND OPERATION CUES ON THE VERBAL MATH PROBLEM SOLVING PERFORMANCE OF EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED ADOLESCENTS AND EQUAL MENTAL AGE NONRETARDED CHILDREN (MEMORY, COMPREHENSION) by JUDD, THOMAS PAUL, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1984, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8505372

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MEMORY PERFORMANCE IN SUBSTANCE ABUSING PERSONS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION (SUBSTANCE ABUSE) by GOLDEN, HARRIET, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1993, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9400560

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MEMORY REPRESENTATION OF MOTOR SKILLS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH PROFOUND MENTAL RETARDATION by CHOI, SEUNG-OH, PHD from Texas Woman's University, 1996, 293 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9630151

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Memory strategy assessment with adolescents with mild mental disabilities by Kwong, Ava Ki-Wa Tin, PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1994, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ22152

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METACOGNITIVE PROCESSES AND ATTRIBUTIONAL TRAINING ON MEMORY TASKS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION by KOPFER, PAUL MICHAEL, PHD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1993, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9404829

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Potassium ion-induced smooth muscle calcium sensitization requires RhoA kinase (ROK) translocation to caveolae which is inhibited in non-neuronal cell memory by Urban, Nicole Hairrell; PhD from Old Dominion University, 2003, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3107397

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'Re-membering' the body: Pain in collective memory and storytelling by Moreno, Renee Marie, PhD from University of Michigan, 1998, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9909950

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THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF ANTICONVULSANT MEDICATION ON THE SELECTIVE ATTENTION, MEMORY, AND BEHAVIOR OF SCHOOL-AGED

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CHILDREN WITH SEIZURES by MARSHALL, RICHARD MICHAEL, EDD from West Virginia University, 1982, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8216771 •

The development of a computerized version of Vandenberg's Mental Rotation Test and the effect of visuo-spatial working memory loading by Strong, Shawn Driftmier; PhD from Iowa State University, 1999, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9950123

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THE EFFECT OF BIMODALLY CUED INSTRUCTION INTO WHICH MEMORY STRATEGY TRAINING HAS BEEN INTEGRATED ON DECODING SKILL ACQUISITION, MAINTENANCE, AND GENERALIZATION IN STUDENTS WITH MILD MENTAL RETARDATION by BURSKY, LYNNE, EDD from Columbia University Teachers College, 1995, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9539782

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THE EFFECT OF INSTRUCTIONAL WORDING ON THE MEMORY OF MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTS FOR VERBAL MATERIALS IN AN INSTITUTIONAL SETTING by JIMENEZ, GILBERT E., PHD from New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 1990, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9117903

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THE EFFECT OF PHYSOSTIGMINE ON LANGUAGE PROCESSES IN BOYS WITH DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (MEMORY) by CAMERON, THOMAS HARTLEY, PHD from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1985, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8527184

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The effects of acute stressors on transactive memory and shared mental models in temporary project teams: An information processing approach by Ellis, Aleksander Paul John; PhD from Michigan State University, 2003, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092140

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The effects of acute stressors on transactive memory and shared mental models in temporary project teams: An information processing approach by Ellis, Aleksander Paul John; PhD from Michigan State University, 2003, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092140

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THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ON MEMORY RETENTION IN END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE PATIENTS by NICCUM, KATHLEEN JEAN, EDD from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1994, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9429732

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THE GREAT WAR AND AUSTRALIAN MEMORY: A STUDY OF MYTH, REMEMBERING AND ORAL HISTORY (WORLD WAR I, ANZAC) by THOMSON, ALISTAIR, DPHIL from University of Sussex (United Kingdom), 1990, 415 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/DX95597

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THE LINGUISTIC AND MEMORY STRUCTURE OF TAI-LUE ORAL NARRATIVE. by HARTMANN, JOHN FERDINAND, PHD from The University of Michigan, 1976, 434 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7627491

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The relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition and the Test of Memory and Learning in a pediatric traumatic brain injury population by Schmidt, Mark Edward; PhD from Texas Woman's University, 2003, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084186

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF MENTAL AGE TO VISUAL MEMORY AND WORD ANALYSIS IN EIGHT, NINE, AND TEN YEAR OLD CHILDREN OF SELECTED INTELLECTUAL LEVELS. by EUBANKS, JOHN LLOYD, PHD from The University of Alabama, 1970, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7109085

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MEMORY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to memory. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “memory” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Alternative Medicine Update Source: Alternative Health Practitioner. 3(3): 157-160. Fall/Winter 1997. Summary: This journal article reports the results of 12 studies funded by the Office of Alternative Medicine in 1993 and 1994. The studies were classified as either mind/body interventions or as pharmacological or biological treatments. The 10 mind/body intervention studies include the following therapies: biofeedback, dance movement therapy, guided imagery, hypnotic imagery, music therapy, prayer, and yoga. Conditions studied include pain, diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, asthma, immunity, cancer, AIDS, brain injury, and drug abuse. The two pharmacological and biological studies were 'Enzyme Therapy and Experimental Memory Metastasis' and 'Pharmacological Treatment of Cancer by Antioxidants.'.

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to memory and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “memory” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to memory:

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to memory; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Age-Related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Memory Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Alternative Therapy Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html

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Biogram Therapy Alternative names: biogram healing Biogram Healing System biogram mind-body healing Biogram System Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Biological Archeology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Body Integration Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/b.html Chakra Cellular Memory Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Chakra Healing Light Energy Implantations Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Chelation Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,679,00.html Dance Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,687,00.html Deep Emotional Release Bodywork Alternative names: D.E.R.B. Deep Emotional Cellular Release Bodywork Deep Emotional Release Bodywork System Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Homeopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Light Touch Energy Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/l.html

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Polarity Therapy Alternative names: Polarity polarity balancing Polarity Energy Balancing Polarity Energy Balancing system polarity energy healing polarity healing polarity system Polarity techniques Polarity Wellness Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Psycho-Therapeutic Reiki Alternative names: Psycho-Therapeutic Reiki healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/p.html Repressed Memory Therapy Alternative names: RMT Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Rolfing Alternative names: Rolfing Method of Structural Integration structural integration structural processing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Soul Amplification Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html •

Herbs and Supplements 7-Keto Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acanthopanax Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Alpha-Lipoic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10002,00.html Alprazolam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Ashwagandha Alternative names: Withania somniferum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carotenoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,763,00.html Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHEA Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10022,00.html

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DMAE Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com DMAE Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10023,00.html Donepezil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleutherococcus Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eyebright Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ginkgo Biloba Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,788,00.html Ginseng Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutathione Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,854,00.html Glycine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Gotu Kola Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gotu Kola Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10031,00.html Huperzia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Huperzine A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Huperzine A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10038,00.html Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html Lepidium Meyenii Alternative names: Maca; Lepidium meyenii Walp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L-tyrosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Methionine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com NADH Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10047,00.html Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine (PS) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,813,00.html Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pregnenolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnenolone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sage Alternative names: Salvia officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,818,00.html

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Siberian Ginseng Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus, Eleuthero Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Siberian Ginseng Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,821,00.html St. John's Wort Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,824,00.html Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Triazolam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uricosuric Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Niacin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,892,00.html Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10067,00.html Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html •

Minerals Boron Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,909,00.html Calcium Acetate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnitine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10012,00.html Clorazepate Dipotassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lecithin and Choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Vinpocetine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vinpocetine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10065,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON MEMORY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to memory. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on memory include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “memory” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on memory: •

Memory and Language Impairment in Children and Adults: New Perspectives Source: Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1998. 228 p. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 200 Orchard Ridge Drive, Suite 200, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. (800) 638-8437. Website: www.aspenpublishers.com. PRICE: $35.00. ISBN: 0834212137. Summary: Difficulties with storing, retaining, recalling, and reporting information places individuals with language impairments at a significant disadvantage in academic, vocational, and social situations. This textbook discusses language assessment and intervention strategies that take into account how cognitive systems such as memory contribute to learning and using language and that can provide a useful foundation for improving the communication abilities of children and adults with language impairments. The text offers eleven chapters that cover short term memory, working memory and their importance in language processing; sentence comprehension

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and working memory in children with specific language impairment (SLI); capacity limitations in working memory; serial memory in children with SLI; phonological awareness training and short term working memory; retraining memory strategies; facilitating children's long term memory for events; children's use of mental frameworks to structure narratives; accessing long term memory in adolescents; functional treatment approaches to memory impairment following brain injury; and memory impairments underlying language difficulties in dementia. Each chapter includes references. A subject index concludes the text. •

LifeBio Memory Journal Source: OH: LifeBio, Inc. 2000. 170 p. Contact: Available from LifeBio, Inc. 18711 Bellville Road, Marysville, OH 43040. (800) 247-6553. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.lifebio.com. PRICE: $19.95 in the U.S.; $24.95 in Canada; plus $3.95 shipping fee in the U.S. and $7.95 for foreign shipping. ISBN: 0972875107. Summary: This memory book is a structured journal for recording one's life history, sharing memories, and saving photographs. It has 170 pages with questions designed to guide and organize the biographical information. The book has four main sections: (1) family history, family tree, and memories of specific family members and other loved ones; (2) historical events, growing up, childhood and teen favorites, family fun as a child and teenager, school years, military service, and college days; (3) jobs, family fun as an adult, love, marriage, home, place of worship and faith, parenthood, becoming a grandparent, and family pets; and (4) family stories and heirlooms, beliefs, opinions and tough questions, lessons through the years, and the future. Each section includes spaces for notes and photographs.

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Memory, Aging, and Dementia: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment Source: New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. 1989. 260 p. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. Summary: This book discusses memory impairment in healthy elderly adults and in elderly persons with dementia. The first section presents current memory theory relevant to the cognitive changes associated with aging and discusses the clinical assessment of memory abilities in both healthy and impaired elderly adults. The second section contains two chapters that focus more specifically on the etiology and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. One chapter discusses biochemical and molecular genetic investigation of inherited Alzheimer's disease. The other chapter examines current issues in the diagnosis and management of cognitive and behavioral impairment in Alzheimer's disease and suggests areas in need of further research. The third section contains five chapters about the ways professionals address the problems of people with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers. These chapters examine intervention from the perspectives of nursing, psychology, and social work; describe a memory technique for teaching the names of people; and discuss health care policy issues and the service delivery needs of people with Alzheimer's disease and their families. References are included at the end of each chapter.

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Aging Myths: Reversible Causes of Mind and Memory Loss Source: New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1986. 278 p.

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Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. Summary: This book discusses reversible conditions of memory loss such as depression and medication effects as well as irreversible conditions like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It lists organizations available for assistance and information for the elderly and local chapters of the Alzheimer's Association (AA). It also provides a guide for a balanced diet for people with hypertension. •

Memory Function and Aging-Related Disorders Source: New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. 1992. 333 p. Contact: Available from Springer Publishing Company. 536 Broadway, New York, NY 10012. (212) 431-4370 or FAX (212) 941-7842. PRICE: $48.95. Summary: This book discusses the basic mechanisms of memory processes, the potential causes and effects of Alzheimer's disease, and approaches to diagnosis and management of dementing disorders. Nineteen chapters are organized into three parts. Part one examines the fundamentals of memory function. Part two focuses on the possible mechanisms of memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. This part addresses topics such as the role of defective axonal transport in the degeneration of neurons in Alzheimer's disease; cerebrovascular disease in dementia; the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of corticotropin releasing factor, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol in Alzheimer's disease; autonomic nervous system dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease; hormonal alterations in Alzheimer's disease; and nutritional aspects of memory dysfunction. Part three discusses the diagnosis and management of dementing disorders. Topics include the detection of early Alzheimer's disease, diagnosis of depression in demented patients, and management approaches such as behavioral intervention, psychotherapy, and new cholinesterase inhibitors. References are included at the end of each chapter.

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Memory Disorders: Research and Clinical Practice Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991. 513 p. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Cimarron Road, P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701. (914) 796-1919. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0824784898. Summary: This book for practicing clinicians, psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists presents information on both normal memory functions and memory disorders. Since clinicians and cognitive neuroscientists often address these issues from different perspectives, one of the goals of this book is to make the large volume of literature from these two different approaches comprehensible to both disciplines. The papers are presented within five categories: overview information concerning memory disorders and memory nomenclature; memory structure and function, including anatomical aspects, central cholinergic pathways, the influence of medications, and memory models; approaches for evaluating memory function, such as memory testing, and neuropsychological testing of memory disorders; memory dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders; and the treatment of memory disorders. Research and clinical findings related to Alzheimer's disease are presented and discussed in a number of the papers throughout the text. Selected illustrations are included in some of the papers, and literature citations are appended to each of the papers.

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Memory Fitness Over 40 Source: Gainesville, FL: Triad Publishing Company. 1985. 226 p. Contact: Available from Triad Publishing Company. 110 N.W. 8th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32601. PRICE: $12.95. Summary: This book gives information on memory and aging, and makes suggestions for everyday memory improvement appropriate to all age groups. How memory works is explained, along with the impact on memory of aging, health, and self-concept. Other topics include: scientific research on aging; Alzheimer's disease; suggestions for evaluating one's own memory; strategies for enhancing attention and concentration; and hints on remembering names and faces. A glossary and bibliography are included.

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Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: A Manual for Memory Disorders Teams Source: New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1999. 402 p. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press. 2001 Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513. Order: 1-800-451-7556. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 0-19-262822-4 (Pbk). ISBN: 0-19-262815-1 (hbk). Summary: This book is a guide to the operation and management of a memory disorders team in a clinic or community setting. Section 1 addresses the practical details of setting up and organizing a clinic, including administrative aspects, information management, assessments (medical, psychiatric, neuropsychological, functional), laboratory and radiological investigations, computerized cognitive assessment, and research opportunities. Section 2 discusses the diagnostic process, including the identification of age-related memory and cognitive decline and the differentiation of common dementias. Section 3 focuses on caregiving issues, including caregiver support, pharmacological and psychological interventions, the management of common problems, and the role of the primary care physician. Findings from an international survey of memory disorder teams and a bibliography are included in appendices.

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Improving Your Memory: How To Remember What You're Starting To Forget. Rev. Ed Source: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1994. 99 p. Contact: Johns Hopkins University Press. Hampden Station, Baltimore, MD 21218-4319. (800) 537-5487; (410) 516-6956. PRICE: $12.95 (plus $3.00 shipping and handling). ISBN: 0801847680. Summary: This book is designed to help those who are concerned about being forgetful improve their memory by offering an explanation of how memory works and a variety of strategies for coping with memory changes. Designed as a self-help manual, the book includes easy to use memory improvement techniques; step-by-step descriptions of how to use strategies such as written reminders, the story method, first letter cues, and alphabet search; self-assessment exercises; clear explanations of how memory changes over time; and facts about stress, nutrition, medication, depression, physical illness, and other factors that affect memory. Chapeter 3, appendix A specifically addresses Alzheimer's disease. (See also AZBK05624).

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When Memory Fails: Helping the Alzheimer's and Dementia Patient Source: New York, NY: Plenum Press. 1994. 282 p.

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Contact: Available from Plenum Press. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013-1578. (800) 221-9369. PRICE: $27.95. ISBN: 0306446480. Summary: This book is designed to inform the general public about current knowledge of irreversible and reversible causes, psychological effects, and treatment of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its intent is to assist those living with patients with dementia to understand why events are happening, and to offer interventions. The author describes researchers' efforts to discover the elusive cause of dementia and explains the profound changes dementia brings to people's lives, including problems with disorientation caused by living in a world where memory fades and awareness of time and space slip away. Ways of coping with wandering, agitation, restlessness, and abusiveness as well as support options for the caregiver also are examined. In addition, the book examines diagnosis, including symptoms or early warning signs of the disease, how people are tested for AD, the most effective methods for helping a loved one with AD, and crucial questions to ask of doctors and other health care professionals. •

Memory Cure: How to Protect Your Brain Against Memory Loss and Alzheimer's Disease Source: New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2003. 240 p. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Companies, P.O. Box 182604, Columbus, OH 43272. (877) 833-5524; FAX: (614) 759-3759. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.books.mcgraw-hill.com. PRICE: $21.95. ISBN: 0071409246. Summary: This book presents a plan for improving memory, preventing memory loss, and protecting the brain against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Part I explains how memory works, what happens in the aging brain, the difference between normal forgetfulness and AD, what goes wrong in the AD brain, and other possible causes of memory loss. Part II presents a 10-step plan for protecting the brain from AD and memory loss and reviews new medications for the prevention and treatment of AD. Part III explains how AD is diagnosed and summarizes what is known about heredity and AD. The book also provides tips for enhancing memory and a comprehensive resource section that includes information about organizations, government agencies, professional associations, clinical trials, and Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers.

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I Can Remember: A Daily Journal for People With Memory Problems Source: New York, NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam. 1998. 207 p. Contact: Available from Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam. 375 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014. (800)788-6262; FAX (201)896-8569. Internet access: http://www.penguinputnam.com. PRICE: $16.95. ISBN: 0874779529. Summary: This book provides a template for recording daily activities that dementia patients can use to help enhance their short-term memory. It is intended to help people with short-term memory loss who still are able to focus on reading and writing. With it, they can create a series of reference points from which to read, remember, and relate. It provides daily memory reinforcement by asking questions about what the person has done during the day. It also provides the caregiver with advice on how to start the patient using the book.

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Don't Forget: Easy Exercises for a Better Memory Source: Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1995. 287 p.

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Contact: Available from Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1 Jacob Way, Reading, MA 01867. (800) 238-9682. PRICE: $10.00. ISBN: 020148336X. Summary: This book provides more than 100 entertaining exercises proven to help people develop a sharper, longer memory. Exercises focus on real concerns and everyday tasks: matching names to faces, remembering directions, and learning new skills. The book is divided into three main parts. Part 1 entitled, Clearing the Way to Concentration, explains how the memory works, what prevents it from functioning normally, and how these obstacles can be easily removed. Part 2 entitled, Improving Concentration, explains how a person can become more observant and selective, making sure to get a good recording of what you want to remember. Part 3 entitled, Improving Organization, discusses how to prompt a recall, a particularly difficult problem in older people. Short reviews follow each chapter to provide a concise synthesis for better recall. The book also includes exercises on helping children to develop their memories, from infancy through high school. •

Memory Functioning in Dementia Source: New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. 1992. 299 p. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science Publishing Co. P.O. Box 882, Madison Square Station, New York, NY 10059. (212) 633-3965. PRICE: $131.50. Summary: This book reviews and synthesizes recent research on memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia. Section one, on episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease, includes four articles, discussing patterns of short-term memory impairment; the multiple causes of episodic memory deficits; forgetting; and use of cognitive support to improve episodic memory. Section two discusses different kinds of non-episodic memories, including semantic memory, priming, and skill learning, semantic knowledge and degradation, and motor and procedural memory. The third section examines research comparing persons with Alzheimer's disease and other persons with memory disturbances. This section discusses memory dysfunction in subcortical dementias, and the interaction of language and memory in major depression and Alzheimer's disease. In section four, the progression of dementia is explored. The final section reviews research that uses subjective information to assess memory in persons with dementia. 27 references.

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Language, Memory, and Aging Source: New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1988. 281 p. Contact: Available from Cambridge University Press. 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211. (212) 924-3900; (800) 872-7423 or FAX (212) 691-3239. PRICE: $64.95 plus $3.50 shipping and handling. ISBN: 0521329426. Summary: This book reviews selected aspects of research on language and the relation between language and memory in old age. The individual chapters present research involving a range of methodologies, including psychometric and neurologic tests and experimental measures, which isolate specific aspects of language comprehension, production, and memory. The studies compare young and older adults (including both healthy and pathological populations), using both between- group and individualdifferences approaches. The opening chapter provides a framework for the issues raised in subsequent chapters by giving an overview of relevant paradigms in contemporary cognitive psychology. Chapters deal with individual differences in verbal ability in normal aging; automatic and effortful aspects of activation of word meanings; age-

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related changes in inferential processes involved in comprehension and memory; and research on interactions between language and memory and frameworks for understanding age differences. Two chapters compare language impairment in normal and pathological aging focusing on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of the AD type. One chapter discusses the general features of AD and language disorders, emphasizing research on anomia and its associated cognitive deficits; and the other examines research on the structure of dissolution of language and memory in older people, aged 75 and over, with AD dementia. •

Oedipus Road: Searching for a Father in a Mother's Fading Memory Source: Forth Worth, TX: Texas Christian University Press. 1996. 209 p. Contact: Available from University Publishing. Drawer C, College Station, TX 778434354. (800) 826-8911. PRICE: $15.95. ISBN: 0875651534. Summary: This book tells the story of an adult son who tried to find out the truth about his biological father from his mother who has Alzheimer's disease. When Tom Dodge's stepfather died and he assumed the care of his mother, he was dismayed by the extent to which she had become disabled by Alzheimer's disease. When he was younger, she would not answer his questions about his father. The struggle to care for his mother as she was losing her memory and the ability to take care of herself was complicated for Tom and his family by the paralysis of his son resulting from a diving accident. Eventually, Tom's aunt told him who she thought his father was, and his mother reluctantly confirmed this in a moment of relative clarity. The story is a look at life in small- town Texas in the 1940's, but above all it is the story of the complicated relationship between mother and son that is further complicated and intensified by his struggle to give her necessary care that she seems not to appreciate or remember.

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Sarah R. Royer, A Young Alzheimer's Patient: My Memory of Her Source: New York, NY: Vantage Press, Inc. 1991. 70 p. Contact: Available from Vantage Press, Inc. 516 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001. (212) 736-1767 or (800) 822-3273. PRICE: $8.95 plus $2.00 shipping and handling; 20 percent discount with an order of 1 to 4 copies; 40 percent discount with 5 or more copies. ISBN: 053309187X. Summary: This book tells the story of the author's sister, Sarah, who had Alzheimer's disease. Sarah was in her early forties when she began showing signs that something was wrong. She was bothered by noises and was becoming forgetful. It was not until several years later, in February 1986, that she was diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease. She was 51 years old when she died on May 30, 1988. This book describes the changes that occurred in Sarah as her disease progressed, her efforts to live independently as long as possible, and her determination to die with dignity. The book chronicles Sarah's move from her own apartment to the home of couple who cared for her until her death, highlighting the author's memories of her time with Sarah throughout her illness.

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Memory Source: New York, NY: McElderry Books. 1987. 278 p. Contact: Available from Simon and Schuster. 200 Old Tappan Road, Old Tappan NJ 07675-7095. (800) 223-2336. PRICE: $14.95. ISBN: 0689504462.

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Summary: This fictional story for adolescents concerns an accidental meeting of a troubled 19-year-old boy named Jonny and an old women named Sophie West; Sophie has memory loss and disorientation due to Alzheimer's disease and is without family or friends. Jonny, a temporary outcast himself, takes refuge with her. During his stay he encounters friends and enemies, finishes with some parts of his life and begin others, and, in unwillingly taking responsibility for Sophie, begins to take responsibility for himself as well. •

Memory Games for Groups Source: Oxon, England: Winslow Press, Ltd. 1998. 178 p. Contact: Available from Winslow Press, Ltd. Telford Road, Bicester, Oxon OX6 0TS, ENGLAND. Internet: http://www.winslow-press.co.uk. PRICE: 29.50 British pounds plus shipping. ISBN: 0863881890. Summary: This handbook features memory games for use with older people in settings such as hospitals, day care centers, nursing homes, and residential and care homes. The games are suitable for use in groups or individually, and they can be played for fun or with a specific goal. The games can be adapted to be more or less difficult to meet the specific needs of participants. Part one provides a guide to using the book and discusses issues to bear in mind when coordinating the activities. Sections two through six contain games related to personal memories, the past, the present, the world, and general memory and concentration games. Materials needed for each game are given, along with the preparation time required, the procedures, suggestions for discussion, and variations on the theme.

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36 Hour Day: A Family Guide To Caring for Persons With Alzheimer's Disease, Related Dementing Illnesses, and Memory Loss in Later Life. 3rd ed Source: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999. 352 p. Contact: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2715 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218. (800) 537-5487; (410) 516-6900. Fax: (410) 516-6998. PRICE: $49.95 (hardback, ISBN: 0801861489); $14.95 (paperback); $19.95 (large print 2001 edition, ISBN 0801865212). Please add $5.00 shipping for the first copy, plus $1.00 for each additional copy. Website: www.press.jhu.edu. Also available from the Alzheimer's Association. 225 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1700, Chicago, IL 60601. (800) 272-3900; (312) 335-8700; (312) 335-8882 (TDD); FAX (312) 335-1110. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.alz.org. PRICE: $9.95 (paperback); $6.95 (pocket-size). Summary: This practical and detailed reference book provides a wealth of information to families on giving care to patients with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders. The book presents background information on dementia, brain disorders, and the causes of dementia, and recent research on the pathology of dementia. Beginning with the problem of getting medical help (both accurate diagnosis and treatment) for the impaired person, the book gives practical suggestions and advice on how families and caretakers can deal with problems in independent living; problems arising in daily care; medical problems; problems of behavior and mood; getting outside help; children and teenagers; financial and legal issues; nursing homes and other living arrangements; and how caring for an impaired person affects the caretaker. Appendices list pertinent health and support organizations; where to buy or rent supplies; U.S., State, and protectorate agencies; and the rights of hospital and nursing home patients. 43 references.

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Handbook for Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults Source: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1986. 419 p. Contact: Available from American Psychological Association. Order Department, P.O. Box 2710, Hyattsville, MD 20784. (202) 336-5510. ISBN: 091270442X. PRICE: $45.00 (nonmembers); $35.00 (members and affiliates). Summary: This textbook provides directions to psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and other health care professionals for making informed decisions about clinical memory assessment. Decline in both memory and intellectual functioning is a major diagnostic landmark of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. However, there is no consensus among clinicians about the selection of tests to identify the loci of memory dysfunction and to evaluate treatment efficacy. This book is intended to answer basic questions about memory diagnosis, such as what types of tests are available and how have these tests been validated. The book is divided into five sections. Section I provides an integration of experimental and clinical precepts in memory assessment. Section II defines the issues in test selection from theoretical and clinical perspectives. Section III reviews the different types of instruments available for the evaluation of symptoms and complaints.Section IV evaluates instruments for detecting depression and for differentiating depression from observed aging effects in performance.Section V reviews a variety of validation methods, including longitudinal data, clinical outcome, and anatomical, physiological, neurochemical, and genetic information.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “memory” (or a synonym) in their titles. •

Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=memory&mode=books

Chapters on Memory In order to find chapters that specifically relate to memory, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and memory using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on memory: •

Strategies for Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Associated Memory Impairment Source: in Bergener, M., and Reisberg, B, eds. Diagnosis and Treatment of Senile Dementia. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. 1989. p. 234-242.

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Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0387508007. Summary: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) are well-defined clinical entities in which the principal symptom is impairment of memory for recent events. This book chapter proposes a number of diverse and creative strategies to guide the development of effective treatments for AD and AAMI. The chapter focuses largely on classes of compounds in which data from clinical trials have been published or in which clinical studies in AD or AAMI are currently underway. Specific attention is given to cholinergic compounds and to compounds affecting other neurotransmitter systems (neuropeptides, nootropics, or other treatment strategies). 72 references. •

Accessing Long-Term Memory: Metacognitive Strategies and Strategic Action in Adolescents Source: in Gillam, R.B., ed. Memory and Language Impairment in Children and Adults: New Perspectives. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1998. p. 156-172. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 200 Orchard Ridge Drive, Suite 200, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. (800) 638-8437. Website: www.aspenpublishers.com. PRICE: $35.00. ISBN: 0834212137. Summary: Difficulties with storing, retaining, recalling, and reporting information places individuals with language impairments at a significant disadvantage in academic, vocational, and social situations. This chapter on long term memory strategies in adolescents is from a textbook that discusses language assessment and intervention strategies that take into account how cognitive systems such as memory contribute to learning and using language. In this chapter, the authors describe two metacognitive strategies that can be taught to adolescents to facilitate memory and comprehension of expository texts and other academic materials. The authors believe that adolescents need to act strategically if they are to be successful in a variety of learning contexts, and they present a method for facilitating the development of strategic problem solving. The first metacognitive strategy, called ARROW, promotes increased efficiency and accuracy in understanding and recalling information from expository texts. The second strategy, called BRIDGE, helps students organize information to support memory retrieval during classroom discussions. The authors conclude the chapter with a discussion of a cost and benefit analysis of performance and use of effortful strategies such as those covered. 1 figure. 1 table. 33 references.

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Memory Assessment Source: in Khan, A.U. Clinical Disorders of Memory. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1986. p. 41-65. Contact: Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. ISBN: 030642259X. Summary: Most of the current tests of memory to estimate deficits in memory process and the degree of pathology may be grouped under six categories: single verbal and nonverbal tests of memory; test batteries for memory; neuropsychological test batteries, including tests for memory; questionnaires to assess memory; clinical examinations of memory; and specific rating scales and inventories. Each of these areas are summarized and discussed. Rating scales and inventories developed for assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric, the Alzheimer's Disease

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Assessment Scale (ADAS), and the Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS), which are particularly useful in the follow-up of changes in memory and cognitive functions of AD patients. The authors of the ADAS claim that the scale is a valid indicator of the increasing severity of dysfunction occurring over time in AD. A detailed breakdown of the BCRS is appended. 58 references. •

Language and Memory Processing in Senile Dementia Alzheimer's Type Source: in Light, L.L. and Burke, D.M. Language, Memory, and Aging. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1988. p. 221-243. Contact: Available from Cambridge University Press. 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211. (800) 872-7423; (212) 924-3900; FAX (212) 691-3239. PRICE: $44.50. ISBN: 0521329426. Summary: Senile dementia Alzheimer's type (SDAT) is a major pathology of old age; hence, given the increasing number of older people today, understanding the nature and causes of SDAT must rank high on research priorities. This chapter attempts to elucidate one aspect of SDAT, the deterioration of higher-order cortical processes which is at the center of the symptom complex that characterizes SDAT. Thus, to understand the dementing process in SDAT, one must understand the process of dissolution of higher cortical functions. The research presented in this chapter probes the structure of dissolution of language and memory in elderly persons, aged 75 and over with Alzheimer's disease (AD). These data are presented as part of a larger ongoing research project investigating the deterioration of higher cortical functions, as well as possible distal causation, in normal elderly persons and in the elderly with AD, in which normal pre-middle-aged persons serve as the normative baseline. 72 references.

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Public Health Perspectives on Clinical Memory Testing of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Source: in Poon, L.W., ed. Handbook for Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults. Hyattsville, MD: American Psychological Association. 1986. p. 11-20. Contact: This publication may be available in your local medical library. Call for information. Summary: This book chapter addresses the public policy and public health questions raised by Alzheimer's disease and related disorders and the role of clinical memory testing in the diagnosis and management of the disease. It draws attention to the high and increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, the substantial extent to which it accounts for morbidity and mortality rates among the elderly, and the high costs of caring for victims with respect to both public and private expenditures, including both material and human resources. The public health aspects of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders have specific relevance to the field of clinical testing of memory. Particular issues discussed include the need for more precise epidemiological and other research data, for descriptors of the disease and its consequences that adequately reflect its attendant disability and service needs, for avoiding costly and distressing misdiagnosis or unnecessary admission to institutions, and for systematic assessment that will allow the service system to work in a more coordinated and efficient manner. 58 references.

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Computerized Test Battery for Detecting and Assessing Memory Disorders Source: in Bes, A., et al. Senile Dementias: Early Detection. London, England: John Libbey and Company Limited. 1986. p. 79-85. Contact: Available from John Libbey and Company Limited. 80/84 Bondway, London SW8 1SF, ENGLAND. (01) 582-5266. ISBN: 0861960947. PRICE: $90.00. Summary: This book chapter describes a computerized battery of memory tests that was developed using laser-disk and computer graphic techniques to simulate actual behavioral tasks in which deficits occur in aging and dementia. The test battery consists of eight independent behavioral tasks. The tests were administered to over 500 normal subjects in the United States and Belgium to establish normative scores in subjects of different ages and levels of intellectual function. Based on these normative data, people suffering from age-associated memory impairment and from dementia may be identified. Interpretation of the results with respect to age-associated memory decline is discussed. The test battery can also be used for assessing the effects of drugs designed to treat such impairment. 8 references.

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Memory in Dementia Source: in Bayles, K.A. and Kaszniak, A.W. Communication and Cognition in Normal Aging and Dementia. Boston, MA: College-Hill Press. 1987. p. 277-298. Contact: This publication may be available in your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0890793301. Summary: This book chapter for physicians reviews research concerned with the nature of memory change in dementia and in select amnesic disorders. Progressive memory deficit is described in relation to other cognitive and emotional features characterizing the stages of dementia. In Alzheimer's disease, memory for events and semantic memory are impaired. The possibility of relatively intact procedural learning ability, at least in early dementia, suggests that patients may be able to learn certain skills, with sufficient practice, provided that conscious recollection of the specific events or context of the skill is not required. 114 references.

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Treatment Strategies for Memory Disorders: Pharmacologic Treatment Source: in Khan, A.U. Clinical Disorders of Memory. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1986. p. 239-247. Contact: Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. ISBN: 030642259X. Summary: This chapter discusses various drugs that have been used in the treatment of memory disorders. A fairly large number of drugs have been tried in the treatment of senile dementia and in the improvement of memory deficits suffered by the elderly. Most of these drugs can be categorized under six classes: cholinergic drugs; central nervous system stimulants; nootropic drugs; vasodilators; convulsant stimulants; anabolic agents; GABA-ergic drugs; and neuropeptides. Particular attention is given to cholinergic drugs which are used to enhance the cholinergic activity of the brain, physostigmine, arecoline, choline and lecithin, central nervous system stimulants, methylphenidate, magnesium pemoline. Research drugs also are discussed.

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Coping With Memory Loss Source: in Lustbader, W.; Hooyman, N.R. Taking Care of Aging Family Members: A Practical Guide. New York, NY: Free Press. 1994. p. 139-156. Contact: Available from Free Press. 866 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022. (212) 7022004 or (800) 257-5755. PRICE: $14.95. ISBN: 0029195187. Summary: This chapter examines normal memory loss in persons with dementia and ways to cope with it and also looks at severe types of memory loss. It explores how to assess memory without causing any shame or anxiety in the person with dementia; offers some creative compensations for short-term memory loss; and explains how to respond to personality changes and deal with confabulation, suspiciousness, depression, and isolation. At the end of the chapter, 14 questions are answered about advanced memory loss.

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Changes in Memory Processes of Dementia Patients Source: in Zandi, T.; Ham, R.J., eds. New Directions in Understanding Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. New York, NY: Plenum Press. 1990. p. 89-100. Contact: Available from Plenum Press. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013.(800) 2219369 or (212) 620-8000. PRICE: $59.50. Summary: This chapter examines the basic ingredients of memory that are important in identification of dementia and in particular, the dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease, distinguishes between normal and abnormal aging memory changes of dementia patients, and evaluates the commonly used memory measures in light of the basic structure of memory processes.The working memory is responsible for encoding, storing, and retrieving information.This retrieval and storage depends on the source of information, the type of information, and the nature of information.Therefore, in dementia, the assessment process may hamper retrieval, not necessarily the disease progression itself. Patients with Alzheimer's-related dementia show no specific difficulty in encoding information, but in the search process for retrieval of information. A list of examples of memory dysfunction evaluation tasks and their corresponding memory models is included in the article. 57 references.

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Age-Associated Memory Impairment: Conceptual Background and Treatment Approaches Source: in Bergener, M.; Ermini, M.; Stahelin, H.B., eds. Challenges in Aging. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. 1991. p. 53-72. Contact: Available from Academic Press, Inc. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 321-5058. PRICE: $83.00. ISBN: 0120901633. Summary: This chapter explores research on the relation of personality traits to the older adults' ability to benefit from cognitive training. It begins with a description of prior research on improving function in practical areas of memory impairment such as facename recall, list learning, and reading retention. The author describes the 'pretraining' concept how researchers have used non-mnemonic pretraining to improve the effectiveness of classic mnemonic techniques in older people. Additionally, the gaps in knowledge of the effectiveness of these techniques in older people are outlined, focusing on questions as to why there is so much variability of response to treatment and what the predictors of successful response to treatment are. The chapter describes current large-scale studies which suggest that very old subjects have much more difficulty

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learning complex mnemonics than do moderately older people. These results are explained in terms of changes in information processing capacity and speed of information processing in the very old. The author presents pilot work that takes these changes into consideration thereby attempting to address the problems the very old have learning mnemonics. 1 figure, 1 table, 43 references. •

Myths About Memory Loss (Lesson 10) Source: in Health/Home Economics Classroom Activities for Secondary Schools. Southington, CT: Center for Understanding Aging. 1992. p. 52-53. Contact: Center for Understanding Aging. 200 Executive Boulevard, Suite 201, P.O. Box 246, Southington, CT 06489. (203) 621-2079. PRICE: $10.00. Summary: This lesson plan is part of a series of classroom activities designed to educate secondary school students about older adults. The purpose of the lesson is to dispel myths about memory loss in older people. The learning activities are designed to teach students that memory loss is not a normal part of aging, to explain possible reasons for memory loss other than dementia, and to explore how a family might be affected by an older relative who has Alzheimer's disease or another form of dementia. The lesson plan includes materials to stimulate discussions about memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease; instructions and questions to guide the discussions; and suggestions for supplemental activities.

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Clinical Assessment of Memory Disorders in Amnesia and Dementia Source: Annual Review of Psychology. Number 46: 493-523. 1995. Summary: This review summarizes important theoretical divisions of memory that have arisen from the cognitive psychological literature, presents a critical overview of traditional and experimental neuropsychological techniques used in the clinical assessment of memory functioning, and discusses the characteristic memory deficits associated with selected dementing illnesses and amnesic syndromes. Specific topics include discussions on the conceptual divisions of memory such as short-term versus long-term memory, encoding versus retrieval, retroactive versus proactive interference, and declarative versus nondeclarative memory; clinical assessment of memory using memory scales, verbal and nonverbal tests, and retrograde memory tests; memory profiles associated with dementia such as dementia of the Alzheimer's type, frontal lobe dementia, subcortical dementia, and alcoholic dementia; and the memory profiles associated with amnesia, i.e., temporal lobe amnesia and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. 136 references.

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Use of Choline in Cholinergic Neurons to Form Acetylcholine or Phosphatidylcholine: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Memory Disorders Source: in Battistin, L.; Gerstenbrand, F., eds. Aging Brain and Dementia: New Trends in Diagnosis and Therapy. Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Padova, Italy, September 22-24, 1988. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1990. p. 215-238. Contact: Available from Alan R. Liss, Inc. 41 East 11th Street, New York, NY 10003. (800) 225-5945 or (212) 475-7700. PRICE: $140.00. ISBN: 0471562114. Summary: This study examined the possibility that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and related membrane phospholipids might serve as a reservoir of choline that can be used for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis. Slices of rat striatum or cerebellum were superfused

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with choline-free or cholinecontaining physiological solutions (with eserine) for alternating 20-minute periods of rest or electrical stimulation. The media were assayed for choline and ACh, and slice samples were taken before and after stimulation and assayed for choline, ACh, various phospholipids, protein, and DNA. The results indicate that brain membrane phospholipids constitute a reservoir of free choline that can be used for ACh synthesis. When free choline is in short supply, ACh synthesis and release are sustained at the expense of this reservoir. The resultant reduction in membrane PC apparently is associated with a depletion of cellular membrane. The use of free choline by cholinergic neurons for the synthesis of ACh and membrane phospholipids may, hence, impart a vulnerability to them in situations where the supply of free choline is insufficient to sustain both acetylation and phosphorylation. 53 references. •

Memory Impairment and Dementing Illnesses Source: in Beck, J.C., ed. Geriatrics Review Syllabus: A Core Curriculum in Geriatric Medicine. Book I: Syllabus and Questions, 1989-1990 Program. New York, NY: American Geriatrics Society. 1989. p. 67-74. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0962439703. Summary: This textbook chapter summarizes and discusses the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, types, and treatment of dementia. It is pointed out that, among older people, the prevalence of primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type may be as high as 15-30 percent among persons aged 80 years or older. Potential risk factors for dementia include a family history, familial Down's syndrome, and (possibly) hematologic malignancy. The most common dementia type affecting older adults is primary dementia of the Alzheimer type. Differential diagnosis is required, and diagnosis is supported by progressive deterioration of specific cognitive functions, impaired activities of daily living, and a family history of similar disorders. Other types of dementia are discussed including multi-infarct dementia, dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, alcoholic amnestic syndrome, subcortical dementia, dementia caused by Pick's disease, dementia due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, dementia caused by normal pressure hydrocephalus, and a psychiatric disorder causing pseudodementia. Information also is presented on recommended laboratory tests for evaluating the dementia syndrome. Finally, a number of therapies for the clinical management of dementia are elaborated. These include milieu therapy, pharmacologic therapy, family support, and family counseling.

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Instruments for the Evaluation of Symptoms and Complaints of Memory Dysfunction Source: in Poon, L.W., ed. Handbook for Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1986. Section III. p. 89-196. Contact: Available from American Psychological Association. Order Department, P.O. Box 2710, Hyattsville, MD 20784. (202) 336-5510. ISBN: 091270442X. PRICE: $45.00 (nonmembers); $35.00 (members and affiliates). Summary: This textbook provides directions to psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and other health care professionals for making informed decisions about clinical memory assessment(see AZBK02304). Section III consists of nine chapters that review the different types of instruments available for the evaluation of symptoms and complaints. The first chapters discuss the task of assessing memory complaints among

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elderly persons living in the community, the utility of specific psychometric instruments in the initial evaluation, and the use of observer rating scales in treatment assessment. Other chapters consider psychological performance tests for use in assessing treatment effects. •

Assessing Changes in Alzheimer's Disease: Memory and Language Source: in Poon, L.W., ed. Handbook for Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults. Hyattsville, MD: American Psychological Association. 1986. p. 149-155. Contact: This publication may be available in your local medical library. Call for information. Summary: Three memory tests (word recall, word recognition, paired-associate learning) and two language tests (naming and sentence reading) were given to 12 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to 12 matched control subjects at the beginning of this study and after 12 months. Generally, the patients were more impaired on the more difficult tests, such as the word recall test and naming test for lowfrequency objects. However, the tests' sensitivity to change in the patients with AD depended on both test difficulty and the patients' baseline ability. It is recommended that tests with different degrees of difficulty be included in any longitudinal assessment of the severity of AD. 38 references.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to memory have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:7 •

McLean Hospital: Referring Professional's Directory of Programs and Services Source: Belmont, MA: McLean Hospital. 1990. 78 p. Contact: Available from McLean Hospital. 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02178-9106. (617) 855-3407. PRICE: Free. Summary: This directory was developed to assist physicians in referring their patients to appropriate diagnostic, treatment, residential, and aftercare services at McLean Hospital, a nonprofit center for psychiatric care, teaching, and research. This hospital, founded in 1811, is one of the oldest psychiatric hospitals in the United States. It serves as a major teaching facility for Harvard Medical School and is closely affiliated with its sister institution, Massachusetts General Hospital. Included in this directory is a description of the McLean Memory Diagnostic Center and Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research Program. Individuals who are affected by memory problems or develop impairments of intellectual functioning may be referred to this program. The outpatient center provides neurologic, psychiatric, and neuropsychological evaluations as well as an evaluation of family supports and resources. Neurodiagnostic tests are available,

7

You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “memory” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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including magnetic resonance imaging and electro-encephalographic monitoring. Patients evaluated at the Memory Diagnostic Center receive ongoing follow-up and treatment when needed, as well as other services such as support and counseling to patients and families, aid with using community resources for caregiving, and referral to appropriate adult day care or extended care facilities. Psychosocial and geriatric psychiatry programs also are available. •

All Kids Count: Child Care and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Source: Arlington, TX: Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC). 1993. 99 p. Contact: Available from Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC). National Headquarters, Publications Department, 500 East Border Street, S-300, Arlington, TX 76010. Voice (817) 261-6003. TTY (817) 277-0553. PRICE: $12.50. Publication Number 3017. Summary: This guide is designed to help child care providers successfully include children with disabilities in regular child care environments, in compliance with Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The authors offer an overview of the law, as well as practical solutions to common problems and advice to ensure success in caring for children with disabilities. Specific topics covered include definitions and eligibility for ADA, policies, barrier removal, complying with Title III, health and safety issues, helping children who have difficulties with language, learning or memory, children with hearing impairments, and children with physical disabilities, cost and tax considerations, the benefits of including children, the use of 'people-first' language, and specific scenarios of children with disabilities. The final chapter provides extensive information on finding resources, including print, audiovisual, information and advocacy groups, and federal agencies.

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CHAPTER 4. MULTIMEDIA ON MEMORY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on memory. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on memory is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “memory” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on memory: •

Good Morning Houston: Memory Walk Publicity Source: Houston, TX: Channel 13. November 1, 1990. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Baylor College of Medicine, Alzheimer's Disease Center. Department of Neurology, 6550 Fannin, Suite 1801, Houston, TX 77030. (713) 798-6660. PRICE: Available for loan from Baylor College of Medicine Alzheimer's Disease Center; contact by phone and send a self-addressed stamped envelope. Summary: In this video, Francis Pirozzollo, Ph.D., of Baylor College of Medicine's Alzheimer's Disease Center, and Kitty Allen, of the Alzheimer's Association, are interviewed by Don Nelson on the television show Good Morning Houston. Dr. Pirozzollo discusses current research efforts in the area of Alzheimer's disease and gives a brief overview of the disease including age factors, incidence, neuroanatomical changes and possible contributing factors. Kitty Allen introduces the viewer to the services of the Alzheimer's Association and to some of the implications of long-term care.

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Lost and Found: Memory Loss Victims and Law Enforcement Officers Source: Turlock, CA: MedicAlert. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from MedicAlert. 2323 Colorado Avenue, Turlock, CA 95380. (800) 736-3342 or (209) 668-3333. PRICE: Free. Summary: Law enforcement officers may encounter problems when attempting to assist people with memory impairment. At first, a police officer may suspect that an individual who is behaving erratically and is not able to answer questions intelligibly is intoxicated. This video, narrated by actor James Garner, explains that disorientation can imply a variety of physical conditions. Suggestions are given for police officers on how to approach a person with memory loss. Two case scenarios showed how the use of medic alert bracelets helped police identify patients and their disabilities. Identification bracelets help police officers and others provide timely and knowledgeable care to memory impaired patients who wander or whose conditions may provoke a medical emergency.

•

Semantic Memory in Alzheimer's Disease: Theoretical and Clinical Issues Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. 1995. (videocassette and handout). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Telerounds Coordinator, Building 71, Room 500, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. (520) 621-1819 or (520) 621-1472. PRICE: $25.00. Summary: The status of semantic memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease has important implications for evaluating and providing care to these patients. This Telerounds program of a videotape and outline is designed to define semantic memory and review the evidence for and against semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. The program emphasizes the issue of specific versus global loss of semantic memory knowledge. Topics covered include semantic priming findings; related research in the literature; measures of attribute knowledge; measures of category knowledge; cognitive demands of tasks; reaction time tasks; and the relevance of this semantic memory controversy to clinicians and families of Alzheimer's disease patients. 12 references. (AA-M).

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Memory Problems and Alzheimer's Disease: What Can You Do? Source: Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham. 1989. (videocassette). Contact: Available from University of Alabama at Birmingham. Geriatric Education Center, 201 Community Health Services Building-19th, 933 19th Street South, UAB Station, Birmingham, AL 35294-2041. (205) 934-1094. PRICE: $65.00. Summary: This tape, intended for family members or friends who suspect that a loved one may have serious memory problems due to Alzheimer's disease, provides basic information and describes helpful community resources. The program discusses how to identify signs of a memory problem and outlines the primary symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Other causes of memory problems are discussed, as is the process involved in diagnosis. Other topics addressed in this video program are community resources, decisions about long term care, caregiver needs, and the importance of providing caregiver support. Interviews with physicians and family caregivers provide additional insight.

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Exploring Your Brain: Memory Source: New York, NY: Dana Foundation. 1998. Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. PO Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126, (609) 275-1400; FAX: (609) 275-3767. Internet: http://www.films.com. PRICE: $89.95. Item number: BVL8644. Summary: This video is one in a series about the brain, broadcast by the Public Broadcasting System. This show discussed the biology of memory and memory loss. The first segment of the program discussed types of memory such as explicit and implicit, and short and long term memory. The panelists then discussed the aging brain and the prospect of losing memory. Factors which can prevent or slow memory loss may include education, physical and mental activity, and a feeling of control over one's life. Current research into treating memory loss includes cholinesterase inhibitors, Vitamin E, and hormone replacement therapy. The next section of the show discussed memory distortion and recovered memory. Following a question and answer time with the audience, the panelists expressed their thoughts on future research into memory and the brain.

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Early Onset Memory Loss: A Conversation With Letty Tennis Source: Chicago, IL: Terra Nova Films. 1992. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Terra Nova Films. 9848 S. Winchester Avenue. Chicago, IL 60643. (800) 779-8491; (773) 881-8491; FAX (779) 881-3368. PRICE: $145.00 plus $9.00 for shipping and handling. Summary: This video presents an interview with Letty Tennis, a woman who has been diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer's disease. Ms. Tennis discusses the initial symptoms that led her to seek medical help, and describes her reaction and that of her family to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Interviews with her husband and daughter elaborate on the effects of the disease and how the family is coping. The video provides insight into the unique issues and concerns related to early onset Alzheimer's disease, and illustrates how the disease has affected one woman's life and family.

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Conversing With Memory Impaired Individuals Using Memory Aids Source: Gaylord, MI: National Rehabilitation Services. 1992. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Rehabilitation Services. P.O. Box 1247, Gaylord, MI 49735. (517) 732-3886. PRICE: $49.00 workbook, $69.00 workbook and videocassette, plus 10 percent shipping and handling. Summary: This videocassette and manual show how to construct a memory workbook which can help persons with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders improve their functional conversation skills. A variety of topics and sentences can be included in the memory books to help persons communicate names, places, facts, and figures pertinent to their lives. Generally, the memory books contain pictures and statements that relate directly to the life history of the person with Alzheimer's disease, and to his or her family and daily life. Research shows that most persons are able to learn to use the memory books during conversations. The books help them in making more accurate statements and fewer confused statements, and to stay on the topic of conversation. Instructions for selecting topics and sentences to be included in the memory book are provided in the manual. Specific suggestions are included for using the memory books in the home environment and in day care and nursing home settings. There also is a

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discussion of the use of the books to enhance communication between children and their memory impaired relatives. Sections of the manual can be copied or cut out to make the actual construction of the memory book more simple. 52 references. •

Memory: The Long and Short of It Source: Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons. 1991. (videocassette). Contact: Available from American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). For loan: AARP, Program Scheduling Office, 601 E Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20049; for purchase: AARP, P.O. Box 51040, Station R, Washington, DC 20091. PRICE: $20.00; free loan to nonprofit organizations. Publication Number D14188. Summary: This videocassette program for elderly people, their family members, and the general public includes three experts who discuss questions about how one remembers things. Their answers and discussions, based on recent research, are aimed at reducing the worry people commonly have about changes in memory. The accompanying leader's guide is designed to help an instructor conduct an hour-long program on this topic. This program strives to clear up common misconceptions about memory changes with aging, and to suggest ways in which memory may be used more fully. The program emphasizes that memory loss is often minor, that some causes of failing memory are treatable, and that memory skills often can be improved.

•

Audio-Assisted Memory Training With Early Alzheimer Patients: Two Single Subject Experiments Source: Ft. Wayne, IN: Channel 10, Ft. Wayne, Indiana. February 1991. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Ahl Communications, Attention Maureen. 2300 Meyer Road, Ft. Wayne, IN 46803. (219) 423-4322. PRICE: $19.50 plus shipping and handling. $14.50 for 2-9 copies; $7.02 for ten or more copies. Summary: This videocassette program is a one-hour television special produced for Channel 10, Fort Wayne, Indiana's public access channel. The program describes and demonstrates an audio--assisted memory training technique that has been successfully used with early stage Alzheimer's disease patients. The technique was applied to two patients, with training sessions held 2-4 times per day for 6 consecutive days. Each 3-day cycle was preceded by a pre-test and followed by a post-test. The tests contained items that were the subject of training as well as control items. Training information retention was measured by telephone administration of the post-test at one and two-week intervals. The first subject went from 19 percent to 69 percent correct from pre-test to post-test during cycle 1, and from 25 percent to 93 percent correct during cycle 2. The other subject values improved from 31 percent to 88 percent, and from 6 percent to 75 percent, respectively. The first subject got 69 percent correct at 1-week follow-up and 72 percent at 2-week follow-up during cycle 1, and 63 percent correct at 1-week and 2-week follow-up during cycle 2; the corresponding values for the second subject were 75 and 72 percent for cycle 1 and 79 percent for 1--week and 2-week follow-up during cycle 2. The author concludes that highly positive results were obtained for the training technique, and that retention at one and two week follow-up was excellent. Details on the clients, the procedure, and its administration and results are described, and the test scores are summarized and discussed. 11 references.

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Socially Co-Constructed Narratives: Facilitation of Thought Organization, Episodic Memory, and Discourse Organization Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. 1998. (videocassette). Contact: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. P.O. Box 210071, Tucson, AZ 85721-0071. (520) 621-1472. Fax (520) 621-2226. PRICE: $40.00. Order number TR-42. Summary: This videocassette program is one in a series of Telerounds Continuing Education from the National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders at the University of Arizona (funded partly by NIDCD). This program describes the impact of a communication partner's interaction style and approach on the resulting communication. The video notes that when the communication partners of a person with language disability use an interactive style that is elaborative and collaborative, they contribute to the individual's development or redevelopment of thought organization, language organization, and episodic memory. The program reviews a videotaped interaction between a father and young son (age almost 4 years), then discusses the theoretical concepts of knowledge structure and internal scripts. The video states that parents with a positive facilitative style of interaction participate with their children in constructing organized descriptions of events, rather then demanding performance from them. In effect, these parents are teaching their children how to think and how to organize their thoughts. The program lists competencies for collaboration (collaborative intent, cognitive support, emotional support, and positive style of questions) and elaboration (topics, organization, and explanation). The program concludes with a case study of a child with language disability from traumatic brain injury (TBI). The program shows the parent-child interaction and communication styles before and after speech language therapy. The program concludes by answering questions phoned in by the teleconference audience and by providing information about joining Centernet, the online forum run by the Center.

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Memory Loss Among American Indians: The Caregiving Experience Source: Helena, MT: Office on Aging. (videocassette). Contact: Montana Aging Services, Division of Senior and Long-Term Care, PO Box 4210, Helena, MT 59604. (406) 444-4077; FAX: (406) 444-7743. PRICE: Postage. Summary: This videotape features interviews with Native Americans who take care of their parents who have Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a researcher who works with Native American AD patients. The adult children of AD patients describe when they first noticed changes in their parents. They discuss how they take care of their parents and caregiving's effect on their lives. The videotape also provides information about how AD progresses, whom a caregiver may go for support, and services for people with AD. The videotape comes with a booklet that describes caregiving, symptoms of and treatments of dementia, and a list resources.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You

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may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on memory: •

Sound Hearing: Or Hearing What You Miss Source: Eugene, OR: Garlic Press. 1989. (audiocassette, booklet). Contact: Available from Garlic Press. 605 Powers Street, Eugene, OR 97402. (541) 3450063. Fax (541) 683-8767. Website: www.garlicpress.com. PRICE: $8.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0931993261. Summary: This audiocassette and booklet are designed to help listeners with normal hearing understand the impact of hearing loss. The booklet is a guide to the audiocassette. The booklet provides the exact dialogue found on the cassette, as well as some important annotations. The booklet notes that there are some limitations, as the dynamic range of cassette tapes is not equal to the dynamic range of the human ear. However, the cassette helps listeners distinguish levels of sound and degrees of hearing loss through activities including a simulated spelling test and listening to a story. The first side of the tape covers sound, pure tones, identifying frequencies, the human hearing range, and decibels. The second side of the tape covers degrees of hearing loss, frequency loss, high frequency loss, and the hearing spelling test. Most simulations offer the same listening selection as it would be heard by a person with normal hearing, and mild, moderate, severe, and profound hearing losses. The accompanying booklet offers the memory count numbers for each section of the audiocassette, so listeners can easily find the segment they desire.

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Dementia Nursing: A Guide to Practice Source: Melbourne, Australia: Ausmed Publications. 2003. 334 p. (with 2 audio CDs). Contact: Available in U.S. from Ausmed Publications in care of Jamco Distribution, 1401 Lakeway Drive, Lewisville, TX 75057. Tel: (800) 538-1287; FAX: (972) 353-1300. PRICE: $59.95 for paperback book and 2 audio CDs. ISBN: 095798765X. Summary: This book is a guide to nursing practice in dementia care, presented within a holistic philosophy of person-centered care. It encourages nurses to go beyond the technical aspects of nursing practice to understand and meet the human needs of the people in their care. Different chapters address such topics as the history of dementia nursing, the relatives' perspective on dementia, the spiritual dimension, enriching the environment, memory loss, nutrition, wandering, sensory loss, communication, restraints, quality use of medicines, incontinence, falls prevention, pain management, depression, aggression, pressure sores and wounds, palliative care, intimacy, listening to the person with dementia, and leisure. One chapter describes creative care options such as poetry, drama, art, dance, music, dolls, aromatherapy, animals, Snoezelen therapy, and reminiscence. Other chapters present a social model for the aged-care environment and a tool for assessing engagement and emotional well- being in residents with dementia.

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Caregiver's Support Kit Source: McLean, VA: National Caregiving Foundation. 1996. 103 p. Contact: National Caregiving Foundation. 1360 Beverly Road, Suite 102, McLean, VA 22101-3621. (800) 930-1357; (703) 356-3621; FAX (703) 356-9891. PRICE: Free.

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Summary: This kit, which includes a guide and an audiocassette of big band music, is designed to help the caregiver of a disabled or frail family member. The focus of this kit is on Alzheimer's disease, but much of the information may be useful to those caring for patients with other conditions. The guide contains resource information and discusses the rights of the person with Alzheimer's disease and the rights of the caregiver. According to the author, caregivers have the right to be frustrated or to become impatient at times, and they have the right to ask for help and to have some time alone. The first section closes with a discussion of the importance of long-term memory and ways to preserve the reminiscences of the person with Alzheimer's disease. The second section provides practical information about the care of people with Alzheimer's disease. It describes sources of help; suggestions for arranging respite care; and home care nursing skills, assistive devices, and adapting living arrangements. For additional information, the kit lists support services, health hotlines, and caregiving books. The guide also includes some warning labels for household items and emergency identification cards for the caregiver and the patient. •

Thank You for Calling Source: Bisbee, AZ: Imaginart International, Inc. 1995. (audiocassette, manual). Contact: Available from Imaginart International, Inc. 307 Arizona Street, Bisbee, AZ 85603. (800) 828-1376 or (520) 432-5741. Fax (800) 737-1376. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $59.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1883315123. Summary: Traditional speech language therapy activities to improve auditory comprehension (understanding information through hearing), memory and verbal expression have often been unrelated to a client's individual interests or daily communication needs. This manual and set of audiocassettes provides a tangible, functional way for clients to work on auditory processing, memory, and verbal expression. The program offers different levels of difficulty and a wide variety of exercise from which to choose. The Auditory Processing activities simulate the act of listening to recorded phone messages and answering questions about them (divided into three levels of difficulty). The Verbal Expression section allows the client to practice calling local businesses and community services to gain specific information. This section helps clients move from gathering information presented by a recorded message to actually asking a real person questions on the telephone. Practice questions focus on activities of daily living, including banking, the dentist or doctor's office, a pizza parlor, the post office, a travel agent, and a video store (plus many more). The program is packaged in an easy to transport binder that holds the six tapes and the spiral bound manual. 4 references.

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CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for memory. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with memory. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to memory: Benzodiazepines •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html

Thiamine (Vitamin B 1) •

Vitamin B 1 - U.S. Brands: Biamine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202560.html

Zaleplon •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sonata http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500357.html

Zolpidem •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ambien http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202707.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 92582 2324 347 1512 735 97500

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “memory” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on memory can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to memory. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to memory. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “memory”:

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Alzheimer's Caregivers http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimerscaregivers.html Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Dementia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dementia.html Seniors' Health Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/seniorshealthissues.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to memory, the following was listed: •

Diagnosis/Symptoms Alzheimer's Disease Info: Questions to Ask the Doctor Source: Administration on Aging http://www.aoa.gov/alz/public/alzcarefam/disease_info/questions_to_ask.asp

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Coping Keeping Health in Mind: Ten Tips to Keep Your Memory Sharp Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HA00001

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Dementia: It's Not Always Alzheimer's Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AZ00003 Dissociative Disorders Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Disorder s.htm Mild Cognitive Impairment: Possible Predictor of Alzheimer's Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AZ00014 Questions and Answers about Memories of Childhood Abuse Source: American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/mem.html Transient Global Amnesia Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00248

•

Children Memory Matters Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/brain/memory.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Forgetfulness: It's Not Always What You Think Source: National Institute on Aging http://www.niapublications.org/engagepages/forgetfulness.asp

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Latest News Brain Signal Predicts Memory Strength Source: 04/19/2004, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_17229 .html Brain Signal Predicts Working Memory Prowess Source: 04/16/2004, National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/apr2004/nimh-16a.htm Memory Bottleneck May Curb Intelligence Source: 04/19/2004, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_17224 .html More News on Memory http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_m.html# Memory Too Little Iron Impairs Memory, Attention in Women Source: 04/19/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_17216 .html

•

Organizations National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ National Institute on Aging http://www.nia.nih.gov/

•

Research Brain Signal Predicts Working Memory Prowess Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/apr2004/nimh-16a.htm Human Gene Affects Memory Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2003/nimh-23.htm Monkey's Memory Cells Caught in the Act of Learning Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2003/nimh-05.htm

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Researchers Gain Insight into Function of Memory Enhancing Drugs Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2002/nichd-15.htm Training Improves Cognitive Abilities of Older Adults Source: National Institute on Aging http://www.nia.nih.gov/news/pr/2002/1112a.htm You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on memory. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Memory Impaired Identification Program Source: Virginia Beach, VA: ADRDA of Hampton Road, Inc. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association (AA) of Hampton Road, Inc. Pembroke Three, Suite 138, Virginia Beach, VA 23462. Summary: Personnel from police and fire departments might encounter a victim of memory impairment in a variety of situations, such as on the street, wandering aimlessly; when a caregiver or local home for the aging calls to say that a patient has wandered away; in a 'domestic' when the patient does not recognize a family member and begins to strike out; or in a burning house, unable to find the way out. The memoryimpaired ID program is a way to identify patients as quickly as possible. Patients should wear an ID bracelet with 'Memory Impaired' on the front and family names and numbers on the back. Caregivers should keep a missing persons form and a photo of the patient available in a safe place.

•

Is Someone You Know Having Memory Problems? Source: San Diego, CA: Alzheimer's Disease Center. 1989. [1 p.]. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Disease Center. UCSD Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92103-1990. (619) 543-5306. PRICE: Free. Summary: Senior citizens with good memories, as well as those with memory problems or with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, are sought to participate in a five-year outpatient study. Volunteers will receive a series of neuropsychological tests and examinations by some of the nation's leading specialists. These tests, in conjunction with the patient's medical history, will provide valuable information to those studying

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memory loss. There is no charge to the subject. Volunteers are required to make at least two visits to the Medical Center each year over the next five years. •

Memory Disorders Clinic Source: Durham, NC: Duke University Medical Center. [5 p.]. Contact: Available from Duke Family Support Program, Box 3600, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. (800) 672-4213 (in North Carolina). (919) 660-7510 (outside North Carolina). PRICE: Free. Summary: The Memory Disorders Clinic is part of the Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Center at Duke University Medical Center. The clinic provides a thorough evaluation of memory impairment, mental confusion, changes in behavior, and intellectual decline. The clinic staff works closely with the patient's personal physician to determine if a cause for the problem can be identified and if any treatment is possible. Services include a brief assessment of the current problem; a complete diagnostic evaluation; a social worker interview or counseling; and follow-up evaluations.

•

State of Florida Alzheimer's (and Related Memory Disorders) Registry Source: Tampa, FL: Florida ADI Registry. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Suncoast Gerontology Center. University of South Florida, Health Science Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612-4799. (813) 974-4355. Summary: The Alzheimer's Disease Registry is designed to collect medical information about patients with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders throughout Florida. The Registry will be a resource for scientists who are conducting research on the causes and consequences of memory disorders. All information is held in strictest confidence and used only for carefully monitored research. Participation requires only a brief interview and an annual update which can be completed by mail.

•

I Don't Have Memory Problems But I'd Like to Help Source: Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California ADRC. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from University of Southern California Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Andrus Gerontology Center, University Park, MC 0191, Los Angeles, CA 900890191. (213) 743-7777. PRICE: Free. Summary: The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) of Southern California brings together professionals from various disciplines to study the many facets of Alzheimer's disease. The Southern California ADRC is one of ten designated centers in the United States. Besides offering support to the primary caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease, the most dramatic and long-term way to help is to join a research program. The ADRC enrolls individuals who do not have serious memory problems as 'normal controls'. Volunteers who are 75 years or older would receive a series of neuropsychological tests. Volunteers are asked to give permission for a limited autopsy at the time of death.

•

When Your Friend Has Memory Problems: For the Senior Center Participant Source: Durham, NC: Duke University Medical Center. 1993. 12p.

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Contact: Duke Family Support Program. Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3600, Durham, NC 27710. (919) 6607510. PRICE: $2.50. Summary: This booklet is designed to help the senior center resident, who has a friend with Alzheimer's disease (AD), understand AD, the problems associated with it, and ways of dealing with it. It describes the signs and symptoms of AD and how the friend can help. Specific problems discussed include memory loss, conversational problems, abrupt changes in mood, problems with dressing and eating, bathroom difficulties, and wandering. The pamphlet concludes with tips on how to learn to communicate better with their friend with AD. •

Managing Your Memory: A Self-Help Memory Manual for Improving Everyday Memory Skills Source: Southampton, England: Southampton General Hospital. March 1991. 36 p. Contact: Available from Dr. N. Kapur, Memory Manual, Wessex Neurological Center. General Hospital, Southampton S09 4XY, ENGLAND. 011-44-703-777-222. PRICE: $4.95. Summary: This booklet is intended to help patients cope more effectively with common everyday memory difficulties, which they may encounter in their daily lives as a result of their illness, such as Alzheimer's disease, or an injury.The manual is divided into eight sections: the different types of memory and stages of remembering, remembering people's names, remembering where one put something, remembering to do something, remembering what people say, remembering what has been read, remembering how to get somewhere, and electronic memory aids. The sections on remembering provide suggestions for applying specific activities or principles to help remember specific things. The name and address for obtaining a memory aids catalogue is provided at the end of the manual.

•

Helping Memory-Impaired Elders: A Guide for Caregivers Source: Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 1988. 20 p. Contact: Available from Oregon State University. Agricultural Communications, Administrative Services A422, Corvallis, OR 97331-2119. (503) 737-2513. PRICE: $0.50. Summary: This booklet provides family and professional caregivers with an understanding of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, and suggests ways to cope with changes resulting from a relative's progressive dementing disease. In addition to general care and management guidelines, the booklet outlines approaches for handling specific problems, including driving, wandering, money management, catastrophic reactions, eating, incontinence, hiding of items, and communication. Other situations that are discussed include bathing and grooming, mealtime, and 'Sundowner's Syndrome,' in which behavior problems become more prevalent in the evening. The booklet also discusses the differences between normal forgetfulness and memory loss due to dementia, the causes of dementia, and the adjustments that are needed on the part of family members. Suggestions also are made for ways in which caregivers can take care of their own needs. The booklet lists four sources of further information.

•

Memory Lane Club Source: Port Washington, NY: Long Island Alzheimer's Foundation. 1989. 6 p.

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Contact: Available from Long Island Alzheimer's Foundation. 382 Main Street, Port Washington, NY 11050. (516) 767-9446. PRICE: Free. Summary: This brief brochure describes the Memory Lane Club, a daycare program on Long Island, New York, for persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The club operates from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Tuesdays and Wednesdays in Port Washington, New York, and on Fridays in Glen Cove, New York. The daily activities for participants are coffee and conversation, exercise, group activities and games, lunch, arts and crafts, and sing-along. Special events include pet therapy, cooking, and trips to a science museum and a local park. A support group for caregivers meets once or twice a month. •

Memory Loss and Confusion: Is Someone in Your Life Affected? What Can You Do? Source: Christchurch, New Zealand: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Society NZ, Inc. [6 p.]. Contact: Available from ADARDS NZ, Inc. P.O. Box 2808, Christchurch, New Zealand. Tel. (03) 365-1590. PRICE: Call or write for price information. Summary: This brochure briefly describes the symptoms of dementia and lists the most common types: Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, and alcohol related dementia. A thorough assessment of an individual exhibiting symptoms of dementia is recommended. Family members are encouraged to seek help through support groups, a local Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Society, and local community health centers or hospital social work departments. The brochure also briefly describes the goals of the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Society of New Zealand.

•

Memory Disorders Clinic: A Comprehensive Program for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Memory-Affecting Disorders Source: New Orleans, LA: Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Clinic. 1989. 6 p. Contact: Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Clinic. Tulane University Medical Center, 1415 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112. (800) 233-8967 or (800) 654-5935 (in Louisiana). PRICE: Free. Summary: This brochure describes a comprehensive program for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other memory-affecting disorders. It discusses some manifestations of memory loss, the evaluation process, referral for shortterm treatment, and long-term followup as provided by the Alzheimer's Disease Memory Disorder Clinic (ADMDC) of the Tulane University Medical Center in New Orleans, Louisiana. Acknowledging stress that can arise with a diagnosis of AD or another progressive neurological condition, the ADMDC provides continuous care and counseling via a health team to help ease the burden on family members. Two toll-free telephone numbers are provided for further information.

•

Are You Worried About a Friend or Family Member With Loss of Memory?: Seeing a Doctor Is the First Step in Getting Help Source: Traverse City, MI: Munson Medical Center. 1993. 6 p. Contact: Available from Northern Michigan Satellite Diagnostic Treatment Center. Munson Medical Center, 1105 Sixth Street, Traverse City, MI 49684. (616) 935-6650. PRICE: Free. Summary: This brochure describes the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and the diagnostic services available at the Northern Michigan Satellite Diagnostic Treatment

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Center, a satellite clinic of the Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center operating in affiliation with Munson Medical Center. The clinic uses a team approach to offer advanced diagnostic and treatment techniques to patients and families. •

Hospitalization Happens: A Guide to Hospital Visits for Your Loved Ones With Memory Disorders Source: Silver Spring, MD: Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center. 2001. 6 p. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center. PO Box 8250, Silver Spring, MD 20907-8250. (800) 438-4380, (301) 495-3311; FAX: (301) 495-3334. Website: www.alzheimers.org. PRICE: free. Item number: Z-176. Summary: This brochure is designed to help family caregivers make hospital stays of a loved one with a memory disorder less traumatic. Suggestions include: planning ahead for hospital emergencies, packing an emergency bag in preparation for a hospital stay, tips to remember when in an emergency room, tips to follow before and during a hospital stay, recommended actions if the patient becomes anxious or agitated, and tips for working with hospital staff. The brochure concludes with additional resources to contact.

•

Caring for the Caregiver: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466. Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5009. ISBN: 1568850093. Summary: This brochure offers advice to help caregivers of people with memory loss and confusion take care of themselves. It suggests ways that caregivers can ask for help, take care of their own needs, express their feelings, learn about the disease, avoid isolation, talk with professionals, look for signs of burnout, give themselves a treat, take time for themselves, and locate local resources.

•

Dealing With Wandering: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5003. ISBN: 1568850034. Summary: This brochure offers practical ideas to deal with wandering by a person with memory loss and confusion. It includes suggestions for monitoring basic needs, planning activities and exercise, looking for wandering patterns, talking to a doctor, using reminders, using distractions, making a safe environment, removing trigger items, being prepared in case the person becomes lost, and offering reassurance.

•

The Basics of Daily Care: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p.

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Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5006. ISBN: 1568850069. Summary: This brochure offers practical tips for providing basic daily care to people with memory loss and confusion. It includes suggestions for treating the person with respect and dignity, redirecting or distracting problem behaviors, using common sense, making communication easier, offering reassurance and praise, simplifying activities, preparing ahead of time, setting routines, limiting the amount of change or distraction, and taking care of the caregiver. •

Sleeping Through the Night: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5001. ISBN 1568850018. Website: www.journeyworks.com. Summary: This brochure offers simple ideas to help people with memory loss and confusion have a quiet night's rest. It includes suggestions for eliminating alcohol and limiting caffeine intake, planning a regular activity program, preventing daytime naps, keeping a bedtime routine, making sure the person is not hungry, helping him or her relax, making the home safe in case the person gets up, making the person comfortable, preparing him or her for sleep, and creating a familiar sleeping area.

•

Creating a Safe Environment: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466. Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5010. ISBN: 1568850107. Summary: This brochure offers suggestions to create a safe and secure living environment for people with memory loss and confusion. It includes tips for focusing on prevention, using safety devices, keeping things simple, removing hazardous items, providing good lighting, securing the kitchen, making the bedroom safe, creating a safe bathroom, locking doors and windows, and preparing for emergencies.

•

Dealing With Anger: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466. Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5012. ISBN: 1568850123. Summary: This brochure offers tips for dealing with anger and angry outbursts in a person with memory loss and confusion. It includes advice to remember that anger is often a symptom of frustration, respond calmly, look for physical causes, reduce stress, plan for quiet times, avoid confusion in the daily routine, provide security, assess danger and diffuse the situation, keep the caregiver safe, and evaluate episodes to prevent recurrences in the future.

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Bathing and Personal Care: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5002. ISBN: 1568850026. Summary: This brochure offers tips to assist people with memory loss and confusion with bathing and other personal care activities. The ideas are designed to make the experience more comfortable for the patient and caregiver. The brochure includes suggestions for monitoring grooming needs, setting a routine, respecting the person, making grooming safe, offering support, being flexible, allowing the person to help with tasks, making the person feel comfortable, preparing in advance, and simplifying activities.

•

Memory Loss With Aging: What's Normal, What's Not Source: Leawood, KS: American Academy of Family Physicians. November 1999. 1 page (both sides). Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211. Website: www.aafp.org. PRICE: free. Summary: This brochure provides a general overview of memory problems in old age and how to determine whether they are part of the normal aging process or a sign of something more serious. First, it explains how the brain stores information and how age-related changes in the brain can affect memory. Then, it explains what other conditions can cause memory problems, how to tell if memory problems are serious, and how Alzheimer's disease changes memory. In addition, it suggests simple strategies to help remember things and lists examples of memory problems that are not part of normal aging.

•

Worried About Memory Loss? Source: Revere, MA: Chelsea/Revere/Winthrop Home Care Center. Contact: Available from Chelsea/Revere/Winthrop Home Care Center. P.O. Box 189, 300 Broadway, Revere, MA 02151. (617) 286-0550. Summary: This brochure reassures the public as to treatable and reversible causes of dementia, and describes the content of a complete medical work-up, including a mental status examination, laboratory tests, and a computed tomography scan. It also gives advice on planning ahead for a person with Alzheimer's disease. Telephone numbers of various local community resources are given.

•

Making Communication Easier: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5004. ISBN: 1568850042. Summary: This brochure suggests practical ways to improve communication with a person with memory loss and confusion. It includes tips for personalizing the

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conversation, using short and simple sentences, repeating sentences, using concrete words and phrases, offering simple choices, using labels, using signals other than words, setting an appropriate tone, paying attention to what is really being said, and reducing distractions. •

Making Mealtime Easier: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person With Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 5 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. PO Box 8466. Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or FAX (800) 775-5853. Website: www.journeyworks.com. PRICE: One free review copy available; 50 for $15. Title number 5007. ISBN: 1568850077. Summary: This brochure suggests simple ways to make mealtime easier for a person with memory loss and confusion. It includes advice to offer meals at regular times, give clear and simple instructions, reduce distractions, prepare ahead of time, provide a calm environment, make eating easy, try finger foods, serve foods the person knows and likes, check for physical comfort, and plan ahead when eating out.

•

Loss of Memory Source: Chicago, IL: Alzheimer's Association. 1989. 6 p. Contact: Available from Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Box 3203, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. (919) 2864393. PRICE: Call for information. Summary: This educational pamphlet provides positive, practical information concerning memory loss for people who have a friend or family member with a loss of memory. Specific information is given regarding the nature, causes, and possible treatment of memory loss; the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD); the importance of seeing doctors who are studying AD; how family and friends of the patient can help, and how not to be fooled by inaccuracies and myths concerning memory loss. The pamphlet emphasizes the importance of adequate testing and memory evaluation by clinical professionals. Examples of fallacies and myths concerning severe memory loss are included.

•

Caring for Memory-Impaired Elders: Family Reading Source: Durham, NC: Duke University Medical Center, Family Support Program. September 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Duke Family Support Program, Box 3600, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. (919) 660-7510 or (800) 672-4213 (in North Carolina). PRICE: Free. Summary: This fact sheet provides bibliographic citations of 30 publications containing information for family caregivers of memory-impaired persons. These publications include both guidelines for caregiving and personal experiences of caregivers. Most of these materials were published during the 1980s, and include books, booklets, and guides. Topics and titles cover: caring for a relative with Alzheimer's disease (AD); living with AD; guidelines for long-distance caregivers; understanding and caring for a person with AD; loss of self; 'journey with Grandpa; ' how to care for your parents; 'what's wrong with my grandma;' home environment coping strategies; and

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understanding difficult behaviors. The citations include author, title, publisher, and cost where applicable. •

Improve Your Child's Memory Skills Source: in Schrader, M., ed. Parent Articles 1: Enhance Parent Involvement in Language Learning. San Antonio, TX: Communication Skill Builders. 1988. p. 67-68. Contact: Available from Communication Skill Builders. Customer Service, 555 Academic Court, San Antonio, TX 78204-2498. (800) 211-8378; TTY (800) 723-1318; Fax (800) 2321223. PRICE: $52.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number 076-1674-39X-MS799. Summary: This fact sheet provides parents with information on how to improve their child's memory skills. Suggested activities include providing the child with a reasonable amount of structure and repetition in daily routines, listening carefully to the child, giving short, simple instructions, gradually increasing the complexity of directions, praising the child, and using rhythm and beat to help the child remember. An additional section of the fact sheet discuss remembering directions. The fact sheet is one of a series of instructional materials designed to enhance parent involvement in language learning. The fact sheets share information on speech therapy and speech/language disorders targeted to parents of children 1 to 7 years old. The fact sheets also answer frequentlyasked questions and suggest related activities to enhance children's speech and language skills.

•

Screening for Memory Disorder: A Best Practice Model Source: Tampa, FL: National Eldercare Institute on Long Term Care and Alzheimer's Disease. 1994. 35 p. Contact: National Eldercare Institute on Long Term Care and Alzheimer's Disease at the Suncoast Gerontology Center, University of South Florida. Health Sciences Center, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC Box 50, Tampa, FL 33612-4799. Internet access: http://www.med.usf.edu/suncoast/alzheimer/. (813) 974-4355; (800) 635-4563 (Florida); FAX (813) 974-4251. PRICE: $8.00. Summary: This guide for screening memory disorders is intended for distribution by the Area Agencies on Aging to service providers in the aging network and to mental health providers serving older people. It presents a best practice model based on the memory disorder screening project conducted by the Suncoast Gerontology Center in West Central Florida in 1992-1993. This guide provides an overview of the characteristics of memory disorders, the evaluation of people with memory problems, the causes of memory disorders, the definition and purpose of screening, and the limitations of screening for memory disorders. It also describes the Suncoast Gerontology Center's memory screening project, including the planning and implementation activities and the results; and offers guidelines for planning, conducting, and evaluating memory disorder screening projects. The guide provides copies of all forms and materials from the Suncoast Gerontology Center screening project that can be used or adapted by other organizations conducting a screening project. 7 references.

•

Memory and Aging Source: Chicago, IL: Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, Inc. 1987. 15 p.

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Contact: Alzheimer's Association. 919 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611-1676. (800) 272-3900; (312) 335-8700; (312) 335-8882 (TDD); FAX (312) 335-1110. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This large-print booklet explains the difference between Alzheimer's disease and senility, defines 'normal' memory loss, and then explains the difference between Alzheimer's and age-associated memory impairment. It also gives information on recognizing dementia and getting a diagnosis. •

What Everyone Should Know About Memory Loss Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1998. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373. (800)628-7733. PRICE: $1.05. Order Number 20525A-8-98. Summary: This pamphlet discusses memory and memory loss. It provides definitions of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory; tells why it is important to know about memory loss; lists the factors that can affect memory; and describes how memory can change with age. In addition, the pamphlet presents information about dementia; discusses changes that may be signs of serious memory loss; tells what to do when serious memory loss is suspected; and lists some healthy habits to be followed. Tips for improving memory, tips for caregivers, and sources of help and information are given. Illustrations. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to memory. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on memory is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to memory. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “memory” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “memory” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “memory” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to memory, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “memory” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on memory: •

Memory and Disability: What Is Memory? Source: Wellspring Currents. [Newsletter] Number 1: 1-3, 5, 7. Summer 1991. Contact: Available from Wellspring Currents. 179 West Washington, Suite 360, Chicago, IL. 60602. (312) 201-9696. PRICE: Call for price information. Summary: Memory impairment is a common complaint of patients who have psychological problems such as depression or those who have primary neurologic disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. This newsletter article discusses what is currently understood about how normal memory operates and the influence of aging on memory. Also discussed are the validity, use, and misuse of memory and mental status tests in guardianship and residential placement of memory impaired individuals.

•

Built-in Memory: How Architecture Helps Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Source: Advances (the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation). 3(2): 1, 9. Summer 1990. Contact: Communications Office of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. College Road, P.O. Box 2316, Princeton, NJ 08543-2316. (609) 452-8701.

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Summary: This article describes a unique nursing home, the Corinne Dolan Alzheimer's Center, that was specially designed by a subsidiary of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation to test whether architectural cues, ranging from high-contrast door colors to built-in wandering paths that safely return to their starting points, can prompt residual memory skills of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease. Many of the Center's design modifications are deemed simple, affordable, and adaptable to the home environment. Various characteristics and unique features of the Center are described, including the concept of joint accommodations of patients and a research team. A photograph and an architectural drawing are included. •

Activities for the Memory Impaired Adult Source: ADRDA Detroit Area Chapter Newsletter. 7(2): 8. April-June 1988. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association, Detroit Area Chapter. 17251 West Twelve Mile Road, Suite 103, Southfield, MI 48076. (313) 557-8277. Summary: This article stresses the importance of meaningful activity for Alzheimer's patients. It gives suggestions to caregivers of activities which focus on those skills/abilities still retained by the memory-impaired adult.

•

New Slant on Memory Loss Source: Johns Hopkins Medical Letter. 11(9): 1-2. November 1999. Summary: This newsletter article discusses the significance of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among older people. MCI is characterized as memory disturbances which fall somewhere in between normal age-associated memory impairment and early dementia. Patients with MCI forget more than is normal for their age, but do not experience the impaired perception, language problems, or other symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, some experts believe that MCI may represent the earliest stages of AD. This possibility was investigated in a study involving 76 patients with MCI, 106 with mild AD, and 234 healthy individuals. Although the MCI and AD patients performed significantly worse on memory tests than healthy individuals, the cognitive skills of the MCI patients were better than those of the AD patients and about the same as those of the healthy participants. After 4 years, however, nearly half of the MCI patients had developed AD, and after 6 years about three-quarters had done so. Several studies are now underway to test whether various drugs can prevent the progression from MCI to AD.

•

There's More to Memory Than Recall Source: Advocate. [Newsletter] p. 4, 11-12. November 1991. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association of Greater Washington. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 1100, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 652-6446. PRICE: Call for price information. Summary: This newsletter article discusses ways in which people with Alzheimer's disease and their families can improve communications with one another. The article focuses on problems involving recall memory and the implications for both communication and assumptions about the patient's memory. Recall and recognition are two of the most common ways to retrieve information from memory. The author notes that it is important to distinguish between recall and recognition to avoid misunderstandings about the nature of a memory problem. Recall can be especially difficult for people with Alzheimer's disease. However, the author states that failures in

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recall should not be mistaken for failures in memory per se. The author suggests that individuals with Alzheimer's disease can exert a more positive, productive influence in their communications by informing the listener when they cannot recall something and asking for help in suggesting possible alternatives.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to memory. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with memory. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about memory. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “memory” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “memory”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option

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“Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “memory” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “memory” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on memory: •

Basic Guidelines for Memory Memory loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003257.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Memory Confused Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm

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Diagnostics and Tests for Memory Cerebral angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003799.htm

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Cognitive tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003326.htm CT scan or MRI of the head Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm EEG Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003931.htm Electroconvulsive therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003324.htm Orientation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003326.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Memory Brain surgery Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003018.htm

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Background Topics for Memory Head injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Head trauma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000028.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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MEMORY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH]

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Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from aging, a physiological process, and time factors which refers only to the passage of time. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental

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process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]

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Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a

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specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antitoxin: A purified antiserum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of a toxin or toxoid, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus or diphtheria. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH]

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Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetycholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH]

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Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Basalis: Chiasmatic cistern. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

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Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

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Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broadband: A wide frequency range. Sound whose energy is distributed over a broad range of frequency (generally, more than one octave). [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are compared. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen

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are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caveolae: Endocytic/exocytic cell membrane structures rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in endocytosis (potocytosis), transcytosis, and signal transduction. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of caveolins. [NIH] Caveolins: The main structural proteins of caveolae. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Membrane Structures: Structures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure. [NIH] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH]

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Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Central Nervous System Stimulants: A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative

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agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Community Health Centers: Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH]

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Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cribriform: Pierced with small holes as in a sieve. Refers to the appearance of a tumor when viewed under a microscope. The tumor appears to have open spaces or small holes inside. [NIH]

Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH]

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Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH]

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Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Developmental psychology: That branch of psychology which studies the processes of preand post-natal growth and the maturation of behavior. In its broadest sense, developmental psychology includes the periods of infancy, childhood, and adulthood. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention

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of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Donepezil: A drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It belongs to the family of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors. It is being studied as a treatment for side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for

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its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]

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Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH]

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Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exons: Coding regions of messenger RNA included in the genetic transcript which survive the processing of RNA in cell nuclei to become part of a spliced messenger of structural RNA in the cytoplasm. They include joining and diversity exons of immunoglobulin genes. [NIH]

Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Factor V: Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease. [NIH] Factor Va: Activated form of factor V. It is an essential cofactor for the activation of prothrombin catalyzed by factor Xa. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.

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[NIH]

Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]

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Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric Psychiatry: A subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the aged. [NIH] Germinal Center: The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue

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where B-lymphocytes are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-lymphocytes, helperinducer) are stimulated to generate memory cells. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial

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cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygote: An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH]

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Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Ibotenic Acid: Neurotoxic isoxazole substance found in Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH]

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Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Memory: The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Immunotoxin: An antibody linked to a toxic substance. Some immmunotoxins can bind to cancer cells and kill them. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local

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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-4: Soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that causes proliferation and differentiation of B-cells. Interleukin-4 induces the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Fc receptors on B-cells. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cell lines, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells including granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythroid precursors, as well as macrophages. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy,

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implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]

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Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Language Development Disorders: Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with deafness; brain diseases; mental disorders; or environmental factors. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Language Tests: Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension. [NIH] Language Therapy: Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH]

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Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobectomy: The removal of a lobe. [NIH] Lobule: A small lobe or subdivision of a lobe. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells.

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These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphopenia: Reduction in the number of lymphocytes. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1: A chemokine that is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes, stimulates macrophages, and may play a role in regulating hematopoiesis. Its two variants, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, are 60% homologous to each other. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malingering: Simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU]

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Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebraltrauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic

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disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions. [NIH] Memory, Short-Term: Temporary storage of information for a few seconds to hours, as opposed to long-term memory which refers to material stored for days, years, or a lifetime. [NIH]

Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milieu Therapy: A treatment program based on manipulation of the patient's environment by the medical staff. The patient does not participate in planning the treatment regimen. [NIH]

Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which

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the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Music Therapy: The use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH]

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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]

Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central

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nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH]

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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Olfactory Nerve: The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of olfactory receptor neurons which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the olfactory bulb. [NIH] Oligo: Chemical and mineral elements that exist in minimal (oligo) quantities in the body, in foods, in the air, in soil; name applied to any element observed as a microconstituent of plant or animal tissue and of beneficial, harmful, or even doubtful significance. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which

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may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasympathomimetic: 1. Producing effects resembling those of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to a part. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves. Called also cholinergic. [EU] Parent-Child Relations: The interactions between parent and child. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pedophilia: A sexual disorder occuring in a person 16 years or older and that is recurrent with intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (generally age 13 or younger). (from APA, DSM-IV, 1994). [NIH] Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells

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develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Perirhinal: Transitional region between the older and newer cortex. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phobias: An exaggerated and invariably pathological dread of some specific type of stimulus or situation. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phycoerythrin: The metal-free red phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of red algae. It functions as a light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized

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by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful

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substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Pregnenolone: Steroid hormone. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prions: Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PrPSc proteins) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PrPC proteins). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome and Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Proneness: Susceptibility to accidents due to human factors. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH]

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Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoacoustics: The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound. [NIH] Psycholinguistics: A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH]

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Psychometric testing: Psychological and mental testing and quantitative analysis of an individual's psychological traits or attitudes or mental processes. [NIH] Psychometrics: Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Puromycin: An antibiotic from Streptomyces alboniger that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is a antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the

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waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH]

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Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference point: The midpoint of a line connecting the centers of the two end faces of the acoustic test fixture. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respite Care: Patient care provided in the home or institution intermittently in order to provide temporary relief to the family home care giver. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrograde Amnesia: Amnesia extending backward, to include material antedating the onset of amnesia proper. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH]

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Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scrapie: A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called prions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]

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Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senility: Old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shame: An emotional attitude excited by realization of a shortcoming or impropriety. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an

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activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of

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dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech Acoustics: The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time. [NIH]

Speech Perception: The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes). [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stents: Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting. [NIH] Stereotyped Behavior: Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic

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hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subtraction Technique: Combination or superimposition of two images for demonstrating differences between them (e.g., radiograph with contrast vs. one without, radionuclide images using different radionuclides, radiograph vs. radionuclide image) and in the preparation of audiovisual materials (e.g., offsetting identical images, coloring of vessels in angiograms). [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous

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system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH]

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Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamic Nuclei: Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Theta Rhythm: One of four types of brain waves, characterized by a frequency of 4-7 Hz, usually observed in the temporal lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness.

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[NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]

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Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transplantation Tolerance: An induced state of non-reactivity to grafted tissue from a donor organism that would ordinarily trigger a cell-mediated or humoral immune response. [NIH]

Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH]

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Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Verbal Learning: Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]

Vomeronasal Organ: A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment

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is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

285

INDEX A Ablate, 24, 64, 227 Acculturation, 47, 227 ACE, 115, 116, 227 Acetylcholine, 56, 85, 86, 92, 130, 138, 176, 227, 238, 264 Acoustic, 64, 227, 273, 277 Action Potentials, 43, 227 Activities of Daily Living, 15, 17, 65, 177, 187, 227 Acuity, 48, 227 Adaptability, 227, 236, 237 Adaptation, 227, 268 Adenosine, 227, 232, 235, 267 Adenylate Cyclase, 227, 238 Adjunctive Therapy, 227, 262 Adoptive Transfer, 29, 42, 49, 83, 227 Adrenal Cortex, 227, 241 Adrenal Medulla, 20, 227, 236, 246, 264 Adrenergic, 53, 96, 228, 231, 245, 246, 279 Adverse Effect, 40, 228, 275 Afferent, 228, 269 Affinity, 88, 117, 228 Age Factors, 181, 228 Age Groups, 8, 33, 166, 228 Aged, 80 and Over, 228 Agnosia, 107, 228 Agonist, 94, 228, 232, 245, 253, 256, 264 Airway, 75, 228, 276 Akathisia, 228, 231 Alertness, 13, 228, 235, 237 Algorithms, 228, 234 Alkaline, 228, 229, 235 Alkaloid, 228, 232, 264 Alleles, 228, 252 Allergen, 229, 275 Allograft, 68, 80, 229 Alternative medicine, 214, 229 Ameliorated, 76, 229 Ameliorating, 22, 65, 229 Amino Acid Sequence, 229, 230, 269 Ammonia, 229, 250 Amnesia, 24, 39, 49, 54, 71, 98, 99, 176, 202, 229, 273 Amnestic, 91, 177, 229, 260 Amphetamine, 78, 229, 243 Amplification, 23, 156, 229

Amygdala, 32, 36, 38, 53, 55, 78, 79, 85, 88, 89, 94, 98, 102, 113, 134, 229, 233, 258, 280 Amyloid, 16, 77, 78, 87, 91, 137, 229 Anabolic, 174, 229 Anaesthesia, 125, 229, 254 Anal, 37, 230, 248, 258 Anaphylatoxins, 230, 239 Anatomical, 36, 53, 54, 62, 63, 77, 78, 118, 165, 171, 230, 232, 237, 254, 274 Anemia, 230, 259 Anergy, 230, 278 Anesthesia, 24, 63, 228, 230 Anesthetics, 230, 246 Angiography, 225, 230 Animal model, 16, 54, 230 Anomalies, 47, 230 Antagonism, 83, 230, 235 Antiarrhythmic, 50, 230 Antibacterial, 230, 277 Antibiotic, 230, 271, 277 Antibodies, 230, 231, 232, 246, 251, 253, 254, 259, 268 Antibody, 33, 42, 58, 94, 122, 228, 230, 231, 239, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 260, 262, 272, 275, 277, 284 Anticholinergic, 102, 126, 230, 267 Antidepressant, 76, 230 Antiemetic, 230, 231 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 231, 239 Antigen-presenting cell, 231, 243 Anti-inflammatory, 231, 250 Antineoplastic, 231, 249, 271 Antipsychotic, 81, 231, 263, 274 Antiserum, 231, 233 Antitoxin, 77, 231 Antiviral, 77, 231, 255 Anus, 230, 231, 256 Anxiety, 8, 11, 17, 53, 113, 125, 147, 175, 228, 231 Apathy, 15, 231, 263 Aphasia, 229, 231 Apnea, 231 Apoptosis, 123, 232 Aqueous, 232, 233, 242, 246 Arecoline, 174, 232 Arrhythmia, 230, 232 Arterial, 232, 241, 253, 270, 279

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Arteries, 232, 234, 241, 261, 271 Artery, 39, 232, 241, 245, 271, 274 Articulation, 74, 232 Aspartate, 84, 89, 96, 133, 232 Aspiration, 67, 232 Assay, 29, 107, 232 Astringents, 232, 261 Ataxia, 116, 232, 253, 280 ATP, 227, 232, 244, 249, 267, 270, 281 Atrial, 232, 241, 282 Atrioventricular, 232, 241 Atrium, 232, 241, 282 Atrophy, 9, 52, 54, 66, 95, 110, 232 Atypical, 132, 139, 232, 274 Auditory, 8, 25, 60, 90, 92, 96, 111, 113, 131, 132, 138, 141, 144, 187, 232, 269 Autoantibodies, 45, 232, 233 Autoantigens, 232, 233 Autoimmune disease, 23, 29, 41, 72, 233, 262 Autoimmunity, 72, 233 Autonomic, 53, 165, 227, 231, 233, 264, 266, 276, 278 Autonomic Nervous System, 165, 233, 266, 276, 279 Autopsy, 205, 233 Avian, 70, 233 Avidity, 42, 233 Axonal, 165, 233 Axons, 87, 233, 243, 256, 265, 271 B Bacteria, 76, 230, 231, 233, 245, 261, 277, 281, 282 Bacterial toxin, 231, 233 Bactericidal, 233, 247 Basal Ganglia, 31, 231, 232, 233, 238, 258 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 232, 233, 238 Basalis, 87, 89, 233 Base, 11, 27, 30, 103, 233, 235, 242, 243, 256, 271, 279 Benign, 233, 251, 263, 272, 283 Berylliosis, 233 Beryllium, 97, 233 Beta-pleated, 229, 234 Bifida, 234 Biochemical, 23, 49, 51, 57, 69, 106, 164, 228, 234, 248, 275 Biological response modifier, 234, 255 Biotechnology, 75, 100, 197, 214, 234 Bipolar Disorder, 55, 142, 234 Bladder, 234, 238, 240, 254, 262, 282 Blood Coagulation, 234, 235, 247

Blood Glucose, 20, 234, 255 Blood pressure, 16, 234, 237, 253, 262, 271 Blood vessel, 227, 230, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 256, 258, 259, 266, 276, 278, 280, 282 Blood-Brain Barrier, 234, 257, 267 Bone Marrow, 234, 251, 253, 258, 262 Bone scan, 234, 274 Bowel, 230, 234, 278 Brachytherapy, 234, 255, 256, 272, 284 Brain Stem, 234, 237 Branch, 78, 223, 234, 242, 243, 245, 259, 263, 264, 266, 271, 277, 280 Breakdown, 9, 48, 173, 235 Broadband, 135, 235 Bronchi, 235, 246 C Caffeine, 209, 235 Calcineurin, 88, 106, 235 Calcium, 41, 44, 96, 147, 162, 235, 239, 247, 270, 276 Calcium channel blocker, 41, 235 Calcium Channel Blockers, 41, 235 Calcium Channels, 44, 235 Calmodulin, 235 Canonical, 64, 235 Carbohydrate, 235, 250, 268 Carbon Dioxide, 236, 248, 273 Carbon Disulfide, 43, 236 Cardiac, 50, 125, 157, 230, 235, 236, 241, 246, 262, 277 Cardiovascular, 153, 229, 235, 236, 275, 276 Carnitine, 91, 162, 236 Catecholamine, 236, 244 Caudal, 236, 243, 253, 268 Causal, 43, 139, 236, 256, 280 Caveolae, 147, 236 Caveolins, 236 Cell, 23, 28, 29, 30, 33, 42, 43, 45, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 60, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 99, 103, 107, 109, 111, 117, 125, 127, 128, 129, 131, 137, 140, 147, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 253, 255, 256, 260, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268, 269, 272, 273, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283 Cell Count, 140, 236 Cell Death, 65, 232, 236 Cell Differentiation, 23, 34, 137, 236, 276

287

Cell Division, 28, 233, 236, 242, 260, 261, 268, 269 Cell membrane, 235, 236, 243, 249, 267, 283 Cell Membrane Structures, 236 Cell Physiology, 30, 236 Cell proliferation, 30, 236, 276 Cell Size, 236, 248 Cell Survival, 65, 237 Central Nervous System Infections, 237, 251 Central Nervous System Stimulants, 174, 237 Cerebellar, 76, 232, 237, 273 Cerebellum, 97, 111, 130, 176, 237, 241, 248, 273 Cerebral Cortex, 77, 118, 126, 232, 237, 247, 248, 263, 271 Cerebrospinal, 86, 123, 237, 238 Cerebrospinal fluid, 86, 123, 237, 238 Cerebrovascular, 52, 165, 233, 235, 237, 280 Cerebrum, 237, 241, 279 Character, 237, 242 Chemoreceptor, 231, 237 Chemotactic Factors, 237, 239 Chemotherapy, 41, 237 Child Care, 179, 237 Chin, 237, 261 Cholera, 77, 237, 238, 283 Cholera Toxin, 77, 238 Cholesterol, 236, 238, 260, 277 Choline, 162, 174, 176, 238 Cholinergic, 22, 32, 46, 56, 80, 97, 105, 165, 172, 174, 176, 177, 231, 238, 264, 266 Cholinesterase Inhibitors, 165, 183, 238, 244 Chorea, 70, 231, 238 Choroid, 86, 123, 238, 273 Choroid Plexus, 86, 123, 238 Chromatin, 30, 232, 238, 264 Chromosomal, 229, 238, 274 Chromosome, 238, 274 Chronic, 16, 48, 56, 65, 95, 97, 110, 134, 144, 153, 238, 244, 255, 258, 270, 276, 278, 279 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 144, 153, 238 Circadian, 63, 238 Clinical Medicine, 238, 269 Clinical trial, 18, 167, 172, 197, 238, 240, 241, 245, 270, 272 Cloning, 234, 239

Coagulation, 234, 239, 280 Coenzymes, 239, 264 Cofactor, 239, 247, 270 Cognitive restructuring, 239, 278 Collapse, 235, 239, 276 Community Health Centers, 207, 239 Complement, 49, 53, 230, 239, 240, 259, 275 Complementary and alternative medicine, 151, 152, 162, 239 Complementary medicine, 152, 240 Compliance, 179, 240 Computational Biology, 197, 240 Computed tomography, 210, 240, 274 Computerized tomography, 240 Congestion, 231, 240 Conjugated, 8, 12, 240, 267 Conjunctiva, 240, 255, 267 Connective Tissue, 234, 240, 248, 249, 274, 279 Connexins, 240, 249 Consciousness, 240, 242, 243, 244 Constipation, 231, 240 Constriction, 240, 256, 274, 282 Continuum, 54, 240 Contraindications, ii, 240 Contrast medium, 230, 240 Control group, 9, 13, 14, 240 Controlled study, 138, 241 Coordination, 72, 143, 237, 241, 262 Cor, 88, 165, 241 Coronary, 241, 261 Coronary Thrombosis, 241, 261 Cortical, 18, 26, 32, 40, 57, 70, 74, 81, 84, 88, 92, 96, 109, 124, 173, 241, 247, 269, 271, 275, 280 Cortices, 9, 53, 70, 241 Corticosteroids, 241, 250 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 88, 241 Cortisol, 27, 40, 58, 65, 165, 241 Cranial, 237, 241, 247, 251, 265, 266 Craniocerebral Trauma, 233, 241, 251, 280 Cribriform, 241, 265 Criterion, 101, 241 Cues, 5, 22, 166, 216, 241 Curative, 242, 264, 280 Cyclic, 55, 86, 153, 227, 235, 242, 267 Cytogenetics, 242, 274 Cytokine, 30, 41, 50, 60, 68, 81, 111, 242 Cytomegalovirus, 77, 83, 98, 99, 125, 242 Cytoplasm, 232, 236, 238, 242, 246, 247, 262, 264, 274

288

Memory

Cytotoxic, 59, 80, 82, 86, 94, 95, 98, 139, 242, 272, 276 Cytotoxicity, 87, 242 D Day Care, 170, 179, 183, 242 Decision Making, 124, 242 Decompression, 116, 242, 244 Degenerative, 6, 52, 177, 242, 251, 262 Dehydration, 238, 242 Deletion, 81, 232, 242 Delirium, 231, 242 Delivery of Health Care, 239, 242 Delusions, 242, 271 Dendrites, 243, 263, 265, 271 Dendritic, 65, 77, 129, 243, 260, 277 Dendritic cell, 65, 129, 243 Density, 33, 50, 77, 87, 243, 248, 265 Dentate Gyrus, 67, 68, 89, 243, 252 Depolarization, 243, 276 Depressive Disorder, 101, 243, 258 Deprivation, 75, 243 Developmental psychology, 63, 243 Dextroamphetamine, 229, 243, 261 Diabetes Mellitus, 151, 243, 250 Diagnostic procedure, 215, 243 Diagnostic Services, 207, 243 Diastolic, 243, 253 Diencephalon, 243, 253, 269, 279, 280 Dilatation, 243, 269 Diphtheria, 231, 243 Direct, iii, 7, 22, 41, 75, 189, 237, 238, 243, 245, 273, 279 Discrimination, 14, 53, 90, 111, 134, 244 Disease Progression, 175, 244, 283 Disinfectant, 244, 247 Disorientation, 167, 170, 182, 242, 244 Dissection, 37, 244 Dissociation, 25, 61, 82, 85, 109, 114, 228, 244 Dissociative Disorders, 202, 244 Distal, 173, 233, 244, 270 Diuresis, 235, 244 Diving, 132, 169, 244 DNA Topoisomerase, 244, 249 Dominance, 30, 70, 115, 244, 257 Donepezil, 8, 158, 244 Dopa, 109, 244, 257 Dopamine, 31, 87, 122, 229, 231, 243, 244, 257, 262, 264, 267, 274 Dorsal, 21, 245, 268 Double-blind, 8, 12, 15, 41, 245

Drive, ii, vi, 23, 30, 41, 163, 172, 175, 186, 245 Drug Interactions, 190, 245 Drug Tolerance, 245, 281 Duct, 245, 274 Dyes, 229, 245, 248, 264 Dyskinesia, 231, 245 Dysphoria, 19, 245 Dysphoric, 243, 245 Dystonia, 31, 231, 245 E Effector, 23, 28, 29, 30, 34, 42, 58, 81, 82, 83, 98, 99, 106, 107, 111, 128, 227, 239, 245, 267 Effector cell, 23, 28, 58, 245 Efficacy, 5, 15, 20, 27, 60, 68, 171, 245, 258 Elective, 96, 245 Electrolyte, 242, 245, 268 Electrophysiological, 25, 36, 50, 51, 57, 69, 102, 110, 113, 245 Embolus, 245, 254 Embryo, 236, 245, 254 Empirical, 34, 36, 50, 246 Emulsion, 246, 248 Encephalitis, 246, 260 Endemic, 237, 246, 259 Endocytosis, 236, 246 Endogenous, 20, 40, 233, 244, 246 Endorphins, 246, 264 Endotoxins, 239, 246 Enkephalins, 246, 264 Entorhinal Cortex, 46, 53, 84, 94, 246, 252 Environmental Health, 196, 198, 246 Enzymatic, 45, 229, 235, 239, 246, 252, 260 Enzyme, 95, 151, 227, 239, 244, 245, 246, 262, 267, 268, 270, 276, 278, 280, 281, 283 Epidemiological, 173, 246 Epinephrine, 20, 78, 228, 244, 246, 264, 282 Epithelial, 238, 246, 251 Epithelial Cells, 238, 246, 252 Epitopes, 42, 86, 89, 246 Erythrocytes, 230, 234, 247, 275 Estrogen, 8, 11, 12, 104, 122, 247 Ethanol, 125, 247 Ethmoid, 247, 265 Evoke, 247, 278 Excitation, 22, 237, 247, 248, 264 Excitatory, 247, 250, 253, 256 Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, 247, 256 Exhaustion, 230, 247, 259 Exogenous, 246, 247 Exons, 34, 247

289

Extensor, 247, 270 External-beam radiation, 247, 256, 272, 283 Extracellular, 20, 84, 229, 240, 246, 247, 261 Extracellular Space, 247, 261 Extrapyramidal, 228, 231, 244, 247 F Facial, 115, 247, 276 Facial Expression, 115, 247 Factor V, 106, 247 Factor Va, 106, 247 Family Planning, 197, 247 Fat, 234, 241, 245, 247, 258, 262, 268, 274 Fatigue, 238, 247, 266 Feeding Behavior, 51, 248 Fetus, 248, 269 Fibrosis, 151, 248, 274 Fissure, 243, 248, 269 Fixation, 90, 248, 275 Flow Cytometry, 42, 248 Fluorescence, 248 Fluorescent Dyes, 248 Forearm, 234, 248 Fornix, 43, 248, 275 Fossa, 237, 248 Fourth Ventricle, 238, 248 Fovea, 248, 249 Fractionation, 95, 98, 249 Free Radicals, 244, 249 Frontal Lobe, 5, 25, 38, 39, 141, 176, 249, 269 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 12, 31, 35, 37, 38, 49, 73, 74, 111, 138, 249 Fungi, 249, 261, 284 G Ganglia, 227, 233, 249, 263, 266, 279 Gap Junctions, 50, 240, 249, 279 Gastric, 236, 249, 252 Gastrin, 249, 252 Gastrointestinal, 238, 246, 247, 249, 259, 275, 276, 278, 283 Gastrointestinal tract, 238, 247, 249, 275 Gelatin, 249, 250, 280 Gene, 30, 33, 40, 45, 50, 57, 68, 69, 76, 81, 87, 92, 95, 96, 203, 228, 234, 240, 244, 249, 265, 268, 281 Gene Expression, 40, 57, 87, 92, 95, 249 Genetics, 63, 120, 142, 242, 244, 249 Genistein, 45, 249 Genotype, 12, 249, 267 Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 111, 119, 133, 142, 179, 249

Germinal Center, 42, 65, 249 Ginkgo biloba, 15, 158, 250 Ginseng, 157, 158, 160, 161, 250 Gland, 227, 250, 265, 267, 274, 278, 280 Glomeruli, 250, 265 Glucocorticoid, 40, 69, 79, 85, 96, 98, 250 Glucose, 20, 86, 95, 234, 243, 250, 255 Glucose Intolerance, 243, 250 Glucose tolerance, 95, 250 Glucose Tolerance Test, 250 Glutamate, 57, 77, 84, 94, 250 Glutamic Acid, 250, 264 Glutamine, 113, 250 Glycerol, 250, 267 Glycerophospholipids, 250, 267 Glycine, 113, 158, 229, 250, 264 Glycoprotein, 58, 247, 251 Governing Board, 251, 269 Government Agencies, 167, 251, 269 Grade, 44, 251 Graft, 90, 251, 252, 254 Graft Rejection, 251, 254 Graft-versus-host disease, 90, 251 Granule, 68, 243, 251, 274 Granulocyte, 251, 255 Growth, 48, 65, 95, 230, 232, 236, 237, 243, 251, 252, 255, 263, 268, 280 H Handedness, 126, 251 Haptens, 228, 251 Headache, 116, 235, 251, 255 Headache Disorders, 251 Health Behavior, 79, 105, 251 Health Status, 7, 15, 47, 251 Hematopoiesis, 251, 259 Hemorrhage, 241, 251, 278 Hepatic, 242, 250, 251 Hepatitis, 84, 88, 121, 122, 128, 129, 251 Hepatocytes, 251 Hereditary, 252, 262 Heredity, 167, 249, 252 Heterogeneity, 25, 86, 141, 228, 252 Heterozygotes, 12, 244, 252 Histamine, 230, 231, 252 Homeostasis, 50, 82, 92, 117, 123, 252, 276 Homogeneous, 13, 240, 252 Homologous, 76, 228, 240, 252, 259, 262, 275, 279 Homozygote, 12, 252 Hormonal, 165, 232, 252 Hormone, 32, 137, 165, 183, 241, 246, 249, 252, 255, 260, 269, 274, 276, 279, 280

290

Memory

Hormone Replacement Therapy, 183, 252 Host, 23, 30, 252, 253, 254, 274, 282 Human papillomavirus, 117, 252 Humoral, 45, 79, 251, 252, 282 Humour, 252 Hybrid, 132, 252 Hydrogen, 233, 235, 252, 262, 264, 265 Hyperreflexia, 253, 280 Hypersensitivity, 83, 229, 253, 274, 275 Hypertension, 153, 165, 235, 251, 253 Hypertrophy, 241, 253, 282 Hypnotic, 24, 151, 253 Hypoglycemia, 48, 253 Hypotension, 231, 253 Hypothalamus, 233, 241, 243, 253, 258, 267 Hypoxia, 75, 242, 253, 280 Hypoxic, 75, 253 I Ibotenic Acid, 67, 253 Id, 44, 152, 202, 213, 222, 224, 253 Illusion, 20, 253 Immune response, 23, 29, 59, 96, 117, 230, 231, 233, 251, 253, 254, 259, 275, 278, 282, 283 Immune Sera, 253 Immune system, 23, 28, 72, 231, 233, 245, 253, 254, 259, 262, 282, 283 Immunity, 29, 58, 72, 83, 151, 253, 281 Immunization, 33, 77, 227, 253, 254, 275 Immunocompromised, 77, 253 Immunocompromised Host, 77, 253 Immunodeficiency, 79, 82, 86, 92, 93, 96, 253 Immunogenic, 50, 253 Immunoglobulin, 33, 82, 230, 247, 253, 262 Immunologic, 50, 87, 227, 237, 253, 254, 272 Immunologic Memory, 50, 87, 254 Immunology, 109, 117, 121, 123, 127, 129, 136, 228, 248, 254 Immunophilin, 235, 254 Immunosuppressive, 235, 250, 253, 254 Immunosuppressive therapy, 254 Immunotherapy, 77, 83, 227, 254 Immunotoxin, 102, 254 Implant radiation, 254, 256, 272, 284 In situ, 28, 71, 177, 254 In vitro, 22, 23, 29, 30, 42, 45, 78, 109, 125, 254 In vivo, 23, 29, 30, 32, 42, 45, 68, 78, 87, 98, 109, 139, 254, 261 Incontinence, 186, 206, 254

Incubation, 254, 257 Incubation period, 254, 257 Indicative, 254, 266, 282 Induction, 45, 58, 63, 68, 87, 88, 93, 120, 231, 254 Infancy, 31, 72, 168, 243, 254 Infant, Newborn, 228, 254 Infarction, 50, 241, 254, 261 Inflammation, 231, 246, 248, 251, 255, 268, 274, 279 Influenza, 29, 46, 79, 81, 87, 94, 255 Infusion, 32, 90, 255 Ingestion, 83, 250, 255, 268 Inorganic, 110, 255 Inotropic, 245, 255 Inpatients, 55, 255 Insight, 182, 183, 204, 255 Insomnia, 110, 154, 255 Insulator, 255, 262 Insulin, 47, 119, 250, 255 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 119, 255 Interferon, 95, 127, 255 Interferon-alpha, 255 Interleukin-4, 95, 127, 255 Intermittent, 255, 258 Internal radiation, 255, 256, 272, 284 Interneurons, 51, 76, 256 Interstitial, 234, 247, 256, 284 Intervention Studies, 151, 256 Intestinal, 82, 136, 238, 250, 256 Intestines, 249, 256 Intoxication, 110, 242, 256 Intracellular, 50, 76, 127, 235, 254, 256, 260, 268, 275 Intravenous, 255, 256 Intrinsic, 29, 91, 228, 256 Invasive, 253, 256, 259 Involuntary, 233, 238, 256, 262 Ion Channels, 50, 256, 279 Ions, 233, 235, 244, 245, 252, 256, 270 Ipsilateral, 39, 256, 273 Irradiation, 78, 256, 284 Ischemia, 232, 256 J Joint, 42, 216, 232, 256, 279 K Kainic Acid, 46, 256 Kb, 196, 256 Kinetics, 88, 128, 235, 257 L Labile, 46, 239, 247, 257

291

Laceration, 257, 280 Language Development, 257 Language Development Disorders, 257 Language Disorders, 169, 212, 257 Language Tests, 178, 257 Language Therapy, 185, 187, 257 Latency, 61, 257 Latent, 83, 99, 128, 257 Laterality, 54, 117, 257 Lentivirus, 30, 257 Lethal, 50, 94, 233, 257 Levodopa, 32, 244, 257 Library Services, 222, 257 Ligands, 22, 257 Ligation, 58, 257 Limbic, 94, 229, 258, 269 Limbic System, 94, 229, 258, 269 Lipid, 42, 236, 238, 250, 255, 258, 262 Lithium, 231, 258 Liver, 236, 242, 246, 250, 251, 258, 274 Liver scan, 258, 274 Lobe, 9, 36, 37, 39, 40, 49, 54, 67, 79, 80, 90, 92, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118, 134, 176, 229, 258, 279 Lobectomy, 39, 113, 258 Lobule, 12, 258 Localization, 62, 74, 88, 91, 97, 258 Localized, 38, 86, 243, 248, 254, 258, 268, 280 Longitudinal Studies, 38, 258 Longitudinal study, 47, 258 Long-Term Care, 17, 181, 185, 258 Long-Term Potentiation, 44, 78, 79, 81, 90, 94, 96, 120, 258 Lupus, 258, 279 Lymphatic, 255, 258, 277, 280 Lymphatic system, 258, 277, 280 Lymphocyte, 30, 86, 87, 98, 231, 259, 260 Lymphoid, 68, 94, 230, 241, 249, 259 Lymphoma, 109, 259 Lymphopenia, 30, 259 M Macrophage, 93, 259 Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1, 93, 259 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 9, 11, 25, 84, 179, 259, 274 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 28, 89, 255, 259 Malaise, 245, 259 Malaria, 23, 259 Malaria, Falciparum, 259

Malaria, Vivax, 259 Malignancy, 134, 177, 259, 266 Malingering, 136, 259 Malnutrition, 232, 259 Mania, 17, 56, 142, 259, 260 Manic, 231, 234, 258, 260, 271 Manic-depressive psychosis, 260, 271 Manifest, 233, 260 Medial, 9, 25, 36, 37, 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 53, 54, 67, 68, 79, 90, 92, 112, 118, 138, 247, 260 Mediate, 23, 30, 54, 67, 70, 80, 98, 244, 260 Mediator, 244, 260, 275 Medical Staff, 260, 261 MEDLINE, 197, 260 Medroxyprogesterone, 8, 260 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 8, 260 Meiosis, 260, 262, 279 Melanin, 260, 267, 282 Melanocytes, 260 Melanoma, 106, 260 Membrane Lipids, 260, 267 Membrane Proteins, 236, 260 Memory Disorders, 61, 68, 71, 165, 166, 174, 176, 205, 207, 208, 212, 260 Memory, Short-Term, 213, 261 Meninges, 86, 123, 237, 241, 261 Menopause, 104, 154, 261, 268 Mental, iv, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 27, 59, 63, 64, 69, 70, 104, 139, 143, 147, 148, 164, 183, 196, 198, 203, 205, 210, 212, 215, 237, 239, 242, 243, 244, 247, 249, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262, 270, 271, 274, 275 Mental Disorders, 257, 261, 270, 271 Mental Health, iv, 8, 17, 18, 27, 59, 63, 69, 104, 196, 198, 203, 212, 249, 261, 271 Mental Processes, 244, 261, 270, 271 Mentors, 37, 66, 261 Mercury, 110, 248, 261 Mesolimbic, 231, 261 Methylphenidate, 131, 174, 261 MI, 85, 122, 183, 207, 216, 226, 261 Microbe, 28, 261, 281 Microbiology, 65, 227, 232, 261 Microdialysis, 32, 261 Microorganism, 239, 261, 266, 283 Milieu Therapy, 177, 261 Mitosis, 232, 261 Modeling, 22, 131, 261 Modification, 17, 229, 262, 271

292

Memory

Molecule, 231, 233, 239, 244, 245, 247, 262, 265, 272, 276, 281 Monitor, 38, 262, 264 Monoamine, 229, 243, 262 Monoclonal, 33, 256, 262, 272, 284 Monocytes, 259, 262 Morphological, 89, 245, 260, 262 Motor nerve, 262, 265 Movement Disorders, 31, 231, 262, 280 Multiple sclerosis, 60, 262 Multivalent, 233, 262 Music Therapy, 133, 151, 262 Myalgia, 255, 262 Myelin, 262, 275 Myocardium, 50, 261, 262 Myosin, 235, 262 N Naive, 23, 28, 30, 33, 58, 68, 72, 79, 81, 82, 84, 87, 92, 123, 262 Narcolepsy, 243, 261, 262 Nasal Mucosa, 255, 262 Nausea, 230, 231, 263 Need, 3, 5, 7, 59, 163, 164, 171, 172, 173, 178, 181, 215, 217, 263, 281 Neocortex, 80, 263 Neonatal, 85, 263 Neoplasms, 227, 231, 263, 272, 280 Neoplastic, 259, 263 Nervous System, 174, 227, 228, 229, 233, 235, 237, 238, 243, 249, 250, 257, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 274, 275, 279 Networks, 18, 33, 37, 77, 96, 103, 132, 263 Neural, 14, 18, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 62, 69, 70, 76, 77, 79, 82, 92, 98, 103, 112, 114, 132, 140, 228, 229, 252, 263 Neuroanatomy, 52, 55, 258, 263 Neuroleptic, 228, 231, 263 Neurologic, 6, 10, 168, 178, 215, 263 Neurology, 9, 11, 12, 14, 53, 58, 75, 102, 108, 113, 114, 122, 129, 134, 135, 136, 181, 263 Neuromuscular, 227, 263 Neuromuscular Junction, 227, 263 Neuronal, 21, 22, 38, 43, 51, 55, 63, 65, 84, 103, 147, 235, 263 Neuropeptide, 241, 263 Neuropharmacology, 31, 263 Neurophysiology, 33, 55, 109, 115, 124, 243, 263 Neuropsychological Tests, 4, 11, 25, 39, 134, 204, 205, 263

Neurotoxicity, 256, 264 Neurotransmitter, 53, 57, 172, 227, 229, 238, 244, 250, 252, 256, 264, 276, 278, 279 Neutrons, 256, 264, 272 Neutrophils, 251, 259, 264 Niacin, 113, 161, 264 Nicotine, 56, 82, 264 Nitrogen, 228, 248, 250, 264 Nonverbal Communication, 264, 271 Norepinephrine, 32, 57, 89, 228, 244, 264 Nuclear, 233, 258, 264, 280 Nuclei, 229, 247, 258, 259, 261, 264, 280 Nucleic acid, 264, 269 Nucleus, 78, 87, 89, 232, 233, 238, 242, 260, 262, 264, 265, 269, 276, 280 O Oculomotor, 123, 133, 265 Olfactory Bulb, 57, 265, 283 Olfactory Nerve, 265 Oligo, 77, 265 Oncogenic, 257, 265 On-line, 54, 142, 225, 265 Opacity, 243, 265 Open Reading Frames, 257, 265 Operon, 265, 273 Ophthalmology, 248, 265 Orderly, 98, 265 Organ Transplantation, 69, 265 Orthostatic, 231, 265 Outpatient, 178, 204, 265 Oxidation, 91, 95, 265 P Palliative, 186, 265, 280 Pancreas, 255, 265 Pancreatic, 236, 265 Papillomavirus, 265 Paralysis, 169, 266 Parasite, 98, 266 Parasympathomimetic, 232, 266 Parent-Child Relations, 59, 266 Parietal, 5, 12, 36, 54, 70, 73, 75, 80, 109, 115, 126, 131, 266 Parietal Lobe, 5, 266 Parkinsonism, 56, 231, 257, 266 Pathogen, 23, 254, 266 Pathologic, 56, 232, 241, 253, 266, 270, 282 Pathologic Processes, 232, 266 Pathophysiology, 74, 266 Patient Education, 204, 220, 222, 226, 266 Pedophilia, 126, 266 Pemoline, 174, 266

293

Peptide, 16, 29, 72, 77, 83, 87, 89, 98, 109, 137, 229, 238, 266, 270, 278 Perception, 21, 52, 64, 105, 113, 126, 216, 266 Perfusion, 39, 253, 266 Pericardium, 266, 279 Peripheral blood, 81, 106, 111, 255, 266 Peripheral Nervous System, 246, 264, 266, 278 Peripheral stem cells, 251, 266 Perirhinal, 49, 55, 67, 78, 267 Phallic, 248, 267 Pharmacologic, 37, 174, 177, 230, 267, 281 Pharynx, 255, 267 Phenotype, 29, 34, 53, 109, 127, 267 Phenylalanine, 267, 282 Pheromone, 57, 267 Phobias, 34, 267 Phosphodiesterase, 76, 96, 267 Phospholipases, 267, 276 Phospholipids, 176, 247, 260, 267 Phosphorus, 235, 267 Phosphorylation, 177, 267, 270 Phycoerythrin, 88, 267 Physiologic, 24, 50, 66, 73, 228, 244, 267, 272 Physiology, 35, 40, 46, 51, 66, 130, 227, 245, 263, 267 Physostigmine, 174, 267 Pilot study, 17, 60, 126, 267 Pitch, 118, 129, 267 Pituitary Gland, 241, 267 Plants, 228, 236, 238, 250, 264, 267, 268, 281 Plasma, 34, 40, 94, 137, 230, 236, 247, 249, 250, 268, 270, 272, 283 Plasma cells, 34, 94, 230, 268 Plasticity, 39, 45, 50, 51, 57, 69, 70, 76, 78, 85, 95, 106, 114, 119, 268 Platelet Activation, 268, 276 Pneumonia, 240, 268 Poisoning, 233, 242, 256, 261, 263, 268 Policy Making, 251, 268 Polymerase, 268, 273 Polymorphic, 243, 268 Polymorphism, 106, 268 Polysaccharide, 231, 268 Polyunsaturated fat, 129, 268 Posterior, 70, 73, 75, 80, 82, 97, 230, 232, 237, 238, 245, 265, 268, 274 Postmenopausal, 8, 11, 12, 104, 133, 268 Postoperative, 39, 268

Postsynaptic, 22, 268, 276, 279 Post-traumatic, 34, 251, 262, 268 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 34, 268 Postural, 127, 268, 277 Potassium, 95, 147, 268 Potentiates, 72, 268 Potentiation, 86, 130, 238, 258, 269, 276 Practice Guidelines, 198, 269 Preclinical, 10, 12, 52, 65, 131, 269 Precursor, 32, 77, 87, 91, 238, 244, 245, 246, 257, 264, 267, 269, 270, 282 Pregnenolone, 91, 94, 99, 160, 269 Prenatal, 90, 94, 245, 269 Preoperative, 39, 269 Presynaptic, 77, 264, 269, 279 Prevalence, 15, 16, 21, 173, 177, 269 Prions, 131, 269, 274 Probe, 30, 67, 75, 88, 261, 269 Problem Solving, 21, 172, 269 Progression, 9, 30, 64, 168, 216, 230, 269 Progressive, 22, 38, 40, 51, 94, 174, 177, 206, 207, 236, 243, 245, 251, 268, 269 Projection, 46, 256, 264, 265, 269, 271, 273 Prone, 19, 61, 269 Proneness, 135, 269 Prophase, 262, 269, 279 Prophylaxis, 270, 282 Propofol, 24, 270 Prospective study, 258, 270 Protective Agents, 235, 270 Protein S, 82, 95, 234, 270, 271, 274 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 249, 270 Proteolytic, 239, 270 Prothrombin, 247, 270, 280 Protocol, 35, 56, 270 Protozoan, 237, 259, 270 Proximal, 23, 244, 269, 270, 275 Psoriasis, 140, 270 Psychiatric, 6, 10, 17, 32, 36, 37, 55, 71, 136, 166, 177, 178, 261, 270, 276 Psychic, 261, 270, 275 Psychoacoustics, 270 Psycholinguistics, 42, 63, 270 Psychometric testing, 65, 271 Psychometrics, 66, 271 Psychopathology, 56, 58, 271 Psychophysiology, 111, 114, 135, 264, 271 Psychosis, 17, 73, 231, 271 Psychotherapy, 165, 271, 272 Psychotomimetic, 229, 243, 271 Public Health, 29, 41, 173, 198, 271 Public Policy, 173, 197, 271

294

Memory

Pulmonary, 83, 111, 153, 234, 241, 271, 282 Pulmonary Artery, 234, 271, 282 Pulmonary hypertension, 241, 271 Pulse, 262, 271 Puromycin, 78, 82, 93, 95, 97, 271 Pyramidal Cells, 22, 87, 243, 271 Q Quality of Life, 13, 271 R Race, 15, 244, 271 Racemic, 244, 271 Radiation, 244, 247, 248, 249, 253, 256, 271, 272, 274, 283 Radiation therapy, 244, 247, 249, 256, 272, 284 Radioactive, 234, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 264, 265, 272, 274, 284 Radioisotope, 272, 281 Radiolabeled, 256, 272, 284 Radiological, 166, 272 Radiology, 38, 272 Radiotherapy, 234, 256, 272, 284 Randomized, 4, 8, 12, 13, 15, 41, 121, 138, 245, 272 Randomized clinical trial, 121, 272 Rape, 268, 272 Reaction Time, 124, 182, 272 Reactivation, 26, 62, 87, 94, 272 Reality Testing, 271, 272 Reassurance, 208, 209, 272 Receptor, 22, 23, 33, 41, 44, 57, 60, 66, 68, 79, 81, 83, 84, 87, 88, 92, 93, 133, 227, 231, 237, 244, 256, 265, 272, 275, 276, 278 Reconstitution, 82, 272 Rectum, 231, 254, 272 Recurrence, 234, 260, 272 Red Nucleus, 232, 273 Refer, 1, 239, 246, 248, 249, 250, 256, 258, 262, 263, 264, 271, 273, 275, 281 Reference point, 167, 273 Refraction, 273, 277 Regeneration, 89, 272, 273 Regimen, 26, 47, 245, 261, 273 Reinfection, 58, 273 Reliability, 11, 142, 273 Remission, 234, 260, 272, 273 Repressor, 33, 265, 273 Research Design, 37, 273 Research Support, 55, 273 Resection, 113, 273 Respiration, 231, 236, 237, 262, 273 Respite Care, 187, 273

Restoration, 95, 272, 273 Retina, 238, 273 Retrograde, 49, 97, 176, 273 Retrograde Amnesia, 49, 273 Retrospective, 11, 273 Retrovirus, 50, 274 Rheumatism, 274 Rheumatoid, 81, 274 Rheumatoid arthritis, 81, 274 Ribosome, 274, 282 Risk factor, 58, 65, 177, 270, 274 Risperidone, 81, 274 S Saliva, 274 Salivary, 27, 242, 274 Salivary glands, 242, 274 Satellite, 207, 274 Scans, 38, 274 Schizophrenia, 25, 37, 58, 70, 73, 81, 85, 96, 102, 106, 114, 128, 129, 133, 134, 135, 142, 154, 261, 274 Sclera, 238, 240, 274 Sclerosis, 131, 137, 154, 262, 274 Scrapie, 269, 274 Screening, 11, 212, 238, 257, 274 Secretion, 113, 252, 255, 274 Sedative, 24, 275 Seizures, 39, 225, 242, 275 Self Care, 48, 227, 275 Senescence, 137, 275 Senile, 22, 61, 154, 169, 171, 173, 174, 275 Senility, 213, 275 Sensitization, 88, 107, 147, 275 Sensory loss, 186, 275, 280 Septal, 258, 275 Septum, 46, 275, 283 Septum Pellucidum, 275 Serotonin, 231, 264, 274, 275 Serum, 227, 230, 231, 239, 253, 272, 275 Sex Characteristics, 275, 279 Shame, 175, 275 Shock, 32, 83, 86, 154, 275, 282 Side effect, 189, 228, 231, 237, 244, 275, 281 Signal Transduction, 23, 72, 235, 236, 275 Signs and Symptoms, 206, 211, 273, 276 Skeletal, 238, 276 Skeleton, 256, 276 Skin graft, 276, 277 Skull, 241, 276, 279 Sleep apnea, 74, 276 Sleep Deprivation, 74, 96, 276 Small intestine, 252, 256, 276

295

Smallpox, 109, 276 Smooth muscle, 147, 230, 235, 252, 276, 278 Social Environment, 271, 276 Social Support, 35, 63, 276, 278 Social Work, 164, 205, 207, 276 Solitary Nucleus, 233, 276 Solvent, 236, 247, 250, 276 Soma, 271, 277 Somatic, 34, 252, 258, 260, 261, 266, 269, 277 Soybean Oil, 268, 277 Specialist, 217, 277 Species, 246, 250, 252, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266, 267, 271, 277, 282, 283 Specificity, 9, 11, 26, 38, 40, 96, 118, 228, 235, 277 Spectrum, 30, 55, 277 Speech Acoustics, 64, 277 Speech Perception, 64, 277 Spike, 43, 84, 277 Spina bifida, 142, 277 Spinal cord, 234, 237, 238, 261, 263, 266, 277, 279 Spleen, 242, 258, 277 Staging, 274, 277 Stellate, 76, 277 Stents, 134, 277 Stereotyped Behavior, 63, 277 Steroid, 241, 269, 277 Stimulant, 229, 232, 235, 243, 252, 261, 266, 278 Stomach, 249, 250, 252, 256, 263, 267, 276, 277, 278 Stool, 254, 278 Stress management, 17, 59, 278 Striatum, 20, 176, 278 Stroke, 14, 52, 53, 102, 143, 196, 203, 278 Subacute, 255, 278 Subarachnoid, 248, 251, 278 Subclinical, 254, 275, 278 Subiculum, 67, 252, 278 Substance P, 272, 274, 278 Substrate, 51, 89, 98, 278 Subtraction Technique, 18, 278 Superantigens, 72, 278 Support group, 133, 207, 278 Suppression, 51, 78, 93, 100, 278 Sympathetic Nervous System, 233, 278, 279 Sympathomimetic, 229, 243, 245, 246, 264, 279

Symptomatic, 121, 279 Synapse, 29, 44, 57, 91, 97, 228, 263, 269, 279, 282 Synapsis, 30, 279 Synaptic, 44, 51, 57, 68, 69, 77, 78, 87, 95, 114, 119, 131, 258, 264, 276, 279 Synaptic Transmission, 264, 279 Systemic, 29, 139, 144, 190, 234, 242, 243, 246, 255, 256, 272, 279, 281, 282, 284 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 144, 279 Systolic, 253, 279 T Tardive, 231, 279 Telencephalon, 233, 237, 279 Temperament, 59, 279 Testosterone, 137, 279 Tetani, 280 Tetanic, 280 Tetanus, 45, 231, 280 Thalamic, 88, 108, 232, 280 Thalamic Diseases, 232, 280 Thalamic Nuclei, 108, 280 Thalamus, 243, 258, 269, 280 Therapeutics, 191, 280 Thermal, 244, 264, 280 Theta Rhythm, 46, 280 Threonine, 45, 280 Threshold, 42, 253, 280 Thrombin, 247, 270, 280 Thrombosis, 270, 278, 280 Thrombus, 241, 254, 280 Thymus, 28, 42, 253, 258, 280 Thyroid, 280, 282 Time Factors, 228, 280 Time Management, 278, 280 Tolerance, 50, 58, 68, 72, 227, 250, 281 Tomography, 31, 54, 82, 86, 90, 91, 96, 240, 274, 281 Tone, 211, 281 Tonic, 22, 281 Tonicity, 245, 281 Tonus, 281 Topical, 232, 247, 281 Torsion, 254, 281 Toxic, iv, 233, 236, 242, 243, 253, 254, 264, 281 Toxicity, 245, 261, 267, 281 Toxicology, 198, 281 Toxin, 231, 243, 280, 281 Toxoid, 231, 281 Tracer, 31, 281 Transcriptase, 274, 281

296

Memory

Transduction, 275, 281 Transfection, 234, 281 Transfer Factor, 253, 281 Transgenes, 63, 281 Translation, 131, 229, 282 Translational, 73, 282 Translocation, 42, 147, 282 Transmitter, 227, 244, 256, 260, 264, 282 Transplantation, 69, 253, 259, 282 Transplantation Tolerance, 69, 282 Trauma, 119, 134, 226, 242, 282 Tricuspid Atresia, 241, 282 Trigger zone, 231, 282 Tyrosine, 45, 159, 244, 270, 282 U Unconscious, 24, 112, 230, 253, 282 Urinary, 238, 254, 282 Urine, 234, 244, 254, 282 V Vaccination, 16, 42, 45, 50, 59, 85, 109, 129, 139, 282 Vaccine, 29, 30, 46, 50, 59, 60, 79, 87, 99, 121, 122, 270, 282 Vascular, 16, 52, 235, 238, 251, 254, 255, 280, 282 Vasoconstriction, 246, 282 Vasodilator, 245, 252, 282 Vein, 256, 264, 274, 282 Venous, 270, 282 Venter, 282 Ventral, 21, 25, 53, 80, 253, 265, 282

Ventricle, 229, 232, 241, 252, 253, 271, 279, 280, 282, 283 Ventricular, 50, 241, 282, 283 Verbal Learning, 14, 108, 283 Vertebral, 234, 277, 283 Vesicular, 276, 283 Veterinary Medicine, 197, 283 Vibrio, 238, 283 Vibrio cholerae, 238, 283 Villous, 238, 283 Viral, 41, 57, 87, 94, 95, 117, 126, 246, 255, 265, 274, 281, 283 Viral Load, 126, 283 Viremia, 123, 283 Visceral, 85, 233, 258, 283 Visceral Afferents, 233, 283 Vitro, 45, 283 Vivo, 29, 45, 50, 84, 86, 98, 283 Voltage-gated, 99, 283 Vomeronasal Organ, 265, 283 W War, 268, 283 Warts, 252, 283 White blood cell, 230, 251, 258, 259, 268, 283 X Xenograft, 230, 283 X-ray, 240, 248, 256, 264, 272, 274, 283 X-ray therapy, 256, 283 Y Yeasts, 249, 267, 284