Loratadine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LORATADINE A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFERENC...

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LORATADINE A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

LORATADINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Loratadine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00673-1 1. Loratadine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on loratadine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LORATADINE ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Loratadine ..................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LORATADINE ................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Finding Nutrition Studies on Loratadine .................................................................................... 43 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 44 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON LORATADINE ......................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patents on Loratadine .................................................................................................................. 47 Patent Applications on Loratadine .............................................................................................. 54 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LORATADINE ............................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 59 Academic Periodicals covering Loratadine................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 63 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 64 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 75 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 79 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 79 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 85 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 85 LORATADINE DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................... 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 113

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with loratadine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about loratadine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to loratadine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on loratadine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to loratadine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on loratadine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LORATADINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on loratadine.

Federally Funded Research on Loratadine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to loratadine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to loratadine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore loratadine.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Loratadine

Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “loratadine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for loratadine in the PubMed Central database: x

Steady-State Pharmacokinetics and Electrocardiographic Pharmacodynamics of Clarithromycin and Loratadine after Individual or Concomitant Administration. by Carr RA, Edmonds A, Shi H, Locke CS, Gustavson LE, Craft JC, Harris SI, Palmer R.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105769

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with loratadine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “loratadine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for loratadine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): x

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A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of loratadine syrup and terfenadine suspension in the treatment of 3- to 6-year-old children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Lutsky BN, Klose P, Melon J, Menardo JL, Molkhou P, Ronchetti R, Suonpaa J, Wahn U, Wessel F. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993 September-October; 15(5): 855-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8269452

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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A comparative study of the side effects between pseudoephedrine in Loratadine plus Pseudoephedrine Sulfate Repetabs Tables and loratadine + pseudoephedrine tablet in treatment of allergic rhinitis in Thai patients. Author(s): Supiyaphun P, Chochaipanichnon L, Kerekhanjanarong V, Saengpanich S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85(6): 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12322847

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A comparison of central and peripheral effects of cetirizine and loratadine. Author(s): Pechadre JC, Beudin P, Eschalier A, Trolese JF, Rihoux JP. Source: J Int Med Res. 1991 July-August; 19(4): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1680760

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A comparison of once daily fexofenadine versus the combination of montelukast plus loratadine on domiciliary nasal peak flow and symptoms in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Wilson AM, Orr LC, Coutie WJ, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 32(1): 126-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002729

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A comparison of the efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Ratner PH, van Bavel JH, Martin BG, Hampel FC Jr, Howland WC 3rd, Rogenes PR, Westlund RE, Bowers BW, Cook CK. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 August; 47(2): 118-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9722799

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A controlled study on the effectiveness of loratadine in combination with flunisolide in the treatment of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES). Author(s): Purello-D'Ambrosio F, Isola S, Ricciardi L, Gangemi S, Barresi L, Bagnato GF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 August; 29(8): 1143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10457120

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of fexofenadine, loratadine and promethazine on cognitive and psychomotor function. Author(s): Hindmarch I, Shamsi Z, Stanley N, Fairweather DB. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 August; 48(2): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10417497

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomized study of loratadine (Clarityne) syrup for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children aged 3 to 12 years. Author(s): Yang YH, Lin YT, Lu MY, Tsai MJ, Chiang BL. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001 September; 19(3): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11826911

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A double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover comparison of levocetirizine with ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, mizolastine, and placebo: suppression of histamine-induced wheal-and-flare response during 24 hours in healthy male subjects. Author(s): Grant JA, Riethuisen JM, Moulaert B, DeVos C. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 February; 88(2): 190-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868924

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A double-blind, single-dose, crossover comparison of cetirizine, ebastine, epinastine, fexofenadine, terfenadine, and loratadine versus placebo: suppression of histamineinduced wheal and flare response for 24 h in healthy male subjects. Author(s): Grant JA, Danielson L, Rihoux JP, DeVos C. Source: Allergy. 1999 July; 54(7): 700-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10442525

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A double-blind, single-dose, crossover comparison of cetirizine, terfenadine, loratadine, astemizole, and chlorpheniramine versus placebo: suppressive effects on histamine-induced wheals and flares during 24 hours in normal subjects. Author(s): Simons FE, McMillan JL, Simons KJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 October; 86(4 Pt 1): 540-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1977781

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A multicentre study of loratadine, clemastine and placebo in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Frolund L, Etholm B, Irander K, Johannessen TA, Odkvist L, Ohlander B, Weeke B. Source: Allergy. 1990 May; 45(4): 254-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2143361

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A multicentric study of loratadine, terfenadine and placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Horak F, Bruttmann G, Pedrali P, Weeke B, Frolund L, Wolff HH, Christophers E. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1988 January; 38(1): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2896508

Studies

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A parallel-group comparison of astemizole and loratadine for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): al-Muhaimeed H. Source: J Int Med Res. 1997 July-August; 25(4): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9283989

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A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, comparing the efficacy and safety of rupatadine (20 and 10 mg), a new PAF and H1 receptor-specific histamine antagonist, to loratadine 10 mg in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Saint-Martin F, Dumur JP, Perez I, Izquierdo I; French Rupatadine-Rhinitis Study Group. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004; 14(1): 34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15160440

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of emedastine 0.05% ophthalmic solution with loratadine 10 mg and their combination in the human conjunctival allergen challenge model. Author(s): Abelson MB, Kaplan AP. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 March; 24(3): 445-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952027

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of ebastine (20 mg and 10 mg) to loratadine 10 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Hampel F Jr, Howland W 3rd, Van Bavel J, Ratner P. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004; 14(1): 56-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15160443

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A review of loratadine in the treatment of patients with allergic bronchial asthma. Author(s): Menardo JL, Horak F, Danzig MR, Czarlewski W. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1997 November-December; 19(6): 1278-93; Discussion 1523-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9444440

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A sensitive LC/MS/MS method using silica column and aqueous-organic mobile phase for the analysis of loratadine and descarboethoxy-loratadine in human plasma. Author(s): Naidong W, Addison T, Schneider T, Jiang X, Halls TD. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 August 8; 32(4-5): 60917. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12899951

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Loratadine

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Adjunct effect of loratadine in the treatment of acute sinusitis in patients with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Braun JJ, Alabert JP, Michel FB, Quiniou M, Rat C, Cougnard J, Czarlewski W, Bousquet J. Source: Allergy. 1997 June; 52(6): 650-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9226059

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Agonist-antagonist interactions in the skin: comparison of effects of loratadine and cetirizine on skin vascular responses to prick tests with histamine and substance P. Author(s): Van Neste D, Coussement C, Ghys L, Rihoux JP. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1992 November; 4(3): 172-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1283698

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An evaluation of onset and duration of action of patanol (olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.1%) compared to Claritin (loratadine 10 mg) tablets in acute allergic conjunctivitis in the conjunctival allergen challenge model. Author(s): Abelson MB, Welch DL. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 2000; (230): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057354

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Antiallergic activity of loratadine: inhibition of leukotriene C4 release from human leucocytes. Author(s): Miadonna A, Milazzo N, Lorini M, Marchesi E, Tedeschi A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 April; 25(4): 364-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7541309

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Antihistamines and production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-8 by human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro: evaluation of the effects of loratadine and cetirizine. Author(s): Amsellem C, Gormand F, Hosni R, Aloui R, Guibert B, Czarlewski W, Melac M, Lagarde M, Perrin-Fayolle M, Pacheco Y. Source: General Pharmacology. 1996 March; 27(2): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8919641

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Assessing patient satisfaction with desloratadine after conversion from loratadine, fexofenadine, or cetirizine. Author(s): Glass D, Harper A. Source: Manag Care Interface. 2004 February; 17(2): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038691

Studies

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Assessing satisfaction with desloratadine and fexofenadine in allergy patients who report dissatisfaction with loratadine. Author(s): Glass DJ, Harper AS. Source: Bmc Family Practice [electronic Resource]. 2003 August 13; 4(1): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917016

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Astemizole-D causes less sleep impairment than loratadine-D. Author(s): Janssens MM, Lins RL. Source: J Int Med Res. 1995 May-June; 23(3): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7649340

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Block of human cardiac Kv1.5 channels by loratadine: voltage-, time- and usedependent block at concentrations above therapeutic levels. Author(s): Delpon E, Valenzuela C, Gay P, Franqueza L, Snyders DJ, Tamargo J. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 1997 August; 35(2): 341-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9349397

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Blood basophil numbers in chronic ordinary urticaria and healthy controls: diurnal variation, influence of loratadine and prednisolone and relationship to disease activity. Author(s): Grattan CE, Dawn G, Gibbs S, Francis DM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 33(3): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614448

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Brompheniramine, loratadine, and placebo in allergic rhinitis: a placebo-controlled comparative clinical trial. Author(s): Druce HM, Thoden WR, Mure P, Furey SA, Lockhart EA, Xie T, Galant S, Prenner BM, Weinstein S, Ziering R, Brandon ML. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 April; 38(4): 382-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9590467

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Cardiovascular profile of loratadine. Author(s): Hey JA, Affrime M, Cobert B, Kreutner W, Cuss FM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 29 Suppl 3: 197-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10444237

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Cetirizine and loratadine: a comparison using the ED50 in skin reactions. Author(s): Ramboer I, Bumtbacea R, Lazarescu D, Radu JR. Source: J Int Med Res. 2000 March-April; 28(2): 69-77. Erratum In: J Int Med Res 2000 July-August; 28(4): 197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898119

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Loratadine

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Cetirizine, loratadine, or placebo in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis: effects after controlled ragweed pollen challenge in an environmental exposure unit. Author(s): Day JH, Briscoe M, Widlitz MD. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 May; 101(5): 638-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9600501

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Children's school performance is not impaired by short-term administration of diphenhydramine or loratadine. Author(s): Bender BG, McCormick DR, Milgrom H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 May; 138(5): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11343039

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Clinical pharmacology of the H1-receptor antagonists cetirizine and loratadine in children. Author(s): Simons FE, Johnston L, Simons KJ. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2000 May; 11(2): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893015

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Comparative effects of loratadine and azatadine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Katelaris C. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1990 December; 8(2): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1982614

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Comparative effects of loratadine and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Author(s): Belaich S, Bruttmann G, DeGreef H, Lachapelle JM, Paul E, Pedrali P, Tennstedt D. Source: Ann Allergy. 1990 February; 64(2 Pt 2): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1967919

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Comparative effects of terfenadine and loratadine in the treatment of hay fever. Author(s): Ciprandi G, Iudice A, Tosca MA, Ruffoni S, Buscaglia S, Canonica GW. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1991 December; 1(6): 368-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1669595

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Comparative efficacy and safety of a once-daily loratadine-pseudoephedrine combination versus its components alone and placebo in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Bronsky E, Boggs P, Findlay S, Gawchik S, Georgitis J, Mansmann H, Sholler L, Wolfe J, Meltzer E, Morris R, et al. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 August; 96(2): 139-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7636050

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Comparative efficacy and safety of once-daily versus twice-daily loratadinepseudoephedrine combinations versus placebo in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Kaiser HB, Banov CH, Berkowitz RR, Bernstein DI, Bronsky EA, Georgitis JW, Mendelson LM, Rooklin AR, Sholler LJ, Stricker WW, Harrison JE, Danzig MR, Lorber RR. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1998 July; 5(4): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10099066

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Comparative efficacy of loratadine and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Author(s): Abu Shareeah AM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 31(5): 355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1534077

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Comparative efficacy of once daily loratadine versus terfenadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Banov CH. Source: J Int Med Res. 1989 March-April; 17(2): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2566536

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Comparative efficacy of terfenadine, loratadine, and astemizole in perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Crawford WW, Klaustermeyer WB, Lee PH, Placik IM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 May; 118(5): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9591867

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Comparative onset of action and symptom relief with cetirizine, loratadine, or placebo in an environmental exposure unit in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis: confirmation of a test system. Author(s): Day JH, Briscoe M, Rafeiro E, Chapman D, Kramer B. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 December; 87(6): 474-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770694

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Comparative outdoor study of the efficacy, onset and duration of action, and safety of cetirizine, loratadine, and placebo for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Meltzer EO, Weiler JM, Widlitz MD. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 February; 97(2): 617-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8621847

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Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of loratadine syrup and terfenadine suspension in the treatment of chronic allergic skin diseases in a pediatric population. Author(s): Lutsky BN, Schuller JL, Cerio R, Chieira ML, Giannetti A, Goncalves HM, deGroot LJ, Vareltzides A, Guillot B, Lynde CW, et al. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1993 November; 43(11): 1196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8292064

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Comparative therapeutic effect and safety of mizolastine and loratadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria. URTILOR study group. Author(s): Leynadier F, Duarte-Risselin C, Murrieta M. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2000 April-May; 10(3): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10725819

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Comparative wheal and flare study of mizolastine vs terfenadine, cetirizine, loratadine and placebo in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Rosenzweig P, Caplain H, Chaufour S, Ulliac N, Cabanis MJ, Thebault JJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 November; 40(5): 459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8703650

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Compared peripheral H1 inhibiting effects of cetirizine 2 HCl and loratadine. Author(s): Rihoux JP, Ghys L, Coulie P. Source: Ann Allergy. 1990 August; 65(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1974399

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Comparison between nasal provocation tests and skin tests in patients treated with loratadine and cetirizine. Author(s): Persi L, Demoly P, Harris AG, Tisserand B, Michel FB, Bousquet J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 April; 103(4): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10200006

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Comparison of cetirizine, ebastine and loratadine in the treatment of immediate mosquito-bite allergy. Author(s): Karppinen A, Kautiainen H, Petman L, Burri P, Reunala T. Source: Allergy. 2002 June; 57(6): 534-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12028119

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Comparison of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide with oral loratadine for the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Schoenwetter W, Lim J. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1995 May-June; 17(3): 479-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7585852

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Comparison of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide with oral loratadine in the treatment of seasonal ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Gawchik SM, Lim J. Source: Am J Manag Care. 1997 July; 3(7): 1052-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10173369

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Comparison of loratadine and terfenadine in allergic seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis with emphasis on nasal stuffiness and peak flow. Author(s): Olsen OT, Nuchel Petersen L, Hoi L, Lorentzen KA, Hindberg Rasmussen W, Svendsen UG. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1992 October; 42(10): 1227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1472143

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Comparison of mizolastine with loratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Bellioni P, Catalano B, Cervellera G, Filiaci F, Mira E, Carraro A. Source: Rhinology. 1996 June; 34(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8876072

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Comparison of once-daily ebastine 20 mg, ebastine 10 mg, loratadine 10 mg, and placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. The Ebastine Study Group. Author(s): Ratner PH, Lim JC, Georges GC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 June; 105(6 Pt 1): 1101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10856142

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Comparison of the combinations of fexofenadine-pseudoephedrine and loratadinemontelukast in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Moinuddin R, deTineo M, Maleckar B, Naclerio RM, Baroody FM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2004 January; 92(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756468

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Comparison of the effect of loratadine on the airway and skin responses to histamine, methacholine, and allergen in subjects with asthma. Author(s): Town GI, Holgate ST. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 December; 86(6 Pt 1): 88693. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2148176

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Comparison of the effects of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine on daytime alertness and performance in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Bender BG, Milgrom H. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2004 March; 92(3): 344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15049399

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Comparison of the effects of levocetirizine and loratadine on histamine-induced wheal, flare, and itch in human skin. Author(s): Clough GF, Boutsiouki P, Church MK. Source: Allergy. 2001 October; 56(10): 985-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11576078

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Comparison of the effects of loratadine and astemizole in the treatment of children with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Boner AL, Richelli C, Castellani C, Marchesi E, Andreoli A. Source: Allergy. 1992 April; 47(2 Pt 1): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1385929

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Comparison of the effects of single doses of the new H1-receptor antagonists loratadine and terfenadine versus placebo in children. Author(s): Simons FE, Lukowski JL, Becker AB, Simons KJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 February; 118(2): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1671591

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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of loratadine, terfenadine, and placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Gutkowski A, Bedard P, Del Carpio J, Hebert J, Prevost M, Schulz J, Turenne Y, Yeadon C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1988 May; 81(5 Pt 1): 902-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2897388

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Comparison of the efficacy, safety and quality of life provided by fexofenadine hydrochloride 120 mg, loratadine 10 mg and placebo administered once daily for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Van Cauwenberge P, Juniper EF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 June; 30(6): 891-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10848909

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Comparison of the response to histamine challenge of the nose and the maxillary sinus: effect of loratadine. Author(s): Baroody FM, Gungor A, deTineo M, Haney L, Blair C, Naclerio RM. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999 September; 87(3): 1038-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484575

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Computed phonetograms in adult patients with benign voice disorders before and after treatment with a nonsedating antihistamine (loratadine). Author(s): Pedersen MF. Source: Folia Phoniatr (Basel). 1991; 43(2): 60-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1833295

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Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Meltzer EO, Malmstrom K, Lu S, Prenner BM, Wei LX, Weinstein SF, Wolfe JD, Reiss TF. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 105(5): 917-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10808172

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Controlled clinical study of the efficacy of loratadine in Nigerian patients with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Nwawolo CC, Olusesi AD. Source: Niger Postgrad Med J. 2001 September; 8(3): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721215

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Determination of loratadine and pheniramine from human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Martens J. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 November 17; 673(2): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8611951

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Determination of loratadine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002 Jul;2(4):320 Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 May 5; 755(1-2): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099259

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Determination of loratadine in human plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detector and study on its bioavailability. Author(s): Xu XJ, Shang EX, Qiu FR, Mao GG, Xiang BR. Source: Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2004 February; 39(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15127620

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Double-blind comparison of cetirizine and loratadine in children ages 2 to 6 years with perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Sienra-Monge JJ, Gazca-Aguilar A, Del Rio-Navarro B. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1999 May; 6(3): 149-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10423657

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Double-blind comparison of loratadine (SCH 29851), astemizole, and placebo in hay fever with special regard to onset of action. Author(s): Oei HD. Source: Ann Allergy. 1988 December; 61(6): 436-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2904776

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Double-blind placebo-controlled study of loratadine, mequitazine, and placebo in the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Skassa-Brociek W, Bousquet J, Montes F, Verdier M, Schwab D, Lherminier M, Michel FB. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1988 April; 81(4): 725-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2965719

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Double-blind study of cetirizine and loratadine versus placebo in patients with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Nunes C, Ladeira S. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000 January-February; 10(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10780795

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Double-blind trials of azelastine nasal spray monotherapy versus combination therapy with loratadine tablets and beclomethasone nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Rhinitis Study Groups. Author(s): Berger WE, Fineman SM, Lieberman P, Miles RM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 June; 82(6): 535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10400480

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Duration of effect of loratadine and terfenadine administered once a day for one week on cutaneous and inhaled reactivity to histamine. Author(s): Labrecque M, Ghezzo H, L'Archeveque J, Trudeau C, Cartier A, Malo JL. Source: Chest. 1993 March; 103(3): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8449068

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Dynamics of the skin blood flow response to histamine. Comparison of the effects of cetirizine and loratadine on the skin response to a histamine dry prick test monitored with laser-Doppler flowmetry. Author(s): Van Neste D, Rihoux JP. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1993; 186(4): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8099818

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Effect of a non-sedative antihistaminic (loratadine) in moderate asthma. A doubleblind controlled clinical crossover-trial. Author(s): Dirksen A, Engel T, Frolund L, Heinig JH, Svendsen UG, Weeke B. Source: Allergy. 1989 November; 44(8): 566-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2532868

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Effect of descarboethoxyloratadine, the major metabolite of loratadine, on the human cardiac potassium channel Kv1.5. Author(s): Caballero R, Delpon E, Valenzuela C, Longobardo M, Franqueza L, Tamargo J. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 November; 122(5): 796-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9384491

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Effect of desloratadine and loratadine on rhinovirus-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 upregulation and promoter activation in respiratory epithelial cells. Author(s): Papi A, Papadopoulos NG, Stanciu LA, Degitz K, Holgate ST, Johnston SL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 August; 108(2): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11496238

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Effect of loratadine on human eosinophil function in vitro. Author(s): Eda R, Sugiyama H, Hopp RJ, Bewtra AK, Townley RG. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 October; 71(4): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8214802

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Effect of loratadine on nitrogen dioxide-induced changes in electrical resistance and release of inflammatory mediators from cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. Author(s): Bayram H, Devalia JL, Khair OA, Abdelaziz MM, Sapsford RJ, Czarlewski W, Campbell AM, Bousquet J, Davies RJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 104(1): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10400845

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Effect of loratadine, an H1 antihistamine, on induced cough in non-asthmatic patients with chronic cough. Author(s): Tanaka S, Hirata K, Kurihara N, Yoshikawa J, Takeda T. Source: Thorax. 1996 August; 51(8): 810-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8795669

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Effect of specific immunotherapy versus loratadine on serum adhesion molecules. Author(s): Ferreira MB, Santos MC, Pregal AL, Alonso E, Santos AS, Palma-Carlos ML, Palma-Carlos AG. Source: Allerg Immunol (Paris). 2001 October; 33(8): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11763722

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Effects of a single dose of loratadine on flying ability under conditions of simulated cabin pressure. Author(s): Valk PJ, Simons RM, Struyvenberg PA, Kruit H, van Berge Henegouwen MT. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1997 January-February; 11(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9065344

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Effects of acrivastine, loratadine and cetirizine on histamine-induced wheal and flare responses. Author(s): Bayramgurler D, Bilen N, Apaydyn R, Altintas L, Sal G, Dokmeci S, Utkan T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 September; 24(5): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10564333

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Effects of cetirizine, loratadine and terfenadine on histamine weal and flare reactions. Author(s): Lever LR, Hill S, Marks R, Rosenberg R, Thompson D. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1992; 5(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1533530

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Effects of dimethindene maleate on psychomotor performance in the oculodynamic test compared with placebo and loratadine. Author(s): Englisch W, Rehn D, Schaffler K, Wauschkuhn CH. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1996 September; 46(9): 887-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8876938

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Effects of loratadine (SCH 29851) in suppression of histamine-induced skin wheals. Author(s): Kassem N, Roman I, Gural R, Dyer JG, Robillard N. Source: Ann Allergy. 1988 June; 60(6): 505-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2968060

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Effects of loratadine and cetirizine on actual driving and psychometric test performance, and EEG during driving. Author(s): Ramaekers JG, Uiterwijk MM, O'Hanlon JF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 42(4): 363-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1355427

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Effects of loratadine and terfenadine on the induced nasal allergic reaction. Author(s): Baroody FM, Lim MC, Proud D, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM, Naclerio RM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1996 March; 122(3): 309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8607960

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Effects of loratadine on anti-IgE-induced inflammation, histamine release, and leukocyte recruitment in skin of atopics. Author(s): Roquet A, Raud J, Hallden G, van Hage-Hamsten M, Hed J, Hansson LO, Zetterstrom O, Gronneberg R. Source: Allergy. 1995 May; 50(5): 414-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7573830

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Effects of loratadine on cytosolic Ca2+ levels and leukotriene release: novel mechanisms of action independent of the anti-histamine activity. Author(s): Letari O, Miozzo A, Folco G, Belloni PA, Sala A, Rovati GE, Nicosia S. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1994 February 15; 266(3): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8174605

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Effects of loratadine on postural control. Author(s): Ledin T, Odkvist LM, Moller C. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1995; 520 Pt 2: 310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8749149

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Effects of loratadine on red wine-induced symptoms and signs of rhinitis. Author(s): Andersson M, Persson CG, Svensson C, Cervin-Hoberg C, Greiff L. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 December; 123(9): 1087-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14710913

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Effects of methysergide and loratadine on food intake, mood, and performance of humans living in a residential laboratory. Author(s): Comer SD, Haney M, Ward AS, Fischman MW, Foltin RW. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1998 May; 64(2): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9662080

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Effects of the selective H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists loratadine and ranitidine on autonomic control of the heart. Author(s): Nault MA, Milne B, Parlow JL. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 February; 96(2): 336-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11818765

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Efficacy and safety of ebastine 20 mg compared to loratadine 10 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Author(s): Ratner P, Hampel F Jr, Van Bavel J, Howland W 3rd. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2004 April; 133(4): 371-9. Epub 2004 March 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15031611

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Efficacy and safety of loratadine (10 mg once daily) in the management of idiopathic chronic urticaria. Author(s): Monroe EW, Fox RW, Green AW, Izuno GT, Bernstein DI, Pleskow WW, Willis I, Brigante JR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 July; 19(1 Pt 1): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2900256

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Efficacy and safety of loratadine (10 mg once daily), terfenadine (60 mg twice daily), and placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Del Carpio J, Kabbash L, Turenne Y, Prevost M, Hebert J, Bedard PM, Nedilski M, Gutkowski A, Schulz J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 November; 84(5 Pt 1): 741-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2572617

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Efficacy and safety of loratadine compared with astemizole in Malaysian patients with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Lee ST, Amin MJ. Source: Singapore Med J. 1994 December; 35(6): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7761882

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Efficacy and safety of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and mild asthma. Author(s): Corren J, Harris AG, Aaronson D, Beaucher W, Berkowitz R, Bronsky E, Chen R, Chervinsky P, Cohen R, Fourre J, Grossman J, Meltzer E, Pedinoff A, Stricker W, Wanderer A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 December; 100(6 Pt 1): 781-8. Erratum In: J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 June; 101(6 Pt 1): 792. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438487

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Efficacy and safety of loratadine suspension in the treatment of children with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Boner AL, Miglioranzi P, Richelli C, Marchesi E, Andreoli A. Source: Allergy. 1989 August; 44(6): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2572182

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Efficacy and safety of mizolastine 10 mg in a placebo-controlled comparison with loratadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: results of the MILOR Study. Author(s): Dubertret L, Murrieta Aguttes M, Tonet J. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 January; 12(1): 16-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10188144

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Efficacy and tolerability of astemizole-D and Loratadine-D during prolonged, controlled allergen challenge in the Vienna Challenge Chamber. Author(s): Horak F, Jager S, Toth J, Berger U. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1996 November; 46(11): 1077-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8955868

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Efficacy and tolerability of loratadine versus fexofenadine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a double-blind comparison with crossover treatment of nonresponders. Author(s): Prenner BM, Capano D, Harris AG. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 June; 22(6): 760-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10929922

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Efficacy and tolerability of montelukast alone or in combination with loratadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial performed in the fall. Author(s): Nayak AS, Philip G, Lu S, Malice MP, Reiss TF; Montelukast Fall Rhinitis Investigator Group. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 June; 88(6): 592-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12086367

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Efficacy of an oral antihistamine, loratadine, as compared with a nasal steroid spray, beclomethasone dipropionate, in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Frolund L. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1991 December; 16(6): 527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1685945

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Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in patients with an unsatisfactory response to loratadine. Author(s): Berger WE, White MV; Rhinitis Study Group. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 August; 91(2): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12952117

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Efficacy of ebastine, cetirizine, and loratadine in histamine cutaneous challenges. Author(s): Gispert J, Antonijoan R, Barbanoj M, Gich I, Garcia E, Esbri R, Luria X. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 September; 89(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269645

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Efficacy of loratadine versus placebo in the prophylactic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Dolovich J, Moote DW, Mazza JA, Clermont A, PetitClerc C, Danzig M. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 September; 73(3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092558

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Efficacy of montelukast, in combination with loratadine, in the treatment of delayed pressure urticaria. Author(s): Nettis E, Pannofino A, Cavallo E, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 July; 112(1): 212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847504

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Esophageal retention of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine extended-release tablets (Claritin-D 24 Hour). Author(s): Ransom JH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 February; 101(2 Pt 1): 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500767

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Evaluation of a composite scoring system in conjunctival challenge with allergen: reproducibility and evolution during loratadine treatment. Author(s): Bousquet J, Chanal I, Czarlewski W, Michel FB. Source: Allergy. 1995 October; 50(10): 841-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8607569

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Evaluation of an association between loratadine and hypospadias--United States, 1997-2001. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2004 March 19; 53(10): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15029117

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Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of loratadine in perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Bruttmann G, Charpin D, Germouty J, Horak F, Kunkel G, Wittmann G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 February; 83(2 Pt 1): 4116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2563743

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Evaluation of the interaction of loratadine and desloratadine with P-glycoprotein. Author(s): Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2001 August; 29(8): 1080-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11454724

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Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of loratadine with concomitant administration of ketoconazole or cimetidine. Author(s): Kosoglou T, Salfi M, Lim JM, Batra VK, Cayen MN, Affrime MB. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 December; 50(6): 581-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136297

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Evaluation of the potential cardiotoxicity of the antihistamines terfenadine, astemizole, loratadine, and cetirizine in atopic children. Author(s): Delgado LF, Pferferman A, Sole D, Naspitz CK. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 April; 80(4): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564984

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Excretion of loratadine in human breast milk. Author(s): Hilbert J, Radwanski E, Affrime MB, Perentesis G, Symchowicz S, Zampaglione N. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 March; 28(3): 234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2966185

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Fetal safety of loratadine use in the first trimester of pregnancy: a multicenter study. Author(s): Moretti ME, Caprara D, Coutinho CJ, Bar-Oz B, Berkovitch M, Addis A, Jovanovski E, Schuler-Faccini L, Koren G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 March; 111(3): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12642825

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Fixed drug eruption due to loratadine. Author(s): Pionetti CH, Kien MC, Alonso A. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2003 September-October; 31(5): 291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572420

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Fixed drug eruption due to loratadine. Author(s): Ruiz-Genao DP, Hernandez-Nunez A, Sanchez-Perez J, Garcia-Diez A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 146(3): 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952560

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Fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction reversed by loratadine. Author(s): Brubaker RV. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 June; 63(6): 534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088167

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Fluticasone nasal spray and the combination of loratadine and montelukast in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Saengpanich S, deTineo M, Naclerio RM, Baroody FM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 May; 129(5): 557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12759270

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Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray compared with oral loratadine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Gehanno P, Desfougeres JL. Source: Allergy. 1997 April; 52(4): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9188929

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Glottis oedema due to loratadine. Author(s): Bonanni L, Parmiani S, Sturbini S. Source: Allergy. 2004 January; 59(1): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674948

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High-dose loratadine exposure in a six-year-old child. Author(s): Cobb DB, Watson WA, Fernandez MC. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2001 June; 43(3): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11383659

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Identification of human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes that metabolize the nonsedating antihistamine loratadine. Formation of descarboethoxyloratadine by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Author(s): Yumibe N, Huie K, Chen KJ, Snow M, Clement RP, Cayen MN. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1996 January 26; 51(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8615885

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Identification of human liver cytochrome P450s involved in the microsomal metabolism of the antihistaminic drug loratadine. Author(s): Yumibe N, Huie K, Chen KJ, Clement RP, Cayen MN. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 May-June; 107(1-3): 420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7613198

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In vitro characterization of the inhibition profile of loratadine, desloratadine, and 3OH-desloratadine for five human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Author(s): Barecki ME, Casciano CN, Johnson WW, Clement RP. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2001 September; 29(9): 1173-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11502723

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In vitro inhibition, by loratadine and descarboxyethoxyloratadine, of histamine release from human basophils, and of histamine release and intracellular calcium fluxes in rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3). Author(s): Berthon B, Taudou G, Combettes L, Czarlewski W, Carmi-Leroy A, Marchand F, Weyer A. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1994 March 2; 47(5): 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7510965

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In vivo and ex vivo inhibitory effects of loratadine on histamine release in patients with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Miadonna A, Cottini M, Milazzo N, Tosi D, Danzig M, Tedeschi A. Source: Allergy. 1998 December; 53(12): 1183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9930595

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Influence of food on the oral bioavailability of loratadine and pseudoephedrine from extended-release tablets in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Nomeir AA, Mojaverian P, Kosoglou T, Affrime MB, Nezamis J, Rodwanski E, Lin CC, Cayen MN. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 October; 36(10): 923-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8930779

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Influence of zafirlukast and loratadine on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Author(s): Dahlen B, Roquet A, Inman MD, Karlsson O, Naya I, Anstren G, O'Byrne PM, Dahlen SE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 May; 109(5): 789-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11994701

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Inhibition of IgE- and non-IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophil leukocytes in vitro by a histamine H1-antagonist, desethoxycarbonyl-loratadine. Author(s): Kleine-Tebbe J, Josties C, Frank G, Stalleicken D, Buschauer A, Schunack W, Kunkel G, Czarnetzki B. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 February; 93(2): 494-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7509820

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Inhibition of the histamine wheal by ebastine compared with cetirizine, fexofenadine and loratadine at steady state. Author(s): Carey W, Warrington S, Boyce M, Luria X. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002; 28(6): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776578

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Inhibitory activity of loratadine and descarboethoxyloratadine on expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR by nasal epithelial cells. Author(s): Vignola AM, Crampette L, Mondain M, Sauvere G, Czarlewski W, Bousquet J, Campbell AM. Source: Allergy. 1995 March; 50(3): 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7677235

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Inhibitory activity of loratadine and descarboxyethoxyloratadine on histamineinduced activation of endothelial cells. Author(s): Molet S, Gosset P, Lassalle P, Czarlewski W, Tonnel AB. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 October; 27(10): 1167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9383257

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Inhibitory effect of loratadine and clemastine on histamine release in human skin. Author(s): Hagermark O, Wahlgren CF, Gios I. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1992; 5(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1379054

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Inhibitory effect of loratadine on leukotriene B4 production by neutrophils either alone or during interaction with human airway epithelial cells. Author(s): Amsellem C, Czarlewski W, Lagarde M, Pacheco Y. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998; 11(4): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10101740

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Inhibitory effect of the H1 antagonist loratadine on histamine release from human basophils. Author(s): Miadonna A, Milazzo N, Lorini M, Marchesi E, Tedeschi A. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994 September; 105(1): 127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7522069

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Initial and steady-state effects of diphenhydramine and loratadine on sedation, cognition, mood, and psychomotor performance. Author(s): Kay GG, Berman B, Mockoviak SH, Morris CE, Reeves D, Starbuck V, Sukenik E, Harris AG. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997 November 10; 157(20): 2350-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361576

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Interactions of the nonsedating antihistamine loratadine with a Kv1.5-type potassium channel cloned from human heart. Author(s): Lacerda AE, Roy ML, Lewis EW, Rampe D. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 1997 August; 52(2): 314-22. Erratum In: Mol Pharmacol 1997 October; 52(4): 754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9271355

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Intranasal fluticasone propionate versus loratadine in the treatment of adolescent patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Jordana G, Dolovich J, Briscoe MP, Day JH, Drouin MA, Gold M, Robson R, Stepner N, Yang W. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 February; 97(2): 588-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8621843

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Lack of effect of loratadine on moderate to severe asthma. Author(s): Ekstrom T, Osterman K, Zetterstrom O. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1995 September; 75(3): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7552933

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Lack of subsensitivity to loratadine during long-term dosing during 12 weeks. Author(s): Bousquet J, Chanal I, Skassa-Brociek W, Lemonier C, Michel FB. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 August; 86(2): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1974561

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Loratadine (SCH29851) 40 mg once daily versus terfenadine 60 mg twice daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Bruttmann G, Pedrali P. Source: J Int Med Res. 1987 March-April; 15(2): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2884152

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Loratadine administered concomitantly with erythromycin: pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic evaluations. Author(s): Brannan MD, Reidenberg P, Radwanski E, Shneyer L, Lin CC, Cayen MN, Affrime MB. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995 September; 58(3): 269-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554700

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Loratadine and desethoxylcarbonyl-loratadine inhibit the immunological release of mediators from human Fc epsilon RI+ cells. Author(s): Genovese A, Patella V, De Crescenzo G, De Paulis A, Spadaro G, Marone G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 May; 27(5): 559-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9179431

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Loratadine and terfenadine in perennial allergic rhinitis. Treatment of nonresponders to the one drug with the other drug. Author(s): Carlsen KH, Kramer J, Fagertun HE, Larsen S. Source: Allergy. 1993 August; 48(6): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8238798

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Loratadine and terfenadine interaction with nefazodone: Both antihistamines are associated with QTc prolongation. Author(s): Abernethy DR, Barbey JT, Franc J, Brown KS, Feirrera I, Ford N, Salazar DE. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 March; 69(3): 96-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11240972

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Loratadine and ventricular tachycardia. Author(s): Good AP, Rockwood R, Schad P. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1994 July 15; 74(2): 207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7517624

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Loratadine blockade of K(+) channels in human heart: comparison with terfenadine under physiological conditions. Author(s): Crumb WJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2000 January; 292(1): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604956

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Loratadine in the high performance aerospace environment. Author(s): Hansen GR. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1999 September; 70(9): 919-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10503759

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Loratadine in the treatment of cough associated with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Ciprandi G, Buscaglia S, Catrullo A, Marchesi E, Bianchi B, Canonica GW. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1995 August; 75(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7648374

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Loratadine in the treatment of mosquito-bite-sensitive children. Author(s): Karppinen A, Kautiainen H, Reunala T, Petman L, Reunala T, BrummerKorvenkontio H. Source: Allergy. 2000 July; 55(7): 668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921468

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Loratadine in the treatment of urticaria. Author(s): Monroe EW. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1997 March-April; 19(2): 232-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9152563

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Loratadine is viable in patients with geriatric rhinitis. Author(s): Wasserman N. Source: Geriatrics. 2002 December; 57(12): 10; Author Reply 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12494726

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Loratadine reduces allergen-induced mucosal output of alpha 2-macroglobulin and tryptase in allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Greiff L, Persson CG, Svensson C, Enander I, Andersson M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 July; 96(1): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7542675

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Loratadine reduces the expression of ICAM-1. Author(s): Ciprandi G, Catrullo A, Cerqueti P, Tosca M, Fiorino N, Canonica GW. Source: Allergy. 1998 May; 53(5): 545-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9636821

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Loratadine toxicity. Author(s): Gokel Y, Satar S, Sebe A. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 September; 18(5): 639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999590

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Loratadine treatment of rhinitis due to pollen allergy reduces epithelial ICAM-1 expression. Author(s): Ciprandi G, Pronzato C, Ricca V, Passalacqua G, Danzig M, Canonica GW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 October; 27(10): 1175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9383258

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Loratadine versus cetirizine: assessment of somnolence and motivation during the workday. Author(s): Salmun LM, Gates D, Scharf M, Greiding L, Ramon F, Heithoff K. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 May; 22(5): 573-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10868555

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Loratadine, a non-sedating H1-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) Author(s): Simons FE. Source: Ann Allergy. 1989 October; 63(4): 266-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2572187

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Loratadine, an antihistamine, blocks antigen-and ionophore-induced leukotriene release from human lung in vitro. Author(s): Temple DM, McCluskey M. Source: Prostaglandins. 1988 April; 35(4): 549-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2470117

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Loratadine. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Author(s): Clissold SP, Sorkin EM, Goa KL. Source: Drugs. 1989 January; 37(1): 42-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2523301

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Loratadine. A reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in allergic disorders. Author(s): Haria M, Fitton A, Peters DH. Source: Drugs. 1994 October; 48(4): 617-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7528133

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Loratadine. A review of recent findings in pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety, with a look at its use in combination with pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Roman IJ, Danzig MR. Source: Clin Rev Allergy. 1993 Spring; 11(1): 89-110. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8319163

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Loratadine/nefazodone interaction. Author(s): Barbey JT. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 May; 71(5): 403; Author Reply 403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12011827

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Loratadine/pseudoephedrine for nasal symptoms in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): McFadden EA, Gungor A, Ng B, Mamikoglu B, Moinuddin R, Corey J. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 April; 79(4): 254, 257-8, 260 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10786387

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Loratadine: a nonsedating antihistamine with once-daily dosing. Author(s): Barenholtz HA, McLeod DC. Source: Dicp. 1989 June; 23(6): 445-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2525847

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Loratadine: a non-sedating antihistamine. Review of its effects on cognition, psychomotor performance, mood and sedation. Author(s): Kay GG, Harris AG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 29 Suppl 3: 147-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10444229

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Loratadine: multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Radwanski E, Hilbert J, Symchowicz S, Zampaglione N. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987 July; 27(7): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2958516

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Loratadine-pseudoephedrine combination versus placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Grossman J, Bronsky EA, Lanier BQ, Linzmayer MI, Moss BA, Schenkel EJ, Selner JC. Source: Ann Allergy. 1989 October; 63(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2529798

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Loratadine-pseudoephedrine in children with allergic rhinitis, a controlled doubleblind trial. Author(s): Serra HA, Alves O, Rizzo LF, Devoto FM, Ascierto H. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 February; 45(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9491827

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Mizolastine provides effective symptom relief in patients suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study versus loratadine. Author(s): Freche C, Leynadier F, Horak F, Hide D, Gracia FD, Goos M, Bachert C, Horvath A, Antosova E, Verrecchia M, Soussen PB. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 September; 89(3): 304-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269652

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Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in combination with loratadine, a histamine receptor antagonist, in the treatment of chronic asthma. Author(s): Reicin A, White R, Weinstein SF, Finn AF Jr, Nguyen H, Peszek I, Geissler L, Seidenberg BC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 September 11; 160(16): 2481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10979060

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Nasal effect of cetirizine and loratadine at 24 hours in patients with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Frossard N, Benabdesselam O, Melac M, Glasser N, Lacronique J, Pauli G. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1998 September; 5(5): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10099074

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Ocular drying associated with oral antihistamines (loratadine) in the normal population-an evaluation of exaggerated dose effect. Author(s): Welch D, Ousler GW 3rd, Nally LA, Abelson MB, Wilcox KA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 506(Pt B): 1051-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614031

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Olopatadine ophthalmic solution adjunctive to loratadine compared with loratadine alone in patients with active seasonal allergic conjunctivitis symptoms. Author(s): Lanier BQ, Gross RD, Marks BB, Cockrum PC, Juniper EF. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 June; 86(6): 641-8. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11428736

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Once daily loratadine versus astemizole once daily. Author(s): Chervinsky P, Georgitis J, Banov C, Boggs P, Vande Souwe R, Greenstein S. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 August; 73(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8067592

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Onset and duration of the effects of three antihistamines in current use--astemizole, loratadine and terfenadine forte--studied during prolonged, controlled allergen challenges in volunteers. Author(s): Horak F, Jager S, Berger U. Source: J Int Med Res. 1992 September; 20(5): 422-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1451923

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Onset of action and efficacy of terfenadine, astemizole, cetirizine, and loratadine for the relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Day JH, Briscoe MP, Clark RH, Ellis AK, Gervais P. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 August; 79(2): 163-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9291422

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Onset of action in the nasal antihistaminic effect of cetirizine and loratadine in patients with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Frossard N, Lacronique J, Melac M, Benabdesselam O, Braun JJ, Glasser N, Pauli G. Source: Allergy. 1997 February; 52(2): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105526

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Onset of action of loratadine and placebo and other efficacy variables in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Bedard PM, Del Carpio J, Drouin MA, Yang W, Hebert J, Lavoie A, Prevost M, Turenne Y, PetitClerc C, Lorber R. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 March-April; 14(2): 268-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1351796

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Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose loratadine and ambroxol alone and combined in tablet formulations in healthy men. Author(s): Villacampa J, Alcantar F, Rodriguez JM, Morales JM, Herrera J, Rosete R. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 August; 25(8): 2225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512130

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Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of loratadine. Author(s): Hilbert J, Radwanski E, Weglein R, Luc V, Perentesis G, Symchowicz S, Zampaglione N. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987 September; 27(9): 694-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2960701

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Pharmacokinetics of loratadine and its active metabolite descarboethoxyloratadine in healthy Chinese subjects. Author(s): Zhang YF, Chen XY, Zhong DF, Dong YM. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 July; 24(7): 715-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12852841

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Pharmacokinetics of loratadine and pseudoephedrine following single and multiple doses of once- versus twice-daily combination tablet formulations in healthy adult males. Author(s): Kosoglou T, Radwanski E, Batra VK, Lim JM, Christopher D, Affrime MB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1997 September-October; 19(5): 1002-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385487

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Pharmacokinetics of loratadine in patients with renal insufficiency. Author(s): Matzke GR, Halstenson CE, Opsahl JA, Hilbert J, Perentesis G, Radwanski E, Zampaglione N. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990 April; 30(4): 364-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2140371

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Pharmacologic evaluation of loratadine (SCH 29851), chlorpheniramine and placebo. Author(s): Batenhorst RL, Batenhorst AS, Graves DA, Foster TS, Kung M, Gural RP, Amkraut HJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986; 31(2): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2879736

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Pharmacological modulation by cetirizine and loratadine of antigen and histamineinduced skin weals and flares, and late accumulation of eosinophils. Author(s): Fadel R, Herpin-Richard N, Dufresne F, Rihoux JP. Source: J Int Med Res. 1990 September-October; 18(5): 366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2147913

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Pharmacological modulation of IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by the H1-antagonist decarboethoxy-loratadine and dexamethasone by human mast and basophilic cell lines. Author(s): Lippert U, Kruger-Krasagakes S, Moller A, Kiessling U, Czarnetzki BM. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1995 August; 4(4 Pt 2): 272-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8528601

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Polarographic behaviour of loratadine and its direct determination in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma by cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Author(s): Ghoneim MM, Mabrouk MM, Hassanein AM, Tawfik A. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2001 July; 25(5-6): 933-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11377076

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Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to loratadine or antihistamines: a prospective controlled cohort study. Author(s): Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Aharonovich A, Moerman L, Arnon J, Wajnberg R, Ornoy A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 111(6): 1239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12789223

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Protection against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction by loratadine. Author(s): Debelic M. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1992 May-June; 20(3): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1357946

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Protective effect of loratadine on late phase reaction induced by conjunctival provocation test. Author(s): Ciprandi G, Buscaglia S, Marchesi E, Danzig M, Cuss F, Canonica GW. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1993; 100(2): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8267692

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Protective effect of loratadine on specific conjunctival provocation test. Author(s): Ciprandi G, Buscaglia S, Pesce GP, Marchesi E, Canonica GW. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1991; 96(4): 344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1687320

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Rate-dependent blockade of a potassium current in human atrium by the antihistamine loratadine. Author(s): Crumb WJ Jr. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1999 February; 126(3): 575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10188966

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Relative efficacy and safety of loratadine, hydroxyzine, and placebo in chronic idiopathic urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Monroe EW. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 January-February; 14(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1349509

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Relative efficacy and safety of loratadine, hydroxyzine, and placebo in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Author(s): Monroe EW, Bernstein DI, Fox RW, Grabiec SV, Honsinger RW, Kalivas JT, Katz HI, Cuss F, Danzig MR, Garvin PR, et al. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1992 September; 42(9): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1445478

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Relative potency of fexofenadine HCl 180 mg, loratadine 10 mg, and placebo using a skin test model of wheal-and-flare suppression. Author(s): Kaliner MA, White MV, Economides A, Crisalida T, Hale M, Liao Y, Christian CD, Georges GC, Woodworth TH, Meeves SG. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 June; 90(6): 629-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839321

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Reliable and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of loratadine and its metabolite in human plasma. Author(s): Yin OQ, Shi X, Chow MS. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 October 25; 796(1): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552827

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Safety and efficacy of loratadine (Sch-29851): a new non-sedating antihistamine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Dockhorn RJ, Bergner A, Connell JT, Falliers CJ, Grabiec SV, Weiler JM, Shellenberger MK. Source: Ann Allergy. 1987 June; 58(6): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2954497

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Safety and efficacy of loratadine in urticaria. Author(s): Monroe EW. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 December; 35(12): 837-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8970837

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Sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of loratadine and its major active metabolite, descarboethoxyloratadine, in human plasma using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Author(s): Johnson R, Christensen J, Lin CC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1994 July 1; 657(1): 12531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7952058

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Sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of loratadine and its major active metabolite descarboethoxyloratadine in human plasma. Author(s): Sutherland FC, de Jager AD, Badenhorst D, Scanes T, Hundt HK, Swart KJ, Hundt AF. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2001 April 20; 914(1-2): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11358228

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Steady-state pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of clarithromycin and loratadine after individual or concomitant administration. Author(s): Carr RA, Edmonds A, Shi H, Locke CS, Gustavson LE, Craft JC, Harris SI, Palmer R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 May; 42(5): 1176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9593146

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Studies on the central effects of the H1-antagonist, loratadine. Author(s): Bradley CM, Nicholson AN. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 32(4): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2886343

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Subfulminant liver failure and severe hepatotoxicity caused by loratadine use. Author(s): Schiano TD, Bellary SV, Cassidy MJ, Thomas RM, Black M. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996 November 1; 125(9): 738-40. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 1997 May 1; 126(9): 746. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8929007

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Suppression of epicutaneous reactivity by terfenadine and loratadine. Author(s): Small P. Source: Ann Allergy. 1992 January; 68(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1346563

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Suppression of histamine-induced skin reactions by loratadine and cetirizine diHCl. Author(s): Kontou-Fili K, Paleologos G, Herakleous M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 36(6): 617-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2570701

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Suppression of histamine-induced wheal response by loratadine (SCH 29851) over 28 days in man. Author(s): Roman IJ, Kassem N, Gural RP, Herron J. Source: Ann Allergy. 1986 October; 57(4): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2945499

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Suppressive effect of loratadine on allergen-induced histamine release in the nose. Author(s): Andersson M, Nolte H, Baumgarten C, Pipkorn U. Source: Allergy. 1991 October; 46(7): 540-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1724592

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Terfenadine, astemizole and loratadine: second generation antihistamines. Author(s): Holdcroft C. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1993 November; 18(11): 13-4. Erratum In: Nurse Pract 1994 March; 19(3): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8278087

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The acute and sub-chronic effects of levocetirizine, cetirizine, loratadine, promethazine and placebo on cognitive function, psychomotor performance, and weal and flare. Author(s): Hindmarch I, Johnson S, Meadows R, Kirkpatrick T, Shamsi Z. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2001; 17(4): 241-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922397

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The bronchodilatory effects of loratadine, terbutaline, and both together versus placebo in childhood asthma. Author(s): Orhan F, Baki A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003; 13(3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635469

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The combination of single-dose montelukast and loratadine on exercise-induced bronchospasm in children. Author(s): Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Pietrobelli A, Loiacono A, De Gasperi W, Sabbion A, Micciolo R, Boner AL. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 July; 20(1): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12166555

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The effect of cetirizine and loratadine on codeine-induced histamine release in human skin in vivo assessed by cutaneous microdialysis. Author(s): Perzanowska M, Malhotra D, Skinner SP, Rihoux JP, Bewley AP, Petersen LJ, Church MK. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 1996 September; 45(9): 486-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891761

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The effect of loratadine in exercise-induced asthma. Author(s): Baki A, Orhan F. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 January; 86(1): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11806881

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The effect of loratadine on activated cells of the nasal mucosa in patients with allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Ilonidis G, Orphanou-Koumerkeridou H, Preponis C, Sidiropoulos J, Lazaridis T, Goulis G. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1993 July-August; 3(4): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8281352

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Loratadine

x

The effectiveness of the nonsedating antihistamine loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in the symptomatic management of the common cold. Author(s): Berkowitz RB, Connell JT, Dietz AJ, Greenstein SM, Tinkelman DG. Source: Ann Allergy. 1989 October; 63(4): 336-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2529799

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The effects of a new generation of H1 antihistamines (cetirizine and loratadine) on histamine release and the bronchial response to histamine in atopic patients. Author(s): Chyrek-Borowska S, Siergiejko Z, Michalska I. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1995 March-April; 5(2): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7655699

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The effects of astemizole, cetirizine and loratadine on the time course of weal and flare reactions to histamine, codeine and antigen. Author(s): Humphreys F, Hunter JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 October; 125(4): 364-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1683252

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The pharmacokinetics of loratadine in normal geriatric volunteers. Author(s): Hilbert J, Moritzen V, Parks A, Radwanski E, Perentesis G, Symchowicz S, Zampaglione N. Source: J Int Med Res. 1988 January-February; 16(1): 50-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2965043

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The pharmacokinetics, electrocardiographic effects, and tolerability of loratadine syrup in children aged 2 to 5 years. Author(s): Salmun LM, Herron JM, Banfield C, Padhi D, Lorber R, Affrime MB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 May; 22(5): 613-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10868558

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Therapeutic and economic consequences of OTC loratadine. Author(s): Nair KV, Sullivan PW. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2004 January; 38(1): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742815

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Therapeutic effect of loratadine on pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis. A multi-crossover-designed study. Author(s): Langeland T, Fagertun HE, Larsen S. Source: Allergy. 1994 January; 49(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8198236

Studies

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Therapeutic efficacy and safety of loratadine syrup in childhood atopic dermatitis treated with mometasone furoate 0.1 per cent cream. Author(s): Chunharas A, Wisuthsarewong W, Wananukul S, Viravan S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 April; 85(4): 482-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12118496

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Torsades de pointes and QT prolongation due to a combination of loratadine and amiodarone. Author(s): Atar S, Freedberg NA, Antonelli D, Rosenfeld T. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 2003 March; 26(3): 785-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12698686

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Treatment of hay fever with loratadine--a new non-sedating antihistamine. Author(s): Irander K, Odkvist LM, Ohlander B. Source: Allergy. 1990 February; 45(2): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2138436

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Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray versus loratadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: efficacy and quality of life. Author(s): Condemi J, Schulz R, Lim J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 May; 84(5): 533-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10831008

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LORATADINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and loratadine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Loratadine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “loratadine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Loratadine

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “loratadine” (or a synonym): x

Effect of loratadine on immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan. Source: Tasaka, K Kamei, C Akagi, M Mio, M Izushi, K Yoshida, T Nakamura, S Arzneimittelforschung. 1995 July; 45(7): 796-804 0004-4172

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Evaluation of loratadine as an inducer of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 in rats and mice. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160-7417. Source: Parkinson, A Clement, R P Casciano, C N Cayen, M N Biochem-Pharmacol. 1992 May 28; 43(10): 2169-80 0006-2952

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: x

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

x

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: x

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

Nutrition

x

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to loratadine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: x

Minerals Claritin-D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON LORATADINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “loratadine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on loratadine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Loratadine By performing a patent search focusing on loratadine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Loratadine

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on loratadine: x

Antihistamine formulations for soft capsule dosage forms Inventor(s): Lin; Jing (Mulgrave, AU), Truong; Hung (Chadstone, AU) Assignee(s): R.P. Scherer Technologies, Inc. (Paradise Valley, NV) Patent Number: 6,720,002 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention herein relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing loratadine and derivatives thereof which is suitable for use in soft capsule dosage forms. A pharmaceutical composition according to the invention comprises loratadine and derivatives thereof in a pharmaceutically effective amount; and a solvent system comprising a mixture of medium chain fatty acids. The loratadine compositions exhibit good solubility and storage stability while maintaining bioavailability of the drug. The compositions also permit high concentrations of solubilized loratadine per total fill volume and thereby permit the use of smaller capsules to deliver the same dosage of drug. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical compositions. In particular, the invention pertains to pharmaceutical formulations containing antihistamines, such as, loratadine and its derivatives that are formulated for use in conjunction with soft gelatin capsules. Two identified histamine receptors are the receptors H-1 and H-2. The H-1 receptors mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. H-1 receptors are present in the mammalian skin, ileum and bronchial smooth muscle. Non-narcotic or non-sedating hydrophobic antihistamine compounds such as loratadine and its derivatives are known. Loratadine was first described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 to Vilani. Loratadine is an H-1 histamine receptor protein antagonist which binds to peripheral H-1 receptors as discussed in Quercia et al., Hosp. Formul., 28, p.137-53 (1993). Loratadine is useful as an antihistamine and has little or no sedative effects. Thus, loratadine provides an antihistamine effect while still allowing the user to perform mental or physical functions requiring high levels of concentration. A variety of other therapeutic treatments using loratadine alone or in combination with other active ingredients have been suggested, such as treatment of seasonal or perennial rhinitis, allergic asthma, and motion sickness. See Aberg et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,319, for example. Antiarrhythmic uses, such as treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), have also been suggested, as described in Buckland et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,927. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06720002__

x

Loratadine for use as an antiarrhythmic Inventor(s): Buckland; Guy (Cos Cob, CT), Friedrich; Tilman (Groton Long Point, CT), Satler; Carol A. (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,110,927 Date filed: June 28, 1999 Abstract: A method of treating atrial fibrillation in mammals using loratadine.

Patents 49

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of loratadine to treat arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation in mammals. Estimates for the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the US range from 2.2-3 million patients. It is commonly a disease of the elderly (affecting 13% of 70-80 year olds) and is therefore expected to increase as a result of changing demographics. AF is responsible for 1/3 of all strokes in people over 65 years, and has associated costs of approximately $9 billion/year. Current therapy is to allow patients to remain in AF and reduce the ventricular rate by pharmacological means. This is considered safe, although it is believed that there are significant benefits of being in sinus rhythm (vs. rate control). There are some new therapies for the treatment of arrhythmias under examination. For example, dofetilide is a selective inhibitor of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current which prolongs the action potential duration and the effective refractory period in a concentration dependent manner. Clinical studies have demonstrated that dofetilide is effective in treating patients with atrial arrhythmias. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06110927__ x

Methods and compositions for treating allergic rhinitis and other disorders using descarboethoxyloratadine Inventor(s): Aberg; A. K. Gunnar (Westborough, MA), McCullough; John R. (Worcester, MA), Smith; Emil R. (Shrewsbury, MA) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 5,595,997 Date filed: December 30, 1994 Abstract: Methods are disclosed utilizing DCL, a metabolic derivative of loratadine, for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, and other disorders, while avoiding the concomitant liability of adverse side-effects associated with other non-sedating antihistamines. Excerpt(s): The methods of the present invention comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a metabolic derivative of loratadine. Chemically, this derivative is 8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-11-(4-piperidylidene)-5Hbenzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b] pyridine and known as descarboethoxyloratadine (DCL). This compound is specifically described in Quercia, et al. Hosp. Formul., 28: 137-53 (1993) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,716. Loratadine is an antagonist of the H-1 histamine receptor protein. The histamine receptors H-1 and H-2 are two well-identified forms. The H-1 receptors are those that mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. H-1 receptors are present, for example, in the ileum, the skin, and the bronchial smooth muscle of man and other mammals. Loratadine binds preferentially to peripheral rather than to central H-1 receptors. Quercia et al., Hosp. Formul. 28: 137-53 (1993). Loratadine has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of serotonin-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs than terfenadine. Id. at 137-38. Its anti-allergenic activity in animal models was shown to be comparable to that of terfenadine and astemizole. Id. at 138. However, using standard animal model testing, on a milligram by milligram basis, loratadine was shown to be four times more potent than terfenadine in the inhibition of allergic bronchospasm. Id. Moreover, loratadine's antihistaminic activity was demonstrated in humans by evaluation of the drug's ability to suppress wheal formation. Id. Clinical trials of efficacy indicated that loratadine is an effective H-1 antagonist. See Clissold et al., Drugs 37:42-57 (1989). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05595997__

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Methods for the treatment of mental disorders Inventor(s): Binder; Gary (Westfield, NJ), Iezzoni; Domenic G. (Ridgewood, NJ), Kreutner; William (West Paterson, NJ), Lash; Arnold (Branchburg, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 6,140,337 Date filed: August 20, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides methods of treatment of mental disorders comprising administering the anti-allergic medication loratadine or a metabolite thereof to reduce a patient's symptoms of a mental disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to the treatment of mental or vascular disorders in patients. It has been estimated that approximately 4% of the people in the world suffer from depression, which is not caused by any known underlying neurological disease. Depression affects people in all walks of society, from the very young to the very old. It often occurs without the presence of a precipitating event, and can be unresponsive to psychotherapy, environmental changes or to pharmacotherapy with the currently available medications. When an individual is suffering from depression, he or she will usually be in a depressed mood, as well as experience a loss of interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities. These and associated symptoms last for a period of at least two weeks. The associated symptoms may include, but not be limited to, appetite disturbance, change in weight, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation or retardation, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt, difficulty thinking or concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation or attempts. Further, a person suffering from depression can also experience fearfulness, anxiety, irritability, brooding or obsessive rumination, excessive concern with physical health, panic attacks, and phobias. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06140337__

x

Ophthalmic compositions containing loratadine Inventor(s): Chang; Chin-Ming (Tustin, TX), Chang; James N. (Newport Beach, CA), Farnes; Eldon Q. (Laguna Beach, CA), Olejnik; Orest (Coto De Caza, CA) Assignee(s): Allergan, Inc. (Irvine, CA) Patent Number: 6,635,654 Date filed: January 9, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is directed to an ophthalmic formulation which comprises a therapeutically effective amount of ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)- 1-piperidinecarboxylate, known as loratadine, a fatty acid ester, and a surfactant, which has been found to be useful in treating ocular allergies, especially allergic conjunctivitis, and related conditions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for relieving ocular allergies. More particularly, the present invention relates to ophthalmic compositions comprising ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2b]pyridin-11-ylidene)- 1-piperidinecarboxylate, otherwise known as loratadine. Allergic conjunctivitis is an ocular allergy characterized by redness, itching and swelling of the eyes. Allergic conjunctivitis is a similar reaction to allergies of the sinuses, nose, or lungs, in that it is characterized by the release of histamines from contact with allergens

Patents 51

such as pollen, pet hair or dander, or dust. H.sub.1 histamine receptor antagonists are used widely in the systemic treatment of allergies, and have recently been shown to be effective when used topically on the eye. (Doughty, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 268, 367-370, Mar. 16, 2002). Two H.sub.1 histamine receptors, emedastine and levocabastine, are currently available in eye drop formulations for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis and related conditions. Another H.sub.1 histamine receptor, Loratadine, sold by Schering-Plough under the brand name Claritin.RTM., is used widely in the oral dosages forms of tablets and syrup for the systemic treatment of allergies. However, no topical ophthalmic product containing loratadine is currently available due to its insolubility and instability in aqueous solutions. The low water solubility of loratadine results in poor delivery of the drug topically, resulting in limited ocular activity. For water insoluble active agents such as loratadine, ophthalmic formulations typically comprise a suspension or a solution containing solubilizers such as surfactants, cosolvents and complexing agents to enhance the solubility of the compound. The manufacturer of Claritin.RTM., Schering-Plough, has experimentally prepared an ophthalmic formulation of loratadine using Tween-80.RTM., a surfactant, as a solubilizer. (WO9715307) This formulation required at least 2.3% Tween-80.RTM. to solubilize 0.05% loratadine in solution. However, the relatively high concentration of surfactant increases eye irritation, which is counterproductive in a product intended to reduce ocular discomfort and irritation. Claritin.RTM. syrup is formulated at pH 2.5-3.1, at which pH loratadine is more soluble. However, this acidic pH is not suitable for ophthalmic liquids. In addition to being less soluble at the desirable ophthalmic pH range of 6-8, loratadine is also chemically unstable at this pH range. The cleavage of the ester linkage leads to the formation of the corresponding acid and ethyl alcohol much more readily in neutral or basic aqueous solutions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635654__ x

Pharmaceutical capsule compositions containing loratadine and psuedoephedrine Inventor(s): Jo; Hang-Bum (Suwon-si, KR), Kim; Hyun-Soo (Kyonggi-do, KR), Park; Young-Joon (Kyonggi-do, KR) Assignee(s): Yuhan Corporation (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,251,427 Date filed: February 22, 2000 Abstract: A pharmaceutical capsule composition for oral administration exhibiting controllable, satisfactory release profiles of both loratadine and pseudoephedrine or its salts, which comprises: (a) a plurality of rapid-release pellets (pellets A), each pellet containing (i) a therapeutically effective amount of loratadine, (ii) pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (iii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; and (b) a plurality of extended-release pellets (pellets B), each pellet containing (i) pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, which are coated with a waterinsoluble polymer in an amount ranging from 2 to 30 wt % and a wet-blocking agent selected from the group consisting of magnesium stearate, talc, fatty acid ester and a mixture thereof in an amount ranging from 2 to 30 wt %, based on the total weight of pellets B. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical capsule composition containing loratadine and pseudoephedrine, and more particularly, to a pharmaceutical capsule composition for oral administration, which comprises rapid-release pellets

52

Loratadine

(pellets A) containing loratadine and pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and extended-release pellets (pellets B) containing pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the pellets B are coated with a waterinsoluble polymer and a wet-blocking agent. However, the biological half-life of pseudoephedrine sulfate is only about 6.3 hours, while loratadine, which combines with plasma proteins after being absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, has a much longer biological half life of 12 to 15 hours. Further, loratadine has a poor watersolubility and exhibits a very low dissolution rate. Therefore, a conventional formulation prepared by simply mixing loratadine and pseudoephedrine or its salts is not capable of maintaining therapeutically effective blood concentrations of both ingredients at the same time for a prescribed period. In order to solve the above problem, U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,697 suggests a film-coated tablet comprising an extendedrelease matrix core containing pseudoephedrine sulfate and a hydrophilic gel, a coating layer containing loratadine being formed on said core. When this formulation is ingested, loratadine having a longer biological half-life is released from the coating layer before the dissolution of pseudoephedrine sulfate having a shorter biological halflife from the extended-release matrix core. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251427__ x

Pharmaceutical composition comprising loratadine, ibuprofen and pseudoephedrine Inventor(s): Chaudry; Imtiaz A. (Denville, NJ), Cho; Wing-Kee P. (Princeton, NJ), Vadino; Winston A. (Whitehouse Station, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,990,535 Date filed: May 3, 1989 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of cough/cold symptoms comprising loratadine, ibuprofen and pseudoephedrine are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to novel pharmaceutical compositions of matter comprising the non-sedating antihistamine loratadine or the decarbalkoxylation product thereof (i.e. 6-chloro-6,11-dihydro-11-(4-piperidylidene)-5Hbenzo[5,6]-cyclohehepta[1,2 -b]-pyridine), in combination with the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug ibuprofen, the decongestant pseudoephedrine, and suitable pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic carriers or excipients, and to methods of using said compositions in the treatment, management or mitigation of cough, cold, cold-like and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, pain, fever and general malaise associated therewith. Non-narcotic analgesics, most of which are also known as non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, are widely administered orally in the treatment of mild to severe pain, and have been disclosed as useful in treating cough/cold symptoms in combination with certain antihistamines and decongestants. See, for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,552,899, 4,619,934 and 4,783,465, all to Sunshine et al. It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a novel sustained release pharmaceutical composition of matter comprising a combination of an analgesically effective amount of ibuprofen, an antihistaminic-effective amount of loratadine and a decongestant-effective amount of pseudoephedrine in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04990535__

Patents 53

x

Process for the preparation of a controlled drug delivery system containing pseudoephedrine and a long acting antihistamine Inventor(s): Jain; Girish Kumar (Delhi, IN), Rampal; Ashok (Gurgaon, IN), Sen; Himadri (Gurgaon, IN) Assignee(s): Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,267,986 Date filed: September 24, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising two discrete zones wherein the first discrete zone comprises therapeutically effective amount of pseudoephedrine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt as active ingredient and the second discrete zone comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a long-acting antihistamine selected from the group consisting of loratadine, azatidine, fexofenadine, terfenadine, cetirizine, astemizole, and levocabastine, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salt as active ingredient. Excerpt(s): Loratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 as a non-sedating antihistamine useful, for example, in alleviation of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms such as sneezing and itching, and in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria in patients six years or older. Loratadine is available in the form of conventional tablets that release loratadine in a conventional manner by the processes of disintegration and dissolution such that loratadine begins to elicit its antihistaminic effect within 1 to 3 hrs and the effect lasts in excess of 24 hrs. The tablets are thus orally administered only once daily. Azatadine is disclosed in Belgian Patent No. 647,043 and in corresponding U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,326,924 and 3,419,565. The elimination half-life is reported to be 9-12 hrs. Terfenadine and fexofenadine are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,878,217 and have a duration of action of 12 to 24 hrs, and >24 hrs., respectively. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06267986__

x

Stable extended release oral dosage composition comprising loratadine and pseudoephedrine Inventor(s): Kwan; Henry K. (Summit, NJ), Liebowitz; Stephen M. (Neshanic Station, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 5,314,697 Date filed: October 23, 1992 Abstract: A film-coated extended release oral dosage composition containing the nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine sulfate in a unique polymer matrix core and a filmcoating on such core containing the non-sedating antihistamine, loratadine, and use of the said composition for treating patients showing the signs and symptoms associated with upper respiratory diseases and nasal congestion are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a film-coated extended release oral dosage composition containing the nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine in a unique polymer matrix core and a film-coating on such core containing the non-sedating antihistamine, loratadine. The oral dosage composition is useful for treating patients showing the signs and symptoms associated with upper respiratory diseases and nasal congestion.

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Loratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 as a non-sedating antihistamine and it is useful as an anti-allergy agent in, for example, the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms such as sneezing and itching. Pseudephedrine as well as pharmaceutically acceptable acid additional salts, e.g., those of HCl or H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, is a sympathomimetic drug recognized by those skilled in the art as a safe therapeutic agent effective for treating nasal congestion and is commonly administered orally and comcomitantly with an antihistamine for treatment of nasal congestion associated with allergic rhinitis. For example, 5 mg of loratadine and 120 mg of pseudoephedrine sulfate ("PES") in a matrix core repetab tablet product is available wherein the PES is equally distributed in the tablet coating and barrier core and all the loratadine is in the coating. The product is recommended for twice-a-day dosing for effectiveness. It would be desirable to have a once-a-day loratadine-pseudoephedrine product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05314697__ x

Transdermal delivery of loratadine Inventor(s): Kogan; Patricia W. (Union, NJ), Sequeira; Joel A. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,910,205 Date filed: May 2, 1988 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for the transdermal delivery of loratadine comprising isopropyl myristate and rosemary oil and the method of using such a composition for the treatment of allergic reactions are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for transdermal delivery of the antihistamine loratadine or its decarbalkoxylation product, and to a method of using such a composition in the treatment of allergies. In particular, the pharmaceutical composition comprises loratadine or its decarbalkoxylation product, a pharmaceutically acceptable volatile solvent, preferably ethanol, an essential oil, preferably rosemary oil, and a fatty acid ester, preferably isopropyl myristate. Loratadine, the USAN chemical name of which is ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11Hbenzo[5,6]cyclohepta [1,2-b]-pyridin-11-ylidene)-1-piperadine-carboxylate is an antihistamine which is water insoluble and which penetrates human skin poorly. Loratadine is claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233. The antihistaminic decarbalkoxylation product of loratadine, 8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-11-(4-piperidylidene)-5Hbenzo[5,6]cyclohepta [1,2-b]-pyridine, also water insoluble and a poor penetrator of human skin, is claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,716. Hereinafter, unless otherwise indicated, in the specification the term "loratadine" refers to both loratadine and its decarbalkoxylation product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04910205__

Patent Applications on Loratadine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take 9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 55

several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to loratadine: x

Antihistamine formulations for soft gelatin dosage forms Inventor(s): Lin, Jing; (Victoria, AU), Truong, Hung; (Chadstone, AU) Correspondence: Donald O. Nickey; Cardinal Health, INC.; 7000 Cardinal Place; Dublin; OH; 43017; US Patent Application Number: 20030086966 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention herein relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing loratadine and derivatives thereof which is suitable for use in soft capsule dosage forms. A pharmaceutical composition according to the invention comprises loratadine and derivatives thereof in a pharmaceutically effective amount; and a solvent system comprising a mixture of medium chain fatty acids. The loratadine compositions exhibit good solubility and storage stability while maintaining bioavailability of the drug. The compositions also permit high concentrations of solubilized loratadine per total fill volume and thereby permit the use of smaller capsules to deliver the same dosage of drug. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical compositions. In particular, the invention pertains to pharmaceutical formulations containing antihistamines, such as, loratadine and its derivatives that are formulated for use in conjunction with soft gelatin capsules. Two identified histamine receptors are the receptors H-1 and H-2. The H-1 receptors mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. H-1 receptors are present in the mammalian skin, ileum and bronchial smooth muscle. Non-narcotic or non-sedating hydrophobic antihistamine compounds such as loratadine and its derivatives are known. Loratadine was first described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 to Vilani. Loratadine is an H-1 histamine receptor protein antagonist which binds to peripheral H-1 receptors as discussed in Quercia et al., Hosp. Formul., 28, p.137-53 (1993). Loratadine is useful as an antihistamine and has little or no sedative effects. Thus, loratadine provides an antihistamine effect while still allowing the user to perform mental or physical functions requiring high levels of concentration. A variety of other therapeutic treatments using loratadine alone or in combination with other active ingredients have been suggested, such as treatment of seasonal or perennial rhinitis, allergic asthma, and motion sickness. See Aberg et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,319, for example. Antiarrhythmic uses, such as treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), have also been suggested, as described in Buckland et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,927. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

x

Bioavailable dosage form of loratadine Inventor(s): Gupta, Dinsheet; (Gurgaon, IN), Kumar, Pananchukunath Manoj; (New Delhi, IN), Malik, Rajiv; (New Delhi, IN) Correspondence: Jayadeep R. Deshmukh, ESQ.; Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals INC.; Suite 2100; 600 College Road East; Princeton; NJ; 08540; US Patent Application Number: 20020035119 Date filed: June 22, 2001

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Loratadine

Abstract: A bioavailable oral dosage form of loratadine of specific particle size and surface area. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bioavailable oral dosage form of loratadine. Loratadine or ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6] cyclohepta [1,2b] pyridin-11-ylidene)-1-piperidine carboxylate is useful as an antihistamine and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233. Loratadine is particularly advantageous for use of an antihistamine compared to other drugs of the same class as it is administered only once daily and has little or no sedative effects. It is therefore preferred for use by patients who have to perform mental or physical tasks requiring a high level of concentration. Loratadine however poses problems to the formulator as it has low solubility in water and therefore shows poor bioavailability characteristics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html x

Lactose-free, non-hygroscopic and anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions of descarboethoxyloratadine Inventor(s): Butler, Hal T.; (Marlborough, MA), Redmon, Martin P.; (Marlborough, MA), Rubin, Paul D.; (Sudbury, MA), Wald, Stephen A.; (Sudbury, MA) Correspondence: Candice J. Clement; Heslin Rothenberg Farley & Mesiti P.C.; 5 Columbia Circle; Albany; NY; 12203; US Patent Application Number: 20020123504 Date filed: February 25, 2002 Abstract: Stable pharmaceutical compositions of descarboethoxyloratadine (DCL), a metabolic derivative of loratadine, for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and other histamine-induced disorders are disclosed. The compositions are formulated to avoid the incompatibility between DCL and reactive excipients such as lactose and other mono- and di-saccharides. Disclosed compositions include lactose-free, non-hygroscopic and anhydrous stable pharmaceutical compositions of DCL. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional patent applications, 60/053,050 filed Jul. 21, 1997, No. 60/045,184 filed Apr. 30, 1997, and No. 60/037,325 filed Feb. 7, 1997. DCL is a metabolic derivative of loratadine, an H-1 histamine receptor antagonist. The H-1 histamine receptors mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. Loratadine has been shown to be comparable in antihistaminic activity to terfenadine and astemizole, and to be, on a milligram by milligram basis, four times more potent than terfenadine in the inhibition of allergic bronchospasm. Loratadine has also been shown to be effective in treating numerous disorders, including colds, chronic urticaria, seasonal allergic rhinitis and seasonal and perennial rhinitis. Due to its antihistaminic activity, loratadine may also be useful for the treatment or allergic asthma, diabetic retinopathy and other small vessel disorders associated with diabetes mellitus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 57

x

Pharmaceutical formulation in a drug delivery system and process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Gaddipati, Nehru Babu; (Somerset, NJ), Iyer, V. S.; (Bangalore, IN), Katageri, Shivaraj; (Bangalore, IN), Radhakrishnan, Ramachandran; (Bangalore, IN) Correspondence: Volpe And Koenig, P.C.; United Plaza, Suite 1600; 30 South 17th Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20040033257 Date filed: August 16, 2002 Abstract: A process and a pharmaceutical formulation of a water insoluble drug encapsulated in a soft gelatin capsule. The formulation preferably has loratadine as the active ingredient which is formed into a blend with a vehicle which includes a solubilizer, a emulsifier and optionally a viscosity modifying agent. Preferably, the gel encapsulated blend provides a self emulsifying drug delivery system for oral administration of the pharmaceutical formulation. Excerpt(s): This invention in general relates to an orally administrable pharmaceutical formulation and a process for preparing the same. More particularly this invention relates to pharmaceutical formulation comprising a water insoluble drug such as loratadine as an active ingredient, encapsulated into gelatin capsules. Preferably, the formulation is in a self-emulsifying drug delivery system. Loratadine is a water insoluble antihistaminic drug of the formula: ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11-Hbenzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-- ylidine)-1-piperadine carboxylate. It has a molecular weight of 382.89 g/mol. Loratadine has an antihistaminic effect beginning within 1-3 hours reaching maximum at 8 to 12 hours. Loratadine is indicated for the relief of nasal and non-nasal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis and for the treatment of chronic idiopathic utricaria in patients 2 years of age or older. Loratadine is a long acting tricyclic antihistaminic drug, which has selective peripheral histamine H.sub.1receptor antagonistic activity. Loratadine is a white to off-white powder which is insoluble in water. The patient compliance is improved if soft gelatin capsule is used for drug administration, because of its soft, elastic characteristic making it easier to swallow when compared to conventional tablets or hard gelatin capsules. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

x

Use of desloratadine for treating allergic and inflammatory conditions Inventor(s): Affrime, Melton B.; (Warren, NJ), Banfield, Christopher R.; (High Bridge, NJ), Gupta, Samir K.; (East Brunswick, NJ), Padhi, Desmond; (Thousand Oaks, CA) Correspondence: Covington & Burling; Attn: Patent Docketing; 1201 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20004-2401; US Patent Application Number: 20040138247 Date filed: December 24, 2003 Abstract: The use of desloratadine for the preparation of a medicament for treating and/or preventing allergic and inflammatory conditions of the skin or upper and lower airway passages in a human while avoiding the food effect associated with non-sedating antihistamines, e.g., loratadine or fexofenadine is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to treating and/or preventing allergic and inflammatory conditions in a human while avoiding a food effect associated with non-

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sedating antihistamines by administering an amount of desloratadine effective for such treating and/or preventing. Loratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 as a nonsedating antihistamine useful for treating allergic reactions in animals including humans. Fexofenadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,254,129 and 5,275,693 as a nonsedating antihistamine useful for treating allergic disorders. Food intake induces changes in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract that may influence drug absorption and/or drug clearance. Physiological changes induced by food intake can result in, inter alia , delayed gastric emptying, stimulation of bile flow, changes in pH, and increase in splanchnic blood flow. Food intake can also alter luminal metabolism and physically or chemically interact with a drug substance. The effects of coadministration of meals with drugs is generally maximal when the drug product is administered immediately after completion of a meal. Meals that are high in calories, fat and density are likely to provide the greatest effects on bioavailability. While loratadine is safe and efficacious, there is a food effect associated with its administration. After coadministration of meals with loratadine, the effects of loratadine are higher than when loratadine is administered to a patient under fasted condition [See Physican's Desk Reference (PDR), 54.sup.th Edition, 2000, Medical Economics Co., Montvale, N.J., at page 2782]. Fexofenadine has an opposite food effect; the effects of fexofenadine are greater when administered to a patient under fasted conditions (See CPS, 33.sup.rd Edition, 1998 Canadian Pharmacists Association, Ottawa, Canada, at page 57). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with loratadine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “loratadine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on loratadine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning loratadine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

59

CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LORATADINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover loratadine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on loratadine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “loratadine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to loratadine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “loratadine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for loratadine: x

Ranbaxy gets U.S. approval for loratadine syrup Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 23, 2004

x

CDC finds no link between maternal loratadine use and newborn hypospadias Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 18, 2004

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x

Ranbaxy gets US FDA nod for loratadine tablets Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 20, 2003

x

Levocetirizine superior to loratadine for histamine-related itch Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 31, 2001

x

Combined montelukast and loratadine benefits patients with perennial rhinitis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 14, 2001

x

Montelukast and loratadine combination effective in asthma control Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 18, 2000

x

Montelukast plus loratadine better together than either alone for allergic rhinitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 20, 2000

x

Fluticasone superior to loratadine in relieving rhinitis symptoms Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 25, 1998

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “loratadine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “loratadine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to loratadine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “loratadine” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Loratadine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to loratadine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering loratadine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for loratadine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with loratadine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to loratadine: Antihistamines x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alavert; Allegra; Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Allermed; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Clarinex; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Contac 12 Hour Allergy; Cophene-B; Dexchlor; Dimetapp Allergy Liqui-Gels; Dinate; Diphen Cough; Diphenhist; Diphenhist Captabs; Dormarex 2; Dramamine; Dramanate; Genahist; Gen-Allerate; Hydrate; Hyrexin; Hyzine-50; Nasahist B; Nervine Nighttime Sleep-Aid; Nolahist; Nytol QuickCaps; Nytol QuickGels; Optimine; PediaCare Allergy Formula; Periactin; Phenetron; Polaramine; Polaramine Repetabs; Siladryl; Sleep-Eze D; Sleep-Eze D Extra Strength; Sominex; Tavist; Tavist-1; Telachlor; Teldrin; Triptone Caplets; Twilite Caplets; Unisom Nighttime Sleep Aid; Unisom SleepGels Maximum Strength; Vistaril; Zyrtec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html

Antihistamines and Decongestants x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allerest Maximum Strength; Allerphed; Atrohist Pediatric; Atrohist Pediatric Suspension Dye Free; Benadryl Allergy Decongestant Liquid Medication; Brofed Liquid; Bromadrine TR; Bromfed; Bromfed-PD; Bromfenex; Bromfenex PD; Chlordrine S.R.; Chlorfed A; ChlorTrimeton 12 Hour Relief; Chlor-Trimeton 4 Hour Relief; Chlor-Trimeton AllergyD 12 Hour; Claritin-D 12 Hour; Claritin-D 24 Hour; Colfed-A; Comhist; CP Oral; Dallergy Jr; Deconamine; Deconamine SR; Deconomed SR; Dexaphen SA; Disobrom; Disophrol Chronotabs; Drixomed; Drixoral Cold and Allergy; Ed AHist; Hayfebrol; Histatab Plus; Iofed; Iofed PD; Kronofed-A Jr. Kronocaps; Kronofed-A Kronocaps; Lodrane LD; Lodrane Liquid; Mooredec; Nalex-A; ND Clear T.D.; Novafed A; PediaCare Cold Formula; Poly Hist Forte; Prometh VC Plain; Promethazine VC; Pseudo-Chlor; Rescon; Rescon JR; Rescon-ED; Respahist; Rhinosyn; Rhinosyn-PD; Rinade B.I.D.; Rondamine; Rondec; Rondec Chewable; Rondec Drops; Rondec-TR; R-Tannamine; R-Tannamine Pediatric; RTannate; Semprex-D; Silafed; Tanafed; Trinalin Repetabs; Triotann; Triotann Pediatric; Triotann-S Pediatric; Tri-Tannate; ULTRAbrom; ULTRAbrom PD http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202061.html

Desloratadine x

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clarinex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500377.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

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Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

69

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: x

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

x

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

x

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

x

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

x

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

x

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

x

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

x

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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x

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

x

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

x

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

x

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

x

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

x

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

x

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

x

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

x

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

x

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

x

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

x

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

x

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

x

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

x

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

x

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

x

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

x

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

71

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 x

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

x

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

x

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

x

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

x

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

x

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

x

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

x

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

x

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

x

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

x

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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x

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

x

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “loratadine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 795 0 990 2 23 1810

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “loratadine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: x

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

x

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

75

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on loratadine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to loratadine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to loratadine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “loratadine”:

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Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Hives http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hives.html Nose Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nosedisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to loratadine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: x

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

x

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

x

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

x

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

x

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

x

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

x

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

77

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to loratadine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with loratadine.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about loratadine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “loratadine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “loratadine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “loratadine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “loratadine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

79

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: x

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

x

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

x

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

x

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

x

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

x

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

x

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

x

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

x

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

x

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

x

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

x

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

x

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

x

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

x

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

x

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

x

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

x

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

81

x

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

x

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

x

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

x

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

x

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

x

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

x

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

x

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

x

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

x

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

x

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

x

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

x

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

x

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

x

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

x

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

x

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

x

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

x

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

x

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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x

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

x

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

x

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

x

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

x

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

x

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

x

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

x

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

x

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

x

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

x

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

x

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

x

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

x

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

x

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

x

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

x

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

x

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

x

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

83

x

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

x

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

x

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

x

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

x

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

x

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

x

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

x

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

x

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

x

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

x

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

x

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

x

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

x

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

x

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

x

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

x

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

x

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

x

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

x

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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x

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

x

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

x

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

x

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

85

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: x

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

x

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

x

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

x

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

x

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

x

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

x

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: x

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

x

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

x

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

x

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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LORATADINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Ambroxol: A metabolite of bromhexine that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU]

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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Astemizole: A long-acting, non-sedative antihistaminic used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The drug is well tolerated and has no anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of asthma. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH]

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Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH]

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Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis,

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urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than promethazine. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clemastine: Histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix

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'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance;

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and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in

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rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph

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vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Ergot Alkaloids: Alkaloids isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). The ergot alkaloids were the first alpha-adrenergic antagonists discovered, but side effects generally prevent their administration in doses that would produce more than a minimal blockade in humans. Their smooth muscle-stimulating activities may be attributed to alpha-agonistic properties, thus characterizing these alkaloids as a series of partial agonists. They have many clinical applications, notably in obstetrics and the treatment of migraine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 28th ed, p662). [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH]

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Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH]

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Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various

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endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypospadias: A developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood

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and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lysergic acid: A compound close in chemical structure to LSD-25 but without hallucinogenic effects; one of the direct chemical predecessors of LSD-25. Sometimes LSD-25 is erroneously called by this name. [NIH] Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of lysergic acid diethylamide. It

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antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]

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Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Provocation Tests: Application of allergens to the nasal mucosa. Interpretation includes observation of nasal symptoms, rhinoscopy, and rhinomanometry. Nasal provocaton tests are used in the diagnosis of nasal hypersensitivity, including hay fever. [NIH]

Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU]

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Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Peak flow: The maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH]

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Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist with little sedative action. It is used in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus. [NIH] Phobias: An exaggerated and invariably pathological dread of some specific type of stimulus or situation. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH]

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Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH]

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Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Agitation: A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions. [NIH] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]

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Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes the human strains associated with common colds. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that

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occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somnolence: Sleepiness; also unnatural drowsiness. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]

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Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH]

Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug is used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

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pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]

Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Headaches: A group of disorders characterized by recurrent headaches associated with abnormal dilation and constriction of cerebral blood vessels. Representative disorders from this category include migraine, cluster headache, and paroxysmal hemicrania. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH]

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Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voice Disorders: Disorders of voice pitch, loudness, or quality. Dysphonia refers to impaired utterance of sounds by the vocal folds. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]

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INDEX A Adenosine, 87, 88, 105 Adjuvant, 87, 97 Adrenergic, 87, 96, 110 Adsorptive, 35, 87 Adverse Effect, 87, 95, 108 Aerosol, 87, 89 Agonist, 8, 87, 101, 110 Airway, 14, 27, 57, 87, 91 Albumin, 87, 106 Alertness, 14, 87 Algorithms, 87, 90 Alkaline, 87, 91 Allergen, 7, 8, 14, 21, 23, 30, 33, 38, 87 Alternative medicine, 60, 87 Ambroxol, 34, 88 Amine, 64, 88, 98 Amino acid, 88, 96, 98, 104, 107, 108, 110, 111 Amiodarone, 41, 88 Analgesic, 88, 92, 99, 102 Analogous, 88, 106, 111 Anatomical, 88, 89, 91, 99 Anesthesia, 87, 88 Anhydrous, 56, 88 Animal model, 49, 88 Antiallergic, 8, 88, 94, 107 Antianginal, 88 Antiarrhythmic, 48, 55, 88 Antibiotic, 88, 92, 96, 109 Antibody, 88, 89, 92, 100, 101 Anticholinergic, 88, 89, 91 Antiemetic, 88, 95, 99 Antifungal, 88, 100 Antigen, 31, 35, 40, 88, 89, 93, 98, 99, 100, 101 Antihistamine, 15, 18, 22, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 89 Anti-inflammatory, 52, 89, 94, 97, 99, 111 Antitussive, 89, 95 Anxiety, 50, 89, 99, 104 Aqueous, 5, 7, 14, 24, 41, 51, 89, 94 Arrhythmia, 88, 89 Arteries, 89, 90, 93, 102 Articular, 89, 111 Ascites, 89, 104 Astemizole, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 21, 23, 33, 38, 40, 49, 53, 56, 89

Atopic, 23, 36, 40, 41, 89 Atrial, 48, 49, 55, 88, 89 Atrial Fibrillation, 48, 49, 55, 89 Atrium, 36, 89, 111 Autonomic, 20, 89, 110 B Bacteria, 88, 89, 90, 92, 102, 109 Bactericidal, 89, 96 Bacteriostatic, 89, 96 Basophil, 9, 26, 89, 98 Beclomethasone, 17, 22, 89 Benign, 15, 89, 91 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 89, 100 Bile, 58, 90, 101, 109 Bile Acids, 90, 109 Bile Acids and Salts, 90 Bioavailability, 16, 26, 48, 55, 56, 58, 90 Bioavailable, 55, 56, 90 Biochemical, 25, 90, 108 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 60, 71, 90 Blood Coagulation, 90, 91 Blood Platelets, 90, 106, 108 Blood vessel, 90, 91, 95, 101, 102, 109, 111 Bone Marrow, 90, 98, 99, 101, 102 Bone Marrow Cells, 90, 98 Bradykinin, 90, 106 Bronchi, 90, 91 Bronchial, 7, 8, 18, 40, 48, 49, 55, 90, 98 Bronchoconstriction, 26, 35, 90 Bronchodilator, 91, 110 Bronchospasm, 39, 49, 56, 91 Bronchus, 90, 91 C Calcium, 25, 91, 92 Capsules, 48, 55, 57, 91, 95, 97 Carcinogenic, 91, 107, 109 Carcinoid, 91, 102 Cardiac, 9, 17, 88, 89, 91, 102, 109 Cardiovascular, 9, 91, 108 Carrier Proteins, 91, 106 Case report, 91, 92 Case series, 91, 92 Catecholamine, 91, 105 Cell, 35, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105, 107, 112 Central Nervous System, 91, 101, 102, 108, 110 Centrifugation, 91, 102

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Cerebral, 91, 107, 111 Cetirizine, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 30, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 53, 91, 99 Chin, 50, 91, 101 Chlorpheniramine, 6, 35, 91 Cholesterol, 90, 92, 109 Chromatin, 92, 103 Chromosome, 92, 100 Chronic, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 32, 36, 39, 53, 56, 57, 89, 91, 92, 99, 100, 109, 110 Clarithromycin, 4, 37, 92 Clemastine, 6, 27, 92 Clinical study, 15, 92, 93 Clinical trial, 3, 9, 49, 71, 92, 93, 95, 102, 107 Cloning, 90, 92 Codeine, 39, 40, 92 Cognition, 27, 32, 92 Collagen, 88, 92, 97 Complement, 92, 106 Computational Biology, 71, 93 Concomitant, 4, 15, 23, 37, 49, 93 Congestion, 53, 93, 94, 96 Conjugated, 90, 93, 94 Conjunctiva, 93 Conjunctivitis, 8, 33, 50, 89, 93, 98, 110 Connective Tissue, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 101, 108 Consciousness, 88, 93 Contraindications, ii, 93 Controlled clinical trial, 15, 93 Controlled study, 5, 7, 16, 20, 31, 32, 93 Coordination, 93, 107 Coronary, 93, 102 Coronary Thrombosis, 93, 102 Corticosteroid, 93, 106 Cortisone, 94 Curative, 94, 110 Cutaneous, 17, 22, 39, 94 Cytochrome, 25, 44, 94 Cytokine, 94, 100 Cytoplasm, 94, 96, 102, 103 D Decarboxylation, 94, 98 Decongestant, 52, 53, 64, 94 Density, 58, 91, 94, 104 Dermatitis, 36, 40, 41, 94, 99 Dermis, 94, 111 Dexamethasone, 35, 94 Diabetes Mellitus, 56, 94, 97 Diabetic Retinopathy, 56, 94

Diagnostic procedure, 47, 60, 94 Digestion, 90, 94, 101, 109 Dimethindene, 19, 94 Diphenhydramine, 10, 27, 95 Direct, iii, 35, 63, 95, 101, 107 Discrete, 53, 95 Disinfectant, 95, 96 Diurnal, 9, 95 Domesticated, 95, 98 Dosage Forms, 48, 55, 95 Double-blind, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 31, 32, 95 Drug Interactions, 65, 95 Drug Toxicity, 95, 107 Duodenum, 90, 95, 97, 109 Dyes, 95, 103 E Edema, 94, 95, 103, 104 Efficacy, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 41, 49, 95 Elastic, 57, 95, 110 Electrolyte, 93, 95, 106 Embryo, 95, 106 Encapsulated, 57, 95 Endothelial cell, 27, 95, 100 Environmental Exposure, 10, 11, 96 Environmental Health, 70, 72, 96 Enzymatic, 88, 91, 93, 96, 98, 108 Enzyme, 96, 106, 112 Enzyme Inhibitors, 96, 106 Eosinophil, 18, 96, 98 Eosinophilia, 5, 96 Eosinophilic, 96 Epithelial, 8, 17, 18, 26, 27, 30, 96 Epithelial Cells, 8, 17, 18, 26, 27, 96 Ergot, 96, 101 Ergot Alkaloids, 96, 102 Erythema, 96, 111 Erythromycin, 28, 92, 96 Ethanol, 54, 96 Evacuation, 96, 97 Excipients, 51, 52, 56, 96 Extracellular, 93, 96, 97, 102 Extracellular Space, 96, 102 F Family Planning, 71, 97 Fat, 58, 90, 93, 97, 108, 110 Fibrillation, 49, 97 Fibrinogen, 97, 106 Fibroblasts, 97, 100 Flatus, 97 Fluorescence, 16, 97

115

G Gas, 15, 37, 97, 99, 103 Gastric, 58, 95, 97, 98, 107 Gastric Emptying, 58, 97 Gastrointestinal, 52, 58, 90, 91, 96, 97, 102, 107, 108, 110 Gastrointestinal tract, 52, 58, 96, 97, 108 Gelatin, 48, 55, 57, 97, 110 Gene, 90, 97, 100 Geriatric, 30, 40, 97 Gestational, 35, 97 Gland, 93, 94, 97, 108, 109 Glucocorticoid, 89, 94, 97, 106, 111 Glucose, 94, 97, 108 Glucose Intolerance, 94, 97 Glycoprotein, 23, 97, 98 Gonadal, 98, 109 Governing Board, 98, 106 Graft, 98, 99 Graft Rejection, 98, 99 Granulocyte, 8, 98 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 8, 98 Guinea Pigs, 49, 98 H Half-Life, 52, 53, 98 Hay Fever, 10, 16, 41, 87, 91, 92, 98, 103, 105 Heart failure, 98, 104 Heme, 94, 98 Hemostasis, 98, 108 Hepatotoxicity, 38, 98 Histamine Release, 19, 25, 26, 27, 38, 39, 40, 98 Histidine, 98 Hormones, 87, 93, 97, 98, 104, 109 Hydrogen, 88, 92, 99, 102, 104 Hydrophobic, 48, 55, 99 Hydroxyzine, 36, 99 Hyperaemia, 93, 99 Hypersensitivity, 44, 87, 94, 95, 96, 99, 103 Hypnotic, 95, 99 Hypospadias, 23, 59, 99 I Ibuprofen, 52, 99 Idiopathic, 10, 11, 12, 20, 21, 36, 53, 57, 89, 99, 110 Ileum, 48, 49, 55, 99 Imidazole, 98, 99, 107 Immune response, 87, 89, 94, 98, 99, 109, 110 Immune system, 99, 101, 112

Immunization, 99 Immunoglobulins, 99, 106 Immunosuppressive, 97, 99 Immunosuppressive therapy, 99 Immunotherapy, 18, 99 Impairment, 9, 99, 101 In vitro, 8, 18, 25, 26, 31, 99, 100 In vivo, 26, 39, 99, 100, 102 Infarction, 89, 93, 100, 102 Infection, 98, 100, 101, 111, 112 Inflammation, 19, 39, 87, 89, 93, 94, 98, 100, 103, 106, 108 Interleukin-8, 8, 100 Intestines, 97, 100 Intracellular, 25, 100, 106, 107 Intramuscular, 100, 111 Involuntary, 97, 100, 102, 109 Ionizing, 96, 100 Isopropyl, 54, 100 K Kb, 70, 100 Keratinocytes, 100 Ketoconazole, 23, 100 L Leucocyte, 96, 100 Leukemia, 25, 100 Leukocytes, 26, 90, 100, 102, 103 Linkage, 51, 100, 104 Liver, 25, 38, 44, 87, 90, 98, 100 Localized, 95, 100, 101, 104, 105, 111 Lymph, 95, 101 Lymphatic, 100, 101, 104 Lymphocyte, 89, 101 Lysergic acid, 101 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 101 M Macrophage, 98, 101 Malaise, 52, 101 Maxillary, 15, 101 Maxillary Sinus, 15, 101 Meatus, 101 Mediate, 48, 49, 55, 56, 101, 107 Mediator, 101, 106, 108 Medicament, 57, 101, 110 MEDLINE, 71, 101 Membrane, 87, 93, 101, 102, 103, 105, 108 Mental, iv, 3, 48, 50, 55, 56, 70, 72, 91, 92, 101, 107 Mental Disorders, 50, 101 Mesenchymal, 98, 101 Metabolite, 17, 34, 37, 50, 88, 99, 101 Methysergide, 20, 101

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Loratadine

MI, 32, 85, 102 Microbe, 102, 110 Microdialysis, 39, 102 Microorganism, 102, 112 Microsomal, 25, 44, 102 Milligram, 49, 56, 102 Modification, 88, 102, 107 Molecular, 27, 57, 71, 73, 90, 93, 97, 102, 106, 107, 111 Molecular Structure, 102, 111 Molecule, 17, 89, 93, 102, 104, 106, 107 Monocytes, 100, 102 Monotherapy, 17, 102 Morphine, 92, 102, 103 Motility, 102, 108 Motion Sickness, 48, 55, 102, 103, 107 Motor Activity, 102, 107 Mucociliary, 88, 102, 109 Multicenter study, 24, 102 Myocardium, 102 Myristate, 54, 103 N Narcosis, 103 Narcotic, 48, 52, 55, 102, 103 Nasal Cavity, 101, 103 Nasal Mucosa, 39, 103 Nasal Provocation Tests, 12, 103 Nausea, 88, 95, 103 Necrosis, 100, 102, 103 Nervous System, 91, 101, 103, 107, 110 Neurotransmitter, 87, 88, 90, 98, 103, 110 Neutrophils, 27, 98, 100, 103 Nitrogen, 18, 37, 88, 103, 111 Nitrogen Dioxide, 18, 103 Nonverbal Communication, 103, 107 Nucleic acid, 103 Nucleus, 92, 94, 102, 103 O Ocular, 33, 50, 103 Oedema, 25, 104 Ointments, 95, 104 Opacity, 94, 104 Ophthalmic, 7, 8, 33, 50, 104 Ovary, 104, 106 Oxidation, 94, 104 P Palliative, 104, 110 Panic, 50, 104 Particle, 56, 104 Patch, 104, 111 Pathologic, 93, 99, 104 Patient Compliance, 57, 104

Patient Satisfaction, 8, 104 Peak flow, 5, 13, 104 Penis, 99, 104 Peptide, 88, 92, 104, 107 Peptide Chain Elongation, 92, 104 Perennial, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 23, 28, 32, 48, 55, 56, 60, 104 Perineum, 99, 104 Peritoneal, 89, 104, 105 Peritoneal Cavity, 89, 104, 105 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 96, 97, 105 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 95, 105 Pharmacodynamic, 31, 105 Pharmacokinetic, 28, 34, 105 Pharmacologic, 35, 88, 98, 105, 111 Pharmacotherapy, 40, 50, 105 Pheniramine, 15, 105 Phobias, 50, 105 Phospholipids, 97, 105 Phosphorus, 37, 91, 105 Physiologic, 87, 98, 105, 107 Physiology, 15, 20, 39, 58, 105 Pitch, 105, 112 Plants, 97, 105, 106, 108, 111 Plasma, 7, 16, 35, 37, 52, 87, 89, 97, 98, 105, 106 Plasma protein, 52, 87, 106 Platelet Factor 4, 100, 106 Pleural, 104, 106 Pleural cavity, 104, 106 Pneumonia, 93, 106 Pollen, 10, 30, 51, 91, 106 Polysaccharide, 89, 106 Postural, 19, 106 Potassium, 17, 27, 36, 49, 106 Practice Guidelines, 72, 106 Prednisolone, 9, 106 Prevalence, 49, 106 Probe, 102, 106 Progesterone, 106, 109 Progression, 88, 107 Promethazine, 5, 39, 64, 92, 107 Promoter, 17, 107 Protein S, 90, 92, 96, 107 Proteins, 88, 89, 91, 92, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111 Pruritus, 40, 92, 95, 99, 105, 107 Psychic, 101, 107 Psychomotor, 5, 19, 27, 32, 39, 50, 107 Psychomotor Agitation, 50, 107 Psychomotor Performance, 19, 27, 32, 39, 107

117

Psychotherapy, 50, 107 Public Policy, 71, 107 Publishing, 4, 107 Pulmonary, 27, 96, 107, 110, 111 Q Quality of Life, 15, 41, 107 R Radiation, 96, 97, 100, 107 Radioactive, 98, 99, 107 Randomized, 6, 7, 15, 20, 22, 95, 107 Ranitidine, 20, 107 Receptor, 7, 10, 14, 20, 30, 32, 48, 49, 51, 55, 56, 57, 89, 99, 107, 108, 110 Receptors, Serotonin, 107, 108 Rectum, 97, 107, 110 Refer, 1, 92, 107 Refractory, 49, 108 Regimen, 95, 104, 105, 108 Retina, 94, 108 Retinal, 94, 108 Rheumatism, 99, 108 Rhinitis, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 41, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 87, 89, 91, 92, 95, 98, 105, 108, 110 Rhinovirus, 17, 108 S Saponins, 108, 109 Screening, 92, 108 Secretion, 35, 94, 98, 107, 108 Sedative, 17, 48, 55, 56, 89, 92, 95, 99, 105, 107, 108 Semisynthetic, 92, 101, 108 Serotonin, 49, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 111 Serum, 15, 18, 87, 92, 108 Side effect, 5, 63, 87, 89, 91, 96, 108, 110 Signs and Symptoms, 53, 108 Sinusitis, 8, 108 Skin test, 12, 36, 109 Small intestine, 95, 99, 100, 109 Smooth muscle, 48, 49, 55, 91, 96, 98, 102, 109, 110 Sneezing, 53, 54, 109 Social Environment, 107, 109 Solvent, 48, 54, 55, 96, 105, 109 Somnolence, 30, 109 Specialist, 77, 109 Species, 95, 98, 109, 111, 112 Spectrum, 100, 109 Sperm, 92, 106, 109

Steady state, 26, 109 Steroid, 22, 90, 94, 108, 109 Stimulant, 98, 109 Stimulus, 100, 105, 109 Stomach, 97, 100, 103, 105, 109 Stress, 91, 103, 109, 111 Stupor, 103, 109 Subacute, 100, 109 Subcutaneous, 95, 104, 110 Substance P, 96, 101, 108, 110 Suppositories, 97, 110 Suppression, 6, 19, 36, 38, 94, 110 Suppressive, 6, 38, 110 Surfactant, 50, 51, 110 Sympathetic Nervous System, 110 Sympathomimetic, 54, 110 Symptomatic, 16, 40, 110 Symptomatic treatment, 16, 110 Systemic, 51, 64, 100, 104, 106, 110, 111 T Tachycardia, 29, 110 Talc, 51, 110 Terbutaline, 39, 110 Terfenadine, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29, 33, 38, 49, 53, 56, 110 Therapeutics, 4, 7, 11, 13, 16, 21, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 40, 44, 65, 110 Tissue, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110 Topical, 51, 96, 110 Toxic, iv, 52, 96, 110, 111 Toxicity, 30, 95, 110 Toxicology, 44, 72, 110 Toxins, 89, 100, 111 Transdermal, 54, 111 Transfection, 90, 111 Translation, 88, 96, 111 Translocation, 92, 96, 111 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 13, 111 Tricyclic, 57, 111 Tryptophan, 92, 108, 111 U Urethra, 99, 104, 111 Urticaria, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 21, 22, 29, 36, 37, 53, 56, 89, 91, 92, 99, 110, 111 V Vascular, 8, 50, 88, 94, 100, 102, 104, 111 Vascular Headaches, 102, 111 Vascular Resistance, 88, 111 Vasodilator, 90, 98, 111 Venous, 89, 104, 107, 111 Ventricle, 111

118

Loratadine

Ventricular, 29, 49, 88, 111 Vesicular, 102, 111 Veterinary Medicine, 71, 111 Virulence, 110, 111 Viscosity, 57, 112 Vitreous, 94, 108, 112 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 94, 112

Vitro, 112 Vivo, 26, 112 Voice Disorders, 15, 112 W White blood cell, 88, 89, 98, 100, 101, 112 X Xenograft, 88, 112

119

120

Loratadine

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