Lithium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LITHIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lithium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84009-1 1. Lithium-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lithium. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LITHIUM .................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Lithium ......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 58 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 61 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LITHIUM ........................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lithium ...................................................................................... 107 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 112 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LITHIUM .................................................................. 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 115 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 131 General References ..................................................................................................................... 134 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LITHIUM .................................................................................... 135 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 135 Dissertations on Lithium ........................................................................................................... 135 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 143 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND LITHIUM .............................................................................. 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Recent Trials on Lithium ........................................................................................................... 145 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 147 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON LITHIUM............................................................................................... 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 Patents on Lithium .................................................................................................................... 149 Patent Applications on Lithium................................................................................................. 184 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 223 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON LITHIUM .................................................................................................. 225 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 225 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 225 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 226 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 234 Chapters on Lithium .................................................................................................................. 236 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON LITHIUM ....................................................................................... 239 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 239 Bibliography: Multimedia on Lithium ....................................................................................... 239 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LITHIUM .................................................................... 241 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 241 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 241 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 245 Academic Periodicals covering Lithium..................................................................................... 245 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 247 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 247 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 247 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 248 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 251 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 251 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 251

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NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 253 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 255 The Genome Project and Lithium .............................................................................................. 255 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 259 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 259 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 259 Associations and Lithium .......................................................................................................... 262 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 262 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 265 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 265 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 265 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 265 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 265 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 271 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 272 LITHIUM DICTIONARY............................................................................................................. 275 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 361

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lithium is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lithium, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lithium, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lithium. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lithium, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lithium. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LITHIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lithium.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and lithium, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Increase in Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes and Elevated Erythrocyte Sodium-Lithium Countertransport Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 322(8): 500-505. February 22, 1990. Summary: Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes is found in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and nephropathy. To determine whether such an increase precedes the onset of nephropathy and, if so, whether it is associated with changes in renal function, erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport was measured in 52 patients with IDDM but not nephropathy or hypertension and in 32 control subjects. 17 of the 52 patients with IDDM (33 percent) had sodium-lithium countertransport activity that exceeded the maximal activity in the control subjects (0.39 mmol of lithium per hour per liter of cells). 18 of the 52 patients with IDDM were studied in more detail. The seven patients with raised sodium-lithium

4

Lithium

countertransport values had glomerular filtration rates (median, 159 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area; range, 134 to 197) that were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than those in the remaining 11 patients with IDDM and normal sodiumlithium countertransport (median, 126 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2); range, 110 to 176) or in the 10 control subjects (median, 128 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2); range, 93-151). In the seven patients with elevated sodium-lithium countertransport, the filtration fraction (median, 0.27; range, 0.22 to 0.37) was also greater (P less than 0.01) than that in control subjects (median, 0.22; range, 0.18 to 0.28). There were no differences in renal function between the patients with IDDM and normal sodium-lithium countertransport and the control subjects. The authors conclude that sodium-lithium countertransport is increased in patients with IDDM before the onset of nephropathy and is associated with hyperfiltration. Thus, elevated sodium-lithium countertransport activity may be an early marker of diabetic nephropathy. 28 references. (AA).

Federally Funded Research on Lithium The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lithium. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lithium. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lithium. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lithium: •

Project Title: 500MHZ CONSOLE UPGRADE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ganem, Bruce; Franz and Elisabeth Roessler Professor; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): In this proposal we request a console upgrade for a Unity 500 MHz NMR Spectrometer manufactured by Varian Associates. The Unity 500 is three generations out of date and the performance no longer meets the needs of the majority of NIH users within the facility. The upgrade will improve the sensitivity, resolution, and reliability of the current instrument allowing for more sophisticated experiments and higher user throughput. The NMR Facility, which has been in existence for 30 years with a Ph.D. level professional NMR spectroscopist as Director, has a long track record of user training, instrument maintenance, and supervision. The Unity 500 MHz instrument user base consists mostly of faculty with a record of continuous NIH

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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support. Beyond the major users, Cornell currently has three minor users whose groups are young and whose PIs will eventually rely on NIH support. These individuals and their students will use the requested instrumentation for a wide range of health-related projects. Professor B. Ganem (PI) is studying the design of new synthetic prodrugs based on the natural product COTC, which would be targeted specifically to prostate tissue, as well as on the synthesis of new inhibitors of glycosphingolipid metabolism; Professor T.P. Begley will use the instrumentation to study modified enzyme substrates, designed inhibitors, products and mechanistic probes; Professor J. Clardy is investigating fungal metabolites exhibiting anticancer, antiviral, and antibiotic activity; Professor B.R. Crane aims to understand how protein structure controls redox- and photochemistry in biological catalysis and signal transduction. Professor G.W. Coates will investigate new methods for the synthesis of architecturally well-defined biodegradable polymers for biomedical use; Prof. D.B. Collum is investigating organolithium solvation and aggregation states using NMR to obtain new insights into synthetically useful lithium reagents; Professor D.T. McQuade will use NMR in designing new synthetic approaches to highly functionalized polymers; Prof. J. Meinwald will investigate the structures of biologically significant molecules involved in chemical communication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: A MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR LITHIUM ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Peter S.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: From applicant's abstract): Lithium is the first line of therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder yet its mechanism of action remains unclear. The goal of this project is to apply basic research methods to the study of mental health in order to identify the molecular targets of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Previous work in this laboratory has shown that lithium inhibits the signaling molecule Glycogen Synthase Kinase-313 (GSK-3B) and activates the Wnt/l3-catenin signaling pathway, providing an explanation for the effects of lithium on the development of diverse organisms. Several laboratories have also shown that lithium inhibits GSK-3B in cultured neurons and in whole animals; however, GSK-3B still has not been demonstrated to be the relevant target of lithium in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Work supported by this ROl has led to the identification of a novel peptide inhibitor of GSK-3B derived from the GSK-3 jnteraction domain (GID) of axin. This peptide inhibits the enzymatic activity of GSK-313 in vivo and leads to strong activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, mimicking the activity of lithium. This peptide thus provides an alternative to lithium that can be used to test the hypothesis that inhibition of GSK-313 is important in the response to lithium in non-developmental settings, particularly in behavior. In the continuation of this project, the features of the GID peptide required for inhibition of GSK-3B will be further defined and the mechanism of inhibition will be characterized. Transgenic mice expressing the GID peptide, as well as downstream activators and inhibitors of Wnt signaling, will be generated using a neuron specific, postnatal promoter. These transgenic mice will be assessed in lithium-sensitive behavioral assays to test whether they either mimic (GID or Wnt activators) or block (antagonists of Wnt signaling) the behavioral effects of lithium. In addition, transgenic reporter mice will be generated to provide an in vivo read-out for activation of the wnt pathway in the brain. These reporter lines may allow localization of lithium sensitive regions in the mammalian brain. This approach may allow the development of new and safer therapeutic agents

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Lithium

for the treatment of bipolar disorder and should also help to elucidate the neuronal signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of this common and debilitating disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ACUTE TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR II DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Suppes, Patricia; Psychiatry; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This exploratory, stage 3 R21 proposal is designed to provide data on the acute treatment response of an understudied mental health population --bipolar II disorder (BDII). This disorder is characterized by major depression and periods of hypomania observable by others. There is now clear recognition of the stability of this diagnosis, and increased recognition of the severity and frequency of depressive symptoms. The overall severity, disability, and suicide risk is considered equal to bipolar I disorder. The available literature on treatment of BDII is reviewed. There are virtually no controlled acute treatment trials to direct treatment recommendations, nor is the treatment of BDII addressed in recent treatment guidelines. The most extensive data support lithium (Li) as one treatment group. Striking new findings with lamotrigine (LTG) support its efficacy in BDI acute depression and prophylaxis of rapid cycling BDII. Based on research done, including estimation of safety and tolerability, we chose to evaluate LTG and Li in this pilot study. We propose a randomized, open 16-week clinical trial comparing monotherapy Li versus LTG for sixty acutely depressed BDII patients. A physician and a blinded symptom rater will see patients every two weeks for a total of sixteen weeks. Safeguards are described to maintain patient safety. The primary aim will be to compare the relative treatment effectiveness of LTG versus Li. We hypothesize LTG will be more effective than Li at decreasing depressive symptoms. Secondary aims include assessment of tolerability, the potential of LTG to cause switching into hypomania, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. Measures will include the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Montgomery-Asberg Rating Scale for Depression, Young Mania Rating Scale, Clinical Global Assessment for Bipolar Disorder, and other measures of quality of life, functioning, and physical symptoms and side effects. While full-scale intervention trials are clearly warranted in this population to establish databased recommendations for treatment, it is critical to collect pilot data to properly power and inform the design of a larger trial. This pilot study will provide data addressing the aims and sample size needed for a full-scale intervention trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ALKALOID SYNTHESIS VIA (3+2) CYCLOADDITIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pearson, William H.; Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (Principal Investigator's Abstract) The principal objective of the proposed research is to continue to develop general and efficient methods for the synthesis of pyrrolidine-containing molecules of biological significance. A general synthetic method may be useful for the preparation of a wide variety of target molecules rather than a single class. The proposed research will attempt to use the anionic (3+2) cycloaddition of

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2-azaallyl anions with alkenes and the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with alkenes for the construction of a cross-section of biologically relevant target molecules. The 2-azaallyl anions are prepared by tin-lithium exchange on (2azaallyl)stannanes. The same (2-azaallyl)stannanes are also precursors of several novel types of non-stabilized azomethine ylides, which are also capable of (3+2) cycloadditions to produce pyrrolidines. These two types of reactive intermediates are proving to be complementary in their reactivity and diastereoselectivity. Applications of these methods to the synthesis of biologically interesting molecules is proposed in order to provide a context for methodology development. Each example is meant to test a different aspect of the (3+2) methodology. Targets include: (1) monomorine 1, the trail pheromone of the pharoah ant, (2) pictamine, a novel quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from tunicates with antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitumor activity, (3) lundurines B and C, isolated from Kopsia, the extracts of which find medicinal use for rheumatoid arthritis, dropsy, and tonsillitis in China, (4) 7-epiaustraline, a highly hydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid with a unique hydroxymethyl group, a member of a class of such alkaloids that have activity as glucosidase I inhibitors, antiviral agents and antiretroviral agents, (5) scandine, a component of a Chinese folk medicine used for the treatment of rheumatic heart disease, and (6) erycibelline, a member of the tropane class of alkaloids. These targets will allow examination of the scope of the 2-azaallyl anion and azomethine ylide cycloaddition methods in several ways. For example, the types of anions or ylides required are diverse (e.g., simple aliphatic substituents, functionalized side chains, heterosubstituted versions, more conjugated versions, and cyclic versions), each with their unique chemistry and method of preparation. The issues of regiocontrol and stereocontrol, both absolute and relative, must be addressed. Tandem processes that involve the combination of (3+2) cycloaddition followed by additional reactions that lead to a second or third ring formation or a rearrangement are also being studied. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALKYLLITHIUM CYCLIZATIONS IN ORGANIC SNYTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rychnovsky, Scott D.; Professor; Chemistry; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Synthetic chemistry is the technology underlying modern drug development. The successful mapping of the human genome was the first step towards identifying new receptors and pathways to treat chronic diseases. The path from bimolecular targets to realizing improvements in human health usually requires the synthesis of small molecule agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors. In this proposal we will develop a potentially powerful method to synthesize small nitrogen and oxygen spiro rings. New synthetic methods such as this one are an enabling technology for improving human health. The reductive cleavage of nitrile is a rarely used method for generating alkyllithium reagents. In many six-membered rings this reaction is completely stereoselective, and the resulting alkyllithium will couple with electrophiles with retention of configuration. We propose to use this reductive lithiation reaction, in combination with facile alkylations adjacent to nitrile groups, to develop a general and stereoselective synthesis of spiro rings. This method will be developed to prepare the spiro-tetrahydropyran rings. These reductive cyclization reactions will be used in a general synthesis of contrathermodynamic spiroacetals, structures commonly found in complex natural products. The third area of development is in the synthesis of spiropiperidines, where modification of the substrate will allow either configuration of the spiropiperidine to be prepared selectively. The synthetic targets for this proposal are

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Lithium

segments of natural products and natural products themselves. Segments of altohyrtin (spongistatin) and azaspiracid will be prepared using the approach to contrathermodynamic spiroacetals. Histrionicotoxin and pinnaic acid will be prepared using the spiropiperidine method. These compounds are of interest to synthetic and medicinal chemists, and have the types of rigid, polycyclic and polar structures found to show high bioactivity in many assays. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AN ULTRASONIC NEURAL STIMULATOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Towe, Bruce C.; Phoenix Biotech, Inc. 6051 E Cactus Wren Rd Paradise Valley, Az 85283 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: A remarkable and unexpected interaction effect between high frequency ultrasound energy and bioelectrically excitable tissue will be employed to the development of a line of advanced microstimulators for medical neurogenic applications An excised nerve preparation as well as hippocampal tissue slices of the rat brain will be used as physiologic models for further study of the ultrasound interactions with natural and applied bioelectric currents. The limits of ultrasound effectiveness in this application, some preliminary evaluations of its safety, and exploration of different methods of applying the ultrasound to neural tissue will be conducted. Micro-sized ultrasound transducers will be fabricated using photographic techniques and submillimeter diameter lithium niobate crystals in an effort to characterize the ultimate limits of its miniaturization and potential for implantation. This work will serve to underpin a new approach to neuro-electric stimulation that uses ultrasound energy to substantially reduce the current levels required to stimulate nerves in the body and possibly open up new applications of neural stimulation. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Ultrasonic neural stimulators would improve the effectiveness of therapeutic electrical stimulation which is currently a multibillion dollar market. The apparent advantages of ultrasound combined with lower levels of electrical stimulation suggest medical applications of the spinal cord, peripheral nerve and brain. This market is currently served with conventional electrostimulators by large medical device companies like Medtronic, Guidant, and others. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANALYSIS COTRANSPORTER

OF

ERYTHROCYTE

SODIUM-PHOSPHATE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Gunn, Robert B.; Professor; Physiology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The goal of this project is to understand the molecular mechanism of sodium-phosphate cotransport and sodiumlithium countertransport. Na-PO4 cotransport is an important physiological process vital to all mammalian cells through its active transport of inorganic phosphate, a central metabolite. Na-Li countertransport is a medically important cellular mechanism that pumps lithium out of cells. Its rate in erythrocytes inversely correlates with the effectiveness of Li therapy in bipolar disease and directly correlates with the development of essential hypertension. Despite their importance, these processes are not well understood because the responsible molecules have not been identified or have not been adequately characterized in model systems. Recently there has been progress in

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both of these areas. There is circumstantial kinetic and pharmacological evidence that the "brain specific" gene, BNP1 (or a related isoform), is the Na-PO4 cotransporter in K562 erythroleukemic cells and erythrocytes. The project will test three hypotheses. Hypothesis I: BNP1 is the erythrocyte Na-PO4 cotransporter. This hypothesis will be tested in Specific Aim 1 by demonstrating that BNP1 is the major isoform present in human erythropoietic cells and K562 cells and in Specific Aim 2 by demonstrating that BNP1 protein is present in those cells and mature erythrocytes. Hypothesis II: the erythrocyte Na-phosphate cotransporter is also the major Na-Na exchanger. This hypothesis will be tested in Specific Aim 3 by determining the stoichiometry of Na-PO4 cotransport and in Specific Aim 4 by characterizing the new Na transport caused by the heterologous expression of BNP1 in oocytes and in HEK293 cells using a new inducible promoter system. Hypothesis III: the Na-PO4 cotransporter is the long sought molecular basis for Na-Li countertransport. This hypothesis will be tested in Specific Aim 5 by determining the new Na-Li countertransport in BNP1 expressing oocytes and HEK293 cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANGIOTENSIN, HYPERTENSION

SODIUM

AND

GENES

IN

PRIMATE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Haywood, Joseph R.; Professor; Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Res San Antonio, Tx 782450549 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sodium-dependent hypertension has long been associated with a defect in renal function. Experimental models as well as human studies have also suggested that an alteration in genetic expression may contribute to the hypertensive process. Sodium-lithium countertransport (SLC) activity is one mechanism that helps maintain intracellular sodium concentrations, and in some hypertensive patients, SLC activity is increased. These individuals also experience an inappropriate response to sodium challenges that appears to result from a lack of suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The association between SLC activity and hypertension is genetically determined since it occurs in families. It is uncertain whether this reflects an alteration in the gene for SLC, one of the genes that may increase RAAS function, or an interaction between genes for the two systems. The goal of the proposed studies is to examine the relationship between SLC activity and the RAAS in a non-human primate model in which the SLC phenotype is high or low. The hypothesis to be tested is that a high SLC activity is associated with inappropriately high RAAS function and a greater arterial pressure sensitivity to dietary sodium. In three aims, the contributions of peripheral and central RAAS components to sodium-dependent hypertension will be studied in baboons with the high and low SLC phenotypes. In the first aim, regulation of the RAAS will be examined in high and low SLC animals during a step-wise increase in sodium intake. These experiments will determine whether animals with high SLC activity have a reduced ability to suppress the RAAS and develop salt-sensitive hypertension. The second aim will investigate the role of angiotensin and aldosterone in the stimulation of hypertension by sodium and their ability to cause blood pressure to rise in high and low SLC animals. This aim will determine whether by raising plasma angiotensin or aldosterone the high SLC animals are more likely to become hypertensive. The third aim will focus on central nervous system mechanisms associated with an inappropriately high RAAS in high and low SLC animals. These studies will determine whether the high SLC activity results in more sensitive central mechanisms driving the sympathetic nervous system to raise arterial

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Lithium

pressure. These studies will help provide data to determine whether an inappropriately high RAAS activity can cause hypertension. Importantly, this work will also reveal whether the genetically determined phenotype of high SLC is important in predisposing an animal to sodium-dependent hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEPRESSION

ANTIDEPRESSANT

PHARMACOGENETICS

OF

BIPOLAR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldberg, Joseph F.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Previous efforts to identify biological correlates of anti-depressant response in bipolar disorder have yielded only modest success. The degree to which depression arises from serotonergic or other neurotransmitter abnormalities remains an unsolved question. Moreover, standard anti-depressants may be less effective for bipolar than unipolar depression and pose unique risks for inducing mania or cycle acceleration. Therefore, a compelling need exists to develop new methodologies to better anticipate treatment outcomes. The focus of this Career Development Award is to provide a translational research and training experience for the P.I. in applications of psychiatric genetics to clinically-based studies of psychopathology and treatment outcome in bipolar illness. As a model for this type of research, pharmacogenetic correlates of antidepressant response, focusing on serotonin system candidate gene polymorphisms, will be examined in a family-based cohort. While preliminary studies have identified candidate genes with polymorphisms of significance to psychopathology, or psychotropic drug action, pharmacogenetic applications ti bipolar disorder remain largely unexplored. The proposed core research project will be an ancillary study to the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), an NIMH-sponsored multi-clinical trial. DNA samples will initially be obtained from a minimum of 100 depressed probands and family members; probands already optimized on valproate or lithium will undergo a 6-week trial of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. In later years of the Award period, family-based genotype and SSRI antidepressant response data will be added from several hundred additional bipolar probands at collaborative research sites. Antidepressant responsivity will be analyzed relative to allele frequencies of 4 serotonin-related polymorphic candidate genes of known functional significance. Multivariate models will be developed to assess the relative statistical contribution of pharmacogenetic polymorphisms added to clinical factors potentially associated with treatment response. The primary aim of the career development plan is for the P.I. to acquire expertise in human genetics and candidate gene polymorphism analyses in order to inform future clinical studies of psychotropic drug response and other aspects of psychopathology that may represent phenotypes of bipolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AQUAPORIN-2 EXCRETION IN DISORDERS OF WATER BALANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cadnapaphornchai, Melissa A.; Pediatrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005

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Summary: (adapted from the application) Normal water metabolism is essential to body fluid homeostasis. The major determinants of normal water balance include arginine vasopressin (AVP), renal function, and thirst. Recent investigations have described the cloning and characterization of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP-2), which is located in the principal cell of the kidney collecting duct. Under the influence of AVP, AQP-2 inserts into the apical membrane, allowing reabsorption of water to occur. Studies in animals and humans suggest that alterations in the regulation and expression of AQP-2 in certain physiologic and pathologic states may contribute to such complications as hyponatremia, hypoosmolality, and edema. During exocytic shuttling of AQP-2 to the apical collecting duct membrane, a small percentage of AQP-2 is lost in the urine. Measurement of this urinary AQP-2 protein can be reliably performed by radioimmunoassay; this test represents a novel tool for evaluation of AVP action in the collecting duct of the human kidney in health and disease. In these studies, we will examine urinary AQP-2 excretion in patients during pregnancy and the menstrual cycle, and in patients with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to lithium therapy or autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. An interpretation of the relationship between urinary AQP-2, serum and urine osmolality, and plasma AVP will provide insight into the control of body fluid homeostasis. The role of the vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, CIPC-41061, in the treatment of volume overload, edema, and hyponatremia will be explored. A comprehensive understanding of AQP-2 regulation in humans will lead to unique and more direct interventions in the therapy of disordered water metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIPOLAR DISORDER & ALCOHOL ABUSE COMORBIDITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Frye, Mark A.; Psychiatry & Biobehav Sciences; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: The applicant proposes to acquire new training in magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neuroendocrinology. These two areas of investigation will expand his clinical research expertise and further his research endeavors in attempting to better understand the neuroanatomic and neuroendocrinological underpinnings of bipolar disorder. The research training will then be used to translate these potential research gains into clinical applications to better understand and ultimately treat major psychiatric illnesses. This study will examine the impact of alcohol on the biochemistry, neuroendocrinology, and neuropsychological functioning of bipolar illness. The lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol abuse comorbidity in bipolar disorder is the highest of all Axis I diagnoses; furthermore, the presence of alcohol abuse in bipolar disorder is associated with a decreased response rate to the gold standard treatment lithium carbonate. Thus, by prevalence data and inadequate treatment response, this represents an enormous public health problem. In a cross-sectional analysis, patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid alcohol abuse or dependence, patients with bipolar illness without comorbid alcohol abuse or dependence, and age matched healthy controls will undergo 1 H-MR spectroscopy, Dexamethasone/CRH neuroendocrine challenge, and neuropsychological evaluation assessing executive function, verbal memory, and working memory. This study will evaluate whether there are differences amongst the three groups and if there is a relationship between N-acetylaspartate (NAA), hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis function, and neuropsychological functioning. These variables will also be evaluated as to their predictive potential for relapse under

12

Lithium

naturalistic follow-up where mood stability, alcohol craving and relapse, medication compliance, and functional capacity will be monitored. This naturalistic follow-up period may identify preliminary neurobiological factors associated with relapse and provide direction for further controlled interventional study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL IN JUVENILES--LONGITUDINAL STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pratt, J. Howard.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1985; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) The proposed studies are an extension of longitudinal investigations of mechanisms for the development of primary hypertension. They are performed on a biracial cohort of children, adolescents, and young adults who are mostly normotensive. These studies are based on the premise that the pathophysiology of hypertension begins early in life, and further that blood pressure (BP) studies carried out at this age avoid the confounding cardiovascular and renal changes that typically occur when subjects are hypertensive. In the previous period of funding, distinct racial differences relevant to BP regulation were observed; first, longitudinal BP increased over time faster in blacks than in whites; second, aldosterone excretion was lower in blacks than in whites due in part to suppression of the reninangiotensin system (RAS); and third, the level of serum angiotensinogen was higher and a variant of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT), T235, which has been associated with hypertension, was the predominant allele in the blacks. In the proposed studies, the focus will be principally on the role of sodium retention and how this is regulated by angiotensin II (AII), a product derived from angiotensinogen, and the amiloridesensitive sodium channel (ENaC), an important site for reabsorption of sodium in the distal nephron. The studies utilize the longitudinal BPs of the cohort - the mean of multiple values as well as the change in BP over time. The cohort will be supplemented through recruitment of additional members and increased participation by parents. In Specific Aim No. 1 three substudies will be performed: (1) Since the T235 allele may be in linkage disequilibrium with a locus that increases the angiotensinogen level, the applicants will now construct haplotypes with T235 to identify a subset(s) of T235 alleles that associate with a higher angiotensinogen level, and potentially a hypertensinogenic locus on AGT. (2) To examine whether a higher angiotensinogen level in black children is related to race alone or is related specifically to the higher prevalence of hypertension in the parents. (3) Finally, the relation of newly identified variants of genes for ENaC to longitudinal BP, the RAS, and the urinary excretion of aldosterone and potassium to look for molecular variations of this ion channel as contributors to a higher BP will be examined. Specific Aim No. 2 will be performed in the General Clinical Research Center where the effects of AII on renal hemodynamics and sodium resorption can be examined. Since increases in vascular resistance in the kidney that may be mediated by AII may increase resorption of sodium, the applicants will measure renal blood flow (RBF) to test the hypotheses that RBF is lower in blacks than in whites, and is inversely related to level of angiotensinogen and longitudinal BP. In response to a sodium challenge imposed by an infusion of normal saline, the clearance of endogenous lithium, a measure of AII-directed sodium reabsorption in proximal tubule, and the fractional excretion of sodium, a measure of overall natriuretic capacity, will be examined in relation to race, angiotensinogen level, and longitudinal BP. An ongoing

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longitudinal study of BP is extended with cross-sectional analyses of potential genetic and renal influences on BP, factors that could contribute to the etiology of primary hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN EXPERIMENTAL EPILEPSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wasterlain, Claude G.; Professor of Neurology; Neurology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1978; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The long-term objective of this project is to understand the relationship between seizures and brain development. During the last period of this project, we established that some types of seizures, in the absence of systemic complications, can damage the immature brain. We also have preliminary evidence that this damage is, in turn, epileptogenic. This application has two goals: first, to determine whether seizureinduced neuronal injury in the immature brain leads to neuronal apoptosis, and to understand its mechanism. Second, to find out whether seizure-induced damage in the immature brain is epileptogenic. We will study the mechanism of neuronal death in the lithum-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus in the immature rat. We will carefully monitor physiological variables such as arterial blood pressure or blood gases, to ascertain that neuronal injury in the that model is the result of the seizures themselves. We will determine the time course of neuronal injury, describe its morphology by electron-microscopy and confocal fluorescesence microscopy in the CA1 pyramids, the inner dentate granule cells, and the large neurons of the dentate hilus; we will determine whether neuronal death is dependent upon protein synthesis; we will look for evidence of early DNA breakdown by restricted endonucleases by the TUNEL method for identify double- stranded DNA breaks in individual cells; and by laddering on agarose gel electrophoresis; we will look for evidence of caspase activation by immunocytochemistry and in Western blots using antibodies against proteolytic fragments cleaved from actin and from poly ADP-ribose polymerase, by using inhibitors of caspases, by using in situ hybridization and Northern blots to detect increased expression of individual caspases. The time course of this phenomena will reveal the biochemical cascade leading to apoptosis in specific cells. We will also use specific inhibitors to study the dependency of most necrotic and apoptotic death of neurons upon the activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, of NMDA receptors, and upon the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Second, we will determine whether seizure induced damage in the immature brain is epileptogenic by monitoring seizures in chronic animals subjected to status epilepticus at P15, P21, P28, or as adults. We will chronically administer anticonvulsants after the end of status epilepticus, and study their effects on the development of spontaneous seizures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CARDIAC TERATOGENICITY OF LITHIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Linask, Kersti K.; Professor; Cell Biology; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-Sch Osteopathic Med Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, Nj 08084 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Adopted from the Applicant's Abstract): Lithium (Li++) is widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar disorder (manic depression) which for women clusters during childbearing years. Controversy continues to exist on the use of lithium

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Lithium

during pregnancy and teratogenic effects of during cardiac embryogenesis. Data from lithium birth registries and clinical studies indicate an increased risk in congenital abnormalities with the heart predominantly affected. There have been no cellular and molecular studies addressing lithium's role specifically in cardiac teratogenicity in animal models. Good informative epidemiologic studies among children of women treated with Li++ during pregnancy are difficult to perform. Li++ has been shown to have dramatic effects on morphogenesis in the vertebrate embryo through the Wnt/Bcatenin signaling pathway by its inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. How Li++ may exert its teratogenic effects during cardiogenesis is not known. Our research indicates that Li++ affects cytoplasmic 8-catenin in precardiac cells and that these effects are amplified during development. The broad goals are: 1) To determine how Li++ is responsible for the increased incidence of congenital cardiac defects in humans, by analyzing on the cell and molecular level Li++ effects on avian and mouse heart development. 2) Using echocardiography and microarray analyses to determine the effects and pathways by which Li++ acts on the embryonic mouse heart. The hypotheses to be tested are: Hypothesis: Li++ affects cell reorganization into an epithelium and results in wider hearts (2) Hypothesis: Li++ effects on the cardiac compartment are related to its mimicking Wnt signaling and the resulting increased cytoplasmic B-catenin pools. Hypothesis: Elevation of B-catenin by misexpression in the precardiac mesoderm leads to abnormal cardiac cell differentiation and compartmentalization. (2B): Hypothesis: Misexpression of LEF1 inhibits the activation of specific genes that are necessary for subsequent normal cardiac morphogenetic processes to take place. (3) Hypothesis: Li++ exposure in mouse embryos affects cardiac cell function and gene expression. Such studies will provide important insights on a molecular level into the use of Li++ on embryonic human cardiac development during pregnancy. Until the safety of lithium is conclusively proven, one must assume teratogenic potential and harm to the fetus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMISTRY OF LITHIUM AMIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Collum, David B.; Professor; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: We will investigate structure-reactivity relationships in N-lithiated species by focussing upon three lithium amides: lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP), lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS), and lithium diisopropylamide (LDA). 6Li15N double labelling spectroscopic methods have already provided aggregation and solvation states, relative free energies and enthalpies of solvation, and even mechanisms of ligand substitution. The spectroscopic investigations will support and augment the rate and mechanistic studies. We will emphasize the correlation of solvation energy, aggregate structure, and reactivity through detailed mechanistic and rate studies of four synthetically important reactions of lithium amides: (1) ketone enolization, (2) imine metallation, (3) epoxide and alkyl halide elimination, and (4) orthometallation. Additional recurring themes include: (1) develop hemi-labile ligands to control reaction rates and selectivities, (2) explore the scope and mechanism by which Lewis acids and related electrophilic additive influence reactivity, (3) establish the necessary mechanistic foundations to allow ligands (solvents) to be employed catalytically, and (4) determine how the intervention of lithium amide-LiX mixed aggregates influence reaction rates and mechanisms. Significant progress is assured by substantial preliminary results and

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the mechanistic transparency of these particular reactions. Overall, the lithium amides offer a promising opportunity to understand the complexities presented by organolithium chemistry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CNS GLP-1: MULTIPLE ROLES IN INGESTION AND ADIPOSITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Seeley, Randy J.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: Disorders of food intake, either under consumption by patients with wasting illness or over-consumption in ever-growing rates of obesity, are major health burdens and cost the U.S. billions of dollars in additional health care and lost productivity. Failure to develop effective treatments for these conditions is in large part due to a lack of clear understanding as to how food intake is regulated. Thus, research to explain the processes by which ingestive behavior is controlled is likely to have a major impact on the health of the population. Glucagon-like-peptide-1-(7-36) amide (GLP-1) is an intestinal hormone that has important effects on insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. GLP-1 is also produced in the Central Nervous System (CNS), exclusively in a discrete group of neurons in the caudal brainstem. A single receptor, specific for GLP-1, is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and by neurons in specific regions of the brain including the hypothalamus, amygdala and caudal brainstem. The neuroanatomical distribution of the central GLP-1 system suggests a role as a relay center for transmitting visceral information to higher centers and there is emerging data indicating that signaling through the central GLP-1 receptor is involved in several aspects of the regulation of food intake. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that signaling through the CNS GLP-1 system is common to the non- homeostatic, meal, and adiposity regulating influences on food intake. The first specific aim will evaluate the hypothesis that signaling through the CNS GLP-1 receptor is a common mechanism through which diverse noxious stimuli activate the response to visceral illness. The second specific aim will use mouse experiments and a conditional genetic targeting system to evaluate the hypothesis that mice with targeted disruption of the GLP-1 receptor develop alternative systems to mediate visceral illness. The third specific aim will evaluate the role of the CNS GLP-1 system in mediating GI-peptide induced satiety. The fourth specific aim will use tissue selective knockouts of the GLP-1 receptor to evaluate the hypothesis that the effects of peripherally administered GLP-1 agonists on body adiposity are mediated by GLP-1r on the pancreatic beta-cell rather than by GLP1r in the CNS. While overwhelming evidence indicates that GLP-1 can influence food intake, controversy continues to surround the circumstances under which GLP-1 exerts that influence. The execution of the current proposal will result in a more complete understanding of the GLP-1 system and so will add greatly to the overall picture about how food intake and body weight are regulated. This information could lend itself to the development of therapeutic strategies for both wasting conditions as well as obesity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEPRESSION

COGNITIVE

THERAPY

AND

PHARMACOTHERAPY

FOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hollon, Steven D.; Professor; Psychology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2005

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Lithium

Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This is a request for five years of salary support via a NIH Independent Scientist Award (K02). I have long sought to integrate psychosocial and biological models of depression, and I hope to use the RCA to enhance my understanding of basic neurobiology and developmental issues relevant to its nature and treatment. I also want to enhance the relevance of my work to applied clinical settings (effectiveness). In particular, I am interested in whether cognitive therapy has a more enduring effect than drugs in the treatment of depression. Earlier studies suggested that this might be the case, but the recent NIH TDCRP found cognitive therapy to be less effective than drugs in the treatment of more severely depressed outpatients and reported little evidence of any enduring effect. Both sets of studies have been criticized for failing to provide optimal implementations of the respective modalities, drugs in the earlier studies and cognitive therapy in the TDCRP. We are currently conducting (with colleagues at Penn) a placebo-controlled comparison of cognitive therapy versus drugs in the treatment of more severely depressed outpatients that seek to address both sets of concerns. I am also collaborating with Neil Jacobson in Seattle in a similar placebo-controlled trial designed to determine whether behavioral activation (which is simpler to implement) carries the full weight of change in cognitive therapy. Further, we plan to examine (with colleagues at Penn and Rush) whether adding cognitive therapy to drugs can both enhance the breadth of response and obviate the need to keep patients on long-term maintenance medications. Finally, we are collaborating with colleagues at each of these sites to study the impact of treatment on the offspring of our depressed patients. We think that more can be done to study the full range of benefits associated with successful treatment. My goal has been to examine the role of both psychological and biological processes in the moderation and medication of treatment effects and to do so in a manner that has the greatest possible impact on actual clinical practice. I hope to use my growing expertise in neurobiology and development to better understand the processes that underlie the treatment and prevention of depression and to use that understanding to enhance the effectiveness of clinical practice in applied settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMBINATION THERAPY IN BIPOLAR RAPID CYCLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Calabrese, Joseph R.; Professor and Director; Psychiatry; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Using double-blind enriched discontinuation designs, early lithium maintenance studies demonstrated that 60-80 percent of patients with bipolar disorder had a satisfactory clinical response. However, these older studies excluded lithium-refractory subgroups such as all bipolar II disorder. When the response rate of lithium is considered across the wide spectrum of bipolar disorders, it may approach 50 percent. A large subgroup of lithium-resistant patients is rapid-cyclers. Fourteen to 53 percent of patients with bipolar disorder cycle rapidly and the majority is bipolar II and female. Seventy-two to 82 percent of rapid-cyclers exhibit poor response to lithium. Thus, a substantial percentage of poor response to lithium is attributable to rapid cycling. Preliminary data from MH-50165 suggest that combination therapy with lithium and divalproex results in marked antimanic, but modest antidepressant efficacy in patients with rapid cycling; 75 percent of non-response is attributable to resistant depression. More broadly effective regimens are needed. To address this need, we propose to compare the safety and efficacy of the triple regimen lithium, divalproex, and lamotrigine to the double-regimen lithium and divalproex. Cancer chemotherapy

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trials have employed random assignment to parallel arms to compare the safety and efficacy of 2 partially effective, chemotherapeutic agents to 3 partially effective agents; the evidence from MH-50165 suggests that rapid-cycling is sufficiently treatmentrefractory to merit a study employing similar methodology. The primary objective of this pilot study is to conduct an exploration of the relative efficacy of the triple vs. double regimen as "first-line" therapy among unselected patients in the acute and continuation outpatient management of depression, hypomania, or mania. The proposed study will be used as pilot data for a future full-scale, STEP Prograin multicenter maintenance trial. In this revised competitive renewal, we propose a singlecenter, STEP-Program affiliated, 6-month, randomized, double-blind, balanced parallelgroup comparison of these two regimens of combination therapy in 90 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder presenting depressed over a three-year period. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONTINUATION ECT VERSUS PHARMACOTHERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Husain, Mustafa M.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): This is a competing renewal application seeking two years of additional funding to complete the ongoing multi-site study, "Continuation ECT: Efficacy and Safety." The goal of this research is to compare continuation ECT with an aggressive combination pharmacotherapy strategy (nortriptyline plus lithium) in the prevention of depressive relapse after successful ECT for major depression. As of May 30, 2001, we have successfully enrolled 470 patients into the acute ECT phase of the study (Phase I) and 159 patients into the two treatment arm randomized phase (Phase II). This represents 73 percent of the necessary recruitment target. An additional 56 randomized patients will be enrolled to meet the target randomized sample size of 216. Completion of patient recruitment, follow-up, and analysis of results can be accomplished with the additional 24 months requested in this application. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Relapse after acute phase ECT or pharmacotherapy remains a major public health problem. Recent studies show an alarmingly high rate of relapse after ECT despite conventional pharmacotherapy (C-PHARM). Continuation ECT (C-ECT) is also in widespread clinical use, however, its efficacy and safety have never been rigorously tested. The role of C-ECT in relapse prevention of seriously ill patients with MDD urgently needs to be defined. The ongoing study is a prospective, six-month, randomized clinical trial in which patients with MDD who remit with an acute course of bilateral ECT are randomized to one of two treatment arms: C-PHARM (nortriptyline + lithium) or C-ECT. The major hypothesis is that C-ECT will more effectively prevent relapse than C-PHARM. The two continuation therapies also will be compared in their effects on cognitive performance, global functioning, side effects, and perceived health status. Study design features include rigorous remitter criteria, blinded neuropsychological assessments, rigorous quality control procedures including independent, blind rating of videotaped Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and SCID interviews, and independent oversight of data collection and analysis. When completed, this project will provide the first and definitive data on the role of C-ECT in the treatment of serious affective illness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CONTINUATION ECT VS PHARMACOTHERAPY: EFFICACY & SAFETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Rummans, Teresa A.; Associate Professor of Psychiatry; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): This is a competing renewal application seeking two years of additional funding to complete the ongoing multi-site study, "Continuation ECT versus Pharmacotherapy." The goal of this research is to compare continuation ECT with an aggressive combination pharmacotherapy strategy (nortriptyline plus lithium) in the prevention of depressive relapse after successful ECT for major depression. As of May 30, 2001, we have successfully enrolled 470 patients into the acute ECT phase of the study (Phase I) and 159 patients into the two treatment arm randomized phase (Phase II). This represents 73 percent of the necessary recruitment target. An additional 56 randomized patients will be enrolled to meet the target randomized sample size of 216. Completion of patient recruitment, follow-up, and analysis of results can be accomplished with the additional 24 months requested in this application. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Relapse after acute phase ECT or pharmacotherapy remains a major public health problem. Recent studies show an alarmingly high rate of relapse after ECT despite conventional pharmacotherapy (C-PHARM). Continuation ECT (C-ECT) is also in widespread clinical use, however, its efficacy and safety have never been rigorously tested. The role of C-ECT in relapse prevention of seriously ill patients with MDD urgently needs to be defined. The ongoing study is a prospective, six-month, randomized clinical trial in which patients with MDD who remit with an acute course of bilateral ECT are randomized to one of two treatment arms: C-PHARM (nortriptyline + lithium) or C-ECT. The major hypothesis is that C-ECT will more effectively prevent relapse than C-PHARM. The two continuation therapies also will be compared in their effects on cognitive performance, global functioning, side effects, and perceived health status. Study design features include rigorous remitter criteria, blinded neuropsychological assessments, rigorous quality control procedures including independent, blind rating of videotaped Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and SCID interviews, and independent oversight of data collection and analysis. When completed, this project will provide the first and definitive data on the role of C-ECT in the treatment of serious affective illness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CONTINUATION ECT VS PHARMACOTHERAPY: EFFICACY AND SAFETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kellner, Charles H.; Professor and Chairman; Psychiatry; Univ of Med/Dent Nj Newark Newark, Nj 07103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): This is a competing renewal application seeking two years of additional funding to complete the ongoing multi-site study, "Continuation ECT versus Pharmacotherapy." The goal of this research is to compare continuation ECT with an aggressive combination pharmacotherapy strategy (nortriptyline plus lithium) in the prevention of depressive relapse after successful ECT for major depression. As of May 30, 2001, we have successfully enrolled 470 patients into the acute ECT phase of the study (Phase I) and 159 patients into the two treatment arm randomized phase (Phase II). This represents 73 percent of the necessary recruitment target. An additional 56

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randomized patients will be enrolled to meet the target randomized sample size of 216. Completion of patient recruitment, follow-up, and analysis of results can be accomplished with the additional 24 months requested in this application. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Relapse after acute phase ECT or pharmacotherapy remains a major public health problem. Recent studies show an alarmingly high rate of relapse after ECT despite conventional pharmacotherapy (C-PHARM). Continuation ECT (C-ECT) is also in widespread clinical use, however, its efficacy and safety have never been rigorously tested. The role of C-ECT in relapse prevention of seriously ill patients with MDD urgently needs to be defined. The ongoing study is a prospective, six-month, randomized clinical trial in which patients with MDD who remit with an acute course of bilateral ECT are randomized to one of two treatment arms: C-PHARM (nortriptyline + lithium) or C-ECT. The major hypothesis is that C-ECT will more effectively prevent relapse than C-PHARM. The two continuation therapies also will be compared in their effects on cognitive performance, global functioning, side effects, and perceived health status. Study design features include rigorous remitter criteria, blinded neuropsychological assessments, rigorous quality control procedures including independent, blind rating of videotaped Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and SCID interviews, and independent oversight of data collection and analysis. When completed, this project will provide the first and definitive data on the role of C-ECT in the treatment of serious affective illness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONTINUATION ECT VS PHARMACOTHERAPY--EFFICACY AND SAFETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Petrides, Georgios; Professor; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): This is a competing renewal application seeking two years of additional funding to complete the ongoing multi-site study, "Continuation ECT versus Pharmacotherapy." The goal of this research is to compare continuation ECT with an aggressive combination pharmacotherapy strategy (nortriptyline plus lithium) in the prevention of depressive relapse after successful ECT for major depression. As of May 30, 2001, we have successfully enrolled 470 patients into the acute ECT phase of the study (Phase I) and 159 patients into the two treatment arm randomized phase (Phase II). This represents 73 percent of the necessary recruitment target. An additional 56 randomized patients will be enrolled to meet the target randomized sample size of 216. Completion of patient recruitment, follow-up, and analysis of results can be accomplished with the additional 24 months requested in this application. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Relapse after acute phase ECT or pharmacotherapy remains a major public health problem. Recent studies show an alarmingly high rate of relapse after ECT despite conventional pharmacotherapy (C-PHARM). Continuation ECT (C-ECT) is also in widespread clinical use, however, its efficacy and safety have never been rigorously tested. The role of C-ECT in relapse prevention of seriously ill patients with MDD urgently needs to be defined. The ongoing study is a prospective, six-month, randomized clinical trial in which patients with MDD who remit with an acute course of bilateral ECT are randomized to one of two treatment arms: C-PHARM (nortriptyline + lithium) or C-ECT. The major hypothesis is that C-ECT will more effectively prevent relapse than C-PHARM. The two continuation therapies also will be compared in their

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effects on cognitive performance, global functioning, side effects, and perceived health status. Study design features include rigorous remitter criteria, blinded neuropsychological assessments, rigorous quality control procedures including independent, blind rating of videotaped Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and SCID interviews, and independent oversight of data collection and analysis. When completed, this project will provide the first and definitive data on the role of C-ECT in the treatment of serious affective illness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, Robert C.; President; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: The Psychopharmacology/Biochemistry Laboratory (PBL) Core directed by Dr. Young, will comprise a research biochemist and a technician. It will utilize existing facilities for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The PBL Core will serve as a resource for other investigators, providing drug assays and catecholamine neurotransmitter measures, developing additional assay procedures, and serving a consultative role. The PBL will offer training in HPLC, RIA and other laboratory techniques for research fellows and other staff. The PBL will also conduct a research program focused on pharmacologic in geriatric major depression and mania. The PBL research program represents an extension of ongoing studies of nortriptyline (NT) in major depression and of geriatric mania. The goals are to improve guidelines for clinical and research use of NT and lithium (Li) salts by examining concentration-effect relationships and to examine changes in catecholamine neurotransmitter measures during treatment. Differences in patients with cognitive impairment or abnormal brain morphology are evaluated. The first of two pilot studies proposed will examine relationships between plasma NT and 10-hydroxynortriptyline (10-OH- NT) concentrations and therapeutic response and changes in noradrenergic function in geriatric major depressives, with and without cognitive impairment, treated with fixed dose. Differences in patients with large ventricle-brain ration are also tested. The second pilot study will examine therapeutic response to conventional vs. low plasma Li in geriatric manic patients with and without cognitive impairment. Efficacy and change in noradrenergic and dopaminergic measures will be compared in the two treatment groups; differences in patients with cognitive impairment will be examined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF COLICIN IA DETERMINATION BY CRYOCRYSTALLOGRAPHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wiener, Michael C.; Associate Professor; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: Using 1) flash-freezing and 2) large-format MAR imaging plate at beamline 71, resolution has been extended to 2.35 E from previous limit of 2.8 E. This 2.8 E data set was obtained from frozen crystals with resolution limited by the smaller MAR imaging plates. Freezing has eliminated the radiation damage plaguing earlier experiments. A wide range of cryosolvents and artificial mother liquors were examined. Replacement of ammonium sulfate/citrate buffer by lithium sulfate/acetate buffer was successful. This artificial mother liquor will be used for heavy atom soaks. After screening low-

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resolution data in the lab, the promising candidates will be brought to SSRL. The best candidate to date is CH3HgCl; single-site Cys mutants will also be utilized (native has no cysteines). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CYSTEINE STRING PROTEINS: CELLULAR & MOLECULAR FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Umbach, Joy A.; Associate Professor; Molecular & Med Pharmacology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-JUL-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: This application has two long-range goals. The first is to advance our understanding of cellular and molecular functions of cysteine string proteins (csps). Csps are a family of proteins associated with secretory organelles in nerve cells and elsewhere. The second is to pursue recent findings which indicate that lithium (Li) ions modulate csp gene expression in vitro and in vivo. While the first goal entails basic investigations of the role of csps in secretion, the latter goal is likely to have moreimmediate clinical relevance. This is because Li, which is used in the management of bipolar-affective disorders, remains a mechanistic enigma. Thus, further study of the LIcsp link may afford insights into the therapeutic role of Li, as well as into the cause and improved treatment of bipolar syndromes. To approach these long-term goals, the current proposal has three specific aims: First, we will study regulatory, and functional/anatomical correlates of Li's effect on csp gene expression. These investigations will illuminate the signaling pathways that mediate this effect of Li, and also suggest whether Li is likely to modify the secretory behavior of discrete populations of neurons in the brain. Second, we propose to characterize further the secretory functions of a unique relative of csp. It is our hypothesis that this protein substitutes for csp in csp null mutant fruit flies. Using genetic, biochemical and physiological strategies, we plan to evaluate the role of this "csp substitute" in wild type and csp mutant Drosophila, as well as in vertebrates. Finally, we plan to exhibit calciumion independent regulated secretion of cortical granules. Perturbation of csp function in this system will afford insight into molecular contributions of csps to regulated secretion. Taken together, these aims constitute substantial progress toward resolving the role of csps in normal and pathological circumstances. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CYTOTOXIC NITROGEN HETEROCYCLES Principal Investigator & Institution: Vedejs, Edwin; Moses Gomberg Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1978; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) This program will investigate fundamental aspects of heterocycle activation and coupling in the context of a synthetic program designed to prepare potent cytotoxic agents. The targets include FK317 metabolites, Nmethylaziridinomitosene B, diazonamide A, and structures containing hindered peptide subunits such as hemiasterlin, an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization. Selected synthetic intermediates will be submitted to the NCI Drug Screening Program, and specific targets in the FK317 and N-methylaziridinomitosene B project will be evaluated for DNA alkylation and crosslinking ability in collaboration with Prof. P. Hopkins (Univ. of

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Washington). Synthetic efforts in the aziridinomitosene area will exploit recently developed methods for anionic cyclization to prepare FK317 metabolites and to test their role in the activation cascade. Advances in oxazole lithiation will be used to synthesize N-methylaziridinomitosene B and the corresponding hydroquinone. Solvolysis products of the hydroquinone will be identified under controlled pH conditions to resolve mechanistic issues. The Diazonamide A project will focus on synthetic methodology, including the introduction of quaternary carbon with control of absolute configuration in a benzofuranone, ring closure of a hindered peptide in a relatively rigid polycyclic environment, and assembly of an oxazole- and indole-containing biaryl macrocycle. The oxazole activation technology will also be used to assemble heterocyclic structures containing di-oxazoles, tri-oxazoles, and oxazolylindoles. Similar structures often appear in marine natural products. Methodology for high yield coupling of hindered peptides has been developed as part of the diazonamide A project and will be extended to the synthesis of the exceptionally hindered hemiasterlins and related structures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DRUGS OF ABUSE AND LEARNED AVERSIONS: SOLVING A PARADOX Principal Investigator & Institution: Grigson, Patricia Sue.; Associate Professor; Neural and Behavioral Sciences; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Rats will decrease intake of a saccharin conditioned stimulus (CS) following pairing with an illness-inducing agent such as LiCI, a preferred high concentration of sucrose, or a drug of abuse such as morphine or cocaine. The suppressive effects of the illness inducing agent are clear evidence for aversive conditioning and are referred to as conditioned taste aversions. The suppressive effects of the rewarding sucrose solution reflect appetitive conditioning and are referred to as anticipatory contrast effects because the saccharin CS is thought to be devalued as it comes to predict the future availability of the preferred sucrose reward. Finally, despite the well-known rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, the suppressive effects of these drugs have been viewed as conditioned taste aversions for over 25 years. We have, however, recently posed an alternative interpretation that eliminates this apparent paradox. Specifically, we have suggested that rats suppress intake of a saccharin CS following saccharin-morphine pairings, for example, because the saccharin CS is devalued as it comes to predict the future availability of the highly rewarding drug of abuse. Thus, we postulate that the same rewarding properties that increase self-administration of the drug also serve to devalue the gustatory cue that predicts its availability. The results from the Progress Report support this new hypothesis by showing that the suppressive effects of drugs of abuse and sucrose, but not LiCI, are influenced by the deprivation state of the animal, the nature of the gustatory CS, the caloric value of the CS, lesions of the gustatory thalamus, and the strain of the rat. The goals of this project are to (I) further identify the relevant parameters of the phenomenon, (II) establish the merits of the reward comparison hypothesis and (III), introduce self-administration to this paradigm. The addition of the self- administration procedure will not only more closely approximate the contrast protocol, but also will allow us to begin to study how reward comparison ma affect drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF LITHIUM ON CHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Jope, Richard S.; Psychiatry; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1984; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): Lithium is the mainstay treatment for bipolar affective disorder, with 0.1 percent of the population being treated. Understanding lithium's complex mechanisms of action will help reveal causes of mood disorders and development of targeted drugs. This project focuses on specific hypotheses concerning lithium's actions, in conjunction with studies of basic neuronal signaling mechanisms. Also, valproate and carbamazepine are therapeutic for bipolar disorder, so biochemical actions common to lithium and these two drugs would strengthen the link to their therapeutic effects. The prime actions of these drugs appear to alter signaling activities which impact on neural plasticity, encompassing regulation of signals leading to transcription factor activation and to regulation of the cytoskeleton. Specific Aim-1 will test the hypotheses that lithium, valproate, and carbamazopine modulate signaling activities associated with the receptor-coupled phosphoinositide signal transduction system, using muscarinic receptor-expressing human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells as a model system. There are three components to this aim. Component I will test the hypotheses that (a) muscarinic stimulation increases protein tyrosine phosphorylation, including Gq/11, and protein complex formation, (b) tyrosine phosphorylation is necessary for phosphoinositide signaling and activation of AP-1 and Egr-l, (c) these processes are modulated by anti-bipolar drugs. comDonent 2 will test the hypotheses that (a) muscarinic stimulation increases Gq/11 pahnitoylation, (b) pahnitoylation is necessary for optimal signaling, (c) palmitoylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of Gq/11 regulate one another, (d) palmitoylation is modulated by the therapeutic drugs. Component 3 will test the hypotheses that (a) muscarinic stimulation of signaling is modulated by RGS2 (Regulators of G-protein Signaling), (b) association of RGS2 with Gq/11 is regulated by specific mechanisms, (c) RGS2's action is modulated by the therapeutic drugs. Specific Aim 2 will test the hypotheses that lithium causes alterations in neuronal cytoskeletal organization and function through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3p (GSK3~) resulting in decreased tau and MAP-1B phosphorylation and increased ,B-catenin and Tcf/Lef DNA binding in SH-SY5Y cells. There are three components to this aim.Component I will test the hypotheses that (a) lithium site-specifically reduces phosphorylation of tau and MAP-1B, (b) this is evident at therapeutic lithium concentrations, (c) valproate and carbamazepine affect phosphorylation, (d) these drugs alter localization of tau and MAP-1B, (e) and microtubule stability. Component 2 will test the hypotheses that (a) lithium increases pcatenin levels, (b) this increases cadherin binding (mediates cell adhesion), (c) lithium increases p-catenin-dependent Tcf/Lef transcription factor activation, (d) valproate and carbamazepine have similar effects. Component 3 will test the hypotheses that (a) in postmortem human bipolar brain, tau and MAP-1B have increased site-specific phosphorylation and other alterations opposite those in lithium-treated cells, (b) overexpressed GSK3p in SH-SY5Y cells will model the bipolar condition and will demonstrate enhanced effects of lower concentrations of lithiurn. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GLUCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA AND BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Xiaohua; Psychiatry & Behav Neurobiol; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): This project will study the regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, its modulation by mood stabilizers and its potential role in bipolar disorder. The five-year plans to enable the candidate to develop into an independent psychiatric investigator to conduct translational research in bipolar disorder. The project provides extensive training in new research skills, including studying transcription factors and gene expression, using gene microarray techniques, and conducting clinical research. The central hypothesis for the research is that abnormal functioning of GSK3beta plays a role in the development of bipolar disorder. The hypothesis is based on the recent evidence that bipolar disorder may involve impaired neural plasticity and neural degeneration, and GSK3beta, a protein kinase with multiple regulatory functions in neuronal tissues, is a major intracellular target of the mood stabilizer lithium. Our preliminary results also indicate that three mood stabilizers have modulatory effects on GSK3beta. Three Specific Aims will be pursued to test the central hypothesis and accomplish the overall objective of this application. Specific Aim 1 will determine the role of GSK3beta in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor activity and its modulation by mood stabilizers. BDNF-mediated signaling and CREB will be studied because they are components of a neural-specific signaling system that appears to be impaired in mood disorders. Specific Aim 2 will determine the role of GSK3beta in BDNF-induced gene expression and its modulation by mood stabilizers. Gene expression will be studied because it is thought to be impaired in bipolar disorder and is modified by treatment with mood stabilizers. This hypothesis will be tested by measuring gene expression using gene microarray. The Specific Aims 1 and 2 provide training in studies of regulation of transcription factors and gene expression to obtain new skills in molecular biology, which is an important training component of this application. Specific Aim 3 will measure GSK3beta activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with bipolar disorder before and after treatment with lithium. This Specific Aim has a clinical research component to bridge the clinical and basic studies, and to facilitate the candidate's development of skills in translational research. The proposed research is innovative, because it will identify the role of GSK3beta in the development of bipolar disorder. The proposed research is expected to have a significant impact on understanding the pathophysiology and improving the treatment of bipolar disorder. At the completion of these studies, the candidate will have established a solid background in molecular biology techniques and clinical research enabling her to be an independent psychiatric researcher who possesses the ability to use molecular biology techniques to answer clinical questions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IN VIVO STUDIES OF THE PI PATHWAY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Soares, Jair C.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: The candidate is an Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. He is proposing a career development plan designed to acquire additional clinical skills, and research skills in platelet membrane neurochemistry and neurochemical brain imaging with in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). These skills will be used to investigate in vivo the intracellular phosphatidylinositol (PI) pathway, and examine the hypothesis of a dysfunction in this pathway in bipolar disorder patients. The PI pathway may be dysfunctional in bipolar disorder, and this may be an important

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mechanism underlying its pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of action of lithium and other treatments for this condition. Thirty unmedicated patients meeting criteria for bipolar type I according to DSM-IV (10 manic, 10 depressed, and 10 euthymic), and 20 lithium-treated euthymic bipolar patients will be studied. As a comparison group, 20 age, sex, and educational-matched healthy controls will be recruited. Patients will provide blood samples for determination of platelet membrane phosphoinositides, which will be done with two-dimensional thin-layer chromotography followed by scanning laser densitometry. They will also undergo a 1.5 T proton MRS brain scan, which will allow the quantitation of myoinositol in a voxel placed in the anterior cingulate. The career development plan will prepare the candidate for a full-time clinical research career devoted to the investigation of possible neurobiological mechanisms implicated in causation of bipolar disorder, and the mechanisms of action for the treatment of this condition. It is designed to allow the candidate's transition into an independent career in patient-oriented research in this field. These activities may result in substantial contributions to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, and ultimately contribute to the development of new treatments for this condition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INSULIN REGULATED NA+ AND CA2+ TRANSPORT IN HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Romero, Jose R.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (adapted from the application) This application is to provide support for Jose R. Romero, Ph. D. to allow him protected time for further supervised patient‑oriented research and training to become an independent biomedical scientist. To this end, a formal career development plan and curriculum for his development have been designed. The scientific focus of this application is to study sodium and calcium transport abnormalities at the cellular level that are present in blood cells from insulin resistant hypertensive patients. Various groups have independently shown that insulin resistance and the compensatory hyperinsulinemia are associated with essential hypertension. Erythrocytes, lymphocytes and platelets have been widely used as surrogate cells to what happens in cells that are more closely involved in the hypertensive process. Elevated Na/H exchanger (NHE), hyperinsulinemia and altered cytosolic calcium (Cacyt) handling are frequent abnormalities associated with essential hypertension. Genetic and epidemiological studies have characterized elevated NHE activity in blood cells as an intermediate phenotype in the hypertensive process. Our preliminary findings suggest that NHE activity in red blood cells (RBC) from these patients is insulin resistant but can still modulate sodium transport at high insulin levels. However this response is blunted in comparison to the effect on normotensives. In addition, we have seen that insulin levels correlate with sodium/lithium countertransport, a mode of operation of the NHE. Furthermore, our preliminary data show that incubation of lymphocytes with insulin causes Cacyt to increase in hypertensive patients. These findings have led us to the hypothesis to be tested in this project: insulin resistance is associated with functional defects in sodium and/or calcium transport pathways in hypertensive patients and these pathways are similarly abnormal in target tissues (endothelial cells) of the hypertensive process. To address this problem we have identified the following specific objectives. We will study the effects of insulin and Cacyt on the kinetics of NHE

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activation in RBC and lymphocytes from hypertensive individuals that have been characterized by markers of insulin resistance. We propose that the phosphorylation state and/or the turnover rate of NHE are enhanced by either Cacyt and/or insulin. We will also study the effect of insulin on Cacyt in lymphocytes from hypertensives with varying degrees of insulin sensitivity. Finally, we will investigate whether the cation alterations observed in blood cells can be seen in primary cultures of vascular endothelial cells obtained from subjects that have been characterized by markers of insulin resistance. Through these mechanisms the insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in hypertensive individuals may be linked to NHE abnormalities and/or elevated Cacyt levels. The information obtained from this project will demonstrate the role of insulin resistance in sodium and calcium transport. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LITHIUM STEREOSELECTIVITY

MIXED

AGGREGATES

&

ENOLIZATION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Pratt, Lawrence M.; Fisk University Nashville, Tn 372083051 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: This proposed research will develop the use of lithium dialkylamide mixed aggregates as reagents for the stereoselective synthesis of enolates. Lithium enolates are important reagents in the synthesis of carbon-carbon bonds, and are used extensively in the pr3eparation of medicinal compounds. Synthesis of chiral drugs often depends on the availability of stereoselective aldol condensations and other reactions of enolates the stereoselectivity of these reactions is often limited by the availability of pure diastereomeric enolates. The stereoselectivity of these reactions is often limited by the availability of pure diastereomeric enolates. Enolates are generally prepared by deprotonation of aldehydes, ketones, and esters, and the stereoselectivity of enolates. Enolates are generally prepared by deprotonat8ion of aldehydes, ketones, and esters, and the stereoselectivity of enolate format8ion is dependent on the structure of the base that is used. Lithium dialkylamide mixed aggregates with alkyllithiums and lithium halides will be tested as inexpensive and easily prepared reagents for this purpose. The enolization reactions will be performed by addition of the carbonyl compound to a solution of the lithium dialkylamide or its mixed aggregates. The enolate will be trapped as the trimethylsilyl enol ether and the E/Z ratio determined by gas chromatography. The enolization reactions will be performed with several carbonyl substrates to determine the effects of stereoelectronic factors and to predict the stereoselectivity of enolization of carbonyl compounds that are actually used in drug synthesis. Ab initio calculations will be used to determine the activation energies leading to the E and Z 4enolates. Deprotonation activation energies will be calculated for lithium dialkylamides and their alkylithium and lithium halide mixed aggregates. The calculations will be performed on a variety of aldehyde, ketone, and ester substrate to capture the behavior of a range of stereoelectronic effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LITHIUM RESPONSIVE BIPOLAR DISORDER AND CNS MYO INOSITOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Glitz, Debra A.; Clinician-Educator; Psychiatry & Behav Neuroscis; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2003

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Summary: Bipolar Affective Disorder (BD) is a common, severe, chronic and lifethreatening illness. The discovery of lithium's efficacy revolutionized the treatment of patients with BD, and after more than two decades, lithium continues to be the mainstay of treatment. The effect on the broader community has been highlighted by one estimation that the use of lithium saved the United States US4 billion dollars in a recent year period, by reducing associated medical costs and restoring productivity. However, despite its role as one of psychiatry's most important treatments, lithium's mechanisms of action remain to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that a significant number of patients respond poorly to lithium therapy, with an estimated 20 percent to 40 percent failing to show an adequate therapeutic response to lithium. Studies such as these indicate two important and highly clinically relevant directions for future research: firstly, the need to better identify patients likely to respond to lithium treatment, and secondly, the necessity to develop more effective treatment regimens. The most widely accepted hypothesis underlying lithium's therapeutic efficacy is the inositol depletion hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that lithium produces a relative depletion of myo-inositol (mI) in critical areas of brain and it is this depletion of a major precursor of the phosphoinositide second messenger system which ultimately results in its therapeutic effects. Despite the attractiveness of the inositol depletion hypothesis, it has never been investigated in BD patients. Thus, there is a clear need to determine if lithium reduces the levels of mI critical brain regions of individuals with BD, and if individual differences in susceptibility to lithium-induced CNS mI reductions represent major factors determining resistance or sensitivity to lithium's therapeutic effects. The proposed research will utilize non-invasive proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technology to determine if lithium treatment alters regional mI concentrations in the human brain. In addition, the research will determine if alterations in brain mI levels are associated with responsiveness to lithium's antidepressants effects. This research offers the potential not only to facilitate in the identification of patients most likely to respond to lithium treatment, but may also facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FOR IMPLANTED MEDICAL DEVICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Koch, Victor R.; Covalent Associates, Inc. 10 State St Woburn, Ma 01801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: State-of-the-art rechargeable batteries are incapable of providing the high energy densities required in order to free the device-implanted patient from a tethered external power source. The ability to provide a left ventricular assisted device patient or implanted artificial heart patient with significant more time "off-tether" would greatly improve his or her quality of life. Therefore, the aim of our proposed research is to develop advanced electrolyte materials and formulations thereof that would safely enable the extraction of more energy from an implanted lithium- ion (Li-ion) rechargeable battery. Specifically, we proposed to prepare and evaluate a group of gel polymer electrolytes comprising ionic liquids that are non-flammable, electrochemically stable, and thermally robust. Li-ion cells incorporating the new electrolytes will be built and tested with a focus on establishing the intrinsic stability of the gel polymer electrolyte in direct contact with highly delithiated cathode materials. To this end we will employ differential scanning calorimetry to determine the onset of thermochemical reactions between cathode material and electrolyte as a function of the cathode's state of charge. If successful, we will embark on a program to build and quality prototype Li-ion

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batteries that will allow implanted devices to safely operate on internal power for longer period of time. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Not Available Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LONG TERM LITHIUM FOR AGGRESSIVE CONDUCT DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Malone, Richard P.; Associate Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Mcp Hahnemann University Broad & Vine Sts Philadelphia, Pa 19102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-1997; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: In 1992, two major journals (Archives of General Psychiatry, Journal of the American medical Association) dedicated entire issues to aggression and violence, including in children and adolescents, underlining it as a major public health concern. Poorly-tested psychotherapeutic agents are administered to children and adolescents, often on a long-term basis, to reduce aggression. Many pressures, including managed care, will increase the utilization of pharmacotherapy in the outpatient setting to treat serious problems. Lithium is the most promising agent for the pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents, as evidenced by short-term trials. However, it has not been demonstrated that lithium is an effective treatment for aggression in children and adolescents in the outpatient setting, or on a long-term basis. The proposed study is a 2-phased clinical trial of lithium for the treatment of aggression in conduct disorder. Both phases will be double-blind and placebo-controlled, with randomization and employ a parallel groups design. Subjects will be 75 children and adolescents, aged 9 to 17 years, diagnosed with conduct disorder and displaying a profile of severe aggression. Phase 1 will contain a short-term 8-week controlled trial, with twice as many subjects randomized to lithium as placebo, increasing the pool of potential lithium responders to continue to Phase 2. In Phase 2, lithium responders from phase 1 will enter a 6-month long-term controlled trial. Every attempt will be made to define responders to lithium. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY IN AFFECTIVE ILLNESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moore, Constance M.; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: The specific aim of this application is to afford the applicant, a physicist, the opportunity to become an independent researcher applying magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in affective disorders. Two components are proposed to accomplish this: formal academic training in psychology and neuroscience; and two research projects. There is an established literature that suggests the pathophysiology of affective illness may lie in irregularities in second messenger and signal transduction pathways; in particular the phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIno) cycles. Elements of the PthCho and PtdIno cycles are detectable using proton (1 H) and phosphorous (31 P) MRS, in particular choline containing compounds (Cho), myoInositol containing compounds (Ino), phosphomonoesters (PME), phosphodiesters (PDE) and the nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs). Over the five year course of the study 35 subjects with Major Depressive Disorder (MD), 35 subjects with Bipolar I Disorder (BD) and 20 comparison subjects (NC) will be recruited. A priori regions of interest are the anterior cingulate gyrus and the caudate nuclei since functional neuroimaging studies have noted mood state dependent alterations in metabolic activity in these

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regions and preliminary MRS data from these brain regions have demonstrated moodstate, medication, and diagnosis- dependent alterations in Cho, Ino, beta-NTP and PME. In the first two years of funding subjects will be examined using proton echo planar spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI) at 1.5 T. For the final three years of funding subjects will be examined using 1H decoupled 31P MRSI at 4.0 T. The use of PEPSI at 1.5 T and 1H decoupled 31P MRSI at 4.0 T will allow for the acquisition of spectra from smaller regions of interest, such as the anterior cingulate and the caudate, than is possible with older techniques. In addition, PEPSI affords a time advantage which allows for the absolute quantification of the metabolites detected. All subjects will be examined on two occasions six weeks apart and the following hypotheses will be tested: Increased right cingulate cortex Cho will be associated with depression. A decrease in the left cingulate cortex Cho will occur as a result of antidepressant treatment. Decreased right cingulate cortex Ino will be associated with depression. Decreased caudate nucleus beta-NTP will be associated with depression. An increase in caudate nucleus PME will occur as a result of lithium treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MAINTENANCE THERAPIES IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Frank, Ellen; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1977; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The primary goal of this investigation is to examine the additive prophylactic potential of an individual psychotherapy based on interpersonal and social rhythm principles in bipolar I patients maintained on lithium carbonate. An adaptation of maintenance interpersonal psychotherapy, this intervention takes into account the specific vulnerabilities, symptoms, and interpersonal problem areas associated with bipolar disorder. Acutely ill patients in a manic or depressed episode are randomly assigned to either individual psychotherapy or medication clinic visits in addition to appropriate pharmacotherapy. Patients who stabilize (HRSD and Bech- Rafaelsen < 7 for four weeks) are then randomly assigned to preventative treatment with either individual psychotherapy or medication clinic visits in addition to pharmacotherapy. Thus, patients in this study will receive one of four possible treatment strategies: 1) preliminary phase psychotherapy followed by preventative phase psychotherapy; 2) preliminary phase medication clinic visits followed by preventative phase medication clinic visits; 3) preliminary phase psychotherapy followed by preventative phase medication clinic visit; or 4) preliminary phase medication clinic visits followed by preventative phase psychotherapy. Those patients who experience a relapse (during the initial twelve weeks of the preventative phase) or a recurrence (after week 12 of the preventative phase) will be treated with appropriate pharmacotherapy and continued in psychotherapy or medication clinic visits as dictated by their original randomization assignment. These patients will then be followed for the remainder of what would have been their time in the protocol had they remained well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MBRS/SCORE PROGRAM AT FISK UNIVERSITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Collins, Warren E.; Biology; Fisk University Nashville, Tn 372083051 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2005

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Summary: The long term objective of the MBRS SCORE Program at Fisk University is to enhance the research environment at the university and encourage more minority faculty participation in biomedical research. Participating faculty propose to contribute to the solution of health related issues by performing research in six different areas. The projects will address the following: (1) Effect of lead on cognitive defects with specific emphasis on serotonin receptors; (2) Effects on lead on cognitive defects with specific emphasis on serotonin receptors; (2) Efforts to develop a mathematical model for tracheal gas insufflation; (3) Evaluate the performance of a series of porous glass ceramics on enzyme carriers, and to study the utilization of those materials to immobilize enzyme; (4) Development of an analytical procedure, Atomic force Microscopy, for high-resolution atomic imaging of biological samples; (5) the use of Lithium dialkylamides and their mixed aggregates to serve as intermediates in the generation of aldehydes, ketones, and esters, a major organic problem in drug synthesis, and (6) to determine if the difference in Raman spectra between epithelial cells and mesothelial derived blood cells are sufficiently great to allow reliable differentiation between them using Raman spectra. We specifically aim to increase the number of faculty who are performing health related research funded by external sources, stimulate/create a research infrastructure and environment in the university campus with the aim in mind to stimulate more students and other faculty persons to enter biomedical sciences research, and to contribute to the biomedical sciences literature sciences literature in the research areas stated above. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISM OF RENAL TUBULAR CELL INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, John H.; Professor; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Goals: The overall goals of this application are to examine the role of a the 13-catenin-Lef signaling pathway in contributing to the alterations in gene expression associated with acute renal injury and to elucidate the role of this pathway in modulating events associated with recovery of renal function. Specific aims Each specific aims will test one of three interrelated hypotheses: Specific aim 1: To test the hypothesis that ATP depletion-repletion activates the Beta-catenin Lef pathway in cultured proximal tubular cells. Specific aim 2: To examine our hypothesis that ATP depletion-repletion results in beta-catenin-Lef mediated activation of gene expression. Specific aim 3: To test our hypothesis that the Beta-catenin-lef-1 pathway alone or in association with NF-kappB inhibits apoptosis induced by ATP depletionrepletion. Long-term goals: To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the process of recovery and repair from acute renal failure (ARF). Significance: Elucidation of the mechanisms involved in recovery and repair may lead to insight that facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions that promote recovery from ARF. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MEDICATIONS IN PREGNANCY: DEFINING EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Stowe, Zachary N.; Associate Professor and Director; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007

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Summary: (provided by applicant): This is an application for RFA-OD-02-002 to fund a Specialized Center of Research on Sex and Gender Factors Affecting Women's Health representing the collaborative efforts of five departments and two academic institutions. The central theme of the application is "pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic (PK/PD/PG) modeling of anti-epileptic drugs (AED) and psychotropic medications during pregnancy and lactation using both human and rodent paradigms: defining fetal/neonatal exposure and influence on obstetrical outcome" ' The primary objectives of the center include: 1) PK/PD/PG modeling of anti-epileptic drugs (AED) and psychotropic medications antidepressants, lithium) during pregnancy and lactation. These novel data will provide information about the metabolism, distribution, and extent of fetal/neonatal exposure to these medications. The data for this modeling will be obtained from women with neurological disorders (Epilepsy, Tourette's Syndrome) and mental illness (Bipolar Disorder, Major Depression, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder). These patient populations were selected based on the typical chronic course of illness and utilization of similar medications between the groups. The PK/PD modeling from subjects with different illnesses and ethnic groups enhances the pharmacogenetic (PG) comparison of metabolic capacity and protein binding. 2) These clinical data will be complemented by a series of laboratory animal studies in two strains of rodent (one deficient in 2D6 activity) to provide fetal and neonatal central nervous system (CNS) tissue concentrations, neonatal CNS clearance, and neurotransmitter receptor effects of antenatal and postnatal exposure to AEDs and psychotropic medications. 3) Prospective assessment of these women will provide documentation of all additional exposures (prescription medications, over the counter preparations, herbal remedies, maternal illness events, environmental toxins) and delineation of the course of illness during pregnancy and postpartum. The ultimate clinical import of these data will be clarification of the factors influencing medication metabolism and distribution, thereby providing an estimate fetal/neonatal exposure, factors influencing such exposure, and novel data regarding the potential "dose versus outcome" comparison. The multidisciplinary team of this center application represent two academic medical centers and five departments organized into 2 clinical projects, 1 laboratory investigation, supported by 3 core components and an executive committee with extensive research/clinical experience. The achievement of the objectives address several research priority areas noted in ORWH Agenda for Research on Women's Health for the 21st century. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AVERSION

MOLECULAR

MECHANISMS

OF

CONDITIONED

TASTE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Houpt, Thomas A.; Assistant Professor; Biological Science; Florida State University 97 South Woodward Avenue Tallahassee, Fl 323064166 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a form of associative learning in which an animal avoids and reacts aversively to the taste of a food that has previously been paired with illness. CTA has been described in many species, from invertebrates to humans, and has important implications in drug and radiation therapies. It is also a model for altered responsiveness in ingestive behaviors, as in eating disorders. We have discovered that the induction of the immediate-early gene c-Fos by intraoral infusion of sucrose in the medial intermediate region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (iNTS) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the rat appears to be a specific and quantifiable neuronal correlate of the expression of a CTA previously acquired by

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pairing intraoral infusions of sucrose with lithium chloride. We hypothesize that cFos expression reveals functionally important brain sites mediating CTA, and that the time course of CTA consolidation and c-Fos expression in some of these sites reveals the time and place of gene expression that mediates CTA learning. We will make fiber-sparing, excitotoxic lesions of brain sites that express c-Fos after CTA acquisition and expression. Alterations in CTA induced by lesions will be measured by quantifying intake, taste reactivity, and c-Fos expression. We will quantify the time course of consolidation of long-term CTA memory, and determine the critical period of gene expression required for consolidation with site-specific injections of protein synthesis inhibitors. We will then use single-cell antisense RNA amplification to identify the neurochemical phenotype and gene expression profile of c- Fos-positive cells in critical brain sites at critical times of consolidation. This proposal presents a novel approach to CTA by correlating the effects of fiber-sparing lesions on behavior with effects on the pattern of c-Fos expression, and by examining molecular correlates of the transition from shortterm to long-term memory in CTA learning. These experiments will contribute to an understanding of the neural pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying changes in food preferences that occur in eating disorders such as obesity and anorexia nervosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR TARGETS OF LITHIUM AND VALPROATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Miriam L.; Professor; Biological Sciences; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): Bipolar affective disorder is a severe, chronic and disabling illness that affects 1-2 percent of the population and is a leading cause of hospitalization. Recurring bouts of mania and depression devastate family relationships and impair career progress. Approximately 15 percent of affected people commit suicide. Only two drugs are currently approved by the FDA for treatment of this disorder, lithium and valproate. While lithium has revolutionized the treatment of bipolar disorder and remains one of psychiatry's most important therapies, 20-40 percent of all patients fail to show an adequate antimanic response to lithium. Similarly, valproate has limited efficacy. There is evidence that lithium and/or valproate affect the phosphoinositide second messenger signal transduction system, protein kinase C, glycogen synthase kinase, transcription activation by AP-1, and B-cell Iymphoma protein 2 (bc1-2). However, the therapeutic mechanisms of action of these drugs have not been elucidated. Although lithium and valproate are structurally dissimilar and may not exert their effects in exactly the same manner, identification of genes regulated by both drugs may provide insight into common mechanisms of action. We are utilizing the yeast model system to elucidate molecular mechanisms of action common to lithium and valproate. Yeast is currently the only eukaryote in which we can combine genetic, molecular, and functional genomic approaches to identify lithium and VPA targets. We have identified genes that are affected by both lithium and valproate in pathways for phosphoinositide metabolism (INOI and IN02), secretion and exocytosis (SEC14 and SCS2), fatty acid metabolism (PDC5), and transcription activation (DOT6). The goal of the proposed experiments is to determine how lithium and valproate affect activity and expression of these genes. The specific aims are: 1) Targets in inositol metabolic pathway: Determine how lithium and valproate affect expression of INOI and other genes regulated by the transcriptional activator IN02. 2) Targets in other pathways that are affected by inositol: Characterize lithium and valproate targets in secretion, the unfolded protein response, fatty acid synthesis and transcription activation. 3) Targets

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not affected by inositol: Genome-wide expression analysis to identify all yeast genes regulated by lithium and valproate. Ultimately, an understanding of target gene function may provide insight into the molecular basis of the disease process, and may assist in the identification of biochemical and/or genetic predictors of drug responsiveness. The yeast model system may also be utilized in future testing of safer and more effective treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MUTATION STUDY OF NA+ BINDING SITE OF THROMBIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Di Cera, Enrico; Professor; Biochem & Molecular Biophysics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEURAL MECHANISMS OF EXTINCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mickley, G A.; Professor and Chair; Psychology; Baldwin-Wallace College 275 Eastland Rd Berea, Oh 44017 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Broad, long-term objective: To determine the neural substrate of the learning and extinction of a conditioned aversion. Evidence suggests that the expression of c-Fos produced by the immediate-early gene (lEG) c-fos may not only mediate sensory experience but may also be instrumental in the formation of conditioned taste aversions (CTAs). The proposed work combines behavioral and immunohistochemical techniques in order to explore the role of this LEG in learning and extinction. Background: While a great deal of effort has gone into discovering the means by which the brain remembers new information, relatively little work has addressed the processes by which the brain discards or discounts less useful data. It is uncertain whether the process of extinction represents an "unlearning" of material or if it is an acquisition of new information suggesting that the old material, while retained, is no longer useful and should therefore be ignored. There is empirical evidence on both sides of this issue. Methods and Objectives: We will create CTAs in rats by pairing the taste of saccharin (SAC; CS) with an i.p. injection of Lithium Chloride (L1C1; US). Later, some animals will receive extinction trials (i.e., given access to the SAC solution without the LiC1). Additional conditioned, yoked controls and explicitly unpaired CS-US yoked controls will not receive extinction trials. When subjects in the CTA/extinction group have reach pre-specified criterion of saccharin consumption, these subjects and their yoked controls will be perfused and their brains prepared for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. The objectives of the proposed work include: (1) Identifying brain areas important in the acquisition and extinction of a CTA as well as in the sensation of the CS and US; (2) Documenting the relationship between CTA acquisition/extinction and c-Fos protein expression in the brain; (3) Discovering the dynamic changes in neural activity that accompany the stages of extinction; and (4) Gaining insights into whether CTA extinction is a "forgetting" of information (i.e., fading of memory CS = illness), a "reversal" of conditioning (i.e., unlearning of CS = illness) or the acquisition of additional information (i.e., CS = safety in certain contexts). Will extinction of the CTA reverse the pattern of c-fos expression seen in conditioned animals? Alternatively, will the brain nuclei originally expressing c-fos continue to do so? What additional brain areas become active during different stages of extinction?

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What is the correlation between behavioral indicators of learning/extinction and c-fos expression in various brain nuclei known to be involved in CTA memory? Health relatedness: This project will reveal some of the neural mechanisms of learning and memory and therefore will advance the development of treatments for various neurological disorders, deficits in extinction (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder) and conditioned aversions associated with cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURAL DEVALUATION

SUBSTRATES

OF

DRUG-INDUCED

REWARD

Principal Investigator & Institution: Baldwin, Anne E.; Neural and Behavioral Sciences; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rats will suppress intake of a saccharin solution that predicts either passively administered or self-administered drugs of abuse. For many years it was believed that drugs of abuse were actually producing a conditioned taste aversion, similar to that induced by lithium chloride. However there is substantial evidence to suggest that the suppressive effects of drugs of abuse are actually caused by a devaluation of the natural reinforcer in anticipation of the more potent drug reward--a reward comparison (Grigson, 1997). Little is known about the neural substrates involved this phenomenon, however recent studies have shown that lesions of the gustatory thalamus disrupt the suppressive effects of passively administered cocaine or morphine. Additionally, the classical conditioning involved in reward comparison suggests the involvement of the amygdala, a region thought to be important for both appetitive and aversive associative learning. The involvement of this region is also supported by anatomical findings of a strong projection from the gustatory pathway to the central nucleus of the amygdala. Using lesion techniques, the proposed experiments will examine the contribution of the gustatory thalamus and central nucleus of the amygdala to the suppressive effects of drugs of abuse (Specific Aim 1). The neurochemical basis of these contributions will then be examined via microinfusion techniques (Specific Aim 2). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURONAL MEDIATION OF ETHANOL INDUCED TASTE AVERSIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Thiele, Todd E.; Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Inst; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2001 Summary: The applicant of this award is an experience animal behavior research scientist who has studied the properties or alcohol using several behavioral paradigms. His immediate career goal is to go beyond the behavioral analysis of alcohol-related behaviors and begin a career investigating the biological mechanisms involved in determinants of risk for alcohol abuse. The training program outlined in this grant would be critically important for allowing the applicant to reach his goals by providing him with a unique set of skills for examining the anatomy and molecular physiology of neuronal pathways involved in alcohol's aversive effects and how these interact with earning to influence alcohol-seeking behavior. As a result, he will develop a scientific identity which will make him a truly competitive behavioral neuroscientist as he seeks his long-term career goal of obtaining an academic faculty position. The training environment at the University of Washington includes laboratories and faculty in the

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Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry. In addition to courses and technical training, a steering committee will provide the applicant with regular input and feedback throughout the project. The hypotheses outlined in the present proposal are designed to examine the neurochemical pathways that mediate the aversive properties to alcohol and alcohol-induced conditioned taste aversions (CTA). Previous research, using cFos-like immunoreactivity (cFLI) as an indication of cellular activation, has shown that the brainstem regions thought to be involved in taste aversion learning (particularly, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)) are activated by alcohol and by tastes that have been paired with this drug. Proposed experiments are designed to assess the following questions about the cellular activity in the brainstem associated with alcohol administration and CTA expression: A) What are the sources of neuronal input to the brainstem which cause this cellular activation and which may mediate taste aversion learning? To examine this question, electrolytic lesions will be made in specific brain regions and subsequent effects on cFLI in the NTS and CTA acquisition/expression will be assessed. B) What is the neurochemical phenotype of cells in the brainstem that are activated by alcohol and by tastes paired with alcohol? Double-labeling-procedures with in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry will be used to examine this question. And C), What neurotransmitters and receptors are responsible for mediating this cellular activity in the NTS, and are these neurotransmitter systems involved with taste aversion learning? This question will be addressed by using specific receptor antagonists and receptor autoradiography. A better understanding of the neuronal mechanisms that underlie the aversive effects associated with ethanol may allow one to more accurately predict the predisposition towards alcoholism, and may be useful for the development of pharmacological treatments targeted at preventing alcohol abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NMR AND FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF LI+ INTERACTIONS IN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mota De Freitas, Duarte E.; Professor; Chemistry; Loyola University of Chicago Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Lithium salts continue to be the most promising drugs in the treatment of acute episodes and the prevention of relapses in patient suffering from manic depression or bipolar illness. Even though lithium salts have been used clinically in the treatment of bipolar patients for fifty years, their pharmacologic mode of action is unclear. The main goals of the research proposed in this applications are: (i) to advance the understanding at the molecular and cellular levels of the pharmacologic action of the Li+ ion in the treatment of bipolar disorder by analyzing the binding and transport properties of Li+, Mg2+ ions in human neuroblastoma and lymphoblatoma cells, and in purified wild-type and mutated guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging; and (ii) to test the application of these spectroscopic and imaging methods to the identification of bipolar patients who are likely to respond to lithium treatment or are most susceptible to experiencing lithium toxicity. The proposed spectroscopic and imaging methods will test two interrelated mechanisms of actions Li+: a cell membrane abnormality, and a competition mechanism between Li+ and Mg2+ ions for membrane binding sites (in particular, anionic phospholipids and the metal-binding domain of G proteins). Our preliminary studies with cultured cells and G proteins indicate that the spectroscopic and imaging methods proposed in this study provide new information on

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Li+ interactions with cell components; this new information could not have been obtained with other techniques routinely used for Li+ analysis. In addition to contributing to an advancement of the understanding at the molecular and cellular levels of the pharmacologic action of the Li+ ion in the treatment of bipolar illness, the results of this study may also be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of bipolar patients. More precisely defined molecular parameters, such as Li+ binding constants to the lymphoblastoma membranes from bipolar patients and their phospholipid composition, may by useful for predicting the success of Li+ therapy and the likelihood of Li+ toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NOVEL SILICON DETECTORS FOR EXAFT STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Squillante, Michael R.; Vice President of Research; Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc. 44 Hunt St Watertown, Ma 02472 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): The availability of intense sources of synchrotron Xrays has made possible advanced studies of biological materials using the method of Xray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The advances, both in intensity as well as optics of these sources enables exploition of ultra-dilute spectroscopy and fluorescence QuEXAFS techniques [Farrow]. Current biophysical research utilizing these techniques includes studies of enzyme reactions, hemoglobin, and general study of metabolic processes. In these biological XAS studies, the experiments are now mostly limited by the X-ray detectors because they are not able to take full advantage of the available X-ray flux. Central to the design of modern XAS instrumentation is a very low noise X-ray detector, which must detect the fluorescence X-rays from the samples. It is important for the detector to operate with very high energy resolution and maintain that resolution at very high count-rates. Currently, germanium and lithium drifted silicon are the most popular detectors for XAS and EXAFS studies. Both these detector systems, while capable of excellent energy resolution, have some limitations. Si(Li) detectors have relatively high capacitance for larger sizes which increases their noise when operated at fast integration times. For High purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, the presence of Ge Ka fluorescence (9.876 keV) and the associated escape peaks in energy range of interest compromises the EXAFS data collection for hard X-ray experiments. In order to overcome these limitations, we propose to investigate a novel low capacitance detector design with high purity silicon as the detector material. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OLFACTORY NEURONS FROM BIPOLAR PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hahn, Chang-Gyu G.; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) This proposal seeks a structured research training program, which will enable Chang-Gyu Hahn. M.D. Ph.D. to become an independent investigator as he demonstrates the utility of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) to examine the neurobiology underlying bipolar disorder. Career Goals and Objectives: With the career goat of being able to apply the most advanced molecular techniques to clinically relevant research paradigms through the ORN system, he proposes a career development plan focusing on following areas. 1) ionic imaging and the neurobiology of the human ORN system and 2) Single cell antisense RNA amplification technique.

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Career Development Activities: The candidate will receive specialized training in ionic imaging in human olfactory neurons (guided by Nancy Rawson, PILD, co-mentor) and in single cell molecular technique (supervised by James Eberwine, Ph.D., co-mentor). Dr. Karl Rickels will provide individual supervision for the treatment outcome study component of the specific aim 2. Dr. Robert H. Lenox will oversee the career development program through integrating formal courses, lab meetings and supervisions. Background: ORNs, the only CNS neurons that are obtainable through olfactory epithelial biopsy, provide a unique opportunity to investigate molecular events in neurons from living subjects. By obtaining ORNs during specific stages of the illness, in conjunction with a longitudinal follow-up of patients, pathophysiologic significance of molecular events in neurons can be linked to bipolar disorder. Hypothesis: Our preliminary data suggest that intracellular calcium responses to odbrants are altered in bipolar disorder. I) Intracellular calcium responses of ORNs to odorants are predominantly a decrease as a trait of bipolar disorder. 2) The decreased ICa responses in ORNs from bipolar patients are due to altered expression of the genes that are involved in calcium flux. 3) The percentage of ORNs that respond to odorant stimulation is overall decreased following lithium treatment. 4) ORNs in explant cultures from bipolar patients will show similar ICa responses as in vivo ORNs of patients. Specific Aims: 1) To characterize trait- and mood state- dependent alterations in ICa homeostasis and gene regulation in ORNs from bipolar patients. 2) To identify therapeutically relevant changes in ICa homeostasis following lithium treatment. 3) To characterize ORN cultures from bipolar patients using odorant induced ICa responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER PROPHYLAXIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoll, Andrew L.; Assistant Professor; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The purpose of the proposed clinical trial is to assess the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids (03FA) in preventing recurrence in patients with bipolar disorder, type 1. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil (a mixture of docosahexanoic (DHA) and eicosapentanoic (EPA) acids), are polyunsaturated lipids which inhibit intracellular signal transduction in a manner comparable to lithium and divalproex, 2 drugs with efficacy in bipolar disorder. An initial 4 month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, addon study of 03FA treatment in 30 recently ill bipolar patients revealed that the omega-3 treated group had a significantly greater duration of remission compared to the placebo group (p = 0.002 Mantel-Cox). 03FA are non-toxic, essential dietary lipids, and there were few side-effects to the 03FA treatment. This initial indication of efficacy, combined with the need for safe and effective prophylactic treatments for bipolar disorder, warrant undertaking a larger and more rigorously designed 1-year prophylactic study, to be completed over a 3-4 year funding period. In the proposed 2-site primary study, 120 outpatients with bipolar disorder, type I, will be randomly assigned to receive addon treatment with 03FA or placebo, for one year. The primary goal of this study is to assess the prophylactic effects of 03FA in a cohort of bipolar patients with a relatively high risk of recurrence. In contrast to the pilot study, the proposed trial will tightly control the baseline clinical state and concurrent pharmacotherapy of the subjects to provide a more homogeneous bipolar population. This will be accomplished through a lead-in and stabilization phase where patients will be gradually shifted to receive a standardized regimen (lithium or divalproex). Only subjects who are euthymic or subsyndromal at the end of the lead-in period will be eligible for the 1-year prophylactic

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study. The following biological markers will be examined as measures of compliance with the study protocol and/or as possible predictors of response to 03FA: 1. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content. 2. The niacin skin patch test (a possible marker of in vivo omega-3 fatty acid activity). 3. Preliminary development of methods to noninvasively measure the 03FA content in brain using C13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. If 03FA are indeed effective mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder, this project would provide additional evidence of aberrant signal transduction mechanisms in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, and may herald the advent of a new class of rationally designed mood stabilizing drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Isenberg, Keith E.; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy typically present with the most severe forms of major depression. Likely due to the increasing representation of medication-resistant patients, ECT response rates have diminished relative to earlier decades. This diminished response rate and early relapse following response are critical clinical problems in the use of ECT. Using the CSMD mechanism, this project addresses two key issues in the optimization of ECT in patients with major depression: whether patients treated with ECT should receive concurrent treatment with antidepressant medications (to enhance ECT outcome and/or prevent early relapse) and the role of electrode placement (high dosage right unilateral (RUL) ECT versus low dosage bilateral (BL) ECT) in maximizing short-term response and minimizing side effects. Patient enrollment, treatment, and evaluation will be conducted at Wake Forest University, Washington University, and the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, with staff at the New York State Psychiatric Institute responsible for study coordination and monitoring. The study uses a random assignment, double-masked, parallel group design with two phases. In Phase 1, stratified by the classification of medication resistance, patients are randomized to concurrent treatment with nortriptyline (NT, n=210], venlafaxine (VEN, n=210) or placebo (PL, n=210), and simultaneously to high dosage (6 times threshold) RUL ECT (n=315) or low dosage (1.5 times threshold) BL ECT (n=315). Based on substantial preliminary data, the hypotheses will be tested that (1) compared to PL, concurrent NT or VEN results in superior symptomatic response, without a meaningful difference in side effects, and (2) RUL and BL ECT are equal in efficacy, but with significant advantages to high dosage RUL ECT in the magnitude of short- and long-term cognitive side effects. Support for these hypotheses in a large and diverse sample should have widespread ramifications for clinical practice. In the Phase 2 double-masked, 6-month continuation trial, remitters who received PL during ECT are randomized to NT and lithium (LI) or to VEN-LI. Patients who had been randomized to concurrent NT or VEN during ECT receive continuation treatment with NT-LI or VEN-LI, respectively. Standard practice involves the discontinuation of antidepressant medications prior to ECT, the abrupt discontinuation of ECT upon response, and then a switch to continuation pharmacotherapy. This practice likely diminishes response to ECT and heightens relapse in the first several weeks following ECT. Phase 2 of this study, centering on the comparison of patients treated with an antidepressant medication (NT or VEN) or placebo during ECT, will provide the very first data on whether starting an

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antidepressant medication from the beginning of the ECT course reduces the rate of early relapse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR COLLABORATIVE MOOD STABILIZER TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Scheffer, Russell E.; Psychiatry; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Bipolar disorder (BPD) in children and adolescents is increasingly recognized as a common and virulent disorder, but evidencebased treatment approaches are lacking. This revised, proposed study develops evidence to address this significant knowledge gap, and helps to develop more empirically based treatments of child and adolescent BPD. This three-site, collaborative treatment study proposes to evaluate the acute phase, comparative efficacy of two mood stabilizers, lithium (LI) and divalproex sodium (DVP) versus placebo (PBO) in outpatient children and adolescents with symptomatic, nonpsychotic BPD I in the mixed or manic phase. Investigators at 3 sites (UTSW, Case Western Reserve & Univ. of Cinn.) will randomize 150 patients over 3 years. To our knowledge, this represents the first randomized, controlled the comparing the efficacy of each mood stabilizer versus placebo in this population. This will be accomplished by randomly assigning subjects in a double-blinded fashion to 8 weeks of treatment with either LI, DVP, or PBO. The primary aim of this project is to compare the efficacy of LI, DVP, and PBO in the acute phase treatment of symptomatic bipolar I disorder, in children and adolescents ages 8-17 yr. Our hypothesis is that differential efficacy will be observed with the following predicted order of response: DVP equals LI > PBO. The secondary aims are: 1)To provide descriptive data and effect size estimates of combined treatment with LI and DVP in patients who do not respond acutely to either one alone; 2) To collect systematic safety data on the incidence of weight gain, polycystic ovaries, and hyperandrogenism, in bipolar adolescent females treated with LI, DVP, or LI + DVP; 3) To collect data on possible predictors of acute treatment response to the two active treatments; 4) To provide descriptive information on the stability of acute phase response to monotherapy with either LI or DVP over 16 weeks of continuation phase treatment. We will systematically collect data concerning the short- and long-term safety and tolerability of mood stabilizers in children and adolescents. No studies have looked at the question of weight gain, polycystic ovaries, and endocrine abnormalities in female bipolar adolescents treated with mood stabilizers. Because of the frequent use of mood stabilizers in bipolar adolescents, this is an important area to systematically collect prospective data on. We will also be able to provide descriptive data and effect size estimates of combined treatment with LI and DVP in patients who do not respond acutely to either one and collect data on possible predictors of acute treatment response to the two active treatments. Lastly, this trial will provide descriptive information on the stability of acute phase response to monotherapy over a 16 week continuation phase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR COLLABORATIVE MOOD STABILIZER TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kowatch, Robert A.; Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 07-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Bipolar disorder (BPD) in children and adolescents is increasingly recognized as a common and virulent disorder, but evidencebased treatment approaches are lacking. This revised, proposed study develops evidence to address this significant knowledge gap, and helps to develop more empirically based treatments of child and adolescent BPD. This three-site, collaborative treatment study proposes to evaluate the acute phase, comparative efficacy of two mood stabilizers, lithium (LI) and divalproex sodium (DVP) versus placebo (PBO) in outpatient children and adolescents with symptomatic, nonpsychotic BPD I in the mixed or manic phase. Investigators at 3 sites (UTSW, Case Western Reserve & Univ. of Cinn.) will randomize 150 patients over 3 years. To our knowledge, this represents the first randomized, controlled the comparing the efficacy of each mood stabilizer versus placebo in this population. This will be accomplished by randomly assigning subjects in a double-blinded fashion to 8 weeks of treatment with either LI, DVP, or PBO. The primary aim of this project is to compare the efficacy of LI, DVP, and PBO in the acute phase treatment of symptomatic bipolar I disorder, in children and adolescents ages 8-17 yr. Our hypothesis is that differential efficacy will be observed with the following predicted order of response: DVP equals LI > PBO. The secondary aims are: 1)To provide descriptive data and effect size estimates of combined treatment with LI and DVP in patients who do not respond acutely to either one alone; 2) To collect systematic safety data on the incidence of weight gain, polycystic ovaries, and hyperandrogenism, in bipolar adolescent females treated with LI, DVP, or LI + DVP; 3) To collect data on possible predictors of acute treatment response to the two active treatments; 4) To provide descriptive information on the stability of acute phase response to monotherapy with either LI or DVP over 16 weeks of continuation phase treatment. We will systematically collect data concerning the short- and long-term safety and tolerability of mood stabilizers in children and adolescents. No studies have looked at the question of weight gain, polycystic ovaries, and endocrine abnormalities in female bipolar adolescents treated with mood stabilizers. Because of the frequent use of mood stabilizers in bipolar adolescents, this is an important area to systematically collect prospective data on. We will also be able to provide descriptive data and effect size estimates of combined treatment with LI and DVP in patients who do not respond acutely to either one and collect data on possible predictors of acute treatment response to the two active treatments. Lastly, this trial will provide descriptive information on the stability of acute phase response to monotherapy over a 16 week continuation phase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR COLLABORATIVE MOOD STABILZER TRAIL Principal Investigator & Institution: Findling, Robert L.; Director; Psychiatry; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Bipolar disorder (BPD) in children and adolescents is increasingly recognized as a common and virulent disorder, but evidencebased treatment approaches are lacking. This revised, proposed study develops evidence to address this significant knowledge gap, and helps to develop more empirically based treatments of child and adolescent BPD. This three-site, collaborative treatment study proposes to evaluate the acute phase, comparative efficacy of two mood stabilizers, lithium (LI) and divalproex sodium (DVP) versus placebo (PBO) in outpatient children and adolescents with symptomatic, nonpsychotic BPD I in the mixed or manic phase. Investigators at 3 sites (UTSW, Case Western Reserve & Univ. of Cinn.)

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will randomize 150 patients over 3 years. To our knowledge, this represents the first randomized, controlled the comparing the efficacy of each mood stabilizer versus placebo in this population. This will be accomplished by randomly assigning subjects in a double-blinded fashion to 8 weeks of treatment with either LI, DVP, or PBO. The primary aim of this project is to compare the efficacy of LI, DVP, and PBO in the acute phase treatment of symptomatic bipolar I disorder, in children and adolescents ages 8-17 yr. Our hypothesis is that differential efficacy will be observed with the following predicted order of response: DVP equals LI > PBO. The secondary aims are: 1)To provide descriptive data and effect size estimates of combined treatment with LI and DVP in patients who do not respond acutely to either one alone; 2) To collect systematic safety data on the incidence of weight gain, polycystic ovaries, and hyperandrogenism, in bipolar adolescent females treated with LI, DVP, or LI + DVP; 3) To collect data on possible predictors of acute treatment response to the two active treatments; 4) To provide descriptive information on the stability of acute phase response to monotherapy with either LI or DVP over 16 weeks of continuation phase treatment. We will systematically collect data concerning the short- and long-term safety and tolerability of mood stabilizers in children and adolescents. No studies have looked at the question of weight gain, polycystic ovaries, and endocrine abnormalities in female bipolar adolescents treated with mood stabilizers. Because of the frequent use of mood stabilizers in bipolar adolescents, this is an important area to systematically collect prospective data on. We will also be able to provide descriptive data and effect size estimates of combined treatment with LI and DVP in patients who do not respond acutely to either one and collect data on possible predictors of acute treatment response to the two active treatments. Lastly, this trial will provide descriptive information on the stability of acute phase response to monotherapy over a 16 week continuation phase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HIGH-RISK BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Oquendo, Maria A.; Associate Clinical Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This R01 application, based at New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYPSI) requests five years of support for a prospective, parallel group, double blind, random assignment treatment study of high-risk (previous suicide attempters) patients with Bipolar Disorder, who are in a mixed or depressed phase. This study will compare the effects of acute and maintenance treatment with lithium and valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior in these subjects. Subjects (N=280) will be well characterized in terms of Axis I and II diagnosis, psychopathology (measures of suicidal behavior including ideation and acts) and aggression and impulsivity. This study will have three distinct phases: an acute stabilization phase, a treatment continuation phase and a treatment maintenance phase. Upon study entry, subjects will be randomized to lithium or valproate. Depressed patients will be stabilized using paroxetine (or two other alternative antidepressants) and patients with psychosis or in a mixed state will receive olanzapine (or two other antipsychotics). Up to six months will be devoted to an acute stabilization phase. In the continuation phase subjects will be maintained on lithium or valproate and an antidepressant or antipsychotic for up to 6 months. The acute phase ends when patients have achieved at least two weeks of euthymia. During the 18 months maintenance phase, most subjects will be maintained on mood stabilizer alone. They have operationalized rescue procedures that will be available for patients with a recurrence of an episode. Over the

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course of the study, patients will be assessed for changes in psychopathology, mood symptoms, suicidal behavior, aggressive behavior and substance abuse. They predict that subjects on lithium will have less suicidal behavior, including completion, attempt or hospitalization for suicidal ideation than subjects on valproate and that this effect will be independent of mood stabilization. The project will test the following hypotheses: (1) Lithium treatment will be superior to valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior (suicidal acts or episodes of suicidal ideation with a plan that would require a change in treatment such as addition of a rescue medication or hospitalization). (2) The two treatment groups will not differ in terms of the total number of episodes of, or total duration in, a major depression or mixed mood states requiring commencement of a rescue medication over 18 months of the maintenance phase. (3) Lithium treatment will be superior to valproate in decreasing aggression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LEARNING.

PHOSPHATASES

IN

CONDITIONED

TASTE

AVERSION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lockwood, Denesa R.; Biological Science; Florida State University 97 South Woodward Avenue Tallahassee, Fl 323064166 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 23-JAN-2003; Project End 22-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Conditioned taste aversion (CTA), a form of associative learning, is characterized by behavioral changes after the pairing of a novel palatable taste with a toxin (such as lithium chloride, LiCI), resulting in aversive responses to the taste during subsequent presentations. Although much is known about its behavioral characteristics, the molecular mechanisms that underlie CTA learning are not well understood. Much of the work done at the cellular level has concentrated on immediate early genes or transcription factors; less is known about the upstream second messenger cascades that may be involved. There is evidence for critical roles for protein kinase activity in CTA; however, the study of termination of this activity by dephosphorylation has not been examined. Therefore, I will focus on protein phosphatase 1 (PP-I), which dephosphorylates substrates and terminates kinaseinitiated second messenger activation. Of the serine/threonine phosphatases, PP-1 is the most widely expressed and best characterized, with many substrates including glutamate receptors, protein kinases, transcription factors and structural molecules. By controlling the phosphorylation state of its substrates, PP-1 is involved in the regulation of many cellular functions including neurotransmission, dendritic spine physiology and gene transcription. This proposal will examine the role of PP-1 in CTA learning by using pharmacological antagonists to inhibit PP-1 activity and by determining a time course for the phosphorylation of two PP-1 substrates, the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES IN AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fox, Christopher R.; Center for Res in Reproduction; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Testosterone concentrations decline by 1-2% annually as men age, and free testosterone concentrations decline even more rapidly (3-4% per year). Lower serum testosterone concentrations have been associated with important health consequences, including reduced bone mineral density, increased risk of hip fracture, loss of muscle

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mass, decreased libido and fertility, and increased cardiovascular disease. HYPOTHESIS I will test whether glucocorticoids mediate down- regulation of urea transporter proteins by altering transcription. Specific Aim 1 will test whether glucocorticoids down-regulate UT-A and/or UT-B protein or mRNA expression. Specific Aim 2 will determine the element mediating glucocorticoid-induced suppression of urea transporter promoter activity. HYPOTHESIS II will test whether chronic lithium administration down-regulates urea transporter protein(s) by increasing glucocorticoids. Specific Aim 3 will test whether adrenalectomy prevents long-term down-regulation of urea transporter protein(s) in lithium-treated rats. Specific Aim 4 will test whether elevated lithium levels perturb urea transporter phosphorylation or function in rat inner medulla or in EcR-293 cells that have been stably transfected with a specific urea transporter isoform. HYPOTHESIS III will test whether urea transporter proteins are down- regulated during aldosterone-escape. Specific Aim 5 will test whether mineralocorticoids down-regulate UT-A and/or UT-B protein or mRNA expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PKC SIGNALING AND THE TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhn, Donald M.; Professor; Psychiatry & Behav Neuroscis; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): BD, manic-depressive illness is a severe, chronic and disabling disorder with a life-time prevalence of 1.2 percent. The discovery of lithium's efficacy as a mood-stabilizing agent revolutionized the treatment of patients with BD, but, despite its role as one of psychiatry's most important treatments the biochemical basis for lithium's antimanic and mood-stabilizing actions remains to be fully elucidated. Elucidation of the mechanism(s) by which lithium stabilizes an underlying dysregulation of limbic and limbic-associated function also offers the potential to delineate the underlying etiology/pathophysiology of BD. A major problem inherent in neuropharmacologic research, however, is the difficulty in attributing therapeutic relevance to any observed biochemical finding. One potential approach to ascribe therapeutic relevance to any biochemical findings is to identify common biochemical targets which are modified by drugs belonging to the same therapeutic class but possessing distinct chemical structures (e.g., lithium and valproic acid (VPA)). A large body of data has shown that lithium exerts major effects on the PKC signaling pathway. Most of the data, however, has been derived from preclinical rodent studies, thereby precluding an adequate understanding of the therapeutic relevance of these biochemical findings. These studies indicate two important and highly clinically relevant directions for future research: first, it is important to determine if similar modulation of the PKC signaling pathway is also brought about by other pharmacological agents with proven efficacy in the treatment of BD such as VPA; and second, it is critical to ultimately elucidate the relationship between these biochemical changes and clinical response, which may lead to the identification of biochemical and/or genetic predictors of outcome. Thus, in this proposal, the investigator's specific aims are to: 1) Characterize the effects of VPA on the PKC signaling pathway in the brain. In order to ascribe potential therapeutic relevance to the biochemical findings, they will be investigated in parallel with lithium: a) in specific brain regions, and b) in a clinically meaningful temporal profile, namely acutely, chronically, following medication withdrawal, and medication re-administration. 2) Determine the relationship between the lithium or VPA-induced changes in the PKC signaling system in rat brain and in rat peripheral cells; ultimately the investigator wishes to determine

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the relationship between treatment-induced changes in the PKC signaling system and treatment response in BD patients. The demonstration of a relationship between the changes in the CNS and the periphery in rodents will allow for a subsequent investigation in BD patients. This is imperative because, in order to establish therapeutic relevance for any biochemical findings, it is necessary to demonstrate: a) that these biochemical effects do, in fact, occur in patients administered the pharmacological agents in a clinically relevant paradigm; and b) that there is a relationship between the biochemical changes and treatment response. Ultimately, elucidating the mechanisms by which lithium and VPA stabilize mood should improve the prospects for the development of more effective long-term treatments, and for the identification of biochemical predictors of treatment response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PORTABLE DEFIBRILLATOR FUZZY-LOGIC-BASED BATTERY METER Principal Investigator & Institution: Singh, Pritpal; Us Nanocorp, Inc. 74 Batterson Park Rd Farmington, Ct 06032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUN-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant):Reliable operation of a portable defibrillator depends critically on the "condition" of its battery. This condition is determined by available energy and at what power level this energy can be delivered to a load. With the initiative towards widespread deployment of portable defibrillators, a low-cost device capable of accurately measuring both state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) of batteries used in these devices is necessary to ensure that missed defibrillation attempts due to battery failure are eliminated. US Nanocorp and Villanova University are collaborating in the pioneering development of an innovative, powerful approach, based on fuzzy logic, to battery SOC and SOH determination that is reliable, accurate, and economical. Traditional measures used to determine battery SOC and SOH such as battery voltage, temperature and impedance form a highly complex, nonlinear relationship with SOC/SOH. The fuzzy logic approach offers a relatively simple yet powerful method to easily model such a relationship. The Phase I project proved feasibility of this approach for estimating SOH of lead acid battery packs used in portable defibrillators. In the Phase II project, the fuzzy logic approach will be used to develop a low-cost device that can be incorporated into Li-ion battery packs for next generation portable defibrillators. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Production of battery management equipment is an emerging opportunity in a worldwide battery market of $25B, where growth in portable power devices has been increasing at a 20% annual rate. Traditional methods are cumbersome and nongeneric. The proposed fuzzy logic method is very powerful in its efficiency and adaptability to a wide variety of battery chemistries and types. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PRECONCENTRATORS BASED ON SELF-ASSEMBLED REAGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cox, James A.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University Oxford 500 E High St Oxford, Oh 45056 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of our program is to develop analytical methods on micromachined platforms for biomedical analytes. The present proposal deals with the separation and preconcentration of selected analytes

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onto reagents that are tethered to gold electrodes or nanoclusters. The tethering is via molecular self-assembly. Fluorogenic crown ethers will be modified with alkanethiol tags and attached to gold by spontaneous formation of the thiolate. Selective uptake of lithium or potassium ion by the crown will provide the separation step. Release of the entire assembly into a flowing carrier solution by oxidation of the thiolate will be one strategy that will allow quantifying the results at a downstream detector. Prior to the next measurement, the assembly will be re-made or a new electrode will be placed in the system. Alternatives of the basic experiment include other combinations of capture reagent and analyte, e.g. a cyclophane and phenylalanine or adrenaline; tethering reagents to gold nanoclusters embedded in a flow-through silica sol-gel electrode; and chemical release that retains the integrity of the self-assembled monolayer on gold. These systems are designed specifically to be integrated with microchip and micromachined platforms to yield Total Analytical Systems. Applications as disposal devices for selective determinations of analytes in blood are envisioned. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROGRAM FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BNCT AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kahl, Stephen B.; Professor; Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of this program is the development of tumor seeking boron compounds for use as radiochemotherapeutic agents for boron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer. BNCT relies on the selective tumor uptake and retention of a non-toxic boron-containing drug followed by irradiation of the rumor region with a beam of very low energy neutrons. Capture of a neutron by a (10)B nucleus causes a prompt fission reaction in which the boron nucleus splits to form an alpha particle, a lithium nucleus and a gamma ray. These fission products deposit most of their substantial energies within one cell diameter and are considered high linear energy (LET) fragments. Binary therapies such as BNCT have the potential to increase local control of cancer by increasing the radiation dose to cancer cells and simultaneously reducing radiation-induced morbidity to surrounding normal tissue and vasculature. The objective of this proposal is to provide over its five year length one or more boronated porphyrins suitable for clinical BNCT application. This highly translational objective is to be accomplished through an integrated program of directed synthesis and a tier protocol of biological and radiobiological pre-clinical testing. In order to meet this goal, three specific aims, relating to structure-activity/toxicity relationships in these compounds are to be addressed. The Principal Investigator and his team will 1) examine several linkage chemistries for attaching closo carboranes in order to reduce toxicity; 2) attach closo polyhedral borane anions to optimize sensitizer pharmacokinetics; and 3) evaluate methods of attaching more than 40 boron atoms per molecule to maximize tumor boron concentration. Synthetic efforts during the first 2-3 years will focus on the synthesis and characterization of boronated porphyrins from each of five basic structural motifs. Initial biological testing of potential candidates in normal rats will establish maximum tolerated dose and histological profiles and will be followed by biodistribution in athymic nude rats bearing an intracerebral glioma. Successful candidates will be further studied in vitro and in BNCT protocols using an accelerator-produced epithermal beam at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The proposed syntheses during the last two years will concentrate on compounds having the most promising structural motif.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTON MRSI STUDIES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Renshaw, Perry F.; Director; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) This revised application requests three years of funding to support a research program which employs proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to evaluate subjects with Bipolar I Disorder and healthy comparison subjects. In pilot studies of individuals with bipolar disorder, we have used 1H MRSI to evaluate brain cytosolic choline levels and, more recently, myo-inositol levels. Both choline and myo-inositol play critical roles in second messenger signaling cascades and recent reviews have suggested that mood stabilizes may demonstrate their clinical effects by altering signal transduction pathways within the brain. Studies will be conducted at two sites, the McLean Hospital Brain Imaging Center in Belmont, MA, and the University of Washington in Seattle, WA. Over the course of this project, a total of 72 subjects with bipolar disorder and 42 comparison subjects will be enrolled and complete repeated MRSI studies. Identical clinical assessments and MRSI protocols will be employed at both sites. Bipolar subjects will be placed on standardized formulations of lithium or valproic acid and will be followed clinically at two week intervals for the ten week duration of the study. By evaluating subjects who are receiving two alternative treatments, we will be able to assess both the shared and unique effects of these pharmacologically effective medications on brain chemistry and the relationship of these effects on mood. Patients with bipolar disorder will be scanned on three occasions at weeks 2,6, and 10 of this study. Mood at time of each scan will be assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. A priori regions of interest for this study will include the bilateral caudate nuclei and the anterior cingulate cortex, as pilot studies suggest that these brain regions demonstrate mood state, medication, and diagnosis dependent alteration in choline and myo-inositol resonance intensities. MRSI data from bipolar subjects will be compared to similar data from 42 healthy comparison subjects. We believe that abnormalities in brain choline and myo-inositol metabolism may, in part, mediate the pathophysiology of abnormal mood in bipolar disorder and that the therapeutic efficacy of lithium may derive from an inhibition of choline transport and/or from changes in myo-inoitol and choline metabolism within the brain. The results of these studies may provide important new insights into the neurochemical alterations which mediate the symptoms of bipolar disorder as well as information relevant to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Axelson, David A.; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: The career development activities and research plan outlined in this Research Career Development Award (RCA) are designed to provide the means for the candidate to translate relevant aspects of neurobiology and independently formulate and implement psychopharmacologic treatment trials in pediatric bipolar disorder (BP). Pediatric BP is a devastating illness that can result in permanent disruption of a child's

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normal development, emotional suffering, aggression and suicide. Pharmacotherapy has been the cornerstone of the management and treatment of pediatric BP. However, there is very little controlled research addressing medication treatment of children and adolescents with BP. In addition, treatment research in child psychiatry has generally not addressed developmental differences in neurobiology or pharmacology, nor attempted to identify biological factors that may be predictors or mediators of treatment response. The proposed study will be the first dose-ranging study of a medication for depression in pediatric BP. It will explore the relationship between platelet 5-HT reuptake blockade and treatment response, as well as examine potential predictors of treatment response. The candidate is certified in child and adolescent psychiatry, and is completing the second year of an NIMH-sponsored post-doctoral research fellowship. Dr. James Perel, Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Director of the Clinical Pharmacology Program at the University of Pittsburgh's Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic (WPIC) will serve as Sponsor. The coursework and directed readings in advanced topics of psychopharmacology, clinical trial design, developmental neurobiology and pharmacology, emotional regulation and circadian rhythm, will prepare the candidate to perform biologically-informed treatment research in pediatric BP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY OF REACTIONS IN POLAR MEDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Grieco, Paul A.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1980; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The major focus of this grant renewal application is to further examine the reactivity and selectivity of a number of organic reactions in highly polar media such as 3.0-5.0 M lithium perchlorate-diethyl ether with applications to molecules of biological interest. During the course of this investigation we will continue to search for substitutes for lithium perchlorate in ether. In addition we remain focused on anions that are more weakly coordinating than perchlorate. This proposal is divided into three parts. The first section concentrates on studying the reaction of nucleophiles with oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes and oxabicyclo [3.2.1]octanes i highly polar media. All the proposed studies will be of a fundamental nature in order to define the scope, limitations, and mechanism of this potentially very useful new reaction. Applications to the total synthesis of epothilone B, ulapualide A, aplyronine A, morphine, and the C(19)-C(27) aliphatic building block of rifamycin S are proposed. The second part of this grant application focuses on extending the ionic intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction in polar media for the construction of carbocyclic ring systems. Substrates will be examined wherein conformationally restricted tethered dienes are attached to the alpha, beta, and delta carbon atoms of the dienophiles. Application to syntheses of quadrone, magellaninone and pentalenene are proposed. In the third part of this grant application we will examine unique solvent systems (e.g. Li2B12H12-acetone, MgB12H12-acetone) in hopes of finding new opportunities for altering transition states while accelerating organic reactions. In addition we plan to examine lithium borates and lithium phosphates wherein the anions are chiral in hopes of catalyzing substitution reactions of allylic and benzylic acetates via single diastereomeric ion pairs which undergo facial discrimination in the attack by a nucleophile. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATION OF UREA TRANSPORT BY ADRENAL STEROIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sands, Jeff M.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Terrestrial life would be miserable without the ability to concentrate the urine. Glucocorticoids are the primary catabolic hormone that causes protein breakdown and ureagenesis. Urea excretion into the urine is the primary mechanism for eliminating this excess nitrogen from the body. A urea transporter is critically important to the theories proposed to explain the physiologic processes occurring when urine is concentrated. Only 14 years ago, evidence for such a transporter was largely speculative, but we provided experimental evidence that there is facilitated urea transport in the kidney inner medullary collecting duct. Subsequently, cDNA isoforms for facilitated urea transporters were cloned from kidney medulla (UT-A1, UT-A2, UT-A3, UT-A4), testis (UT-A5), and erythrocytes (UT-B). Recently, we cloned the rat and human genes for the UT-A family of urea transporters and showed that there are 2 promoters: promoter I, located 5' to exon 1, that controls transcription of UT-A1, UT-A3, and UTA4; and promoter II, located in intron 12, that controls transcription of UT-A2. Our group has also made major progress in understanding the long-term regulation of urea transport by studying 5 animal models associated with an impaired urine concentrating ability. Our studies led to the surprising result that facilitated urea permeability and UTA1 protein abundance are increased during in vivo conditions associated with a reduced urine concentrating ability and plasma vasopressin level. We also found that UT-A1 protein abundance is decreased during in vivo conditions associated with increased glucocorticoids. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RELAPSE PREVENTION OF BIPOLAR TYPE-II DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Amsterdam, Jay D.; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) Bipolar Type U (BP U) disorder affects 1.5-2.5 percent of the U.S. adult population and results in annual healthcare costs of about $20 billion. BP II disorder is characterized by a high recurrence of major depressive episodes (MDE) and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The recognition of effective treatments for recurrent MDE is of critical importance. Unfortunately, relatively little attention has been given to its treatment. Concern over a "manic switch" during treatments of BP U MDE have impeded the development of effective antidepressive treatments and relapse prevention therapies for this illness. We have recently published pilot data demonstrating that fluoxetine may be a safe and effective monotherapy for the treatment of BP U MDE and for relapse-prevention treatment of BP II MDE. We propose to determine whether fluoxetine monotherapy is an effective treatment for both the initial and relapse-prevention treatment of BP II MDE. We will also determine whether fluoxetine monotherapy is associated with a low incidence of manic and hypomanic switch episodes in these patients. To answer these questions, 184 BP II patients will be recruited over 4 years from the Depression Research Unit (DRU)-which screens 400-500 new patients per year (of which about 25 percent meet DSM-IV criteria for BP II or NOS disorder). Patients will be treated initially with fluoxetine for 10 weeks and patients who remit from their MDE will be randomized, in a double-blind fashion, to receive one of the following relapse-prevention treatments for

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one year: i) fluoxetine monotherapy (20mg/daily) ii) lithium monotherapy (6001200mg/daily) iii) the combination of lithium (600-1200mg/daily) and fluoxetine (20mg/daily), or iv) placebo. We believe that our study has the potential to have a significant impact upon current clinical practice in the appropriate management of bipolar depressed patients; an extremely important public-health matter. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROBOTIZED EXPRESSION PROFILING OF MOUSE AMYGDALA Principal Investigator & Institution: Eberwine, James H.; Professor; Pharmacology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 19-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): The amygdaloid complex is involved in the "processing" of multiple behaviors including fear, anxiety and learning and memory. There is also evidence that biochemical changes occur in the amygdala as a result of disease including schizophrenia, bipolar disease and cocaine and opiate abuse. The neuronal circuitry connecting various nuclei of the amygdala allowing internuclei communication has also been elucidated for aspects of fear conditioning. Given the central role of the amygdala in processing various types of CNS information an elucidation of the relative levels of mRNA abundance for the mRNAs that are present in the amygdala might provide insight into what neurochemical signals the amygdala responds to. Further since neuronal pathways have been dissected characterization of the expression profile in individual interconnected nuclei may provide information about how one region of the amygdala transfers information to another. We propose to generate molecular fingerprints of neurons within different regions of the amygdala using single cell and single nuclei aRNA amplification and microarray analysis in normal mice. Additionally we will determine how the profiles of these nuclei change in a mouse pharmacological model of bipolar disease involving amygdala response to withdrawal from lithium after chronic lithium treatment. As part of this proposal we propose to robotize the aRNA amplification procedure so that we can generate l000 individual sample templates each partitioned into an individual well in 96 well plates. While we are not proposing to perform 1000 microarray experiments (samples will be pooled as described in the text) having individual cells will permit each to be analyzed separately as required. In an effort to create a National resource of expression profiling data and amplified cells from the amygdala for use by other investigators the normal sample plates will be made available to anyone who requests them on a cost basis. The normal sample expression profiling data will be made available on a public website as soon as the data is confirmed by two array analyses. These data should be useful to investigators studying the amygdala as well as to "bioinformaticists" who are in need of large data sets from multiple samples. Such large data sets should prove useful in the development of pattern search algorithms that are sorely needed to property analyze such complex gene expression data sets. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN BIPOLAR ILLNESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Friedman, Eitan; Professor and Director; Pharmacology and Physiology; Mcp Hahnemann University Broad & Vine Sts Philadelphia, Pa 19102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2001

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Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The pathophysiology of bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is not well understood, although its symptoms can be effectively treated with lithium ion and other mood stabilizing agents. In both animal and human studies, we have observed that lithium impairs the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), an enzyme that is stimulated by receptor-mediated formation of diacylglycerol and catalyzes the phosphorylation of many important neuronal proteins. In studies utilizing both platelets and postmortem brains from BAD subjects, we have noted increases in both membrane- associated PKC and in translocation of the enzyme in response to stimulation of cell surface receptors. As part of an attempt to understand the underlying mechanism for these changes, we examined receptor-mediated activation of membrane G proteins in BAD subjects. Enhanced coupling between serotonin receptors and G proteins was found in brains of BAD. These results suggest that the altered affect that characterizes BAD may be associated with an exaggerated transinembrane signaling in one or more neurotransmitter pathways and that lithium exerts its therapeutic action by suppressing receptor initiated transmembrane signal flow. The aim of the proposed investigation is to continue to test the hypothesis that BAD is related to enhanced G protein-mediated transmembrane signaling and that the mood stabilizing drugs elicit. t their therapeutic efficacy by reducing the transduction of signals initiated by G proteincoupled neurotransmitter receptors. Specifically, in the proposed experiments we plan to (1) directly assess in postmortem brain regions of BAD subjects, the coupling of serotonin and a, adrenergic receptors to G proteins both under basal and receptor stimulated conditions and explore the potential mechanisms which may contribute to the altered coupling in BAD brains and (2) define the specific mechanisms which contribute to the elevation in membrane associated PKC activity BAD. To this end we plan to investigate RACK I protein expression as well as calpain and activated calpain levels in BAD brains. We will also (3) assess platelet G protein functions and PKC activity in BAD subjects before and during treatment with mood stabilizing drugs in an_attempt to further test these parameters as markers of therapeutic response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SIGNALING PATHWAYS REGULATING NEURONAL SURVIVAL Principal Investigator & Institution: D'mello, Santosh R.; Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Texas Dallas 2601 N Floyd Rd Richardson, Tx 75080 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Apoptosis is a specific mode by which cells of all types including neurons, die. While a normal feature of the developing nervous system, apoptotic death of neurons also occurs in neurodegenerative diseases, following stroke and traumatic injury, and upon exposure to neurotoxins. In these cases, apoptosis is undesirable and often leads to serious neurological deficits. The mechanisms by which these different physiological and pathophysiological stimuli abrogate the signaling pathways that normally maintain neuronal survival are far from clear. The signal transduction pathways mediating cell survival and the molecular components that comprise them can be conveniently studied in culture. Such studies have identified many molecules that are likely to be important in regulating survival of neurons in vitro as well as in vivo and which might be affected by neurotoxic stimuli or in neuropathologic conditions. The goal of this application is to examine the role of two known survival-regulatory molecules-the Akt kinase and the nuclear factor-KB (NFkappaB) transcription factor-in a well established paradigm of neuronal apoptosis that uses cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons. Survival of these neurons in culture can be maintained by at least four factors-elevated extracellular potassium (high K+ or HK),

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IGF- 1, cyclic AMP, and lithium. Although activating distinct molecules at the cellsurface, our hypothesis is that the signaling pathways utilized by these different survival factors converge on Akt and/or NF- kappaB. The specific aims of the application are as follows: 1. Knowing that Akt is necessary for IGF-l- mediated survival, to determine whether it is also involved in survival promotion by HK, cyclic AMP, and lithium. 2. To determine the mechanism by which NF- kappaB mediates survival by HK and to examine whether it is also required for survival by IGF- 1, cyclic AMP, and lithium. Special emphasis will be placed on the roles of the transcriptional coactivator, CBP, and the NF-kappaB inhibitor, IkappaB-B. 3. To determine the relationship between Akappat and NF-kappaB activation in the inhibition of apoptosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SKIN MONITORING

BIOENGINEERING:

NONINVASIVE

TRANSDERMAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Guy, Richard H.; Adjunct Professor; University of Geneva 3 Place De L'universite Geneva, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective is to develop and optimize a novel, noninvasive, iontophoretic approach for clinical monitoring via the skin. The lowlevel current density drives both charged and highly polar (yet neutral) compounds across the skin at rates much greater than passive diffusion. As the skin offers a uniquely accessible body surface across which information can be extracted, we hypothesize that truly noninvasive and highly sensitive devices, which exploit uniquely paired flows of at least two substances, can be developed for iontophoretic monitoring applications. The research strategy will optimize iontophoretic and sensing technology to satisfy three key criteria for success: (a) fundamental understanding of electrotransport across the skin; (b) reproducible enhancement of transdermal permeability to identify clinical monitoring opportunities via the skin; and (c) characterization and validation of simple, user-friendly devices for sample collection coupled with sensitive and specific analytical tools. The specific aims of the project are:[1] To refine understanding of electrotransport across the skin; to exploit the interactions (and independence) of solute and ion flows in the presence of an applied electric field. [2] To demonstrate that the simultaneous, 'reverse iontophoretic' extraction of a target analyte, together with an endogenous substance of essentially constant concentration within the body, can offer truly noninvasive, clinical monitoring. [3] To engineer simple, elegant, prototypical devices, of small volume (100 mu-L or less), into which reverse iontophoretically extracted samples may be efficiently collected. [4] To couple these systems to highly sensitive and specific chromatographic and electrochemical analytical tools both off-line and, eventually, on-line, in situ. Proof-of-principle targets three analytes of significant interest: glucose, phenylalanine and lithium. Furthermore, the bioengineering and analytical chemistry advances envisaged will allow broad, 'massscreening' of the substances extracted (and extractable) by reverse iontophoresis revealing additional opportunities for the approach. In summary, this project aims to evaluate iontophoretic bioengineering technology in vivo in man; specifically, applications with respect to clinical chemistry and therapeutic drug monitoring are foreseen. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDY OF ENZYMES OF INOSITOL BIOSYNTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stec, Boguslaw; Chemistry; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The long-term objective of this project is to understand how new functionality is acquired by the enzymes and how new biochemical pathways evolve from the need to create more specialized functions. We plan to realize this goal by creating the 'library' of structures pertinent to a selected enzymatic function. A collection of enzymes from primitive to more advanced organisms (Archaea to Eukarya) will be created that will allow us to extract conserved or noel structures and to correlate them with new emerging function. More specifically, we are interested in enzymes involved in the synthesis of myo-inositol. Myo-inositol is generated by the conversion of Dglucose-6- in enzymes involved in the synthesis of myo-inositol is generated by the conversion of D-glucose-6- phosphate to L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate (via inositol-1phosphate synthase, IPS) followed by specific dephosphorylation via inositol monophosphate (IMPase). This group of enzymes in archaea is particularly interesting because it provides a simplified model of inositol processing. The immediate goal of this study will be to obtain critical insights into the structure and function of both groups of enzymes. Specifically, we plan (1) to characterize crystallographically the previously cloned and purified IPS from A. fulgidus that is typical of the smaller IPS enzymes from bacteria and archaea, has no known homologs among PDB deposits, and which, in particular, requires divalent metal ion for the aldolase step. A series of crystallographic experiments: Apo- IPS (in particular, requires divalent metal ion for the aldolase step. A series of crystallographic experiments: Apo-IPS (in the presence of EDTA), the complexes with Mn2+ and/or Zn2+, G-6-P (no NAD+) (no G-6-P), is expected to provide the details of the enzymatic reaction. (2) We will also determine structures of dual activity enzymes from hyperthermophiles that very specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of inositol-1-phosphate (inositol monophosphatase, IMPase activity)) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, FBPase, activity) from A. fulgidus and Thermatoga maratima. Our structural analysis of M. jannaschii, IMPase (MJ0109) in the presence of various substrates/products in combination with inhibitory/activating metal ions has provided unique insights into this bifunctional enzyme as well as a framework for the proposed studies. These IMPase/FBPase proteins, which are weakly inhibited by Li+, will be compared and contrasted with the (3) structure of E. coli IMPase (also known as SuhB), whose structure will also be solved, that is strongly inhibited by Li+ and cannot hydrolyze FBP similarly to mammalian IMPase. (4) Once the crystal structures of all the enzymes are determined, we plan to conduct a series of crystallographic as well as biochemical studies to determine the details of the proposed catalytic mechanism for IMPS and IMPases. Additionally we will try to resolve the controversy concerning metal ion roles in IMPase activity and the mode of Li+ inhibition. The structural comparison of highly Li+- sensitive eukaryotic and E. coli IMPases to Li+-insensitive hyperthermophilic IMPases is expected to provide a testable hypothesis about the mode of Li+ inhibition and the structural features for the dual specificity of the archaeal homologues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SYNTHETIC STUDIES OF CHIRAL ORGANOMETALLICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gawley, Robert E.; Professor; Chemistry; University of Miami Coral Gables University Sta Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2005

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Summary: Many of today's drugs contain saturated nitrogen heterocyclic rings, thus, it is important to develop new ways to synthesize and modify nitrogen heterocycles. Likewise, it has become important to produce chiral drugs in enantiomerically pure form. For decades, the only stereoselective reactions known to organic chemists were additions of a fourth ligand to heterotopic faces of a trigonal atom. This category includes almost all stereoselective reactions in organic synthesis, and we have accumulated significant insight into the electonic, steric, and dynamic factors that influence these processes. In the past 10 years, significant advances in applying electrophilic substitutions of chiral organometallics (especially organolithiums) as new methods for asymmetric synthesis have been made. This reactivity mode is different from most other asymmetric syntheses in that it involves substitution of a metal attached to a stereogenic carbon atom. Substitution of the metal for an electrophile completes the enantioselective synthesis. Mechanistic understanding of developing methodology is necessary to advancing the field. When contemplating electrophilic substitutions of stereogenic carbanions, one must consider configurational stability, steric course, and aggregation state. If the electrophile is prochiral, two new stereocenters are formed and the question of diastereoselectivity arises. Answering these questions is not always possible; but without answers, mechanistic interpretation is speculative, at best. The specific aims of this project are: 1. To continue our investigation into the scope and limitations of alpha-aminoorganolithium electrophilic substitutions and sigmatropic rearrangements, with emphasis on stereoselectivity in compounds with multiple stereocenters. Explore further extensions of the methodology such as ringclosing metathesis. 2. To develop improved methods of preparation of chiral organometallics. 3. To further explore the solution and solid state structure of chiral organometallics. Evaluate the effects of ligating atoms and metal effects on configurational and structural dynamics of chiral carbanions. 4. To pursue our recent findings relating to possible stereoelectronic effects on transmetalation and the nature of heteroatom participation in tin-lithium exchanges using rapid injection NMR. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TARGETING DISABILITIES FOR REHAB IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Jaeger, Judith; Director & Associate Professor; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Bipolar disorder (BPD), a lifelong condition affecting almost 2 million Americans, is the sixth leading cause of disability among all medical conditions in established market economies. The illness is characterized by a chronic course of recurring cycles of affective disorder (e.g., mania or depression) and remission. Despite the magnitude of its affliction and its disability toll, there has been little or no systematic research on the causes of the disability in life functioning (LF) in BPD. Disability in LF is found to persist even during periods of system remission and should not be considered simply the result of clinical psychopathology. Neuropsychological (NP) deficits have been observed in BPD. The NP deficits, like disability in BPD, have also been shown to persist during remission. While the relation between NP deficits and disability in schizophrenia receives considerable research attention, such studies for BPD have not been reported to the best of our knowledge. We propose a longitudinal investigation of the relationship between NP deficits and LF in BPD. We hypothesize that NP deficits are associated with persistent disability. Our goal is to study the nature of these relationships thereby informing the development of more effective interventions targeted to disability in BPD. A sample of 210 patients will be followed

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monthly, starting with an acute illness exacerbation, for a period of 2 years. Subjects will undergo repeated assessments for NP and LF measures and clinical state. Comprehensive assessments including an NP battery are administered at 3 "fixed" time points (baseline, 1 month and 1 year) and at up to 2 additional time points "triggered" by a remission following the index episode and a remission following a second illness episode should a second episode occur during the follow-up period. Monthly assessments will monitor clinical state, LF and services used throughout the follow-up period. The principal aim is to determine whether and to what degree measures of NP deficit and clinical symptom ratings are associated with disability in LF over the course of a 24 month period. Secondary aims are 1) to compare these relationships in BPD with those observed in a cohort of individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder presently being studied in another R01 funded project and 2) to acquire descriptive information of actual service use patterns in BPD patients recovering from a severe relapse of affective symptoms. More effective rehabilitation and support services are needed to reduce disability in BPD. But first we need a better understanding of the causes of disability and the services currently being provided. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROLE OF INOSITOL SIGNALING IN HUMAN DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: York, John D.; Pharmacology and Cancer Biology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-range goal of this project is to elucidate how diverse extracellular stimuli elicit selective cellular responses through the activation of inositol polyphosphate (IP) signaling pathways. Defects in IP signaling pathways result in disease states such as human oculocerebrorenal syndrome or Lowe syndrome. There are over 30 IP molecules the majority of which have not been studied as messengers. It is our hypothesis that such IPs, designated a "orphans," may have important signaling roles. In support of this, we have recently defined novel signaling roles for orphan IPs in regulating membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, gene expression and mRNA export. Additionally, we have uncovered a family of lithium targets with relevance to manic depressive disease. A new theme emerging from our work is that certain inositol signaling pathways are compartmentalized to the nucleus and directly effect nuclear function. This project focuses on the roles of orphan IF messengers in regulating, membrane trafficking, gene expression and messenger RNA export. We also seek to characterize a new family of I phosphatases that are potential targets of lithium relevance to bipolar disease. IP5 and IP6 are ubiquitous inositol phosphates that until our recent work had no clearly defined roles as signaling molecules. We have shown that PLC produces IP3, which is then sequentially phosphorylated to IP6 by two IP kinases, a nuclear dual-specificity IP3/IP4 kinase (Ipk2), and nuclear envelope/pore complex localized IP5 2-kinase (Ipkl). Ipk2p reveal is identical to a known transcription factor providing a crucial direct link of IP signaling and gene expression. Understanding the target genes regulated by Ipk2p-mediated transcription complexes, the IP receptors and the mechanism by which localized production of IP4/IP5 mediate changes in transcription will help define how nuclear IP signals regulate cell growth and development. Studies of Ipklp have uncovered a role for IP6 production in messenger RNA export Identification of the receptors, components involved and mechanisms of regulation will be instrumental in elucidating how IP signaling regulates messenger RNA export. We also plan to evaluate the function of IP5 and IP6 in mammalian systems. Do they serve a similar function to that in yeast? We

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plan to isolate and clone cDNA's encoding the enzymes that interconvert IP5 and IP6 in mammalian tissues namely IP5 2-kinase and IP6 2-phosphatase in order to determine how production of these metabolites is controlled. In addition, we plan to study the first dual-functional inositol lipid phosphatase with two autonomous active sites, one a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase and the other a 5-phosphatase similar to the OCRL-l protein that is mutated in Lowe syndrome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROLE OF SHAGGY/GSK-3 IN THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK Principal Investigator & Institution: Harms, Emily B.; Lab/Genetics; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Drosophila gene shaggy (sgg) has recently been shown to play a role in the fly circadian oscillator. SGG is the Drosophila ortholog of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), and appears to affect nuclear entry of protein complexes made up of the PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) proteins by promoting the phosphorylation of TIM. Since sgg loss-of-function mutations result in lethality, however, it has been difficult to determine what effect the loss of sgg function would have on the circadian clock. The work proposed here is aimed at further elucidating the role of SGG in the Drosophila circadian clock, as well as investigating whether GSK-3 plays a comparable role in mammals. In the fly, the focus of this proposal is to determine what effect the loss of SGG/GSK-3 phosphorylation of TIM would have on the circadian clock. Putative GSK-3 phosphorylation sites within TIM will be identified, mutated to residues that cannot be phosphorylated, and then placed into tim genomic transgenes to create transgenic flies. The mutant transgenic flies will be used to determine whether the phosphorylation site mutations indeed affect the phosphorylation and light responsiveness of TIM in vivo, and also whether the mutations impede the nuclear translocation of PER/TIM complexes. In the mammalian system, gsk-3 expression levels will be manipulated in mammalian fibroblast cells. The cells will be monitored for defects in circadian rhythmicity to assess a possible role for GSK-3 in the mammalian clock. In vitro kinase assays will be used to identify potential substrates of GSK-3 in the mammalian clock, and regulation of GSK-3 activity will be examined. Additionally, an involvement of GSK-3 in the mammalian clock may have important implications for the understanding and treatment of bipolar disorder in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE WINGLESS TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY IN SYNAPSE DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Budnik, Vivian G.; Associate Professor; Neurobiology; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to elucidate the signaling mechanisms underlying new synapse formation in the fruit fly Drosophila. We have recently discovered that the secreted glycoprotein Wingless (Wg), best known for its crucial role in early morphogenesis and pattern formation, is also a fundamental organizer of glutamatergic synapses in the fruit fly. In this project we will use genetic, molecular, and electrophysiological strategies to investigate the ways in which the Wg

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pathway promotes synapse formation. In Aim 1 we will focus on the Wg receptor Dfrizzled2 - to discern how Wg transduction affects maturing terminals, and if the structural disruptions found on both sides of the synapse in mutants are independent or require antero/retrograde signaling. In Aim 2, Electrophysiological recordings and dye uptake experiments will probe fundamental questions in synaptic transmission such as the role of the active zone in exocytosis, the relationship between endo/exocytosis, and mechanisms for compensation of synaptic strength. Finally, in Aim 3 we will use genetic and yeast two-hybrid approaches to determine the specific signal transduction pathway activated by Wg during synapse development. In particular, we will test the hypothesis that at synapses Wg activated a non-canonical pathway. We will also uncover new proteins that bind directly to Dfrizzled2 and that may function to target and cluster it to synaptic sites. The proposed experiments will fundamentally advance the field of synapse development by characterizing a secreted protein, which is essential for setting up active zones and postsynaptic specializations. Our findings may also bring insights into mammalian synapse development, as these fly synapses show a tantalizing degree of molecular conservation with mammalian central synapses. Therefore our results with manipulating components of the Wg pathway could be important for deciphering the mechanisms underlying a number of neuropathologies, as well as to design strategies to repair nervous system damage after stroke, trauma, or disease. A notable example is the case of bipolar disorder, which has long been treated with lithium. Recent studies show that one of the targets for lithium is GSK3-8, a crucial enzyme in the Wg pathway. Our finding that the Wg pathway is essential for synapse development might provide new insights into this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TREATMENT AND OUTCOME OF EARLY ONSET BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kafantaris, Vivian; Assistant Professor; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Onset of bipolar disorder during adolescence increases the risk of school failure, out-of-home placement, drug abuse and addiction, and suicide. In adolescents, bipolar disorder is often accompanied by delusions, hallucinations, or severe assaultive or destructive behaviors that require acute treatment with adjunctive antipsychotic medication in addition to a mood stabilizer. There are no data on when to withdraw antipsychotic medication or whether to withdraw it at all. Although it is important to identify patients who could be maintained on lithium alone to decrease the risk of developing long-term adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia (TD), it is also important to prevent disruptive recurrences of episodes of illness. There is a high rate of failure on lithium maintenance treatment in general. For adolescents who have had psychotic features or assaultive, destructive behavior as part of their mania, continued adjunctive antipsychotic medication may offer additional prophylactic efficacy. In addition, a lower risk of TD with the novel antipsychotics may alter the risk: benefit ratio in favor of longer-term antipsychotic treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TREATMENT OF EARLY AGE MANIA (TEAM) Principal Investigator & Institution: Emslie, Graham J.; Professor, Chair, and Director; Psychiatry; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal was developed in collaboration with NIMH Program staff and approved for submission by Council at its 1/18/01 meeting. The two aims are:(1) To investigate the effectiveness of medications for children and adolescents who have BP-1 (manic or mixed phase) or mania. (2) To pilot a complex, multistrata, adaptive strategy design. Based on the novelty of the design and on the need for a large (and therefore costly) sample size, the applicants were asked to submit a protocol for only the first two years of the five year plan. If the first two years are successfully implemented, funding for the additional three years will be sought. For the sake of clarity, the proposal is written for the entire five years, even though the budget is limited to the first two years. Thus, the research plan provides for examining 540 subjects ages 6.0-14.11 who have DSM BP-1 (manic or mixed phase) or mania. The structure of this collaborative U01 is one coordinating site and six data collection sites. The coordinating site, for data management and analyses and for training is Washington University, St. Louis, PI: Barbara Geller, M.D. The six sites for data collection are: (1) George Washington University, Washington, D.C., PI: Paramjit Joshi, M.D. (2) Johns Hopkins Medical Instituitions, Baltimore, PI: John walkup, M.D. (3) University of Pittsburgh, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, PI: David Axelson, M.D. (4) University of Texas, Dallas, PI: Graham Emslie, M.D. (5) University of Texas, Galveston, PI: Karen Dineen Wagner, M.D. and (6) Washington University, St. Louis, PI; Joan Luby, M.D. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: WIRELESS ECG SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP Principal Investigator & Institution: Kramer, Kevin M.; Advanced Medical Electronics Corporation Suite #190 Maple Grove, Mn 55369 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: Proposed is the development of a wireless ECG chip that communicates using the new Bluetooth networking standard. Bluetooth is a wireless data communication system intended for low cost and low power networking. It is quickly becoming the standard wireless interconnect in portable computing. Industry adoption of the Bluetooth standard coincides with recent advances in system-on-a-chip (SOC) design tools and foundry processes that make custom integrated circuit (IC) design more economically feasible in specialized applications. Bluetooth 2.5 GHz frequency hopping radio and baseband functions are recently available for low-cost CMOS integrated circuit processes. AME proposes to integrate these core designs with proven analog blocks that implement ECG signal amplification, filtering, and digital conversion to create a single chip that allows direct acquisition of ECG signals, to a wireless Bluetooth computer network. An example application of this chip is to combine it with ECG electrode patches to make a system that attaches as a wireless ECG patch to the skin. The phase I project will establish the feasibility of a low-cost, miniature system by completing a simulation of the integrated functional blocks. Phase II will complete the chip design, layout, manufacturing, and testing of a fully integrated Bluetooth ECG chip. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The proposed wireless Bluetooth ECG chip can be applied to a variety of medical applications. For example, the wireless Bluetooth ECG chip can be combined with a flexible lithium polymer battery to create and ECG signal to network connection that can be integrated within an adhesive electrode. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: WNT13 & WNT13-SIGNALING IN ENDOTHELIAL CELL SURVIVAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Mao, Catherine S.; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-DEC-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: Endothelial cells (EC) play a key role in the development and progression of vascular diseases involving vascular injury and chronic inflammation such as atherosclerosis. The identification of all the factors controlling EC behavior is crucial to design appropriate therapy. Recent evidence suggest that Wnt proteins and Wntsignaling components may represent a novel class of factors controlling EC behavior. We and others have shown that the expression of antagonists of the Wnt- signaling pathway, members of the FRP family, is increased during vascular injury, in association with vascular cell apoptosis. We have shown that lithium, an agonist of Wnt signaling pathway, induces a cell cycle arrest and a senescent-like phenotype in EC and activates the tumor suppressor p53-dependent pathway. These findings implicate lithium in the activation of a survival pathway in EC. Moreover, we recently showed that the Wnt13 gene is expressed in EC and up-regulated by inhibitors of EC proliferation (TNFalpha, lithium). Our goal is to investigate the role of an autocrine Wnt13 pathway in the control of EC survival and its underlying mechanisms of action. In aim 1, we will investigate the functional role of Wnt13 protein in the control of EC survival. This will be addressed by manipulating Wnt13 expression levels in EC, by over- and under-expression, and by following the resulting i) changes in EC survival in the absence or presence of apoptotic stimuli and ii) changes in EC gene expression profile by cDNA array, and by iii) testing whether Wnt13 mediates the effects of lithium on EC survival. In aim 2, we will identify downstream effectors of the Wnt13 signaling pathway in EC. The activation of a novel Ca2+- dependent Wnt-signaling pathway will be tested by measuring changes i) in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, ii) in the activity of the Ca2+-dependent kinase PYK2 and iii) in Wnt13- target gene expression in response to Wnt13 in the presence of known inhibitors or dominant-negative isoform of effectors of Ca2+-dependent pathways. This will be followed by the identification and characterization iv) of novel transcription factors involved in the Wnt13-signaling pathway. In aim 3, we will investigate the regulation of Wnt13 gene expression by survival signals. This will be achieved i) by quantification of Wnt13 mRNA levels in EC in response to lithium and other EC survival or apoptosis inducers, ii) by characterizing Wnt13 gene promoter/enhancer sequences and iii) by identifying the responsive sequence(s) and transcription factor(s) mediating lithium-dependent regulation of Wnt13 gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for lithium in the PubMed Central database: •

A Lithium Chloride-Extracted, Broad-Spectrum-Adhesive 42-Kilodalton Protein of Staphylococcus epidermidis Is Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase. by Hussain M, Peters G, Chhatwal GS, Herrmann M.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97084

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A Molecular Mechanism for the Effect of Lithium on Development. by Klein PS, Melton DA.; 1996 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38692

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Accuracy of the Pepin method to determine appropriate lithium dosages in healthy volunteers. by Stip E, Dufresne J, Boulerice B, Elie R.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167187

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Changing prescription patterns for lithium and valproic acid in old age: shifting practice without evidence. by Shulman KI, Rochon P, Sykora K, Anderson G, Mamdani M, Bronskill S, Tran CT.; 2003 May 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153852

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Chronic Lithium Regulates the Expression of Adenylate Cyclase and Gi- Protein [alpha] Subunit in Rat Cerebral Cortex. by Colin SF, Chang H, Mollner S, Pfeuffer T, Reed RR, Duman RS, Nestler EJ.; 1991 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52984

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Chronic lithium treatment robustly protects neurons in the central nervous system against excitotoxicity by inhibiting N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx. by Nonaka S, Hough CJ, Chuang DM.; 1998 Mar 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19446

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Crystallographic Evidence for the Action of Potassium, Thallium, and Lithium Ions on Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase. by Villeret V, Huang S, Fromm HJ, Lipscomb WN.; 1995 Sep 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41078

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Effectiveness and outcome predictors of long-term lithium prophylaxis in unipolar major depressive disorder. by Baethge C, Gruschka P, Smolka MN, Berghofer A, Bschor T, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193982

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Effects of dextroamphetamine, lithium chloride, sodium valproate and carbamazepine on intraplatelet Ca2+ levels. by Ulrich ML, Rotzinger S, Asghar SJ, Jurasz P, Tanay VA, Dunn SM, Radomski M, Greenshaw A, Silverstone PH.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161732

5

The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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How should lithium-induced thyroid dysfunction be managed in patients with bipolar disorder? by Joffe RT.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=161685

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system activity during lithium augmentation therapy in patients with unipolar major depression. by Bschor T, Baethge C, Adli M, Lewitzka U, Eichmann U, Bauer M.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=161745

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Is there a Population II analogy to the F star lithium dip? by Dearborn DS, Schramm DN.; 1997 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24592

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Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamateinduced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons. by Chalecka-Franaszek E, Chuang DM.; 1999 Jul 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17587

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Lithium acutely inhibits and chronically up-regulates and stabilizes glutamate uptake by presynaptic nerve endings in mouse cerebral cortex. by Dixon JF, Hokin LE.; 1998 Jul 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20981

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Lithium Phthalocyanine: A Probe for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Oximetry in Viable Biological Systems. by Liu KJ, Gast P, Moussavi M, Norby SW, Vahidi N, Walczak T, Wu M, Swartz HM.; 1993 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46735

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Lithium side-effects and predictors of hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar disorder: sex differences. by Henry C.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161639

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Lithium Stimulates Glutamate "Release" and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Accumulation via Activation of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor in Monkey and Mouse Cerebral Cortex Slices. by Dixon JF, Los GV, Hokin LE.; 1994 Aug 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44605

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Lithium toxicity after urinary diversion with ileal conduit. by Alhasso A, Bryden AA, Neilson D.; 2000 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27345

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Mechanism of Inositol Monophosphatase, the Putative Target of Lithium Therapy. by Pollack SJ, Atack JR, Knowles MR, McAllister G, Ragan CI, Baker R, Fletcher SR, Iversen LL, Broughton HB.; 1994 Jun 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44077

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Plant inositol monophosphatase is a lithium-sensitive enzyme encoded by a multigene family. by Gillaspy GE, Keddie JS, Oda K, Gruissem W.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161071

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Redistribution of [beta]-catenin in response to EGF and lithium signalling in human oesophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines. by Jones LJ, Veale RB.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194614

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Risk factors of thyroid abnormalities in bipolar patients receiving lithium: a case control study. by Ahmadi-Abhari SA, Ghaeli P, Fahimi F, Esfahanian F, Farsam H, Dehpour AR, Jahanzad I, Hatmi ZN, Dashti S.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161797

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Ritanserin as an adjunct to lithium and haloperidol for the treatment of medicationnaive patients with acute mania: a double blind and placebo controlled trial. by Akhondzadeh S, Mohajari H, Reza Mohammadi M, Amini H.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194858

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Sinus Node Dysfunction Associated with Lithium Therapy in a Child. by Moltedo JM, Porter GA, State MW, Snyder CS.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124759

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Structure of Inositol Monophosphatase, the Putative Target of Lithium Therapy. by Bone R, Springer JP, Atack JR.; 1992 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50271

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The antibipolar drug valproate mimics lithium in stimulating glutamate release and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation in brain cortex slices but not accumulation of inositol monophosphates and bisphosphates. by Dixon JF, Hokin LE.; 1997 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20797

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Thyroid hormone treatment for lithium-induced thyroid dysfunction in mood disorder. by Ramasubbu R.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=161734

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Tol1, a Fission Yeast Phosphomonoesterase, Is an In Vivo Target of Lithium, and Its Deletion Leads to Sulfite Auxotrophy. by Miyamoto R, Sugiura R, Kamitani S, Yada T, Lu Y, Sio SO, Asakura M, Matsuhisa A, Shuntoh H, Kuno T.; 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94529

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Toward a Crystal-Clear View of Lithium's Site of Action. by Baraban JM.; 1994 Jun 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=44072

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What do patients in a lithium outpatient clinic know about lithium therapy? by Schaub RT, Berghoefer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167185

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lithium, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lithium (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of Parkinsonism due to lithium intoxication: treatment with Pramipexole. Author(s): Dallocchio C, Mazzarello P. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 May; 9(3): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093142&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of lithium dilution cardiac output measurements made using central and antecubital venous injection of lithium chloride. Author(s): Jonas MM, Kelly FE, Linton RA, Band DM, O'Brien TK, Linton NW. Source: Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 1999 December; 15(7-8): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12578051&dopt=Abstract

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A historical cohort study of kidney damage in long-term lithium patients: continued surveillance needed. Author(s): Bendz H, Aurell M, Lanke J. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 June; 16(4): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418269&dopt=Abstract

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A life-threatening interaction between lithium and celecoxib. Author(s): Slordal L, Samstad S, Bathen J, Spigset O. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 April; 55(4): 413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680891&dopt=Abstract

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A lithium clinic for bipolar patients: 2-year outcome of the first 148 patients. Author(s): Licht RW, Vestergaard P, Rasmussen NA, Jepsen K, Brodersen A, Hansen PE. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 November; 104(5): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722321&dopt=Abstract

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A lithium-induced conformational change in serotonin transporter alters cocaine binding, ion conductance, and reactivity of Cys-109. Author(s): Ni YG, Chen JG, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Huang CJ, Moczydlowski E, Rudnick G. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 August 17; 276(33): 30942-7. Epub 2001 June 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408487&dopt=Abstract

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A novel slow-release formulation of lithium carbonate (Carbolithium Once-A-Day) vs. standard Carbolithium: a comparative pharmacokinetic study. Author(s): Castrogiovanni P. Source: Clin Ter. 2002 March-April; 153(2): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078335&dopt=Abstract

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A patient with lithium intoxication developing at therapeutic serum lithium levels and persistent delirium after discontinuation of its administration. Author(s): Omata N, Murata T, Omori M, Wada Y. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 25(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583932&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study of concordance therapy for individuals with bipolar disorders who are non-adherent with lithium prophylaxis. Author(s): Scott J, Tacchi MJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 December; 4(6): 386-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519098&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study of rapid lithium administration in the treatment of acute mania. Author(s): Keck PE Jr, Strakowski SM, Hawkins JM, Dunayevich E, Tugrul KC, Bennett JA, McElroy SL. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 April; 3(2): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333065&dopt=Abstract

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A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Asghar SA, Hompland M, Montgomery P, Earl N, Smoot TM, DeVeaugh-Geiss J; Lamictal 606 Study Group. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 April; 60(4): 392-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695317&dopt=Abstract

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A possible interaction between lithium and rofecoxib. Author(s): Lundmark J, Gunnarsson T, Bengtsson F. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 April; 53(4): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966674&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of the offspring of bipolar parents responsive and nonresponsive to lithium treatment. Author(s): Duffy A, Alda M, Kutcher S, Cavazzoni P, Robertson C, Grof E, Grof P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 December; 63(12): 1171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523878&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Bal CS, Kumar A, Pandey RM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 May; 12(5): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097201&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of methylphenidate and lithium in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: preliminary findings. Author(s): Dorrego MF, Canevaro L, Kuzis G, Sabe L, Starkstein SE. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 Summer; 14(3): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12154153&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal thiol reactivity of tropomyosin in essential hypertension and its association with abnormal sodium-lithium countertransport kinetics. Author(s): Watkins SL, West IC, Wilkinson R, Thomas TH. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 March; 19(3): 485-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288819&dopt=Abstract

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Accuracy of the Pepin method to determine appropriate lithium dosages in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Stip E, Dufresne J, Boulerice B, Elie R. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 September; 26(4): 330-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590973&dopt=Abstract

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Acute lithium intoxication and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Author(s): Gill J, Singh H, Nugent K. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 23(6): 811-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820823&dopt=Abstract

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Acute lithium intoxication. Author(s): Nagappan R, Parkin WG, Holdsworth SR. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 February; 30(1): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939450&dopt=Abstract

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Adjunctive quetiapine in bipolar patients partially responsive to lithium or valproate. Author(s): Sokolski KN, Denson TF. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2003 August; 27(5): 863-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921920&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Pinchera A, Martino E. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 December; 12(12): 1153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593732&dopt=Abstract

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Alternatives to lithium and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gnanadesikan M, Freeman MP, Gelenberg AJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 June; 5(3): 203-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780874&dopt=Abstract

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An implantable power supply with an optically rechargeable lithium battery. Author(s): Goto K, Nakagawa T, Nakamura O, Kawata S. Source: Ieee Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering. 2001 July; 48(7): 830-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442295&dopt=Abstract

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An open longitudinal study of patients with bipolar rapid cycling treated with lithium or lamotrigine for mood stabilization. Author(s): Walden J, Schaerer L, Schloesser S, Grunze H. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 December; 2(4): 336-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252647&dopt=Abstract

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Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism is related to metabolic abnormalities, but does not influence erythrocyte membrane lipid composition or sodium-lithium countertransport activity in essential hypertension. Author(s): Stiefel P, Montilla C, Muniz-Grijalvo O, Garcia-Lozano R, Alonso A, Miranda ML, Pamies E, Villar J. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 February; 50(2): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229422&dopt=Abstract

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Arguments for the specificity of the antisuicidal effect of lithium. Author(s): Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2001; 251 Suppl 2: Ii72-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824842&dopt=Abstract

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Association between lithium use and thyrotoxicosis caused by silent thyroiditis. Author(s): Miller KK, Daniels GH. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 October; 55(4): 501-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678833&dopt=Abstract

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Association between response to lithium augmentation and the combined DEX/CRH test in major depressive disorder. Author(s): Bschor T, Baethge C, Adli M, Eichmann U, Ising M, Uhr M, Modell S, Kunzel H, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003 March-April; 37(2): 135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842167&dopt=Abstract

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Association of personal and familial suicide risk with low serum cholesterol concentration in male lithium patients. Author(s): Bocchetta A, Chillotti C, Carboni G, Oi A, Ponti M, Del Zompo M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 July; 104(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437748&dopt=Abstract

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Ataxia from lithium toxicity successfully treated with high-dose buspirone: a singlecase experimental design. Author(s): Megna J, O'dell M. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 August; 82(8): 1145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494197&dopt=Abstract

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Bayesian pharmacokinetics of lithium after an acute self-intoxication and subsequent haemodialysis: a case report. Author(s): Kerbusch T, Mathot RA, Otten HM, Meesters EW, van Kan HJ, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2002 May; 90(5): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076304&dopt=Abstract

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Biological predictors of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ikeda A, Kato T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 June; 57(3): 243-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12753562&dopt=Abstract

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Blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening in lithium intoxication. Author(s): Micheli F, Cersosimo G, Scorticati MC, Ledesma D, Molinos J. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1999 May-June; 22(3): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367183&dopt=Abstract

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Brain lithium concentrations in bipolar disorder patients: preliminary (7)Li magnetic resonance studies at 3 T. Author(s): Soares JC, Boada F, Spencer S, Mallinger AG, Dippold CS, Wells KF, Frank E, Keshavan MS, Gershon S, Kupfer DJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 March 1; 49(5): 437-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274655&dopt=Abstract

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Brain lithium measurements with (7)Li magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS): a literature review. Author(s): Soares JC, Boada F, Keshavan MS. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 May; 10(3): 151-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10793316&dopt=Abstract

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Brain-to-serum lithium ratio and age: an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Author(s): Moore CM, Demopulos CM, Henry ME, Steingard RJ, Zamvil L, Katic A, Breeze JL, Moore JC, Cohen BM, Renshaw PF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 July; 159(7): 1240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091209&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium homeostasis in long-term lithium-treated women with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): El Khoury A, Petterson U, Kallner G, Aberg-Wistedt A, Stain-Malmgren R. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 October; 26(6): 1063-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452527&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium-dependent prevention of neuronal apoptosis by lithium ion: essential role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phospholipase Cgamma. Author(s): Kang HJ, Noh JS, Bae YS, Gwag BJ. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 August; 64(2): 228-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869627&dopt=Abstract

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Can lithium help to prevent suicide? Author(s): Gelenberg AJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 104(3): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531652&dopt=Abstract

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Can the expression of histocompatibility antigen be changed by lithium? Author(s): Kang BJ, Park SW, Chung TH. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 June; 2(2): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252654&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac output measured by lithium dilution and transpulmonary thermodilution in patients in a paediatric intensive care unit. Author(s): Linton RA, Jonas MM, Tibby SM, Murdoch IA, O'Brien TK, Linton NW, Band DM. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 October; 26(10): 1507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126264&dopt=Abstract

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Case report and review of the perinatal implications of maternal lithium use. Author(s): Pinelli JM, Symington AJ, Cunningham KA, Paes BA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 July; 187(1): 245-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114921&dopt=Abstract

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Caspase-3 activation induced by inhibition of mitochondrial complex I is facilitated by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and attenuated by lithium. Author(s): King TD, Bijur GN, Jope RS. Source: Brain Research. 2001 November 16; 919(1): 106-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689167&dopt=Abstract

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Central pontine myelinolysis manifested by temporary blindness: a possible complication of lithium toxicity. Author(s): Fabisiak DB, Murray GB, Stern TA. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2002 December; 14(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630660&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in body weight and body mass index among psychiatric patients receiving lithium, valproate, or topiramate: an open-label, nonrandomized chart review. Author(s): Chengappa KN, Chalasani L, Brar JS, Parepally H, Houck P, Levine J. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 October; 24(10): 1576-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462287&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in quantitatively assessed tremor during treatment of major depression with lithium augmented by paroxetine or amitriptyline. Author(s): Zaninelli R, Bauer M, Jobert M, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 April; 21(2): 190-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270916&dopt=Abstract

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Changing prescription patterns for lithium and valproic acid in old age: shifting practice without evidence. Author(s): Shulman KI, Rochon P, Sykora K, Anderson G, Mamdani M, Bronskill S, Tran CT. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 May 3; 326(7396): 960-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727769&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic treatment with both lithium and sodium valproate may normalize phosphoinositol cycle activity in bipolar patients. Author(s): Silverstone PH, Wu RH, O'Donnell T, Ulrich M, Asghar SJ, Hanstock CC. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 October; 17(7): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415549&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic treatment with lithium, but not sodium valproate, increases cortical N-acetylaspartate concentrations in euthymic bipolar patients. Author(s): Silverstone PH, Wu RH, O'Donnell T, Ulrich M, Asghar SJ, Hanstock CC. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598817&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical performance characteristics of a new photometric lithium assay: a multicenter study. Author(s): Christenson RH, Mandichak JJ, Duh SH, Augustyn JM, Thompson JC. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2003 January; 327(1-2): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482631&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive-behavioral management of patients with bipolar disorder who relapsed while on lithium prophylaxis. Author(s): Fava GA, Bartolucci G, Rafanelli C, Mangelli L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 July; 62(7): 556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488368&dopt=Abstract

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Combination lithium and divalproex sodium in pediatric bipolarity. Author(s): Findling RL, McNamara NK, Gracious BL, Youngstrom EA, Stansbrey RJ, Reed MD, Demeter CA, Branicky LA, Fisher KE, Calabrese JR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 August; 42(8): 895-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12874490&dopt=Abstract

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Combining lithium and anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder: a review. Author(s): Pies R. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2002 December; 14(4): 223-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630658&dopt=Abstract

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Comments on lithium toxicity. Author(s): Johnson G. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 October; 36(5): 703; Author Reply 703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225461&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of patients hemodialyzed for lithium poisoning and those for whom dialysis was recommended by PCC but not done: what lesson can we learn? Author(s): Bailey B, McGuigan M. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2000 November; 54(5): 388-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105800&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of three a priori methods and one empirical method in predicting lithium dosage requirements. Author(s): Wright R, Crismon ML. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2000 September 15; 57(18): 1698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11006797&dopt=Abstract

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Concomitant neuroleptic malignant syndrome and lithium intoxication in a patient with bipolar I disorder: case report. Author(s): Lin PY, Wu CK, Sun TF. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2000 October; 23(10): 624-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126155&dopt=Abstract

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Connection between lithium and muscular incoordination. Author(s): Grounds D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 February; 36(1): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929455&dopt=Abstract

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Control of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium and ozone in tubular wire arc-welding processes by replacement of potassium by lithium or by addition of zinc. Author(s): Dennis JH, French MJ, Hewitt PJ, Mortazavi SB, Redding CA. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2002 January; 46(1): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005130&dopt=Abstract

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Correction for the adverse influence of sodium-potassium cotransport on apparent sodium-lithium countertransport activity in human erythrocytes. Author(s): Hardman TC, Morrish Z, Patel M, Chalkley S, Noble MI. Source: Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 2002 January-February; 47(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387935&dopt=Abstract

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Cortical myoclonus during lithium exposure. Author(s): Caviness JN, Evidente VG. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 March; 60(3): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633152&dopt=Abstract

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Coupled, but not uncoupled, fluxes in a neuronal glutamate transporter can be activated by lithium ions. Author(s): Borre L, Kanner BI. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 November 2; 276(44): 40396-401. Epub 2001 July 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11479303&dopt=Abstract

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CREB DNA binding activity is inhibited by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and facilitated by lithium. Author(s): Grimes CA, Jope RS. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2001 September; 78(6): 1219-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579131&dopt=Abstract

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Crystal structure of an enzyme displaying both inositol-polyphosphate-1phosphatase and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate phosphatase activities: a novel target of lithium therapy. Author(s): Patel S, Yenush L, Rodriguez PL, Serrano R, Blundell TL. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 2002 January 25; 315(4): 677-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812139&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein phosphorylation and DNA binding is decreased by chronic lithium but not valproate treatment of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Author(s): Wang JF, Asghari V, Rockel C, Young LT. Source: Neuroscience. 1999; 91(2): 771-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10366032&dopt=Abstract

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Cytotoxic effects of two gamma linoleic salts (lithium gammalinolenate or meglumine gammalinolenate) alone or associated with a nitrosourea: an experimental study on human glioblastoma cell lines. Author(s): Ilc K, Ferrero JM, Fischel JL, Formento P, Bryce R, Etienne MC, Milano G. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1999 April; 10(4): 413-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10378677&dopt=Abstract

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Daily headache as a manifestation of lithium intoxication. Author(s): Bigal ME, Bordini CA, Speciali JG. Source: Neurology. 2001 November 13; 57(9): 1733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706129&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased anterior cingulate myo-inositol/creatine spectroscopy resonance with lithium treatment in children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Davanzo P, Thomas MA, Yue K, Oshiro T, Belin T, Strober M, McCracken J. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 April; 24(4): 359-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182531&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased plasma prolactin release in euthymic lithium-treated women with bipolar disorder. Author(s): El Khoury A, Tham A, Mathe AA, Aberg-Wistedt A, Stain-Malmgren R. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2003; 48(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886035&dopt=Abstract

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Dental conditions in patients with bipolar disorder on long-term lithium maintenance therapy. Author(s): Friedlander AH, Birch NJ. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1990 September-October; 10(5): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11100224&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of endogenous lithium in neuropsychiatric disorders--a model for biological transmutation. Author(s): Kurup RK, Kurup PA. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 January; 17(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404704&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of lithium in human serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Author(s): Gonzalez S, Navarro M, Lopez H, Lopez MC, Perez V. Source: J Aoac Int. 2000 March-April; 83(2): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772175&dopt=Abstract

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Development of an automated photometric assay for serum lithium and use of binding equilibrium expressions to optimize results. Author(s): Thompson JC. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2003 January; 327(1-2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482630&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effect of number of previous episodes of affective disorder on response to lithium or divalproex in acute mania. Author(s): Swann AC, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Dilsaver SC, Morris DD. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 August; 156(8): 1264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450271&dopt=Abstract

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Differential efficacy of lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder: results of the MAP study. Author(s): Kleindienst N, Greil W. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2000; 42 Suppl 1: 2-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093063&dopt=Abstract

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Differential pharmacokinetics of lithium in elderly patients. Author(s): Sproule BA, Hardy BG, Shulman KI. Source: Drugs & Aging. 2000 March; 16(3): 165-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10803857&dopt=Abstract

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Discontinuation of lithium augmentation in an elderly cohort. Author(s): Fahy S, Lawlor BA. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001 October; 16(10): 1004-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11607947&dopt=Abstract

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Discontinuing lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders: risks and implications. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Viguera AC. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 September; 1(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256650&dopt=Abstract

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Discrepancies in the efficacy of lithium. Author(s): Grof P, Alda M. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000 February; 57(2): 191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665623&dopt=Abstract

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Do clinicians understand why individuals stop taking lithium? Author(s): Pope M, Scott J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 May; 74(3): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738048&dopt=Abstract

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Do lithium and anticonvulsants target the brain arachidonic acid cascade in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Rapoport SI, Bosetti F. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 July; 59(7): 592-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090811&dopt=Abstract

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Do vitamins or minerals (apart from lithium) have mood-stabilizing effects? Author(s): Popper CW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 December; 62(12): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780872&dopt=Abstract

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Does EEG predict response to valproate versus lithium in patients with mania? Author(s): Reeves RR, Struve FA, Patrick G. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2001 June; 13(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11534927&dopt=Abstract

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Does effective lithium prophylaxis result in a symptom-free state of manic-depressive illness? Some thoughts on the fine-tuning of mood stabilization. Author(s): Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 March-April; 41(2 Suppl 1): 26-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746901&dopt=Abstract

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Does lithium exert an independent antisuicidal effect? Author(s): Ahrens B, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34(4): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518473&dopt=Abstract

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Does lithium treatment still work? Evidence of stable responses over three decades. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000 February; 57(2): 187-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665622&dopt=Abstract

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Does topiramate elevate serum lithium levels? Author(s): Pinninti NR, Zelinski G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 June; 22(3): 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006910&dopt=Abstract

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Dopamine receptor D2 and D4 genes, GABA(A) alpha-1 subunit genes and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Serretti A, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Franchini L, Di Bella D, Catalano M, Smeraldi E. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1999 July 30; 87(1): 7-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512150&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind study of high-dose fluoxetine versus lithium or desipramine augmentation of fluoxetine in partial responders and nonresponders to fluoxetine. Author(s): Fava M, Alpert J, Nierenberg A, Lagomasino I, Sonawalla S, Tedlow J, Worthington J, Baer L, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 22(4): 379-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172337&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the use of lithium to augment antidepressant medication in continuation treatment of unipolar major depression. Author(s): Bauer M, Bschor T, Kunz D, Berghofer A, Strohle A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 September; 157(9): 1429-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964859&dopt=Abstract

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Drug interactions of lithium and other antimanic/mood-stabilizing medications. Author(s): Dunner DL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 5: 38-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720483&dopt=Abstract

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Drug research: the ups and downs of lithium. Author(s): Pilcher HR. Source: Nature. 2003 September 11; 425(6954): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12968146&dopt=Abstract

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Dural sinus thrombosis with severe hypernatremia developing in a patient on longterm lithium therapy. Author(s): Kamijo Y, Soma K, Hamanaka S, Nagai T, Kurihara K. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(4): 359-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870877&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: a reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data. Author(s): Perlis RH, Sachs GS, Lafer B, Otto MW, Faraone SV, Kane JM, Rosenbaum JF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 July; 159(7): 1155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091193&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lithium and sodium valproate ions on resting membrane potentials in neurons: an hypothesis. Author(s): Thiruvengadam A. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 June; 65(1): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426517&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lithium maintenance therapy on thyroid and parathyroid function. Author(s): Kusalic M, Engelsmann F. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1999 May; 24(3): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354657&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lithium on growth of bone marrow stromal cells. Author(s): Huang W, Jiang D, Wang B, Wang Q. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 June; 112(6): 558-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601339&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lithium on phosphoinositide metabolism in human brain: a proton decoupled (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Author(s): Yildiz A, Demopulos CM, Moore CM, Renshaw PF, Sachs GS. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 July 1; 50(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11457417&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of haemodialysis with high-flux membranes in the extracorporeal therapy of life-threatening acute lithium intoxication. Author(s): Peces R, Pobes A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2001 June; 16(6): 1301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11390745&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on mood and suicidal ideation in bipolar patients symptomatically stable on lithium. Author(s): Hughes JH, Dunne F, Young AH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2000 November; 177: 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11059999&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of chronic lithium treatment on the peripheral nervous system. Author(s): Faravelli C, Di Bernardo M, Ricca V, Benvenuti P, Bartelli M, Ronchi O. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 May; 60(5): 306-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10362438&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dextroamphetamine, lithium chloride, sodium valproate and carbamazepine on intraplatelet Ca2+ levels. Author(s): Ulrich ML, Rotzinger S, Asghar SJ, Jurasz P, Tanay VA, Dunn SM, Radomski M, Greenshaw A, Silverstone PH. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2003 March; 28(2): 115-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670128&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lithium addition on daily activity and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenic inpatients. Author(s): Soya A, Terao T, Nakamura J. Source: J Uoeh. 2002 December 1; 24(4): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506855&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lithium carbonate on hematopoietic cells in patients with persistent neutropenia following chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Author(s): Hager ED, Dziambor H, Winkler P, Hohmann D, Macholdt K. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2002; 16(2): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195731&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lithium on thrombopoiesis in patients with low platelet cell counts following chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Author(s): Hager ED, Dziambor H, Hohmann D, Winkler P, Strama H. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 November; 83(2): 139-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762531&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of long-term lithium treatment on monoaminergic functions in major depression. Author(s): El Khoury A, Johnson L, Aberg-Wistedt A, Stain-Malmgren R. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 December 15; 105(1-2): 33-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740973&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of rapid cycling on response to lithium maintenance treatment in 360 bipolar I and II disorder patients. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Floris G, Hennen J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(1-2): 13-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099736&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of short- and long-term lithium treatment on kidney functioning in patients with bipolar mood disorder. Author(s): Turan T, Esel E, Tokgoz B, Aslan S, Sofuoglu S, Utas C, Kelestimur F. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 April; 26(3): 561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999908&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of short and long-term lithium treatment on serum prolactin levels in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Basturk M, Karaaslan F, Esel E, Sofuoglu S, Tutus A, Yabanoglu I. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2001 February; 25(2): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294478&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of continuous venovenous hemodialysis in the treatment of severe lithium toxicity. Author(s): Beckmann U, Oakley PW, Dawson AH, Byth PL. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(4): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527234&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of lithium treatment in Kleine-Levin syndrome. Author(s): Muratori F, Bertini N, Masi G. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2002 July; 17(4): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231271&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Author(s): Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, Zarate CA Jr, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Kupfer DJ, Baker RW, Risser RC, Keeter EL, Feldman PD, Tollefson GD, Breier A. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 January; 59(1): 62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779284&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte sodium lithium countertransport in heart transplantation. Author(s): Vareesangthip K, Thongtang V, Hanlakorn P, Pidetcha P, Suwannaton L, Ong-Aj-Yooth L. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 November-December; 33(7-8): 3561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750515&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport and blood pressure: a genome-wide linkage study. Author(s): Weder AB, Delgado MC, Zhu X, Gleiberman L, Kan D, Chakravarti A. Source: Hypertension. 2003 March; 41(3 Pt 2): 842-6. Epub 2002 December 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624006&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport in African American women. Author(s): Hardman TC, Wierzbicki AS. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2001 July; 15(7): 505-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464263&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation of lithium dose requirement by body weight. Author(s): Lu ML, Shen WW, Chen KP. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 August; 4(4): 274. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190718&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of neuroprotection by lithium and valproic acid against ouabain-induced cell damage. Author(s): Hennion JP, el-Masri MA, Huff MO, el-Mailakh RS. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 June; 4(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180275&dopt=Abstract

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Factors associated with patients' knowledge of and attitudes towards treatment with lithium. Author(s): Dharmendra MS, Eagles JM. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 June; 75(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781347&dopt=Abstract

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Family history of affective disorders and the significance for prophylactic effect of lithium treatment. Author(s): Nylander PO, Engstrom C, Nordqvist-Karlsson B, Astrom M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 April 15; 45(8): 1079-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386198&dopt=Abstract

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Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite. Author(s): Elmore AR; Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2003; 22 Suppl 1: 37-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851164&dopt=Abstract

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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and lithium treatment. Author(s): Schreiner A, Waldherr R, Rohmeiss P, Hewer W. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 May; 157(5): 834. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10784485&dopt=Abstract

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Follicular mycosis fungoides associated with lithium. Author(s): Francis GJ, Silverman AR, Saleh O, Lee GJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 February; 44(2): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174395&dopt=Abstract

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Fracture resistance of lithium disilicate-, alumina-, and zirconia-based three-unit fixed partial dentures: a laboratory study. Author(s): Tinschert J, Natt G, Mautsch W, Augthun M, Spiekermann H. Source: Int J Prosthodont. 2001 May-June; 14(3): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11484570&dopt=Abstract

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Fracture strength of all-ceramic lithium disilicate and porcelain-fused-to-metal bridges for molar replacement after dynamic loading. Author(s): Chitmongkolsuk S, Heydecke G, Stappert C, Strub JR. Source: Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2002 March; 10(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051127&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic analysis of lithium-associated parathyroid tumors. Author(s): Dwight T, Kytola S, Teh BT, Theodosopoulos G, Richardson AL, Philips J, Twigg S, Delbridge L, Marsh DJ, Nelson AE, Larsson C, Robinson BG. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 May; 146(5): 619-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980616&dopt=Abstract

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Genomic association/linkage of sodium lithium countertransport in CEPH pedigrees. Author(s): Schork NJ, Gardner JP, Zhang L, Fallin D, Thiel B, Jakubowski H, Aviv A. Source: Hypertension. 2002 November; 40(5): 619-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411453&dopt=Abstract

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Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition by lithium and beryllium suggests the presence of two magnesium binding sites. Author(s): Ryves WJ, Dajani R, Pearl L, Harwood AJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 January 25; 290(3): 967-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11798168&dopt=Abstract

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Goiter in a newborn exposed to lithium in utero. Author(s): Frassetto F, Tourneur Martel F, Barjhoux CE, Villier C, Bot BL, Vincent F. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 November; 36(11): 1745-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398572&dopt=Abstract

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G-protein beta3-subunit gene variant, blood pressure and erythrocyte sodium/lithium countertransport in essential hypertension. Author(s): Poch E, Gonzalez-Nunez D, Compte M, De la Sierra A. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2002; 59(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113397&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for lithium monitoring: are they ideal? Author(s): Gupta N. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 July; 104(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437756&dopt=Abstract

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Have we undersold lithium for bipolar disorder? Author(s): Pies R. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 October; 22(5): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352265&dopt=Abstract

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Hemodialysis followed by continuous hemofiltration for treatment of lithium intoxication in children. Author(s): Meyer RJ, Flynn JT, Brophy PD, Smoyer WE, Kershaw DB, Custer JR, Bunchman TE. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2001 May; 37(5): 1044-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11325688&dopt=Abstract

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Hemodialysis reversal of lithium overdose cardiotoxicity. Author(s): Newland KD, Mycyk MB. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 January; 20(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11781927&dopt=Abstract

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Herbal diuretics and lithium toxicity. Author(s): Pyevich D, Bogenschutz MP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 August; 158(8): 1329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481175&dopt=Abstract

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High concentrations of lithium heparin decrease measured serum sodium in some analyzers. Author(s): Vuillaume I, Penet S, Rakza T, Storme L, Kacet N, Lequien P, Rousseaux J. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1999 October; 45(10): 1880-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10508144&dopt=Abstract

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High rate of autoimmune thyroiditis in bipolar disorder: lack of association with lithium exposure. Author(s): Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Post RM, McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Denicoff KD, Frye MA, Keck PE Jr, Leverich GS, Rush AJ, Suppes T, Pollio C, Drexhage HA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 February 15; 51(4): 305-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958781&dopt=Abstract

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How effective is long-term lithium prophylaxis? Author(s): Vestergaard P. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 May; 101(5): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10823291&dopt=Abstract

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How long should the lithium augmentation strategy be maintained? A 1-year followup of a placebo-controlled study in unipolar refractory major depression. Author(s): Bschor T, Berghofer A, Strohle A, Kunz D, Adli M, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 22(4): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172345&dopt=Abstract

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How should findings on antisuicidal effects of lithium be integrated into practical treatment decisions? Author(s): Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 June; 253(3): 126-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904976&dopt=Abstract

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Human red blood cells from prenatal hemopoiesis. Lithium flux (sodium dependent) asymmetry. Author(s): Corchs JL, Taborda D, Serrani RE. Source: Biocell. 2000 December; 24(3): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201659&dopt=Abstract

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Human sodium-coupled citrate transporter, the orthologue of Drosophila Indy, as a novel target for lithium action. Author(s): Inoue K, Zhuang L, Maddox DM, Smith SB, Ganapathy V. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 August 15; 374(Pt 1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826022&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system activity during lithium augmentation therapy in patients with unipolar major depression. Author(s): Bschor T, Baethge C, Adli M, Lewitzka U, Eichmann U, Bauer M. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2003 May; 28(3): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12790161&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of three polymorphisms in the translated region of PLC-gamma1 and their investigation in lithium responsive bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ftouhi-Paquin N, Alda M, Grof P, Chretien N, Rouleau G, Turecki G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 April 8; 105(3): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353454&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro immunoregulatory effects of lithium in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Maes M, Song C, Lin AH, Pioli R, Kenis G, Kubera M, Bosmans E. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 April; 143(4): 401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367558&dopt=Abstract

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Increased gray matter volume in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Sassi RB, Nicoletti M, Brambilla P, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 August 30; 329(2): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165422&dopt=Abstract

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Increased lithium dose requirement in a hyperglycemic patient. Author(s): Cyr M, Guia MA, Laizure SC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 March; 36(3): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898805&dopt=Abstract

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Increased red cell sodium-lithium countertransport and lymphocyte cytosolic calcium are separate phenotypes in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Romero JR, Rivera A, Monari A, Ceolotto G, Semplicini A, Conlin PR. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2002 May; 16(5): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082497&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of 20 S and 26 S proteasome activity by lithium chloride: impact on the differentiation of leukemia cells by all-trans retinoic acid. Author(s): Rice AM, Sartorelli AC. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 November 16; 276(46): 42722-7. Epub 2001 September 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555654&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in response to lithium. Evidence for autoregulation of GSK-3. Author(s): Zhang F, Phiel CJ, Spece L, Gurvich N, Klein PS. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 29; 278(35): 33067-77. Epub 2003 June 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796505&dopt=Abstract

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Initial lithium and valproate combination therapy in acute mania. Author(s): Reischies FM, Hartikainen J, Berghofer A. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 46 Suppl 1: 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571429&dopt=Abstract

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Initial triple therapy of acute mania, adding lithium and valproate to neuroleptics. Author(s): Reischies FM, Hartikainen J, Berghofer AM. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 November; 35(6): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518274&dopt=Abstract

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Inositol, lithium, and the brain. Author(s): Agranoff BW, Fisher SK. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2001 Summer; 35(3): 5-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397875&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive treatment with lithium carbonate “once a day” in bipolar patients. Author(s): Tondo L, Tagliamonte A, Ghiani C, Mercenaro S. Source: Clin Ter. 2001 September-October; 152(5): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794846&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of lithium with 5-HT(1B) receptors in depressed unipolar patients treated with clomipramine and lithium versus clomipramine and placebo: preliminary results. Author(s): Januel D, Massot O, Poirier MF, Olie JP, Fillion G. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 August 30; 111(2-3): 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374629&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of serotonin and melatonin with sodium, potassium, calcium, lithium and aluminium. Author(s): Lack B, Daya S, Nyokong T. Source: Journal of Pineal Research. 2001 September; 31(2): 102-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555164&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions between lithium and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Author(s): Monji A, Maekawa T, Miura T, Nishi D, Horikawa H, Nakagawa Y, Tashiro N. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2002 September-October; 25(5): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410052&dopt=Abstract

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Inter-episodic morbidity and drop-out under carbamazepine and lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kleindienst N, Greil W. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 April; 32(3): 493-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989994&dopt=Abstract

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Is lithium response related to G(s)alpha levels in transformed lymphoblasts from subjects with bipolar disorder? Author(s): Alda M, Keller D, Grof E, Turecki G, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Rouleau GA, Grof P, Young LT. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356234&dopt=Abstract

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Is lithium sill the gold standard in the treatment of bipolar disorders? Author(s): Moller HJ. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 June; 253(3): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938683&dopt=Abstract

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Is lithium still worth using? An update of selected recent research. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J, Viguera AC. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2002 March-April; 10(2): 59-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897747&dopt=Abstract

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Is response to prophylactic lithium a familial trait? Author(s): Grof P, Duffy A, Cavazzoni P, Grof E, Garnham J, MacDougall M, O'Donovan C, Alda M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 October; 63(10): 942-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416605&dopt=Abstract

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Is there a loss of efficacy of lithium in patients treated for over 20 years? Author(s): Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2000; 42 Suppl 1: 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093072&dopt=Abstract

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John Cade and lithium. Author(s): Walter G. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 July; 50(7): 969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10402625&dopt=Abstract

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John Cade and the discovery of lithium treatment for manic depressive illness. Author(s): Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 September 6; 171(5): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10495760&dopt=Abstract

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John Cade's seminal lithium paper turns fifty. Author(s): Schioldann J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999 December; 100(6): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626917&dopt=Abstract

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John Frederick Joseph Cade: family memories on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his discovery of the use of lithium in mania. 1949. Author(s): Cade JF. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 October; 33(5): 6158 and 4 Pages Following. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544983&dopt=Abstract

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Latency and episodes before treatment: response to lithium maintenance in bipolar I and II disorders. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J, Floris G. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 December; 1(2): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252665&dopt=Abstract

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Latest maintenance data on lithium in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 August; 13 Suppl 2: S51-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12957720&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium and GSK-3: one inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes. Author(s): Jope RS. Source: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 September; 24(9): 441-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967765&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium and synaptic plasticity. Author(s): Salinas PC, Hall AC. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 December; 1(2): 87-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252664&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium augmentation in treatment-refractory unipolar depression. Author(s): Lee W, Cleare A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 May; 182: 456; Author Reply 456-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12724254&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium augmentation in venlafaxine-refractory depression. Author(s): Zullino D, Preisig M, Baumann P. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 April; 21(2): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270926&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium augmentation therapy in refractory depression-update 2002. Author(s): Bauer M, Forsthoff A, Baethge C, Adli M, Berghofer A, Dopfmer S, Bschor T. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 June; 253(3): 132-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904977&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium combinations in acute and maintenance treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. Author(s): Fawcett JA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 5: 32-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720482&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium effects on neutrophil motility in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome: evaluation by computer-assisted image analysis. Author(s): Azzara A, Carulli G, Petrini M. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2003 October; 123(2): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531925&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium for schizophrenia. Author(s): Leucht S, McGrath J, Kissling W. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd003834. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917990&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium gluconate 8% vs ketoconazole 2% in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicentre, randomized study. Author(s): Dreno B, Chosidow O, Revuz J, Moyse D; THE STUDY INVESTIGATOR GROUP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 June; 148(6): 1230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828753&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium in the acute treatment of bipolar disorders-a stocktaking. Author(s): Grunze H. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 June; 253(3): 115-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904974&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Kleindienst N, Greil W. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 June; 253(3): 120-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904975&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium intoxication after administration of AT1 blockers. Author(s): Zwanzger P, Marcuse A, Boerner RJ, Walther A, Rupprecht R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 March; 62(3): 208-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305712&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium intoxication due to carbamazepine-induced renal failure. Author(s): Mayan H, Golubev N, Dinour D, Farfel Z. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 May; 35(5): 560-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346062&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium sensitizes tumor cells in an NF-kappa B-independent way to caspase activation and apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Evidence for a role of the TNF receptor-associated death domain protein. Author(s): Schotte P, Van Loo G, Carpentier I, Vandenabeele P, Beyaert R. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 July 13; 276(28): 25939-45. Epub 2001 May 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11342564&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium therapy at the millennium: a revolutionary drug used for 50 years faces competing options and possible demise. Author(s): Fieve RR. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 December; 1(2): 67-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252660&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium treatment and suicide risk in major affective disorders: update and new findings. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 5: 44-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720484&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a large open trial. Author(s): Kafantaris V, Coletti DJ, Dicker R, Padula G, Kane JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2003 September; 42(9): 1038-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12960703&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium-associated psoriasis and omega-3 fatty acids. Author(s): Akkerhuis GW, Nolen WA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832259&dopt=Abstract

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Maintenance of retinoic acid receptor alpha pools by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and lithium chloride in all-trans retinoic acid-treated WEHI-3B leukemia cells: relevance to the synergistic induction of terminal differentiation. Author(s): Finch RA, Li J, Chou TC, Sartorelli AC. Source: Blood. 2000 September 15; 96(6): 2262-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10979975&dopt=Abstract

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Mania pre-lithium. Author(s): Cawte J. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S7-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622174&dopt=Abstract

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Mapping susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder: a pharmacogenetic approach based on excellent response to lithium. Author(s): Turecki G, Grof P, Grof E, D'Souza V, Lebuis L, Marineau C, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Betard C, Zvolsky P, Robertson C, Brewer C, Hudson TJ, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 September; 6(5): 570-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526471&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal lithium therapy and neonatal morbidity. Author(s): Zegers B, Andriessen P. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 May; 162(5): 348-9. Epub 2003 February 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692718&dopt=Abstract

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Melancholic features and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Serretti A, Lattuada E, Franchini L, Smeraldi E. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2000; 11(2): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812532&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular basis of lithium action: integration of lithium-responsive signaling and gene expression networks. Author(s): Lenox RH, Wang L. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2003 February; 8(2): 135-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610644&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular targets of lithium action. Author(s): Phiel CJ, Klein PS. Source: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2001; 41: 789-813. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264477&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality in 497 patients with affective disorders attending a lithium clinic or after having left it. Author(s): Kallner G, Lindelius R, Petterson U, Stockman O, Tham A. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000 January; 33(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10721878&dopt=Abstract

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Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus persisting 57 months after cessation of lithium carbonate therapy: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Guirguis AF, Taylor HC. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2000 July-August; 6(4): 3248. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242610&dopt=Abstract

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Neurobiological findings before and during successful lithium therapy of a patient with 48-hour rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Voderholzer U, Weske G, Ecker S, Riemann D, Gann H, Berger M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45 Suppl 1: 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893872&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with amoxapine and lithium in an older adult. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD001867 Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2000 June; 12(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076425

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome following administration of risperidone and lithium. Author(s): Bourgeois JA, Kahn DR. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 June; 23(3): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826996&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in an adolescent receiving olanzapine-lithium combination therapy. Author(s): Berry N, Pradhan S, Sagar R, Gupta SK. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 February; 23(2): 255-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587815&dopt=Abstract

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Neutrophil peripheral count and human leukocyte elastase during chronic lithium carbonate therapy. Author(s): Capodicasa E, Russano AM, Ciurnella E, De Bellis F, Rossi R, Scuteri A, Biondi R. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2000 November; 22(4): 671-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105780&dopt=Abstract

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New trial should clarify lithium use in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Geddes J, Goodwin G, Rendell J, Hainsworth J, Van der Gucht E, Young H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 August 24; 325(7361): 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193365&dopt=Abstract

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Nonconvulsive status epilepticus from accidental lithium ingestion. Author(s): Roccatagliata L, Audenino D, Primavera A, Cocito L. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 October; 20(6): 570-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369038&dopt=Abstract

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Nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome from olanzapine, lithium, and valproic acid cotreatment. Author(s): Chen PS, Yang YK, Yeh TL, Lo YC, Wang YT. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 37(6): 919-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773089&dopt=Abstract

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Olanzapine compared to lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Berk M, Ichim L, Brook S. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 November; 14(6): 339-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565800&dopt=Abstract

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Olanzapine-lithium encephalopathy. Author(s): Swartz CM. Source: Psychosomatics. 2001 July-August; 42(4): 370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496035&dopt=Abstract

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Older patients are eligible for trial of lithium and valproate. Author(s): Rendell JM, Geddes JR, Ostacher MJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 16; 327(7411): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920009&dopt=Abstract

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On the physiological function of lithium from a psychiatric view point. Author(s): Demling JH, Eglau MC, Autenrieth T. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 October; 57(4): 506-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11601880&dopt=Abstract

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Ongoing lithium treatment prevents relapse after total sleep deprivation. Author(s): Benedetti F, Colombo C, Barbini B, Campori E, Smeraldi E. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 June; 19(3): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350030&dopt=Abstract

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Open-label study of the effect of combination quetiapine/lithium therapy on lithium pharmacokinetics and tolerability. Author(s): Potkin SG, Thyrum PT, Bera R, Carreon D, Alva G, Kalali AH, Yeh C. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 November; 24(11): 1809-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501876&dopt=Abstract

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Optimizing lithium treatment. Author(s): Dunner DL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Suppl 9: 76-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826665&dopt=Abstract

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Oromandibular-limb hypogenesis spectrum and maternal lithium use. Author(s): Tekin M, Ellison J. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2000 April; 9(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826629&dopt=Abstract

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Overdose with sustained-release lithium preparations. Author(s): Astruc B, Petit P, Abbar M. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 1999 June; 14(3): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10572344&dopt=Abstract

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Overview of the mechanism of action of lithium in the brain: fifty-year update. Author(s): Lenox RH, Hahn CG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Suppl 9: 5-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826655&dopt=Abstract

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Parathyroid adenomas versus four-gland hyperplasia as the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with prolonged lithium therapy. Author(s): Awad SS, Miskulin J, Thompson N. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2003 April; 27(4): 486-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658498&dopt=Abstract

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Pattern of response to divalproex, lithium, or placebo in four naturalistic subtypes of mania. Author(s): Swann AC, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Dilsaver SC, Morris DD. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 April; 26(4): 530-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927177&dopt=Abstract

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Performance of a novel spectrophotometric lithium assay on a routine biochemistry analyser. Author(s): Rumbelow B, Peake M. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2001 November; 38(Pt 6): 684-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732651&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent cognitive deficits associated with lithium intoxication: a neuropsychological case description. Author(s): Bartha L, Marksteiner J, Bauer G, Benke T. Source: Cortex. 2002 December; 38(5): 743-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507043&dopt=Abstract

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Perspectives on lithium treatment of bipolar disorder: action, efficacy, effect on suicidal behavior. Author(s): Schou M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 September; 1(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256657&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacogenetics of lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders: analysis of COMT, MAO-A, and Gbeta3 variants. Author(s): Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Lilli R, Mandelli L, Pirovano A, Smeraldi E. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 May 8; 114(4): 370-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992559&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of lithium in healthy volunteers after exposure to high altitude. Author(s): Arancibia A, Paulos C, Chavez J, Ritschel WA. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 May; 41(5): 200-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776810&dopt=Abstract

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Phenotypic spectra of bipolar disorder in responders to lithium versus lamotrigine. Author(s): Passmore MJ, Garnham J, Duffy A, MacDougall M, Munro A, Slaney C, Teehan A, Alda M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 April; 5(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680900&dopt=Abstract

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Phosphoglucomutase is an in vivo lithium target in yeast. Author(s): Masuda CA, Xavier MA, Mattos KA, Galina A, Montero-Lomeli M. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 October 12; 276(41): 37794-801. Epub 2001 August 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500487&dopt=Abstract

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Possible relationship between electroencephalogram finding and lithium response in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ikeda A, Kato N, Kato T. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 June; 26(5): 903-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369264&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting response to lithium in mood disorders: role of genetic polymorphisms. Author(s): Serretti A, Artioli P. Source: American Journal of Pharmacogenomics : Genomics-Related Research in Drug Development and Clinical Practice. 2003; 3(1): 17-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562213&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of response to lithium augmentation in tricyclic antidepressant-resistant depression. Author(s): Bschor T, Canata B, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 May; 64(2-3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313093&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing lithium intoxication. Guide for physicians. Author(s): Delva NJ, Hawken ER. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 August; 47: 1595-600. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561336&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic efficacy of lithium administered every second day: a WHO multicentre study. Author(s): Plenge P, Amin M, Agarwal AK, Greil W, Kim MJ, Panteleyeva G, Park JM, Prilipko L, Rayushkin V, Sharma M, Mellerup E. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 December; 1(2): 109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252657&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic efficacy of lithium versus carbamazepine in treatment-naive bipolar patients. Author(s): Hartong EG, Moleman P, Hoogduin CA, Broekman TG, Nolen WA; LitCar Group. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 February; 64(2): 144-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633122&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic therapy with lithium in elderly patients with unipolar major depression. Author(s): Wilkinson D, Holmes C, Woolford J, Stammers S, North J. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 July; 17(7): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12112158&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of pregnancy in women with lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Author(s): Grof P, Robbins W, Alda M, Berghoefer A, Vojtechovsky M, Nilsson A, Robertson C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(1-2): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099738&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of pregnancy on the course of lithium-responsive bipolar I disorder. Author(s): Viguera AC, Cohen LJ, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 October; 72(1): 107-8; Author Reply 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204325&dopt=Abstract

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Protracted neurological recovery after chronic lithium intoxication. Author(s): O'Brien B, Crowley K. Source: Ir Med J. 2002 October; 95(9): 278. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470002&dopt=Abstract

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Pupillary cholinergic sensitivity to pilocarpine increases in manic lithium responders. Author(s): Sokolski KN, DeMet EM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 June 15; 45(12): 1580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10376118&dopt=Abstract

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Radiation hybrid mapping of genes in the lithium-sensitive wnt signaling pathway. Author(s): Rhoads AR, Karkera JD, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 September; 4(5): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10523816&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized, dose-finding phase III study of lithium gamolenate in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Johnson CD, Puntis M, Davidson N, Todd S, Bryce R. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 May; 88(5): 662-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350436&dopt=Abstract

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Rationale for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder and evidence for long-term lithium treatment. Author(s): Goodwin FK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 10: 5-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392347&dopt=Abstract

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Rationale for using lithium in combination with other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goodwin FK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 5: 18-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720480&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Prophylactic therapy with lithium in elderly patients with Unipolar Major Depression. Author(s): Jainer AK, Soni N, Onalaja D. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 April; 18(4): 353-4; Author Reply 354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673613&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced suicide risk during lithium maintenance treatment. Author(s): Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Suppl 9: 97-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826667&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta phosphorylation by sodium valproate and lithium. Author(s): De Sarno P, Li X, Jope RS. Source: Neuropharmacology. 2002 December; 43(7): 1158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504922&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of tau phosphorylation and protection against beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration by lithium. Possible implications for Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Alvarez G, Munoz-Montano JR, Satrustegui J, Avila J, Bogonez E, Diaz-Nido J. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 June; 4(3): 153-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180271&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between sodium-lithium countertransport and hypertriglyceridemia in type V hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Wierzbicki AS, Hardman TC, Cheung J, Patel M, Smallberger S, Lumb PJ, Lant AF. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 January; 14(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206676&dopt=Abstract

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Renal tubular function by lithium clearance in liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Anastasio P, Frangiosa A, Papalia T, De Napoli N, Capodicasa L, Loguercio C, Del Vecchio Blanco C, De Santo NG. Source: Semin Nephrol. 2001 May; 21(3): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320502&dopt=Abstract

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Response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders: comparison of women and men. Author(s): Viguera AC, Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 October; 3(5): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903207&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for the development of lithium-induced polyuria. Author(s): Movig KL, Baumgarten R, Leufkens HG, van Laarhoven JH, Egberts AC. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 April; 182: 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668407&dopt=Abstract

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Risk from lithium with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Author(s): Amante AA, Swartz CM. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2002 December; 14(4): 253. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630661&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Author(s): Viguera AC, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, Tondo L, Murray A, Baldessarini RJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 February; 157(2): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10671384&dopt=Abstract

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Risperidone-induced prolonged erections following the addition of lithium. Author(s): Owley T, Leventhal B, Cook EH Jr. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2001 Winter; 11(4): 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838827&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonal variations of lithium plasma levels. Author(s): Cusin C, Serretti A, Mandelli L, Lucca A, Smeraldi E. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 August 5; 111(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140117&dopt=Abstract

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Selective cytotoxicity of lithium gamma-linolenic acid in human T cells chronically and productively infected with HIV. Author(s): Mpanju O, Winther M, Manning J, Craib K, Montaner J, O'Shaugnessy M, Conway B. Source: Antivir Ther. 1997 January; 2(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322262&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin transporter gene associated with lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Serretti A, Lilli R, Mandelli L, Lorenzi C, Smeraldi E. Source: The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2001; 1(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11913731&dopt=Abstract

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Serum lithium as a compliance marker for food and supplement intake. Author(s): de Roos NM, de Vries JH, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 January; 73(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11124753&dopt=Abstract

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Serum lithium levels and the outcome of maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hopkins HS, Gelenberg AJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 September; 2(3 Pt 1): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256684&dopt=Abstract

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Severe acne with lithium. Author(s): Oztas P, Aksakal AB, Oztas MO, Onder M. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 July-August; 35(7-8): 961-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11485153&dopt=Abstract

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Severe lithium toxicity induced by combined levofloxacin administration. Author(s): Takahashi H, Higuchi H, Shimizu T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 December; 61(12): 949-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206604&dopt=Abstract

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Silent thyroiditis associated with short-term lithium therapy. Author(s): Numata S, Taniguchi K, Harada T, Tomotake M, Ohmori T. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 24(6): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490351&dopt=Abstract

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Silicon, aluminium, arsenic and lithium: essentiality and human health implications. Author(s): Perez-Granados AM, Vaquero MP. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2002; 6(2): 154-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166372&dopt=Abstract

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Sinus node dysfunction associated with lithium therapy in a child. Author(s): Moltedo JM, Porter GA, State MW, Snyder CS. Source: Texas Heart Institute Journal / from the Texas Heart Institute of St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital. 2002; 29(3): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224723&dopt=Abstract

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Sleep phase advance and lithium to sustain the antidepressant effect of total sleep deprivation in bipolar depression: new findings supporting the internal coincidence model? Author(s): Benedetti F, Barbini B, Campori E, Fulgosi MC, Pontiggia A, Colombo C. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001 November-December; 35(6): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684139&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium/lithium countertransport and intracellular calcium concentration in patients with essential hypertension and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Gruska S, Jendral I, Rettig R, Kraatz G. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2003 March; 104(3): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605593&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium/lithium countertransport, insulin resistance, insulin peptides and microalbuminuria in clinically healthy 58-year-old men. Author(s): Herlitz H, Bokemark L, Alenhag EL, Wikstrand J, Fagerberg B. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2001 April; 100(4): 443-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256986&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium-lithium countertransport activity is linked to chromosome 5 in baboons. Author(s): Hardman TC, Noble MI. Source: Hypertension. 2001 December 1; 38(6): E35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11751743&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium-lithium countertransport is increased in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetes but is not related to other risk factors for microangiopathy. Author(s): Vervoort G, Elving LD, Wetzels JF, Lutterman JA, Smits P, de Pont JJ, Berden JH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002 February; 32(2): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895455&dopt=Abstract

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Steady-state pharmacokinetics of lithium in healthy volunteers receiving concomitant meloxicam. Author(s): Turck D, Heinzel G, Luik G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 September; 50(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971303&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulation of the sodium pump in the red blood cell by lithium and potassium. Author(s): Glen AI, Bradbury MW, Wilson J. Source: Nature. 1972 October 13; 239(5372): 399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635303&dopt=Abstract

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Successful antimanic treatment and mood stabilization with lamotrigine, clozapine, and valproate in a bipolar patient after lithium-induced cerebellar deterioration. A case report. Author(s): Dembowski C, Rechlin T. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003 March-April; 36(2): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734768&dopt=Abstract

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Suicidal behavior and prophylactic lithium treatment of major mood disorders: a review of reviews. Author(s): Schou M. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 2000 Fall; 30(3): 289-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079641&dopt=Abstract

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Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium and divalproex. Author(s): Goodwin FK, Fireman B, Simon GE, Hunkeler EM, Lee J, Revicki D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 September 17; 290(11): 1467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129986&dopt=Abstract

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The apolipoprotein E2 allele modulates activity and maximal velocity of the sodiumlithium countertransporter. Author(s): Wierzbicki AS, Hardman TC, Cheung J, Lambert-Hammill M, Patel S, Morrish Z, Lumb PJ, Lant AF. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 July; 15(7 Pt 1): 633-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118912&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical manifestations of lithium intoxication. Author(s): Meltzer E, Steinlauf S. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 April; 4(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001700&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lithium in bipolar disorder: a review of recent research evidence. Author(s): Maj M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 June; 5(3): 180-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780872&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of lithium prophylaxis on the course of bipolar disorder: a review of the research evidence. Author(s): Maj M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 June; 2(2): 93-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252656&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of lithium on the antidiuretic effect of desmopressin. Author(s): Callreus T, Holmquist IB, Lundin S, Hoglund P. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 September; 54(9): 1279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356283&dopt=Abstract

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The Kleine-Levin syndrome - effects of treatment with lithium -. Author(s): Poppe M, Friebel D, Reuner U, Todt H, Koch R, Heubner G. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2003 June; 34(3): 113-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12910433&dopt=Abstract

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The long-term efficacy and tolerability of carbolithium once a day: an interim analysis at 6 months. Author(s): Durbano F, Mencacci C, Dorigo D, Riva M, Buffa G. Source: Clin Ter. 2002 May-June; 153(3): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161976&dopt=Abstract

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The prophylactic effect of long-term lithium administration in bipolar patients entering treatment in the 1970s and 1980s. Author(s): Rybakowski JK, Chlopocka-Wozniak M, Suwalska A. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 April; 3(2): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333064&dopt=Abstract

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The safety and early efficacy of oral-loaded divalproex versus standard-titration divalproex, lithium, olanzapine, and placebo in the treatment of acute mania associated with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hirschfeld RM, Baker JD, Wozniak P, Tracy K, Sommerville KW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 July; 64(7): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12934987&dopt=Abstract

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The use of lithium chloride to study human milk micelles. Author(s): Sood SM, Slattery CW. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 January; 86(1): 78-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613851&dopt=Abstract

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Thiazide diuretics and lithium levels. Author(s): Berkowitz HL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 January; 62(1): 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235930&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid abnormalities in lithium-treated patients with bipolar affective disorder. Author(s): Caykoylu A, Capoglu I, Unuvar N, Erdem F, Cetinkaya R. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 January-February; 30(1): 80-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921503&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid abnormalities in lithium-treated patients. Author(s): Ozpoyraz N, Tamam L, Kulan E. Source: Adv Ther. 2002 July-August; 19(4): 176-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431043&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid echogenicity in manic-depressive patients receiving lithium therapy. Author(s): Schiemann U, Hengst K. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 June; 70(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113923&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid hormone treatment for lithium-induced thyroid dysfunction in mood disorder. Author(s): Ramasubbu R. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2003 March; 28(2): 134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670130&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid hypofunction in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder after lithium challenge. Author(s): Gyulai L, Bauer M, Bauer MS, Garcia-Espana F, Cnaan A, Whybrow PC. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 May 15; 53(10): 899-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742677&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerability and efficacy of clozapine combined with lithium in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Author(s): Small JG, Klapper MH, Malloy FW, Steadman TM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 June; 23(3): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826983&dopt=Abstract

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Transcriptional activation of the proglucagon gene by lithium and beta-catenin in intestinal endocrine L cells. Author(s): Ni Z, Anini Y, Fang X, Mills G, Brubaker PL, Jin T. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 January 10; 278(2): 1380-7. Epub 2002 November 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421827&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus with amiloride. Author(s): Finch CK, Kelley KW, Williams RB. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 April; 23(4): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680486&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of resistant depression by adding noradrenergic agents to lithium augmentation of SSRIs. Author(s): Ramasubbu R. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 April; 36(4): 634-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918513&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary retinol-binding protein (RBP) excretion and erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport (SLC) activity in a cohort of healthy normotensive subjects. Author(s): Hardman TC, Dubrey SW, Soni S, Clifford R, Chalkley S, Wierzbicki AS. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1999 December; 13(12): 871-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10618681&dopt=Abstract

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Use of antipsychotic drugs and lithium in mania. Author(s): Cookson J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 2001 June; 41: S148-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450176&dopt=Abstract

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Use of lithium and depot neuroleptics in the treatment of paraphilias. Author(s): Zourkova A. Source: Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 2000 October-December; 26(4): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11056903&dopt=Abstract

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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of a lawyer/parliamentarian. Author(s): Cole N. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622186&dopt=Abstract

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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of a psychologist/writer. Author(s): Orum M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622188&dopt=Abstract

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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of a writer. Author(s): Rowe P. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622189&dopt=Abstract

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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of a writer/photographer. Author(s): Dennison D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622187&dopt=Abstract

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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of an academic psychologist. Author(s): Smith M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622190&dopt=Abstract

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Variability of erythrocyte and serum lithium levels correlates with therapist treatment adherence efforts and maintenance treatment outcome. Author(s): Taylor R, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Rucci P, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 February; 24(2): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11120401&dopt=Abstract

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Visual compatibility of risperidone solution and lithium citrate syrup. Author(s): Park SH, Gill MA, Dopheide JA. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2003 March 15; 60(6): 612-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659069&dopt=Abstract

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Weight gain and serum leptin levels in patients on lithium treatment. Author(s): Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, Ustundag B. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 46(2): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378122&dopt=Abstract

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What do patients in a lithium outpatient clinic know about lithium therapy? Author(s): Schaub RT, Berghoefer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 September; 26(4): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590971&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LITHIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lithium.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Lithium The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lithium” (or a synonym): •

A chiral ligand-mediated asymmetric addition of a lithium BHA ester enolate to an aldehyde. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Nomura, Y Iguchi, M Doi, H Tomioka, K Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 August; 50(8): 1131-4 0009-2363

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A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. [email protected] Source: Bal, C S KuMarch, A Pandey, R M Thyroid. 2002 May; 12(5): 399-405 1050-7256

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Arguments for the specificity of the antisuicidal effect of lithium. Author(s): [email protected] Source: Muller Oerlinghausen, B Eur-Arch-Psychiatry-Clin-Neurosci. 2001; 251 Suppl 2: II72-5 0940-1334

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Control of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium and ozone in tubular wire arc-welding processes by replacement of potassium by lithium or by addition of zinc. Author(s): Department of Environmental Science, University of Bradford, UK. [email protected] Source: Dennis, John H French, Michael J Hewitt, Peter J Mortazavi, Seyed B Redding, Christopher A J Ann-Occup-Hyg. 2002 January; 46(1): 33-42 0003-4878

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Crystal structure of an enzyme displaying both inositol-polyphosphate-1phosphatase and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate phosphatase activities: a novel target of lithium therapy. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK. Source: Patel, S Yenush, L Rodriguez, P L Serrano, R Blundell, T L J-Mol-Biol. 2002 January 25; 315(4): 677-85 0022-2836

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Different dependence of lithium and valproate on PI3K/PKB pathway. Author(s): Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n. 10071, Caceres, Spain. [email protected] Source: Mora, A Sabio, G Alonso, J C Soler, G Centeno, F Bipolar-Disord. 2002 June; 4(3): 195-200 1398-5647

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Does lithium exert an independent antisuicidal effect? Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany. [email protected] Source: Ahrens, B Muller Oerlinghausen, B Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34(4): 132-6 0176-3679

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Estimation of lithium dose requirement by body weight. Source: Lu, M L Shen, W W Chen, K P Bipolar-Disord. 2002 August; 4(4): 274 1398-5647

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Evaluation of neuroprotection by lithium and valproic acid against ouabain-induced cell damage. Author(s): Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.

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Source: Hennion, J P el Masri, M A Huff, M O el Mailakh, R S Bipolar-Disord. 2002 June; 4(3): 201-6 1398-5647 •

Gametogenic responses of the testis in spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata; Aves) to oral administration of lithium chloride. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1069, USA. Source: Banerji, T K Maitra, S K Dey, M Hawkins, H K Endocr-Res. 2001 August; 27(3): 345-56 0743-5800

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Goiter in a newborn exposed to lithium in utero. Author(s): Unite Fonctionnelle, Centre de pharmacovigilance, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France. [email protected] Source: Frassetto, F Tourneur Martel, F Barjhoux, C E Villier, C Bot, B L Vincent, F AnnPharmacother. 2002 November; 36(11): 1745-8 1060-0280

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Lithium and valproate decrease the membrane phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine ratio. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. Source: Ding, D Greenberg, M L Mol-Microbiol. 2003 January; 47(2): 373-81 0950-382X

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Lithium augmentation in depressive patients not responding to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Author(s): Unite de Biochimie et Psychopharmacologie Clinique, Departement Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland. Source: Zullino, D Baumann, P Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34(4): 119-27 0176-3679

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Lithium blocks the PKB and GSK3 dephosphorylation induced by ceramide through protein phosphatase-2A. Author(s): Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Universidad s/n, 10071 Caceres, Spain. [email protected] Source: Mora, Alfonso Sabio, Guadalupe Risco, Ana Maria Cuenda, Ana Alonso, Juan C Soler, German Centeno, Francisco Cell-Signal. 2002 June; 14(6): 557-62 0898-6568

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lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 7JX. [email protected] Source: Burgess, S Geddes, J Hawton, K Townsend, E Jamison, K Goodwin, G CochraneDatabase-Syst-Revolume 2001; (3): CD003013 1469-493X

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Lithium long-term treatment in mood disorders: clinical and genetic predictors. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy. [email protected] Source: Serretti, A Pharmacogenomics. 2002 January; 3(1): 117-29 1462-2416

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Lithium modulates expression of TRH receptors and TRH-related peptides in rat brain. Author(s): Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. Source: Sattin, A Senanayake, S S Pekary, A E Neuroscience. 2002; 115(1): 263-73 03064522

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Lithium neurotoxicity: the development of irreversible neurological impairment despite standard monitoring of serum lithium levels. Author(s): Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic. 3050, Australia. Source: Lang, E J Davis, S M J-Clin-Neurosci. 2002 May; 9(3): 308-9 0967-5868

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Lithium revisited: savings brought about by the use of lithium, 1970-1991. Author(s): Neuropsychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health-National Institutes of Health, 5415 W. Cedar Lane, Suite 106B, MSC 2610, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Source: Wyatt, R J Henter, I D Jamison, J C Psychiatr-Q. 2001 Summer; 72(2): 149-66 0033-2720

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Lithium suppresses excitotoxicity-induced striatal lesions in a rat model of Huntington's disease. Author(s): Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA. Source: Wei, H Qin, Z H Senatorov, V V Wei, W Wang, Y Qian, Y Chuang, D M Neuroscience. 2001; 106(3): 603-12 0306-4522

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Lithium treatment present and future. Author(s): University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, School of Nursing, Room 5.518, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Source: Gomez, G E J-Psychosoc-Nurs-Ment-Health-Servolume 2001 August; 39(8): 31-7 0279-3695

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Lithium-induced tremor treated with vitamin B6: a preliminary case series. Author(s): Be'er-Sheva Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. Source: Miodownik, C Witztum, E Lerner, V Int-J-Psychiatry-Med. 2002; 32(1): 103-8 0091-2174

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Mild to severe lithium-induced nephropathy models and urine N-acetyl-beta-Dglucosaminidase in rats. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tokushima, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan. Source: Ida, S Yokota, M Ueoka, M Kiyoi, K Takiguchi, Y Methods-Find-Exp-ClinPharmacol. 2001 October; 23(8): 445-8 0379-0355

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On the physiological function of lithium from a psychiatric view point. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of ErlangenNuernberg, Erlangen, Germany. [email protected] Source: Demling, J H Eglau, M C Autenrieth, T Med-Hypotheses. 2001 October; 57(4): 506-9 0306-9877

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Prevention of cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome by lithium: involvement of oxytocinergic neuronal activation. Author(s): Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E4. Source: Cui, S S Bowen, R C Gu, G B Hannesson, D K Yu, P H Zhang, X J-Neurosci. 2001 December 15; 21(24): 9867-76 1529-2401

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Proliferation of glial cells induced by lithium in the neural lobe of the rat pituitary is enhanced by dehydration. Author(s): Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA. [email protected] Source: Levine, S Saltzman, A Katof, B Meister, A Cooper, T B Cell-Prolif. 2002 June; 35(3): 167-72 0960-7722

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Quasi-periodic behaviour in a model for the lithium-induced, electrical oscillations of frog skin. Author(s): CORIA, universite de Rouen, av. de l'Universite, BP 12, 76801 Saint-Etiennedu-Rouvray, France. Source: Letellier, C Lassalles, J P Norris, V Ripoll, C Thellier, M C-R-Biol. 2002 September; 325(9): 917-25 1631-0691

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Response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders: comparison of women and men. Author(s): The International Consortium for Bipolar Disorder Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [email protected] Source: Viguera A, C Baldessarini R, J Tondo, L Bipolar-Disord. 2001 October; 3(5): 24552 1398-5647

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Serotonin transporter gene associated with lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy. [email protected] Source: Serretti, A Lilli, R Mandelli, L Lorenzi, C Smeraldi, E Pharmacogenomics-J. 2001; 1(1): 71-7 1470-269X

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Silicon, aluminium, arsenic and lithium: essentiality and human health implications. Author(s): Instituto de Nutricion y Bromotologia (CSIC), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. Source: Perez Granados, A M Vaquero, M P J-Nutr-Health-Aging. 2002; 6(2): 154-62 1279-7707

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Sleep phase advance and lithium to sustain the antidepressant effect of total sleep deprivation in bipolar depression: new findings supporting the internal coincidence model? Author(s): Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20 20127, Milano, Italy. [email protected] Source: Benedetti, F Barbini, B Campori, E Fulgosi, M C Pontiggia, A Colombo, C JPsychiatr-Res. 2001 Nov-December; 35(6): 323-9 0022-3956

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The clinical manifestations of lithium intoxication. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine E, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. [email protected] Source: Meltzer, Eyal Steinlauf, Shmuel Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 2002 April; 4(4): 265-7 15651088

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Tryptophan depletion in lithium-stabilized patients with affective disorder. Author(s): Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St Goran's Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Johnson, L El Khoury, A Aberg Wistedt, A Stain Malmgren, R Mathe, A A Int-JNeuropsychopharmacol. 2001 December; 4(4): 329-36 1461-1457

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to lithium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Minerals Iodine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,888,00.html Naproxen/naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LITHIUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lithium. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lithium and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lithium: •

A comparison between endogenous and exogenous lithium clearance in the anaesthetized rat. Author(s): Leyssac PP, Christensen P. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1994 June; 151(2): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942052&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled comparison of adjuvant lithium carbonate or thyroid hormone in clomipramine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Pigott TA, Pato MT, L'Heureux F, Hill JL, Grover GN, Bernstein SE, Murphy DL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991 August; 11(4): 242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1918422&dopt=Abstract

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A method for the determination of sodium, potassium, magnesium and lithium concentrations in erythrocytes. Author(s): Frazer A, Secunda SK, Mendels J. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1972 February; 36(2): 499-509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4621509&dopt=Abstract

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A placebo controlled study of a seven day course of lithium carbonate following myelotoxic chemotherapy. Author(s): Turner AR, MacDonald RN. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1980; 127: 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7405721&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Bal CS, Kumar A, Pandey RM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 May; 12(5): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097201&dopt=Abstract

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A single apheresis to achieve a high number of peripheral blood CD34+ cells in a lithium-treated patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Author(s): Canales MA, Arrieta R, Hernandez-Garcia C, Bustos JG, Aguado MJ, Hernandez-Navarro F. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1999 February; 23(3): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084266&dopt=Abstract

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A study of relapses in subjects with mood disorder on lithium treatment. Author(s): Gasperini M, Scherillo P, Manfredonia MG, Franchini L, Smeraldi E. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 June; 3(2): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8364346&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal glomerular and tubular function during angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in renovascular hypertension evaluated by the lithium clearance method. Author(s): Pedersen EB, Sorensen SS, Amdisen A, Danielsen H, Eiskjaer H, Hansen HH, Jensen FT, Jespersen B, Madsen B, Nielsen HK. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1989 April; 19(2): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2499471&dopt=Abstract

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Accelerated marrow recovery following total-body irradiation after treatment with vincristine, lithium or combined vincristine-lithium. Author(s): Johnke RM, Abernathy RS.

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Source: Int J Cell Cloning. 1991 January; 9(1): 78-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2010658&dopt=Abstract •

Acute lithium poisoning in a child with dystonia. Author(s): Goetting MG. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 December; 76(6): 978-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2866485&dopt=Abstract

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Adherence to lithium prophylaxis: I. Clinical predictors and patient's reasons for nonadherence. Author(s): Maarbjerg K, Aagaard J, Vestergaard P. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1988 May; 21(3): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3406049&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant effect of lithium on radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Pinchera A, Martino E. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 December; 12(12): 1153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593732&dopt=Abstract

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Alternatives to lithium and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gnanadesikan M, Freeman MP, Gelenberg AJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 June; 5(3): 203-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780874&dopt=Abstract

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Biokinetics of iodine-131 in rat thyroid following lead and lithium supplementation. Author(s): Singh B, Dhawan D, Chand B, Mangal PC. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1994 March; 40(3): 287-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7517166&dopt=Abstract

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Blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced responses of rat seminal vesicle by lithium-possible mediation through calcium exchange. Author(s): Gandhi DN, Gulati OD, Hemavathi KG. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1981 October; 253(2): 220-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7325761&dopt=Abstract

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Blockade of lithium chloride-induced conditioned place aversion as a test for antiemetic agents: comparison of metoclopramide with combined extracts of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba. Author(s): Frisch C, Hasenohrl RU, Mattern CM, Hacker R, Huston JP.

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Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1995 October; 52(2): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8577797&dopt=Abstract •

Comparative study of immunomodulating activity of Indian medicinal plants, lithium carbonate and glucan. Author(s): Thatte UM, Dahanukar SA. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1988 October; 10(10): 639-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3236938&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of larkspur alkaloid extract and lithium chloride in maintaining cattle aversion to larkspur in the field. Author(s): Ralphs MH, Olsen JD. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1992 April; 70(4): 1116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1316344&dopt=Abstract

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Compliance with long-term lithium treatment in major affective disorders. Author(s): Danion JM, Neunreuther C, Krieger-Finance F, Imbs JL, Singer L. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987 September; 20(5): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3671494&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in the stability of intact osteocalcin in serum, lithium heparin plasma and EDTA plasma. Author(s): Durham BH, Robinson J, Fraser WD. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1995 July; 32 ( Pt 4): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7486805&dopt=Abstract

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Do lithium and anticonvulsants target the brain arachidonic acid cascade in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Rapoport SI, Bosetti F. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 July; 59(7): 592-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090811&dopt=Abstract

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Dopamine receptor D2 and D4 genes, GABA(A) alpha-1 subunit genes and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Serretti A, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Franchini L, Di Bella D, Catalano M, Smeraldi E. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1999 July 30; 87(1): 7-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512150&dopt=Abstract

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Dopamine receptor D3 gene and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Serretti A, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Franchini L, Smeraldi E.

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Source: The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). 1998 December; 1(2): 125-129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281956&dopt=Abstract •

Dynamics of docosahexaenoic acid metabolism in the central nervous system: lack of effect of chronic lithium treatment. Author(s): Chang MC, Bell JM, Purdon AD, Chikhale EG, Grange E. Source: Neurochemical Research. 1999 March; 24(3): 399-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215514&dopt=Abstract

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EEG and neurophysiological studies of lithium in normal volunteers. Author(s): Small JG, Milstein V, Perez HC, Small IF, Moore DF. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1972 August; 5(1): 65-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5042314&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lithium on acute oxygen toxicity and associated changes in brain gammaaminobutyric acid. Author(s): Radomski MW, Watson WJ. Source: Aerosp Med. 1973 April; 44(4): 387-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4694848&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lithium on the myelosuppressive and chemotherapeutic activities of vinblastine. Author(s): Cass CE, Turner AR, Selner M, Allalunis MJ, Tan TH. Source: Cancer Research. 1981 March; 41(3): 1000-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7459846&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Felodipine on the dog kidney: a lithium clearance study. Author(s): Abildgaard U, Daugaard G, Leyssac PP, Amtorp O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1991 April; 51(2): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1645885&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lithium heparin and tripotassium EDTA on hematologic values of Hermann's tortoises (Testudo hermanni). Author(s): Muro J, Cuenca R, Pastor J, Vinas L, Lavin S. Source: J Zoo Wildl Med. 1998 March; 29(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9638624&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lithium on behavioral reactivity: relation to increases in brain cholinergic activity. Author(s): Russell RW, Pechnick R, Jope RS.

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Source: Psychopharmacology. 1981; 73(2): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6785802&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of lithium on human leukocyte chemotaxis. Indirect evidence from the use of potassium and vinblastine concerning the modulation of microtubular system. Author(s): Azzara A, Carulli G, Petrini M, Ruocco L, Marini A, Grassi B, Ambrogi F. Source: Haematologica. 1987 March-April; 72(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3114067&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lithium on seizure susceptibility in alcoholized and non-alcoholized rats. Author(s): Branchey MH, Cavazos LA, Cooper TB. Source: Commun Psychopharmacol. 1977; 1(3): 213-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=564258&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the rate of discontinuing lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Faedda GL, Suppes TR, Floris G, Rudas N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 October; 57(10): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8909329&dopt=Abstract

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Efferent-mediated protection of the cochlear base from acoustic overexposure by low doses of lithium. Author(s): Horner KC, Higueret D, Cazals Y. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 April; 10(4): 1524-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9749806&dopt=Abstract

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Endogenous lithium clearance as a probable measure of end-proximal fluid delivery in the amphibian kidneys: a study of renal water and Na+ reabsorption in the hydrated and dehydrated frog Rana temporaria. Author(s): Fleishman DG, Nikiforov VA, Saulus AA, Vasilieva VF. Source: Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol. 1994 June-July; 108(2-3): 179-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7914852&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced fractional sodium reabsorption in the ischaemic kidney revisited with lithium as a probe. Author(s): Bruun NE, Rehling M, Skott P, Giese J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1990 September; 50(5): 579-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2237271&dopt=Abstract

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Esophagotracheal fistula after lithium disc battery ingestion successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Petri NM, Mestrovic J, Andric D, Krzelj V, Stipancevic H.

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Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 August; 67(8): 9216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880674&dopt=Abstract •

Exaggerated natriuretic response to isotonic volume expansion in hypertensive renal transplant recipients: evaluation of proximal and distal tubular reabsorption by simultaneous determination of renal plasma clearance of lithium and 51Cr-EDTA. Author(s): Nielsen AH, Knudsen F, Danielsen H, Pedersen EB, Fjeldborg P, Madsen M, Brochner-Mortensen J, Kornerup HJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1987 February; 17(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3106049&dopt=Abstract

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Five-year mortality in lithium-treated manic-depressive patients. Author(s): Vestergaard P, Aagaard J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1991 January; 21(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1827474&dopt=Abstract

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Forty years of lithium treatment. Author(s): Schou M. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997 January; 54(1): 9-13; Discussion 14-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9006394&dopt=Abstract

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Genistein but not staurosporine can inhibit the mitogenic signal evoked by lithium in rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5). Author(s): Takano T, Takada K, Tada H, Nishiyama S, Amino N. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1994 November; 143(2): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7829987&dopt=Abstract

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Herbal diuretics and lithium toxicity. Author(s): Pyevich D, Bogenschutz MP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 August; 158(8): 1329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481175&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose peripheral inositol raises brain inositol levels and reverses behavioral effects of inositol depletion by lithium. Author(s): Agam G, Shapiro Y, Bersudsky Y, Kofman O, Belmaker RH. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1994 October; 49(2): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7824547&dopt=Abstract

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Higher leukocyte nadirs with lithium carbonate after chemotherapy. Author(s): Steinherz PG, Rosen G, Ghavimi F, Wollner N, Wang Y, Miller DR.

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Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1980; 127: 231-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6250333&dopt=Abstract •

Identification of possible calcium dependent antigens in lithium diiodosalicylate extraction of group A, type 12 streptococcal cell membranes. Author(s): Agostino GJ, Lange CF. Source: Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1985 September; 49(3): 401-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3903895&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats on the lithium content of tissue and the effect of dietary lithium supplements on this diabetic condition. Author(s): Hu M, Wu Y, Wu H. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 May; 48(5): 558-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337853&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of thyroglobulin biosynthesis and degradation by excess iodide. Synergism with lithium. Author(s): Radvila A, Roost R, Burgi H, Kohler H, Studer H. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1976 March; 81(3): 495-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946343&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction between lithium salts and ispaghula husk. Author(s): Perlman BB. Source: Lancet. 1990 February 17; 335(8686): 416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1968148&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of lithium and disulfiram in hexobarbital hypnosis: possible role of the 5HT system. Author(s): Minegishi A, Fukumori R, Satoh T, Kitagawa H, Yanaura S. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1981 August; 218(2): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6166742&dopt=Abstract

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Is lithium able to reverse neurological damage induced by vinca alkaloids? (Short communication). Author(s): Petrini M, Vaglini F, Cervetti G, Cavalletti M, Sartucci F, Murri L, Corsini GU. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1999; 106(5-6): 569-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443559&dopt=Abstract

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Is renal lithium clearance altered in essential hypertension? Author(s): Hla-Yee-Yee, Shirley DG, Singer DR, Markandu ND, Jones BE, MacGregor GA.

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Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1989 December; 7(12): 955-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2516863&dopt=Abstract •

Kidney damage in long-term lithium patients: a cross-sectional study of patients with 15 years or more on lithium. Author(s): Bendz H, Aurell M, Balldin J, Mathe AA, Sjodin I. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1994; 9(9): 1250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7816284&dopt=Abstract

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Lead, lithium and manic-depressive psychosis. Author(s): Stern H. Source: Chic Med Sch Q. 1969; 28(3): 87-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4978713&dopt=Abstract

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Linoleic acid in the treatment of lithium toxicity and familial tremor. Author(s): Lieb J. Source: Prostaglandins Med. 1980 April; 4(4): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7394066&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium activates mammalian Na+/H+ exchangers: isoform specificity and inhibition by genistein. Author(s): Kobayashi Y, Pang T, Iwamoto T, Wakabayashi S, Shigekawa M. Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 2000 February; 439(4): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678742&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium and hematopoietic toxicity. II. Acceleration in vivo of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-gm and CFU-meg) following treatment with vinblastine sulfate. Author(s): Gallicchio VS. Source: Int J Cell Cloning. 1987 March; 5(2): 122-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3572050&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium and ion chelators mimicked morphine in the production of explosive motor behavior. Author(s): Blair R, Switzman L, Sinyor D, Chazin W, Cytryniak H, Rogan F, Shizgal P, Amit Z. Source: Behav Neural Biol. 1982 August; 35(4): 408-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6819855&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium as a potential adjuvant to 131I therapy of metastatic, well differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

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Author(s): Koong SS, Reynolds JC, Movius EG, Keenan AM, Ain KB, Lakshmanan MC, Robbins J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 March; 84(3): 912-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084570&dopt=Abstract •

Lithium as an adjuvant of iodine-131 uptake when treating patients with welldifferentiated thyroid carcinoma. Author(s): Pons F, Carrio I, Estorch M, Ginjaume M, Pons J, Milian R. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1987 August; 12(8): 644-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3117471&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium carbonate in the preoperative preparation of Graves' disease. Author(s): Tsunoda T, Mochinaga N, Eto T, Yamaguchi M, Tsuchiya R, Izumi M. Source: Jpn J Surg. 1991 May; 21(3): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1713279&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium does not alter ADP-ribosylation of Gi/Go catalyzed by pertussis toxin in rat brain. Author(s): Odagaki Y, Koyama T, Yamashita I. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1991 November; 69(5): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1803347&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium effects on granulopoiesis in mice following cytotoxic chemotherapy. Author(s): Joyce RA, Chervenick PA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1980; 127: 145-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6967679&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium in scalp hair of adults, students, and violent criminals. Effects of supplementation and evidence for interactions of lithium with vitamin B12 and with other trace elements. Author(s): Schrauzer GN, Shrestha KP, Flores-Arce MF. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1992 August; 34(2): 161-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1381936&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium Information Center. One model of a computer-based psychiatric information service. Author(s): Carroll JA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Baudhuin MG, Hartley BL, Erdman HP, Ackerman DL. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986 May; 43(5): 483-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3964026&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium intoxications induced by dieting and saunas. Author(s): Tonks CM.

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Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 November 26; 2(6099): 1396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=589230&dopt=Abstract •

Lithium pharmacokinetics during cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a case report. Author(s): Beijnen JH, Bais EM, ten Bokkel Huinink WW. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1994; 33(6): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7511066&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium reduces ocular dominance plasticity in kitten visual cortex. Author(s): Kasamatsu T, Ohashi T, Imamura K. Source: Brain Research. 1991 August 30; 558(1): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1933378&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium stimulates accumulation of second-messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and other inositol phosphates in mouse pancreatic minilobules without inositol supplementation. Author(s): Dixon JF, Hokin LE. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1994 November 15; 304 ( Pt 1): 251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7998941&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium-associated psoriasis and omega-3 fatty acids. Author(s): Akkerhuis GW, Nolen WA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832259&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium-induced inhibition of 125I accumulation by thyroids and growing oocytes of Japanese quail. Author(s): Downie SE, Wasnidge C, Floto F, Robinson GA. Source: Poultry Science. 1977 July; 56(4): 1254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=605082&dopt=Abstract

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Melancholic features and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Serretti A, Lattuada E, Franchini L, Smeraldi E. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2000; 11(2): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812532&dopt=Abstract

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Mesityllithium as a reagent for chemoselective halogen-lithium exchange reaction. Author(s): Kondo Y, Asai M, Miura T, Uchiyama M, Sakamoto T. Source: Organic Letters. 2001 January 11; 3(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11429855&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of hyperbaric oxygen toxicity in rats by Tris buffer and by lithium [proceedings] Author(s): Hills BA, Ray DE. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1977 October; 271(2): 26P-27P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=925979&dopt=Abstract

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Modifications in the phagocytosis of human neutrophils induced by vinblastine and cytochalasin B: the effects of lithium. Author(s): Carulli G, Marini A, Azzara A, Petrini M, Ruocco L, Ambrogi F. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1985; 74(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3937420&dopt=Abstract

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Myopic intrastromal photorefractive keratectomy with the neodymium-yttrium lithium fluoride picosecond laser in the cat cornea. Author(s): Habib MS, Speaker MG, Kaiser R, Juhasz T. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1995 April; 113(4): 499-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7710402&dopt=Abstract

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Neurobiological findings before and during successful lithium therapy of a patient with 48-hour rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Voderholzer U, Weske G, Ecker S, Riemann D, Gann H, Berger M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45 Suppl 1: 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893872&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome after rapid vs gradual discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Faedda GL, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Suppes T, Tohen M. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993 June; 50(6): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8498879&dopt=Abstract

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Permeability of gastric mucosa to hydrogen and lithium. Author(s): Chung RS, Field M, Silen W. Source: Gastroenterology. 1973 April; 64(4): 593-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4633720&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacogenetics of lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders: analysis of COMT, MAO-A, and Gbeta3 variants. Author(s): Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Lilli R, Mandelli L, Pirovano A, Smeraldi E. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 May 8; 114(4): 370-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992559&dopt=Abstract

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Potassium and sodium-like effects of lithium on brain mitochondrial phosphorylation. Author(s): Krall AR. Source: Life Sciences. 1967 June 15; 6(12): 1339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4962276&dopt=Abstract

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Potassium supplementation during lithium therapy. Author(s): Klemfuss H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 January; 55(1): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8294392&dopt=Abstract

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Potassium supplementation in lithium patients: a timely intervention or premature speculation? Author(s): Jefferson JW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 October; 53(10): 370-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1429477&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of EDTA clearance among patients in long-term lithium treatment. Author(s): Christensen EM, Aggernaes H. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1990 March; 81(3): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2111632&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid degradation of newly synthesized tubulin in lithium-treated sensory neurons. Author(s): Bennett GS, Hollander BA, Laskowska D, DiLullo C. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1991 July; 57(1): 130-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1675659&dopt=Abstract

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Release of [3H]norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles isolated from rat brain after the intracisternal administration of [3H]norepinephrine: influence of nucleotides, ions and drugs, and destabilization of transmitter storage caused by acute or chronic lithium administration. Author(s): Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ, Whitmore WL, Salvaggio M, Bareis DL. Source: Neuroscience. 1980; 5(4): 753-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6771674&dopt=Abstract

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Renal function in patients on lithium treatment. Author(s): Hallgren R, Alm PO, Hellsing K. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1979 July; 135: 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=387153&dopt=Abstract

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Selective sensitization induced by lithium malaise and footshock in rats. Author(s): Miller V, Domjan M.

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Source: Behav Neural Biol. 1981 January; 31(1): 42-55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6272678&dopt=Abstract •

Sequence of affective polarity and lithium response: preliminary report on Munich sample. Author(s): Haag H, Heidorn A, Haag M, Greil W. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1987; 11(2-3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3628828&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin receptor 2A, 2C, 1A genes and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Lilli R, Smeraldi E. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2000 March-April; 34(2): 89-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10758249&dopt=Abstract

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Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder. Author(s): Solomon DA, Ristow WR, Keller MB, Kane JM, Gelenberg AJ, Rosenbaum JF, Warshaw MG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 October; 153(10): 1301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8831438&dopt=Abstract

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Sodium-lithium countertransport activity as a determinant of deterioration of glomerular function in IgA nephropathy. Author(s): Kontessis PS, Friedman R, Tariq T, Moro F, Williams DG, Hartley RB, Viberti GC. Source: Experimental Nephrology. 1994 May-June; 2(3): 176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7922270&dopt=Abstract

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Stabilization of microtubules by lithium ion. Author(s): Bhattacharyya B, Wolff J. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1976 November 22; 73(2): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=826253&dopt=Abstract

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Structural and functional effects of long-term lithium therapy. Author(s): Walker RG, Bennett WM, Davies BM, Kincaid-Smith P. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 1982 May; 11: S13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6956771&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on derivation of transcobalamin 3 from granulocytes. Enhancement by lithium and elimination by fluoride of in vitro increments in vitamin B12-binding

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capacity. Author(s): Scott JM, Bloomfield FJ, Stebbins R, Herbert V. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1974 January; 53(1): 228-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4202670&dopt=Abstract •

Study of lithium absorption by users of spas treated with lithium ion. Author(s): McCarty JD, Carter SP, Fletcher MJ, Reape MJ. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1994 May; 13(5): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8043312&dopt=Abstract

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Syncope caused by lithium treatment. Report on two cases and a prospective investigation of the prevalence of lithium-induced sinus node dysfunction. Author(s): Hagman A, Arnman K, Ryden L. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1979; 205(6): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=377917&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of lithium chloride on tumour appearance and survival of melanomabearing mice. Author(s): Ballin A, Aladjem M, Banyash M, Boichis H, Barzilay Z, Gal R, Witz IP. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1983 July; 48(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6191768&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of essential fatty acid supplementation on lithium absorption kinetics in guinea pig jejunum. Author(s): Freeman MS, Davie RJ, Birch NJ. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1991 November; 19(4): 422S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1665438&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of auditory and lithium stimulation on blood and brain serotonin in the normal rat and in that susceptible to audiogenic convulsions. Author(s): Uluitu M, Chis R, Petec G. Source: Physiologie. 1986 July-September; 23(3): 167-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3095860&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of body posture on lithium clearance. Author(s): Kamper AL, Strandgaard S, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Munck O, Leyssac PP. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1988 October; 48(6): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3146132&dopt=Abstract

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The protection against the cerebral and pulmonary effects of hyperbaric oxygen by pharmacological agents and lithium salts in mice. Author(s): Calcet J, Joanny P, Corriol J, Dimov S.

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Source: Resuscitation. 1973 April; 2(1): 37-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4146241&dopt=Abstract •

The role of CNS glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide receptors in mediating the visceral illness effects of lithium chloride. Author(s): Seeley RJ, Blake K, Rushing PA, Benoit S, Eng J, Woods SC, D'Alessio D. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2000 February 15; 20(4): 1616-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10662851&dopt=Abstract

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The ups and downs of oral lithium dosing. Author(s): Kilts CD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59 Suppl 6: 21-6; Discussion 27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674933&dopt=Abstract

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The use of lithium carbonate to reduce infection and leukopenia during systemic chemotherapy. Author(s): Lyman GH, Williams CC, Preston D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 January 31; 302(5): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6243170&dopt=Abstract

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The use of lithium chloride to study human milk micelles. Author(s): Sood SM, Slattery CW. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 January; 86(1): 78-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613851&dopt=Abstract

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The use of lithium in the treatment of the drug-induced psychotic reaction. Author(s): Horowitz HA. Source: Dis Nerv Syst. 1975 April; 36(4): 159-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1116423&dopt=Abstract

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Thyroid abnormalities during chronic lithium treatment in Hong Kong Chinese: a controlled study. Author(s): Lee S, Chow CC, Wing YK, Shek CC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1992 November; 26(3): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1460167&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of lithium-induced tremor and familial essential tremor with essential fatty acids. Author(s): Lieb J, Horrobin DF.

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Source: Progress in Lipid Research. 1981; 20: 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7342107&dopt=Abstract •

Tryptophan hydroxylase gene and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Author(s): Serretti A, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Gasperini M, Smeraldi E. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1999 September-October; 33(5): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10504005&dopt=Abstract

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Uptake of 99mTc-exametazime shown by single photon emission computed tomography before and after lithium withdrawal in bipolar patients: associations with mania. Author(s): Goodwin GM, Cavanagh JT, Glabus MF, Kehoe RF, O'Carroll RE, Ebmeier KP. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1997 May; 170: 426-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9307691&dopt=Abstract

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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of an academic psychologist. Author(s): Smith M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622190&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to lithium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Herbs and Supplements 5-htp Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-htp) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Celecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Citalopram Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diclofenac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flurbiprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glimepiride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inositol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ispaghula Alternative names: Psyllium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ketoprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ketorolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lithium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plantago Isphagula Alternative names: Psyllium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prochlorperazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psyllium Alternative names: Ispaghula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Risperidone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rofecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Salsalate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LITHIUM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to lithium. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “lithium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lithium, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Lithium ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to lithium. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Comparison of Tld Dosimeters: Lithium Fluoride:Magnesium, Titanium and Lithium Fluoride:Magnesium, Copper, Phosphate, for Measurement of Radiation Therapy Doses by Glennie, Gilbert Douglas; PhD from University of Virginia, 2003, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083065

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A Novel Fuel Cell: Single-Effect Lithium Bromide/water Absorption Cycle System for Residential Applications by Orengo Velez, Amilcar; Ms from University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (puerto Rico), 2002, 80 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413173

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A Study of the Overall Internal Dynamic Mode of Poly(ethylene Oxide) in Methanol with and without Lithium Perchlorate by Piet, Gregory Charles; Ms from University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2002, 70 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413618

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A Study of the Thin Film Battery Electrolyte Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride Deposited by an Ion Beam Assisted Process by Vereda-moratilla, Fernando; PhD from Tufts University, 2003, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081391

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A Theoretical Study of Several Small Ethers and Their Complexes with Lithium Ion by Harr, Joshua J.; PhD from Brigham Young University, 2002, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040750

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Activity and Diffusion Coefficients of Lithium and of Sodium Chlorate in Water and Water-Dioxane Mixtures by Oliver, Barry G; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03305

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All-optical Production of a Degenerate Gas of Lithium-6: Characterization of Degeneracy by Granade, Stephen Riley; PhD from Duke University, 2002, 231 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082801

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An Investigation of Proximity Scattering in the Lithium-7(deuteron,neutronalpha)alpha Carbon-12(deuteron,neutron proton)carbon-12 Reactions by Sharma, Tilak Chand; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13570

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Angular Correlation Measurements on the Reaction Lithium-7(deuteron,neutronalpha)helium-4 by Heggie, John Cowan Philip; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13224

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Applications of Optical Parametric Downconversion: I. Self-phase Locking; Ii. Generation of Entangled Photon Pairs in Periodically-poled Lithium Niobate by Mason, Elliott J., Iii; PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f633249

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Assessment of Lithium Dilution Cardiac Output As a Measure of Cardiac Output in the Dog by Mason, Douglas John; Dvsc from University of Guelph (Canada), 2002, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ66112

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Asymmetric Anionic Cyclization of Achiral Olefinic Organolithiums by Mealy, Michael James; PhD from The University of Connecticut, 2002, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050200

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Barium and Lithium in Foraminifera: Glacial-interglacial Changes in the North Atlantic by Hall, Jenney May; PhD from Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2002, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063054

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Bisphosphate 3'-nucleotidase: a Novel Target to Lithium Therapy by Spiegelberg, Bryan David; PhD from Duke University, 2002, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082821

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Cooperative Lithium-ion Insertion Mechanisms in Cathode Materials for Battery Applications by Bjork, Helen; PhD from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2002, 48 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f416577

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Crystal Ion Sliced Films of Lithium Niobate for Integrated Optics Applications by Radojevic, Antonije Milenko; PhD from Columbia University, 2002, 229 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066893

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Cusp Conditions and Properties at the Nucleus of Lithium Atomic Wave Functions by Chapman, John Alvin; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05800

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Design and Characterisation of New Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries by Fransson, Linda Maria L.; PhD from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2002, 46 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f416945

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Dose-response Effects of Lithium on Spatial Memory in the Black Molly Fish by Creson, Thomas Kyle; PhD from East Tennessee State University, 2002, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083422

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Dual Reaction Capabilities of Lithium Aminoborohydrides: an Effective Amine and Hydride Transfer Reagent by Thomas, Shannon; PhD from University of California, Santa Cruz, 2002, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063092

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Dynamic Phase and Population Control of State Selected Wave Packets in Lithium by Ballard, Joshua Brendan; PhD from University of Colorado at Boulder, 2003, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087516

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Effect of Aging Time on the Electrochemical Behavior of 2195 Aluminum-lithium Alloy in 3.5 Percent Sodium Chloride by Baca Cardenas, Laura Marianela; Ms from University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (puerto Rico), 2002, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411135

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Effects of Lithium on Rats' Activity Levels and on Reaction to Environmental Stimulation by Cappeliez, Philippe; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK51898

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Electrical Characterizations of Lithium Niobate Thin Films in a Metal-ferroelectricsemiconductor Capacitor by Wang, Xuguang; Ms from Rice University, 2002, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408718

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Electrochemical and Thermal Studies of Lithium Ion Batteries by Lu, Wenquan; PhD from Illinois Institute of Technology, 2002, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051393

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Electrochemical Studies of Vanadium Oxides for Use in Lithium Batteries by Andrukaitis, Eddie Edmund; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55276

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Electrochemical-thermal Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries by Gomadam, Parthasarathy Manavala; PhD from University of South Carolina, 2003, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084785

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Electrolyte Properties and Interfacial Kinetics for the Systems Lithium Lithium Trifluoromethane Sulfonate/methyltetrahydrofuran Titanium Sulfide and Lithium Trifluoromethane Sulfonate/methyltetrahydrofuran Titanium Selenide by Vanschalkwijk, Walter A; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40750

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Electron Correlation Leading to Double-k-shell Vacancy Production in Lithium-like Ions Colliding with Helium by Alnaser, Ali Sami; PhD from Western Michigan University, 2002, 73 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065395

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Electronic Environments and Electrochemical Properties in Lithium Storage Materials by Graetz, Jason Allan; PhD from California Institute of Technology, 2003, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091461

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Enhanced Loading of a Lithium 7 Magneto Optical Trap Using Transverse Cooling and Frequency Spread Light by Peixoto, Fabio Mibielli; PhD from Yale University, 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068334

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Etude De La Diffusion Du Lithium Dans L'aluminium a Basse Temperature a L'aide De Faisceaux Ioniques by Moreau, Christian; PhD from Universite Laval (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46897

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Etudes Des Spectres Continus Des Etats Non-lies Du Beryllium-8 Du Mecanisme Des Reactions Lithium-7 (d,n) Beryllium-8, Beryllium-9 (tau,alpha) Beryllium-8 Et Boron10 (d,alpha) Beryllium-8 by Roy, René Dsc from Universite Laval (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK26560

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Evaluating Compliance with Bipolar Disorder Patients Receiving Lithium and Psychotherapy Whose Treatment Regimen Is Monitored by Clinical Social Workers Trained in Psychopharmacology by Troy, Charles Mcgregor, Ii, Dsw from Boston College, 1988, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8904212

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Experimental Investigation of Surface Wave Generation and Reflection Phenomena on Lithium Niobate by Goruk, W. S; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK36669

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Fumed Oxide-based Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries by Zhou, Jian; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2003, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081757

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Functionalization by Anionic Polymerization and Thermolysis of Polymeric Organolithium Compounds by Cheong, Tae Hee; PhD from The University of Akron, 2002, 242 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060647

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Hectorite-based Nanocomposite Electrolytes for Lithium-ion Batteries by Riley, Michael William; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2002, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076436

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Hyperchanneling of Low Energy Ions on the Platinum(111) and Gold(110) Surfaces and Ion Scattering Spectrometry of Ferroelectric Lithium Tantalate by Fang, Zhilai; PhD from Chinese University of Hong Kong (people's Republic of China), 2002, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066639

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Integrated Optical Devices in Lithium Niobate by Ahmed, Muhammad Jamil; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59187

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Intermetallic Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries by Roberts, Gregory Alan; PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063530

Dissertations 139

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Investigation of Aluminum Corrosion in Lithium-ion Battery Electrolytes: Influence of Water Contamination by Hupert, Mateusz Lukasz; PhD from Michigan State University, 2002, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075020

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Investigation of Lithium-containing Dielectric Oxides for Microwave Applications by Borisevich, Albina Yurievna; PhD from University of Pennsylvania, 2002, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072975

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Investigation of Parametric Processes in Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate by Abusafe, Husam Hamza; PhD from University of Arkansas, 2002, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055318

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Investigation of the Elastic Properties of Lithium Potassium Sulfate Single Crystals As a Function of Temperature and Pressure by Abu-kharma, Mahmoud Hasan; Msc from Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), 2002, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ73572

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Lithium and Central Monoaminergic Neurotransmitter Systems by Ahluwalia, Pardeep; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65702

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Lithium in Stoneware Glazes. (volumes I and Ii). by Krutza, June Marie, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1966, 646 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6702473

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Lithium Intercalation in Crystalline Lithium Molybdenum Disulfide by Mulhern, Peter John; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL36757

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Lithium Intercalation in Preferentially Oriented Submicron Lithium Cobalt Oxide Films by Bouwman, Peter Jaime; Dr from Universiteit Twente (the Netherlands), 2002, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f416817

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Lithium Silicate Gel/metal Interfaces under an Electric Field: Low Temperature/high Voltage by Alvarez Diaz, Manuel Antonio; PhD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2002, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055020

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Lithium-ion Batteries: Thermal and Interfacial Phenomena by Thomas, Karen Elizabeth; PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063575

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Long-range Order of Magnetic Nanocluster Lattices and Surface Acoustic Wave Applications of Lithium Niobate Thin Films by Lee, Tai-chou; PhD from Rice University, 2002, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047330

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Low Energy Reaction Modes of Lithium-6 and Boron-10 on Aluminum-27 by Oldendick, James Edward; PhD from Ohio University, 2002, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062165

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Mechanics and Transport Modeling of Particulate and Fibrous Network: toward Design of Improved Nickel Metal Hydride and Lithium-ion Battery Technologies by Wang, Chia-wei; PhD from University of Michigan, 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3042189

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Molecular Interactions and Dynamics in Lithium Conducting Electrolytes by Adebahr, Josefina Karin; PhD from Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (sweden), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f665553

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Nmr Studies of Intercalation Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries by Guo, Xiaodong; PhD from City University of New York, 2003, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083669

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Nonlinear Processes in Lithium Niobate by Mcpherson, Michael Shannon; PhD from The University of Mississippi, 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069114

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Novel Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to the Solution State Structure Determination of Organolithium Aggregates by Keresztes, Ivan; PhD from Brown University, 2002, 62 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056604

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Novel Materials for Negative Electrodes in Lithium-ion Batteries by Pereira, Nathalie; PhD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2002, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046761

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Novel Mesostructured Electrolytes: Synthesis and Characterization of Meso-silicon Dioxide-carbon(12) E Oxygen(10) Hydroxyl-trifluoromethane Sulfonic Acid and Meso-silicon Dioxide-carbon(12) E Oxygen(10) Hydroxyl-lithium Trifluoromethane Sulfonate by Halla, Jamie Dustin; Msc from University of Toronto (Canada), 2002, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ73847

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Novel Waveguide Techniques and Devices in Rare-earth Doped Glass and Rare-earth Indiffused Lithium Niobate by Florea, Catalin Mihai; PhD from University of Michigan, 2002, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057947

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Nuclear Spectroscopic Studies with Lithium-drifted Germanium Detectors by Brown, Robert Allan; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK02287

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Nuclear Spin Lattice Relaxation and Conductivity Studies of the Non-arrhenius Conductivity Behavior in Lithium Fast Ion Conducting Sulfide Glasses by Meyer, Benjamin Michael; PhD from Iowa State University, 2003, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085932

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Polarization-independent Electrooptically Tunable Add-drop Filter in Titanium:lithium Niobium Oxide at 1.55 Micrometer-wavelength Regime by Tang, Pingsheng; PhD from Texas A&m University, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050025

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Precision Measurement of the Hyperfine and Fine Structure for the Lithium-6,7(+) 1s2s Sulfur-3(-1) Going to 1s2p Phosphorus-3(-1,2) Transition by Clarke, Jason John; PhD from York University (Canada), 2002, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ76020

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Preparation and Characterization of Solution Generated Lithium Stannide Mixtures and Their Chemical Applications by Lee, Junsik; PhD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2003, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092567

Dissertations 141

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Preparation of Carbocycles Via Cycloisomerization of Unsaturated Organolithiums: Part A. Benzyne-tethered Alkyllithiums. Part B. 6-heptenyllithiums by Longstaff, Sarah Curtis; PhD from The University of Connecticut, 2002, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071212

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Processing and Characterization of Lithium Niobate Thin Films for Ferroelectric Nonvolatile Memory Applications by Zhu, Jie; Ms from Rice University, 2002, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408725

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Refined Growth of Palladium Silicide Films and Coherent Control of Resonant Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering Processes in Lithium Molecules by Mirowski, Elizabeth; PhD from University of Colorado at Boulder, 2002, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057792

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Solid State Lithium/sulfur Batteries for Electric Vehicles: Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Investigations by Marmorstein, Diana; PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063474

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Sondes a Sodium Et a Lithium Industrielles by Dubreuil, Alain A; PhD from Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65364

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Spectroscopic Modeling and Characterization of a Laser-ablated Lithium-silver Plasma Plume by Sherrill, Manolo Edgar; PhD from University of Nevada, Reno, 2003, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3090891

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Structure and Dynamics of Lithium in Anatase Titanium Dioxide by Wagemaker, Marnix; Dr from Technische Universiteit Te Delft (the Netherlands), 2003, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f132449

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Structure-dependent Asymmetry in Sequential Breakup from the Reaction Lithium6(helium-3,proton Alpha)helium-4 by Reimann, Michael Andrew; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01156

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Superprotonic Phase Transitions in Solid Acids: Parameters Affecting the Presence and Stability of Superprotonic Transitions in the Mh(n)xo(4) Family of Compounds (x = Sulfur, Selenium, Phosphorus, Arsenic; M = Lithium, Sodium, Potassium,ammonium, Rubidi by Chisholm, Calum Ronald Inneas; PhD from California Institute of Technology, 2003, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081243

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Suppression by Lithium of Voluntary Alcohol Ingestion in the Rat by Boland, Frederick J; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38179

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Suppression of Consummatory Behavior Elicited by a Lithium-conditioned Flavor by Parker, Linda A; PhD from Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40858

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Sympathetic Cooling of a Bose/fermi Mixture of Lithium to Quantum Degeneracy by Strecker, Kevin Edwin; Ma from Rice University, 2002, 53 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408710

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Symptom Characteristics of Lithium Responders and Nonresponders by Larsen, Jacquelyn Kay, PhD from The University of Iowa, 1983, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8327399

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Syntheses of 11- and 17-substituted Steroids of Biological Interest Reactions of Lithium Alkylcuprates with Alpha-halogenated Ketones by Lourdusamy, Mary Mettilda; PhD from Universite Laval (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL49494

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Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Lithium Ion Battery Cathode Materials Produced Via Assisted Soft Chemistry by Brown, Jason Rogers; PhD from University of Michigan, 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068833

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Investigation of Novel Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries by Kerr, Tracy Alexandra; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 2002, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ77236

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Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemistry of Positive Insertion Materials in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries by Raekelboom, Emmanuelle Angeline; PhD from University of Southampton (united Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f608321

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The Combustion of Lithium-aluminum Alloy Fuels in Oxygen and Water Vapor by Moore, James Thomas; PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 2002, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051707

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The Effect of Alloying and Cold Rolling on the Texture and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium-lithium Alloys by Wootton, George Claude; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01827

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The Epitaxial Growth of Gallium Nitride and Aluminum Gallium Nitride/gallium Nitride Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors (hfet) on Lithium Gallate Substrates by Kang, Sangbeom; PhD from Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072326

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The Fracture Mechanics of Lithium Disilicate Glass and Glass-ceramics by Rao, A. S; , PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK34929

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The Photorefractive Effect in Lithium Niobate by Cornish, William D; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28661

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The Photorefractive Effect in Lithium Niobate and Its Applications by El Guibaly, Fayez H. F; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK46124

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The Reactivity of Metallic Lithium toward Solvents of Relevance to Energy Storage: a Surface Science Approach by Rendek, Louis Joseph, Jr.; PhD from Case Western Reserve University, 2002, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058366

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The Role of Replacement Processes in the Formation of Complex Lithium Pegmatites by Armstrong, Calvert William; Advdeg from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05019

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The Roles of Lithium(+), Magnesium(2+), and Sodium Ions in Bipolar Disorder and Essential Hypertension: a Multinuclear Nmr and Fluorescence Study by Williams, Nicole Marie; PhD from Loyola University of Chicago, 2002, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056455

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The Transition from Localized Corrosion to Scc of Aluminum-lithium-copper Alloy Aa2096 As a Function of Isothermal Aging Heat Treatment at 160 Degrees Celsius by Connolly, Brian Joseph; PhD from University of Virginia, 2002, 517 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057471

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Theoretical Determination of the G-shifts in the Alkali Metals and the Phonon Dispersion Curves in Lithium by Liu, Chin-fu; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK15742

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Voltage Induced Optical Waveguide Modulators in Lithium Niobate by Jaeger, Nicolas August Fleming; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL50709

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND LITHIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning lithium.

Recent Trials on Lithium The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to lithium.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Long-Term Lithium Treatment for Aggressive Conduct Disorder Condition(s): Aggressive conduct disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine the long-term effects of lithium used to treat children and adolescents with aggressive conduct disorder (severe aggression). Lithium is the most promising agent for the treatment of aggression in children and adolescents. However, it has not been shown that lithium is an effective treatment for these patients in the outpatient (non-hospital) setting, or on a long-term basis. This study has two phases. In Phase I, the child will receive lithium, or an inactive placebo, for 8 weeks. If the child responds to treatment, the child will go on to Phase II and will continue to receive lithium or placebo for 6 months. The child will be evaluated throughout the study for response to treatment. A child may be eligible for this study if he/she: Is 9 - 17 years old, has been diagnosed with conduct disorder, and displays severe aggression. Phase(s): Phase III; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000385

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Riluzole and Lithium to treat Depression in Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the safety and effectiveness of riluzole (Rilutek trademark) in combination with the lithium, a mood stabilizer, for short-term treatment of depression symptoms, such as depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, and excessive sleeping in patients with bipolar disease. Riluzole is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease). Preliminary findings of a study using riluzole to treat acute depression in patients with unipolar depression indicate that it may have antidrepressant properties in some patients. Patients between 18 and 80 years of age with bipolar I or II disorder without psychosis may be eligible for this 8-week study. Candidates must be currently depressesed, must have had at least one previous major depressive episode, and must have failed to improve with prior treatment with at least one antidepressant. They will be screened with a medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (EKG), blood and urine tests, and psychiatric evaluation. A blood or urine sample will be analyzed for illegal drugs. Women of childbearing potential will have a pregnancy test. After screening, those enrolled in the study will be tapered off all psychiatric medications except lithium, and those who are not taking lithium will be started on the drug. Participants will then begin an 8-week course of treatment, starting with a placebo (a sugar pill formulated to look like the active drug) and, at some point, switching to riluzole. In addition to drug treatment, participants will undergo the following procedures: - Physical examination and electrocardiogram (EKG) at the beginning and end of the study; - Weekly check of vital signs (temperature, blood pressure and heart rate); - Weekly 1-hour interviews consisting of psychiatric and psychomotor rating scales to assess treatment response; - Weekly blood tests to measure blood levels of riluzole and evaluate drug side effects. At the end of the study, participants' psychiatric status will be reassessed and appropriate long-term psychiatric treatment arranged. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054704

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Severe Mood and Behavioral Dysregulation in Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment with Lithium Condition(s): Mood Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study seeks to characterize symptoms of severe mood and behavioral dysregulation (SMBD) in children and adolescents. The study will also evaluate the effectiveness of lithium as a treatment for this condition while subjects participate in day-treatment or inpatient care. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional

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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025935

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “lithium” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON LITHIUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “lithium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lithium, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Lithium By performing a patent search focusing on lithium, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on lithium: •

Adjusting lithium oxide concentration in wafers using a two-phase lithium-rich source Inventor(s): Lazar; Janos (Redwood City, CA), Miller; Gregory D. (Foster City, CA) Assignee(s): Silicon Light Machines, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA) Patent Number: 6,652,644 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: In one embodiment, lithium oxide concentration in wafers is adjusted by placing the wafers in a vessel. Vapor of a lithium oxide source is provided and absorbed by the wafers, thereby adjusting the lithium oxide concentration in the wafers. In another embodiment, a two-phase lithium-rich source is placed between wafers such that space in the process chamber is efficiently utilized. In another embodiment, the wafers to be processed are placed in a section of a process chamber (e.g., process tube). Lithium oxide is introduced on end of the process chamber. Carrier gas is also introduced on that end of the process chamber to carry the lithium oxide into the section of the process chamber where the wafers are located. By adjusting the partial pressure of lithium oxide in the process chamber, the rate at which lithium oxide is absorbed by the wafers is controlled. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to wafer processing, and more particularly to methods and apparatus for adjusting the lithium oxide concentration in wafers. Lithium tantalate (LiTaO.sub.3) and lithium niobate (LiNbO.sub.3) are widely used materials for fabricating nonlinear optical devices because of their relatively large electro-optic and nonlinear optical coefficients. These nonlinear optical devices include wavelength converters, amplifiers, tunable sources, dispersion compensators, and optical gated mixers, for example. Stoichiometric lithium tantalate (SLT) and congruent grown lithium tantalate (CLT) are two types of lithium tantalate wafers. An example of a lithium niobate wafer is the so-called congruent grown lithium niobate (CGN). It has been shown that SLT has better lifetime and ferroelectric properties than CLT and CGN in nonlinear optical devices; e.g., see "Crystal Growth and Low Coercive Field 180.degree. Domain Switching Characteristics Of Stoichiometric LiTaO.sub.3," Applied Physics Letters, Nov. 23, 1998, Vol. 73, Number 21, by K. Kitamura et al. However, although SLT has desirable properties, SLT wafers are relatively difficult to obtain. In contrast, CLT wafers are produced in large quantities by commercial suppliers and are thus widely available. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652644__

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Agglomerated adsorbent, process for the production thereof and use thereof for the non-cryogenic separation of industrial gases Inventor(s): Plee; Dominique (Lons, FR) Assignee(s): CECA, S.A. (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 6,652,626 Date filed: July 17, 1998

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Abstract: A description is given of agglomerates of faujasite X with an Si/Al ratio of 1, the inert binder of which, on the one hand, has been converted to active zeolite by conversion to zeolite in an alkaline liquor, and which have been subjected, on the other hand, to an exhaustive lithium exchange. These adsorbents develop a nitrogen adsorption capacity (1 bar/25.degree. C.) of at least 26 cm.sup.3 /g, which makes them excellent adsorbents for the non-cryogenic separation of gases from air and for the purification of hydrogen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to adsorbents for the non-cryogenic separation of industrial gases and more particularly for the separation of nitrogen by adsorption in gas flows, such as air, and the purification of hydrogen by adsorption of CO and/or N.sub.2. The separation of nitrogen from gas mixtures is the basis for several noncryogenic industrial processes, among which the production of oxygen from air by a PSA process (Pressure Swing Adsorption: adsorption under modulated pressure) is one of the most important. In this application, air is compressed and conveyed through an adsorbing column having a marked preference for the nitrogen molecule. Oxygen, at approximately 94-95%, and argon are thus produced during the adsorption cycle. After a certain period of time, the column is reduced in pressure and then maintained at the low pressure, during which period the nitrogen is desorbed. Recompression is subsequently provided by means of a portion of the oxygen produced and the cycle continues. The advantage of this process with respect to cryogenic processes is the greater simplicity of the plants and their greater ease of maintenance. The quality of adsorbent used is the key to an efficient and competitive process. The performance of the adsorbent is related to several factors, among which may be mentioned: the nitrogen adsorption capacity, which will be determining in calculating the ideal column sizes, the selectivity between nitrogen and oxygen, which will condition the production yield (ratio between the oxygen produced and oxygen entered), and the adsorption kinetics, which will enable the cycle times to be optimized and the productivity of the plant to be improved. The use of molecular sieves as selective adsorbents for nitrogen is a wellknown technology. The family of zeolites having a pore diameter of at least 0.4 nm (4.ANG.) has been provided by McRobbie in U.S. Pat. No. 3,140,931 for the separation of oxygen/nitrogen mixtures. The comparative performance of the various ionic forms of zeolites was examined by McKee in U.S. Pat. No. 3,140,933, in particular that of the lithium form presented as the most efficient in terms of selectivity. The advantage of this zeolite has remained limited due to the difficulty in exchanging the faujasite structure into a lithium form. It is known from Chao (U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,217) that the potentialities of such an adsorbent are fully displayed at high degrees of exchange, typically greater than 88%. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652626__ •

Anode material for lithium secondary battery, an electrode for lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery Inventor(s): Matsubara; Keiko (Yokohama, JP), Tsuno; Toshiaki (Yokohama, JP), Yoon; Sang-Young (Cheonan, KR) Assignee(s): Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. (Suwon, KR) Patent Number: 6,641,955 Date filed: September 28, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides anode material consisting of anode active material having a great charge-discharge capacity, a high charge-discharge efficiency, a

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flat discharge curve and good charge-discharge cycle properties, and provides the anode material for a lithium secondary battery consisting of being coated with an amorphous metal compound formed by a metal capable of alloying with lithium on at least one part of the surface of a carbon material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ion. Excerpt(s): This application is based on application No. Hei 11-275380 filed in Japanese Industrial Property Office on Sep. 28, 1999, the content of which is incorporated hereinto by reference. This invention relates to an anode and an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, a lithium secondary battery, and a method for preparing an anode, and, more particularly, the present invention relates to the material of an anode, which is a metal compound coated on a carbon material. With the proliferation of portable electronics devices in recent times, coupled with advancements which have enhances performance and enabled increasingly smaller sizes and weights for these devices, research is being actively pursued to improve the energy density of secondary batteries. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641955__ •

Buffer layer structures for stabilization of a lithium niobate device Inventor(s): Agarwal; Vishal (Columbia, MD), Burns; Williams K. (Alexandria, VA), Hess; Larry A. (Poolesville, MD) Assignee(s): Codeon Corporation (Columbia, MD) Patent Number: 6,654,512 Date filed: January 4, 2002 Abstract: An optical waveguide device including an electro-optical crystal substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface; an optical waveguide path formed within a surface of the electro-optical crystal substrate; at least one electrode positioned above the optical waveguide path for applying an electric field to the optical waveguide path; and a silicon titanium oxynitride layer and a connecting layer for interconnecting the silicon titanium oxynitride layer to another surface of the electro-optical crystal substrate that is opposite to the surface in which the optical waveguide path is formed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical waveguide modulator, and more particularly, to the provision of improved thermal and temporal bias stability in optical waveguide devices. Mach Zehnder interferometers (MZI's) used as optical modulators are of great interest for high data rate fiber optical communications systems. A great deal of research has been carried out to develop this type of device since its introduction in the mid-70's. The practicality of Ti-diffused LiNbO.sub.3 waveguide systems has allowed wide introduction of these devices in current optical communication systems. An early approach to maintain or prevent loss of modulation control due to thermal effects was to bleed off or counteract the imbalance of charge between the Z faces of a LiNbO.sub.3 substrate. C. H. Bulmer et al. (one of the authors is an inventor in this application), "Pyroelectric Effects in LiNbO.sub.3 Channel Waveguide Devices," Applied Physics Letters 48, p. 1036, 1986 disclosed that metallizing the Z faces, and electrically connecting them with a high conductivity path to allow the unbalanced charge to neutralize rapidly, resulted in improved thermal stability of an X-cut device. Nonetheless, in Z-cut devices, this approach is difficult since the waveguide paths are on the Z face, and a metalized layer on this face would short out the electrodes of the device, making the device ineffective or inoperable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06654512__

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Chemical derivatization of single-wall carbon nanotubes to facilitate solvation thereof; and use of derivatized nanotubes to form catalyst-containing seed materials for use in making carbon fibers Inventor(s): Boul; Peter (Houston, TX), Colbert; Daniel T. (Houston, TX), Hauge; Robert (Houston, TX), Huffman; Chad (Houston, TX), Liu; Jie (Chapel Hill, NC), Margrave; John L. (Bellaire, TX), Mickelson; Edward T. (Pearland, TX), Smalley; Richard E. (Houston, TX), Smith; Ken (Spring, TX) Assignee(s): William Marsh Rice University (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,645,455 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: This invention is directed to making chemical derivatives of carbon nanotubes and to uses for the derivatized nanotubes, including making arrays as a basis for synthesis of carbon fibers. In one embodiment, this invention also provides a method for preparing single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube by reacting single wall carbon nanotubes with fluorine gas and recovering fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes, then reacting fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with a nucleophile. Some of the fluorine substituents are replaced by nucleophilic substitution. If desired, the remaining fluorine can be completely or partially eliminated to produce single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube. The substituents will, of course, be dependent on the nucleophile, and preferred nucleophiles include alkyl lithium species such as methyl lithium. Alternatively, fluorine may be fully or partially removed from fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes by reacting the fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with various amounts of hydrazine, substituted hydrazine or alkyl amine. The present invention also provides seed materials for growth of single wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of single wall carbon nanotubes or short tubular molecules having a catalyst precursor moiety covalently bound or physisorbed on the outer surface of the sidewall to provide the optimum metal cluster size under conditions that result in migration of the metal moiety to the tube end. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to making chemical derivatives of carbon nanotubes and to uses for the derivatized nanotubes, including making arrays as a basis for synthesis of carbon fibers. Fullerenes are closed-cage molecules composed entirely of sp.sup.2 -hybridized carbons, arranged in hexagons and pentagons. Fullerenes (e.g., C.sub.60) were first identified as closed spheroidal cages produced by condensation from vaporized carbon. Fullerene tubes are produced in carbon deposits on the cathode in carbon arc methods of producing spheroidal fullerenes from vaporized carbon. Ebbesen et al. (Ebbesen I), "Large-Scale Synthesis Of Carbon Nanotubes," Nature, Vol. 358, p. 220 (Jul. 16, 1992) and Ebbesen et al., (Ebbesen II), "Carbon Nanotubes," Annual Review of Materials Science, Vol. 24, p. 235 (1994). Such tubes are referred to herein as carbon nanotubes. Many of the carbon nanotubes made by these processes were multiwall nanotubes, i.e., the carbon nanotubes resembled concentric cylinders. Carbon nanotubes having up to seven walls have been described in the prior art. Ebbesen II; Iijima et al., "Helical Microtubules Of Graphitic Carbon," Nature, Vol. 354, p. 56 (Nov. 7, 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645455__

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Cleaning process and cleaning agent for harmful gas Inventor(s): Nawa; Youji (Kanagawa, JP), Otsuka; Kenji (Kanagawa, JP), Takamatsu; Yukichi (Kanagawa, JP), Tonari; Kazuaki (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Pionics Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,638,489 Date filed: September 21, 2001 Abstract: There are disclosed a process for cleaning a harmful gas which comprises bringing the harmful gas containing as a harmful component, an organosilicon compound represented by the general formula: CH.sub.2 CH--SiR.sub.3, CH.sub.2 CH-Si(OR).sub.3, CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --SiR.sub.3 or CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --Si(OR).sub.3, wherein R indicates a saturated hydrocarbon group or an aromatic compound group, into contact with a cleaning agent comprising activated carbon adhesively incorporated with at least one species selected from the group consisting of bromine, iodine, a metal bromide and a metal iodide in which the metal is exemplified by copper, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum and tin; and a cleaning agent comprising the same. The cleaning process and the cleaning agent enable to practically clean a harmful gas which is exhausted from a semiconductor manufacturing process and the like by the use of a dry cleaning process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for cleaning a harmful gas containing as a harmful component, an organosilicon compound represented by the general formula: CH.sub.2 CH--SiR.sub.3, CH.sub.2 CH--Si(OR).sub.3, CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --SiR.sub.3 or CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --Si(OR).sub.3, wherein R is a saturated hydrocarbon group or an aromatic compound group; and a cleaning agent therefor. More particularly, it is concerned with a process for cleaning, by dry cleaning process, a harmful gas containing the above-mentioned organosilicon compound which gas is exhausted from a semiconductor manufacturing process or the like; and a cleaning agent therefor. There has been developed in recent years, a wiring material of copper films which has low electric resistance and high electro-migration resistance as a new wiring material taking the place of the wiring material of aluminum films or aluminum alloy films. Plating, sputtering, CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and the like method have been put into practical application as a method of forming copper films. With continuous progress towards three dimensional trend of a device and multi-layer trend of a wiring material, the requirement for flatness of a thin film is steadily growing. Thus, there is expected the advancement of film forming technique by CVD method which technique is capable of forming a thin film meeting the requirements of favorable step coverage and a design rule of 0.13.mu.m or less. In regard to copper film formation by means of CVD method, research and investigation have been made on a method in which any of various solid CVD feed materials is sublimed by being kept at an elevated temperature, and supplied in the form of vapor to a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus. However, disadvantages of the method such as an unreasonably small amount of vapor feed and a low rate of film formation led to unsuccess in commercialization thereof. Nevertheless, development has been made in recent years on CVD feed materials in the form of liquid such as hexafluoroacetylacetone-copper vinyltrimethylsilane [(CF.sub.3 CO).sub.2 CHCu.CH.sub.2 CHSi(CH.sub.3).sub.3 ] or hexafluoroacetylacetone-copper allyltrimethylsilane [(CF.sub.3 CO).sub.2 CHCu.CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3 ], whereby the rate of film formation has been improved to such a level as commercializability. it being so, copper film

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formation was commenced by the use of the above-mentioned hexafluoroacetylacetonecopper complexes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638489__ •

Defibrillator with replaceable and rechargeable power packs Inventor(s): Johnson; Stephen B. (Clinton, WA), Nova; Richard C. (Kirkland, WA), Sullivan; Joseph L. (Kirkland, WA), Tamura; Paul S. (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Medtronic Physio-Control Corp. (Redmond, WA) Patent Number: 6,639,381 Date filed: October 26, 2001 Abstract: The power source in a portable defibrillator includes a replaceable first power pack and a rechargeable second power pack. The first power pack charges the second power pack. The second power pack supplies most of the energy needed to administer a defibrillation shock. The first power pack may include one or more lithium thionyl chloride batteries. The second power pack may include one or more lithium ion batteries and/or ultracapacitors. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to medical devices, and in particular, to power sources for portable defibrillators. Cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation are life-threatening medical conditions that may be treated with external defibrillation. External defibrillation includes applying electrodes to the patient's chest and delivering an electric shock to the patient to depolarize the patient's heart and restore normal sinus rhythm. The chances that a patient's heart can be successfully defibrillated increase significantly if a defibrillation shock is applied quickly. In many cases, it is more expedient to bring a defibrillator to the patient than to bring the patient to a defibrillator. Many external defibrillators are portable. Portable external defibrillators may be used in hospitals and outside hospital settings as well. Paramedics, emergency medical technicians and police officers, for example, may carry portable external defibrillators in their vehicles. In addition, automated external defibrillators (AED's) may be available in public venues such as airports, health clubs and auditoriums. Portable external defibrillators are compact and lightweight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639381__

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Dust free lithium hydroxide Inventor(s): Atterbury; Andrew (Anaheim, CA), McCloskey; Joel (Philadelphia, PA), Smith; W. Novis (Philadelphia, PA) Assignee(s): Toxco, Inc. (Anaheim, CA) Patent Number: 6,653,262 Date filed: December 27, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming dust free lithium hydroxide monohydrate. The method contains the step of coating the lithium hydroxide with 0.2 to 1.5% by weight of paraffinic oils. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preparation of lithium hydroxide which is substantially dust free. More particularly, there is provided coated lithium hydroxide

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monohydrate crystals which are dust free and suitable for producing industrial grease. Lithium hydroxide monohydrate produces a small amount of dust which is always present when being handled or poured. This dust is extremely choking and irritating to humans even in trace amounts. Large amounts of lithium hydroxide monohydrate are used in industrial grease manufacturing and the choking dust has been a major problem in its use. Lithium hydroxide has also been used in closed-cycle oxygen systems such as the atmosphere which is found in closed places as submarines or in re-breathing appliances which are used in anesthesia or emergency oxygen equipment because it will react with carbon dioxide. In a rebreather system is it necessary that the carbon dioxide be 4% or less than the entire atmosphere in as much as a greater amount of carbon dioxide will result in a deleterious effect upon the person in the breathing apparatus. The use of lithium hydroxide has been complicated by the fact that anhydrous lithium hydroxide pellets tend to crumble and create noxious dust. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653262__ •

Efficient cell stack for cells with double current collectors sandwich cathodes Inventor(s): Gan; Hong (East Amherst, NY) Assignee(s): Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. (Clarence, NY) Patent Number: 6,645,670 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: The present invention improves the performance of lithium electrochemical cells by providing a new electrode assembly based on a sandwich cathode design, but termed a double screen sandwich cathode electrode design. In particular, the present invention uses sandwich cathode electrodes which are, in turn, sandwiched between two half double screen sandwich cathode electrodes, either in a prismatic plate or serpentine-like electrode assembly. In a jellyroll electrode assembly, the cell is provided in a case-positive design and the outside round of the electrode assembly is a half double screen sandwich cathode electrode. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy. More particularly, this invention relates to a design for a defibrillator cell, such as a prismatic cell stack, containing double screen sandwich cathodes. Double screen sandwich cathode electrodes are based on a novel cathode configuration termed a sandwich cathode electrode. The structure of a sandwich cathode electrode will be described in detail hereinafter as well as how it differs from a double screen sandwich cathode electrode of the present invention. Implantable ventricular cardiac defibrillators typically use lithium/silver vanadium oxide (Li/SVO) electrochemical cells as their power source. For the implantable medical device itself, it is preferable that the device be relatively small in size, quick in response to the patient's medical needs, promote long device service life, etc. Therefore, when cells are built for implantable medical applications, special electrode assembly designs are needed to meet all of these requirements. Additionally, for cells powering cardiac defibrillators, a large electrode surface area is required to provide the needed power capability. An efficient cell package is also needed to achieve the highest capacity in the smallest volume. In a conventional electrode assembly for Li/SVO cells, the cathode active material is pressed, coated or otherwise contacted to both sides of a foil or screen cathode current collector to provide the cathode electrode. Lithium as the anode active material in the form of a foil is pressed onto both sides of an anode current collector to form the anode electrode. The anode and the cathode electrodes are then placed against each other with one or

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two layers of intermediate separator material. The final electrode assembly is typically in the form of a prismatic plate design or a jellyroll design. An example of the conventional prismatic plate design is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,737 to Post et al. An example of a conventional jellyroll design is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,760 to Howard et al. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645670__ •

Electrochemical lithium ion secondary cell having a scalloped electrode assembly Inventor(s): Spillman; David M. (Tonawanda, NY), Takeuchi; Esther S. (East Amherst, NY) Assignee(s): Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. (Clarence, NY) Patent Number: 6,635,381 Date filed: March 5, 2001 Abstract: A lithium ion secondary battery having an irregular shape with a unitary anode and unitary cathode that are spirally wound and that provide a high energy density for an implantable biomedical device. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, and more particularly, to a rechargeable alkali metal electrochemical cell, particularly a lithium-ion secondary cell. Lithium secondary cells have been under development for many years. Early efforts focused on the use of a lithium anode coupled with metal oxide and metal sulfide cathode materials such as manganese dioxide, titanium disulfide, and others. Despite the enormous amount of research performed on lithium secondary systems, cells with metallic lithium anodes have not found widespread commercial use. Of concern are the inherent safety problems associated with them. During use, lithium plating can occur in an undesirable manner with dendritic lithium penetrating through the separator and short circuiting the cell. In addition to rendering the cell inoperative, this condition can cause the cell to vent or, in extreme cases, to explode. During the past decade, increased attention has focused on the use of electrode materials which are capable of more effectively intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions than the previously used metal oxides and metal sulfides. Cells incorporating such second generation electrode materials are typically referred to as lithium-ion or lithium-rocking chair systems. Although the energy density of these secondary cells is lower than that of primary cells containing lithium metal anodes, they exhibit a higher open circuit voltage, an acceptably high operating voltage and, in many cases, equivalent or better rate capability than many previously developed lithium secondary systems. Most importantly, their safety is generally accepted to be much better. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635381__

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Electrolytes with strong oxidizing additives for lithium/sulfur batteries Inventor(s): Chu; May-Ying (Oakland, CA), Nimon; Yevgeniy S. (Walnut Creek, CA), Visco; Steven J. (Berkeley, CA) Assignee(s): PolyPlus Battery Company (Berkeley, CA) Patent Number: 6,632,573 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed are oxidizer-treated lithium electrodes, battery cells containing such oxidizer-treated lithium electrodes, battery cell electrolytes containing oxidizing additives, and methods of treating lithium electrodes with oxidizing agents and battery cells containing such oxidizer-treated lithium electrodes. Battery cells containing SO.sub.2 as an electrolyte additive in accordance with the present invention exhibit higher discharge capacities after cell storage over cells not containing SO.sub.2. Pretreating the lithium electrode with SO.sub.2 gas prior to battery assembly prevented cell polarization. Moreover, the SO.sub.2 treatment does not negatively impact sulfur utilization and improves the lithium's electrochemical function as the negative electrode in the battery cell. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to lithium-sulfur batteries, and in particular to battery electrolytes having additives of oxidizing agents. The rapid proliferation of portable electronic devices in the international marketplace has led to a corresponding increase in the demand for advanced secondary batteries. The miniaturization of such devices as, for example, cellular phones, laptop computers, etc., has naturally fueled the desire for batteries having high specific energies. In addition, heightened awareness concerning toxic waste has motivated, in part, efforts to replace toxic cadmium electrodes in rechargeable nickel/cadmium batteries with the more benign hydrogen storage electrodes in nickel/metal hydride cells. For the above reasons, there is a strong market potential for environmentally benign battery technologies. Secondary batteries are in widespread use in modern society, particularly in applications where large amounts of energy are not required. However, it is desirable to use batteries in applications requiring considerable power, and much effort has been expended in developing batteries suitable for high specific energy, medium power applications, such as, for electric vehicles and load leveling. Of course, such batteries are also suitable for use in lower power applications such as cameras or portable recording devices. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632573__

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Extended temperature operating range electrochemical cells Inventor(s): Jin; Zhihong (Cottage Grove, WI), Maske; Cecilia T. (Middleton, WI), Rose; Janna L. (Oregon, WI), Sanden; Gerald (Verona, WI), Spellman; Patrick (Hayward, WI) Assignee(s): Rayovac Corporation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,653,016 Date filed: April 23, 2001 Abstract: An electrochemical cell having a cell can that includes an interior surface, a current collector, a solid cathode contained in the can and in conductive contact therewith, an organic or solid polymer electrolyte comprising lithium salt solutes and aprotic organic solvents has improved storage properties when a coating comprising carbon powder is diposed on the current collector surface and on the adjacent interior

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surface of the cell can. Further, the cell has advantageous enhanced discharge properties over an expanded temperature range when the cathode additionally comprises a fluoropolymer resin binder. Excerpt(s): Not Applicable. The present invention relates to electrochemical cells. In particular, the present invention relates generally to small electrochemical cells having solid cathodes, organic or solid polymer electrolytes comprising lithium salt solutes and aprotic, organic solvents. In a preferred aspect, this invention relates to lithium/graphite fluoride, especially lithium/carbon monofluoride electrochemical cells. While various electrochemical cell configurations are contemplated by the present invention, its primary application is coin cells or button cells. It has long been a desire of the battery industry to have a very reliable, high rate performance, low impedance, high flash amperage electrochemical cell or battery that is capable of being stored and subsequently operated at a very wide range of temperatures. One of the electrochemical cell chemistries that have held great promise to meet that desire has been that of lithium graphite fluoride Li/(CF).sub.n. A preferred form of the graphite fluoride cell chemistry is carbon monofluoride (Li/CF.sub.x). Lithium carbon monofluoride cells generally comprise a lithium anode, carbon monofluoride cathodes and a non-aqueous or organic electrolyte which generally includes a lithium salt. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653016__ •

Fluorescent lamp and amalgam assembly therefor Inventor(s): Lester; Joseph E. (Lincoln, MA), Speer; Richard S. (Concord, MA) Assignee(s): Osram Sylvania Inc. (Danvers, MA) Patent Number: 6,650,041 Date filed: August 22, 2002 Abstract: An amalgam assembly for a fluorescent lamp includes a glass exhaust tubulation extending toward a base portion of the lamp, the tubulation being closed at an end thereof adjacent the lamp base portion, and a retaining structure disposed in the tubulation and retained by a pinched portion of the tubulation. A mercury amalgam body is disposed in the tubulation between the retaining structure and the tubulation closed end. The amalgam body includes lithium for wetting internal surfaces of the glass tubulation to cause the amalgam to adhere to the tubulation internal surfaces when the amalgam body is liquidized, and to thereby prevent the amalgam from flowing past the retaining structure and into the lamp envelope. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to fluorescent lamps and is directed more particularly to an amalgam assembly including an improved amalgam for use within an exhaust tubulation of a fluorescent lamp, and to a fluorescent lamp including the amalgam assembly. The light output of fluorescent lamps is critically dependent upon mercury vapor pressure (vapor density) within the lamp envelope. The mercury vapor pressure, in turn, is controlled by the temperature of excess liquid mercury which condenses in the coldest part of the lamp envelope, the so-called "cold spot". Fluorescent lamps typically include at least one tubulation that has an opening into the interior of the lamp envelope and which, in construction of the lamp, is used as an exhaust and fill tubulation. At completion of manufacture, the exhaust tubulation is hermetically tipped off and the tipped end typically becomes the lamp "cold spot". The amalgam is commonly located in the exhaust tubulation cold spot. Such amalgams reduce the mercury vapor pressure relative to that of pure mercury at any given temperature and

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thereby permit optimum light output at elevated temperatures. Such amalgams also provide a broadened peak in the light output versus temperature curve, so that near optimum light output is obtained over an extended range of ambient temperatures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06650041__ •

Fuel compositions exhibiting improved fuel stability Inventor(s): Orr; William C. (2075 S. University, #240, Denver, CO 80210) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,652,608 Date filed: December 8, 1997 Abstract: A fuel composition of the present invention exhibits minimized hydrolysis and increased fuel stability, even after extended storage at 65.degree. F. for 6-9 months. The composition, which is preferably not strongly alkaline (3.0 to 10.5), is more preferably weakly alkaline to mildly acidic (4.5 to 8.5) and most preferably slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.8), includes a lower dialkyl carbonate, a combustion improving amount of at least one high heating combustible compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, or mixture, and a hydrocarbon base fuel. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to enhanced structured fuel compositions for use in jet, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combustion systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to fuel compositions using viscous hydrocarbons, which are substantially neutral pH, and which employ a silicon based combustion catalyst. International patent application Nos. PCT/US95/02691, PCT/US95/06758, and PCT/US96/09653, are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference, and disclose fuel compositions and combustion techniques for achieving vapor phase combustion based on an enhanced combustion structure ("ECS"). This enhanced combustion structure includes a combustible metallic and free radical generating oxygenated compound. It has been found that such free radical generating oxygenates include C2C12 aldehydes, aldehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 esters, othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C5C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, acetic acids, boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, formic acids, nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, which can meet minimum burning velocity (BV) and latent heats of vaporization (LHV) requirements of aforementioned PCT Applications. Specific compounds can be found in detail in Organic Chemistry 6th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992), and their minimum BV/LHV requirements in aforementioned PCT Applications, which are herein by incorporated by reference. Said enhanced combustion structure oxygenates, when in combination with a combustible non-lead metal or non-metal (as set forth below), exhibit high heats of enthalpy capable, improved combustion, thermal efficiency, fuel economy, and power. Of particularly

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interest to this invention are the enhanced combustion struture oxygenates of symmetrical dialkyl carbonates, especially dimethyl and diethyl carbonates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652608__ •

High efficiency transparent organic light emitting devices Inventor(s): Adachi; Chihaya (East Windsor, NJ), Burrows; Paul E. (Princeton Junction, NJ), Forrest; Stephen R. (Princeton, NJ), Parthasarathy; Gautam (Princeton, NJ) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Princeton University (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,639,357 Date filed: March 9, 2000 Abstract: A highly transparent non-metallic cathode is disclosed that comprises a metaldoped organic electron injection layer that is in direct contact with a transparent nonmetallic electron injecting cathode layer, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), wherein the metal-doped organic electron injection layer also functions as an exciton blocking or hole blocking layer. The metal-doped organic electron injection layer is created by diffusing an ultra-thin layer of about 5-10.ANG. of a highly electropositive metal such as Li throughout the layer. A representative embodiment of the highly transparent nonmetallic cathode comprises a layer of ITO, a layer of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10phenanthroline (BCP), which acts as an electron injection, exciton blocking, and hole blocking layer, and an ultra-thin layer of lithium, which degenerately dopes the layer of BCP, improving the electron injecting properties of the BCP layer. This cathode is demonstrated for use in an OLED having a transparency of about 90% or higher combined with a device external quantum efficiency of about 1% or higher. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to highly efficient and highly transparent organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) using cathodes comprised of a transparent, nonmetallic, electron injecting cathode layer, such as ITO, and a metal-doped organic electron injection layer that also functions as an exciton blocking layer and/or as a hole blocking layer. The field of optoelectronic devices includes those which convert electrical energy into optical energy and those which convert optical energy into electrical energy. Such devices include photodetectors, phototransistors, solar cells, light emitting devices and lasers. Such devices typically include a pair of electrodes, referred to as a anode and cathode and at least one charge-carrying layer sandwiched between the anode and cathode. Depending on the function of the optoelectronic device the charge-carrying layer or layers may be comprised of a material or materials that are electroluminescent in response to an applied voltage across the electrodes or the layer or layers may form a heterojunction capable of generating a photovoltaic effect when exposed to optical radiation. In particular, organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) are usually comprised of several layers in which one of the layers is comprised of an organic material that can be made to electroluminesce in response to an applied voltage, C. W. Tang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987). Certain OLEDs have been shown to have sufficient brightness, range of color and operating lifetimes for use as a practical alternative to LCD-based full color flat-panel displays. S. R. Forest, P. E. Burrows and M. E. Thompson, Laser Focus World, February 1995. Some have sufficient transparency to be used in heads-up displays or in transparent windows and billboards. Significant commercial interest has been generated in a new type of display incorporating stacked organic light emitting devices that have the potential to provide high resolution, simple and inexpensive color displays and transparent color displays. V. Bulovic, G. Gu, P. E. Burrows, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, Nature, 380, 29 (1996); U.S. Pat. No.

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5,703,436, Forrest et al I. This transparent OLED (TOLED) had about 70% transparency when turned off, and it emitted light from both the top and bottom surfaces with a total device external quantum efficiency approaching 1% when the device was turned on. This TOLED used a transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) hole injecting layer as one electrode, the anode, and a Mg--Ag--ITO electron injecting layer as another electrode, the cathode. A transparency significantly greater than 70% would have been preferred, but the reflectance of the metal charge carrying layer prevented this. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639357__ •

Intumescent powder Inventor(s): Bernt; Jorgen O. (Barrie, CA), Langille; Kevin B. (Barrie, CA), Nguyen; Dat T. (Oakville, CA), Veinot; Dwight E. (Head of St. Margaret's Bay, CA) Assignee(s): Pyrophobic Systems Ltd. (Barrie, CA) Patent Number: 6,645,278 Date filed: July 5, 2002 Abstract: An intumescent powder where the molar ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Li.sub.2 O+Na.sub.2 O+K.sub.2 O is between 2.20 to 3.70 to 1.00 and the molar ratio of Li.sub.2 O to Li.sub.2 O+Na.sub.2 O+K.sub.2 O is 0.20 to 0.35 has an intumescent point of 195.degree. C. or higher and thus will not prematurely intumesce if mixed with another material at temperatures below 195.degree. C. The powder as used is usually dried to 812% by weight to moisture for most purposes is ground to 50 to -500 microns. Preferred methods of manufacture comprise taking a source of lithium hydroxide or lithium silicate and a source of sodium silicate to create a powder with ratios as outlined above. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel powder having the quality of intumescence at relatively high temperature, the powder having a useful range of formulations, and to the method for its production. Intumescent powders when heated above their temperature of intumescence, generate a multitude of glassy bubbles and swell to many times their original volume. The intumescent powders are used where such swelling has a useful effect in preventing the spread of fire, closing passages through floors and walls in a fire environment, and other uses. By `plastic` herein I refer to the state of a thermoplastic when it may be shaped, molded or formed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645278__

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Life extending battery adapter for multi-chemistry battery systems Inventor(s): Bean; Heather N (Fort Collins, CO), Flach; Matt (Fort Collins, CO), Swinford; Jerry (Windsor, CO), Whitman; Christopher A. (Fort Collins, CO) Assignee(s): Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,645,663 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: A life extending device, such as a capacitor, is optionally positioned to be electrically connected in parallel with a battery. In one embodiment, the life extending device is optionally inserted in a battery holder which is used in substitution for the original battery. The battery holder is designed for at least one AA battery and the battery being replaced is a lithium ion or lithium metal primary battery.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to auxiliary power and more specifically to a method and apparatus for optionally adding a battery life extension device to a battery source of power. Certain devices, such as cameras and the like, contain batteries that are constructed to meet specific requirements. The chemistry of different battery types is designed to deliver the type of power demanded for specific operations. Basically, alkaline batteries and to a lesser degree lithium-iron disulfide and nickel metal hydride batteries, which typically come in the AA size, are very sensitive to high current loads and pulses. In other words, when a load is very high current, or high drain, the battery may deliver the load, but at the cost of total energy output over the battery's life. So, the general idea is to try to minimize high drains as much as possible to get more energy out of the batteries. Thus, for high current pulsed loads such as charging the strobe capacitor of a camera, batteries which are both high energy density and affected little in terms of capacity by high drains will provide the best battery performance. Thus, lithium metal primary batteries (lithium-manganese dioxide) are a typical choice for cameras (e.g., CR2, CR123, etc.) Digital cameras often use lithium ion rechargeable batteries for similar reasons. Accordingly, film cameras typically come equipped with lithium batteries to maintain longer life, while digital cameras often favor lithium ion batteries for their small size and recharging ability. This presents a problem for a user when the battery is suddenly out of power in a location not convenient for the recharge or replacement of the proper battery which is some times hard to find. In such situations, it would be desirable for the user to be able to replace the lithium metal or lithium ion battery with an off the shelf AA battery having a traditional chemistry not particularly suited for instantaneously high energy demands. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645663__ •

Lithium ion secondary battery Inventor(s): Aihara; Shigeru (Chiyoda-ku, JP), Hamano; Kouji (Chiyoda-ku, JP), Inuzuka; Takayuki (Chiyoda-ku, JP), Murai; Michio (Chiyoda-ku, JP), Shiota; Hisashi (Chiyoda-ku, JP), Shiraga; Syo (Chiyoda-ku, JP), Yoshida; Yasuhiro (Chiyoda-ku, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,653,015 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: A paste-like active material mixture prepared by mixing an active material powder and a particulate material comprising a polymer soluble in a nonaqueous electrolytic solution is applied to, e.g. collectors 1c and 2c to a uniform thickness, and then dried to form positive and negative electrodes 1, 2 containing an active material powder and a particulate polymer. The two electrodes are assembled into an electrode laminate into which the foregoing electrolytic solution is then injected. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of producing a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a nonaqueous electrolytic solution and more particularly to a method of producing and the structure of a safe lithium ion battery having a high charge-discharge efficiency comprising a low fluidity or gelled electrolytic solution. Portable electronic apparatus have found a very great demand for reduced size and weight. The accomplishment of the demand greatly depends on the enhancement of the properties of the battery to be mounted in these portable electronic apparatus. In order to meet this demand, the development and improvement of various batteries are under way. In particular, a lithium battery is a secondary battery which can realize the highest voltage, energy density and load resistance in the existing batteries. The improvement of

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lithium batteries is still under way. The lithium ion battery comprising such a nonaqueous electrolytic solution is liable to rise in the danger of sparking, heat generation, etc. due to internal or external shortcircuiting caused by the rise in battery capacity. The rise in battery capacity faces a great apprehension that the battery might ignite. The elimination of this danger can be effectively accomplished by the reduction of the fluidity of the electrolytic solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653015__ •

Lithium secondary battery and method of manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Eguchi; Hidekazu (Neyagawa, JP), Komori; Masakage (Utsunomiya, JP), Moriwaki; Yoshio (Hirakata, JP), Tsuda; Shingo (Fujisawa, JP) Assignee(s): Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,635,382 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: The present invention uses a magnesium-based alloy which is excellent in mechanical workability to be formed thinner than conventional alloys. The present invention provides a lithium secondary battery comprising an electrode assembly and a non-aqueous electrolyte, both accommodated in a metal jacket, wherein the metal jacket is made of a magnesium-based alloy containing lithium in an amount of 7 to 20% by weight; and a metal layer or an insulating layer for preventing corrosion of the metal jacket is formed integrally with the metal jacket on the inner wall thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery and a method of manufacturing the same. More specifically, the invention relates to a metal jacket of a lithium secondary battery made of a magnesium-based alloy containing lithium (Mg-Li alloy). With the recent prevalence of portable apparatuses, demands for secondary batteries have been increased. In particular, a lithium secondary battery containing an organic electrolyte, which enables a reduction in the size and weight of such a portable apparatus, has obtained a rapidly increasing share in the market. Though the majority of conventional lithium secondary batteries have cylindrical or coin-like shapes, the number of secondary batteries having rectangular shapes have begun increasing recently. In addition, sheet-like thin batteries have made their debut. It is very important to increase the energy density of a battery. The energy density of a battery can be expressed by volume energy density (Wh/liter), which indicates the size of a battery, and weight energy density (Wh/kg), which indicates the weight of a battery. From the viewpoint of a reduction in size and weight, a battery is required to have a higher volume energy density and weight energy density, because a keen competition exists in the market of such batteries. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635382__

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Lithium secondary battery having oxide particles embedded in particles of carbonaceous material as a negative electrode-active material Inventor(s): Aono; Yasuhisa (Hitachi, JP), Kaneda; Junya (Hitachi, JP), Muranaka; Yasushi (Hitachinaka, JP), Takeuchi; Seiji (Hitachiota, JP), Watanabe; Noriyuki (Hitachinaka, JP), Yamaki; Takahiro (Hitachi, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,638,662 Date filed: February 16, 2000 Abstract: A lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing a lithium ion-storable/dischargeable negative electrode-active material and a lithium ion conductive, non-aqueous electrolytic solution or polymer electrolyte, characterized in that the negative electrode-active material comprises particles of carbonaceous material and particles of metal and metal oxide capable of enhancing lithium ion interstitial diffusibility/releasability as embedded in the particles of carbonaceous material, particles of carbonaceous materials and lithium ion interstitially diffusible/releasable particles being prepared by carbonization of a mixture thereof with MA or carbon precursor, has a high capacity and a long cycle life, and can be used in various electric appliances. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel secondary battery using a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, a process for producing the same and an electrical appliance using the same, and particularly to a lithium secondary battery having distinguished charging/discharging characteristics such as a higher voltage, a higher energy density, a higher charging/discharging capacity and a longer cycle life as well as a higher safety, a process for producing the same and uses of the same. With increasing needs for use of portable appliances in the field of electronic appliances, miniaturization and weight reduction of appliances are underway, so that development of higher energy density batteries, particularly secondary batteries, has been keenly desired. A lithium secondary battery is one of candidates for secondary batteries satisfying such requirements. Lithium secondary battery has a high voltage and a high energy density and also a light weight, as compared with a nickel-cadmium battery, a lead storage battery and a nickel-hydrogen battery. However, a lithium secondary battery using lithium metal as a negative electrode-active material has problems of short battery life and poor safety because lithium tends to deposit on the negative electrode surface as dendrites, resulting in occurrences of an internal short-circuit to the positive electrode and inactivation toward the electrolytic solution. To avoid risks of using lithium metal, lithium secondary batteries using lithium alloys such as Li--Pb, Li--Al, etc. as negative electrode-active materials have been developed. However, even these lithium secondary batteries still suffer from problems of dendrite deposition and pulverization, so that no satisfactory battery life has been obtained yet. On the other hand, a lithium secondary battery using graphite as a negative electrode-active material has been developed and is now in practical use, where the graphite can store/discharge lithium ions by reactions of diffusing lithium ions into between the c planes of graphite or releasing therefrom, while it is more stable than the chemically active metallic lithium and is free from deposition of lithium dendrites, resulting in prolonged cycle life and increased safety. In case of using graphite as a negative electrode-active material, the discharge capacity is 370 Ah/kg at most. To increase the capacity of the lithium secondary battery, it is indispensable to use negative electrode-active materials of higher capacity. The negative electrode-active materials of higher capacity include Al, Pb, etc., i.e. elements capable of forming intermetallic compounds with Li, but suffer from a

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rapid cycle deterioration when used alone or in combination with electroconductive particles as a negative electrode-active material, and thus have not been practically used as a negative electrode-active material. Composite oxides of Sn or Si have been regarded as negative electrode materials of higher capacity, as disclosed, for example, in JP-A-9213329 and JP-A-8-236158. However, these composite oxides have a high initial capacity, but suffer from a high irreversible capacity, a low Coulomb efficiency and a short cycle life, and thus have not been used as negative electrode-active materials for the lithium secondary battery. So far proposed methods for improving the cycle life of elements capable of forming alloys with an alkali metal, on the other hand, include, for example, a method for coating particles of an element capable of forming an alloy with an alkali metal with a carbonaceous material (JP-A-6-279112) and a method for coating fine particles of Al, Si or the like with a carbonaceous material (JP-A-10-3920). However, it has been found that these carbon-coated materials undergo oxidation of metallic element in the charging/discharging process, resulting in lowered electro-conductivity and considerably lowered charging/discharging characteristics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638662__ •

Lithium secondary cell Inventor(s): Iwamoto; Kazuya (Osaka, JP), Koshina; Hizuru (Osaka, JP), Nakanishi; Shinji (Osaka, JP), Oura; Takafumi (Osaka, JP), Ueda; Atsushi (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,645,667 Date filed: July 13, 2001 Abstract: A lithium secondary cell comprising a safe aqueous-solution electrolyte free from danger of firing and explosion and capable of supplying a high voltage of more than 3 V. The cell includes a positive plate having an active material absorbing/desorbing lithium ions and exhibiting a high voltage, a negative plate having an active material exhibiting a low voltage, a polymer solid electrolyte having a lithium-ionic conductivity, and an aqueous-solution electrolyte. The positive and negative plates are coated with a polymer solid electrolyte having an ionic conductivity and therefore isolated from the aqueous-solution electrolyte by the plate coating layers. Excerpt(s): This application is a U.S. NATIONAL PHASE APPLICATION OF PCT INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PCT/JP00/04420. The present invention relates to a secondary battery using an aqueous electrolytic solution containing a lithium salt dissolved therein. Recently, lithium batteries are widely used for main powers of mobile telecommunication gears and portable digital assistants, as batteries with high electromotive force and energy density. In general, these batteries are structured so as to use such compounds as lithium-containing oxides capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions and exhibiting high electrode potential, e.g. Li.sub.x CoO.sub.2 and Li.sub.x MnO.sub.2, as their positive electrode active materials, and to use lithium metal or other materials such as graphite and amorphous carbon capable of intercalating and de-intercalating lithium ions and exhibiting low electrode potential like as lithium, as their negative electrode active materials. When these active materials are used in aqueous electrolytic solution, the reaction of lithium and water makes low potential as essential potential of lithium unstable and hinders the active materials from intercalating or de-intercalating lithium ions, and accompanies water electrolysis that makes the voltages lower than that at which the water electrolysis occurs. For these

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reasons, non-aqueous electrolytes that contain no water in a strict sense are generally used for electrolytic layers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645667__ •

Lithium-ion over voltage protection circuit Inventor(s): Ronald; Timothy R. (Clarence, NY) Assignee(s): Wilson Greatbatch Technologies, Inc. (Clarence, NY) Patent Number: 6,636,020 Date filed: February 19, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is directed to an overvoltage disconnect circuit for a lithium ion battery and/or cell. The lithium ion battery has at least one lithium ion battery cell having a rated voltage or a desired voltage, an input terminal, and being chargeable by a charger. The overvoltage disconnect circuit has (1) a switch unit, and (2 & 3) a first and second voltage dividers connected to (4) a comparator. The switch unit is in series with the lithium ion cell and the charger and the gate of the switch unit is connected to the comparator. The first voltage divider receives the voltage of the charger and generates a second charge. The second charge is proportionally below the voltage of the charger. The second voltage divider receives the voltage of the charger and generates a predetermined charge; the predetermined charge is proportionally below and sometimes less than the rated voltage or the desired voltage of the cell. The comparator compares the predetermined charge to the second charge. If the second charge is below the predetermined charge, the comparator transmits a an operational signal (which can be a non-signal) to the switch unit that allows the charger to continue charging the lithium ion cell; And if the second charge is equal to or greater than the predetermined charge, the comparator transmits the operational signal to the switch unit that disconnects the charger from charging the lithium ion cell. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an over voltage protection circuit for at least one cell or battery. Before filing this application, applicant conducted a patentability search to determine whether his invention was patentable over the cited references. These references are being provided to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Of all the references, applicant believes that U.S. Pat. No. 5,695,886 to Dewan et al. is the most relevant. To illustrate the operation of the overvoltage disconnect circuit, assume that the battery is first connected to a charger of the first type. That is, a charger not designed to recharge a lithium ion battery, and thus no signal is applied to the input terminal 24. As no input signal is received, the switch transistor 50, which is preferably an N-channel Metallic Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET), is open since its input 52 is pulled low. That is, it acts as a high impedance. Thus, modifying resistance 46 is essentially floating and has no effect on the voltage divider 34. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06636020__

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Metal nitride electrode materials for high capacity rechargeable lithium battery cells Inventor(s): Amatucci; Glenn G. (Peapack, NJ), Pereira; Nathalie (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Rutgers University Foundation (New Brunswick, NJ) Patent Number: 6,653,020 Date filed: April 12, 2001 Abstract: A high capacity rechargeable lithium battery cell comprising a positive electrode member, a negative electrode member, and an interposed separator member providing an electrolyte includes an active electrode material comprising a crystalline nitride of a metal which be lithium-alloying, such Zn, or non-alloying, such as Cu. The metal nitride electrode materials effectively replace carbonaceous negative electrode materials in Li-ion cells, providing significantly improved stable gravimetric capacity ranging to about 450 mAh/g and volumetric capacity ranging to more than five-fold that of graphite. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to rechargeable electrochemical energy storage systems, particularly such systems comprising complementary electrodes capable of reversibly intercalating, alloying, or otherwise alternately combining with and releasing lithium ions in electrical energy charge and discharge operations. The invention comprises, in its preferred embodiments, high capacity lithium battery cells comprising metal nitride electrodes which provide exceptionally high, stable discharge capacity in such cells. Early rechargeable lithium battery cells relied primarily on metallic lithium electrodes, but disadvantages associated with recharging of such cells, particularly the formation of dendrites which led to shorting within the cell, resulted, in addition to resident dangers, in limited useful cycle life of these cells. Lithium alloys with metals such as tin or aluminum showed some promise of improvement from the dangerous conditions attributed to pure lithium metal; however, the relatively large expansion fluctuations exhibited by these materials during cycling resulted in intraparticle damage which ultimately defeated initial cell capacity gains. Carbonaceous electrode materials, such as petroleum coke, hard carbon, and graphite, have been widely investigated and are regularly employed in lithium and lithium-ion cells, but these materials are limited in volumetric capacity and present other difficulties, such as their contributing to the instability and degradation of electrolyte compositions. Investigators have turned in part to employing lithiating electrodes comprising oxides of Sn, Si, Sb, Mg, and the like and have had some success in avoiding the drawbacks seen in carbon materials, but cycle life of these cells has lacked significant note. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653020__

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Method for monitoring end of life for battery Inventor(s): Lyden; Michael J. (Shoreview, MN) Assignee(s): Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 6,654,640 Date filed: March 6, 2002 Abstract: A system is described. The system includes a lithium battery, a charge storage capacitor electrically connected to the lithium battery, a first device, and at least one second device. The first device is electrically connected to the lithium battery and is powered by the lithium battery. The at least one second device is attached to the charge

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storage capacitor and adapted to read a rate of charge storage in the charge storage capacitor or to calculate the rate of charge storage by measuring both a time of charging and a charge stored or added to the charge storage capacitor during the time of charging. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of determining when the end of life of a battery is approaching, and circuitry which may be used with that process. The invention particularly relates to such methods where access to the battery for conventional testing means is not readily available, where maintenance of sufficient levels of power from the battery are important with minimal interruption, and for monitoring of battery power in pacemakers. Over the last several decades, the lithiumiodine battery has been widely adopted as a power source for the pacemaker industry, as well as other applications. Indeed, the broad use of this battery system in the pacemaker industry has resulted in it becoming substantially the standard power source for that industry. Well over 1,000,000 such batteries have already been implanted. The lifetime of such cells is not great enough to outlast the patient, so the industry has experienced occurrences where such batteries have come to their End Of Life (EOL) under nominal loads and normal circumstances. In addition to the actual replacement experiences of depleted batteries, methods have been developed for approximating the EOL curve of such batteries. It has become evident that there is a great need for matching or interfacing the device being powered by the battery with the parameters of battery behavior to optimize EOL operation. In the practice of the invention of this application, reference is made to "lithium systems," meaning lithium-type battery cells. As pointed out in the article of Parsonnet et al., American Heart Journal, October 1977, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 517-528, in 1977 there were at least 5 types of lithium systems in widespread use, including lithium iodine types such as made by Wilson Greatbatch, Ltd. and Catalyst Research Corporation. Today an even wider number and variety of lithium batteries are available. This invention is directed particularly, but without limitation, to battery systems, especially the lithium battery systems characterized by having an internal impedance characteristic curve which is initially substantially linear as a function of energy depletion, but which asymptotically approaches an energy production (output) limit and increasing internal (e.g., DC) resistance. This total output maximum and high internal impedance is found near, but well before EOL. At that time, the linear characteristic relationship between energy depletion and internal impedance exhibits a knee and internal impedance rises rapidly. This characteristic of lithium-type sources is discussed in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,031,899 which patent is incorporated herein by reference. In the lithium iodine type battery, the cell cathode may consist of molecular iodine weakly bonded to polyvinyl pyridine (P2VP). At beginning of battery life in this type of system, there are about 6 molecules of iodine to each molecule of P2VP. No electrolyte, as such, is included in construction of the cell, but a lithium iodine (LiI) electrolyte layer forms during cell discharge, between the anode and cathode. The LiI layer presents an effective internal impedance to Li.sup.+ ions which travel through it. Since the LiI layer grows with the charge drawn from the battery, or milliamp hours (mAh), this component of the battery impedance increases linearly as a function of mAh (i.e., as a function of cell energy depletion). In the pacemaker environment, since there is constant (but not uniform) energy depletion, this component of the internal impedance increases continually with time. However, and particularly for a demand pacer which at any time may or may not be delivering stimulus pulses, the increase of this component is not linear with time, due to the fact that current drain is not uniformly constant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06654640__

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Method for producing electrode for lithium secondary battery Inventor(s): Tarui; Hisaki (Shijyonawate, JP), Yagi; Hiromasa (Nishinomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,649,033 Date filed: March 27, 2002 Abstract: The method for producing an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, having an active material in the form of a thin film composed of an interface layer formed on a current collector and an active material layer formed on the interface layer. The method comprises the steps of: depositing the interface layer on the current collector by sputtering; and depositing the active material layer on the interface layer by vapor evaporation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing an electrode for a lithium secondary battery. In recent years, research and development of lithium secondary batteries have been actively made. The battery performance of lithium secondary batteries, such as charge-discharge voltages, charge-discharge cycle life characteristics or storage characteristics, depends largely on the electrodes used. Therefore, improvement of active materials used for the electrodes has been attempted to enhance the battery performance. A battery with high energy densities both per weight and per volume can be obtained by using lithium metal as a negative active material. This battery however has a problem that the lithium deposited on charge grows into dendrite, causing an internal short-circuiting. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649033__

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Methods for forming separately optimized waveguide structures in optical materials Inventor(s): Petrov; Konstantin P. (1929 Crisanto Ave., Mountain View, CA 94040) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,650,819 Date filed: October 16, 2001 Abstract: A method for forming plural waveguide structures in an optical substrate, such as lithium niobate, employs multiple stages of annealed proton exchange. In each stage, the substrate is masked to define a region corresponding to at least one waveguide structure. The mask-defined region is exposed to a proton exchange agent for a predetermined time and at a predetermined temperature, and the substrate is then annealed at predetermined time/temperature conditions. By selecting appropriate process parameters for each APE stage, each of the resultant waveguide structures may be optimized for desired physical and optical characteristics. The method may be utilized, for example, to fabricate sub-Rayleigh range couplers having high coupling efficiencies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods for fabricating optical waveguides, and more specifically to methods for fabricating plural waveguide sections in a single substrate. Formation of waveguides in lithium niobate (LN) and similar optical materials is typically accomplished by one of two well-known processes: titanium indiffusion and annealed proton exchange (APE). The APE process is increasingly favored over titanium indiffusion for commercial manufacturing applications due in part to the high temperatures required to achieve waveguide

Patents 171

formation by the titanium indiffusion process. It is noted that not all of the foregoing process parameters are independent, and that some of the parameters may not be easily varied. For example, the exchange agent (the acidic medium selected to effect proton exchange), which controls overall proton exchange rate at a given temperature, is generally considered to be a fixed parameter, due to the limited availability of acidic media which do not produce etching of the LN substrate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06650819__ •

Methods for forming waveguides in optical materials Inventor(s): Phillips; Mark L. F. (27468 Hayward Blvd., Hayward, CA 94542), Thoms; Travis P. S. (16158 Via Media, San Lorenzo, CA 94580) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,641,743 Date filed: June 19, 2001 Abstract: A method for forming waveguides in an optical material such as lithium niobate comprises the steps of providing an exchange agent including a protonsupplying medium and a catalyst, and exposing a selected portion of the optical material to the exchange agent for a predetermined time and at a predetermined temperature. Preferably, the catalyst is a metallic cation having a valence of at least +2, and the proton-supplying medium is a weak acid with a pKa of greater than about 4.5 or a lithium-buffered ("starved") acidic solution. The catalyst accelerates the rate at which protons are exchanged with corresponding ions in the optical material lattice, thereby reducing the time required to produce a waveguide in the exposed portion of the optical material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to optical waveguides, and more particularly to methods for forming waveguides in optical substrate materials such as lithium niobate. Techniques for fabricating optical waveguides in inorganic optical substrate materials include various methods in which a waveguide is formed by altering the index of refraction of selected portions of the substrate by ion exchange and diffusion. One well-known method of this type is the proton exchange (PE) method, used particularly on lithium niobate substrates and other crystalline materials. In. the PE method a proton-supplying exchange agent, such as benzoic acid or pyrophosphoric acid, is contacted with portions of the substrate surface, causing protons from the exchange agent to exchange with and replace some of the corresponding ions of the substrate material (e.g., lithium ions in a lithium niobate substrate) in a region near the surface of the substrate. The resulting proton-exchanged region has a higher refractive index, relative to the adjacent unaltered substrate material, for appropriately polarized light and thus can function as an optical waveguide. By selecting appropriate exchange agents and adjusting exchange conditions (and by use of a subsequent annealing step), a wide range of waveguide refractive index differences and depths can be achieved. The PE method advantageously enables relatively rapid formation of waveguides at low temperature (typically around 200.degree. C.) conditions, whereas other ion exchange methods, such as titanium in-diffusion, generally require much higher temperatures to achieve equivalent rates of waveguide formation. A further advantage of the PE method is that waveguides formed by PE in materials such as lithium niobate are capable of maintaining the initial polarization state of the transmitted light, whereas waveguides formed by other techniques, such as titanium indiffusion, carry orthogonal polarizations at different velocities, resulting in a change of the state of polarization of the input

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optical energy (e.g., from linear to elliptical). A disadvantage associated with the PE method is that the highly acidic exchange agents conventionally employed for proton exchange may produce undesirable effects, such as surface etching of the substrate and the formation of a "dead layer" (a disordered, centrosymmetric region with substantially reduced nonlinear or electro-optic properties) within the resultant waveguide. These undesirable effects may be minimized or avoided by using a weakly acidic exchange agent, or by using a lithium-buffered ("starved") exchange agent wherein a quantity of lithium ions are dispersed in the exchange agent. However, use of weakly acidic or starved exchange agents are known to reduce proton exchange rates substantially, requiring reaction times of tens or even hundreds of hours to form usable waveguides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641743__ •

Methods of making lithium metal cathode active materials Inventor(s): Barker; Jeremy (England, GB), Saidi; M. Yazid (Henderson, NV), Swoyer; Jeffrey (Henderson, NV) Assignee(s): Valence Technology, Inc. (Henderson, NV) Patent Number: 6,645,452 Date filed: November 28, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides a method for making lithium mixed metal materials in electrochemical cells. The lithium mixed metal materials comprise lithium and at least one other metal besides lithium. The invention involves the reaction of a metal compound, and a phosphate compound, with a reducing agent to reduce the metal and form a metal phosphate. The invention also includes methods of making lithium metal oxides involving reaction of a lithium compound, and a metal oxide with a reducing agent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for, producing electrode active materials which can be used to formulate electrodes for use in electrochemical cells in batteries. More-particularly, the present invention relates to methods for the production of electrode active lithium metal phosphate materials. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to methods whereby electrode active materials having unique triclinic or olivine crystalline structures can be produced. Lithium batteries have become a useful and desirable energy source in recent years. Generally speaking lithium batteries are prepared from one or more lithium electrochemical cells containing electrochemically active (electroactive) materials. Such cells typically include an anode (negative electrode), a cathode (positive electrode), and an electrolyte interposed between spaced apart positive and negative electrodes. Batteries with anodes of metallic lithium and containing metal chalcogenide cathode active material have received acceptance in industry and commerce. By convention, during discharge of the cell, the negative electrode of the cell is defined as the anode. Cells having a metallic lithium anode and metal chalcogenide cathode are charged in an initial condition. During discharge, lithium ions from the metallic anode pass through a liquid electrolyte to the electrochemically active (electroactive) material of the cathode whereupon they release electrical energy to an external circuit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645452__

Patents 173

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Non-aqueous electrolyte cell Inventor(s): Kawaguchi; Shinichi (Kishiwada, JP), Koshiba; Nobuharu (Nara, JP), Takahashi; Tadayoshi (Neyagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,641,957 Date filed: July 12, 2001 Abstract: The non-aqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention has a negative electrode comprising metallic lithium, a lithium alloy or a material capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium; a positive electrode; a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a solvent and a solute dissolved in the solvent, wherein the above non-aqueous electrolyte contains at least one additive selected from phthalimide, derivative of phthalimide, phthalimidine, derivative of phthalimidine, tetrahydrophthalimide and derivative of tetrahydrophthalimide. On account of the effect of the above additive, the nonaqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention is not liable to cause an increase in the internal resistance during a long-term storage at high temperatures, and the charge/discharge cycle characteristics are improved in a secondary battery. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte battery. More specifically, the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an additive for suppressing an increase in the internal resistance of the battery. In recent years, there has been a rapid advancement in the realization of small and lightweight electronic devices, and along with that, there has also been an increased demand for batteries having high energy densities. Accordingly, intensive researches have been made on lithium primary batteries having a negative electrode comprising metallic lithium as well as lithium ion secondary batteries having a negative electrode comprising a carbon material. In such batteries, as a solvent for constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, sulfolane,.gamma.-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, 1,2dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane and the like are used singly or as a mixture. Further, as a solute to be dissolved in the solvent, LiClO.sub.4, LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiCF.sub.3 SO.sub.3, LiN(CF.sub.3 SO.sub.2).sub.2, LiN(C.sub.2 F.sub.5 SO.sub.2).sub.2 are used singly or as a mixture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641957__

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Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell Inventor(s): Fukushima; Yuzuru (Miyagi, JP), Kita; Akinori (Kanagawa, JP), Ohnuma; Hiroko (Miyagi, JP), Satori; Kotaro (Kanagawa, JP), Takahashi; Kimio (Miyagi, JP), Terashima; Hideki (Miyagi, JP) Assignee(s): Sony Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,649,307 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell including: a cathode containing a manganese oxide or a lithium-manganese composite oxide; an anode containing a lithium metal, a lithium alloy, or a material capable of doping/dedoping lithium; and an electrolyte containing at least two electrolyte salts, one of which is LiBF.sub.4 contained in the range from 0.005 mol/l to 0.3 mol/l. This

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enables to increase the cycle characteristic, preventing deterioration of the cell characteristic caused by a repeated use. Excerpt(s): The present invention claims priority to Japanese Application No. P2000210326 filed Jul. 11, 2000, which application is incorporated herein by reference to the extent permitted by law. The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell for use as a power source of small and light-weight electric apparatuses and electric automobiles. Recently, various portable electronic apparatuses such as a video camera with video tape recorder, cellular phones, and lap-top computers have been developed and these electronic apparatuses are expected to be reduced in size and weight. Simultaneously with this, various studies are made to improve an energy density of secondary cells used as a drive power source of these electronic apparatuses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649307__ •

Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary cell Inventor(s): Nitta; Yoshiaki (Osaka, JP), Shimamura; Harunari (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,653,019 Date filed: February 28, 2001 Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using composite particles for its negative electrode. In the composite particles, nucleus particles including at least one element selected from tin, silicon, and zinc as their constituent element are entirely or partly covered with a solid solution or inter-metallic compound of said constituent element and at least one element selected from groups consisting of Group 2 elements, transition elements, and Group 12, Group 13, and Group 14 elements in the Periodic Table except for the constituent element of the nucleus particles and carbon. Further, the present invention is characterized in that the NMR signals of the lithium intercalated in the composite particles appear within the range of -10 to 40 ppm with respect to lithium chloride and at least one signal appears within the range of -10 to 4 ppm. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, particularly to non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries (hereinafter referred to as "secondary batteries") with high energy density and improved electrochemical characteristics, such as charge/discharge capacity and cycle life, that are provided by the improved negative electrode material and non-aqueous electrolyte. High electromotive force and high energy density are featured by lithium secondary batteries recently used for such mobile communications equipment as personal digital assistants and mobile electronic apparatus , main power supply for the mobile electronic gears, small domestic power storage devices, and motor bicycles, electric vehicles, and hybrid cars using motors as their driving sources. Lithium ion secondary batteries using organic electrolytic solutions, carbon materials as their negative electrode active materials, and lithium-containing composite oxides as their positive electrode active materials have higher energy density and more excellent low-temperature characteristics than secondary batteries using aqueous solutions. Moreover, without using lithium metals for their negative electrodes, lithium ion secondary batteries also have excellent cycle stability and safety, thus rapidly becoming commercially practical. Lithium polymer batteries using electrolytes like macromolecular (polymer) gel containing organic electrolytic solutions are also being developed as a new battery family of thin and light type.

Patents 175

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653019__ •

Optical filter and optical device provided with this optical filter Inventor(s): Osawa; Keiji (Chuou-ku, JP) Assignee(s): Nikon Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,650,474 Date filed: April 11, 2002 Abstract: Light emitted from a taking lens 20 enters a first birefringent plate 1a to be spatially divided along a first direction extending perpendicular to the direction in which the light advances to achieve two separate rays L10 and L20. The vibrational planes of the two light fluxes L10 and L20 emitted from the first birefringent plate 1a are converted to a circularly polarized light by a phase plate 1c. The two light fluxes L10' and L20' emitted from the phase plate 1c are each spatially divided into two by a second birefringent plate 1d along a second direction extending perpendicular to the first direction to achieve four separate rays L12, L12, L21 and L22, to be guided to an imaging plane 15a of an imaging device 15. At least either the first birefringent plate or the second birefringent plate is constituted of lithium niobate, rutile, Chilean nitrate, or the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical filter and an optical device provided with this optical filter. In a digital still camera employing an imaging device such as a CCD (hereafter a digital still camera is simply referred to as a "DSC" in this specification), "beat" interference may occur as a result of a certain relationship between the spatial frequency of the subject image and the repetitive pitch of dot-type on-chip color separation filters provided at the front surface of the imaging device. In order to prevent any false color signals from being generated by the beat, i.e., in order to prevent the so-called "color moire," an optical low-pass filter is provided between the taking lens and the imaging device. The optical low-pass filter, which is constituted by employing a birefringent plate achieving birefringence, reduces the generation of the beat through the birefringent effect provided by the birefringent plate. Normally, quartz is employed to constitute the birefringent plate. Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 199420316 proposes an optical low-pass filter employing two birefringent plates such as that described above, which is suited for application in an imaging device provided with dot-type on-chip color separation filters. This optical low-pass filter is constituted by enclosing a quarter-wave plate between two birefringent plates with the directions in which the image becomes shifted through the birefringence offset by approximately 90.degree. from each other. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06650474__

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Positive active material for rechargeable lithium battery and method of preparing same Inventor(s): Jeong; Kyeong-Min (Cheonan, KR), Kweon; Ho-Jin (Cheonan, KR), Park; Jung-Joon (Cheonan, KR), Shin; Jeong-Soon (Cheonan, KR) Assignee(s): Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. (Suwon, KR) Patent Number: 6,653,021 Date filed: February 23, 2001

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Abstract: A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery is provided. The positive active material includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of lithiated compounds, a metal oxide layer formed on a surface of the compound and metal oxide masses adhered on the metal oxide layer. The positive active material is produced by coating a compound with a metal alkoxide solution, an organic solution of a metal salt or an aqueous solution of a metal salt and heat-treating the coated compound. The compound is selected from the group consisting of lithiated compounds. Thereafter, the heat-treated compound is slow-cooled to 100 to 500.degree. C. and the cooled compound is quenched to room temperature. Excerpt(s): This application is based on application Ser. Nos. 00-9829 and 01-4897 filed in the Korean Industrial Property Office on Feb. 28, 2000 and Feb. 1, 2001, the content of which is incorporated hereinto by reference. The present invention relates to a positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery and a method of preparing the same, and more particularly, to a positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery and a method of preparing the same in which the positive active material exhibits good electrochemical characteristics. Rechargeable lithium batteries use a material from or into which lithium ions are deintercalated or intercalated as positive and negative active materials. For an electrolyte, an organic solvent or polymer is used. Rechargeable lithium batteries produce electric energy from changes in the chemical potentials of the active materials during the intercalation and deintercalation reactions of lithium ions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653021__ •

Process for oxidizing iron-doped lithium niobate Inventor(s): Stoll; Harold M (Colorado Springs, CO) Assignee(s): Northrop Grumman (Los Angeles, CA) Patent Number: 6,652,780 Date filed: March 6, 2002 Abstract: A process for oxidizing iron ions contained within iron-doped lithium niobate. The process comprises the steps of protonating the iron-doped lithium niobate crystal and then placing the same into a pressure chamber where between 10-100 atmospheres of dry, ultra-pure pressurized oxygen are applied. While under pressure, the crystal is heated to approximately 950.degree. C. at a rate not to exceed 50.degree. C. per minute, and preferably at a rate not less than 25.degree. C. per minute. The resulting lithium niobate crystal will thereafter contain iron ions wherein the divalent iron ion ratio to the trivalent iron ion ratio is approximately 1:100. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to iron-doped lithium niobate crystals having an increased ratio between the trivalent iron to divalent iron contained therein. Lithium niobate crystals are known as electro-optic materials that are useful as holographic recording media which have fairly good sensitivity. This sensitivity, as well as diffraction efficiency, can be greatly improved by doping such crystals with iron, as has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,703,328 to Glass, et al. In such applications, it is generally advantageous to maintain a minimum fraction of iron ions (Fe) in the divalent state (Fe.sup.+2), in order to achieve an optimal holographic write sensitivity, and a relatively larger function of Fe ions in the trivalent state (Fe.sup.+3), in order to minimize photoconductivity and hence, minimize sensitivity to self-erasure effects when large numbers of holograms are time-sequentially stored within a common volume of lithium niobate. By maximizing write sensitivity and minimizing erase

Patents 177

sensitivity, more high-efficiency holograms can be stored and greater information densities achieved within a given volume of iron-doped lithium niobate (Fe:LiNbO.sub.3). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652780__ •

Process for preparation of a lithiated or overlithiated transition metal oxide, active positive electrode materials containing this oxide, and a battery Inventor(s): Bloch; Didier (BiViers, FR), Bourbon; Carole (La Buisse, FR), Le Cras; Frederic (Montchaboud, FR), Rouppert; Franck (St. Pierre de Bressieux, FR) Assignee(s): Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,652,605 Date filed: December 7, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for manufacturing a lithiated or overlithiated transition metal oxide comprising the following three steps, carried out successively or in a simultaneous manner:preparation of a solution of lithium alkoxide by dissolving lithium metal in an alcohol, the said alcohol being chosen among the alcohols originating from linear or ramified alkanes comprising at least three carbon atoms, the alcohols originating from unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbides, and mixtures of them;addition of a transition metal oxide powder to the said lithium alkoxide solution to obtain a dispersion;controlled reduction of the said transition metal oxide by the said alkoxide to obtain a lithiated or overlithiated transition metal oxide with a defined Li:Metal stoichiometry;the said process also comprising the following steps:evaporation of the residual alcohol,rinsing of the powder thus obtained,drying of the powder. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for preparation of a lithiated or overlithiated transition metal oxide, this lithiated or overlithiated oxide beneficially being usable as an active electrode material and more particularly for a positive electrode. The invention also relates to the electrode, and particularly the positive electrode containing this material. Finally, the invention relates to lithium batteries with a metallic or composite negative electrode using the said positive electrode. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652605__

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Process for producing.alpha.-aminoketone derivatives Inventor(s): Hirose; Naoko (Kawasaki, JP), Izawa; Kunisuke (Kawasaki, JP), Nakano; Takashi (Kawasaki, JP), Nakazawa; Masakazu (Kawasaki, JP), Onishi; Tomoyuki (Kawasaki, JP), Torii; Takayoshi (Kawasaki, JP) Assignee(s): Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,639,094 Date filed: September 12, 1999 Abstract: A process for producing.alpha.-amino-dihalogenated methyl ketone derivatives by reacting an N-protected.alpha.-amino acid ester with a dihalomethyl lithium is provided. This process is suitable for the production on an industrial scale and by this process,.alpha.-amino-dihalogenated methyl ketone derivatives and.beta.-

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amino-.alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives can be obtained efficiently and economically advantageously. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing.alpha.-aminodihalogenated methyl ketone derivatives from N-protected.alpha.-amino acid esters. The present invention also relates to a process for producing.beta.-amino-.alpha.hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives from the.alpha.-amino-dihalogenated methyl ketone derivatives. It was reported that.alpha.-amino-dihalogenated methyl ketone derivatives can be easily converted into.beta.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives by hydrolysis in the presence of a base (see J.P. KO-KAI No. Hei 10-59909).beta.-Amino.alpha.-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives obtained by this reaction are important compounds as intermediates for inhibitors of enzymes, such as HIV protease and renin or for some anticancer drugs (see, for example, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992, 40, 2251, J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 2707, Biochem. Pharmacol. 1983, 32, 1051, and Bull. Cancer 1993, 80, 326). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639094__ •

Process for producing lithium titanate and lithium ion battery and negative electrode therein Inventor(s): Eto; Kiyoshi (Chigasaki, JP), Sakai; Hideki (Chigasaki, JP), Yamawaki; Tetsuya (Chigasaki, JP) Assignee(s): Toho Titanium Co., Ltd. (Chigasaki, JP) Patent Number: 6,645,673 Date filed: January 25, 2001 Abstract: In a process for producing lithium titanate, a mixture of titanium dioxide and at least one lithium compound selected from the group consisting of lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, and lithium oxide is presintered at a temperature of between 670.degree. C. or more and less than 800.degree. C. to prepare a compound consisting of TiO.sub.2 and Li.sub.2 TiO.sub.3 or a compound consisting of TiO.sub.2, Li.sub.2 TiO.sub.3 and Li.sub.4 Ti.sub.5 O.sub.12. The compound is then sintered at a temperature in the range of 800 to 950.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing lithium titanate which is suitable for electrodes for lithium ion batteries used, for example, as backup power supplies for personal computers and for portable types of equipment and the like, and to lithium ion batteries using the same. The recent rapid development of technology in the field of electronics has allowed compact design and weight reduction in electronic equipment. Secondary batteries as driving or backup power supplies for this equipment are strongly required to be of compact design and light weight, and to have high energy density. Recently, development of larger electricity storage systems are also urgently required for electric automobiles and off-peak domestic electricity storage systems in order to reduce CO.sub.2 emissions. As new types of secondary batteries which can meet these requirements, secondary lithium batteries which have high energy density to volume have attracted attention. Lithium titanate, presented by the formula, Li.sub.4 Ti.sub.5 O.sub.12 (termed Li.sub.4/3 Ti.sub.5/3 O.sub.4 below), is used as a material for secondary lithium batteries. As processes for production of these compounds, wet methods and dry methods are known (for example, unexamined published Japanese Patent Application, No. 309727/97, and Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Vol. 25, p. 145, 1976). Although wet methods can produce lithium titanate

Patents 179

having good crystallinity, these methods require complicated processes, waste water treatment and the like, which poses problems of economic efficiency. To contrast, although the conventional dry methods are simple in process, lithium titanate byproducts with formulas other than the above are produced. Furthermore, control of the atomic ratio of titanium and lithium (hereinafter referred to as the Li/Ti ratio) is difficult due to vaporization loss of elemental lithium and lithium compounds, and titanium dioxide as a raw material remains in the products. As a result, the method poses problem in that lithium titanate, Li.sub.4 Ti.sub.5 O.sub.12, cannot be efficiently produced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645673__ •

Process for the preparation of agglomerated zeolites X and LSX exchanged with lithium Inventor(s): Masini; Jean-Jacques (La Celle Saint Cloud, FR), Plee; Dominique (Lons, FR), Sacleux; Jean-Claude (Honfleur, FR), Vidal; Jean-Louis (Suresnes, FR) Assignee(s): CECA, S.A. (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 6,649,556 Date filed: July 3, 2001 Abstract: Process for preparing zeolites of X type having an Si/Al atomic ratio of.ltoreq.1.5 and having exchangeable cations including lithium, trivalent and/or divalent ions, and optionally sodium, potassium, ammonium and/or hydronium ions, involves distributing starting zeolite in a series of receptacles, percolating a solution of at least one lithium compound through the series, drawing a lithium-containing bleed from first receptacle of the carrousel, and drawing off a final effluent stream from a final receptacle in the series. The effluent stream contains compounds of exchangeable cations from the starting zeolite and traces of the lithium compound(s). After a desired degree of lithium exchange has occurred in the first receptacle, the first receptacle is removed and a fresh solution of at least one lithium compound is introduced into the next receptable in the series and percolated through the series. This step can be performed for each receptacle in the series. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the preparation of agglomerated zeolites of X type, a portion of the exchangeable cationic sites of which is occupied by lithium ions. The term "zeolite of X type" is understood to mean, throughout the following, zeolites X with an Si/Al atomic ratio=1.5 and more particularly zeolites LSX (Low Silica X), i.e. the Si/Al ratio of which is in the region of 1. Zeolites X exchanged with lithium (that is to say, those for which at least a portion of the cationic exchangeable sites is occupied by lithium ions) have numerous industrial applications and are widely used for the separation of nitrogen from other gases, such as, for example, oxygen, argon and hydrogen, according to techniques for the selective adsorption of the gases to be separated. The zeolites employed can be provided in various forms and the exact form which they adopt can determine their usefulness in industrial adsorption processes. When zeolites are used in industrial adsorbers, it is generally preferred to agglomerate them (for example by converting them to granules) in order not to risk compacting the pulverulent zeolite in an adsorption column of industrial size, thus blocking or at the very least greatly reducing the flow through the column. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649556__

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Process for the reductive dehalogenation of halogenated hydrocarbons Inventor(s): Bolsing; Friedrich (Lindhorst, DE), Habekost; Achim (Algermissen, DE) Assignee(s): DCR International Environmental Services B.V. (Amsterdam, NL) Patent Number: 6,649,044 Date filed: February 1, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the reductive dehalogenation of halogenated hydrocarbons. It comprises reacting halogenated hydrocarbons with a reducing metal and a hydrogen donating compound in the presence of an amine. Preferably, the halogenated hydrocarbons are reacted with lithium, potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc or iron. Depending on the metal, the complete reductive dehalogenation takes place at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 400.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the reductive dehalogenation of halogenated hydrocarbons through chemical reaction with reducing metals in the presence of a hydrogen donating compound characterized in that the dehalogenation reaction is carried out in the presence of an amine. Halogenated hydrocarbons in this context are aliphatic, aromatic and mixed aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbons, which contain at least one hologen in a molecule, including those hydrocarbons, which, in addition to halogen, contain other functional groups, for instance chlorophenols. Hydrogen donating compounds in this context are all compounds, which can provide hydrogen formally as protons or atomic hydrogen in order to saturate anions and radicals respectively, for instance alcohols, amines, aliphatic hydrocarbons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649044__

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Rechargeable lithium battery having an improved cathode and process for the production thereof Inventor(s): Asao; Masaya (Tsuzuki-gun, JP), Kawakami; Soichiro (Nara, JP), Kobayashi; Naoya (Nara, JP) Assignee(s): Canon Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,638,322 Date filed: November 6, 2000 Abstract: A rechargeable lithium battery comprising at least a cathode, a separator, an anode, and an electrolyte or electrolyte solution integrated in a battery housing, is characterized by a cathode constituted of a specific powdery cathode active material having a large specific surface area and a primary particle size of 0.5.mu.m or less. The cathode active material is obtained by mixing a salt of a transition metal in and dissolving the salt in an aqueous solution containing at least a water-soluble polymer material to obtain an intermediate, and baking the intermediate to form said powdery cathode active material for use as the cathode active material of said cathode. Alternatively, the cathode active material is obtained by mixing a salt of a transition metal in a monomer capable of forming at least a water-soluble polymer material, polymerizing the monomer to obtain a polymerized intermediate, and baking the polymerized intermediate to form the powdery cathode active material for use as said cathode active material of the cathode. A process for the production of the rechargeable lithium, battery is also provided.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a highly reliable rechargeable lithium battery and a process for the production thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a highly reliable rechargeable lithium battery provided with an improved cathode constituted by a specific cathode active material and which is high in charge-and-discharge efficiency and also in discharge capacity, and it also relates to a process for the production of said rechargeable lithium battery. In recent years, global warming from the so-called greenhouse effect has been predicted due to increased levels of atmospheric CO.sub.2. To prevent this warming phenomenon from further developing, there is a tendency to prohibit the (construction of new steam-power generation plants which exhaust a large quantity of CO.sub.2. Under these circumstances, proposals have been made to institute load leveling in order to effectively utilize power. Load leveling involves the installation of rechargeable batteries at general locations to store surplus power unused in the night, known as dump power. The power thus stored is available in the day time when the power demand is increased, thereby leveling the load requirements in terms of power generation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638322__ •

Secondary cell with high rate pulse capability Inventor(s): Gan; Hong (East Amherst, NY), Rubino; Robert S. (Williamsville, NY), Takeuchi; Esther S. (East Amherst, NY) Assignee(s): Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. (Clarence, NY) Patent Number: 6,641,953 Date filed: January 9, 2001 Abstract: A rechargeable lithium-ion cell capable of being discharged to deliver high power pulses sufficient for implantable defibrillation applications and the like, is described. The cell is housed in a casing having an external volume of 5 cm.sup.3, or less. Both the negative and positive electrodes are less than about 0.15 mm in total thickness. Negative and positive electrodes of a reduced thickness provide the cell with high electrode surface area relative to its volume. As such, the present cell is capable of providing pulses in excess of 30C with minimal voltage drop. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy and, more particularly, to a lithium-ion secondary cell having a total size of less than about 5 cm.sup.3 and which is capable of being pulse discharged. Secondary cells, which shuttle lithium between the anode and cathode, are well know in the art. These cells, typically referred to as lithium-ion cells, have a negative electrode of a carbonaceous anode material and a positive electrode of a porous cathode active material composed of a lithiated metal oxide. Cells of this type are widely available commercially and are typically rated up to a 2C constant current discharge. The typical coating thickness for the anode and cathode active materials of the respective negative and positive electrodes for these prior art cells is on the order of 0.08 mm per side of current collector. This means the electrodes are usually greater than about 0.15 mm thick. Such coating thicknesses result in secondary cells having less coated current collector surface area, higher internal resistance, less pulse power and longer total cell volume than that of the present invention secondary cell. In part, lithium-ion cells having electrodes of a thickness greater than about 0.15 mm are not able to provide enough surface area to be housed in a casing having a total external volume less than about 5.0 cm.sup.3 and to be pulse discharged. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,537 to Munshi et al. describes a "AA" size rechargeable cell for powering a bioimplantable

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device. The inventors of the present invention secondary cell simulated the electrode design and discharge performance of various lithium rechargeable chemistries based on the Munshi et al. patent. In order to satisfy the power requirements of an implantable medical device, it was determined that secondary cells according to Munshi et al. require a casing volume which is much larger than the 5 cm.sup.3 total size of the present secondary cell. In fact, the Munshi et al. cell is described as weighing 18 grams and having a total volume of 8 cm.sup.3. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641953__ •

Silicate coating compositions Inventor(s): Savin; Ronald R. (11001 Muirfield Dr., Rancho Mirage, CA 92270) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,638,628 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: Aqueous zinc-containing coating compositions are provided in which the bonding agent is a blend of sodium and/or potassium silicate and lithium polysilicate the latter being in relatively high proportion particularly over 30% up to 70% by weight of silicate. Preferably the composition contains particulate flaked zinc. The composition is of particular value in enhancing corrosion resistance of articles produced from powdered metal or of non-passivated galvanized artefacts. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to coating compositions, methods of preparing such compositions and surfaces coated with such compositions. In particular it relates to coatings useful in protection of articles produced by powder metallurgy techniques and otherwise-untreated galvanized articles from corrosion. While one aspect of preparing a coating for a surface is to provide a decorative finish, even more important is to provide a resistance to environmental and atmospheric conditions. This is particularly true of coatings for metallic surfaces where materials present in the atmosphere, including both natural components such as water vapor and pollutants such as acids and other corrosive materials, can damage the surface of the metal. Many of the most commonly used coating materials contain organic resin materials to provide binding for the pigment and other corrosion resistant materials in the composition. Such organic pigments frequently require organic solvents to ensure their dispersion in the composition, which can create major pollution problems. A particularly valuable type of anti-corrosion composition is one containing zinc. The outstanding corrosion resistance afforded by galvanizing has made it one of the most effective means for long term protection of steel from oxidation (rusting), and subsequent corrosion. It is the conventional method of providing protection for guard rails, transmission towers, light poles, electrical equipment and dozens of other specific applications. A coating of 5 mils or 125 microns of a galvanizing composition can protect its exposed equivalent for a period in excess of 20 years. Galvanizing coatings can be applied both by hot dipping and electroplating but these techniques have their limitations, particularly in regard to the shape of the article during installation. Typically galvanized products are then post treated to avoid the formation of "white rust". In the past such treatments involved use of chromic acid or chromates. Use of these materials is, however, becoming recognized as creating unnecessary environmental hazzards. Today, use of polymer coatings is becoming more common to address this problem Alternatively in some situations, such as water treatment plants, corrosion inhibiting chemicals are being added to water that contacts the galvanized parts. Alternative ways of dealing with the problem are

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desirable. Coating compositions, sometimes known as zinc rich primers, have been considered to be optimum anti-corrosion coatings on iron or steel substrates. The zinc inhibits rust by reason of an electro-chemical interaction between the zinc and steel substrate. It is desirable to avoid too great a binder component to avoid insulating zinc particles from each other and the substrates but this can mean there are difficulties in application because of settling of the composition. There is a very extensive art on the use of zinc in coating compositions alone or in combination with other components such as glass microspheres--see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,907 Ronald R. Savin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638628__ •

Vanadium oxide electrode materials and methods Inventor(s): Edstrom; Kristina (Vange, SE), Gustafson; Torbjorn (Vange, SE), Nordlinder; Sara (Uppsala, SE) Assignee(s): Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) (Stockholm, SE) Patent Number: 6,653,022 Date filed: May 31, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of vanadium oxide nanotubes as electrode material in a rechargeable lithium battery. The invention further provides the method of making and uses for electrodes comprising vanadium oxide nanotubes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of vanadium oxide nanotubes as electrode material in a rechargeable lithium battery. Vanadium oxides have a long history as potential electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries due to their ability to insert large amounts of lithium [Winter et. al., Adv. Mater., 10,725(1998); Chung et. al, J. Power Sources, 84, 6 (1999); Shembel et. al, J Power Sources, 81-82, 480 (1999); Lee et. al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, L102 (1995); Pistoia et. al., Solid State Ionics, 13,311 (1984)]. Different synthesizing and preparation methods have been developed to achieve higher specific capacities and longer cycle life [Chung et. al., J. Power Sources, 84,6 (1999); Shembel et. al, J. Power Sources, 81-82,480 (1999)]. Promising results have been reported for amorphous low-crystalline materials e.g. V.sub.2 O.sub.5 xerogels and aerogels [Lee et. al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, L102 (1995]. Another material that has demonstrated large capacities as a cathode material is the vanadate Li.sub.X+1 V.sub.3 O.sub.8 [Winter et. al, Adv. Mater., 10, 725 (1998); Shembel et. al, J. Power Sources, 81-82, 480 (1999)]. The synthesis of vanadium oxide nanotubes (VO.sub.x --NTs) by a ligand assisted templating approach has recently been described by Spahr et al. [Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 37,1263 (1998)]. The tubes consist of several vanadium oxide layers, commonly in a scroll-like arrangement, separated by structure-directing agents (templates). The tubes can be up to 15.mu.m long and consist of as many as 30 vanadium oxide layers. The outer and inner diameters vary between 15 to 100 nm and 5 to 50 nm respectively. The size depends on the precursors chosen for the synthesis and can therefore be controlled in a rough manner [Krumeich et. al., J Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 8324 (1999)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653022__

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Vehicle engine starting system and method Inventor(s): Kobayashi; Kazuhira (Ebina, JP), Manabe; Kouji (Hadano, JP) Assignee(s): Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 6,647,939 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: A vehicle engine starting system that drives a starter motor engaged to start an engine by using a lithium secondary battery as a power source comprises a voltage sensor that detects a voltage at the secondary battery and a control device that allows power to be discharged from the secondary battery to the starter motor if the voltage at the secondary battery detected by the voltage sensor is equal to or higher than a predetermined value and disallows a discharge from the secondary battery to the starter motor if the voltage at the secondary battery detected by the voltage sensor is lower than the predetermined value. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of, and a system for starting an engine in a vehicle mounted with a secondary battery. A vehicle today may be mounted with a lithium secondary battery which is constituted as a battery pack achieved by, for instance, connecting in series a plurality of lithium ion cells. If a drive source of this vehicle is an internal combustion engine, the lithium secondary battery is utilized as the power source when driving the starter motor to start the engine. The output performance (discharge characteristics) of a battery is greatly affected by the temperature under normal circumstances. It is difficult to achieve a sufficient output power level with a lithium secondary battery at a low temperature of, for instance, 30.degree. C. In such a case, the torque and the rotation rate required at the starter motor cannot be assured and thus, the engine cannot be started. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06647939__

Patent Applications on Lithium As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to lithium: •

Alkali ion conductive glass-ceramics and electric cells and gas sensors using the same Inventor(s): Fu, Jie; (Sagamihara-shi, JP) Correspondence: James V. Costigan, ESQ.; Hedman, Gibson & Costigan, P.C.; Suite 2003; 1185 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036-2646; US Patent Application Number: 20030205467 Date filed: June 16, 2003 Abstract: There are provided glass-ceramics having a high lithium ion conductivity which include in mol %: 1 P.sub.2O.sub.5 38-40% TiO.sub.2 25-45% M.sub.2O.sub.3 (where M is Al or Ga) 5-15% Li.sub.2O 10-20%and contain Li.sub.1+X(Al, Ga).sub.XTi.sub.2-X(PO.sub.4).sub.3 (where 0<X<0.8) as a main crystal phases. There are

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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also provided glass-ceramics having a high lithium ion conductivity which include in mol %: 2 P.sub.2O.sub.5 26-40% SiO.sub.2 0.5-12% TiO.sub.2 30-45% M.sub.2O.sub.3 (where M is Al or Ga) 5-10% Li.sub.2O 10-18%and contain Li.sub.1+X+YM.sub.XTi.sub.2-XSi.sub.YP.sub.3-YO.sub.12 (where 0<X.ltoreq.0.4 and 0
Alkyl group VA metal compounds Inventor(s): Amamchyan, Artashes; (Wakefield, MA), Power, Michael Brendan; (Newburyport, MA), Shenai-Khatkhate, Deodatta Vinayak; (Danvers, MA) Correspondence: C/o Edwards & Angell, Llp; Dike, Bronstein, Roberts & Cushman, IP Group; P.O. Box 9169; Boston; MA; 02209; US Patent Application Number: 20030199704 Date filed: November 23, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are methods of preparing monoalkyl Group VA metal dihalide compounds in high yield and high purity by the reaction of a Group VA metal trihalide with an organo lithium reagent or a compound of the formula R.sub.nM.sup.1X.sub.3-n where R is an alkyl, M.sup.1 is a Group IIIA metal, X is a halogen and n is an integer fro 1 to 3. Such monoalkyl Group VA metal dihalide compounds are substantially free of oxygenated impurities, ethereal solvents and metallic impurities. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of orgainometallic compounds. In particular, the present invention relates to monoalkyl Group VA metal compounds which are suitable for use as intermediates in the preparation of precursors for chemical vapor deposition. Metal films may be deposited on surfaces, such as nonconductive surfaces, by a variety of means such as chemical vapor deposition ("CVD"), physical vapor deposition ("PVD"), and other epitaxial techniques such as liquid phase epitaxy ("LPE"), molecular beam epitaxy ("MBE"), and chemical beam epitaxy ("CBE"). Chemical vapor deposition processes, such as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition ("MOCVD"), deposit a metal layer by decomposing organometallic precursor compounds at elevated temperatures, i.e. above room temperature, either at atmospheric pressure or at reduced pressures. A wide variety of metals may be deposited using such CVD or MOCVD processes. See, for example, Stringfellow, Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy: Theory and Practice, Academic Press, 2.sup.nd Edition, 1999, for an overview of such processes. Organometallic compounds of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are used to deposit epitaxial films in the semiconductor and related electronic industries. Epitaxial films such as gallium arsenide find applications in

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optoelectronic devices such as detectors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes ("LED's"), lasers and electronic switching devices such as field effect transistors ("FET's") and high electron mobility FET's ("HEMT's"). Ternary arsenic alloys also exist such as gallium indium arsenide ("GaInAs") and aluminum indium arsenide ("AlInAs"), which are more attractive than GaAs or aluminum gallium arsenide ("AlGaAs") for the most powerful fiber optic systems operating in the 1.3 to 1.55 micron wavelength range. Gallium arsenide phosphide ("GaAsP") is suitable for visible LED's and fiber optic emitters/detectors. Antimony and antimony alloy films are useful in fiber optics communication systems, particularly in the 1.3 and 1.55-micron regions. Antimonycontaining semiconductor materials also have commercial applications including detection for seeker, night vision and surveillance devices (infrared detectors) and sources (LED's or lasers). A variety of binary, ternary and quaternary Group III/V semiconductor systems containing antimony have been evaluated for applications in infrared emitters and detectors operating in the 3 to 5 micron and 8 to 12 micron spectral ranges. These wavelength ranges are important since they are natural windows in the atmosphere for infrared transmission. Epitaxial antimony-based Group III/V semiconductors have potential applications in long wavelength detectors and highspeed electronic devices. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Aluminium-lithium alloys Inventor(s): McDarmaid, Donald S.; (Farnborough, GB), Peel, Christopher J.; (Farnborough, GB), Vine, Wendy J.; (Farnborough, GB) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030202900 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: An aluminum based alloy having a composition within the following ranges, all of the ranges being in weight percent: lithium 2.0 to 2.8, magnesium 0.4 to 1.0, copper 2.0 to 3.0, manganese 0.7 to 1.2, zirconium up to 0.2 and the balance aluminum, save for incidental impurities and up to 2.0 in total of one or more grain controlling elements to provide microstructural optimization and control. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to high-strength aluminium-lithium alloys and in particular to those alloys suitable for fabrication into high-strength plate materials for aerospace applications. It is known that addition of lithium to aluminium alloys reduces density and increases elastic modulus to produce a significant increase in specific stiffness, and produces an alloy system which is amenable to precipitation hardening. Aluminium-lithium based alloys are becoming established as lightweight alternatives to conventional aluminium alloys in weight critical applications, such as for aerospace construction. For many aerospace applications emphasis has been placed upon materials containing 2-3 wt % lithium, especially alloys of the Al--Li--Cu--Mg system and in particular alloys of the Al--Li--Cu--Mg--Zr system such as are disclosed in United Kingdom Patent 2115836 and defined in the 8090 standard specification. Although zirconium is introduced into these alloys as a cast grain refiner it also forms dispersoids of Al.sub.3Zr (.beta.') intermetallic phase, which are non-shearable, and inhibit the recrystallization processes. Material with the resultant unrecrystallised grain structure suffers from significant tensile property anisotropy due to the retention of the (110) <112> hot deformation texture, and subsequently the recrystallization textures derived

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from it. The resultant reduction in 0.2% proof stress. and tensile strength at intermediate angles to the rolling direction reduces the overall useable strength of the material to well below its potential. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Anode material for lithium secondary battery, an electrode for lithium secondary battery, a lithium secondary battery and the method of preparing anode material for lithium secondary battery Inventor(s): Matsubara, Keiko; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Tsuno, Toshiaki; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Yoon, Sang-Young; (Cheonan-City, KR) Correspondence: Christie, Parker & Hale, Llp; 350 West Colorado Boulevard; Suite 500; Pasadena; CA; 91105; US Patent Application Number: 20030207177 Date filed: June 11, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides anode material consisting of anode active material having a great charge-discharge capacity, a high charge-discharge efficiency, a flat discharge curve and good charge-discharge cycle properties, and provides the anode material for a lithium secondary battery consisting of being coated with an amorphous metal compound formed by a metal capable of alloying with lithium on at least one part of the surface of a carbon material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ion. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/670,888, which claims priority of application No. Hei 11-275380 filed in Japanese Industrial Property Office on Sep. 28, 1999, the content of which is incorporated hereinto by reference. This invention relates to an anode and an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, a lithium secondary battery, and a method for preparing an anode, and, more particularly, the present invention relates to the material of an anode, which is a metal compound coated on a carbon material. With the proliferation of portable electronics devices in recent times, coupled with advancements which have enhances performance and enabled increasingly smaller sizes and weights for these devices, research is being actively pursued to improve the energy density of secondary batteries. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Battery Inventor(s): Kishiyama, Clay; (Valencia, CA), Ruth, Alan; (Orem, UT), Szyszkowski, Andy; (Canyon Country, CA), Tsukamoto, Hisashi; (Saugus, CA), Yumoto, Hiroyuki; (Stevenson Ranch, CA) Correspondence: Quallion Llc; P.O. Box 923127; Sylmar; CA; 91392-3127; US Patent Application Number: 20030211388 Date filed: April 29, 2003 Abstract: A lithium ion battery configured to yield a high energy density output by minimizing head space, i.e., wasted interior volume, within the battery case and/or by reducing electrical energy losses internal to the battery.

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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/199893 filed Apr. 26, 2000. This invention relates to a lithium ion battery construction for producing a high energy density output. Various applications, such as in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), require batteries exhibiting a high energy density output. "Energy density" refers to the ratio of the energy available from a battery to the weight or volume of the battery. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Battery Inventor(s): Miyaki, Yukio; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal Llp; P.O. Box 061080; Wacker Drive Station, Sears Tower; Chicago; IL; 60606-1080; US Patent Application Number: 20030215717 Date filed: April 7, 2003 Abstract: Provided is a battery with a higher capacity, a superior charge-discharge cycle characteristic and a superior load characteristic. A cathode and an anode with a separator in between are spirally wound. The cathode comprises a cathode mixed layer containing a composite oxide including Li and at least one kind selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn and Fe. The anode comprises an anode mixed layer including tin-containing alloy powders and a carbon material. The tin-containing alloy powders are made of tin and an element except for alkali metal before first charge. A porosity of the anode mixed layer before the first charge is within a range from 25 vol % to 65 vol % inclusive. Thereby, even if a tin-containing alloy expands, enough pores as lithium-ion paths can be secured. Therefore, a superior charge-discharge cycle characteristic and a superior high load characteristic can be obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a battery comprising a cathode, an anode including tin-containing alloy powders, and an electrolyte. A large number of smallsized portable electronic devices such as camera/VTR (video tape recorder) combination systems, cellular phones, laptop computers or the like have come into widespread in accordance with recent advances in electronics, and a development for reducing their sizes and weights has proceeded. Accordingly, a development in compact and lightweight batteries having a high energy density, specifically secondary batteries as portable power sources used in the portable electronic devices has proceeded. As such a secondary battery, for example, a battery which uses a graphite material using intercalation reaction of lithium ions into graphite layers, or a carbon material using an application of insertion/extraction reaction of lithium ions into/from pores as an anode material have been developed and have been in practical use. However, in accordance with a recent increase in performance of portable devices, a demand for capacity has been growing, so the battery is required to have a characteristic in which no decline in capacity occurs in spite of repeated cycles of charge and discharge, that is, an excellent charge-discharge cycle characteristic. Moreover, in accordance with diversification of use conditions of the devices, a demand for a battery exhibiting an excellent capacity at high load has been growing. As a method of obtaining such characteristics, it can be considered that light metal such as lithium metal or the like is used as is as an anode material. However, in this case, in a charging process, the light metal in dendrite form is likely to be deposited on an anode, and a current density becomes extremely high at a tip of a dendrite, so a charge-discharge cycle characteristic may decline due to the

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decomposition of an electrolyte or the like, or when the dendrite excessively grows to reach a cathode, an internal short circuit may be induced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Cathode for a lithium secondary battery comprising vanadium oxide as a cathode active material Inventor(s): Cho, Byung Won; (Seoul, KR), Cho, Won Il; (Seoul, KR), Jeon, Eun Jeong; (Songnam-Shi, KR), Jung, Hyung Jin; (Seoul, KR), Nam, Sang Cheol; (Seoul, KR), Shin, Young Hwa; (Songnam-Shi, KR), Yoon, Young Soo; (Kwachon-Shi, KR), Yun, Kyung Suk; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Darby & Darby P.C.; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20030207176 Date filed: January 26, 2001 Abstract: There is provided a cathode for a lithium secondary battery comprising vanadium oxide as a cathode active material and a conductive material stable in oxygen or sulfur atmosphere such as platinum, a conductive material stable in oxygen or sulfur atmosphere, particularly, platinum added to the vanadium oxide electrode contributes to structural stabilization of the vanadium oxide and to reduction of internal resistance, thereby improving conductivity and cycle in characteristic compared to vanadium oxide electrode without comprising such a conductive material. Accordingly, the cathode of the present invention can be used in various lithium secondary batteries including a thin film battery and bulk battery. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cathode for a lithium secondary battery comprising vanadium oxide as a cathode active material, and more particularly, to a cathode for a lithium secondary battery comprising vanadium oxide and a conductive material stable in oxygen or sulfur atmosphere such as platinum. With a recent development of micro-electronics, demands for minimizing a size, a weight and a thickness of a battery and a demand for increasing an energy density of it have been increasing. A lithium secondary battery, which uses metallic lithium or lithium alloy as its negative active material, has become the object of public attention for its high energy density and its small volume enough to supply sufficient energy to the compact and light-weight electronic devices. Not long before, the lithium secondary battery is expected to substitute Pb and Ni/Cd batteries. In addition, application of the lithium secondary battery would be extended to most of micro-electronic device as well as to light mobile communication instruments (for example, a cellular phone) or to a portable computer. An initial lithium secondary battery had adopted lithium metal as an anode. However, a dendrite, formed on the lithium anode by the repetition of charging and discharging, resulted in degradation of efficiency of the battery, sometimes it resulted in the explosion by forming the short circuit. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Chemical process Inventor(s): Kumari, Durga; (North Brunswick, NJ), Patel, Mahendra R.; (East Brunswick, NJ) Correspondence: Thomas Hoxie; Novartis, Corporate Intellectual Property; One Health Plaza 430/2; East Hanover; NJ; 07936-1080; US Patent Application Number: 20030216566 Date filed: April 28, 2003 Abstract: This invention provides a process for preparing sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose using the following steps:a) combining a ferric salt solution with a weak alkali chosen from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal and ammonium salts, such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and mixtures thereof, to form the ferric oxyhydroxide;b) combining ferric oxyhydroxide and sodium gluconate in solution to yield the sodium ferric gluconate complex;c) isolating the sodium ferric gluconate complex; andd) combining the sodium ferric gluconate with sucrose in solution to yield the desired sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose. Excerpt(s): This present invention relates to the process for preparing sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose. Sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose has been known for about 40 years. It has been utilized primarily as an injectable agent for treating iron deficiencies in animals and human patients, having several advantages over other iron preparations including low toxicity, low incidence of adverse reactions, and satisfactory rate of iron absorption. The material has been studied, see "Studies on Iron Complexes I", Yakugaku Zasshi Vol. 78, pp. 951-957 (1958); Tanabe and Okada, "Studies on Iron Complexes II", Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo, Vol. 21, pp. 1-10 (1962); Tanabe and Okada, "Studies on Iron Complexes III", Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo, Vol. 21, pp. 11-19 (1962); and Tanabe and Okada, "Studies on Iron Complexes IV", Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo, Vol. 21, pp. 20-25 (1962). Generally, the published methodology utilizes the reaction of iron hydroxide as the starting material. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Control of ammonia emission from ammonia laden fly ash in concrete Inventor(s): Minkara, Rafic Y.; (Kennesaw, GA) Correspondence: Wegman, Hessler & Vanderburg; 6055 Rockside Woods Boulevard; Suite 200; Cleveland; OH; 44131; US Patent Application Number: 20030205173 Date filed: September 23, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a pozzolanic admixture containing ammonialaden fly ash, method for making the pozzolanic admixture and method for controlling ammonia gas (NH.sub.3) emission from cementitious slurries using the pozzolanic admixture. The associated hypochlorite and ammonia reaction produces monochloramine and chloride salts at relatively low concentration levels harmless to concrete and concrete applications. The resulting monochloramine and chloride salt products are stable and do not dissipate into the air, thereby, eliminating odorous emission that is produced from cementitious slurry containing untreated ammonia laden fly ash. This invention relates to the method of adding hypochlorites (OCl.sup.-)

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in the form of calcium hypochlorite--Ca(OCl).sub.2, lithium hypochlorite--LiOCl, sodium hypochlorite NaOCl or trichloro-s-triazinetrione-C.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3Cl.sub.3 to the ammonia-ladden fly ash at dosage levels, based on ammonia concentration in ash and stoichiometry, for a complete or partial oxidation of ammonia to eliminate, or respectively reduce, ammonia gas evolution from the high pH cementitious slurries. Excerpt(s): Fly ash produced at coal fired power plants is commonly used in readymixed concrete as a pozzolanic admixture and for partial replacement for cement. Fly ash consists of alumino-silicate glass that reacts under the high alkaline condition in cementitious slurry to form additional cementitious compounds when the fly ash is added to the cementitious slurry. Fly ash is an essential component in high performance concrete. Fly ash contributes many beneficial characteristics to cementitious compounds including increased density, long term strength, decreased permeability, improved durability against chemical attack, and improved workability of freshly placed material. The degree of ammonia contamination in the fly ash, and associated concentration levels, vary among power plants depending on the rate of ammonia injection, the performance of SCR or SNCR process, the amount of SO.sub.3 in the flue gas and the associated operating conditions of the boiler and air pollution control devices. It has been observed that fly ash produced from high sulfur eastern bituminous coal (Class F fly ash) adsorbs more ammonia than fly ash produced from low sulfur western subbituminous coal (Class C fly ash). As previously mentioned, the presence of sulfur in the flue gases increases the associated deposition of ammonia in the form of (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 and NH.sub.4HSO.sub.4. The high alkaline condition of Class C ash inhibits ammonia cation (NH.sub.4.sup.+) formation. Typical ammonia concentrations on fly ash, as a result of ammonia injection, ranges between 50-120 mg/kg for SCR generated fly ash, 250-600 mg/kg for SNCR generated fly ash, and 7001200 mg/kg for ESP generated fly ash. When ammonia-laden fly ash is used in cementitious slurry applications, the ammonium salts dissolve in water to form ammonia cations (NH.sub.4.sup.+). Under the high pH (pH >12) condition created by cementitious alkali, ammonium cations (NH.sub.4.sup.+) are converted to dissolved ammonia gas (NH.sub.3). Ammonia gas evolves from the fresh cementitious slurry into the air, exposing workers. The rate of ammonia gas evolution depends on ammonia concentration, mixing intensity, exposed surface, and ambient temperature. Ammonia has no measurable effect on concrete quality (strength, permeability, etc.). Ammonia gas odors could range from mildly unpleasant to a potential health hazard. Ammonia odors are detected by the human nose at 5 to 10 ppm levels. The OSHA threshold and permissible limits are set at 25 and 35 ppm for the time weighted average--eight-hour (TWA 8-hr) and the short term exposure limit--fifteen-minute (STEL 15-min), respectively. Ammonia gas concentration of 150-200 ppm can create a general discomfort. At concentrations between 400 and 700 ppm ammonia gas can cause pronounced irritation. At 500 ppm, and above, ammonia gas is immediately dangerous to health; at 2,000 ppm, death can occur within minutes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cross-linked polysiloxanes Inventor(s): West, Robert C.; (Madison, WI), Zhang, Zhengcheng; (Madison, WI) Correspondence: Mary Elizabeth Bush; Quallion Llc; P.O. Box 923127; Sylmar; CA; 91392-3127; US Patent Application Number: 20030198869 Date filed: February 13, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed herein are cross-linked polysiloxane polymers having oligooxyethylene side chains. Lithium salts of these polymers can be synthesized as a liquid and then caused to solidify in the presence of elevated temperatures to provide a solid electrolyte useful in lithium batteries. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application serial No. 60/374,374, filed on Apr. 22, 2001, entitled "Cross-Linked Polysiloxanes" and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The present invention relates to crosslinked siloxane polymers capable of being formed in a liquid reaction medium and solidified by heating. It also relates to the use of such polymers with salts (such as lithium salts) to create electrically conductive materials for use in batteries and the like. Lithium batteries are used in medical devices, wristwatches, cell phones, and computers, and are of interest for powering electrically powered automobiles. They are particularly desirable because they deliver high levels of power per unit weight. However, conventional lithium batteries typically contained a liquid (such as polyethylene oxide) that acted as an electrolyte. If such batteries were to be used in automobiles or in an implanted medical device, there would be some risk that the liquid might leak, with resulting safety and environmental concerns. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery and fabrication method thereof Inventor(s): Arai, Naoto; (Ikoma-shi, JP), Murashige, Shinji; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Mcdermott, Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20030198863 Date filed: April 16, 2003 Abstract: A lithium ion secondary battery is so designed as to facilitate the insertion of the top insulator plate and to secure the fixation of the electrode group. This structure can reduce the probability of the electrode group moving around in the battery case to be damaged when the battery is dropped or shocked, thereby maintaining high safety standards even when a high pressure is applied from outside the battery. In a lithium ion secondary battery provided with a safety valve and composed of an electrode group which consists of a band-shaped positive electrode plate and a band-shaped negative electrode plate wound together with a separator disposed therebetween and which is housed in a cylindrical metal battery case with a bottom, together with a top insulator plate, the top insulator plate is designed to be elastic and is provided in its center with a through hole into which a center core member is press-fitted. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lithium ion secondary battery, and more specifically, to a cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery equipped with a winding type electrode. In recent years, portable and cordless electronic appliances including AV

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devices and personal computers are being developed in a rapid pace, and lithium ion secondary batteries are being used as a power supply for driving these appliances because the batteries have characteristics of being small, lightweight and having a highenergy density. Among the lithium ion secondary batteries, a cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery is disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 3143951 where a metallic center pin in the form of a hollow cylinder is arranged at the center space of the winding type electrode in order to maintain high safety standards even when a high pressure is applied to the battery from outside. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Electrochemical cell having an electrode of silver vanadium oxide coated to a current collector Inventor(s): Leising, Randolph A.; (Williamsville, NY), Palazzo, Marcus; (North Tonawanda, NY), Takeuchi, Esther S.; (East Amherst, NY) Correspondence: Michael F. Scalise; Hodgson Russ Llp; Suite 2000; One M&t Plaza; Buffalo; NY; 14203-2391; US Patent Application Number: 20030198868 Date filed: December 10, 2001 Abstract: The invention is directed to an SVO electrochemical cell having high rate capability. The cathode is produced by coating a mixture of an active material, conductive additives, a mixed binder, and an aluminum foil current collector. The mixed binder consists of a mixture of heat treated polyamic acid with PVDF. The use of heat treated polyamic acid maintains adhesion to the conductive current collector while the PVDF portion of the binder gives flexibility. A particularly preferred couple is of a lithium/silver vanadium oxide (Li/SVO) chemistry and the binder mixture enables an active slurry of SVO to be coated onto a current collector without delamination. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority based on provisional application Ser. No. 60/256,504, filed Dec. 15, 2000. The present invention relates to the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy and, more particularly, to a cathode of silver vanadium oxide (SVO) admixed with a combination of polymeric binders. Importantly, the silver vanadium oxide admixture is coated to a current collector for incorporation into an electrochemical cell. Prior to the present invention, SVO could only be contacted to a current collector as a pressed powder or as a free-standing sheet. The preferred binder formulation is a mixture of a halogenated polymeric binder and a polymide binder, most preferably polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and a polyimide. The present electrodes built from SVO containing the mixed polymeric binders are useful in both primary and secondary cells discharged at elevated and low temperatures. Halogenated polymeric materials have been used extensively as binders for electrodes in all types of nonaqueous electrochemical cells, and particularly lithium cells. For example, polyvinylidene fluoride is a material that functions well as an electrode active binder at or near ambient temperature. However, PVDF is soluble in organic electrolytes at elevated temperatures. Thus, cells manufactured with PVDF as the sole binder material cannot be used in high temperature applications or survive high temperature exposure, such as occurs in an autoclave, without severe degradation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Grain boundary materials as electrodes for lithium ion cells Inventor(s): Beaulieu, Luc Y.J.; (Nova Scotia, CA), Dahn, Jeffrey R.; (Nova Scotia, CA), Fredericksen, Brian D.; (Watertown, MN), Larcher, Dominique C.; (Cedex, FR) Correspondence: Lucy C Weiss; Office OF Intellectual Property Counsel; 3M Innovative Properties Company; PO Box 33427; ST Paul; MN; 55133-3427; US Patent Application Number: 20030211390 Date filed: November 13, 2002 Abstract: An electrode composition for a lithium ion battery comprising particles having a single chemical composition. The particles consist of (a) at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of tin, aluminum, silicon, antimony, lead, germanium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, bismuth, and indium; (b) at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, iron, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, zirconium, tantalum, scandium, yttrium, ruthenium, platinum, and rhenium; and, optionally, (c) carbon, and have a microstructure characterized by a plurality of electrochemically inactive, nanometer-sized crystalline grains separated by electrochemically active non-crystalline regions. Excerpt(s): This application derives priority from a provisional application filed Dec. 28, 1999, entitled "Grain Boundary Materials as Anodes for Lithium Ion Cells" bearing serial No. 60/173364, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to anode compositions useful in lithium ion cells. Two classes of materials have been proposed as anodes for lithium ion cells. One class includes materials such as graphite and carbon that are capable of intercalating lithium. While the intercalation anodes generally exhibit good cycle life and coulombic efficiency, their capacity is relatively low. In particular, graphite can intercalate lithium to a maximum of 1 lithium atom per six carbon atoms. This corresponds to a specific capacity of 373 mAh/g of carbon. Because the density of graphite is 2.2 g/cc, this translates to a volumetric capacity of 818 mAh/cc. Other types of carbon have higher specific capacity values, but suffer from one or more disadvantages such as relatively low density, unattractive voltage profiles, and large irreversible capacity that limit their utility in commercial lithium ion cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Guanidine derivatives as cations for ambient temperature molten salts in electrochemical power sources Inventor(s): Schlaikjer, Carl R.; (Concord, MA) Correspondence: Michael F. Scalise; Wilson Greatbatch Technologies, INC.; 10,000 Wehrle Drive; Clarence; NY; 14031; US Patent Application Number: 20030211389 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: The present invention is directed to an ambient temperature molten salt as non-aqueous electrolyte. The molten salt comprises a cation of a guanidine moiety and an anion. The cation is selected from alkyl groups, alicyclic groups, or aromatic groups attached asymmetrically to guanidine. An exemplary salt is tetramethylguanidinimum bis-trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide, which is liquid at ambient temperature and only

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slightly soluble in water. The salt is prepared by bringing together two aqueous salt solutions, one containing tetramethylguanidine hydrochloride, and the other containing lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide. The electrolyte is useful with electrochemical devices such as primary and secondary electrochemical cells and capacitors, such as of the electrolytic and electrolytic/electrochemical hybrid types. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from provisional application Serial No. 60/379,096, filed May 9, 2002. This invention relates to electrochemical power sources such as cells, batteries and capacitors. More particularly, the present invention is directed to ambient temperature molten salts that are useful as electrolytes in primary and secondary electrochemical cells and in high energy density electrolytic capacitors. Additionally, such salts are useful as hydraulic fluids and fire retardants. Examples of electrolytes currently being used in rechargeable electrochemical power sources include liquid, gel, and dry polymer types. Dry polymer electrolyte cells without plasticizers exist, but their inadequate conductivity and low lithium ion transference prevent them from being used at ambient or reduced temperatures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Heat absorbing temperature control devices and method Inventor(s): Hayes, Claude Q.C.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Cummings & Lockwood; 700 State Street; P.O. Box 1960; New Haven; CT; 06509-1960; US Patent Application Number: 20030213932 Date filed: April 6, 2001 Abstract: The increase of temperature of heat sensitive devices during heat generating conditions is prevented through the absorption of heat, by providing a bicarbonate salt, such as lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, beryllium bicarbonate, aluminum bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and mixtures thereof, in an amount sufficient to effect the required heat absorption. Where the heat generating conditions are generated by a heat generator separate and distinct from the heat sensitive device, the bicarbonate salt may be supported in a position between the heat sensitive device and the heat generator. Where the heat sensitive device is itself the heat generator, the bicarbonate salt is in contact with the heat sensitive device, either directly or indirectly Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/546,361 filed on Apr. 10, 2000, which in turn was a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/709,516 filed on Sep. 6, 1996, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/003,387 filed on Sep. 7, 1995. The present invention relates to heat absorbing devices and a method for constructing same. Said heat absorbing devices have heat absorbing chemicals, i.e. endotherms, which use their respective heats of reaction to cool and maintain and control the temperature and heat of heat sensitive devices. These endotberms comprise certain acids and their salts, certain bases and their salts, and certain organic compounds, which have never before been used in the manner described, disclosed and claimed below. Often, active cooling of such electronic components, particularly delicate TR modules, Impatt diodes, data recorders, containers for chemicals and munitions, batteries and the like, is not feasible; and even when it is feasible, it requires continuous high energy cooling, which taxes other ancillary engineering systems typical in missiles, aircrafts, railroads, trucks,

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automobiles, guns, nuclear reactor systems, related combat systems, as well as commercial systems and technology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Heptanonic acid and furanone compounds and compositions Inventor(s): Dogra, Ruchi; (Himachal Pradesh, IN), Joshi, Bhupendra Prasad; (Himachal Pradesh, IN), Sinha, Arun Kumar; (Himachal Pradesh, IN) Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20030212281 Date filed: June 2, 2003 Abstract: A natural inexpensive acyclic monoterpene ketone (dihydrotagetone) of formula (4), isolated from the oil of Tagetes sp., was smoothly oxidized with metaperiodate/potassium permanganate into 2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-heptan- oic acid of formula (3), the reduction of 3 with metal hydride such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride provided 4-hydroxyacid of formula (2) which on without isolation undergone lactonisation in acidic medium furnished two chiral centered 5-isobutyl-3methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H- )-furanone of formula (1) as an analogue of whisky lactone 5butyl-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone of formula (1a) responsible for high quality of alcoholic beverage (whisky, wine, brandy and scotch), in addition, coconut flavoured 5-butyl-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanon- e of formula (1) is also as an analogue of coconut aldehyde (.gamma.-nonalactone, F.E.M.A. No. 2751) of formula (1b) which is responsible for flavouring a wide range of food stuffs including baked goods and confectionery. Excerpt(s): The present invention also relates to 2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-heptanoic acid of formula (3) not only as a precursor for the synthesis of whisky lactone of formula (1a) but also as a novel analogue of 2,6-dimethyl-5-oxo-heptanoic acid (a constituent of well known essential oil of Mentha x piperita) which has wide applications in flavouring food stuffs, soft and alcoholic beverages, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. A wide-spread class of.gamma.-butyrolactones (also known as dihydro-2(3H)-furanone or 4-butanolide or tetrahydro-2-furanone) were first synthesized in 1884 via internal esterfication of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. These important lactones exhibit very intensive and pleasant fruity aroma and can be easily transformed into other useful products e.g. furans, cyclopentenones, butenolides and pyrrolidones (Freudenberger, D., Wunder, F. and Fernholz, H., U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,156 (1978)). The butyrolactone moieties are found in many natural products (Gunatilaka, A. A. L., Surendra, K. S. and Thomson, R. H., Phytochemistry, 23(4) 929-931 (1984) and Drioli, S., Felluga, F., Forzato, C., Nitti, P., Pitacco, G. and Valentin, E., J. Org. Chem., 63, 2385-2388 (1998)), insect pheromones (Naoshima, Y., Ozawa, H., Kondo, H. and Hayashi, S., Agric. Biol. Chem., 47(7) 14311434 (1983); Kim, C. S., Datta, P. K., Hara, T., Itoh, E. and Horiike, M., Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 63(1) 152-154 (1999)), antifungal substances and flavor components (Shinohara, T. and Watanabe, M., J. Agri. Chem. Soc. Jap., 53 (7) 219-225 (1979) and Buttery, R. G. and Ling, L. C., J Agric Food Chem., 46(7) 2764-2769 (1998)) and also occur in the essential oil bearing plants. Although several methods are available for the synthesis of simple.gamma.-butyrolactone derivatives, however, synthesis of chiral centered biologically active.gamma.-butyrolactone (Hullot, P., Cuvigny, T., Larcheveque, M. and Normant, H., Can. J. Chem., 55, 266-273 (1977); Tamaru, Y., Hojo, M. and Yoshida, Z., J. Org. Chem., 56, 1099-1105 (1991); Daugan, A.

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and Brown, E., J. Nat. Prod., 54(1) 110-118 (1991); Hartmann, B., Kanazama, A. M., Depres, J. P. and Greene, A. E., Tetrahedron Lett. 34(24) 3875-3876 (1993); Ishibashi, F.; Taniguchi, E., Phytochemistry, 49(2) 613-622 (1998) and Noyori, R., Kitamura, M., Ohkuma, T., Saya, N. and Kumobayashi, H., U.S. Pat. No. 5,420, 306 (1995)) and their analogues (Mangnus, E. M., Vliet, L. A. -van, Vandenput, D. A. L. and Zwanenburg, B., J. Agri. Food Chem., 40(7) 1222-1229 (1992); Belletire, J. L., Mahmoodi, N. O., J Nat. Prod., 55(2) 194-206 (1992) are tedious but even then the preparation of chiral.gamma.butyrolactones are the subject of many synthetic schemes (Carretero, J. C., Rojo, J., Tetrahedron Lett., 33, 7407-7410 (1992); Casey, M., Manage, A. C. and Murphy, P. J., Tetrahedron, 33, 965-968 (1992); Zschage, O. and Hoppe, D., Tetrahedron, 48, 5657-5666 (1992); Paulsen, H. and Hoppe, D., Tetrahedron, 48, 5667-5670 (1992); Chong, J. M. and Mar, E. K., Tetrahedron Lett., 31, 1981-1984 (1990) and Bachi, M. D. and Bosch, E. J., J. Org. Chem., 57, 4696-4705 (1992). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

High dielectric constant very low fired X7R ceramic capacitor, and powder for making Inventor(s): Maher, Galeb H.; (Williamstown, MA), Maher, Samir G.; (Williamstown, MA), Wilson, James M.; (North Adams, MA) Correspondence: Malcolm J. Chisholm, JR.; P.O. Box 278; 220 Main Street; Lee; MA; 01238; US Patent Application Number: 20030203805 Date filed: April 9, 2003 Abstract: The invention includes a dielectric ceramic powder mixture comprising at least ninety weight percent essentially pure barium titanate powder having an average particle size of from 0.2 to 1.2 microns; from 0.2 to 2.5 weight percent of barium lithium borosilicate flux; from 0.1 to 0.3 weight percent of MnCO.sub.3; a grain growth inhibitor such as niobium oxide or other niobate compound; and, 0.4 to 1.2 weight percent of an additive selected from the group consisting of a rare earth oxide, yttrium oxide, a combination of rare earth oxides, and a combination of yttrium oxide and rare earth oxides, such that ions of the additive(s) have an average ionic radius of about 0.97 angstroms. The dielectric ceramic powder provides a start powder for making very low firing multilayer ceramic capacitors satisfying X7R performance requirements. Excerpt(s): This Application is a continuation-in-part of Applicant's pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/036,205 filed on Oct. 29, 2001. This invention relates to multilayer ceramic capacitors and formulated ceramic powders for making capacitors that meet X7R performance characteristics of the Electronic Industries Alliance ("E.I.A."), and in particular relates to a formulated ceramic powder from which there can be made a dielectric ceramic body that can be sintered at or below 1,025.degree. C. to permit the usage of a high silver content silver-palladium alloy electrode having an 85 weight percent or greater silver composition. Efforts to produce low fired, high dielectric constant, X7R multilayer ceramic capacitors and formulated ceramic powder for making the capacitors are well known. For example, dielectric ceramic compositions that lead to a mature dielectric body with standard X7R performance characteristics and a high dielectric constant after firing or sintering at about 1,100.degree. C. are disclosed in several patents by one of the present inventors, Galeb Maher. Those patents include U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,443 that issued on Apr. 23, 1991 to Maher, U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,338 that issued on Nov. 2, 1993 to Maher, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,174 that issued on Mar. 28, 2000 to Maher et al., all of which patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference and all

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of which are assigned to the same assignee that is also the assignee of all rights in the present invention disclosed and claimed herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Hybrid battery housing Inventor(s): Law, Tong Han; (Penang, MY), Tan, Seng Hai; (Penang, MY), Tan, Tzer Nan; (Penang, MY), Tan, Wiling; (Penang, MY) Correspondence: Motorola Energy Systems Group; Law Department - Attn: Zilla Higgs; 1700 Belle Meade Court; Lawrenceville; GA; 30043; US Patent Application Number: 20030207171 Date filed: May 6, 2002 Abstract: This invention includes a hybrid housing for rechargeable battery packs. The housing utilizes thin metal sidewalls with overlaid plastic end walls by way of an insert molding process. In a single cell, lithium-ion application, the resultant battery pack is 4.9% smaller by volume. Each sidewall up to 75% thinner than prior art sidewalls made by way of an injection molding process. The resultant battery housing is thinner and stronger than prior art housings. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to housings for rechargeable batteries, and more particularly to very thin housings utilizing insert molding to reduce the wall thickness. Portable, battery-operated, electronic devices seem to be everywhere. From handheld games, to compact disc players, to radios, to personal data assistants, to phones, to pagers, it is becoming rare to encounter a person who does not carry at least one portable electronic device with them all the time. People carry the devices for entertainment, for organizational purposes, and for staying connected with others. A common characteristic shared by each of these devices is that they all rely on batteries for portability. The general trend with such electronic devices is that manufacturers are making them smaller and smaller. Consequently, the batteries must be smaller as well. While some may think that a rechargeable battery is simply an electrochemical cell, commercial rechargeable batteries are actually sophisticated devices that include advanced electronic circuits. For example, a typical rechargeable battery will include a rechargeable cell, electrical contacts, a circuit board, a safety circuit, an optional charging circuit, and occasionally a fuel gauging circuit. All of these components are placed into a housing. As electronic devices get smaller, manufacturers are demanding that the batteries get smaller too. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Ink nanotechnology Inventor(s): Kostelecky, Clayton; (Longmont, CO), Yadav, Tapesh; (Longmont, CO) Correspondence: Hogan & Hartson Llp; One Tabor Center, Suite 1500; 1200 Seventeenth ST; Denver; CO; 80202; US Patent Application Number: 20030212179 Date filed: May 20, 2003 Abstract: An ink prepared using inorganic nanofillers with modified properties because of the powder size being below 100 nanometers. Both low-loaded and highly-loaded

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nanocomposites are included. Nanoscale coated, un-coated, whisker type fillers are included. The nanofillers taught comprise of elements from the group actinium, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, carbon, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, gallium, gold, hafnium, hydrogen, indium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mendelevium, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, neptunium, nickel, niobium, osmium, nitrogen, oxygen, palladium, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, promethium, protactinium, rhenium, rubidium, scandium, silver, sodium, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/790,036 titled "NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR DRUG DELIVERY, CONTRAST AGENTS AND BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTS" filed on Feb. 20, 2001 which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 filed on May 22, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional applications 60/049,077 filed on Jun. 5, 1997, 60/069,936 filed on Dec. 17, 1997, and 60/079,225 filed on Mar. 24, 1998. U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/739,257, filed Oct. 30, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,000, titled NANOSTRUCTURED ION CONDUCTING SOLID ELECTROLYTES, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/730,661, filed Oct. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,040 titled "PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FROM NANOPRECISION ENGINEERED MATERIALS" which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/706,819, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,507 titled "INTEGRATED THERMAL PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE POWDERS" and U.S. Ser. No. 08/707,341, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,738 titled "METHOD OF PRODUCING NANOSCALE POWDERS BY QUENCHING OF VAPORS". This application is also a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. 09/753,806 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS" which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,202,471 filed on May 7, 1998 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS". In one aspect, the invention comprises a nanostructured filler, intimately mixed with a matrix to form a nanostructured composite. At least one of the nanostructured filler and the nanostructured composite has a desired material property which differs by at least 20% from the same material property for a micron-scale filler or a micron-scale composite, respectively. The desired material property is selected from the group consisting of refractive index, transparency to light, reflection characteristics, resistivity, permittivity, permeability, coercivity, B-H product, magnetic hysteresis, breakdown voltage, skin depth, curie temperature, dissipation factor, work function, band gap, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, radiation hardness, chemical reactivity, thermal conductivity, temperature coefficient of an electrical property, voltage coefficient of an electrical property, thermal shock resistance, biocompatibility and wear rate. The nanostructured filler may comprise one or more elements selected from the s, p, d, and f groups of the periodic table, or it may comprise a compound of one or more such elements with one or more suitable anions, such as aluminum, antimony, boron, bromine, carbon, chlorine, fluorine, germanium, hydrogen, indium, iodine, nickel, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, silicon, sulfur, or tellurium. The matrix may be a polymer (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polycarbonate, polyalkene, or polyaryl), a ceramic (e.g., zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, hafnium carbide, or ferrite), or a metal (e.g., copper, tin, zinc, or iron). Loadings of the nanofiller may be as high as 95%, although loadings of 80% or less are preferred. The invention also comprises devices which incorporate the nanofiller (e.g., electrical, magnetic, optical, biomedical, and electrochemical devices).

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Inorganic colors and related nanotechnology Inventor(s): Yadav, Tapesh; (Longmont, CO) Correspondence: Hogan & Hartson Llp; One Tabor Center, Suite 1500; 1200 Seventeenth ST; Denver; CO; 80202; US Patent Application Number: 20030207112 Date filed: May 30, 2003 Abstract: A pigment with modified properties because of the powder size being below 100 nanometers. Blue, yellow and brown pigments are illustrated. Nanoscale coated, uncoated, whisker inorganic fillers are included. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric composition are disclosed. The pigment nanopowders taught comprise one or more elements from the group actinium, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, cobalt, copper, chalcogenide, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, gallium, gold, hafnium, hydrogen, indium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mendelevium, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, neptunium, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, oxygen, osmium, palladium, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, promethium, protactinium, rhenium, rubidium, scandium, silver, sodium, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium. Excerpt(s): The present application is a divisional of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/150,722 filed on May 17, 2002 entitled "Nanotechnology for Inks and Dopants" which claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/111,442 filed Dec. 8, 1998 and is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/274,517 filed on Mar. 23, 1999 entitled "MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS USING NANOSTRUCTURED NONSTOICHIOMETRIC SUBSTANCES" now U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,271 which claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/107,318, filed Nov. 6, 1998, entitled "Materials and Products Using Nanostructured Non-stoichiometric Materials," all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and which are incorporated herein by reference. The present application is also a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/790,036 titled "NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR DRUG DELIVERY, CONTRAST AGENTS AND BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTS" filed on Feb. 20, 2001 which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 filed on May 22, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional applications 60/049,077 filed on Jun. 5, 1997, 60/069,936 filed on Dec. 17, 1997, and 60/079,225 filed on Mar. 24, 1998. U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/739,257, filed Oct. 30, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,000, titled NANOSTRUCTURED ION CONDUCTING SOLID ELECTROLYTES, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/730,661, filed Oct. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,040 titled "PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FROM NANO-PRECISION ENGINEERED MATERIALS" which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/706,819, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,507 titled "INTEGRATED THERMAL PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE POWDERS" and U.S. Ser. No. 08/707,341, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,738 titled "METHOD OF PRODUCING NANOSCALE POWDERS BY QUENCHING OF VAPORS". This application is also a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/753,806 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS" which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,202,471 filed on May 7, 1998 titled "LOW-COST

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MULTILAMINATE SENSORS". The invention relates to non-stoichiometric substances and more particularly to nanostructured non-stoichiometric substances and products incorporating such substances. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Lithium battery with retained gel-electrolyte Inventor(s): Ferla, Raffaele La; (Redondo Beach, CA), Malinovskaya, Larisa V; (Torrance, CA) Correspondence: Bruce A Jagger; Brunton & Jagger; P O Box 29000; Glendale; CA; 91209-9000; US Patent Application Number: 20030211397 Date filed: February 10, 2003 Abstract: A microcomposite structure for use as a component of a lithium battery is formed from a liquid phase mixture by the removal of a solvent. The microcomposite structure includes a continuous reticulated solid polymer phase, a formed in situ gelelectrolyte phase, and a solid phase surfactant at the interface between the gel and polymer phases for stabilizing the gel phase within the pores of the solid polymer phase. The liquid phase mixture comprises a polymer blend, an aprotic solvent system for the polymer blend, a substantially dissolved anionic surfactant, and a phase separation liquid that is miscible with the aprotic solvent system, but in which the polymer blend is substantially insoluble. The microcomposite structure is formed by casting the liquid phase mixture on a surface and removing solvent until the microcomposite structure forms. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority to, Provisional Patent Application No. 60/224,721, filed Aug. 11, 2000, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to lithium batteries. More particularly, the invention relates to lithium batteries that have a liquid electrolyte, but enjoy the mechanical advantages of a solid phase electrolyte without sacrificing the electrochemical advantages of a liquid electrolyte. The advantages and construction of lithium batteries are well known. See, for example, Tsutsumi et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,065, and Kim et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,509. Lithium batteries serve well as secondary batteries, and are capable of being reduced in size as compared with present battery designs that are widely used. They are also capable of being reduced in weight so that in the areas, for example, of form factor, size, weight, safety and capacity, lithium batteries substantially exceed the capabilities of the present designs. Difficulties have been encountered, however, in devising satisfactory electrolyte-separator combinations that would maximize the potential available in the lithium battery technology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lithium cell with improved cathode Inventor(s): Chi, Ignacio; (Southbury, CT), Eylem, Cahit; (New Fairfield, CT), Nanjundaswamy, Kirakodu S.; (New Milford, CT), Wang, Francis; (Newtown, CT), Xue, Jiayu Simon; (Brookfield, CT), Zhang, Fan; (Danbury, CT) Correspondence: MR. Barry D. Josephs; C/o Owen J. Meegan & ASSOC.; 24 North ST.; Salem; MA; 01970; US Patent Application Number: 20030211392 Date filed: May 6, 2002 Abstract: A primary lithium cell having an anode comprising lithium and a cathode comprising electrochemically active material selected from silver copper oxides having the formula AgCuO.sub.2 or Ag.sub.2Cu.sub.2O.sub.3 or mixtures thereof. The cathode can include a manganese dioxide in admixture with said silver copper oxides. The cell exhibits higher capacity and energy output than conventional lithium cells having an anode comprising lithium and cathode comprising manganese dioxide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a lithium electrochemical cell with a cathode comprising silver copper oxide, AgCuO.sub.2 or Ag.sub.2Cu.sub.2O.sub.3, and mixtures thereof. Electrochemical cells commonly contain a negative electrode (anode) and a positive electrode (cathode), an electrolyte permeable separator therebetween and an electrolyte in contact with both of the electrodes. Electrolytes can be aqueous-based or non-aqueous organic solvent-based liquid electrolytes or polymeric electrolytes. There are two basic types of electrochemical cells, a primary (nonrechargeable) and a secondary (rechargeable) cell. A primary electrochemical cell is discharged to exhaustion only once. A secondary electrochemical cell, however, is rechargeable and thus can be discharged and recharged multiple times. Primary (non-rechargeable) lithium cells have an anode comprising lithium and a cathode comprising manganese dioxide, and electrolyte comprising a lithium salt such as lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3) dissolved in a mixtures of nonaqueous solvents. These lithium cells (Li/MnO.sub.2 cells) are commonly in the form of button (coin shaped) cells, prismatic or polyhedral cells (wherein one or more of the housing surfaces are flat, typically of cuboid, namely, rectangular parallelepiped shape) or cylindrical cells, e.g. 2/3 A cell having about 2/3 the height of conventional AA alkaline cells. (The 2/3 A cell has an IEC designation "CR17335" and has a diameter of about 15 mm and height of about 32 mm). The Li/MnO.sub.2 cells have a voltage of about 3.0 volts which is twice that of conventional Zn/MnO.sub.2 alkaline cells and also have a higher energy density (watt-hours per cubic centimeter of cell volume) than that of alkaline cells. (Alkaline cells as referenced herein shall be understood to be conventional commercial alkaline cells having an anode comprising zinc, a cathode comprising manganese dioxide, and an electrolyte comprising aqueous potassium hydroxide.) Therefore, Li/MnO.sub.2 cells can be used in compact electronic equipment, especially photographic cameras, which require operation at higher voltage and at higher power demand than individual alkaline cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lithium cobalt oxides and methods of making same Inventor(s): Burba, John L. III; (Charlotte, NC), Engel, John F.; (Belmont, NC), Gao, Yuan; (Ocean, NJ), Yakovleva, Marina; (Gastonia, NC) Correspondence: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec; PO Box 37428; Raleigh; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20030205700 Date filed: April 25, 2003 Abstract: The present invention includes lithium cobalt oxides having hexagonal layered crystal structures and methods of making same. The lithium cobalt oxides of the invention have the formula Li.sub.wCo.sub.1-xA.sub.xO.sub.2- +y wherein 0.96.ltoreq.w.ltoreq.1.05, 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.05,-0.02.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.02 and A is one or more dopants. The lithium cobalt oxides of the invention preferably have a position within the principal component space defined by the relationship ax.sub.i+by.sub.i.ltoreq.c, wherein x.sub.i={right arrow over (S)}.sub.i.multidot.{right arrow over (P)}.sub.c1; y.sub.i={right arrow over (S)}.sub.i.multidot.{right arrow over (P)}.sub.c2; the vector {right arrow over (S)}.sub.i is the x-ray spectrum for the Li.sub.wCo.sub.1-xA.sub.xO.sub.2+y compound; the vectors {right arrow over (P)}.sub.c1 and {right arrow over (P)}.sub.c2 defining the principal component space are determined by measuring the x-ray powder diffraction values {right arrow over (S)}.sub.i between 15.degree. and 120.degree. using a 0.02.degree. step size and CuK.alpha. rays for a large sample set of lithium cobalt oxides and using the regression of {right arrow over (S)}.sub.i of the sample set against the capacity fade after 50 cycles of a lithium coin cell that includes a lithium negative electrode and the lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode material and that is cycled between 3.0 and 4.3V at a constant current of C/3 during both charge and discharge cycles; and the values a, b and c are determined by using only the x.sub.i and y.sub.i values for Li.sub.wCo.sub.1xA.sub.xO.- sub.2+y compounds in the sample set that have a capacity fade after 50 cycles of less than or equal to 15%. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/731,949, filed Dec. 7, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/170,221, filed Dec. 10, 1999, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. The present invention relates to lithium cobalt oxides for use as positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium and lithium-ion secondary batteries, and to methods of making lithium cobalt oxides. LiCoO.sub.2 is currently being used in over 95% of commercial lithium and lithium-ion secondary batteries as the active positive electrode material. The current production rate of lithium and lithium-ion batteries is about 30 million units per month with each unit containing about 10-15 g of LiCoO.sub.2 (i.e., 300-450 metric tons/month). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lithium secondary battery Inventor(s): Iijima, Tsuyoshi; (Tokyo, JP), Maruyama, Satoshi; (Tokyo, JP), Satoh, JunIchi; (Tokyo, JP), Suzuki, Tadashi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030215716 Date filed: March 28, 2003

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Abstract: In a lithium secondary battery comprising positive and negative electrodes each comprising at least an active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a binder and a current collector, and an electrolytic solution, the active material in the positive and/or negative electrode has been made conductive by coating its surface with a conductive agent and a binder, and affixed to the surface of the collector by a dry process. The lithium secondary battery is given a higher energy density and a higher output density and will find a wider range of application. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a lithium secondary battery for use as a power supply. Lithium ion secondary batteries have been widely used as a power supply to portable and compact equipment because of their output capability. More than a decade has passed since lithium secondary batteries were put on the market, and efforts to improve their performance have been continued. A high capacitance and safety are important technical targets for lithium secondary batteries. In the prior art, the electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery is prepared by dispersing an electrode active material, a binder and optionally, a conductive agent in a solvent to form a slurry, and coating the slurry to a current collector typically in the form of a metal foil. The conductive agent is optionally added to the electrode and generally selected from among graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, carbon fibers, and metals such as nickel, aluminum, copper and silver, with graphite, carbon black and acetylene black being preferred. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Lithium secondary battery and method of manufacturing the lithium secondary battery Inventor(s): Kawakami, Soichiro; (Nara-shi, JP), Kobayashi, Naoya; (Nara-shi, JP), Yamamoto, Tomoya; (Nara-shi, JP) Correspondence: Fitzpatrick Cella Harper & Scinto; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112; US Patent Application Number: 20030211396 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: A lithium secondary battery comprising at least a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte, and utilizing oxidizing and reducing reactions of lithium ions for charging and discharging, wherein an electrode having an active material which has at least an amorphous phase and a half value width not smaller than 0.48 degrees of a peak having a highest diffraction intensity at 2.theta. on an X-ray diffractometric chart traced at a diffraction intensity at an X-ray diffraction angle of 2.theta., and is made of a material which has an amorphous phase and contains at least one element selected from among cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron is used as the negative electrode and/or the positive electrode. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery and a method of manufacturing the lithium secondary battery, and more particularly to a lithium secondary battery which prevents the increases in electrode impedance resulting from expansion and contraction of electrode active material due to repeated charging and discharging, and to a method of manufacturing this lithium secondary battery. The present invention also relates to a high energy-density lithium secondary battery having increased sites in which lithium ion can be intercalated and de-intercalated, the increased sites increasing the capacity of positive electrode and negative electrode.

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Recently, it has been said that increasing CO.sub.2 gas contained in air exhibits green house effect to cause global warming. Thermal power plants use fossil fuel to convert thermal energy into electric energy. Accordingly, a large amount of CO.sub.2 gas is exhausted, being a barrier in building additional thermal power plants. Therefore, socalled load leveling has been proposed for effective use of electric power generated in the thermal power plants. That is, electric power generated in the night is stored in storage batteries at consumer's homes and the stored electric power is used in the daytime during when electric power consumption increases, thereby leveling load distribution. For electric vehicles having a feature where substances containing CO.sub.x, NO.sub.x, and CH that contaminate air are not exhausted, the development of a high energy-density secondary battery has been demanded. In addition, the development of small size, lighter weight, high performance secondary batteries is urgently demanded which find applications in portable equipment such as book size personal computers, word processors, video cameras, and mobile telephones. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Lithium secondary battery and process for production of negative active material therein Inventor(s): Yoshida, Toshihiro; (Nagoya-city, JP) Correspondence: Burr & Brown; PO Box 7068; Syracuse; NY; 13261-7068; US Patent Application Number: 20030219652 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: A lithium secondary battery of the present invention is characterized in that the negative active material has a lattice strain of 1% or less as measured by X-ray diffractometry, the negative active material has a crystallite diameter of 150.ANG. or more as measured by X-ray diffractometry, and, in the Raman spectrum of the negative active material obtained with an argon ion laser beam, a ratio (Ib/Ia) of peak intensity (Ib) at 1,330 to 1,360 cm.sup.-1 to peak intensity (Ia) at 1,550 to 1,580 cm.sup.-1 satisfies a relation of 0.1.ltoreq.Ib/Ia.ltoreq.- 0.8; hardly shows a reduction in relative discharge capacity even at high temperatures; and is superior in cycle characteristic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery and a process for production of a negative active material used therein, particularly to improvement of negative active material. In recent years, lithium secondary battery (hereinafter may be referred to simply as "battery") has found wide applications as a battery for an electric source of portable electronic appliances such as mobile telephone, VTR, note type computer and the like. Further, lithium secondary battery, having a single cell voltage of about 4 V (which is higher than those of conventional secondary batteries such as lead-acid battery and the like) and a high energy density, is drawing people's attention not only as an electronic source for the above-mentioned portable electronic appliances but also as an electric source for start-up of a motor of an electric vehicle (EV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) whose use by the public as a low-pollution vehicle is promoted actively in the midst of recent environmental problems. This lithium secondary battery is constituted by a positive electrode and a negative electrode both capable of occluding and releasing lithium ion reversibly, and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution which is a solution of lithium ion dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Lithium secondary battery and transportation method thereof Inventor(s): Nemoto, Hiroshi; (Nagoya-city, JP) Correspondence: Burr & Brown; PO Box 7068; Syracuse; NY; 13261-7068; US Patent Application Number: 20030203277 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: A method of transporting a lithium secondary battery includes transporting the battery including an electrode body obtained by winding or laminating a positive electrode and a negative electrode via a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution in a state where: E/Cp+T.sub.3
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Lithium secondary battery with suppressed decomposition of electrolytic solution and preparation method thereof Inventor(s): Cho, Myung-dong; (Kyungki-do, KR), Kim, Ju-yup; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030215703 Date filed: January 21, 2003

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Abstract: Provided are a lithium secondary battery with suppressed decomposition of an electrolytic solution, and a preparation method thereof. The lithium secondary battery includes a current collector, a cathode and an anode having each active material layer formed on the current collector, and a polymer electrolyte interposed between the cathode and the anode. In the lithium secondary battery, a fluorine resin film is formed on at least one surface of the active material layers of the cathode and the anode. A fluorine resin exists in pores between constituents contained in at least one active material layer of the cathode and the anode. The polymer electrolyte is a polymerized product of a crosslinking monomer and an electrolytic solution including a lithium salt and an organic solvent. Also, a porous membrane made of an insulating resin is interposed between the cathode and the anode. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of Korean Patent Application No. 200227598 filed on May 18, 2002, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery and preparation methods thereof, and more particularly, to a lithium secondary battery with improved lifetime and capacity characteristics by suppressing a reaction between propylene carbonate (PC) and carbon as electrolyte constituents. In recent years, according to progress of portable electronic appliances and wireless communication systems, there has been increasing demands for highly reliable, high-performance batteries. Also, for solving problems of energy and environmental requirements, development of secondary batteries as large power sources for realizing electromotive vehicles and effectively utilizing night electricity, has become increasingly demanded. Among these secondary batteries, lithium secondary batteries are drawing particular attention because of their good properties such as high operation voltage and high energy density. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium Inventor(s): Nee, Han H.; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Woodard, Emhardt, Moriarty, Mcnett & Henry Llp; Bank One Center/tower; 111 Monument Circle, Suite 3700; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5137; US Patent Application Number: 20030215598 Date filed: June 10, 2003 Abstract: A silver-based alloy thin film is provided for the highly reflective or semireflective layer of optical discs. Alloy additions to silver include gold, rhodium, rethenium, osmium, platinum, plalladium, copper, silicon, cadmium, tin, lithium, nickel, cobalt, indium, chromium, antimony, gallium, boron, molybdenum, zirconium, beryllium, titanium, magnesium, and zinc. These alloys have moderate to high reflective and reasonable corrosion resistance in the ambient environment. Excerpt(s): This patent application is a continuation-in-part of my prior U.S. application Ser. No. 10/409,037 filed on Apr. 8, 2003, which is a continuation of my prior U.S. application Ser. No. 09/834,775 filed on Apr. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,616 issued on April 8', 2003, which claims the benefit of my prior U.S. Provisional Patent. This invention relates to reflective layers or semi-reflective layers used in optical storage media that are made of silver-based alloys. Four layers are generally present in the construction of a conventional, prerecorded, optical disc such as compact audio disc. A first layer is usually made from optical grade, polycarbonate resin. This layer is

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manufactured by well-known techniques that usually begin by injection or compression molding the resin into a disc. The surface of the disc is molded or stamped with extremely small and precisely located pits and lands. These pits and lands have a predetermined size and, as explained below, are ultimately the vehicles for storing information on the disc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for making electrode Inventor(s): Eastin, Brian C.; (Woodbury, MN), Graham, Katherine A.; (Roseville, MN), Hollobaugh, Tony B.; (Jacksonville, FL), McDonell, James A.; (Woodbury, MN), Missling, Jeffrey J.; (Mound, MN), Wheeler, John R.; (Oakdale, MN) Correspondence: 3M Innovative Properties Company; PO Box 33427; ST. Paul; MN; 55133-3427; US Patent Application Number: 20030205835 Date filed: May 3, 2002 Abstract: Described are methods of making electrodes for electrochemical systems, especially cathodes for lithium polymer batteries, and products prepared from the methods; the methods involve the use of a co-rotating, fully intermeshing twin screw extruder, the extrusion of essentially solvent-free systems, or both. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods of making electrodes for electrochemical systems, especially cathodes for lithium polymer batteries, and products prepared from the methods. Modern electrochemical systems such as fuel cells, capacitors, sensors, and batteries can be constructed of electrochemical components that include a set of electrodes. In batteries, electrodes are typically made up of materials including an active material (i.e., an electrochemically-active material capable of undergoing reductionoxidation), e.g., an oxide such as vanadium oxide, disposed in a polymeric matrix which may include an ionically-conductive polymer. The greater the amount of active material included in the electrode, the greater the capacity of the battery. Battery electrodes may further contain other useful materials including an electrically-conductive material (sometimes referred to as an "electrically-conductive diluent") such as carbon, and an electrolyte salt such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, among various others. Electrodes are often produced using standard coating techniques by dissolving or dispersing the active component, the electrically-conductive material, the electrolyte salt, and the polymer in a solvent and coating the solution onto a substrate. The materials are generally milled prior to being dispersed into the solvent and coated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for producing a rechargeable electrochemical element Inventor(s): Hennrich, Rolf; (Ellwangen, DE), Holl, Konrad; (Aalen-Dewangen, DE), Ilic, Dejan; (Ellwangen, DE), Perner, Arno; (Ellwangen, DE), Wagner, Horst; (Rosenberg, DE) Correspondence: IP Department OF Piper Rudnick Llp; 3400 Two Logan Square; 18th And Arch Streets; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030213120 Date filed: April 28, 2003

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Abstract: A method for producing a rechargeable button cell having a negative electrode composed of a lithium/indium alloy, a positive lithium/intercalating electrode and an organic electrolyte, a lithium layer and an indium layer are introduced into a negative housing half-section. The positive electrode material is introduced into a positive housing half-section. The two housing half-sections are beaded to form the button cell once the organic electrolyte has been added and a separator has been placed in between, with a seal being inserted between the housing half-sections. A lithium-indium alloy is formed from the lithium layer and the indium layer by storage or a subsequent charging/discharge cycle. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of German Patent Application No. 10219425.4 filed May 2, 2002. This invention relates to a method for producing a rechargeable electrochemical element, in particular, in the form of a button cell with a negative electrode composed of a lithium/indium alloy, a positive lithium-intercalating electrode and an organic electrolyte. The invention also relates to the resulting electrochemical element. One problem that occurs when using lithium as the negative electrode material in rechargeable electro-chemical elements is that lithium forms dendrites during charging and discharging. Thus, in electrochemical elements such as these, lithium/aluminium alloys or lithium/indium alloys are used as the active negative electrode material. DE 3816199 A1 discloses that the negative electrode can be in the form of a two-layered structure and comprises a layer of a lithium/aluminium alloy and a layer of aluminium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for using high rate lithium electrochemical cell containing SVO/CFchi/SVO sandwich cathodes having gamma-SVO and mixture of gamma-SVO/epsilon-SVO Inventor(s): Gan, Hong; (East Amherst, NY), Takeuchi, Esther S.; (East Amherst, NY) Correspondence: Michael F. Scalise; Wilson Greatbatch Technologies, INC.; 10,000 Wehrle Drive; Clarence; NY; 14031; US Patent Application Number: 20030207168 Date filed: May 9, 2003 Abstract: A method for powering an implantable medical device with a lithium electrochemical cell having a sandwich cathode electrode of SVO/CF.sub.x/SVO active materials is described. A preferred cathode is of a.gamma.-SVO/CF.sub.x/.gamma.SVO or (.gamma.+.epsilon.)-SVO/CF.sub.x/(.- gamma.+.epsilon.)-SVO sandwich configuration. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/809,404, filed Mar. 15, 2001, which claims priority based on provisional application Serial No. 60/194,840, filed Apr. 5, 2000. The present invention generally relates to conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy. More particularly, this invention relates to an application and design of a defibrillator battery and, more specifically, a high capacity lithium battery designed for high rate discharge applications. Implantable ventricular cardiac defibrillators use lithium/silver vanadium oxide (Li/SVO) electrochemical cells as their power sources. For an implantable medical device, it is preferable that the device be as small as possible, responsive to the patient's medical needs, contribute to long device service life, and the like. Therefore, when batteries are built for these medical applications, special cell designs are needed to meet their requirements. For implantable cardiac defibrillator applications, one of the most important requirements is

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that the power source provide high energy (25 to 40 joules) within as short a period of time as possible, and preferably within 7 to 15 seconds, or less. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of preparing positive active material for a lithium secondary battery Inventor(s): Kweon, Ho-Jin; (Taean-eup, KR), Suh, Jun-Won; (Suwon City, KR) Correspondence: Robert E. Bushnell; Suite 300; 1522 K Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030211235 Date filed: April 9, 2003 Abstract: A process of manufacturing a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery includes adding a metal source to a doping element-containing coating liquid to surface-treat the metal source, wherein the metal source is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, nickel, and combination thereof; drying the surfacetreated metal source material to prepare a positive active material precursor; mixing the positive active material precursor with a lithium source; and subjecting the mixture to heat-treatment. Alternatively, the above drying step during preparation of the positive active material precursor is substituted by preheat-treatment or drying followed by preheat-treatment. Excerpt(s): This application makes reference to, incorporates the same herein, and claims all benefits accruing under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 from an application for METHOD OF PREPARING POSITIVE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR A LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY earlier filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on 13 May 2002 and there duly assigned Serial No. 2002-26200. The present invention relates to a process of preparing a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery, and more specifically, to a process of preparing a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery with high discharge potential, high power density, high rate capability, and good cycle life characteristics. Generally, rechargeable lithium batteries use a material from or into which lithium ions are deintercalated or intercalated for positive and negative active materials. For the electrolyte, an organic solution of a lithium salt or a lithium ion-conducting polymer is used. A rechargeable lithium battery produces electrical energy as a result of changes in the chemical potentials of the active materials during the intercalation and deintercalation reactions of the lithium ions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods of making transition metal compounds useful as cathode active materials Inventor(s): Barker, Jeremy; (Shipton-Under-Wychwood, GB), Dong, Ming; (Henderson, NV), Saidi, M. Yazid; (Henderson, NV), Swoyer, Jeffrey L.; (Henderson, NV) Correspondence: Valence Technology, INC.; 301 Conestoga Way; Henderson; NV; 89015; US Patent Application Number: 20030215715 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Abstract: A method for carrying out solid state reactions under reducing conditions is provided. Solid state reactants include at least one inorganic metal compound and a

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source of reducing carbon. The reaction may be carried out in a reducing atmosphere in the presence of reducing carbon. Reducing carbon may be supplied by elemental carbon, by an organic material, or by mixtures. The organic material is one that can form decomposition products containing carbon in a form capable of acting as a reductant. The reaction proceeds without significant covalent incorporation of organic material into the reaction product. In a preferred embodiment, the solid state reactants also include an alkali metal compound. The products of the method find use in lithium ion batteries as cathode active materials. Preferred active materials include lithiumtransition metal phosphates and lithium-transition metal oxides. In a preferred embodiment, the reaction product contains carbon particles intimately mixed among crystals of the active materials. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for producing electrode active materials which can be used to formulate electrodes for use in electrochemical cells in batteries. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods that involve reduction of a transition metal to form the active material. Lithium batteries have become a useful and desirable energy source in recent years. Generally speaking lithium batteries are prepared from one or more lithium electrochemical cells containing electrochemically active (electroactive) materials. Such cells typically include a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte interposed between spaced apart positive and negative electrodes. By convention, the negative electrode is the electrode that acts as an anode (where oxidation occurs) on discharge, while the positive electrode is the one that acts as a cathode (where reduction occurs) on discharge. Batteries with anodes of metallic lithium and containing metal chalcogenides cathode active material have received acceptance in industry and commerce. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nano-metal electrode rechargeable battery cell Inventor(s): Grugeon, Sylvie; (Feuquieres, FR), Laruelle, Stephanne; (Saveuse, FR), Poizot, Philippe; (Ormoy Le Davien, FR), Tarascon, Jean-Marie; (Amiens Cedex, FR) Correspondence: David A. Hey, ESQ.; Telcordia Technologies, INC.; 445 South Street, 1g112r; Morristown; NJ; 07960; US Patent Application Number: 20030203282 Date filed: April 29, 2002 Abstract: A rechargeable lithium battery cell comprises an electrode member comprising a nano-particle transition metal, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, or Mn having particle size less than about 200 nanometres, which participates with lithium from a complementary electrode source and dissociated electrolyte anions in a reversible redox reaction providing substantial battery cell capacities which improve with continued operation of the cell. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cells such as may be employed as secondary batteries. Such cells have typically comprised a negative electrode providing a source of mobile ions, e.g., for highly preferred Li.sup.+ ions, lithium metal or lithium alloys, or Li.sup.+-containing insertion or intercalation materials. Complementary positive electrodes in such cells have commonly comprised similar alloying, insertion, or intercalation materials which enable the charge/discharge cycling interchange of mobile Li.sup.+ ions between the electrodes via an electrolyte medium bridging an electron-insulative, ion-transmissive

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separator member interposed between the electrode members. More particularly, the present invention provides in such rechargeable cells a novel electrode element which engenders a new and highly effective rechargeable cell mechanism leading to improved cell charge capacity and recycling stability. Whereas prior cells relied significantly upon the open structure of active electrode materials to enable the reversible insertion of cycling ions, the active materials of the present cell electrodes, exhibiting no similar structure, apparently support a contingent redox activity which generates the remarkable observed recycling capabilities. The rechargeable cells of the present invention do not rely upon the open, interstitial structure electrode materials broadly employed in prior systems. Rather, the present cells utilize a structure in which one of the electrode pair, e.g., the complementary positive electrode in a lithium-ion cell, comprises nano-sized metal particles, i.e., having a diameter ranging up to about 200.mu.m, preferably in the order of about 20 to 100 nm. For this purpose, the transition metals, Co, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Mn, are particularly suitable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nickel-rich quaternary metal oxide materials as cathodes for lithium-ion and lithiumion polymer batteries Inventor(s): Agarwal, Naveen; (Alpharetta, GA), Kim, Jaeho; (Roswell, GA), McGrath, Kevin P.; (Alpharetta, GA), Yang, Kaiyuan; (Roswell, GA) Correspondence: Charles E. Dunlap; Keenan Building, Third Floor; 1330 Lady Street; Columbia; SC; 29201; US Patent Application Number: 20030206852 Date filed: June 6, 2003 Abstract: Positive electrode-active materials for use in lithium-ion and lithium-ion polymer batteries contain quaternary composite oxides of manganese, nickel, cobalt and aluminum where one of the four is present at levels of over 70 mol percent. The composite oxides can be lithiated to form positive electrode-active materials that are stable over at least ten charge/discharge cycles at voltage levels over 4.8 volts, and have capacities of over 200 mAh/g. Methods for producing the materials and electrochemical cells and batteries that include the materials are also provided. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of and claims priority to application Ser. No. 09/742,754, filed Dec. 21, 2000; which claimed the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/173,911, filed on Dec. 29, 1999; both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. The subject matter of the present invention is related to the co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/742,738, which was filed on the same date as the present application and which has issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,350,543. The present invention relates to rechargeable power sources for portable electronic devices such as camcorders, cell phones, laptop computers and toys, and more particularly to positive electrode-active materials for lithium, lithium-ion and lithium-ion polymer batteries and methods of making and using such materials. Rapid technological developments in the electronics and computer industry have created a large consumer market for a variety of batteries. Today, batteries are used to power almost every portable electronic device, such as cell phones, laptop computers, camcorders, portable radios, cameras and toys. With the continuing miniaturization in the electronic industry and in portable electronic devices, the demand for lightweight, compact, and yet high-energy density batteries has been steadily increasing. In addition, a need for more efficient utilization of

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the available energy resources as well as air-quality-control has generated an enormous interest in the development of advanced high energy density batteries for electric powered vehicles. Furthermore, cost effectiveness, rechargeability, and better safety characteristics have been other factors driving the battery market. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery Inventor(s): Igaki, Emiko; (Amagasaki-shi, JP), Nakamura, Toshikazu; (Suita-shi, JP), Shimada, Mikinari; (Yawata-shi, JP), Shoji, Masashi; (Osaka-shi, JP), Tanahashi, Masakazu; (Osaka-shi, JP) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030219649 Date filed: May 21, 2003 Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a battery case that is not corroded easily even at the time of over-discharging is provided. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a battery case serving as a negative electrode terminal, and a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator and a nonaqueous electrolyte that are enclosed in the battery case. The positive electrode and the negative electrode respectively include an active material that stores and releases lithium reversibly. The battery case includes a case formed of a metal plate having iron as a principal component and a metal layer formed at least in a part of an inner surface of the case, and the metal layer includes a metallic element M that dissolves in the nonaqueous electrolyte at a lower potential than iron and at a higher potential than lithium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. In particular, the present invention relates to, for example, a lithium secondary battery. In recent years, accompanying the development of electronic equipment, there is a demand for secondary batteries that are small and light-weight, have high energy density and allow repeated charging and discharging. As such batteries, research has been conducted actively on nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, in particular, lithium secondary batteries using a positive electrode containing a composite oxide such as lithium cobaltate and a negative electrode containing a carbon material. In a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a battery case, which serves also as a negative electrode terminal, generally is formed of a nickel-plated iron plate. Such a battery case is connected electrically with a negative electrode and has an electric potential equal to the negative electrode. The potential of the negative electrode is a potential at which a carbon material intercalates/deintercalates lithium, and is at least about 1.5 V lower than a dissolution potential of lithium, though it varies depending on the physical property of the carbon material, especially how its layer structure is developed (an interlayer distance, how layers overlap in a c-axis direction, and how layers spread in an a-axis direction). Since this negative electrode potential is lower than a corrosion potential of a metal used as the material of the battery case, the battery case is not corroded in an ordinary state. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Nonaqueous electrolytes based on organosilicon ammonium derivatives for highenergy power sources Inventor(s): Chervakov, Oleg V.; (Dnepropetrovsk, UA), Globa, Natalya I.; (Dnepropetrovsk, UA), Novak, Peter; (Antwerp, BE), Shembel, Elena M.; (Dnepropetrovsk, UA) Correspondence: Gregory A. Nelson, ESQ.; Akerman Senterfitt; 222 Lakeview Avenue, Suite 400; P.O. Box 3188; West Palm Beach; FL; 33402-3188; US Patent Application Number: 20030215720 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte additive includes an organosilicon backbone including at least one ethylene oxide (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O) unit, at least two pyridinium groups bound to the backbone, the pyridinium groups each bound to at least one halogen ion or halogen-containing anion. The additive is useful for forming improved liquid and polymer electrolytes for lithium ion and lithium metal batteries. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The invention generally relates organic liquid and polymer electrolytes for rechargeable batteries and electrochemical capacitors. More particularly, the invention relates to organosilicon ammonium derivatives for use as electrolyte additives. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel nucleated noncolored polypropylene fibers Inventor(s): Mehl, Nathan A.; (Moore, SC), Morin, Brian G.; (Greer, SC), Parks, William S.; (Boiling Springs, SC) Correspondence: Milliken & Company; P. O. Box 1927; Spartanburg; SC; 29304; US Patent Application Number: 20030216498 Date filed: April 24, 2003 Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in preventing heat- and moistureshrink problems in specific polypropylene fibers. Such fibers require the presence of certain compounds that quickly and effectively provide rigidity to the target polypropylene fiber after heat-setting. Generally, these compounds include any structure that nucleates polymer crystals within the target polypropylene after exposure to sufficient heat to melt the initial pelletized polymer and upon allowing such a melt to cool. The compounds must nucleate polymer crystals at a higher temperature than the target polypropylene without the nucleating agent during cooling. In such a manner, the "rigidifying" nucleator compounds provide nucleation sites for polypropylene crystal growth. After drawing the nucleated composition into fiber form, the fiber is then exposed to sufficient heat to grow the crystalline network, thus holding the fiber in a desired position. The preferred "rigidifying" compounds include dibenzylidene sorbitol based compounds, as well as less preferred compounds, such as sodium benzoate, certain sodium and lithium phosphate salts (such as sodium 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4,6-ditert-butylphenyl)phospha- te, otherwise known as NA-11). Specific methods of manufacture of such fibers, as well as fabric articles made therefrom, are also encompassed within this invention. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of co-pending application 10/268,329, filed on Oct. 10, 2002, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/860,005, filed on May

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17, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,554. This parent application is herein entirely incorporated by reference. There has been a continued desire to utilize polypropylene fibers in various different products, ranging from apparel to carpet backings (as well as carpet pile fabrics) to reinforcement fabrics, and so on. Polypropylene fibers exhibit excellent strength characteristics, highly desirable hand and feel, and do not easily degrade or erode when exposed to certain "destructive" chemicals. However, even with such impressive and beneficial properties and an abundance of polypropylene, which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and readily available as a petroleum refinery byproduct, such fibers are not widely utilized in products that are exposed to relatively high temperatures during use, cleaning, and the like. This is due primarily to the high and generally non-uniform heat- and moisture-shrink characteristics exhibited by typical polypropylene fibers. Such fibers are not heat stable and when exposed to standard temperatures (such as 150.degree. C. and 130.degree. C. temperatures), the shrinkage range from about 5% (in boiling water) to about 7-8% (for hot air exposure) to 12-13% (for higher temperature hot air). These extremely high and varied shrink rates thus render the utilization and processability of highly desirable polypropylene fibers very low, particularly for end-uses that require heat stability (such as apparel, carpet pile, carpet backings, molded pieces, and the like). To date, there has been no simple solution to such a problem. Some ideas have included narrowing and controlling the molecular weight distribution of the polypropylene components themselves in each fiber or mechanically working the target fibers prior to and during heat-setting. Unfortunately, molecular weight control is extremely difficult to accomplish initially, and has only provided the above-listed shrink rates (which are still too high for widespread utilization within the fabric industry). Furthermore, the utilization of very high heat-setting temperatures during mechanical treatment has, in most instances, resulted in the loss of good hand and feel to the subject fibers. Another solution to this problem is preshrinking the fibers, which involves winding the fiber on a crushable paper package, allowing the fiber to sit in the oven and shrink for long times, (crushing the paper package), and then rewinding on a package acceptable for further processing. This process, while yielding an acceptable yarn, is expensive, making the resulting fiber uncompetitive as compared to polyester and nylon fibers. As a result, there has not been any teaching or disclosure within the pertinent prior art providing any heat- and/or moisture-shrink improvements in polypropylene fiber technology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

On-board oxygen production system for aircraft, in particular long-range aircraft Inventor(s): Cazenave, Jean-Michel; (Grenoble, FR), Dehayes, Jean; (Lumblin, FR), Lessi, Stephane; (Grenoble, FR), Zapata, Richard; (Sassenage, FR) Correspondence: Linda K. Russell; Air Liquide; 2700 Post Oak BLVD., Suite 1800; Houston; TX; 77506; US Patent Application Number: 20030205132 Date filed: May 1, 2003 Abstract: Method and system on board an aircraft for the production of an oxygenenriched gas stream from an oxygen/nitrogen gas mixture, particularly air, comprising at least one adsorber containing at least one adsorbent for adsorbing at least some of the nitrogen molecules contained in the oxygen/nitrogen feed mixture, characterized in that the said adsorbent comprises a faujasite-type zeolite, having an Si/Al ratio of 1 to 1.50,

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exchanged to at least 80% with lithium cations. Aircraft equipped with such a system, in particular an airliner, especially an airliner of the long-range, large-capacity type. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an oxygen concentration system, especially of the OBOGS-type, for aircraft, in particular for long-range, large-capacity airliners. At the present time, gaseous oxygen is used by the pilots and passengers of a civil commercial airliner in the event of cabin decompression (passengers and pilots), in the event of protection against smoke and toxic gases (pilots) and in the event of prior protection when cruising at high altitude (pilots). Moreover, the pilots of military aircraft have need for a permanent oxygen supply, throughout their flight missions. In certain specific missions, the same applies to the crew of military tactical transport planes and helicopters. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Optical modulation/multiplexing circuit Inventor(s): Kawanishi, Satoki; (Kanazawa-ku, JP), Ohara, Takuya; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Shake, Ippei; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Takara, Hidehiko; (Yokosuka-shi, JP) Correspondence: Dana L. Tangren; Workman Nydegger & Seeley; 1000 Eagle Gate Tower; 60 East South Temple; Salt Lake City; UT; 84111; US Patent Application Number: 20030214698 Date filed: May 14, 2003 Abstract: An optical modulation/multiplexing circuit can fabricate a plurality of nonlinear optical waveguide devices and silica optical waveguides through a small number of processes, and achieve the simplification of the fabrication process and stabilization of the operation by hybrid integration with reduced connection loss. It employs lithium niobate domain inversion optical waveguides as nonlinear optical switches, and implements functions necessary for modulation and multiplexing such as input, splitting, multiplexing and timing adjustment of optical modulation signals and an optical clock signal by connecting glass waveguides to the input and output terminals of the domain inversion optical waveguides. Nonlinear optical media generate a second harmonic light beam of the optical clock signal, and at the same time produces a light beam with a frequency corresponding to the difference frequency of the two high frequency signals, the second harmonic light beam and the signal pulses. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2002143759 filed May 17, 2002, which is incorporated hereinto by reference. The present invention relates to an optical modulation/multiplexing circuit, and more particularly to an optical modulation/multiplexing circuit of high-bit-rate optical pulses used for ultrahigh-speed optical communications. The optical clock signal is split into optical clock signals of the same number of channels of the input optical modulation signals (four channels in this case) by the splitter 406. The optical clock signals propagate through optical waveguides formed on the PLC substrate, and are combined by the couplers 407 with the optical modulation signals propagating through optical waveguides on the PLC substrate. The optical clock signals and optical modulation signals, which are combined by the couplers 407, are input to the semiconductor optical amplifiers 408. In the semiconductor optical amplifiers 408, a four-wave mixing phenomenon, one of nonlinear optical effects, occurs by the incident optical clock signals and optical modulation signals. Thus, the semiconductor optical amplifiers 408 generate modulated optical pulses with a new wavelength and with optical intensities proportional to the

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optical intensity products between the optical clock signals and the optical modulation signals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Positive electrode films for alkali metal polymer batteries and method for making same Inventor(s): Besner, Simon; (Coteau du Lac, CA), Gagnon, Yvon; (Charlemagne, CA), Laliberte, Richard; (St-Julie, CA), Lavoie, Paul-Andre; (Montreal, CA), Simoneau, Martin; (St-Bruno, CA), Vallee, Alain; (Varennes, CA) Correspondence: Smart & Biggar; Suite 3400; 1000 DE LA Gauchetiere Street West; Montreal; QC; H3b 4w5; CA Patent Application Number: 20030215710 Date filed: March 7, 2003 Abstract: A process for extruding a thin positive electrode sheet having at least 40% /wt of solid content for a lithium polymer battery through a single or twin screw extruder is disclosed as well as a positive electrode sheet produced therefrom. A mixture of active cathodic intercalation material, lithium salt and electronic conductive material is mixed with a polymer of the polyether family in a ratio of at least 40% of total weight into the mixing chamber of an extrusion machine and extruded through a classical sheet die into a thin cathode sheet or film onto a substrate in sheet form. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to alkali metal polymer batteries and, more specifically, to positive electrode sheets for alkali metal polymer batteries that are made by a continuous extrusion process for forming solid polymer electrolyte-cathode sheets. Rechargeable batteries manufactured from laminates of solid polymer electrolytes and sheet-like electrodes display many advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes batteries. These advantages include: lower overall battery weight, high power density, high specific energy, and longer service life. In addition, they are more environmentally friendly since the danger of spilling toxic liquid into the environment is eliminated. Solid polymer battery components generally include: positive electrodes (also referred to as cathodes), negative electrodes (also referred to as anodes), and an insulating material capable of permitting ionic conductivity, such as a solid polymer electrolyte, sandwiched therebetween. The anodes are usually made of light-weight metals foils, such as alkali metals and alloys thereof typically lithium metal, lithium oxide, lithium-aluminum alloys and the like. The composite cathodes are usually formed of a mixture of active material such as a transitional metal oxide, an electrically conductive filler, usually carbon particles, an ionically conductive polymer electrolyte material and a current collector usually a thin sheet of aluminum. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Preparation of lithium-containing materials Inventor(s): Barker, Jeremy; (Oxfordshire, GB), Saidi, M. Yazid; (Henderson, NV), Swoyer, Jeffrey; (Henderson, NV) Correspondence: Valence Technology, INC.; 301 Conestoga Way; Henderson; NV; 89015; US Patent Application Number: 20030215714 Date filed: June 13, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides novel lithium-mixed metal materials which, upon electrochemical interaction, release lithium ions, and are capable of reversibly cycling lithium ions. The invention provides a rechargeable lithium battery which comprises an electrode formed from the novel lithium-mixed metal materials. Methods for making the novel lithium-mixed metal materials and methods for using such lithium-mixed metal materials in electrochemical cells are also provided. The lithium-mixed metal materials comprise lithium and at least one other metal besides lithium. Preferred materials are lithium-mixed metal phosphates which contain lithium and two other metals besides lithium. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved materials usable as electrode active materials and to their preparation. Lithium batteries are prepared from one or more lithium electrochemical cells containing electrochemically active (electroactive) materials. Such cells typically include an anode (negative electrode), a cathode (positive electrode), and an electrolyte interposed between spaced apart positive and negative electrodes. Batteries with anodes of metallic lithium and containing metal chalcogenide cathode active material are known. The electrolyte typically comprises a salt of lithium dissolved in one or more solvents, typically nonaqueous (aprotic) organic solvents. Other electrolytes are solid electrolytes typically called polymeric matrixes that contain an ionic conductive medium, typically a metallic powder or salt, in combination with a polymer that itself may be ionically conductive which is electrically insulating. By convention, during discharge of the cell, the negative electrode of the cell is defined as the anode. Cells having a metallic lithium anode and metal chalcogenide cathode are charged in an initial condition. During discharge, lithium ions from the metallic anode pass through the liquid electrolyte to the electrochemical active (electroactive) material of the cathode whereupon they release electrical energy to an external circuit. It has recently been suggested to replace the lithium metal anode with an insertion anode, such as a lithium metal chalcogenide or lithium metal oxide. Carbon anodes, such as coke and graphite, are also insertion materials. Such negative electrodes are used with lithium-containing insertion cathodes, in order to form an electroactive couple in a cell. Such cells, in an initial condition, are not charged. In order to be used to deliver electrochemical energy, such cells must be charged in order to transfer lithium to the anode from the lithium-containing cathode. During discharge the lithium is transferred from the anode back to the cathode. During a subsequent recharge, the lithium is transferred back to the anode where it re-inserts. Upon subsequent charge and discharge, the lithium ions (Li.sup.+) are transported between the electrodes. Such rechargeable batteries, having no free metallic species are called rechargeable ion batteries or rocking chair batteries. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,418,090; 4,464,447; 4,194,062; and 5,130,211. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Primary lithium batteries Inventor(s): Coowar, Fazlil; (Sugarland, TX), Munshi, M. Zafar A.; (Missouri City, TX) Correspondence: Donald R. Greene; Post Office Box 12995; Scottsdale; AZ; 85267-2995; US Patent Application Number: 20030211383 Date filed: May 9, 2002 Abstract: A thermal battery for operation at temperatures below about 250.degree. C. and preferably not above about 200.degree. C. includes a primarily CF.sub.x cathode, an electrolyte, and a lithium-based anode. The electrolyte is an organoborate lithium salt or an ionically conductive solid polymer electrolyte. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to primary lithium batteries, particularly thermal batteries; and more particularly to thermal batteries with higher energy densities, that are lightweight, have higher cell voltages, flatter discharge voltages and operate at lower temperatures than presently available thermal batteries. Thermal batteries are non-rechargeable power sources, which use electrolytes of inorganic salts that are solid and considered non-conducting at ambient temperatures. Upon ignition of an internal pyrotechnic heat source, the electrolyte melts and becomes conductive, thereby providing power to an external load. Historically, a large number of military systems have utilized thermal batteries. Today, the accepted industry standard is the lithium or the lithium alloy anode based on Li--Si of which over 1.5 million units have been deployed since 1972. Lithium anode based thermal batteries provide high capacity and capability to withstand high dynamic environments. Advances in thermal batteries have not been running parallel to advances in consumer electronics or OEM batteries. In fact, today's thermal batteries still use the same operating temperatures as they did twenty years ago and the same type of solid electrolytes; therefore the components for the active electrodes are limited in their choice and performance. Those limitations are attributable to the stringent specifications required of the components of the battery. For instance, the Lithium chloride-potassium chloride (LiCl--KCl) eutectic electrolyte (typically with magnesium oxide (MgO) powder binder) in a thermal battery melts at about 352.degree. C., thereby necessitating a significantly higher decomposition temperature for the electrodes than the eutectic temperature of such electrolyte used in the thermal battery. The melting point of the electrolyte determines the effective operating window for its use in a thermal battery. Because of the high operating temperature of thermal batteries (e.g., 400-600.degree. C.), the cathodes for such batteries must be very high temperature stable materials. Furthermore, these cathodes must be electrochemically and chemically stable with the electrolyte. Unfortunately, very few cathode materials meet these criteria. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for preparing ionomeric membranes Inventor(s): Navarrini, Walter; (Milano, IT), Panero, Stefania; (Roma, IT), Sanguineti, Aldo; (Milano, IT), Scrosati, Bruno; (Roma, IT) Correspondence: Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin & Kahn; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Suite 400; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030215719 Date filed: April 25, 2003

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Abstract: A process for preparing membranes formed by (per) fluorinated ionomeric electrolytes salified with the lithium ion, comprising the following steps:a) obtaining of (per) fluorinated polymer membranes, containing --SO.sub.2F groups;b) partial or complete salification of (per)fluorinated polymer membranes containing --SO.sub.2F groups with basic lithium compounds and final washing with water;c) swelling and contemporaneous drying process of membranes by dipping in a heterogeneous biphasic system of a dipolar aprotic solvent wherein insoluble solid drying agents are dispersed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing membranes formed by (per)fluorinated ionomeric electrolyte polymers characterized by improved conductivity, and the membranes obtainable by said process to be used in rechargeable lithium batteries. More specifically the invention relates to a process for preparing membranes formed by (per)fluorinated ionomeric polymers. It is known in the prior art the use, under the form of film compositions, of electrolyte polymers to form the separatory membrane of a cell of a rechargeable battery. A separatory membrane constituted by said electrolyte polymers, comprises a polymeric matrix which is ionically conductive due to the incorporation therein of an organic solution of a dissociable lithium salt which supplies the ionic mobility. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process of preparation of amino functionalized diene polymers, polymers of such type, rubber composition and tire casing containing those polymers Inventor(s): Favrot, Jean-Michel; (Cournon, FR), Laubry, Philippe; (Marsat, FR) Correspondence: Baker & Botts; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112 Patent Application Number: 20030212223 Date filed: March 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing amino functionalized diene polymers with 1,4-trans linkage content equal to or greater than 70%. The invention also concerns polymers of such type, a rubber composition and a tire casing containing those polymers. The process of preparation according to the invention comprises polymerizing at least one diene monomer by means of a lithium catalytic system, which comprises at least one hydrocarbon solvent, one compound A of a IIIA group metal, one compound B of an alkaline earth metal and one aminolithium initiator C. Amino functionalized diene polymers with high 1,4-trans linkage content according to the invention are such that the amino function, situated at the end of the polymer chain, is a tertiary amino function, the rate of functionalization of said polymers being equal to or greater than 50% and the 1,4-trans linkage content being equal to or greater than 70%. A rubber composition vulcanizable with sulfur according to the invention is such that it contains at least said polymer. A tire casing according to the invention is such that it contains said composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a process of preparation of amino functionalized diene polymers with 1,4-trans linkage content equal to or greater than 70%. The invention also concerns polymers of such type, a rubber composition and a tire casing containing said polymers. Applicant has described, in French Patent FR-A2,294,186, a process of polymerization of conjugated dienes or of copolymerization of conjugated dienes, either with other conjugated dienes or with vinylaromatic compounds. The examples of polymers obtained, which appear in that document, present 1,4-trans linkage contents covering a wide range, extending from 24% to 90%.

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This process consists essentially of reacting the monomers in the presence of a catalytic composition made up of an organolithium initiator and of a co-catalyst. The latter comprises a barium or strontium compound and an organometallic compound of IIB or IIIA group metals of the periodic classification of elements. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process of preparing active material for battery and active material for battery prepared therefrom Inventor(s): Cho, Jae-Phil; (Cheonan-city, KR), Jung, Won-Il; (Seongnam-city, KR), Kim, Geun-Bae; (Suwon-city, KR), Park, Yong-Chul; (Suwon-city, KR) Correspondence: Robert E. Bushnell; Suite 300; 1522 K Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030211391 Date filed: April 8, 2003 Abstract: A process for preparing an active material for a battery includes the steps of preparing a coating liquid by adding a compound comprising an element X that is capable of forming a double bond with oxygen, and a compound comprising at least one from the group consisting of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a group 13 element, a group 14 element, a transition metal, and a rare-earth element, to water, adding a metal source to the coating liquid to surface-treat the metal source material, drying the surface-treated metal source material to prepare an active material precursor; mixing the active material precursor with a lithium source; and heat-treating the resultant mixture to produce an active material with a surface-treatment layer comprising the compound of the formula (1):MXO.sub.k (1)wherein M is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a group 13 element, a group 14 element, a transition metal, and a rare-earth element; X is an element that can form a double bond with oxygen; and k is a numerical value in the range of 2 to 4. Excerpt(s): This application makes reference to, incorporates the same herein, and claims all benefits accruing under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 from an application for PROCESS OF PREPARING ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR BATTERY AND ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR BATTERY PREPARED THEREFROM earlier filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on May 13, 2002 and there duly assigned Serial No. 2002-26199. The present invention relates to an active material for a battery and a process of preparing an active material for a battery, and more specifically to an active material and a process of preparing an active material for a battery with excellent electrochemical characteristics and thermal stability, and an active material for a battery prepared according to the process. Recently, in relation to trends toward more compact and lighter portable electronic equipment, there has been a growing need to develop a high performance and large capacity battery to be used for electric power for portable electronic equipment. Also, there has been extensive research on batteries with good safety characteristics and low cost. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Skateboard riser light Inventor(s): Seelye, Scott Jonathan; (Corvallis, OR) Correspondence: Scott J. Seelye; 5068 SW Technology Loop #117; Corvallis; OR; 97333; US Patent Application Number: 20030201620 Date filed: April 24, 2002 Abstract: A skateboard light embodied as a riser used between the skateboard deck and truck assembly. The skateboard riser light includes an LED lamp that is bright enough to be used as headlights on skateboards. The skateboard riser light is powered by lithium cell batteries, which are compact and long lasting. The skateboard riser light uses a slide switch to turn the light off and on. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to skateboard lights and more particularly to a skateboard light embodied as a skateboard riser. For the last 30 years, the basic components of the skateboard have remained the same. A skateboard is made up of a deck, axle assembly, and wheel assembly. Few additional components have been added due to the abuse that they are subjected to, and that they may be obtrusive. Presently, skateboarders are limited to riding in the daylight, unless headlights are attached to the skateboard. The rules and regulations have been directly adopted from the same rules and regulations for bicycles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Synthesis of cyclosporin analogs Inventor(s): Abel, Mark; (Edmonton, CA), Adam, Jean-Michel; (Reinach, CH), Foster, Robert T.; (Edmonton, CA), Jayaraman, Seetharaman; (Edmonton, CA), Lohri, Bruno; (Reinach, CH), Mair, Hans-Jurgen; (Lorrach, DE), Naicker, Selvaraj A.; (Edmonton, CA), Yatscoff, Randall W.; (Edmonton, CA) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030212249 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: The invention is directed to isomeric mixtures of cyclosporine analogues that are structurally similar to cyclosporine A. The mixtures possess enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity over the individual isomers and over naturally occurring and other presently known cyclosporines and cyclosporine derivatives. Embodiments of the present invention are directed toward cis and trans-isomers of cyclosporin A analogs referred to as ISA.sub.TX247, and derivatives thereof. ISA.sub.TX247 isomers and alkylated, arylated, and deuterated derivatives are synthesized by stereoselective pathways where the particular conditions of a reaction determine the degree of stereoselectivity. Stereoselective pathways may utilize a Wittig reaction, or an organometallic reagent comprising inorganic elements such as boron, silicon, titanium, and lithium. The ratio of isomers in a mixture may range from about 10 to 90 percent by weight of the (E)-isomer to about 90 to 10 percent by weight of the (Z)-isomer, based on the total weight of the mixture. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application Serial Nos. 60/346,201 filed Oct. 19, 2001 and 60/370,596 filed Apr. 5, 2002. The entire disclosure of each of

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these applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The invention is directed to isomeric mixtures of cyclosporin analogues that are related to cyclosporine A. It is contemplated that the mixtures possess enhanced efficacy and/or reduced toxicity over the individual isomers and over naturally occurring and other presently known cyclosporines and cyclosporine derivatives. In addition, the present invention relates to synthetic pathways for producing isomers of cyclosporin A analogs, where such pathways vary in the degree of stereoselectivity depending on the specific reaction conditions. Bennett, W. M., "The nephrotoxicity of new and old immunosuppressive drugs," Renal Failure, Vol. 20, pp. 687-90 (1998). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with lithium, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on lithium. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning lithium. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON LITHIUM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to lithium. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on lithium include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on lithium: •

Primer on Kidney Diseases. 2nd ed Source: San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 1998. 542 p. Contact: Available from Academic Press. Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 321-5068 or (407) 345-3800. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 345-4060. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.apnet.com. PRICE: $57.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0122990900. Summary: This comprehensive textbook on kidney diseases is designed for medical students, house staff, and practitioners. The text offers a summary of the management of renal disease and fluid and electrolyte disorders. The 79 chapters are categorized in 11 sections, covering renal function and its assessment, electrolyte disorders, glomerular disease, the kidney in systemic disease, acute renal failure, drugs and the kidney, hereditary renal diseases, tubulointerstitial diseases, the kidney in special circumstances, chronic renal disease, and hypertension. Specific chapter topics include the

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characteristics of kidney function in the very young and in the very old, tubulointerstitial diseases, analgesic abuse nephropathy and the effects of NSAIDs on the kidneys, hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria, renal imaging techniques, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, edema and the clinical use of diuretics, immunopathogenesis, minimal change nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, Goodpasture's syndrome, renal function in congestive heart failure, renal function in liver disease, renal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetic nephropathy, dysproteinemias and amyloidosis, renal and urologic complications of cancer and its treatment, hemolytic uremic syndrome, the renal manifestations of HIV, interstitial nephritis, sickle cell nephropathy, Alport's syndrome, medullary cystic disease, tubulointerstitial disease, lead nephrotoxicity, lithium induced renal disease, medullary sponge kidney, obstructive uropathy, nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), urinary tract infections, the kidney in pregnancy, the uremic syndrome, hemodialysis and hemofiltration, peritoneal dialysis, nutrition and renal disease, renal osteodystrophy, renal transplantation, and the pathogenesis of hypertension. Each chapter is written by an established expert in the field. The book is illustrated with full color and black and white photographs, figures, and tables. Each chapter concludes with suggested readings. An extensive subject index concludes the text.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “lithium” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “lithium” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “lithium” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A fundamental study of laser beam welding aluminum-lithium alloy 2195 for cryogenic tank applications (SuDoc NAS 1.26:201614) by R. P. Martukanitz; ISBN: B00010VY4A; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010VY4A/icongroupinterna

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A mathematical model of a lithium thionyl chloride primary cell (SuDoc NAS 1.26:185083) by Thomas Irvin Evans; ISBN: B00010KKTU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010KKTU/icongroupinterna

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A Study of aluminum-lithium alloy solidification using acoustic emission techniques (SuDoc NAS 1.26:4437) by Daniel P. Henkel; ISBN: B00010C7BO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010C7BO/icongroupinterna

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A Theoretical and experimental study of the thermophysical properties of lithium hydride (SuDoc NAS 1.77:20179) by NASA; ISBN: B0001085LK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001085LK/icongroupinterna

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Adverse Effects of Lithium: Medical Subject Analysis With Reference Bibliography by Roy Ronald Zimmerman (1987); ISBN: 0881644382; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881644382/icongroupinterna

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Alcoholism and Affective Disorders: Clinical, Genetic, and Biochemical Studies With Emphasis on Alcohol-Lithium Interaction by Donald W. Goodwin, Erickson E. Carlton;

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ISBN: 0893350893; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893350893/icongroupinterna •

Aluminum-Lithium by M. Peters, P.-J. Winkler (Editor); ISBN: 3883551805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3883551805/icongroupinterna

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Aluminum-Lithium Alloys II: Proceedings of the Second International AluminumLithium Conference Sponsored by the Nonferrous Metals Committee of the m by E.A., Jr. Starke, T.H., Jr. Sanders (Editor); ISBN: 089520472X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089520472X/icongroupinterna

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Aluminum-Lithium Alloys III: Proceedings of the 3rd Intl Aluminium-Lithium Conference Sponsored and Organized by the Institute of Metals J by C. Baker, et al (1986); ISBN: 0904357805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0904357805/icongroupinterna

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Aluminum-Lithium Alloys. Proceedings, Held May 1980: Proceedings of the First International Aluminum-Lithium Conference by Ga.)/ Sanders, T. H., Jr. International Aluminum-Lithium Conference 1980 Stone Mountain (Editor) (1981); ISBN: 0895203731; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895203731/icongroupinterna

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Aluminum-Lithium Alloys: Design, Development, and Application Update by Ramesh J. Dar, et al (1988); ISBN: 0871703254; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871703254/icongroupinterna

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An Investigation of the Major and Minor Constituents of Lithium Niobate Waveguides by P.M. Read; ISBN: 0705813037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0705813037/icongroupinterna

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Analysis of stress concentration at holes in components made of 2195 aluminumlithium (SuDoc NAS 1.60:3554) by R. Ahmed; ISBN: B00010RNYA; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010RNYA/icongroupinterna

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Antidepressants and Lithium: Their Uses and Side Effects by Edgar A. Monton; ISBN: 1857083105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857083105/icongroupinterna

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Applications of lithium in ceramics by J. H. Fishwick; ISBN: 0843606118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0843606118/icongroupinterna

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Basic Mechanisms in the Action of Lithium by H. M. Emrich, et al; ISBN: 044490249X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044490249X/icongroupinterna

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Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II : Lithium, Beryllium and Boron Groups by E. W. Abel, et al; ISBN: 0080423086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080423086/icongroupinterna

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Contracting procurement of lithium batteries for Air Force missile systems : briefing report to the honorable Harry Reid, United States Senate (SuDoc GA 1.13:NSIAD-87144 BR) by U.S. General Accounting Office; ISBN: B00010BWCE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010BWCE/icongroupinterna

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Cooperative Lithium-Ion Insertion Mechanisms in Cathode Materials for Battery Applications (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of sciencE and Technology, 705) by Helen Bjork (2002); ISBN: 9155452957; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155452957/icongroupinterna

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Cosmic ray models for early galactic lithium, beryllium, and boron production (SuDoc NAS 1.26:197626) by Brian D. Fields; ISBN: B00010O4C4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010O4C4/icongroupinterna

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Current Perspectives in Lithium Prophylaxis. Ed by P. Berner. Papers from International Symposium on Aktuelle Perspektiven. Vienna, Oct 1979 (Appro) by P. Berner (Editor), et al (1981); ISBN: 380551753X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380551753X/icongroupinterna

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Current Trends in Lithium and Rubidium Therapy by Giovanni Umberto, Professor Corsini (Editor); ISBN: 0852007825; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852007825/icongroupinterna

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DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook, Acid Halides, Amine Salts, Bromides, Bromine, Carbonic Acid, Lithium Hydroxide by Dieter Behrens (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 3527266542; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527266542/icongroupinterna

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Depression and Mania: Modern Lithium Therapy by F. Neil Johnson (Editor); ISBN: 1852211741; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1852211741/icongroupinterna

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Depression: its diagnosis and treatment Lithium: the history of its use in psychiatry by Nathan S. Kline; ISBN: 0876300239; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876300239/icongroupinterna

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Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries: Final Report by B. Scrosati (1992); ISBN: 0119733919; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119733919/icongroupinterna

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Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Lithium by John H. Lazarus (1986); ISBN: 0306420570; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306420570/icongroupinterna

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Environment assisted degradation mechanisms in aluminum-lithium alloys (SuDoc NAS 1.26:182482) by NASA; ISBN: B00010M3R2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010M3R2/icongroupinterna

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Environmental fatigue in aluminum-lithium alloys (SuDoc NAS 1.15:107640) by R. S. Piascik; ISBN: B00010DNAS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010DNAS/icongroupinterna

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Fabrication and Properties of Lithium Ceramics, II (Advances in Ceramics, Vol 27) by Glenn W. Hollenberg, Ian J. Hastings (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0944904009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944904009/icongroupinterna

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Fabrication and Properties of Lithium Ceramics, III (Ceramic Transactions, Vol 27) by Ian J. Hastings, Glenn W. Hollenberg (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0944904491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944904491/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride by Donald Garrett (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0122761529; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122761529/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Lithium Therapy by F. Neil Johnson; ISBN: 0839114788; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0839114788/icongroupinterna

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Hexagonal phase transformation in the engineered scavenger compound lithium titanate (SuDoc I 28.23:9465) by W. K. Collins; ISBN: B00010I3E4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010I3E4/icongroupinterna

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Hot filament technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of molten lithium fluoride (SuDoc NAS 1.15:102506) by Donald A. Jaworske; ISBN: B0001056BM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001056BM/icongroupinterna

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Intercalation of lithium in pitch-based graphitized carbon fibers chemically modified by fluorine soft carbon with or without an oxide surface (SuDoc NAS 1.15:209437) by Ching-cheh Hung; ISBN: B000112LU0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000112LU0/icongroupinterna

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Interfaces, Phenomena and Nanostructures in Lithium Batteries: Proceedings by A. R. Landgrebe (Editor), R. J. Klingler (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 1566773059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566773059/icongroupinterna

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Knobias Microcap Stock Tear Sheet: Lithium Technology Corporation(OTCBB:LTHU) [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Knobias (Author); ISBN: B00006JTPT; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006JTPT/icongroupinterna

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Lithium by Emma Jane Arkady; ISBN: 1900072572; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900072572/icongroupinterna

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Lithium & Lithium Crystals: Nature in Harmony by Haroldine, Thomas J. Brown; ISBN: 0945685025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945685025/icongroupinterna

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Lithium (SuDoc I 28.37/A:L 713/) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B000106XYG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000106XYG/icongroupinterna

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Lithium : an imported mineral commodity; ISBN: 0660533502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0660533502/icongroupinterna

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Lithium [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Global Industry Analysts (Author); ISBN: B00005RA84; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005RA84/icongroupinterna

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Lithium abundances in the young open cluster IC 2602 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:204768) by NASA; ISBN: B00010VTJU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010VTJU/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and Animal Behavior (1981); ISBN: 0898850754; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898850754/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and Animal Behavior by Donald F. Smith (1981); ISBN: 0898859689; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898859689/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and Cell Physiology by Ricardo O. Bach, Vincent S. Gallicchio (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0387971289; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387971289/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and Manic Depression: A Guide by James W. Jefferson, John H. Greist; ISBN: 1890802182; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890802182/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and psychiatry; journal articles, a collection of published articles related to the clinical application of lithium carbonate by David J. Kupfer; ISBN: 0874885205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874885205/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and the Blood (Lithium Therapy Monographs, Vol 4) by Vincent S. Gallicchio (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 3805552793; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805552793/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and the Cell: Pharmacology and Biochemistry by Nicholas J. Birch (Editor); ISBN: 0120993007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120993007/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and the Endocrine System (Lithium Therapy Monographs, Vol 2) by F. Neil Johnson (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 3805546068; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805546068/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and the Kidney (Lithium Therapy Monographs, Vol 3) by S. Christensen (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 3805550421; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805550421/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Chemistry : A Theoretical and Experimental Overview by Anne-Marie Sapse (Editor), P. V. Schleyer (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0471549304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471549304/icongroupinterna

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Lithium D cell study final report, contract no. NAS 9-18395 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:192705) by P. Size; ISBN: B00010J55K; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010J55K/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Encyclopedia for Clinical Practice by James W., M.D. Jefferson, et al; ISBN: 0880482303; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880482303/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Encyclopedia for Clinical Practice; ISBN: 0880480114; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880480114/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Epedia Clinicl 2 by Jefferson (Author) (1987); ISBN: 0521347025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521347025/icongroupinterna

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Lithium for Medea by Kate Braverman, Rick Moody (2002); ISBN: 1583224718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583224718/icongroupinterna

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Lithium in (SuDoc I 28.143:) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B00010CFTS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010CFTS/icongroupinterna

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Lithium in Biology & Medicine: With Subject Analysis and Reference Bibliography by Roy Ronald Zimmerman (1987); ISBN: 0881644404; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881644404/icongroupinterna

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Lithium in Biology and Medicine (1991); ISBN: 3527282033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527282033/icongroupinterna

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Lithium in Biology and Medicine: New Applications and Developments by Gerhard N. Schrauzer, Karl-Friedrich Klippel (Editor); ISBN: 1560811021; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560811021/icongroupinterna

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Lithium in Medical Practice by F.M. Johnson (Editor), S. Johnson (Editor); ISBN: 085200186X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085200186X/icongroupinterna

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Lithium in medical practice : proceedings of the First British Lithium Congress, University of Lancaster, England, 15-19 July 1977; ISBN: 0839112106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0839112106/icongroupinterna

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Lithium in Medicine by Joseph Mendels, Stephen K. Secunda (1972); ISBN: 0677144806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0677144806/icongroupinterna

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Lithium ion batteries : fundamentals and performance; ISBN: 406208631X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/406208631X/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Iron Phosphates As Cathode Materials in Lithium Batteries (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations, 532) by Anna S. Andersson (2000); ISBN: 915544704X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/915544704X/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Niobate Crystals by Yu S. Kuz'minov (1995); ISBN: 1898326304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898326304/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Polymer Batteries by J. Broadhead (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 1566771676; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566771676/icongroupinterna

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Lithium quadrangle, Missouri--Illinois, 1993 : 7.5 minute series (topographic) (SuDoc I 19.81:37089-G 8-TF-024/996) by U.S. Geological Survey; ISBN: 0607858443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0607858443/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Research and Therapy by F. N. Johnson; ISBN: 0123865506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123865506/icongroupinterna

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LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597456577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597456577/icongroupinterna

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Lithium Treatment of Manic Depressive Illness: A Practical Guide by Mogens Schou (1993); ISBN: 3805556675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805556675/icongroupinterna

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Lithium, Combination Treatment (Lithium Therapy Monographs, Vol 1) by F. Neil Johnson (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 3805544758; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805544758/icongroupinterna

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Lithium, controversies and unresolved issues : proceedings of the International Lithium Conference, New York, June 5-9, 1978; ISBN: 0444900934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444900934/icongroupinterna

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Lithium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium and Barium in Waters and Sewage Effluents by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry 1987 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117520160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117520160/icongroupinterna

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Lithium, needs and resources : proceedings of a symposium held in Corning, New York, 12-14 October 1977; ISBN: 0080227333; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080227333/icongroupinterna

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Lithium: Actions and Mechanisms by Rif S., MD El-Mallakh; ISBN: 0880484810; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880484810/icongroupinterna

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Lithium: Current Applications in Science, Medicine, and Technology by Ricardo O. Bach (Photographer), Carl Phillip Emanuel Bach; ISBN: 0471800732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471800732/icongroupinterna

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Lithium: Inorganic Pharmacology and Psychiatric Use: Proceedings of the Second British Lithium Congress by Nicholas J. Birch (Editor); ISBN: 1852211113; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1852211113/icongroupinterna

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Lithium: Its Role in Psychiatric Research and Treatment by Samuel Gershon, Baron Shopsin (1973); ISBN: 0306307200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306307200/icongroupinterna

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Lithium: What You Should Know by Daniel B. Eshom; ISBN: 0823928284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823928284/icongroupinterna

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Lithium-drifted germanium detectors: their fabrication and use; an annotated bibliography by Ina Calloway Brownridge; ISBN: 0306651807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306651807/icongroupinterna

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Lithium-Ion Batteries by M. Wakihara (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3527295690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527295690/icongroupinterna

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Lithium-Ion Batteries: Solid-Electrolyte Interphase by Perla B Balbuena (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 1860943624; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1860943624/icongroupinterna

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Long cycle life rechargeable lithium batteries final report (SuDoc NAS 1.26:190937) by D. M. Pasquariello; ISBN: B00010EG2C; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010EG2C/icongroupinterna

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Making Sense of Treatments and Drugs: Lithium (1999); ISBN: 1874690049; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1874690049/icongroupinterna

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Materials and Process for Lithium Batteries by Abraham (1989); ISBN: 9991900527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991900527/icongroupinterna

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Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries (NATO Science Partnership Sub-series: 3: High Technology Volume 85) by C. Julien (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 0792366506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792366506/icongroupinterna

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Mental Health/Mental Illness: Lithium: Decade of the Brain by National Institute Of Mental Health (1993); ISBN: 0160416418; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160416418/icongroupinterna

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Microstructural characterization of aluminum-lithium alloys 1460 and 2195 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:206914) by Z. M. Wang; ISBN: B00010ZMRK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ZMRK/icongroupinterna

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Non-isothermal calorimetric studies of the crystallization of lithium disilicate glass (SuDoc NAS 1.26:207363) by NASA; ISBN: B000110KU8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000110KU8/icongroupinterna

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Optimization of the lithium/thionyl chloride battery a final report for NASA GRANT NAG 9-177, for the period January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1988 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:184761) by Ralph E. White; ISBN: B00010NQEQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010NQEQ/icongroupinterna

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Overcharge and overdischarge protection of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells (SuDoc NAS 1.71:NPO-18343-1-CU) by NASA; ISBN: B00010EOMO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010EOMO/icongroupinterna

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Papers presented at the 2nd International Meeting on Lithium Batteries : Paris, France, April 25-27, 1984; ISBN: 0444750339; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444750339/icongroupinterna

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Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals, Individual Metals, Aluminum to Lithium by Hiroshi Onishi (1986); ISBN: 0471861391; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471861391/icongroupinterna

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Physics and Chemistry of Crystalline Lithium Niobate (Adam Hilger Series on Optics and Optoelectronics) by Yu S. Kuzminov, et al (1990); ISBN: 0852740026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852740026/icongroupinterna

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Primary and Secondary Lithium Batteries (1992); ISBN: 9993836125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993836125/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of the Symposium on High Power, Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries (1992); ISBN: 9992841753; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992841753/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of the Symposium on High Power, Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries (Battery Division, Proceedings, Vol 92-15) by W.D.K. Clark, Gerald Halpert (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 1566770149; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566770149/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of the Symposium on Lithium Batteries by Narayan Doddapaneni (1994); ISBN: 1566770335; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566770335/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of the Symposium on Primary and Secondary Lithium Batteries (91-3) by K. Abraham, M. Salomon (1991); ISBN: 9991034749; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991034749/icongroupinterna

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Production of aluminum-lithium near net shape extruded cylinders (SuDoc NAS 1.26:198204) by Paula J. Hartley; ISBN: B00010QSGO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010QSGO/icongroupinterna

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Properties of Lithium Niobate (Emis Datareviews Series, 28) by K. K. Wong (Editor); ISBN: 0852967993; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852967993/icongroupinterna

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Properties of Lithium Niobate (Emis Datareviews Series, No 5); ISBN: 085296482X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085296482X/icongroupinterna

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Prospects for the use of lithium batteries in law enforcement equipment (SuDoc J 28.15/2:201-89) by P. Michael Fulcomer; ISBN: B000103NC6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000103NC6/icongroupinterna

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Reregistration eligibility decision lithium hypochlorite : list C, case 3084 (SuDoc EP 5.2:L 71/3) by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; ISBN: B00010N5E2; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010N5E2/icongroupinterna

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Safety considerations of lithium-thionyl chloride cells (SuDoc NAS 1.26:180129) by Subbarao Surampudi; ISBN: B00010POVE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010POVE/icongroupinterna

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Solid State Lithium Batteries: Evaluation and Optimisation by R.J. Neat, et al; ISBN: 0119726815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0119726815/icongroupinterna

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Still Barking Despite the Lithium: An Anthology of Slendid Intangibles by Old Doc Runningduck; ISBN: 0954038800; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0954038800/icongroupinterna

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Structure & Dynamics of Lithium in Anatase Tio2: Study of Interstitial Li-Ion Intercalation in Anatase Tio2 at the Atomic Level by Marnix Wagemaker (2003); ISBN: 9040723788; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9040723788/icongroupinterna

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Synthetic Reagents: Dimethylformamide: Lithium Aluminum Hybride: Mercuric Oxide: Thionyl Chloride, Vols. 1-2 by J. S. Pizey; ISBN: 0470691077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470691077/icongroupinterna

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The Additional Certification of Magnesium (II) and Lithium (I) in the Lyophilized Serum Materials: CRM 303 and CRM 304 by L.M. Thienpont; ISBN: 9282639932; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282639932/icongroupinterna

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The crystal lithium by James Schuyler; ISBN: 0394481445; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394481445/icongroupinterna

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The feasiblity of producing aluminum-lithium structures for cyrogenic tankage applications by laser beam welding (SuDoc NAS 1.26:191527) by R. P. Martukanitz; ISBN: B00010IBVO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010IBVO/icongroupinterna

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The History of Lithium Therapy by F. Neil Johnson; ISBN: 0195204611; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195204611/icongroupinterna

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The History of Lithium Therapy; ISBN: 0333369424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333369424/icongroupinterna

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The Lithium Murder by Camille Minichino; ISBN: 0688167845; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688167845/icongroupinterna

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The Lithium Potential of the St. Austell Granite by British Geological Survey (1988); ISBN: 0118843877; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118843877/icongroupinterna

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The practical uses of lithium carbonate by Ronald R. Fieve; ISBN: 0901210102; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901210102/icongroupinterna

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The Psychopharmacology of Lithium by F. Neil Johnson; ISBN: 0333369416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333369416/icongroupinterna

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The Rational Design of Lithium Insertion Materials for Battery Applications (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations, 485) by Helena Berg (1999); ISBN: 9155445764; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155445764/icongroupinterna

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Thermally stable electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries, phase II final report covering the period, January 1, 1989 - August 31, 1989 (SuDoc NAS 1.26:190878) by L. A. Dominey; ISBN: B00010O3XE; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010O3XE/icongroupinterna

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Thermophysical Properties of Lithium Hydride Deutride and Tritide and of Their Solutions With Lithium (Aip Translation Series) by Stephen J. Amoretty (Translator), et al (1987); ISBN: 0883185326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0883185326/icongroupinterna

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Thin composite solid electrolyte film for lithium batteries (SuDoc NAS 1.71:NPO18694-1-CU) by NASA; ISBN: B00010KPK4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010KPK4/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in

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A comparison of lithium carbonate and chlorpromazine in the treatment of mania; report of the Veterans' Administration and National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study Group. [By] Robert F. Prien, Eugene M. Caffey, Jr., and C. James Klett. Author: Prien, Robert F.; Year: 1971; Perry Point, Md., Central Neuropsychiatric Research Laboratory, 1971

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Depression: its diagnosis and treatment. Lithium: the history of its use in psychiatry. Author: Kline, Nathan Schellenberg,; Year: 1970; Basel, New York, Karger, 1969

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Handbook of lithium therapy Author: Johnson, F. Neil (Frederick Neil); Year: 1980; Lancaster, Eng.: MTP Press, c1980; ISBN: 0852002424 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852002424/icongroupinterna

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Lithium and motor activity of animals: effects and possible mechanisms of action Author: Smith, Donald F.,; Year: 1977; [Copenhagen?: s.n.], 1980

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Lithium and the kidney: a bibliography Author: Baudhuin, Margaret G.; Year: 1974; Madison, Wis.:

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Lithium carbonate in psychiatry [by] Robert F. Prien, Eugene M. Caffey [and] C. James Klett. Author: Prien, Robert F.; Year: 1971; Perry Point, Md., Central Neuropsychiatric Laboratory, 1970

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Lithium carbonate; a survey of the history and current status of lithium in treating mood disorders [by] Robert F. Prien, Eugene M. Caffey, Jr., and C. James Klett. Author: Prien, Robert F.; Year: 1970; Perry Point, Md., Central Neuropsychiatric Research Laboratory, 1971

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Lithium effects on granulopoiesis and immune function Author: Rossof, Arthur Harold,; Year: 1980; New York: Plenum Press, c1980; ISBN: 0306403595

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Lithium in medical practice Author: Johnson, Susan.; Year: 1979; Lancaster: MTP, c1978; ISBN: 0852001835 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852001835/icongroupinterna

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Lithium in the treatment of mood disorders. Author: Gattozzi, Antoinette A.; Year: 1972; [Chevy Chase, Md.] National Institute of Mental Health: [for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1970]

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Lithium prophylaxis: a critical review Author: Prien, Robert F.; Year: 1978; Perry Point, Md.: Veterans Administration Hospital, 1974

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Lithium, effects on excitable cell membranes Author: Ploeger, Egbert Johan.; Year: 1981; Groningen: V.R.B.-Offsetdrukkerij, 1974

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Primer of lithium therapy Author: Jefferson, James W.; Year: 1979; Baltimore: Williams; Wilkins, c1977; ISBN: 0683044664 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683044664/icongroupinterna

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Prophylactic efficacy of lithium carbonate in manic-depressive illness; report of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study Group. [By] Robert F. Prien, Eugene M. Caffey, Jr., and C. James Klett. Author: Prien, Robert F.; Year: 1959; Perry Point, Md., Central Neuropsychiatric Research Laboratory, 1972

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The Lithium ion: impact on treatment and research Author: Goodwin, Frederick K.,; Year: 1979; Chicago: American Medical Assn., c1979

the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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The relationship between serum lithium level and clinical response in acute manics treated with lithium carbonate; report of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study Group. [By] Robert F. Prien, Eugene M. Caffey [and] C. James Klett. Author: Prien, Robert F.; Year: 1973; Perry Point, Md., Central Neuropsychiatric Research Laboratory, 1971

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Transport of lithium by cultured mouse neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells Author: Gorkin, Robert Albert,; Year: 1980; [Minneapolis?: s.n.], 1980

Chapters on Lithium In order to find chapters that specifically relate to lithium, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and lithium using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on lithium: •

Methods to Increase Poison Elimination Source: in Catto, G.R.D. New Clinical Applications-Nephrology: Drugs and the Kidney. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 65-111. 1990. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $54. ISBN: 0792389182. Summary: Most poisoned patients recover with little more than nursing care, but about 10 percent need intensive supportive therapy to maintain vital functions. Methods to increase the elimination of poisons are appropriate in less than 5 percent of the cases. Moreover, such techniques should only be undertaken by those experienced in their use, since the morbidity and mortality are otherwise likely to be higher than with supportive measures alone. This review details techniques currently available to increase poison elimination. These include: forced diuresis (excretion of poisons; indications; phenobarbitone; phenytoin; lithium); forced diuresis with pH manipulation (rationale; procedure of alkaline diuresis; procedure of acid diuresis; indications for alkaline and acid diuresis; forced alkaline diuresis (phenobarbitone, salicylate, and phenoxyacetate herbicide poisoning); forced acid diuresis (amphetamine, fenfluramine, phencyclidine, and quinine poisoning); complications); repeat-dose activated charcoal therapy (mechanism of action; factors affecting efficacy; the questionable co-use of cathartics; therapeutic value in treating various drug toxicities (e.g.: phenobarbitone, carbamazepine, salicylate, theophylline); dialysis (indications; peritoneal dialysis vs. hemodialysis; the value of dialysis in treating specific drug toxicities); and hemoperfusion (indications and contraindications; clinical considerations; efficacy; and use for treating specific drug toxicities). 148 references.

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Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders Source: in Little, J.W.; Falace, D.A. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 483-511. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 432-

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1380; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0801668379. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook on the dental management of medically compromised patients, discusses behavioral and psychiatric disorders. Disorders discussed include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, somatoform disorders, psychologic factors affecting physical conditions, psychoactive substance use disorders, schizophrenia, and delusional (paranoid) syndromes. For each disorder, the authors provide a general description and then discuss incidence and prevalence, etiology, pathophysiology and complications, signs and symptoms, and medical management. One section presents information on the drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders, including antidepressant medications, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, secondgeneration antidepressant drugs, lithium, cabamazepine, antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs, and antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs. The chapter concludes with a section on the dental management of the oral cancer patient, including patients' attitude toward the dentist; the psychologic significance of the oral cavity; the reaction of some patients to disease and dental problems; patient management in each of the psychological disorders; treatment planning modifications; and oral complications and their management. 3 figures. 25 tables. 39 references. •

Drug Monitoring Source: in Catto, G.R.D. New Clinical Applications-Nephrology: Drugs and the Kidney. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 113-151. 1990. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $54. ISBN: 0792389182. Summary: This review aims to cover aspects of drug monitoring with particular emphasis on the problems in patients with renal disease. Since an understanding of therapeutic drug monitoring requires a basic knowledge of drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, some important aspects of these topics are discussed first. Following consideration of therapeutic drug concentration monitoring, the final section of this review briefly discusses aspects of monitoring drugs by use of measurable pharmacodynamic end points. Topics include: the effect of renal disease on drug disposition and pharmacokinetics (absorption and bioavailability, distribution and protein binding, metabolism, excretion); the effect of renal disease on drug pharmacodynamics; and therapeutic drug monitoring (assay methods, individual drugs (digoxin, gentamicin, lithium, anticonvulsant drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, sodium valproate, other anticonvulsants), theophylline, cyclosporin), drug overdose, compliance with drug therapy, cost-effectiveness, pharmacodynamics). It is concluded that therapeutic drug monitoring has a limited, though important, role to play in the overall strategy for drug use in renal disease, and that, for a small number of drugs, such monitoring is essential to help minimize problems of both sub-therapeutic dosing and adverse effects. 33 references.

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Interstitial Nephritis Source: in Catto, G.R.D. New Clinical Applications-Nephrology: Drugs and the Kidney. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 37-63. 1990. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $54. ISBN: 0792389182.

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Summary: This special report discusses the histological features, clinical presentation, putative mechanisms, clinical management, and prognosis of drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). Following a discussion of histological features, attention is given to clinical features (including acute and chronic drug-induced TIN), a comprehensive review of reports of drug-associated TIN (sulfonamides; methicillin; rifampicin; phenindione; diuretics; penicillins; cephalosporins; lithium; phenytoin; allopurinol; cimetidine; and platinum), the pathogenesis of TIN (immune complex deposition; anti-TBM antibody formation; cell-mediated mechanisms), the diagnosis of TIN, and its treatment and prognosis. A critical, authoritative assessment of published studies is made throughout the report. 135 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON LITHIUM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on lithium. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Lithium The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in lithium (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on lithium: •

A visit to the Lithium Research Centre, Aarhus, Denmark [videorecording] Source: VPS Medical production; Year: 1985; Format: Videorecording; [Denmark?]: Norgine, 1985

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Antidepressants and lithium [videorecording] Source: University of Washington, School of Nursing, School of Pharmacy; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; [Seattle]: The University: [for loan or sale by University of Washington Press, 1977]

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Barbara: lithium and manic depression [videorecording] Source: Psychodynamic Research Corporation, in association with Medi-Tel Communications; Year: 1975; Format: Videorecording; Spring Valley, N. Y.: Blue Hill Educational Systems, c1975

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Lithium therapy [slide] Source: an Aultman Hospital, Media Center production; Year: 1984; Format: Slide; Canton, Ohio: The Hospital, 1985, c1984

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Manic depressive illness and lithium therapy [videorecording] Source: Social Psychiatry Research Institute; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; New York: SPRI, c1977

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Psycho-pharmacology: use and abuse [sound recording]: mood elevators, MAO inhibitors, lithium, major and minor tranquilizers Source: Communications in

240 Lithium

Learning; Year: 1977; Format: Sound recording; Buffalo: Communications in Learning, [1977] •

Through the skin [videorecording]: a film about love, lithium and gym teachers. Year: 2002; Format: Videorecording; New York, NY: Women Make Movies, 2002

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LITHIUM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover lithium.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on lithium is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to lithium. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “lithium” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for lithium: •

Lithium best at averting suicide by mentally ill Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 17, 2003

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Divalproex not as good as lithium at preventing suicide in bipolar patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 16, 2003

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Lithium reduces hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease pathology in mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 21, 2003

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Lithium inhibits enzyme involved in Alzheimer's Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 21, 2003

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Able secures FDA nod for generic Lithobid Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 22, 2003

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Barr gets FDA approval of generic lithium product Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 12, 2002

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Solvay's Lithobid gets 18-month expiration date Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 08, 2001

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Able cleared to sell generic version of Glaxo's Eskalith Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 01, 2001

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Gabapentin prevents bipolar disorder in lithium-resistant patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 25, 2001

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Glaxo reacquires marketing responsibilities to Eskalith from Scios Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 01, 2001

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Antidepressant plus lithium reduces risk of early relapse following ECT Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 13, 2001

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Lithium therapy increases gray matter volume Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 06, 2000

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Solvay notifies physicians of reduction in expiration date for Lithobid Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 11, 2000

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Lithium stabilizes children with severe conduct disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 14, 2000

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Lithium, divalproex, carbamazepine efficacious for pediatric bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2000

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For pregnant bipolar women who stop lithium, recurrence most likely postpartum Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 20, 2000

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Adjunctive lithium does not help schizophrenic patients not stabilized by fluphenazine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 15, 1999

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Chronic lithium therapy affects peripheral nervous system Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 14, 1999

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Lithium more effective than valproate for treatment of classic mania in elderly Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 23, 1999

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Lithium improves I-131 uptake, retention in thyroid cancer patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 31, 1999

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Lithium lowers suicide risk in bipolar patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 08, 1998

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How lithium fights mania and depression Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 28, 1998

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Discontinuing lithium does not decrease its effectiveness later Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 14, 1998

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Dermatologic complications noted in patients on lithium Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 08, 1998

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Risperidone as effective as lithium or haloperidol in treatment of mania Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 23, 1998

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Compliance In Bipolar And Substance Use Disorder Patients Higher With Valproate Than Lithium Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 07, 1998

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Lithium Protects Neurons Against Glutamate Receptor Hyperactivity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 03, 1998

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How Lithium Helps Manic Depression Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 02, 1998

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Long-Term Lithium Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder Reduces Time In Hospital Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 12, 1998

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Antibipolar Effect of Lithium And Valproate Are Synergistic Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 05, 1997

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Depression During Mania A "Robust Predictor Of Lithium Nonresponse" Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 07, 1997

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Lithium Enhances Psychosocial Function In Bipolar Disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 09, 1996

244 Lithium

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Lithium Therapy Suboptimal In HMO Population Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 05, 1996

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Lithium Therapy Associated With Severe Side Effects In Children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 03, 1996

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Bipolar Illness Can Recur Despite Lithium Treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 24, 1995

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Lithium Controls Aggression In Children With Conduct Disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 27, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “lithium” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to lithium, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for

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the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “lithium” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on lithium: •

Keep an Eye on These Drugs: Possible Aggravators of Psoriasis Source: Psoriasis Resource. 3(2): 11. July 2001. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. 6600 SW 92nd Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97223-7195. (800) 723-9166 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: Contact NPF for current pricing. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have psoriasis with information on drugs that can worsen this condition. One such drug is lithium, which is used to treat manic depression and other psychiatric disorders and which aggravates psoriasis in about 50 percent of those who take it. However, several alternatives to lithium are available. Carbamazepine, which is sometimes prescribed for the same mood disorders as lithium, has no history of worsening psoriasis. Valproic acid is another anticonvulsant that has been used as an alternative to lithium. Other medications that can cause psoriasis to flare are antimalarials such as quinacrine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine; Inderal; quinidine; and indomethacin.

Academic Periodicals covering Lithium Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to lithium. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering lithium that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”

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If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for lithium. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with lithium. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to lithium: Charcoal, Activated •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Actidose with Sorbitol; Actidose-Aqua; CharcoAid; CharcoAid 2000; CharcoAid G; Insta-Char in an Aqueous Base; Insta-Char in an Aqueous Base with Cherry Flavor; Insta-Char Pediatric in an Aqueous Base with Cherry Flavor; Insta-Char Pediatric with Cherry http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202120.html

Lithium •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cibalith-S; Eskalith; Lithane; Lithobid; Lithonate; Lithotabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202330.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 23678 269 992 24 1 24964

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “lithium” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Lithium In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and lithium. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for lithium: •

Lithium Transport Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?152420 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then

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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

24

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lithium can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lithium. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lithium. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lithium”:

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•

Other guides Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Schizophrenia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/schizophrenia.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on lithium. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Antibiotics Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 12(6): 390-391. September 1998. Contact: Available from Pulsus Group, Inc. 2902 South Sheridan Way, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 7L6. (905) 829-4770. Fax (905) 829-4799. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet for patients is printed in a physician's gastroenterology journal and summarizes the use of antibiotics in bowel disease, including potential side effects. Antibiotics are not first line therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but are often given in addition to other medications, particularly for Crohn's disease. They are most often used to treat perineal disease (abscesses and fistulas in the perineum). However, antibiotics may also be useful in fighting disease in other parts of the intestine and helping prevent recurrence after surgery for Crohn's disease. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics for IBD are metronidazole and ciprofloxacin. Some of the more common side effects of metronidazole are nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, metallic taste, and a sore tongue. Metronidazole may increase the effects of other drugs as well, particularly lithium and warfarin. The most frequent side effects of ciprofloxacin are nausea, vomiting, skin rash, diarrhea, and headache. Also, ciprofloxacin may increase the effects of theophylline and caffeine. Both metronidazole and ciprofloxacin have the potential to cause oral thrush (fungal infection of the mouth). The fact sheet concludes

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that, although it seems as if there are a number of side effects, most patients do well on these drugs and have no problems. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Lithium Summary: This information was developed by the NIH Clinical Center's Drug-Nutrient Interaction Task Force to help patients learn more about known interactions between certain foods and medications. Source: Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2238 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lithium. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Lithium The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to lithium: •

Lithium Information Center/Obsessive Compulsive Information Center Telephone: (608) 827-2470 Fax: (608) 827-2479 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.miminc.org Background: The Lithium Information Center and Obsessive Compulsive Information Center are affiliated with the Madison Institute of Medicine, a not-for-profit organization committed to conceptualizing, developing, and disseminating innovative approaches to the education of professionals, consumers, and the general public about psychiatric disorders and their treatment. An additional focus of the Institute is clinical research as a vehicle to advance the frontiers of medicine and improve quality of life. At the core of the Institute's educational efforts are the Lithium Information Center (LIC) and the Obsessive Compulsive Information Center (OCIC). The LIC acquires, catalogs, and disseminates information on the biomedical uses of lithium and other medications for the treatment of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder, a psychiatric disorder in which affected individuals experience recurrent mood swings including episodes of depression and episodes characterized by overactivity, elation, irritability, and other symptoms (mania). The Center currently has more than 28,000 references on such topic areas as lithium treatment in bipolar disorder or related psychiatric disorders, use of lithium during pregnancy, interactions with other medications, and appropriate monitoring procedures. The Obsessive Compulsive Center obtains, catalogs, and distributes biomedical information concerning obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive actions or rituals (compulsions) performed in response to recurrent obsessive thoughts, according to certain rules. The OCIC currently has more than 12,000 references on file on such topics as OCD, related disorders including trichotillomania and body dysmorphic disorder, diagnosis and classification, behavior therapy, and pharmacologic therapy. The LIC's and OCIC's references include medical journal articles, books, book chapters, government documents, meeting proceedings, pamphlets, magazine articles, and other documents. Reference files may be searched by author, title word, key word (subject), publication name, and year of publication. In response to requests, the Centers provide computer-printed bibliographies and single photocopies of articles (subject to copyright law) on any topic relating to lithium or OCD. The Centers also maintain physician and support group referral lists. The Madison Institute of Medicine also hosts semiannual Continuing Medical Education (CME) conferences concerning mental health and health care issues. Such programs are endorsed and certified by the University of Wisconsin Medical School Continuing Medical Education.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lithium. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lithium.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lithium. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lithium” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lithium”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lithium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lithium” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

26

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

27

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

270 Lithium

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

271

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on lithium: •

Basic Guidelines for Lithium Lithium overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002667.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Lithium Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm

272 Lithium

Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Incoordination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Increased thirst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003085.htm Increased urine output Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003146.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm No urine output Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Rash Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Slurred speech Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003204.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Lithium Dialysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003421.htm

•

Background Topics for Lithium Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

Online Glossaries 273

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

275

LITHIUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-phosphate: A drug that halts cell suicide in human white blood cells. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Academic Medical Centers: Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide

276 Lithium

family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affective Symptoms: Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the

Dictionary 277

behavior and/or stimulus. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]

Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

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Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in

Dictionary 279

determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]

Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent loxapine that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both. It also blocks dopamine receptors. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses.

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[NIH]

Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

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Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought

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to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apheresis: Components plateletpheresis. [NIH]

being

separated

out,

as

leukapheresis,

plasmapheresis,

Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argipressin: Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The usual mammalian antidiuretic hormone, it is a cyclic nonapeptide with arginine in position 8 of the chain. Argipressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight

Dictionary 283

39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astigmatism: A condition in which the surface of the cornea is not spherical; causes a blurred image to be received at the retina. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU]

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Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoclave: Apparatus using superheated steam under pressure. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH]

Dictionary 285

Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural

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amino acids. [NIH] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH]

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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Borates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of boric acid. [NIH] Boric Acids: Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH]

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Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are compared. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated,

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unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalogs: Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH]

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Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and

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learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. [NIH] Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophenols: Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone

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proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. [NIH]

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Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and

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verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Coke: A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Competitive Behavior: The direct struggle between individuals for environmental necessities or for a common goal. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the

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alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conditioned stimulus: A situation in which one signal, or stimulus, is given just before another signal. After this happens several times, the first signal alone can cause the response that would usually need the second signal. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH]

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Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and

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for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of

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eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Defibrillation: The act to arrest the fibrillation of (heart muscle) by applying electric shock across the chest, thus depolarizing the heart cells and allowing normal rhythm to return. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is

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multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Desmopressin: A synthetic analog of the natural hormone 8-arginine vasopressin (argipressin). Its action is mediated by the vasopressin receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH]

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Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the

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relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dysprosium: Dysprosium. An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active

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second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of electrons. [NIH] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid

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morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emergency Medical Technicians: Paramedical personnel trained to provide basic emergency care and life support under the supervision of physicians and/or nurses. These services may be carried out at the site of the emergency, in the ambulance, or in a health care institution. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.

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[NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryote: An organism (or a cell) that carries its genetic material physically constrained within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH]

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Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Relations: Behavioral, psychological, and social relations among various members of the nuclear family and the extended family. [NIH] Fast Neutrons: Neutrons, the energy of which exceeds some arbitrary level, usually around one million electron volts. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH]

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Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluphenazine: A phenothiazine used in the treatment of psychoses. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of chlorpromazine. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH]

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Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Francium: A radioactive alkali metal with the atomic symbol Fr, atomic number 87, and atomic weight 223. The mass numbers of other known isotopes are 204-213, 217-222, and 224. Its valence is +1. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Fuzzy Logic: Approximate, quantitative reasoning that is concerned with the linguistic ambiguity which exists in natural or synthetic language. At its core are variables such as good, bad, and young as well as modifiers such as more, less, and very. These ordinary terms represent fuzzy sets in a particular problem. Fuzzy logic plays a key role in many medical expert systems. [NIH] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]

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Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU]

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Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomerulus (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and kidney failure. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in

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the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Greenhouse Effect: The effect of global warming and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its

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earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid.

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The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemoperfusion: Removal of toxins or metabolites from the circulation by the passing of blood, within a suitable extracorporeal circuit, over semipermeable microcapsules containing adsorbents (e.g., activated charcoal) or enzymes, other enzyme preparations (e.g., gel-entrapped microsomes, membrane-free enzymes bound to artificial carriers), or other adsorbents (e.g., various resins, albumin-conjugated agarose). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heptanes: Seven-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU]

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Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative. [NIH] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperandrogenism: A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the polycystic ovary syndrome) and by adrenal diseases (particularly adrenal gland hyperfunction). [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH]

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Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperopia: Farsightedness; ability to see distant objects more clearly than close objects; may be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypomania: An abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

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Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also

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inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inoperable: Not suitable to be operated upon. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. [NIH] Inositol Phosphates: Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is phytic acid. [NIH] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own

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psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iodine-131: Radioactive isotope of iodine. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for

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channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the

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ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Medulla: The internal portion of the kidney, consisting of striated conical masses, the renal pyramids, whose bases are adjacent to the cortex and whose apices form prominent papillae projecting into the lumen of the minor calyces. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lanthanum: The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from

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fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocyte Elastase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. It cleaves preferentially bonds at the carboxyl side of Ala and Val, with greater specificity for Ala. EC 3.4.21.37. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of

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the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator. [NIH] Lithium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain lithium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU]

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Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

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Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Potentials: Ratio of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride and other ions in diffusible tissues or cells. Also called transmembrane and resting potentials, they are measured by recording electrophysiologic responses in voltagedependent ionic channels of (e.g.) nerve, muscle and blood cells as well as artificial membranes. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH]

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Mendelevium: A man-made radioactive element of the actinide family with atomic symbol Md, atomic number 101, and atomic weight 258. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Mesothelial: It lines the peritonealla and pleural cavities. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micelles: Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules;

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aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA,

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can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multigene Family: The progeny of a single open-pollinated parent or of a single cross between two individuals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH]

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Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myelotoxic: 1. Destructive to bone marrow. 2. Arising from diseased bone marrow. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis,

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prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephrogenic: Constant thirst and frequent urination because the kidney tubules cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone. The result is an increase in urine formation and excessive urine flow. [NIH] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, atomic number 93, and atomic weight 237. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU]

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Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another. [NIH]

Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrinology: The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier

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nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Noel: The highest dose level of a chemical that, in a given toxicity test, causes no observable adverse effect in the test animals. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nortriptyline: A metabolite of amitryptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Family: A family composed of spouses and their children. [NIH] Nucleates: Bacteria-inducing ice nucleation at warm temperatures (between zero and minus ten degrees C.). [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by

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polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Olfactory Receptor Neurons: Neurons in the olfactory epithelium with proteins (receptors, odorant) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. Olfactory receptor neurons are bipolar. They send to the surface of the epithelium apical dendrites with non-motile cilia from which project odorant receptor molecules. Their unmyelinated axons synapse in the olfactory bulb of the brain. Unlike other neurons, they can be generated from precursor cells in adults. [NIH]

Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At

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the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging atpase. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalates: Salts and esters of oxalic acid. [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1position and a nitrogen in the 3-position. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation)

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from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Pacer: Device that delivers battery-supplied electrical stimuli over leads with electrodes in contact with the heart. Virtually all leads are inserted transvenously. Electronic circuitry regulates the timing and characteristics of the stimuli. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU]

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Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell support. [NIH]

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Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-D-

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aspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Plateletpheresis: The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile

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strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Pontine: A brain region involved in the detection and processing of taste. [NIH] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH]

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Power Plants: Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants. [NIH] Power Sources: Devices that supply energy. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Praseodymium: Praseodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH]

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Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promethium: Promethium. A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, atomic number 61, and atomic weight 147. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protactinium: Protactinium. A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission. [NIH]

Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to

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recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually antibiotics or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances

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primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinacrine: N(4)-(6-Chloro-2-methoxy-9-acridinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine. An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of

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its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Railroads: Permanent roads having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid to gage, usually on a leveled or graded ballasted roadbed and providing a track for freight cars, passenger cars, and other rolling stock. Cars are designed to be drawn by locomotives or sometimes propelled by self-contained motors. (From Webster's 3d) The concept includes the organizational and administrative aspects of railroads as well. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation,

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random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Odorant: Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]

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Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Osteodystrophy: Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Renovascular: Of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys. [EU] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH]

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Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheumatic Heart Disease: Disease of the heart resulting from rheumatic fever and characterized by inflammatory changes in the myocardium or scarring of the valves. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist that has reported anticonvulsant activity. It has been shown to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has been approved in the United States to treat patients with ALS. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH] Scandium: Scandium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic

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symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH]

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Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic

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number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]

Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle

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displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Staurosporine: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between

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the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH]

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Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synchrotron: An accelerator in which the particles are guided by an increasing magnetic field while they are accelerated several times in an approximately circular path by electric

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fields produced by a high-frequency generator. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogenicity: The power to cause abnormal development. [NIH] Terbium: Terbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

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Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermodilution: Measurement of blood flow based on induction at one point of the circulation of a known change in the intravascular heat content of flowing blood and detection of the resultant change in temperature at a point downstream. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic

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number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Total-body irradiation: Radiation therapy to the entire body. Usually followed by bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplantation. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]

Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH]

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Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A

Dictionary 357

new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasound energy: A form of therapy being studied as an anticancer treatment. Intensified ultrasound energy can be directed at cancer cells to heat them and kill them. [NIH] Uncompetitive: A type of enzyme inhibition that arises when the inhibitor cannot combine with the free enzyme, but is capable of combining only with the substrate-enzyme complex. [NIH]

Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]

358 Lithium

Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca

Dictionary 359

alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virilism: Development of masculine traits in the female. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH]

360 Lithium

Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Ytterbium: Ytterbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable X-ray source. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

361

INDEX 1 1-phosphate, 52, 275, 336 A Abdomen, 275, 287, 317, 321, 333, 335, 350, 359 Abdominal, 260, 275, 276, 308, 333, 335 Abdominal Pain, 260, 275, 308 Aberrant, 38, 275, 294 Academic Medical Centers, 31, 275 Acceptor, 275, 333 Acetaldehyde, 275, 300 Acetic Acids, 160, 275 Acetone, 47, 275, 319 Acetylcholine, 275, 291, 330 Acetylcholinesterase, 97, 275 Acidosis, 226, 275 Acne, 98, 275, 345 Acoustic, 120, 139, 226, 275 Acremonium, 275, 290 Acrylonitrile, 275, 346 Actin, 13, 275, 327, 356 Actinium, 199, 200, 275 Acute renal, 30, 225, 276, 312 Adaptability, 44, 276, 290 Adaptation, 29, 276, 291, 337 Adenocarcinoma, 96, 276 Adenosine, 276, 283, 288, 336, 354 Adipocytes, 276, 319 Adjustment, 216, 276 Adjuvant, 64, 65, 108, 115, 116, 117, 123, 124, 276, 308 Adolescence, 56, 276 Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 69, 89, 276 Adrenal Cortex, 276, 277, 313, 339, 345 Adrenal Glands, 276, 279 Adrenal Medulla, 276, 289, 304, 330 Adrenaline, 45, 276 Adrenergic, 50, 276, 279, 281, 301, 304, 342, 352, 357 Adsorption, 151, 179, 276, 336 Adsorptive, 276 Adverse Effect, 56, 226, 237, 276, 293, 330, 348 Affective Symptoms, 54, 276 Afferent, 277, 319 Affinity, 277, 283, 293, 299, 349 Agar, 277, 294 Agarose, 13, 277, 312

Agonist, 58, 277, 287, 301, 336 Akathisia, 277, 282 Albumin, 277, 312 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 277, 300 Aldehydes, 26, 30, 160, 277, 360 Aldosterone, 9, 12, 43, 277 Alertness, 277, 288 Algorithms, 49, 277, 286 Alkaline, 151, 160, 163, 190, 191, 202, 220, 221, 236, 275, 278, 279, 284, 288, 333, 351, 353 Alkaloid, 7, 118, 278, 293, 294, 326, 342, 354 Alkalosis, 226, 278, 353 Alkylation, 21, 278 Alleles, 12, 278, 313, 321 Allergen, 278, 347 Allo, 278, 310 Allografts, 278, 313 Allopurinol, 238, 278 Allylamine, 278 Alpha Particles, 278, 343 Alpha-1, 75, 118, 278, 279, 336 Alternative medicine, 244, 278 Aluminum, 79, 137, 139, 142, 143, 154, 160, 168, 180, 186, 193, 194, 195, 199, 200, 204, 212, 217, 226, 227, 228, 232, 233, 234, 278, 285, 360 Alveolar Process, 278, 345 Amebiasis, 278, 324 Amenorrhea, 278, 280 Amine, 137, 153, 180, 228, 278, 285, 313 Amino Acid Sequence, 278, 281, 305, 308 Amino Acids, 278, 279, 280, 286, 288, 308, 334, 338, 341, 348, 351, 357 Amitriptyline, 68, 279 Ammonia, 190, 191, 278, 279, 357 Ammonium Sulfate, 20, 279 Amoxapine, 90, 279 Amphetamine, 236, 279, 299 Amplification, 32, 36, 49, 57, 279 Amygdala, 15, 31, 34, 49, 279, 285, 320, 353 Amyloid, 97, 279 Amyloidosis, 226, 279 Anaesthesia, 64, 279, 316 Anal, 279, 304, 306, 321 Analgesic, 226, 279, 326, 331, 342 Analog, 57, 279, 299

362 Lithium

Analytes, 44, 51, 279 Anatomical, 21, 34, 280, 283, 315, 321, 329, 347 Androgens, 276, 280, 313 Anemia, 257, 280, 288, 293 Anesthesia, 156, 280, 319 Angiotensinogen, 12, 280, 345 Anhydrides, 160, 280 Animal model, 14, 48, 280 Anionic, 6, 22, 35, 136, 138, 201, 280 Anions, 7, 45, 47, 180, 199, 211, 277, 280, 318, 348 Anisotropy, 186, 280 Annealing, 171, 280 Anomalies, 280, 353 Anorexia, 32, 132, 280, 308 Anorexia Nervosa, 32, 132, 280 Antagonism, 280, 288, 293, 354 Anthelmintic, 280, 342 Antibacterial, 280, 350 Antibiotic, 5, 280, 287, 350 Antibodies, 13, 281, 311, 312, 315, 322, 337, 343 Antibody, 238, 277, 281, 294, 311, 313, 315, 316, 318, 323, 326, 343, 347, 350, 360 Anticholinergic, 279, 281 Anticoagulant, 281, 340, 359 Anticonvulsant, 237, 245, 281, 288, 346, 358 Antidepressant, 10, 16, 29, 38, 41, 75, 94, 99, 111, 146, 237, 242, 279, 281, 292, 306, 314, 358 Antidiuretic, 101, 281, 282, 299, 328 Antiemetic, 117, 281, 282, 291, 324 Antifungal, 7, 196, 281, 319, 349 Antigen, 67, 277, 281, 294, 313, 314, 315, 316, 323, 343, 347 Anti-infective, 281, 317 Anti-inflammatory, 133, 281, 289, 309, 315, 346 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 281, 289 Antimicrobial, 7, 281, 292 Antimony, 185, 194, 199, 200, 207, 281 Antineoplastic, 281, 308, 358 Antineoplastic Agents, 281, 358 Antipsychotic, 41, 56, 104, 237, 279, 281, 291, 293, 321, 329, 346 Antipyretic, 282, 342 Antiseptic, 275, 282, 360 Antiviral, 5, 7, 282, 334 Antiviral Agents, 7, 282 Anus, 279, 282, 287, 334

Anxiety, 49, 90, 125, 237, 262, 277, 282 Anxiety Disorders, 237, 282 Anxiolytic, 237, 282, 287 Aorta, 282, 358 Apathy, 282, 329 Apheresis, 116, 282 Apoptosis, 13, 30, 50, 58, 67, 88, 282, 289 Approximate, 22, 282, 307 Apraxia, 66, 282 Arachidonic Acid, 74, 118, 282, 320, 340 Arginine, 11, 282, 299, 330 Argipressin, 282, 299 Argon, 151, 179, 205, 282 Aromatic, 154, 180, 194, 283, 289, 336, 351 Arterial, 9, 13, 278, 283, 314, 341, 353 Arteries, 282, 283, 286, 296, 324, 327, 354 Arteriolar, 283, 287, 345 Arterioles, 283, 286, 288, 325, 358 Arteriosclerosis, 283, 314 Aspartate, 59, 60, 69, 283, 319, 336 Assay, 20, 69, 73, 93, 237, 283, 343 Astigmatism, 283, 344 Astringent, 283, 360 Astrocytes, 283, 326 Astrocytoma, 283, 309 Ataxia, 66, 256, 257, 283, 290, 353 Atmospheric Pressure, 185, 283, 313 ATP, 30, 283, 300, 308, 318, 336, 340, 341 Atrial, 283, 359 Atrial Fibrillation, 283, 359 Atrium, 283, 358 Atrophy, 256, 284, 329 Attenuated, 68, 284, 300 Atypical, 284, 293, 330, 346 Auditory, 129, 284 Autacoids, 284, 315 Autoclave, 193, 284 Autonomic, 275, 282, 284, 330, 334, 352 Autonomic Nervous System, 284, 334, 352 Autoradiography, 35, 284 Avian, 14, 284 Axons, 284, 331, 339 B Babesiosis, 284, 342 Bacteria, 52, 276, 280, 281, 284, 299, 302, 303, 312, 325, 330, 350, 351, 355, 357, 358 Bacterial Infections, 284, 290, 320 Bacterial Physiology, 276, 284 Bactericidal, 284, 304 Bacteriophage, 284, 355, 359 Bacterium, 284, 312, 355 Barbiturate, 284, 313

Index 363

Barium, 136, 197, 199, 200, 221, 231, 284 Basal Ganglia, 282, 283, 285, 291, 309, 321 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 283, 285, 291 Base, 4, 26, 120, 159, 160, 178, 248, 278, 285, 288, 298, 299, 308, 311, 319, 353 Basophils, 285, 310, 320 Behavior Therapy, 262, 285 Benign, 158, 285, 311, 328, 343 Bentonite, 79, 285 Benzodiazepines, 285, 287 Benzoic Acid, 171, 285, 349 Berylliosis, 285 Beryllium, 80, 138, 160, 195, 199, 200, 207, 227, 285 Beta-pleated, 279, 285 Bilateral, 17, 18, 19, 38, 46, 285 Bile, 285, 307, 321 Binding Sites, 35, 80, 285 Bioavailability, 237, 285 Biochemical, 13, 21, 23, 33, 43, 49, 52, 80, 82, 125, 128, 129, 226, 278, 285, 286, 348 Bioengineering, 51, 252, 285 Biogenic Monoamines, 285, 321 Biological Factors, 47, 286 Biological Markers, 38, 286 Biological Transport, 286, 300 Biopsy, 37, 286 Biosynthesis, 122, 282, 286, 348 Biotechnology, 58, 61, 196, 234, 244, 253, 255, 256, 257, 286 Biphasic, 220, 286 Bismuth, 160, 185, 194, 199, 200, 286 Bladder, 286, 329, 340, 345, 357 Blood Coagulation, 286, 288, 354 Blood Glucose, 286, 312, 317 Blood Platelets, 286, 348 Blood pressure, 9, 12, 13, 79, 81, 146, 272, 286, 289, 291, 314, 326, 330, 349 Blood vessel, 286, 289, 291, 302, 303, 309, 312, 318, 345, 349, 351, 353, 354, 358 Body Fluids, 278, 286, 301, 337, 349 Body Mass Index, 68, 286 Bone Cements, 286, 338 Bone Marrow, 76, 116, 287, 294, 297, 315, 322, 327, 334, 351, 355 Borates, 47, 287 Boric Acids, 160, 287 Boron, 45, 138, 139, 160, 199, 207, 222, 227, 287 Boron Compounds, 45, 287 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 287

Bowel, 260, 279, 287, 300, 316, 317, 319, 335 Bowel Movement, 287, 300 Brachytherapy, 287, 317, 318, 343, 360 Bradykinin, 287, 330 Branch, 109, 110, 269, 287, 302, 334, 342, 350, 354 Breakdown, 13, 48, 199, 287, 300, 307 Broad-spectrum, 287, 290 Bromine, 154, 160, 199, 228, 287 Bronchi, 287, 304, 354, 355 Bronchial, 287, 313, 354 Bronchiseptica, 287, 335 Buspirone, 66, 287 C Cadmium, 158, 165, 194, 199, 200, 207, 287, 288 Cadmium Poisoning, 287, 288 Caffeine, 260, 288, 342 Callus, 288, 303 Calmodulin, 288, 316 Calpain, 50, 288 Canonical, 56, 288 Capillary, 287, 288, 309 Capsules, 288, 306, 308, 309 Carbamazepine, 23, 59, 73, 77, 85, 88, 95, 236, 237, 242, 245, 288 Carbohydrates, 288, 290 Carbon Dioxide, 156, 288, 306, 345 Carboxy, 288 Carboxylic Acids, 160, 288 Carcinogen, 289, 324 Carcinogenic, 289, 316, 340 Carcinoma, 61, 123, 124, 289 Cardiac, 14, 62, 68, 136, 155, 156, 168, 209, 278, 283, 288, 289, 292, 302, 304, 305, 308, 312, 327, 333, 342, 351 Cardiac Output, 62, 136, 289, 351 Cardiotoxicity, 81, 289 Cardiovascular, 12, 43, 279, 289, 320, 348 Cardiovascular disease, 43, 289 Carrier Proteins, 289, 343 Case report, 66, 68, 70, 100, 125, 289 Case series, 110, 289 Caspase, 13, 68, 88, 289 Catalogs, 262, 289 Catecholamine, 20, 289, 301, 335 Cations, 179, 191, 194, 216, 289, 318 Caudal, 15, 289, 300, 314, 338 Caudate Nucleus, 29, 285, 289, 328 Causal, 289, 304, 312 Celecoxib, 62, 132, 289

364 Lithium

Cell Adhesion, 23, 289 Cell Count, 77, 290 Cell Cycle, 58, 290, 292 Cell Death, 282, 290, 328 Cell Differentiation, 14, 290, 348 Cell Division, 256, 284, 290, 323, 325, 337, 340 Cell membrane, 35, 122, 235, 286, 289, 290, 299, 305, 307, 316, 318, 336, 349 Cell proliferation, 283, 290, 348 Cell Survival, 50, 290 Cellulose, 288, 290, 307, 337 Central Nervous System Infections, 290, 311 Cephalosporins, 238, 290 Ceramide, 109, 290 Cerebellar, 50, 100, 283, 290, 344, 356 Cerebellar Diseases, 283, 290, 356 Cerebellum, 290, 344 Cerebral, 59, 60, 129, 283, 285, 290, 291, 296, 298, 304, 305, 309, 331, 341, 353, 354 Cerebral hemispheres, 285, 290, 291, 309 Cerebrovascular, 285, 289, 291, 353 Cerebrum, 290, 291, 356 Cerium, 199, 200, 291 Cesium, 160, 199, 200, 291 Chemoreceptor, 282, 291 Chemotaxis, 120, 291 Chemotherapy, 16, 77, 116, 121, 125, 130, 291 Child Psychiatry, 47, 291 Chlorine, 199, 291 Chlorophenols, 180, 291 Chlorpromazine, 235, 291, 306 Cholesterol, 66, 285, 291, 296, 314 Choline, 28, 46, 275, 291 Cholinergic, 13, 95, 119, 279, 281, 291 Chorea, 281, 291 Chromates, 182, 291 Chromatin, 282, 291, 304 Chromic, 182, 291, 292 Chromium, 70, 108, 160, 194, 207, 292 Chromosomal, 279, 292 Chromosome, 100, 292, 311, 321 Chronic Disease, 7, 292, 320 Chronic renal, 225, 292, 337 Cimetidine, 238, 292 Cinchona, 292, 342 Ciprofloxacin, 260, 292 Circadian, 47, 55, 292 Circadian Rhythm, 47, 55, 292 CIS, 222, 292

Cisplatin, 125, 292 Clinical Medicine, 292, 339 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 10, 28, 37, 47, 145, 147, 253, 292, 296, 297, 301, 326, 341, 344 Clomipramine, 84, 115, 292 Clone, 55, 293 Cloning, 11, 117, 123, 286, 293 Clozapine, 100, 103, 293 Coagulation, 286, 293, 312, 359 Coal, 191, 293, 294 Cobalt, 139, 154, 160, 194, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 210, 212, 293 Coca, 293 Cocaine, 22, 34, 49, 63, 293 Cochlea, 293 Cochlear, 120, 293 Coenzymes, 293, 330 Cofactor, 293, 330, 340, 354 Cognition, 293, 329 Cognitive Therapy, 16, 293 Cohort Studies, 294, 304 Coke, 168, 218, 294 Colchicine, 294, 356 Colitis, 294, 316 Collapse, 287, 294 Colloidal, 277, 285, 294, 302, 324, 348 Colony-Stimulating Factors, 294, 310 Combination Therapy, 16, 84, 91, 294 Comorbidity, 11, 294 Competitive Behavior, 34, 294 Complement, 294, 295, 308, 322, 347 Complementary and alternative medicine, 115, 134, 295 Complementary medicine, 115, 295 Complete remission, 295, 345 Compulsions, 262, 295 Computational Biology, 253, 255, 295 Computed tomography, 131, 295 Computerized axial tomography, 295 Computerized tomography, 295 Concentric, 153, 295 Conception, 295, 306 Concomitant, 70, 100, 295 Conditioned stimulus, 22, 295 Confounding, 12, 295 Confusion, 295, 300, 314, 329, 357 Congenita, 296, 342 Congestion, 282, 296 Congestive heart failure, 11, 226, 296 Conjugated, 7, 220, 285, 296, 297, 312, 327 Connective Tissue, 287, 296, 306, 307, 308, 322, 346, 351, 353

Index 365

Consciousness, 279, 296, 298, 299, 304, 350 Consolidation, 32, 296 Constipation, 282, 296 Consumption, 15, 33, 205, 296, 308, 345 Contamination, 139, 191, 296, 331 Contraindications, ii, 236, 296 Controlled study, 82, 116, 130, 296 Convulsions, 129, 271, 281, 284, 296, 302, 314 Coordination, 38, 290, 296 Cornea, 126, 283, 296 Coronary, 99, 289, 296, 324, 327 Coronary heart disease, 99, 289, 296 Coronary Thrombosis, 296, 324, 327 Corpuscle, 296, 304 Corrosion, 139, 143, 164, 182, 207, 213, 228, 296 Cortex, 29, 46, 59, 60, 61, 93, 282, 283, 296, 305, 319, 344 Cortical, 21, 69, 71, 296, 347, 353 Corticosteroids, 296, 309, 325 Cranial, 290, 297, 311, 334 Craniocerebral Trauma, 285, 297, 311, 353 Creatine, 72, 297 Creatinine, 297 Criterion, 33, 297 Cross-Sectional Studies, 297, 304 Crowns, 297, 299 Crystallization, 232, 297 Cultured cells, 35, 297 Curative, 297, 330, 354 Cyclic, 7, 24, 51, 71, 282, 288, 297, 311, 330, 338, 347, 354 Cyclosporine, 222, 223, 297 Cysteine, 21, 288, 297, 351 Cystine, 297 Cytochrome, 292, 297 Cytoplasm, 282, 285, 290, 297, 298, 304, 310, 316, 327, 352 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 288, 297 Cytoskeleton, 23, 297, 298, 325 Cytotoxic, 21, 72, 124, 298, 343, 348 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 124, 298 Cytotoxicity, 98, 278, 292, 298 D Data Collection, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 57, 298 Databases, Bibliographic, 253, 298 Deamination, 298, 326, 357 Decompression, 216, 298 Decompression Sickness, 298 Defibrillation, 44, 155, 181, 298 Dehydration, 111, 298

Deletion, 61, 282, 298 Delirium, 63, 281, 298 Delusions, 56, 298, 341 Dementia, 281, 298 Dendrites, 165, 168, 209, 299, 329, 331 Dendritic, 42, 157, 299, 323 Dental Abutments, 299 Dental Caries, 299, 306 Dentures, 80, 299 Depolarization, 299, 348 Depressive Disorder, 17, 18, 19, 28, 59, 66, 299, 321 Deprivation, 22, 299 Dermatitis, 88, 299 Desipramine, 75, 299 Desmopressin, 101, 299 Deuterium, 299, 313 Dextroamphetamine, 59, 77, 279, 299, 324 Diabetes Insipidus, 11, 90, 103, 282, 299 Diabetes Mellitus, 299, 309, 312 Diagnostic procedure, 149, 244, 300 Dialyzer, 300, 311 Diarrhea, 260, 271, 278, 300 Diastolic, 300, 314 Diencephalon, 300, 314, 353, 354 Diffusion, 51, 136, 138, 171, 286, 300, 311, 318, 357 Digestion, 285, 287, 300, 317, 321, 350, 358 Digestive system, 147, 300, 308 Digitalis, 300, 332 Dilatation, 300, 339, 358 Dilution, 62, 68, 136, 300, 337 Dimethyl, 161, 173, 196, 300 Diploid, 300, 337 Direct, iii, 6, 11, 27, 54, 57, 161, 247, 292, 293, 294, 300, 301, 309, 342, 344, 352 Discrimination, 47, 300 Disinfectant, 300, 304 Disorientation, 295, 298, 300 Disposition, 237, 300 Distal, 12, 121, 300, 302, 339, 341 Disulfiram, 122, 300 Diuresis, 236, 288, 300, 354 Diuretic, 300, 349 DNA Topoisomerase, 300, 308 Dominance, 125, 301 Dopamine, 75, 118, 279, 281, 291, 293, 299, 301, 324, 326, 336, 346 Doping, 173, 176, 210, 301 Double-blinded, 39, 40, 41, 301 Drive, ii, vi, 12, 107, 174, 184, 225, 236, 301, 318, 320

366 Lithium

Drug Interactions, 248, 301 Drug Monitoring, 51, 237, 301 Duct, 11, 48, 301, 333, 346 Duodenum, 285, 301, 318, 351 Dyes, 279, 285, 301, 330 Dyskinesia, 56, 282, 301 Dysphoric, 299, 301 Dysplasia, 257, 301 Dysprosium, 199, 200, 301 Dystonia, 117, 282, 301 Dystrophy, 256, 301 E Eating Disorders, 31, 301 Echocardiography, 14, 301 Edema, 11, 226, 301, 328 Effector, 275, 294, 301, 302, 329 Effector cell, 302, 329 Elastin, 302, 320 Elective, 98, 127, 302 Electric Conductivity, 280, 302 Electric shock, 155, 298, 302 Electrocardiogram, 146, 302 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 38, 302 Electrolysis, 166, 280, 289, 302 Electrons, 285, 289, 302, 318, 322, 333, 343 Electrophoresis, 13, 302 Electrophysiological, 55, 302 Electroplating, 182, 302 Elementary Particles, 302, 322, 329, 341 Emboli, 302, 359 Embolism, 302, 342, 359 Embolization, 302, 359 Embryo, 14, 290, 302, 303, 316, 324 Embryogenesis, 14, 303 Emergency Medical Technicians, 155, 303 Empirical, 33, 70, 303 Emulsion, 284, 303, 306 Encephalopathy, 92, 303 Endocrine System, 230, 303, 329 Endometrium, 303, 324 Endonucleases, 13, 303 Endothelial cell, 25, 58, 303, 354 Endothelium, 303, 330 Endothelium-derived, 303, 330 Endotoxin, 303, 356 End-stage renal, 292, 303, 337 Energy balance, 303, 319 Enhancer, 58, 303 Environmental Exposure, 286, 303, 331 Environmental Health, 252, 254, 303 Enzymatic, 5, 52, 285, 288, 294, 299, 304, 313

Eosinophils, 304, 310, 320 Epidemiologic Studies, 14, 286, 304 Epidemiological, 25, 304 Epilepticus, 13, 304 Epinephrine, 276, 301, 304, 330, 357 Epithelial, 30, 37, 276, 286, 304 Epithelial Cells, 30, 304 Epithelium, 14, 303, 304, 308, 318, 331 Erbium, 199, 200, 304 Erythrocyte Membrane, 65, 304 Erythrocytes, 3, 8, 25, 48, 71, 116, 280, 284, 287, 288, 304, 312, 344, 347 Esophagus, 300, 304, 308, 351 Essential Tremor, 130, 256, 304 Estrogen, 304, 340 Ethanol, 35, 304 Ether, 26, 47, 304 Ethnic Groups, 31, 304 Eukaryote, 32, 304 Eukaryotic Cells, 298, 304, 315, 332 Europium, 199, 200, 305 Evoke, 305, 350 Excitability, 305, 342 Excitotoxicity, 59, 110, 305 Exhaustion, 202, 280, 305 Exocytosis, 32, 56, 305, 352 Exogenous, 115, 276, 305, 340 Exon, 48, 305 Expert Systems, 305, 307 Expiration, 242, 305, 345 Extensor, 305, 341 External-beam radiation, 305, 318, 343, 360 Extracellular, 50, 54, 279, 283, 296, 305, 332, 349, 353 Extracorporeal, 76, 305, 312 Extraction, 27, 51, 122, 188, 305 Extrapyramidal, 277, 282, 301, 305 F Facial, 47, 305 Family Planning, 253, 305 Family Relations, 32, 305 Fast Neutrons, 305, 329 Fat, 276, 282, 287, 290, 296, 302, 305, 319, 320, 321, 331, 346, 349, 352, 356 Fatigue, 228, 305, 311 Fatty acids, 37, 130, 277, 288, 305, 310, 340, 346, 354 Fenfluramine, 236, 305 Fertilizers, 306, 330, 338 Fetus, 14, 306, 339, 357 Fibrillation, 298, 306

Index 367

Fibrosis, 257, 278, 306, 347 Filler, 199, 217, 306 Filtration, 4, 306 Fistula, 120, 306 Fixation, 192, 306, 347 Flatus, 306, 307 Fluorescence, 35, 36, 143, 306 Fluorine, 153, 199, 207, 229, 306 Fluoxetine, 48, 75, 306 Fluphenazine, 242, 306 Flushing, 300, 306 Fold, 168, 306 Food Preferences, 32, 306 Forearm, 286, 307, 343 Fovea, 306, 307 Fractionation, 279, 307 Francium, 160, 307 Fructose, 52, 59, 307, 310, 317 Fungi, 281, 307, 325, 360 Fungistatic, 285, 307 Fungus, 290, 307, 327 Fuzzy Logic, 44, 307 G Gadolinium, 199, 200, 307 Gallbladder, 275, 300, 307, 308 Gallium, 142, 160, 185, 199, 200, 207, 307 Gamma Rays, 307, 343 Ganglia, 275, 285, 307, 328, 334, 352 Gap Junctions, 307, 352 Gasoline, 160, 308 Gastric, 126, 292, 308, 313, 334 Gastric Acid, 292, 308 Gastric Mucosa, 126, 308 Gastrin, 292, 308, 313 Gastroenteritis, 287, 308 Gastroenterology, 126, 260, 308 Gastrointestinal, 287, 288, 292, 304, 308, 320, 348, 351 Gastrointestinal tract, 292, 304, 308, 320, 348 Gelatin, 308, 310, 354 Gene Expression, 14, 21, 24, 30, 32, 49, 54, 58, 90, 257, 308 Generator, 195, 308, 353 Genetic Code, 308, 331, 341 Genetic Engineering, 286, 293, 308 Genetics, 10, 55, 83, 93, 126, 301, 308 Genistein, 121, 123, 308 Genital, 132, 292, 308 Genotype, 10, 278, 309, 336 Geriatric, 20, 73, 95, 96, 309 Germ Cells, 309, 323, 331, 332, 353

Germanium, 36, 140, 160, 194, 199, 231, 309 Gestation, 309, 334 Giardiasis, 309, 324, 342 Gland, 93, 276, 309, 313, 322, 333, 340, 347, 350, 354 Glioblastoma, 72, 309 Glioma, 45, 236, 309 Glomerular, 3, 4, 116, 128, 225, 309, 317, 345 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 3, 4, 309 Glomeruli, 309, 331 Glomerulosclerosis, 80, 309 Glomerulus, 309, 328 Glottis, 309, 313, 335 Glucocorticoid, 43, 309 Glucose, 15, 51, 52, 256, 286, 290, 292, 299, 309, 310, 312, 314, 316, 317, 336, 344, 349 Glucuronic Acid, 309, 312 Glutamate, 42, 60, 61, 71, 243, 305, 309, 346 Glutathione Peroxidase, 309, 347 Glycerol, 310, 336 Glycerophospholipids, 310, 336 Glycine, 285, 310, 348 Glycogen, 5, 14, 23, 24, 32, 55, 68, 71, 80, 84, 96, 310, 336 Glycogen Synthase, 5, 14, 23, 24, 32, 55, 68, 71, 84, 96, 310 Glycols, 160, 310 Glycoprotein, 55, 310, 354, 356 Glycoside, 310, 332 Governing Board, 310, 339 Gp120, 310, 334 Grade, 207, 310 Grafting, 310, 315 Granule, 13, 50, 310 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 89, 294, 310 Granulocytes, 128, 294, 310, 320, 348, 359 Graphite, 159, 165, 166, 168, 188, 194, 204, 218, 310 Greenhouse Effect, 181, 310 Guanidine, 194, 311 Guanylate Cyclase, 311, 330 H Haemodialysis, 66, 76, 311 Hallucinogen, 311, 335 Haloperidol, 61, 243, 311 Haploid, 311, 337 Haplotypes, 12, 311 Haptens, 277, 311, 343 Headache, 72, 260, 288, 311, 314

368 Lithium

Headache Disorders, 311 Health Status, 17, 18, 19, 20, 311 Heart attack, 289, 311 Heart failure, 311 Heart Transplantation, 78, 311 Heartbeat, 311, 358 Hematuria, 226, 311 Heme, 297, 311, 327, 338 Hemodialysis, 78, 81, 226, 236, 300, 311, 312, 357 Hemodynamics, 12, 312 Hemofiltration, 81, 226, 312, 357 Hemoglobin, 36, 280, 304, 311, 312, 338 Hemoglobin A, 312, 338 Hemoglobinuria, 256, 312 Hemolysis, 284, 304, 312 Hemolytic, 226, 312 Hemoperfusion, 236, 312 Hemorrhage, 297, 311, 312, 351 Hemostasis, 312, 348 Heparin, 82, 118, 119, 312 Hepatic, 277, 298, 312, 321, 326 Heptanes, 47, 312 Herbicide, 236, 312 Hereditary, 225, 312, 326, 329, 345 Heredity, 308, 312 Heterozygotes, 301, 313 Hexobarbital, 122, 313 Hiccup, 291, 313 Hirsutism, 313 Histamine, 281, 292, 313 Histocompatibility, 67, 313 Homeostasis, 11, 37, 67, 313 Homogeneous, 37, 313 Homologous, 278, 313, 347, 352 Homozygotes, 301, 313 Hormonal, 284, 313 Hybrid, 56, 96, 174, 188, 195, 198, 205, 206, 216, 293, 313 Hydrolysis, 52, 160, 178, 275, 292, 303, 313, 318, 320, 336, 338, 341 Hyperandrogenism, 39, 40, 41, 313 Hyperbaric, 120, 126, 129, 313 Hyperbaric oxygen, 120, 126, 129, 313 Hyperlipidemia, 97, 313 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 314 Hyperopia, 314, 344 Hyperplasia, 93, 314 Hypersensitivity, 278, 314, 320, 346, 347 Hyperthyroidism, 64, 65, 108, 116, 117, 132, 314 Hypertriglyceridemia, 97, 314

Hypertrophy, 314 Hypnotic, 284, 313, 314 Hypoglycaemia, 298, 314 Hypomania, 6, 17, 314 Hypotension, 282, 296, 300, 314 Hypothalamic, 11, 60, 83, 314 Hypothalamus, 15, 284, 300, 314, 320, 354 Hypothyroidism, 60, 132, 314 Hypoxia, 298, 314, 353 I Id, 112, 131, 261, 268, 270, 314 Ileal, 60, 314 Ileum, 314, 319 Imipramine, 292, 314 Immune function, 235, 315 Immune response, 276, 281, 311, 315, 322, 347, 351, 359 Immune system, 302, 315, 320, 322, 327, 358, 359 Immunity, 315, 331 Immunization, 315, 347 Immunodeficiency, 256, 315 Immunogenic, 315, 343 Immunohistochemistry, 33, 35, 315 Immunologic, 315, 343 Immunology, 276, 277, 315 Immunomodulator, 315, 321 Immunosuppressive, 223, 309, 315 Impairment, 20, 110, 283, 298, 301, 315, 324, 341 Implant radiation, 315, 317, 318, 343, 360 Implantation, 8, 295, 315 In situ, 13, 35, 51, 201, 315 In Situ Hybridization, 13, 35, 315 In vitro, 21, 45, 50, 55, 83, 128, 315 In vivo, 5, 21, 24, 37, 38, 48, 50, 51, 55, 67, 94, 123, 312, 315, 354 Incision, 315, 317 Incubation, 25, 315, 335 Incubation period, 315, 335 Indicative, 226, 315, 334, 358 Indomethacin, 133, 245, 315 Induction, 31, 89, 280, 281, 316, 319, 340, 354 Infarction, 316 Infection, 130, 260, 278, 284, 298, 308, 309, 315, 316, 322, 335, 346, 351, 356, 359 Inflammation, 58, 275, 277, 281, 294, 299, 306, 308, 316, 320, 328, 346, 350, 353, 354, 355 Inflammatory bowel disease, 260, 316 Infusion, 12, 31, 316

Index 369

Ingestion, 91, 120, 141, 287, 316, 337, 353 Inhalation, 313, 316, 337 Initiation, 316, 355 Initiator, 220, 221, 316 Inoperable, 152, 316 Inorganic, 8, 160, 171, 198, 200, 210, 219, 222, 231, 287, 292, 316, 321, 322, 330, 336, 351 Inositol, 27, 28, 32, 46, 52, 54, 60, 61, 71, 72, 84, 108, 121, 125, 133, 316, 347 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, 60, 61, 125, 316 Inositol Phosphates, 54, 125, 316 Inpatients, 77, 316 Insight, 11, 21, 30, 32, 49, 53, 316 Insufflation, 30, 317 Insulator, 192, 317 Insulin, 3, 15, 25, 99, 317, 319 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 3, 317 Intensive Care, 64, 68, 317 Intermittent, 317, 321, 335 Internal Medicine, 111, 308, 317 Internal radiation, 317, 318, 343, 360 Interstitial, 165, 212, 226, 233, 237, 238, 287, 317, 318, 328, 345, 360 Intestinal, 15, 103, 317, 322 Intestine, 260, 287, 317, 319 Intoxication, 62, 63, 64, 66, 70, 72, 76, 81, 88, 93, 94, 95, 101, 111, 298, 317, 358, 359 Intracellular, 9, 24, 37, 58, 99, 288, 316, 317, 330, 338, 344, 347, 348 Intravascular, 317, 354 Intravenous, 316, 317 Intrinsic, 27, 277, 317 Inulin, 309, 317 Invasive, 27, 315, 317, 322 Invertebrates, 31, 317 Involuntary, 285, 291, 304, 306, 317, 327, 349 Iodine, 113, 117, 124, 154, 160, 169, 199, 317 Iodine-131, 117, 124, 317 Ion Channels, 283, 317, 329, 352 Ion Exchange, 171, 290, 318 Ion Transport, 318, 325 Ionization, 318 Ionizing, 278, 303, 318, 323, 343 Iontophoresis, 51, 318 Iridium, 199, 200, 318 Iris, 296, 318, 342 Irradiation, 45, 287, 318, 360

Ischemia, 284, 318 Isotonic, 121, 318 J Jejunum, 129, 318 Joint, 292, 298, 319, 352, 353 K Kb, 252, 319 Keratectomy, 126, 319 Ketamine, 319, 335 Ketoconazole, 88, 319 Ketone Bodies, 275, 319 Kidney Disease, 11, 81, 147, 225, 252, 257, 319, 345 Kidney Medulla, 48, 319 Kidney stone, 226, 319, 328, 357 Kinetic, 9, 318, 319 L Labile, 14, 294, 319 Lactation, 31, 319, 340 Lanthanum, 199, 200, 319 Large Intestine, 300, 317, 319, 344, 349 Latent, 160, 319, 339 Laxative, 277, 319, 322, 349 Lens, 175, 296, 319, 345 Leptin, 105, 319 Lesion, 34, 320, 321, 353 Lethargy, 314, 320 Leucocyte, 278, 320, 322 Leukaemia, 116, 320 Leukapheresis, 282, 320 Leukemia, 83, 89, 256, 320 Leukocyte Elastase, 91, 320 Leukocytes, 285, 287, 304, 310, 316, 320, 356 Leukopenia, 130, 320 Leukotrienes, 282, 320 Levofloxacin, 99, 320 Libido, 43, 280, 320 Library Services, 268, 320 Life cycle, 286, 307, 320 Ligament, 320, 340 Ligands, 14, 320 Limbic, 43, 279, 320 Limbic System, 279, 320 Linkage, 12, 45, 79, 80, 220, 321 Linkage Disequilibrium, 12, 321 Lipid, 55, 65, 131, 283, 291, 310, 317, 321, 356 Liquor, 20, 151, 321 Lithium Carbonate, 11, 29, 63, 77, 84, 90, 91, 115, 116, 118, 121, 130, 178, 190, 229, 234, 235, 236, 321

370 Lithium

Lithium Chloride, 32, 33, 34, 42, 59, 62, 77, 83, 89, 102, 109, 117, 118, 129, 130, 174, 321 Lithium Compounds, 179, 220, 321 Liver Cirrhosis, 97, 321 Lobe, 111, 321 Localization, 5, 23, 315, 321 Localized, 54, 143, 279, 299, 306, 313, 316, 321, 326, 336 Locomotion, 321, 337 Longitudinal study, 13, 65, 321 Long-Term Care, 34, 321 Loxapine, 279, 321 Lubricants, 321, 335 Lumen, 319, 321 Lupus, 322, 353 Lutein Cells, 322, 340 Lymph, 296, 303, 322, 327 Lymph node, 322, 327 Lymphatic, 303, 316, 322, 350 Lymphoblasts, 85, 322 Lymphocyte, 83, 281, 322, 323 Lymphoid, 281, 296, 320, 322, 355 Lymphoma, 256, 322, 327 Lytic, 322, 359 M Magnesium Hydroxide, 322 Magnesium Oxide, 219, 322 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 322 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 11, 24, 27, 28, 38, 67, 76, 140, 322 Maintenance therapy, 72, 76, 98, 322 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 311, 322 Malabsorption, 256, 322 Malaise, 127, 322 Malignant, 64, 70, 90, 91, 256, 276, 281, 309, 322, 327, 328, 342, 343 Malnutrition, 277, 284, 322, 326 Mandible, 278, 323, 345 Manic, 13, 20, 25, 29, 35, 39, 40, 43, 48, 54, 57, 63, 74, 86, 95, 102, 121, 123, 229, 231, 235, 239, 243, 245, 262, 281, 286, 321, 323, 341 Manic-depressive psychosis, 123, 323, 341 Man-made, 323, 324 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 45, 323 Medial, 31, 283, 323, 332 Mediate, 15, 21, 33, 35, 43, 46, 54, 301, 323 Mediator, 323, 348 Medical Staff, 301, 323 MEDLINE, 253, 255, 257, 323

Medullary, 48, 226, 323 Meglumine, 72, 323 Meiosis, 323, 352 Melanin, 318, 323, 336, 357 Melanocytes, 323 Melanoma, 129, 256, 287, 323 Membrane Potentials, 76, 323 Memory, 11, 32, 33, 49, 137, 141, 280, 298, 299, 323 Mendelevium, 199, 200, 324 Meninges, 290, 297, 324 Menstrual Cycle, 11, 324, 339 Menstruation, 278, 324 Mental Disorders, 148, 276, 291, 324, 341 Mental Health, iv, 4, 5, 6, 110, 145, 146, 148, 232, 235, 236, 252, 254, 260, 262, 324, 342 Mental Processes, 324, 341 Mercury, 159, 199, 200, 324 Mesoderm, 14, 324 Mesolimbic, 282, 324 Mesothelial, 30, 324 Metabolic disorder, 299, 324 Metabolite, 8, 292, 300, 324, 330, 339 Metastasis, 324 Metastatic, 123, 324 Methacrylate, 199, 324 Methionine, 300, 324, 351 Methylphenidate, 64, 324 Metoclopramide, 117, 324 Metronidazole, 260, 324 MI, 71, 100, 272, 324 Micelles, 102, 130, 324 Microbe, 325, 355 Microbiology, 276, 284, 325 Microcirculation, 321, 325 Microorganism, 293, 325, 333, 359 Microscopy, 13, 30, 325 Microspheres, 183, 325 Microtubules, 128, 153, 325 Migration, 153, 154, 325 Mineralocorticoids, 43, 276, 325 Miotic, 325, 336 Miscible, 201, 325 Mitochondria, 325, 332 Mitosis, 282, 325 Mitotic, 325, 358 Mobility, 186, 220, 325 Modeling, 31, 137, 139, 141, 325 Modification, 7, 126, 308, 325, 342 Modulator, 152, 325 Molecular Structure, 325, 356

Index 371

Monitor, 13, 54, 297, 326, 330 Monoamine, 237, 279, 299, 326, 357 Monoamine Oxidase, 237, 279, 299, 326, 357 Monoclonal, 318, 326, 343, 360 Mononuclear, 326, 356 Monophosphate, 52, 326 Monotherapy, 6, 39, 40, 41, 48, 78, 326 Morphine, 22, 34, 47, 123, 326, 327, 331 Morphogenesis, 14, 55, 326 Morphological, 303, 307, 323, 326 Morphology, 13, 20, 326 Motility, 87, 316, 326, 348 Motion Sickness, 326, 327 Motor Activity, 235, 296, 326 Movement Disorders, 281, 326, 353 Mucosa, 308, 322, 326, 340, 351 Multicenter study, 69, 326 Multigene Family, 60, 326 Muscle Fibers, 326, 356 Muscular Atrophy, 256, 326 Muscular Dystrophies, 301, 327 Myasthenia, 311, 327 Mycosis, 80, 327 Mycosis Fungoides, 80, 327 Myelotoxic, 116, 327 Myocardial infarction, 296, 324, 327, 359 Myocardium, 324, 327, 346 Myoclonus, 71, 327 Myofibrils, 288, 327 Myoglobin, 327, 338 Myopia, 327, 344 Myotonia, 327, 342 Myotonic Dystrophy, 256, 327 N Naive, 61, 95, 327 Narcolepsy, 299, 324, 327 Narcotic, 275, 326, 327 Nausea, 260, 281, 300, 308, 327, 353, 357 NCI, 1, 21, 147, 251, 292, 327 Necrosis, 282, 309, 316, 324, 327, 328, 348 Neodymium, 126, 199, 200, 328 Neonatal, 31, 89, 328 Neoplasia, 256, 328 Neoplasm, 328, 357 Neoplastic, 322, 328 Neostriatum, 289, 328 Nephritis, 226, 237, 238, 328 Nephrogenic, 11, 90, 328 Nephrolithiasis, 226, 328 Nephron, 12, 309, 328 Nephropathy, 3, 110, 128, 226, 319, 328

Nephrosis, 328 Nephrotic, 11, 328 Nephrotic Syndrome, 11, 328 Neptunium, 199, 200, 328 Nerve, 8, 21, 60, 276, 279, 280, 283, 284, 296, 299, 323, 326, 328, 329, 331, 338, 345, 347, 350, 356, 358 Nerve Endings, 60, 328 Nervous System, 9, 15, 31, 50, 56, 59, 119, 256, 275, 277, 279, 284, 288, 290, 293, 299, 307, 309, 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 334, 348, 352, 354, 357 Networks, 90, 328 Neural, 8, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34, 111, 122, 123, 128, 277, 279, 299, 326, 328, 329, 349 Neural Pathways, 32, 329 Neuroblastoma, 23, 35, 71, 236, 329 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 50, 285, 329 Neuroeffector Junction, 328, 329 Neuroendocrine, 11, 329 Neuroendocrinology, 11, 329 Neurogenic, 8, 329 Neuroleptic, 64, 70, 90, 91, 237, 277, 281, 293, 329 Neurologic, 309, 329 Neuromuscular, 275, 329 Neuromuscular Junction, 275, 329 Neuronal, 6, 13, 23, 24, 31, 34, 49, 50, 67, 71, 110, 329 Neuropeptides, 288, 329 Neurotoxic, 50, 329 Neurotoxicity, 110, 329 Neurotoxins, 50, 329 Neurotransmitters, 35, 279, 326, 329, 339 Neutrons, 45, 278, 287, 305, 318, 329, 343 Neutropenia, 77, 330 Neutrophil, 87, 91, 330 Niacin, 38, 330, 356 Nickel, 139, 154, 158, 160, 163, 165, 194, 199, 200, 204, 207, 210, 212, 213, 330 Nitrates, 160, 330 Nitric acid, 330 Nitric Oxide, 13, 330 Nitrogen, 7, 48, 53, 151, 160, 179, 199, 200, 215, 277, 278, 280, 283, 298, 306, 330, 332, 356 Noel, 52, 330 Nonverbal Communication, 330, 342 Norepinephrine, 127, 276, 279, 299, 301, 330 Normotensive, 12, 103, 330 Nortriptyline, 17, 18, 19, 20, 38, 330

372 Lithium

Nuclear Family, 305, 330 Nucleates, 214, 330 Nuclei, 28, 33, 46, 49, 278, 279, 302, 308, 320, 322, 325, 329, 330, 341 Nucleic acid, 308, 315, 330, 342 Nursing Care, 236, 331 O Obsession, 295, 331 Occipital Lobe, 331, 359 Occupational Exposure, 70, 108, 331 Octanes, 47, 331 Ocular, 125, 331 Odour, 283, 331 Ointments, 331, 360 Olfactory Bulb, 331 Olfactory Receptor Neurons, 36, 331, 344 Omega-3 fatty acid, 37, 89, 125, 331 Oncogene, 256, 331 On-line, 51, 271, 331 Oocytes, 9, 125, 331 Opacity, 299, 331 Ophthalmology, 126, 306, 331 Opium, 326, 331 Optic Chiasm, 314, 331 Organelles, 21, 297, 298, 323, 332, 337 Orthostatic, 282, 332 Osmolality, 11, 332 Osmoles, 332 Osmotic, 277, 332, 348 Osteoblasts, 332 Osteocalcin, 118, 332 Ouabain, 79, 108, 332 Outpatient, 17, 28, 39, 40, 61, 105, 145, 332 Ovaries, 39, 40, 41, 313, 332, 348 Ovary, 313, 332, 351 Overdose, 81, 92, 237, 271, 332 Ovum, 309, 320, 332, 339, 340 Oxalates, 160, 332 Oxalic Acid, 332 Oxazoles, 22, 332 Oxidation, 45, 166, 182, 191, 208, 211, 275, 297, 309, 332 Oxides, 137, 139, 157, 160, 166, 168, 172, 174, 183, 197, 202, 203, 211, 212, 333 P Pacemaker, 169, 333 Pacer, 169, 333 Paediatric, 68, 333 Palladium, 141, 160, 197, 199, 200, 333, 346 Palliative, 333, 354 Pancreas, 275, 300, 308, 317, 333 Pancreatic, 15, 96, 125, 256, 333

Pancreatic cancer, 256, 333 Paralysis, 275, 282, 333 Parathyroid, 76, 80, 93, 333, 353 Parathyroid Glands, 333 Parkinsonism, 62, 282, 333 Paroxetine, 41, 68, 333 Paroxysmal, 256, 311, 333, 335, 359 Partial remission, 333, 345 Particle, 45, 180, 197, 211, 323, 333, 340, 349, 355 Parturition, 333, 340 Patch, 38, 57, 333, 355 Pathogen, 315, 333 Pathogenesis, 6, 226, 238, 334 Pathologic, 11, 275, 282, 286, 296, 314, 334, 341, 345, 358 Pathologic Processes, 282, 334 Pathophysiology, 12, 24, 25, 28, 38, 43, 46, 50, 146, 237, 334 Patient Education, 260, 266, 268, 273, 334 Patient Satisfaction, 6, 334 Pelvic, 334, 340 Pepsin, 292, 334 Pepsin A, 292, 334 Peptide, 5, 15, 21, 130, 319, 334, 338, 340, 341, 354 Peptide T, 5, 334 Pericardium, 334, 353 Perinatal, 68, 334 Perineal, 260, 334 Perineum, 260, 334 Peripheral blood, 24, 116, 334 Peripheral Nervous System, 76, 243, 329, 334, 339, 351 Peripheral stem cell transplantation, 334, 355 Peritoneal, 226, 236, 335 Peritoneal Cavity, 335 Peritoneal Dialysis, 226, 236, 335 Peritoneum, 335 Pertussis, 124, 335, 359 Petroleum, 168, 215, 308, 335 PH, 59, 69, 77, 131, 335 Phagocytosis, 126, 335 Phallic, 306, 335 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 290, 304, 308, 335, 349 Pharmacodynamic, 31, 237, 335 Pharmacokinetic, 31, 63, 335 Pharmacologic, 20, 35, 262, 280, 284, 335, 355

Index 373

Pharmacotherapy, 17, 18, 19, 28, 29, 37, 38, 47, 64, 81, 83, 88, 91, 98, 103, 335 Phencyclidine, 236, 335 Phenotype, 9, 25, 32, 35, 58, 286, 336 Phenylalanine, 45, 51, 334, 336, 357 Pheromone, 7, 336 Phonophoresis, 318, 336 Phosphates, 47, 211, 218, 230, 336 Phospholipases, 336, 348 Phospholipids, 35, 305, 316, 336 Phosphorous, 28, 336 Phosphorus, 136, 140, 141, 160, 199, 288, 333, 336 Phosphorylase, 288, 336 Phosphorylated, 54, 55, 336 Phosphorylation, 23, 26, 42, 43, 50, 55, 71, 84, 96, 97, 127, 336, 341 Physical Examination, 146, 336 Physiologic, 8, 11, 48, 277, 286, 317, 318, 324, 327, 336, 344, 345, 356 Physiology, 8, 34, 42, 49, 123, 126, 229, 286, 302, 308, 336 Phytic Acid, 316, 336 Pigment, 182, 200, 323, 327, 336 Pilocarpine, 13, 95, 336 Pilot study, 6, 17, 20, 37, 63, 336 Pitch, 175, 229, 336 Plasma cells, 281, 337 Plasma Volume, 325, 337 Plasmapheresis, 282, 337 Plasticity, 23, 24, 87, 125, 337 Plasticizers, 195, 337 Plastids, 332, 337 Platelet Activation, 337, 348 Platelet Aggregation, 330, 337, 354 Plateletpheresis, 282, 337 Platelets, 25, 50, 288, 330, 337, 354 Platinum, 138, 189, 194, 199, 200, 207, 238, 292, 333, 337, 346 Pleural, 324, 337 Poisoning, 70, 117, 236, 285, 288, 298, 308, 317, 324, 327, 337 Polycystic, 11, 39, 40, 41, 257, 313, 337 Polyethylene, 192, 337 Polymerase, 13, 282, 338 Polymers, 5, 192, 220, 338, 341, 351 Polymorphic, 10, 338 Polymorphism, 10, 65, 338 Polypeptide, 278, 327, 334, 338, 340, 360 Polysaccharide, 277, 281, 290, 338 Polyuria, 97, 338 Pontine, 68, 338

Porosity, 188, 338 Porphyrins, 45, 338 Posterior, 279, 283, 290, 318, 331, 333, 338 Postnatal, 5, 31, 338 Postsynaptic, 56, 329, 338, 348, 352 Potassium Chloride, 219, 338 Potassium hydroxide, 202, 338 Potentiates, 299, 338 Potentiating, 279, 338 Potentiation, 338, 348 Power Plants, 191, 205, 339 Power Sources, 155, 183, 188, 194, 195, 207, 209, 212, 214, 219, 339 Practicability, 339, 356 Practice Guidelines, 254, 339 Praseodymium, 160, 199, 200, 339 Precipitation, 186, 339 Preclinical, 43, 339 Predisposition, 35, 339 Prenatal, 82, 302, 339 Presynaptic, 60, 328, 329, 339, 352 Presynaptic Terminals, 328, 339, 352 Prevalence, 11, 12, 43, 129, 164, 237, 339 Probe, 56, 60, 120, 311, 339 Prodrug, 339 Progeny, 326, 339 Progesterone, 339, 340 Progression, 58, 280, 339 Progressive, 290, 292, 299, 310, 327, 328, 329, 337, 339, 345, 357 Projection, 34, 330, 331, 339, 344 Prolactin, 72, 78, 340 Promethium, 199, 200, 340 Promoter, 5, 9, 43, 48, 58, 340 Prophase, 331, 340, 352 Proportional, 216, 332, 340 Prospective study, 64, 127, 321, 340 Prostaglandins, 123, 282, 315, 340 Prostaglandins A, 315, 340 Prostate, 5, 256, 340 Protactinium, 199, 200, 340 Protease, 178, 294, 340 Protein Binding, 31, 237, 340 Protein C, 11, 23, 55, 277, 279, 284, 332, 340, 356, 357 Protein Kinases, 42, 340 Protein S, 5, 13, 21, 32, 234, 257, 282, 286, 308, 332, 340, 341 Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, 32, 341 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 308, 341 Proteinuria, 226, 309, 328, 341 Proteolytic, 13, 278, 294, 341

374 Lithium

Protocol, 22, 29, 38, 45, 57, 341 Protons, 171, 180, 278, 313, 318, 322, 341, 343 Proximal, 12, 30, 120, 121, 300, 339, 341 Psoriasis, 89, 125, 132, 245, 341, 345 Psychic, 320, 341, 347 Psychology, 15, 28, 33, 35, 295, 341 Psychomotor, 146, 288, 298, 329, 341 Psychopathology, 10, 41, 53, 341 Psychosis, 41, 146, 281, 341, 342 Psychotherapy, 29, 110, 138, 293, 341 Psychotomimetic, 279, 299, 342 Psychotropic, 10, 31, 342 Public Health, 11, 17, 18, 19, 28, 254, 342 Public Policy, 253, 342 Publishing, 59, 342 Pulmonary, 129, 286, 291, 296, 312, 320, 342, 352, 358, 359 Pulmonary Artery, 286, 342, 358 Pulmonary Edema, 291, 342 Pulmonary Embolism, 342, 359 Pulse, 181, 326, 342 Pupil, 296, 325, 342 Purines, 342, 348, 360 Q Quality of Life, 6, 27, 262, 342 Quaternary, 22, 186, 212, 342 Quinacrine, 245, 342 Quinidine, 245, 292, 342 Quinine, 236, 292, 342 R Race, 12, 301, 325, 343 Radiation therapy, 305, 307, 313, 317, 318, 343, 355, 360 Radioactive, 275, 284, 307, 313, 315, 317, 318, 323, 324, 328, 330, 340, 343, 360 Radioimmunoassay, 11, 20, 343 Radioimmunotherapy, 343 Radiolabeled, 318, 343, 360 Radiopharmaceutical, 308, 343 Radiotherapy, 77, 287, 318, 343, 360 Radius, 197, 343 Railroads, 195, 343 Random Allocation, 343 Randomization, 28, 29, 343 Randomized, 6, 17, 18, 19, 28, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 64, 88, 91, 96, 108, 116, 302, 344 Randomized clinical trial, 17, 18, 19, 344 Reabsorption, 11, 12, 120, 121, 344 Reaction Time, 172, 344 Reagent, 45, 125, 137, 185, 222, 291, 332, 344, 346

Reality Testing, 341, 344 Receptors, Odorant, 331, 344 Receptors, Serotonin, 344, 348 Recombinant, 344, 358 Rectum, 282, 287, 300, 306, 307, 316, 319, 340, 344 Recurrence, 29, 37, 41, 48, 98, 242, 260, 286, 292, 323, 344 Red blood cells, 25, 82, 304, 312, 344 Red Nucleus, 283, 344 Refer, 1, 162, 294, 306, 307, 321, 327, 329, 338, 341, 343, 344 Reflective, 207, 344 Refraction, 171, 280, 327, 344, 350 Refractory, 16, 82, 87, 344 Regimen, 16, 37, 138, 302, 335, 344 Registries, 14, 345 Relapse, 11, 17, 18, 19, 29, 38, 48, 54, 92, 242, 345 Reliability, 4, 345 Remission, 37, 53, 286, 322, 323, 344, 345 Renal failure, 30, 88, 298, 345 Renal Osteodystrophy, 226, 345 Renal pelvis, 319, 345 Renin, 9, 12, 178, 280, 345 Renin-Angiotensin System, 12, 345 Renovascular, 116, 345 Resolving, 21, 345 Resorption, 12, 344, 345 Respiration, 288, 291, 325, 326, 345 Response rate, 11, 16, 38, 345 Retina, 283, 319, 327, 332, 345, 346 Retinoblastoma, 256, 345 Retinoids, 345, 346, 359 Retinol, 103, 346 Retrograde, 56, 346 Rhamnose, 332, 346 Rheumatic Heart Disease, 7, 346 Rheumatism, 346 Rheumatoid, 7, 346 Rheumatoid arthritis, 7, 346 Ribose, 13, 276, 346 Rigidity, 214, 333, 337, 346 Riluzole, 146, 346 Risk factor, 61, 97, 100, 304, 340, 346 Risperidone, 91, 98, 105, 134, 243, 346 Rods, 307, 346 Rubber, 220, 275, 346 Rubidium, 160, 199, 200, 228, 346 Ruthenium, 194, 346 S Saccharin, 22, 33, 34, 346

Index 375

Salicylate, 236, 346 Saline, 12, 346 Salivary, 300, 333, 346 Salivary glands, 300, 346 Saturate, 180, 346 Scandium, 194, 199, 200, 346 Schizoid, 347, 359 Schizophrenia, 49, 53, 87, 103, 237, 260, 302, 321, 346, 347, 359 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 347, 359 Sclerosis, 146, 256, 283, 346, 347 Screening, 20, 21, 51, 146, 292, 347 Second Messenger Systems, 329, 347 Secretion, 15, 21, 32, 292, 313, 314, 317, 319, 325, 347, 358 Secretory, 21, 329, 347, 352 Sedative, 279, 284, 313, 314, 347 Segmental, 80, 309, 347 Segmentation, 347 Seizures, 13, 288, 298, 304, 309, 333, 347, 350 Selenium, 141, 199, 347 Semen, 340, 347 Sensitization, 127, 347 Sensor, 184, 185, 347 Sequence Homology, 334, 348 Sequester, 348, 352 Serine, 42, 60, 348 Serum Albumin, 343, 348 Sex Characteristics, 276, 280, 348, 353 Sex Determination, 257, 348 Shock, 155, 199, 327, 348, 356 Side effect, 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 38, 146, 247, 260, 276, 277, 282, 348, 355 Signal Transduction, 5, 23, 28, 32, 37, 46, 50, 56, 316, 348 Signs and Symptoms, 237, 345, 348 Silicon, 36, 99, 111, 140, 150, 152, 160, 174, 194, 199, 207, 222, 348, 349 Silicon Dioxide, 348, 349 Skeletal, 280, 327, 342, 349, 356 Skeleton, 275, 319, 349 Skull, 297, 349, 353 Sleep Deprivation, 92, 99, 111, 349 Small intestine, 301, 309, 313, 314, 317, 318, 349 Smooth muscle, 278, 284, 288, 313, 326, 345, 349, 351 Sneezing, 335, 349 Social Environment, 342, 349 Sodium Benzoate, 214, 349 Sodium Bicarbonate, 190, 195, 349

Sodium Channels, 342, 349, 358 Soft tissue, 287, 349 Solvent, 47, 173, 176, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 220, 275, 304, 310, 332, 349 Somatic, 276, 303, 320, 323, 325, 334, 349 Sorbitol, 214, 248, 323, 349 Sound wave, 344, 349 Spasmodic, 335, 350 Specialist, 263, 350 Species, 14, 31, 153, 154, 218, 278, 294, 304, 308, 313, 323, 325, 326, 336, 342, 343, 348, 350, 351, 356, 359, 360 Specificity, 52, 54, 65, 108, 123, 277, 320, 350 Spectrum, 16, 59, 92, 203, 205, 319, 350 Sperm, 280, 292, 350, 356 Spinal cord, 8, 283, 290, 291, 324, 328, 334, 350, 352 Spinal Nerves, 334, 350 Spleen, 279, 322, 350 Sporadic, 329, 345, 350 Squamous, 61, 350 Stabilization, 37, 41, 65, 74, 100, 128, 152, 189, 216, 350 Stabilizer, 24, 39, 40, 41, 56, 146, 350 Status Epilepticus, 13, 91, 350 Staurosporine, 121, 350 Steel, 182, 350, 357, 358 Sterile, 333, 350 Steroids, 142, 296, 309, 350 Stimulant, 279, 288, 299, 313, 324, 350 Stimulus, 169, 277, 295, 301, 302, 317, 344, 350, 354 Stomach, 275, 300, 304, 308, 313, 327, 334, 335, 349, 350 Strand, 338, 351 Streptococcal, 122, 351 Streptococcus, 351 Stress, 34, 187, 227, 284, 289, 306, 308, 327, 339, 346, 351 Stroke, 50, 56, 148, 252, 289, 351 Stroke Volume, 289, 351 Stromal, 76, 351 Stromal Cells, 76, 351 Strontium, 154, 199, 200, 221, 231, 351 Styrene, 346, 351 Subacute, 316, 351 Subarachnoid, 311, 351 Subclinical, 316, 347, 351 Subcutaneous, 276, 301, 351 Subspecies, 350, 351 Substance P, 324, 347, 351

376 Lithium

Substrate, 7, 26, 33, 152, 170, 171, 183, 208, 216, 217, 302, 351, 357 Suction, 306, 351 Sulfides, 157, 351 Sulfur, 140, 141, 158, 189, 191, 199, 220, 324, 351 Supplementation, 117, 124, 125, 127, 129, 351 Support group, 262, 352 Suppression, 9, 12, 43, 141, 206, 352 Suppressive, 22, 34, 352 Surfactant, 201, 352 Sympathetic Nervous System, 9, 284, 352 Sympathomimetic, 279, 299, 301, 304, 330, 352, 357 Symphysis, 340, 352 Symptomatic, 38, 39, 40, 352 Synapses, 55, 329, 331, 352 Synapsis, 352 Synaptic, 56, 87, 127, 348, 352 Synaptic Transmission, 56, 352 Synaptic Vesicles, 127, 352 Synchrotron, 36, 352 Synergistic, 89, 243, 340, 353 Systemic disease, 225, 353 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 226, 353 Systolic, 314, 353 T Tardive, 56, 282, 353 Telangiectasia, 257, 353 Tellurium, 199, 353 Temporal, 43, 152, 279, 311, 353 Temporal Lobe, 279, 353 Teratogenic, 14, 353 Teratogenicity, 14, 353 Terbium, 199, 200, 353 Testis, 48, 109, 353 Testosterone, 42, 353 Tetany, 333, 353 Thalamic, 283, 353 Thalamic Diseases, 283, 353 Thalamus, 22, 34, 300, 320, 353 Theophylline, 236, 237, 260, 342, 354 Therapeutics, 68, 92, 122, 248, 326, 354 Thermal, 137, 139, 152, 160, 199, 205, 219, 221, 228, 280, 287, 329, 354 Thermodilution, 68, 354 Third Ventricle, 314, 353, 354 Threonine, 42, 60, 334, 348, 354 Threshold, 38, 191, 305, 314, 354 Thrombin, 337, 340, 354 Thrombocytes, 337, 354

Thrombomodulin, 340, 354 Thrombosis, 75, 341, 351, 354 Thromboxanes, 282, 354 Thyroid Gland, 314, 333, 354 Thyroiditis, 66, 82, 99, 354 Thyrotoxicosis, 66, 354 Thyrotropin, 314, 354 Thyroxine, 277, 336, 354 Tin, 7, 53, 154, 160, 161, 162, 168, 174, 188, 194, 199, 200, 207, 337, 354 Tolerance, 276, 355 Tomography, 322, 355 Tonicity, 301, 312, 318, 355 Tonsillitis, 7, 355 Tonsils, 355 Tooth Preparation, 276, 355 Topical, 283, 304, 349, 355, 360 Total-body irradiation, 116, 355 Toxic, iv, 37, 45, 158, 216, 217, 281, 292, 298, 300, 303, 315, 329, 330, 338, 347, 351, 355 Toxicology, 66, 75, 78, 79, 90, 124, 129, 254, 355 Toxins, 31, 281, 309, 312, 316, 341, 343, 355, 358 Trace element, 124, 287, 292, 293, 306, 330, 348, 354, 355 Trachea, 287, 354, 355 Transcription Factors, 24, 42, 58, 355 Transdermal, 51, 355 Transduction, 38, 50, 56, 348, 355 Transfection, 286, 355 Transgenes, 55, 355 Translational, 10, 24, 45, 355 Translocation, 50, 55, 355 Transmitter, 127, 275, 283, 301, 318, 323, 330, 352, 356, 357 Transplantation, 76, 78, 116, 123, 226, 292, 315, 322, 334, 356 Trauma, 56, 298, 328, 356 Treatment Outcome, 10, 37, 105, 356 Trees, 292, 346, 356 Tremor, 68, 110, 123, 130, 333, 356 Trichomoniasis, 324, 356 Trichotillomania, 262, 356 Tricyclic, 94, 279, 292, 299, 314, 356 Trigger zone, 282, 356 Triglyceride, 314, 356 Trivalent, 176, 179, 275, 356 Tropomyosin, 64, 356 Troponin, 356 Tryptophan, 76, 111, 131, 348, 356

Index 377

Tuberculosis, 296, 322, 356 Tuberous Sclerosis, 257, 356 Tubulin, 21, 127, 325, 356 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 88, 356 Tumour, 129, 356 Tungsten, 194, 199, 200, 289, 357 Tyramine, 326, 357 Tyrosine, 23, 301, 341, 357 U Ultrafiltration, 312, 357 Ultrasound energy, 8, 357 Uncompetitive, 215, 357 Unconscious, 272, 314, 357 Urea, 43, 48, 357 Uremia, 345, 357 Ureters, 319, 357 Urethra, 340, 357 Uric, 278, 342, 357 Urinary, 11, 12, 60, 103, 226, 292, 338, 357, 359 Urinary tract, 226, 357 Urinary tract infection, 226, 357 Uterus, 303, 324, 332, 339, 357 V Vaccine, 276, 341, 358 Vacuoles, 332, 358 Valproic Acid, 43, 46, 59, 69, 79, 91, 108, 358 Valves, 346, 358 Vanadium, 137, 156, 160, 183, 189, 193, 194, 199, 200, 208, 209, 358 Vascular, 12, 26, 58, 278, 303, 311, 316, 321, 325, 330, 354, 358 Vascular Resistance, 12, 358 Vasodilation, 300, 358 Vasodilators, 330, 358 Vector, 203, 310, 355, 358 Vein, 317, 330, 358 Venlafaxine, 38, 87, 358 Venoms, 329, 358 Venous, 62, 341, 358, 359 Venous Thrombosis, 358, 359 Ventricle, 20, 279, 289, 342, 353, 354, 358

Ventricular, 27, 155, 156, 209, 358 Ventricular fibrillation, 155, 358 Vertebrae, 350, 358 Veterinary Medicine, 253, 358 Vinblastine, 119, 120, 123, 126, 356, 358 Vinca Alkaloids, 122, 358, 359 Vincristine, 116, 356, 358 Viral, 282, 355, 359 Virilism, 313, 359 Virulence, 284, 355, 359 Virulent, 39, 40, 359 Virus, 282, 284, 290, 303, 308, 310, 355, 359 Virus Diseases, 282, 359 Viscera, 327, 349, 359 Visceral, 15, 130, 284, 320, 335, 359 Visual Cortex, 125, 359 Vitamin A, 316, 346, 359 Vitro, 312, 359 Vivo, 5, 24, 48, 61, 359 W Wakefulness, 298, 359 Warfarin, 260, 359 Weight Gain, 39, 40, 41, 359 White blood cell, 275, 281, 320, 322, 330, 337, 359 Whooping Cough, 335, 359 Windpipe, 354, 359 Withdrawal, 43, 49, 110, 131, 298, 359 X Xanthine, 278, 359, 360 Xanthine Oxidase, 278, 360 Xenograft, 280, 360 X-ray, 36, 203, 204, 205, 289, 295, 306, 307, 318, 323, 330, 343, 350, 360 X-ray therapy, 318, 360 Y Yeasts, 307, 336, 360 Ytterbium, 199, 200, 360 Yttrium, 126, 194, 197, 199, 200, 360 Z Zinc Oxide, 199, 360 Zymogen, 340, 360

378 Lithium

Index 379

380 Lithium