Lindane - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LINDANE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lindane: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00664-2 1. Lindane-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lindane. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LINDANE ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Lindane ......................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LINDANE ......................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lindane ........................................................................................ 25 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 28 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LINDANE ................................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 36 General References ....................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LINDANE ................................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 39 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LINDANE ..................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 41 Academic Periodicals covering Lindane....................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 45 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 46 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 49 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 51 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 55 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65 LINDANE DICTIONARY.............................................................................................................. 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 95

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lindane is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lindane, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lindane, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lindane. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lindane, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lindane. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LINDANE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lindane.

Federally Funded Research on Lindane The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lindane. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lindane. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lindane. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lindane: •

Project Title: CELL SITE SPECIFIC MICROBEAM IRRADIATION AND RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Geard, Charles R.; Professor; Radiation Oncology; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (PROVIDED BY APPLICANT):Research objectives are directed toward understanding the basis for the recognition and processing of radiation induced lesions

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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in known radiation hit and known non-hit bystander cells. Nuclear DNA changes significantly impact human health with clear relationships to cell death, mutation and oncogenic change. The basic paradigm that the directly damaged cell nucleus is the only important radiation target has been brought into question. This questioning arouses significant uncertainties about the basis for extrapolation of hazard to human radiation exposure in the low dose region, and also impacts on appropriate target volume in radiation therapy. An understanding of the role of the fraction of hit cells in a population and of sub-cellular components in radiation responses can efficiently be obtained by use of a microbeam. A directed beam of high LET charged particles can initiate significant levels of damage in sub-cellular micro-volumes. Single cell microscopic examination can localize gene product/s to sub-cellular regions. Single cell gene expression analyses of known hit and known bystander cells complement this approach. In this proposal we will use recently established protocols for cell site specific microbeam irradiation to undertake a systematic evaluation of the role of intercellular distance, including cell contact, in both human fibroblast and human epithelial cell populations, individually and mixed. It is hypothesized that gap junction intercellular communication is a minor component of the bystander effect. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETECTION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN HEAD LICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, John M.; Professor; Entomology; University of Massachusetts Amherst 408 Goodell Building Amherst, Ma 01003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This proposal seeks basic information on the transmission of pediculosis and the development of molecular-based diagnostic methods that will greatly improve and speed our ability to detect pyrethroid and lindane resistance in head lice and to better and more safely manage head louse infestations worldwide. The specific aims are: 1) using toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic approaches, determine the biochemical mechanisms underlying lindane and permethrin resistance and to elucidate additional resistance pathways; 2) Using standard PCR, cloning and sequencing techniques, identify corresponding mutations in the GABA receptor subunit gene and in the sodium channel a-subunit gene that have been shown to cause target site insensitivity resistance to lindane permethrin in other insects, respectively; and using these mutations, develop monitoring methods (SSCP, minisequencing, cPASA) for resistance management; 3) Using behavioral assays, determine the importance of direct contact versus formites in transmission; 4) Design an artificial feeding system, using a suitable membrane/blood source, enabling the rearing of pediculicide susceptible and resistant "reference strains" in the laboratory for toxicological investigations and for the determination of suitable replacement/alternative pediculicides. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIETARY CYSTEINE:CONCEPTAL RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Harris, Craig; Associate Professor of Toxicology; Environmental Health Sciences; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004

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Summary: (provided by applicant) Adequate dietary intake of thiol amino acids has been implicated as an important factor in the ability to withstand chemical and environmental insults that elicit oxidative stress. Without adequate free cysteine, the ability to restore glutathione that is lost due to oxidation is compromised by inadequate glutathione synthesis where sensitive target cells and tissues are damaged or killed due to the consequences of unresolved oxidative stress. The mechanisms of some important human diseases and adverse health conditions (e.g., HIV, malnutrition, inflammation) have been directly linked to low systemic glutathione, secondary to decreases in cysteine availability. Similar consequences of depleted and/or oxidized glutathione, leading to exacerbation of embryotoxicity and increased frequency and severity of teratogenic lesions, have been reported. Several human teratogens are known to elicit oxidative stress, although relatively little is known about the mechanisms that regulate antioxidant activity in the conceptus. Demonstrated differences in the rates of new glutathione synthesis in the developing embryo and its extra-embryonic membranes suggest that the availability of free cysteine, as the rate-limiting precursor for new glutathione synthesis, might be important for the determination of selectivity or resistance to chemical embryotoxicants. The investigators hypothesize that the availability of free cysteine in the embryo and visceral yolk sac of the post-implantation embryo determines the extent to which the embryo is able to maintain adequate glutathione concentrations and respond to chemically-induced oxidative stress by synthesizing new glutathione for restoration of normal redox status. Preliminary experiments with chemical embryotoxins, such as the pesticides lindane and aminocarb, show selective decreases in free cysteine concentrations prior to observed depletion of glutathione and onset of toxicity. Interspecies comparisons between the rat and rabbit show significant reductions in tissue glutathione and cysteine in the rabbit that may help explain the greater sensitivity of the rabbit to teratogens that produce oxidative stress such as thalidomide. The investigators propose to compare glutathione/glutathione disulfide/cysteine status and rates of new glutathione synthesis between rat and rabbit conceptual tissues. They will assess the effects of lindane and aminocarb on these endpoints and determine whether mechanistic relationships exist between a species' or tissue's ability to obtain cysteine and synthesize new glutathione and specific cell sensitivity or resistance to toxic chemicals. Whole animal, whole embryo culture and cell cultures (micromass limb/midbrain and spinal neural crest) will used to assess the role of cysteine in embryoprotection. In vitro and in vivo experiments will determine whether dietary restriction of cysteine differentially exacerbates toxicity in the two species and/or whether dietary or direct supplementation of cysteine is adequate to protect the embryo from chemical insult. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FETAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS & INFANT OUTCOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Ostrea, Enrique M.; Pediatrics; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The exposure of pregnant women to environmental toxins is of major concern because of their potential harm on the fetus. However, the detection of fetal exposure to environmental toxins still remains a major challenge. We propose that meconium analysis is a promising tool to meet this challenge. Aims: (1) To compare the prevalence and amount of fetal exposure to environmental toxins through the analysis of meconium, cord blood and neonatal hair and to determine the degree of

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agreement among these three methods, (2) to determine the relationship between the prevalence and amount of maternal exposure to environmental toxins during pregnancy, as determined by serial analyses of maternal hair and blood, to the prevalence and amount of fetal exposure to environmental toxins as determined by meconium, cord blood and neonatal hair analyses, and (3) to compare adverse immediate (birth weight, length, head circumference, gestational age) and long term (postnatal growth and neurobehavioral development up to 2 yrs from enrollment) outcomes that are associated with antenatal exposure to environmental toxins as determined by maternal blood, maternal hair, meconium, cord blood and neonatal hair analyses. Study design: Pregnant women (n=750) will be recruited, at midgestation, from the Outpatient Clinic of the Bulacan Provincial Hospital, Philippines and their blood and hair will be obtained at the time of recruitment and at delivery. Umbilical cord blood, meconium and neonatal hair will also be obtained. The samples will be analyzed, by atomic absorption spectrometry, for lead, mercury and cadmium and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the following pesticides and their metabolites: propoxur, transfluthrin, Malathion, DDT, chlorpyrifos, bioallethrin, pretilachlor, lindane, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin. Pertinent maternal and infant data will be obtained after birth. The infants will be subsequently followed up at scheduled intervals for 2 years, to study their physical growth and neurobehavioral development using a battery of tests. Data analysis: The relationship between the presence/amount of environmental toxins in meconium, maternal blood, maternal hair, cord blood or neonatal hair to the immediate and two year outcome in the infants will be studied, while controlling for potential confounders. The presence/amount of environmental toxins in maternal blood, hair, cord blood, meconium and neonatal hair will be also evaluated to determine which substrate (s) provide(s) the best index of exposure for a given toxin. Expected benefits: Meconium analysis may provide a powerful tool to study the prevalence and degree of fetal exposure to environmental toxins and its associated adverse effects. This project can also serve as a model for the study of environmental pollutant problems during pregnancy at a local, national or global level. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BEHAVIOR

GABAA

RECEPTORS:

DEVELOPMENTAL

INFLUENCE

ON

Principal Investigator & Institution: Delorey, Timothy M.; Molecular Research Institute 2495 Old Middlefield Way Mountain View, Ca 94043 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Numerous recent studies have highlighted the GABAergic system's intimate involvement in the development and maintenance of the complex neuronal circuits vital to the behavioral success of an organism. Clarifying the participatory role that GABAA receptors have in creating and maintaining these complex behavioral networks is fundamental to understanding the pathophysiologies associated with developmental disorders. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that the GABAergic system may play a role in two developmental disorders; autism and Angelman syndrome. We propose to study the resulting impact that a developmentally impaired GABAA receptor system has on the mature hippocampus and cerebellum and the behaviors they modulate. Our working hypothesis is that disrupting GABAA receptors, which contain the beta 3 subunit, during development will exert a profound effect on neural organization resulting in aberrant behaviors later in life. To test our hypothesis, we propose to study the behavioral ramifications in mature mice that arise from the developmental disruption of the GABAA receptor. Behaviors that will be

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assessed are those that are commonly impaired in both autism and Angelman syndrome. These include attentional processing, social interactions, exploration and stereotyped behavior. Additionally, we will also examine the consequences of this developmental disruption on the morphology and neuropharmacology of the hippocampus and cerebellum. Both regions exhibit abnormalities in autism and Angelman syndrome and are essential to the above behaviors. The proposed studies will involve two separate mouse models: 1) a genetic disruption of the gabrb3 gene (encoding the beta3 subunit of the GABAA receptor) from conception throughout life; 2) a selective pharmacological block of GABAA receptors that contain the beta3 subunit from embryonic day 15 through postnatal day 7. Results of these studies will provide pertinent insight into a variety of developmental disorders including autism and Angelman syndrome. This proposal addresses several issues of fundamental importance regarding the influence of neural development on behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GABAERGIC INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Casida, John E.; Professor of Entomology; Environmntl Sci Policy & Mgmt; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 947205940 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The long-term objective is to define the fundamental basis for the selective toxicity of insecticides acting at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor of mammals and insects. This is the target of major neurotoxic insecticides acting as both blockers and activators of the GABA-gated chloride channel. More than 5,000,000,000 pounds of these channel blockers have been used for pest control in the past 50 years and they range in chlorine content from 52-73%. The major channel blockers used at present, representing 6% of the insecticide market, are endosulfan and lindane and this market share will increase with expanded use of the newly-commercialized polyhalogenated fipronil. The activators such as avermectin and moxidectin are also used in ever increasing quantities as insecticides and anthelmintics. More specifically, the goal is to provide toxicological profiles and maps for the insecticide blocker site and the insecticide activator site by designing and using high-affinity radioligands (the insecticide itself or a closely-related model compound) and photoaffinity probes to study binding site interactions and localization in the brain and chloride channel. Emphasis will be placed on the discovery of differences between the GABA receptors of mammals and insects that confer preferential sensitivity to insecticides and safety to mammals. The proposal is to prepare suitable radioligands and photoaffinity probes and use them to localize the binding sites as to brain region, receptor subunit and specific derivatized amino acid(s) in the chloride channel of mammals (bovine) and insects (Drosophila); the chemistry to achieve this end comes largely from discoveries in this laboratory. The research also involves rat cerebellar granule cells in primary culture to study radioligand binding and chloride flux in intact cells, localization of radioligand binding in mouse brain slices following in vitro and in vivo exposure to unlabeled toxicants, and receptors derived from Sf9 cells transfected with cDNs of human GABAa receptor subunits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMPACT OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE ON COGNITION IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Petros, Thomas V.; Psychology; University of North Dakota 264 Centennial Drive Grand Forks, Nd 58202

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A number of previous studies have documented that exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides such as organophosphates (OPS) and carbamates constitutes a major health problem. A number of studies have also examined the impact of OP poisoning and the impact of routine long-term exposure to pesticides in adults. The impact of long-term exposure to pesticides on children has been relatively unexplored. One objective of the proposed research is to examine the impact of chronic routine exposure to pesticides on cognitive and motor performance in children between 7 and 12 years of age. The specific areas tested will be memory performance, executive function performance, motor performance, and performance on school-related achievement tests. The proposed research will also measure concentrations of the pesticides (2, 4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) lindane and chloropyifos in the blood and urine in a sample of children between 7 and 12 years of age. These three pesticides are heavily applied in farming areas of the northeast quadrant of North Dakota where the participants will be recruited. In addition, blood will be assessed for concentrations of trace minerals and parents will complete a dietary intake questionnaire and the core food security module. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF PESTICIDE INDUCED DISTAL NEPHRON INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Molony, Donald A.; Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The purpose of the studies in this proposal is to elucidate some of the cellular events and molecular mechanisms that participate in the induction of apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in response to the inhibition of specific ion channels by toxicants. These studies will test the hypothesis that certain pesticides injure the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) and other segments of the distal nephron via their interaction with a basolateral membrane g-aminobutyric acid/Benzodiazepine receptor CI- channel (GABA/BZD-CI-channel); that their binding to the GABA/BZD CI- channel results in cell hyperpolarization, an alteration of transcellular ion fluxes, and in cell death manifest as apoptosis. The studies in this proposal will examine some of the molecular events that link the pesticide associated changes in the ion flux via the GABA/BZD-CI- channel and apoptosis of distal nephron cells. These studies will be performed in isolated perfused mouse mTAL segments, and in ST-1 cells, an established mouse mTAL cell line, and in MDCK cells in culture. Ion fluxes will be determined electrically and spectrofluorometrically; cell integrity will be assayed by released of enzymes and by histologic examination. The degree of apoptosis in the mTAL will be assayed in kidney tissue sections obtained from pesticide exposed mice and in cells in culture by the TUNEL and by an ELISA based assay methods and confirmed by direct analysis for DNA fragmentation. The cellular events that might link the inhibition of CI- flux to apoptosis will be probed via measurement of changes in oxygen consumption, intracellular [Ca}++, and cell volume. Additional studies will examine directly the acute and chronic effects of GABA/BZD-CI- channel agonists and antagonists on pesticide indued apoptosis of mTAL cells. The studies in this proposal should elucidate explicitly some of the mechanisms responsible for acute and chronic mTAL nephrotoxicity from pesticides manifest as increased apoptosis. These studies should provide direct evidence that supports a link between toxicant associated changes in CI- ion flux and induction of cellular injury and apoptosis.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “lindane” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for lindane in the PubMed Central database: •

Concerns over lindane treatment for scabies and lice. by Wooltorton E.; 2003 May 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155967

•

Dechlorination of lindane by the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 depends on the function of the nir operon. by Kuritz T, Bocanera LV, Rivera NS.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179122

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Degradation of lindane by cell-free preparations of Clostridium sphenoides. by Heritage AD, MacRae IC.; 1977 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242623

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Degradation of lindane by Escherichia coli. by Francis AJ, Spanggord RJ, Ouchi GI.; 1975 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187031

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Dehalogenation of lindane by a variety of porphyrins and corrins. by Marks TS, Allpress JD, Maule A.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184286

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Does lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) increase the rapid delayed rectifier outward K+ current (IKr) in frog atrial myocytes? by Sauviat MP, Colas A, Pages N.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117783

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lindane, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lindane” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lindane (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

1% permethrin cream rinse vs 1% lindane shampoo in treating pediculosis capitis. Author(s): Brandenburg K, Deinard AS, DiNapoli J, Englender SJ, Orthoefer J, Wagner D. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1986 September; 140(9): 894-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2426940

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1H NMR investigation of toxic effects of lindane and paraquat on Hep 3B and Hep G2 human hepatoma cell lines. Author(s): Descampiaux B, Imbenotte M, Desenclos V, Vermeersch G, Lhermitte M, Erb F. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1997 January; 10(1): 34-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9074800

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A comparative study on the efficacy of 0.4% Sumithrine and 1% Lindane in the treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis in Turkey. Author(s): Budak S, Ilhan F, Guruz AY. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1996 April; 26(1): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8721244

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A group of adults acutely poisoned by food contaminated with lindane. Author(s): Nantel AJ, Ayotte L, Benedetti JL, Savoie JY, Tessier L, Schwarz T, Weber JP. Source: Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1977; 41 Suppl 2: 250. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=70961

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A review of the use and place of lindane in the protection of stored products from the ravages of insect pests. Author(s): Morrison FO. Source: Residue Rev. 1972; 41: 113-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4111922

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A survey on head lice infestation in Korea (2001) and the therapeutic efficacy of oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole adding to lindane shampoo. Author(s): Sim S, Lee IY, Lee KJ, Seo JH, Im KI, Shin MH, Yong TS. Source: The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2003 March; 41(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666731

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Absorption of gamma benzene hexachloride following application of Kwell shampoo. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, Lowry W. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1983 July; 1(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6208543

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Absorption of lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride) in infants and children. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, Lowry W, Reisch JS. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 December; 91(6): 998-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=72815

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Accidental Kwell (lindane) ingestions. Author(s): Kurt TL, Bost R, Gilliland M, Reed G, Petty C. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1986 December; 28(6): 569-71. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Vet Hum Toxicol 1987 February; 29(1): 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2431535

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Acute accidental lindane ingestion in toddlers. Author(s): Aks SE, Krantz A, Hryhrczuk DO, Wagner S, Mock J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 November; 26(5): 647-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7486377

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Acute intoxication with lindane (gamma benzene hexachloride). Author(s): Telch J, Jarvis DA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 March 15; 126(6): 662-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6175390

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Acute intoxication with lindane. Author(s): Telch J, Jarvis DA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 November 1; 127(9): 821. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6182969

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Acute intoxication with lindane. Author(s): Bargman H. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 September 1; 127(5): 360. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6179590

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Acute lindane intoxication: a case study. Author(s): Starr HG Jr, Clifford NJ. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1972 November; 25(5): 374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4119669

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Acute lindane poisoning in a child. Author(s): Lifshitz M, Gavrilov V. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 September; 4(9): 731-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12440246

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Acute lindane poisoning in three children. Author(s): Nordt SP, Chew G. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 January; 18(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10645838

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Acute lindane poisoning with development of muscle necrosis. Author(s): Munk ZM, Nantel A. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1977 November 5; 117(9): 1050-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=71942

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Acute lindane poisoning. Author(s): McLeod WA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1978 January 21; 118(2): 123, 125. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=93506

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Acute oral poisoning with lindane-solvent mixtures. Author(s): Jaeger U, Podczeck A, Haubenstock A, Pirich K, Donner A, Hruby K. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1984 February; 26(1): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6199884

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Alternatives to lindane. Author(s): Bear S. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 September 2; 169(5): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12952791

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Analyses of lindane, vinclozolin, aldrin, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT in human serum using gas chromatography with electron capture detection and tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Moreno Frias M, Garrido Frenich A, Martinez Vidal JL, Mateu Sanchez M, Olea F, Olea N. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001 August 25; 760(1): 1-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11522051

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Anemia associated with exposure to lindane. Author(s): Morgan DP, Roberts RJ, Walter AW, Stockdale EM. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1980 September-October; 35(5): 307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6160820

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Aromatase activity modulation by lindane and bisphenol-A in human placental JEG3 and transfected kidney E293 cells. Author(s): Nativelle-Serpentini C, Richard S, Seralini GE, Sourdaine P. Source: Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with Bibra. 2003 August; 17(4): 413-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12849724

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Assay of free-radical toxicity and antioxidant effect on the Hep 3B cell line: a test survey using lindane. Author(s): Descampiaux B, Leroux JM, Peucelle C, Erb F. Source: Cell Biology and Toxicology. 1996 February; 12(1): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8882386

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Assessment of genotoxic effects by lindane. Author(s): Pool-Zobel BL, Guigas C, Klein R, Neudecker C, Renner HW, Schmezer P. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1993 April; 31(4): 271-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7682977

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Availability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lindane for uptake by intestinal Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Oomen AG, Tolls J, Kruidenier M, Bosgra SS, Sips AJ, Groten JP. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 July; 109(7): 731-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11485873

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Breath mints for the dragon. Lindane toxicity. Author(s): Mack RB. Source: N C Med J. 1991 February; 52(2): 76-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1707142

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Changes in drug metabolism and lipoproteins in workers occupationally exposed to DDT and lindane. Author(s): Kolmodin-Hedman B. Source: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1973; 24(4): 289-96. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4133873

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Chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, and lindane residues in sesame seed and oil (Sesamum indicum L.). Author(s): Bhatnagar A, Gupta A. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1998 April; 60(4): 596600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9557198

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Concerns over lindane treatment for scabies and lice. Author(s): Wooltorton E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 May 27; 168(11): 1447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771080

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Current internal exposure to pesticides in children and adolescents in Germany: blood plasma levels of pentachlorophenol (PCP), lindane (gamma-HCH), and dichloro(diphenyl)ethylene (DDE), a biostable metabolite of dichloro(diphenyl)trichloroethane (DDT). Author(s): Heudorf U, Angerer J, Drexler H. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2003 October; 206(6): 485-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14626896

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Cytotoxicity of lindane and paraquat to human hepatoma cell lines. Author(s): Descampiaux B, Cotelle N, Catteau JP, Peucelle C, Leroux JM, Erb F. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1999 January; 62(1): 16-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9870984

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Depth-dependent effects of DDT and lindane on the fluidity of native membranes and extracted lipids. Implications for mechanisms of toxicity. Author(s): Antunes-Madeira MC, Almeida LM, Madeira VM. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1993 December; 51(6): 787-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7504961

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a case of fatal lindane poisoning. Author(s): Sunder Ram Rao CV, Shreenivas R, Singh V, Perez-Atayde A, Woolf A. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988 April; 30(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2454526

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Effect of lindane on human lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin. Author(s): Roux F, Treich I, Brun C, Desoize B, Fournier E. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1979 August 15; 28(16): 2419-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=92317

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Epidemiology of lindane exposures for pediculosis reported to Poison Centers in Texas, 1998-2002. Author(s): Forrester MB, Sievert JS, Stanley SK. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2004; 42(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15083937

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Epoxidation of the lindane metabolite, beta-PCCH, by human- and rat-liver microsomes. Author(s): Fitzloff JF, Pan JC. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1984 July; 14(7): 599-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6209866

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Equivalent therapeutic efficacy and safety of ivermectin and lindane in the treatment of human scabies. Author(s): Chouela EN, Abeldano AM, Pellerano G, La Forgia M, Papale RM, Garsd A, Balian MC, Battista V, Poggio N. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 June; 135(6): 651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10376691

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Evaluation of the rat tail model for estimating dermal absorption of lindane. Author(s): Moody RP, Grayhurst M, Ritter L. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 1989; 28(3): 317-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2479761

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Human exposure to lindane. Clinical, hematological and biochemical effects. Author(s): Samuels AJ, Milby TH. Source: J Occup Med. 1971 March; 13(3): 147-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4101816

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Human exposure to lindane. Comparison of an exposed and unexposed population. Author(s): Milby TH, Samuels AJ. Source: J Occup Med. 1971 May; 13(5): 256-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4102103

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Humane exposure to lindane; blood lindane levels as a function of exposure. Author(s): Milby TH, Samuels AJ, Ottoboni F. Source: J Occup Med. 1968 October; 10(10): 584-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4176763

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Indoor air pollution by lindane and DDT indicated by head hair samples of children. Author(s): Neuber K, Merkel G, Randow FF. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1999 June 30; 107(1-3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10414795

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Infestation status of head louse and treatment with lindane shampoo in children of primary school and kindergarten in Chinju-shi, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea. Author(s): Ha YC, Heo JM, Kim HJ, Go GM, Lee SJ, Jeong SH, Ahn SI, Kim MC, Kim JE, Song HY, Park JW, Kim BS, Sohn WM. Source: The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2000 March; 38(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10743359

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Isomerization of lindane by reduced hematin. Author(s): Saleh MA. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1980 December; 25(6): 833-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6162494

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Last call for Lindane. Author(s): Weinhold B. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 June; 109(6): A254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11445525

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Lindane (Kwell)-induced aplastic anemia. Author(s): Rauch AE, Kowalsky SF, Lesar TS, Sauerbier GA, Burkart PT, Scharfman WB. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 November; 150(11): 2393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1700687

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Lindane and hematologic reactions. Author(s): West I. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1967 July; 15(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4143660

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Lindane binding to sections of human skin: skin capacity and isotherm determinations. Author(s): Menczel E, Bucks D, Maibach H, Wester R. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1984; 276(5): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6207781

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Lindane bioassay studies and human cancer risk assessment. Author(s): Vesselinovitch SD, Carlborg FW. Source: Toxicologic Pathology. 1983; 11(1): 12-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6085598

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Lindane exposure and aplastic anaemia. Author(s): Brahams D. Source: Lancet. 1994 April 30; 343(8905): 1092. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7512682

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Lindane for scabies in Bangladesh. Author(s): Codington HB, Coghlan SE. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 11; 342(8872): 677-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7689677

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Lindane haematotoxicity confirmed by in vitro tests on human and rat progenitors. Author(s): Parent-Massin D, Thouvenot D, Rio B, Riche C. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1994 February; 13(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7512355

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Lindane induced neuropathy. Case report. Author(s): Grizzle CO. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1969 July; 66(7): 42-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4183931

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Lindane metabolism by human and rat liver microsomes. Author(s): Fitzloff JF, Portig J, Stein K. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1982 March; 12(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6180560

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Lindane neurotoxic reaction in nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. Author(s): Friedman SJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 August; 123(8): 1056-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2443081

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Lindane neurotoxicity. Author(s): Boffa MJ, Brough PA, Ead RD. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 December; 133(6): 1013. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8547026

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Lindane poisonings. Author(s): Davies JE, Dedhia HV, Morgade C, Barquet A, Maibach HI. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 February; 119(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6186202

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Lindane resistance and pediculosis capitis. Author(s): Parish LC, Witkowski JA, Kucirka SA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1983 December; 22(10): 572-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6198300

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Lindane toxicity in a 24-year-old woman. Author(s): Fischer TF. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 November; 24(5): 972-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7526752

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Lindane toxicity in an infant. Author(s): Ramchander V, Cameron ES, Reid HF. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1991 March; 40(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1713377

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Lindane toxicity is preventable. Author(s): Diaz JE. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1998 November; 5(11): 1126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9835480

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Lindane toxicity. Author(s): Rasmussen JE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 November; 116(11): 1226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6159825

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Lindane, Kwell, and aplastic anemia. Author(s): Mead RJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1982 July; 72(1): 28, 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6178099

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Lindane. Author(s): Solomon LM, West DP, Fitzloff JF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 February; 126(2): 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1689138

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Lindane. Author(s): Solomon LM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 March; 124(3): 321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2449869

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Lindane. A prudent approach. Author(s): Rasmussen JE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 August; 123(8): 1008-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2443078

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Lindane-resistant scabies. Author(s): Witkowski JA, Parish LC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 October; 27(4): 648. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1383296

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Long-term exposure to wood-preserving chemicals containing pentachlorophenol and lindane is related to neurobehavioral performance in women. Author(s): Peper M, Ertl M, Gerhard I. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1999 June; 35(6): 632-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10332516

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Long-term psychological and neurological complications of lindane poisoning. Author(s): Hall RC, Hall RC. Source: Psychosomatics. 1999 November-December; 40(6): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10581981

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Low dose induction of micronuclei by lindane. Author(s): Kalantzi OI, Hewitt R, Ford KJ, Cooper L, Alcock RE, Thomas GO, Morris JA, McMillan TJ, Jones KC, Martin FL. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2004 April; 25(4): 613-22. Epub 2003 December 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688026

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Metabolism of 14C-DDT in Pheretima posthuma and effect of pretreatment with DDT, lindane and dieldrin. Author(s): Agarwal HC, Yadav DV, Pillai MK. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1978 November; 20(5): 668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=83890

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Neurotoxic reaction to lindane in an HIV-seropositive patient. An old medication's new problem. Author(s): Solomon BA, Haut SR, Carr EM, Shalita AR. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1995 March; 40(3): 291-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7533205

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Non-hodgkin's lymphoma and agricultural use of the insecticide lindane. Author(s): Blair A, Cantor KP, Zahm SH. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1998 January; 33(1): 82-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408531

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Nosocomial outbreak of scabies clinically resistant to lindane. Author(s): Boix V, Sanchez-Paya J, Portilla J, Merino E. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1997 October; 18(10): 677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9350454

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Occupational exposure to lindane: clinical and laboratory findings. Author(s): Czegledi-Janko G, Avar P. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1970 July; 27(3): 283-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4194426

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Oral ivermectin in scabies patients: a comparison with 1% topical lindane lotion. Author(s): Madan V, Jaskiran K, Gupta U, Gupta DK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 28(9): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11603388

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P(h)thirus pubis and lindane resistance. Author(s): Parish LC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 May; 12(5 Pt 1): 889-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2409117

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Partition of the organochlorine insecticide lindane into the human sperm surface induces membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx. Author(s): Silvestroni L, Fiorini R, Palleschi S. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1997 February 1; 321 ( Pt 3): 691-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9032455

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Plasma gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane concentrations in forestry workers exposed to lindane. Author(s): Drummond L, Gillanders EM, Wilson HK. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1988 July; 45(7): 493-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2456092

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Poisoning from a rose spray containing lindane and malathion. Author(s): McQueen EG, Ferry DG. Source: N Z Med J. 1968 May; 67(432): 533-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4173977

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Potential exposure of commercial seed-treating applicators to the pesticides carboxinthiram and lindane. Author(s): Grey WE, Marthre DE, Rogers SJ. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1983 August; 31(2): 244-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6193827

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Pseudotumor cerebri following insecticide (lindane) intoxication. Author(s): Heuser M, Heuser H. Source: Acta Univ Carol Med Monogr. 1976; (75): 133-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=80122

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Pseudotumour cerebri and chronic benzene hexachloride (lindane) exposure. Author(s): Verderber L, Lavin P, Wesley R. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1991 December; 54(12): 1123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1723750

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Quantitative distribution of locally applied lindane in human skin and subcutaneous fat in vitro. Dependence of penetration on the applied concentration, skin state, duration of action and nature and time of washing. Author(s): Nitsche K, Lange M, Bauer E, Zesch A. Source: Derm Beruf Umwelt. 1984; 32(5): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6210187

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Recent state of lindane metabolism. Part III. Author(s): Macholz RM, Kujawa M. Source: Residue Rev. 1985; 94: 119-49. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2416021

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Reduced birthweight and length in the offspring of females exposed to PCDFs, PCP, and lindane. Author(s): Karmaus W, Wolf N. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995 December; 103(12): 1120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8747018

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Scabies in Zimbabwe Rhodesia: distribution on the human body and the efficacy of lindane and permethrin as scabicides. Author(s): Taylor P. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1979 August; 25(8): 165-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=91446

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Seizures after lindane therapy. Author(s): Tenenbein M. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1991 April; 39(4): 394-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1707072

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Seizures caused by concomitant use of lindane and dextroamphetamine in a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Cox R, Krupnick J, Bush N, Houpt A. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2000 August; 41(8): 690-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10974795

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Studies on lindane in forestry. Author(s): Swensson A, Kolmodin-Hedman B. Source: Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia. 1977; 28(1-2): 53-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=68792

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The effect of a lindane and mercury polluting incident on the health of a community: the Somerton Health Survey. Author(s): Bowie C, Hill A, Murray V. Source: Public Health. 1998 July; 112(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9724949

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The hatching of nits as a predictor of treatment failure with lindane and pyrethrin shampoos. Author(s): Mathias RG, Wallace JF. Source: Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique. 1990 May-June; 81(3): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1694468

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The percutaneous absorption and skin distribution of lindane in man. I. In vivo studies. Author(s): Dick IP, Blain PG, Williams FM. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1997 November; 16(11): 645-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9426365

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The percutaneous absorption and skin distribution of lindane in man. II. In vitro studies. Author(s): Dick IP, Blain PG, Williams FM. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1997 November; 16(11): 652-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9426366

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The problem of lindane. Author(s): Rasmussen JE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1981 November; 5(5): 507-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6170655

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The story of lindane resistance and head lice. Author(s): Kucirka SA, Parish LC, Witkowski JA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1983 December; 22(10): 551-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6198299

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Thyroid function and effects on reproduction in ewes exposed to the organochlorine pesticides lindane or pentachlorophenol (PCP) from conception. Author(s): Beard AP, Rawlings NC. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 1999 December 24; 58(8): 509-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10632142

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Topical application of lindane cream (Kwell) and antipyrine metabolism. Author(s): Hosler J, Tschanz C, Hignite CE, Azarnoff DL. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1980 January; 74(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6153210

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Toxicity of lindane. Author(s): Powell GM. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1980 July; 26(7): 170. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6157476

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Treatment of pediculosis pubis. Clinical comparison of efficacy and tolerance of 1% lindane shampoo vs 1% permethrin creme rinse. Author(s): Kalter DC, Sperber J, Rosen T, Matarasso S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 October; 123(10): 1315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2444166

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Treatment of scabies and pediculosis with lindane preparations: an evaluation. Author(s): Shacter B. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1981 November; 5(5): 517-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6170656

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Untoward effects associated with lindane abuse. Author(s): Berry DH, Brewster MA, Watson R, Neuberg RW. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1987 February; 141(2): 125-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2433938

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Use of lindane. Author(s): McIlreath FJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 December; 124(12): 1868-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2461169

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Worker exposure and protective clothing performance during manual seed treatment with lindane. Author(s): Fenske RA, Blacker AM, Hamburger SJ, Simon GS. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1990 March-April; 19(2): 190-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1690971

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LINDANE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lindane.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Lindane The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lindane” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lindane” (or a synonym): •

A calcium-independent phospholipase activity insensitive to bromoenol lactone mediates arachidonic acid release by lindane in rat myometrial cells. Author(s): Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA. Source: Wang, C T Peters Golden, M Loch Caruso, R Life-Sci. 2001 December 14; 70(4): 453-70 0024-3205

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Anticonvulsant activity of calmodulin antagonist W-7 in convulsions induced by lindane and BayK-8644: effects in c-FOS expression. Source: Tusell, J.M. Barron, S. Serratosa, J. Neurotoxicology. Little Rock, Ark. : Intox Press, Inc. Fall 1994. volume 15 (3) page 751-756. 0161-813X

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Area-wide effect on oribatid mites (Acari) following application of lindane for protection of lodgepole pine from bark beetle attack. Source: Hoy, J.B. Shea, P.J. Environ-Entomol. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America. August 1992. volume 21 (4) page 745-750. 0046-225X

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Behavior of different formulations of lindane on chickpea. Author(s): Agricultural Research Service, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. Source: Mukherjee, I Gopal, M Bull-Environ-Contam-Toxicol. 1999 October; 63(4): 467-72 0007-4861

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Biotransformation of the insecticide lindane by the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete. Source: Mougin, C. Pericaud, C. Malosse, C. Laugero, C. Asther, M. Pestic-sci. Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley and Sons Limited. May 1996. volume 47 (1) page 51-59. 0031-613X

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Effect of lindane on antioxidant enzymes in epididymis and epididymal sperm of adult rats. Author(s): School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, India. Source: Chitra, K C Sujatha, R Latchoumycandane, C Mathur, P P Asian-J-Androl. 2001 September; 3(3): 205-8 1008-682X

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Effect of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene on the early oxidative stress component induced by lindane in rat liver. Source: Junqueira, V.B.C. Simizu, K. Pimentel, R. Azzalis, L.A. Barros, S.B.M. Koch, O. Videla, L.A. Xenobiotica. London : Taylor & Francis. August 1991. volume 21 (8) page 1053-1065. 0049-8254

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Effects of in situ and systemic lindane treatment on in vivo absorption of galactose and leucine in rat jejunum. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Source: Moreno, M J Pellicer, S Fernandez Otero, M P Arch-Toxicol. 1996; 70(11): 767-72 0340-5761

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Efficacy, persistence, ground deposition, and human exposure of polymerencapsulated lindane and chlorpyrifos used for control of the southern pine beetle. Source: Berisford, C.W. Bush, P.B. Taylor, J.W. Jr. Berisford, Y.C. Phytoprotection. SaintHyacinthe : Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants. 1991. volume 72 (1) page 15-20. 0031-9511

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Exposure of tilapian fish to the pesticide lindane results in hypocellularity of the primary hematopoietic organ (pronephros) and the spleen without altering activity of phagocytic cells in these organs. Author(s): Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0442, USA. Source: Hart, L J Smith, S A Smith, B J Robertson, J Holladay, S D Toxicology. 1997 March 28; 118(2-3): 211-21 0300-483X

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Interaction of lindane isomers with chloride currents in insect membranes: steric requirements for channel modulation and block. Source: Lees, G. Calder, J. Pestic-biochem-physiol. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. May 1996. volume 55 (1) page 40-48. 0048-3575

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Interactions of dietary methionine, lead and lindane in rats. Source: Rowe, V A Hathcock, J N Serfass, R E Shriver, C N Drug-Nutr-Interact. 1986; 4(4): 349-54 0272-3530

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Multiple actions of dieldrin and lindane on the GABA(A) receptor-chloride channel complex of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Source: Nagata, K. Narahashi, T. Pestic-sci. Sussex : John Wiley and Sons Limited. May 1995. volume 44 (1) page 1-7. 0031-613X

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Photocatalytic degradation of lindane in aqueous solution. Source: Hiskia, A. Mylonas, A. Tsipi, D. Papaconstantinou, E. Pestic-sci. Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley and Sons Limited. June 1997. volume 50 (2) page 171-174. 0031-613X

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Residues of lindane and chlorpyrifos in firewood and woodsmoke. Source: Bush, P.B. Taylor, J.W. McMahon, C.K. Neary, D.G. J-Entomol-Sci. Tifton, Ga. : The Entomological Science Society. April 1987. volume 22 (2) page 131-139. 0749-8004

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Suppression of adrenocortical function in female mice by lindane (gamma-HCH). Author(s): Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, India. Source: Lahiri, P Sircar, S Toxicology. 1991 February 11; 66(1): 75-9 0300-483X

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The diverse actions of lindane in rat enterocytes: interactions with lipid metabolism and membrane fluidity. Source: Carrero, I. Prieto, J.C. Recio, M.N. Hoyo, N. del. Perez Albarsanz, M.A. Pesticbiochem-physiol. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. Sept 1993. volume 47 (1) page 69-78. 0048-3575

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The effect of lindane on the lipid peroxidation of microsomes and mitochondria isolated from liver and heart of columba livia. Source: Gutierrez, A.M. Reboredo, G.R. Arcemis, C.J. Catala, A. Pestic-biochem-physiol. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. October 2000. volume 68 (2) page 119-126. 0048-3575

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The effects of lindane and linuron on calcium metabolism, bone morphometry and the kidney in rats. Author(s): Developmental Toxicology Division, Health Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Source: Andrews, J E Gray, L E Toxicology. 1990 Jan-February; 60(1-2): 99-107 0300-483X

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The organochlorine pesticide lindane interacts with the human erythrocyte membrane. Source: Suwalsky, M. Rodriguez, C. Villena, F. Aguilar, F. Sotomayor, C.P. Pesticbiochem-physiol. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press. November 1998. volume 62 (2) page 87-95. 0048-3575

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Use of atropine for treatment of lindane poisoning in two chickens. Author(s): College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Iraq. Source: Mohammad, F K Zangana, I K Vet-Rec. 1992 April 25; 130(17): 378 0042-4900

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to lindane; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Minerals Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Food and Diet Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gluten-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LINDANE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lindane. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lindane and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lindane” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lindane: •

A specific method for the assay of select chlorinated pesticides. Author(s): Sadar MH, Guilbault GG. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1971 March-April; 19(2): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4100553

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AAP releases clinical report on head lice. Author(s): Ressel GW; AAP. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 March 15; 67(6): 1391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12674471

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Acaricidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: in vitro sensitivity of sarcoptes scabiei var hominis to terpinen-4-ol. Author(s): Walton SF, McKinnon M, Pizzutto S, Dougall A, Williams E, Currie BJ.

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Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2004 May; 140(5): 563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15148100 •

Activation of c-Neu tyrosine kinase by o,p'-DDT and beta-HCH in cell-free and intact cell preparations from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Author(s): Enan E, Matsumura F. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 1998; 12(2): 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9443065

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Alternatives to lindane. Author(s): Nugent ZJ. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 September 2; 169(5): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12952794

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An assessment of the efficacy of deltamethrin with HCH for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in camels. Author(s): Teame G. Source: Tropical Animal Health and Production. 1997 February; 29(1): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9090015

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An outbreak of lindane-resistant scabies treated successfully with permethrin 5% cream. Author(s): Purvis RS, Tyring SK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 December; 25(6 Pt 1): 1015-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1725779

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Arctic indigenous women consume greater than acceptable levels of organochlorines. Author(s): Kuhnlein HV, Receveur O, Muir DC, Chan HM, Soueida R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 October; 125(10): 2501-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7562084

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Behavior of different formulations of lindane on chickpea. Author(s): Mukherjee I, Gopal M. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1999 October; 63(4): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10501723

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CHARGE association looking at the future--the voice of a family support group. Author(s): Blake KD, Brown D.

Alternative Medicine 33

Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 1993 November-December; 19(6): 395409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9098398 •

Chemopreventive effects of green tea components on hepatic carcinogenesis. Author(s): Klaunig JE. Source: Preventive Medicine. 1992 July; 21(4): 510-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1409492

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Chlorinated pesticides and plant foliage: translocation experiments. Author(s): Bacci E, Gaggi C. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1986 December; 37(6): 850-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2431733

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Comparative percutaneous absorption of lindane and permethrin. Author(s): Franz TJ, Lehman PA, Franz SF, Guin JD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 August; 132(8): 901-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712839

•

Comparative study of 5% permethrin cream and 1% lindane lotion for the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Schultz MW, Gomez M, Hansen RC, Mills J, Menter A, Rodgers H, Judson FN, Mertz G, Handsfield HH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 February; 126(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1689135

•

Comparative study of permethrin 1% creme rinse and lindane shampoo for the treatment of head lice. Author(s): Bowerman JG, Gomez MP, Austin RD, Wold DE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 March; 6(3): 252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2437521

•

Comparing antiscabies treatments. Author(s): Downs A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 April; 133(4): 526. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126030

•

Control of mange mites in a large mouse colony. Author(s): Green CJ, Needham JR.

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Source: Laboratory Animals. 1974 May; 8(2): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4134016 •

Crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Author(s): Kolar KA, Rapini RP. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 October; 44(4): 1317-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1718155

•

Determination of pesticide residues in some major food crops of northern Tanzania. Author(s): Rusibamayila CS, Ak'habuhaya JL, Lodenius M. Source: Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. 1998 July; 33(4): 399-409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674150

•

Did they see mites? Author(s): Clayman JL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 July; 126(7): 966-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1694422

•

Effect of tetrandrine on proto-oncogene c-fos expression in rat cerebrum. Author(s): Che JT, Zhang JT, Qu ZW, Wei G. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1997 July; 18(4): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10072926

•

Effect of various additives on porphyrin biosynthesis. Author(s): Chu TC, Chu EJ. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1970 August 14; 215(2): 377-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4100746

•

Effects of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on the contractile response induced by norepinephrine in the rat isolated vas deferens. Author(s): Gandhi DN, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1989 November; 65(5): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2482969

•

Effects of high dose application of lindane to rats and influence of L-ascorbic acid supplementation. Author(s): Tiwari RK, Bandyopadhyay SK, Chatterjee K, Mitra A, Banerjee A, Chatterjee GC. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1982; 52(4): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6186625

Alternative Medicine 35

•

Effects of midazolam, DMCM and lindane on potentiated startle in the rat. Author(s): Hijzen TH, Slangen JL. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1989; 99(3): 362-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2480615

•

Employment of the human estrogen receptor beta ligand-binding domain and coactivator SRC1 nuclear receptor-binding domain for the construction of a yeast twohybrid detection system for endocrine disrupters. Author(s): Lee HS, Miyauchi K, Nagata Y, Fukuda R, Sasagawa S, Endoh H, Kato S, Horiuchi H, Takagi M, Ohta A. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 2002 March; 131(3): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872169

•

Lindane, chlorpyriphos, and quinalphos residues in mustard seed and oil. Author(s): Gupta A, Parihar NS, Bhatnagar A. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001 July; 67(1): 1225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11381321

•

Percutaneous absorption of lindane in healthy volunteers and scabies patients. Dependency of penetration kinetics in serum upon frequency of application, time and mode of washing. Author(s): Lange M, Nitzsche K, Zesch A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1981; 271(4): 387-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6174081

•

Permethrin versus crotamiton and lindane in the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Amer M, el-Gharib I. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 31(5): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1375206

•

Safety of permethrin vs lindane for the treatment of scabies. Author(s): Meinking TL, Taplin D. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 August; 132(8): 959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712847

•

Scabies resistant to lindane 1% lotion and crotamiton 10% cream. Author(s): Roth WI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 March; 24(3): 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1712027

•

Treatment of scabies with permethrin versus lindane and benzyl benzoate. Author(s): Haustein UF, Hlawa B.

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Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(4): 348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2472724 •

Uroporphyrin formation induced by chlorinated hydrocarbons (lindane, polychlorinated biphenyls, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin). Requirements for endogenous iron, protein synthesis and drug-metabolizing activity. Author(s): Sinclair PR, Granick S. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1974 November 6; 61(1): 124-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4140722

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to lindane; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 37

High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Herbs and Supplements Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Barbiturates Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com General Anesthetics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lindane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

39

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LINDANE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to lindane. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on lindane include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “lindane” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

8

Bioassay of lindane for possible carcinogenicity. Author: Gulf South Research Institute; Year: 1977

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

40

•

Lindane

Exposure to lindane and DDT and its effects on drug metabolism and serum lipoproteins. Author: Kolmodin-Hedman, Birgitta; Year: 1974

41

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LINDANE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover lindane.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on lindane is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “lindane” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to lindane. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “lindane” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for lindane: •

FDA stiffens warnings on lindane treatments for lice, scabies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 28, 2003

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “lindane” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “lindane” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to lindane, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “lindane” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Lindane Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to lindane. In addition to these

Periodicals and News

43

sources, you can search for articles covering lindane that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for lindane. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with lindane. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

46

Lindane

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to lindane: Anesthetics, General •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amidate; Brevital; Diprivan; E¯thrane; Fluothane; Forane; Ketalar; Penthrane; Pentothal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203043.html

Lindane •

Topical - U.S. Brands: Kwell; Thionex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202329.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

47

APPENDICES

49

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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Lindane

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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51

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lindane” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7889 30 292 4 103 8318

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “lindane” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

55

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lindane can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lindane. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lindane. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lindane”:

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Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Environmental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/environmentalhealth.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Scabies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scabies.html Chemical Weapons http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chemicalweapons.html Drinking Water http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drinkingwater.html Head Lice http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headlice.html Malaria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lindane. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lindane. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lindane. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lindane. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lindane” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lindane”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lindane” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lindane” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

63

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

65

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

67

LINDANE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation

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of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anthelmintics: Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of helminthiasis in man and animal. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue

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cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aplastic anaemia: A form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes. [EU] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]

Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU]

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Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basidiomycete: A major group of fungi whose diagnostic characteristic is the basidium; includes the rusts, "bracket" fungi, and toadstools. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity,

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enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH]

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Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH]

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Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]

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Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule

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cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended

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effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryotoxicity: Any toxic effect on the conceptus as a result of prenatal exposure during the embryonic stages of development. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]

for

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Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually

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between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Helminthiasis: Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH]

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Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and

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disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH]

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Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

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Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mange: Sarcoptic infestation of human skin, particularly a contagious skin disease caused by invasion of the epidermis with Sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maternal Exposure: Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure. [NIH] Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a fullterm fetus. It consists of secretions of the intestinal glands, bile pigments, fatty acids, amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical

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Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fluidity: The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesonephros: The excretory organ of the embryo, collective Wolffian tubules, which forms the urogenital fold from which the reproductive organs develop. The mesonephros is the permanent kidney in fish and amphibians, but atrophies in reptiles, birds, and mammals. [NIH]

Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and

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cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucilaginous: Pertaining to or secreting mucus. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle

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known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Crest: A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a

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widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU] Pentachlorophenol: An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used

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as such as an experimental tool. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pest Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals. [NIH] Pesticide Residues: Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to

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accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Pronephros: The primordial kidney; an excretory structure or its rudiments developing in the embryo before the mesonephros. [NIH] Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protective Clothing: Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with

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formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

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Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Scabicide: An agent which has the power to destroy sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU]

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Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stereotyped Behavior: Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH]

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Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogens: An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme glutathione reductase. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances

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usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary

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artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitelline Membrane: The plasma membrane of the egg. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

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INDEX A Aberrant, 6, 67 Acceptor, 67, 81, 86 Acyl, 67, 83 Adaptability, 67, 71 Adrenal Medulla, 67, 77, 85 Adverse Effect, 6, 67, 90 Aerobic, 67, 84 Affinity, 7, 67, 81, 90 Agonists, 8, 67 Algorithms, 67, 70 Alkaline, 67, 71 Alkaloid, 67, 70 Alpha Particles, 67, 89 Alternative medicine, 42, 67 Amino acid, 5, 7, 67, 68, 74, 78, 81, 83, 87, 88, 91, 93 Amnestic, 68, 83 Amniotic Fluid, 68, 78, 82 Amphetamine, 68, 75 Anaemia, 68, 69 Anaesthesia, 68, 80 Anaphylatoxins, 68, 73 Anemia, 13, 68, 71, 82 Anesthesia, 68, 83 Anomalies, 68, 92 Anthelmintics, 7, 68 Antibodies, 68, 78, 79, 82 Antibody, 67, 68, 69, 73, 78, 80, 81, 84, 89, 91, 94 Antigen, 67, 68, 69, 73, 80 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 69, 73 Antioxidant, 5, 13, 26, 69, 86 Anxiolytic, 69, 83 Aplastic anaemia, 17, 69 Aplastic anemia, 16, 19, 69 Aponeurosis, 69, 78 Apoptosis, 8, 69 Aqueous, 27, 69, 74, 79 Arachidonic Acid, 26, 69, 88 Arterial, 69, 88 Arteries, 69, 71, 74, 83, 92 Ascorbic Acid, 34, 69, 79 Assay, 8, 13, 31, 69 Astringents, 69, 83 Atrial, 9, 69 Atrium, 69, 93 Atropine, 28, 70

Autonomic, 70, 86 B Bacteria, 67, 68, 70, 79, 83, 91, 93 Barbiturate, 70, 92 Basal Ganglia, 70, 78 Basidiomycete, 26, 70 Belladonna, 70 Benign, 70, 78, 89 Benzene, 11, 21, 70 Bile, 70, 81, 82 Bile Pigments, 70, 82 Binding Sites, 7, 70 Bioassay, 17, 39, 70 Biochemical, 4, 15, 16, 21, 32, 36, 70 Biopsy, 70, 87 Biosynthesis, 34, 69, 70 Biotechnology, 9, 10, 39, 42, 51, 70 Bladder, 70, 93 Blastocyst, 70, 74 Blood Coagulation, 71 Blood pressure, 71, 79, 84, 90 Body Fluids, 71, 76, 90 Bone Marrow, 69, 70, 71, 82, 84 Brachytherapy, 71, 80, 81, 89, 94 Brain Stem, 71, 72 C Cadmium, 6, 71 Cadmium Poisoning, 71 Calcium, 26, 27, 71, 73 Calmodulin, 26, 71 Carboxin, 21, 71 Carcinogen, 71, 83 Carcinogenesis, 19, 33, 71 Carcinogenic, 70, 71, 86 Carcinogenicity, 39, 71 Cardiac, 71, 77, 83, 85 Cardiorespiratory, 71, 84 Cell Death, 4, 8, 69, 71, 85 Cell membrane, 72, 75, 87 Cell Respiration, 72, 84 Central Nervous System, 68, 70, 72, 75, 78, 87 Cerebellar, 7, 72 Cerebellum, 6, 72 Cerebral, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77, 82 Cerebral hemispheres, 70, 71, 72 Cerebrum, 34, 72 Chemotactic Factors, 72, 73

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Chlorine, 7, 72 Chlorpyrifos, 6, 26, 27, 72 Cholesterol, 70, 72, 83 Chromatin, 69, 72, 91, 92 Chromosomal, 72, 83, 92 Chromosome, 72, 83 Chronic, 8, 21, 72, 80, 86 Clinical Medicine, 72, 88 Clinical trial, 3, 51, 72, 89 Cloning, 4, 70, 72 Coenzyme, 69, 73 Cofactor, 73, 88 Collagen, 68, 73 Complement, 4, 68, 73, 78 Complementary and alternative medicine, 31, 37, 73 Complementary medicine, 31, 73 Computational Biology, 51, 73 Conception, 7, 23, 74, 77, 82 Concomitant, 22, 74 Connective Tissue, 69, 71, 73, 74, 92 Contamination, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 24, 32, 33, 35, 74, 87 Contraindications, ii, 74 Convulsions, 26, 70, 74 Coordination, 72, 74 Coronary, 74, 83 Coronary Thrombosis, 74, 83 Corpuscle, 74, 77 Cranial, 72, 74, 85 Curative, 74, 92 Cutaneous, 74, 90 Cyclic, 71, 74, 88 Cysteine, 5, 74, 91 Cystine, 74 Cytokine, 74, 92 Cytoplasm, 69, 72, 74, 76, 84, 92 D Deletion, 69, 74 Dendrites, 74, 75, 85 Dentate Gyrus, 74, 79 Depolarization, 21, 75 Dermal, 15, 75 Dextroamphetamine, 22, 68, 75 Diagnostic procedure, 42, 75 Digestion, 70, 75, 81, 91 Digestive tract, 75, 90, 94 Direct, iii, 4, 5, 8, 45, 72, 75, 90 Disease Vectors, 75, 80 Dissociation, 67, 75 Distal, 8, 75 Dopamine, 68, 75, 84, 85, 87

Dorsal, 27, 75, 85, 88 Dorsum, 75, 78 Drug Interactions, 46, 75 Drug Tolerance, 75, 92 Duct, 76, 93 Duodenum, 70, 76, 81, 91 E Ectoderm, 76, 85 Effector, 73, 76 Efficacy, 10, 11, 15, 22, 24, 26, 32, 76 Electrolyte, 76, 90 Electrons, 69, 76, 81, 86, 89 Embryo, 5, 70, 76, 80, 83, 88, 92, 94 Embryotoxicity, 5, 76 Encapsulated, 26, 76 Endemic, 76, 82 Endoderm, 76, 94 Endogenous, 36, 75, 76 Endoscopic, 76, 83 Endotoxins, 73, 76 Enterocytes, 27, 76 Entorhinal Cortex, 76, 79 Environmental Exposure, 76, 86 Environmental Health, 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26, 50, 52, 56, 76 Environmental Pollutants, 76, 88 Enzymatic, 68, 71, 73, 77 Enzyme, 73, 76, 77, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94 Epidermis, 77, 82 Epinephrine, 75, 77, 85, 93 Epithelial, 4, 8, 77, 78 Epithelium, 76, 77 Erythrocyte Membrane, 27, 77 Estrogen, 35, 77 Estrogen receptor, 35, 77 Excrete, 77, 90 Exhaustion, 77, 82 Exogenous, 76, 77 External-beam radiation, 77, 81, 89, 94 Extracellular, 74, 77, 90 F Family Planning, 51, 77 Fat, 21, 69, 71, 77, 81, 88 Fetus, 5, 77, 82, 88 Flatus, 77, 78 Forestry, 21, 22, 77 Fossa, 72, 77 Free Radicals, 69, 75, 77 Fungi, 70, 77, 83 Fungicide, 71, 77, 92 G Gamma Rays, 77, 89

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Ganglion, 27, 78, 85 Gas, 6, 13, 72, 77, 78, 79 Gasoline, 70, 78 Gene, 4, 7, 39, 70, 78, 86 Gene Expression, 4, 78 Genetic Engineering, 70, 72, 78 Germ Cells, 78, 83, 91, 94 Gestational, 6, 78 Gestational Age, 6, 78 Glucose, 69, 78, 79 Glutamate, 78, 87 Glycine, 68, 78, 85 Glycoproteins, 78, 81 Goblet Cells, 76, 78 Governing Board, 78, 88 Grafting, 78, 80 Granule, 7, 74, 78 Granulocytopenia, 69, 78 H Haptens, 67, 78 Helminthiasis, 68, 78 Helminths, 78, 80 Heme, 79, 85, 88 Hemoglobin, 68, 79, 81, 88 Hemoglobin A, 79, 88 Hemolysis, 77, 79 Hepatic, 33, 79, 84 Hepatoma, 10, 14, 79 Herbicide, 79, 86 Heredity, 78, 79 Heterogeneity, 67, 79 Hippocampus, 6, 74, 79, 91 Hormone, 70, 77, 79, 92 Hybrid, 35, 79 Hydrogen, 67, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89 Hydrogen Peroxide, 79, 81 Hydroxyproline, 68, 73, 79 Hypnotic, 70, 79, 83, 92 Hypotension, 74, 79 I Ileum, 79, 81 Immune system, 79, 80, 82, 94 Immunologic, 72, 78, 80, 89 Immunology, 67, 80 Implant radiation, 80, 81, 89, 94 Implantation, 5, 74, 80 In situ, 26, 80 In vitro, 5, 7, 17, 21, 23, 31, 80 In vivo, 5, 7, 23, 26, 80, 92 Induction, 8, 19, 80 Infarction, 74, 80, 83 Infection, 20, 72, 80, 82, 85, 94

Infestation, 11, 16, 78, 80, 82, 86 Inflammation, 5, 80, 87, 90 Ingestion, 11, 71, 80, 87 Inhalation, 80, 87 Insecticides, 7, 80, 87 Insight, 7, 80 Internal radiation, 80, 81, 89, 94 Interstitial, 71, 80, 81, 94 Intestinal, 13, 76, 80, 81, 82, 94 Intestinal Mucosa, 76, 81, 94 Intestines, 75, 80, 81, 82 Intoxication, 11, 12, 21, 81 Intracellular, 8, 80, 81 Intravascular, 15, 81 Intrinsic, 67, 81 Ion Channels, 8, 81 Ionizing, 67, 76, 81, 82, 89 Ions, 71, 75, 76, 79, 81 Irradiation, 4, 81, 94 Ivermectin, 15, 20, 81 J Jejunum, 26, 81 K Kb, 50, 81 Kinetics, 35, 81 L Labile, 73, 81 Lesion, 81, 82 Leucine, 26, 81 Lipid, 27, 81, 83, 86 Lipid Peroxidation, 27, 81, 86 Lipophilic, 81, 87 Liver, 15, 17, 26, 27, 69, 70, 79, 81, 84 Localization, 7, 82 Localized, 76, 80, 82, 84, 87 Lymphatic, 80, 82, 91 Lymphatic system, 82, 91 Lymphocyte, 15, 69, 82 Lymphoid, 68, 82 Lymphoma, 20, 82 M Malaria, 56, 82 Malaria, Falciparum, 82 Malaria, Vivax, 82 Malathion, 6, 21, 82 Malnutrition, 5, 82 Mange, 32, 33, 82 Manifest, 8, 82 Maternal Exposure, 6, 82 Meconium, 5, 82 MEDLINE, 51, 82 Medullary, 8, 83

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Lindane

Meiosis, 83 Melanin, 83, 87, 93 Membrane, 4, 8, 21, 27, 72, 73, 75, 81, 83, 84, 87, 94 Membrane Fluidity, 27, 83 Memory, 8, 83 Mental, iv, 3, 50, 52, 75, 83 Mercury, 6, 22, 83 Mesoderm, 83, 94 Mesonephros, 83, 88 Metabolite, 14, 15, 83 Methionine, 27, 83, 91 Methylcholanthrene, 26, 83 MI, 6, 14, 65, 83 Microbe, 83, 93 Micronuclei, 19, 83 Microorganism, 73, 83, 94 Midazolam, 35, 83 Mitochondria, 27, 84 Mitochondrial Swelling, 84, 85 Mitosis, 69, 83, 84 Modification, 68, 78, 84 Molecular, 4, 6, 8, 32, 51, 53, 70, 71, 73, 74, 84, 90, 93 Molecule, 69, 70, 73, 75, 76, 84, 86, 89, 90 Monitor, 84, 86 Monoamine, 68, 75, 84 Monoamine Oxidase, 68, 75, 84 Monoclonal, 81, 84, 89, 94 Monocytes, 84, 92 Morphological, 76, 84 Morphology, 7, 84 Motor Activity, 74, 84 Mucilaginous, 82, 84 Mucinous, 78, 84 Mucins, 76, 78, 84 Mucosa, 84 Mutagenic, 84, 92 Myocardium, 83, 84 Myoglobin, 85, 88 N Narcolepsy, 75, 85 Necrosis, 12, 69, 80, 83, 85 Neonatal, 5, 85 Neoplastic, 82, 85 Nerve, 68, 74, 78, 84, 85, 91, 93 Nervous System, 68, 70, 72, 85, 91, 92 Networks, 6, 85, 92 Neural, 5, 6, 84, 85 Neural Crest, 5, 85 Neuronal, 6, 85 Neurons, 27, 74, 85

Neuropathy, 17, 85 Neurophysiology, 75, 85 Neurotoxic, 7, 18, 20, 85 Neurotoxicity, 18, 85 Neurotransmitter, 68, 75, 78, 81, 85, 86, 91 Neutrons, 67, 81, 85, 89 Norepinephrine, 34, 75, 85 Nuclear, 4, 35, 70, 76, 78, 85, 86 Nuclei, 67, 76, 78, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 92 Nucleus, 4, 69, 72, 74, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89 O Oncogene, 34, 86 Oncogenic, 4, 86 Operon, 9, 86, 90 Oxidation, 5, 67, 69, 74, 81, 86 Oxidative Stress, 5, 26, 86 Oxygen Consumption, 8, 86 P Palliative, 86, 92 Parasite, 81, 86 Parasitic, 56, 68, 78, 80, 86 Pathologic, 69, 70, 74, 86 Pathologic Processes, 69, 86 Pediculosis, 4, 10, 15, 18, 24, 86 Pentachlorophenol, 14, 19, 23, 86 Peptide, 67, 87, 88 Percutaneous, 23, 33, 35, 87 Peripheral blood, 69, 87 Pest Control, 7, 87 Pesticide Residues, 34, 87 Pesticides, 5, 6, 8, 14, 21, 23, 31, 33, 34, 80, 87 Pharmacologic, 68, 87, 93 Phenobarbital, 26, 87 Phenylalanine, 87, 93 Phospholipids, 77, 83, 87 Phosphorus, 71, 87 Physical Examination, 78, 87 Physiologic, 70, 87, 90 Plants, 26, 67, 70, 78, 79, 84, 86, 87, 93 Plasma, 14, 21, 68, 72, 79, 87, 94 Platyhelminths, 78, 81, 87 Pneumonia, 74, 87 Poisoning, 8, 12, 15, 19, 21, 28, 71, 81, 83, 86, 87 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 13, 36, 87 Polypeptide, 68, 73, 85, 88 Porphyrins, 9, 88 Posterior, 72, 75, 88 Postnatal, 6, 7, 88 Postural, 88, 91 Practice Guidelines, 52, 88

99

Precursor, 5, 69, 75, 76, 77, 85, 87, 88, 93 Pregnancy Tests, 78, 88 Prenatal, 76, 88 Prevalence, 5, 88 Progressive, 75, 85, 88, 93 Projection, 86, 88 Pronephros, 27, 88 Propoxur, 6, 88 Prostaglandins, 69, 88 Protective Clothing, 24, 88 Protein S, 36, 39, 70, 88 Proteins, 67, 68, 72, 73, 84, 87, 88, 90 Proteolytic, 73, 88 Protons, 67, 79, 81, 89 Protozoa, 81, 83, 89 Protozoan, 82, 89 Pruritic, 89, 90 Psychotomimetic, 68, 75, 89 Public Policy, 51, 89 Publishing, 9, 89 Pulmonary, 71, 72, 89, 93 Pulmonary Edema, 72, 89 Q Quality of Health Care, 89, 93 R Radiation, 3, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 89, 94 Radiation therapy, 4, 77, 80, 81, 89, 94 Radioactive, 79, 80, 81, 86, 89, 94 Radiography, 78, 89 Radiolabeled, 81, 89, 94 Radiological, 87, 89 Radiotherapy, 71, 81, 89, 94 Randomized, 76, 89 Reagent, 72, 90 Receptor, 4, 6, 7, 8, 27, 35, 69, 75, 87, 90 Rectum, 75, 77, 78, 90 Reductase, 90, 92 Refer, 1, 73, 77, 82, 85, 90, 93 Regimen, 76, 90 Renal tubular, 8, 90 Repressor, 86, 90 Rubber, 90, 92 S Scabicide, 90 Scabies, 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 56, 90 Screening, 72, 90 Scrotum, 90, 93 Sedative, 70, 83, 90 Seminal vesicles, 90, 93 Semisynthetic, 81, 90 Sequencing, 4, 90

Serum, 13, 35, 40, 68, 73, 90, 93 Side effect, 45, 67, 90, 93 Small intestine, 76, 79, 81, 90 Sodium, 4, 90 Solvent, 12, 70, 90 Specialist, 57, 91 Species, 5, 70, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 91, 94 Specificity, 67, 91 Spectrum, 82, 91 Sperm, 21, 26, 72, 91 Spermatozoa, 91, 93 Spinal cord, 71, 72, 78, 85, 91 Spleen, 27, 82, 91 Stereotyped Behavior, 7, 91 Stimulant, 68, 75, 91 Stimulus, 81, 91 Stomach, 75, 79, 81, 90, 91 Stress, 5, 86, 90, 91 Subcutaneous, 21, 91 Subiculum, 79, 91 Subspecies, 91 Substance P, 83, 91 Substrate, 6, 91 Sulfur, 83, 91 Supplementation, 5, 34, 92 Support group, 32, 92 Sympathomimetic, 68, 75, 77, 86, 92 Systemic, 5, 26, 46, 71, 77, 80, 81, 89, 92, 94 T Telophase, 83, 92 Temporal, 79, 92 Tendon, 78, 92 Teratogenic, 5, 92 Teratogens, 5, 92 Thalidomide, 5, 92 Therapeutics, 46, 84, 92 Thiram, 21, 92 Thrombocytopenia, 69, 92 Thrombosis, 88, 92 Thromboxanes, 69, 92 Thyroid, 23, 92, 93 Ticks, 80, 92 Tissue, 5, 8, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93 Tolerance, 24, 67, 92 Topical, 20, 23, 46, 69, 79, 92 Toxic, iv, 5, 10, 70, 76, 82, 85, 88, 92, 93 Toxicity, 5, 7, 13, 14, 15, 18, 24, 75, 83, 93 Toxicology, 4, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 32, 33, 34, 35, 52, 93 Toxin, 6, 92, 93

100

Lindane

Transfection, 70, 93 Translation, 67, 93 Translocation, 33, 93 Transmitter, 75, 81, 86, 93 Trauma, 85, 93 Treatment Failure, 23, 93 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 92, 93 Tumour, 78, 93 Tyrosine, 32, 75, 93 U Ultrasonography, 78, 93 Urethra, 93 Urine, 8, 70, 93 V Vas Deferens, 34, 93 Vein, 86, 93 Venous, 88, 93

Ventricle, 79, 93 Veterinary Medicine, 27, 28, 51, 94 Viral, 86, 94 Virulence, 93, 94 Visceral, 5, 94 Vitelline Membrane, 94 Vitro, 13, 94 Vivo, 94 W White blood cell, 68, 78, 82, 94 X X-ray, 77, 81, 86, 89, 94 X-ray therapy, 81, 94 Y Yolk Sac, 5, 94 Z Zygote, 74, 94