Leukopenia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LEUKOPENIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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LEUKOPENIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Leukopenia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00655-3 1. Leukopenia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on leukopenia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LEUKOPENIA ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Leukopenia .................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LEUKOPENIA ................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Leukopenia ................................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LEUKOPENIA ............................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 General References ....................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON LEUKOPENIA ......................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patents on Leukopenia ................................................................................................................. 63 Patent Applications on Leukopenia.............................................................................................. 72 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON LEUKOPENIA ............................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Chapters on Leukopenia ............................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON LEUKOPENIA .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 83 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 85 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 89 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 93 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 99 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 99 LEUKOPENIA DICTIONARY .................................................................................................... 101 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 159

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with leukopenia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about leukopenia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to leukopenia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on leukopenia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to leukopenia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on leukopenia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LEUKOPENIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on leukopenia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and leukopenia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Efficacy of Mycophenolate Mofetil in Patients with Diffuse Proliferative Lupus Nephritis Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 343(16): 1156-1162. October 19, 2000. Summary: The combination of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone is effective for the treatment of severe lupus nephritis (kidney inflammation associated with systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE) but has serious adverse effects. This article reports on a study that investigated the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients (n = 42) with proliferative lupus nephritis. The authors compared the efficacy and side effects of a regimen of prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil given for 12 months (group 1) with those of a regimen of prednisolone and cyclophosphamide given for 6 months, followed by prednisolone and azathioprine for 6 months (group 2). Of the patients in Group 1 (n = 21), 81 percent had a complete remission, and 14 percent had a partial remission, as

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compared with 76 percent and 14 percent, respectively, of the 21 patients in Group 2. The improvements in the degree of proteinuria (protein in the urine) and the serum albumin (protein levels in the blood) and creatinine concentrations were similar in the two groups. One patient in each group discontinued treatment because of side effects. Infections were noted in 19 percent of the patients in Group 1 and in 33 percent of those in Group 2. Other adverse effects occurred only in group 2; they included amenorrhea (23 percent), hair loss (19 percent), leukopenia (10 percent), and death (10 percent). The rates of relapse were 15 percent in Group 1, and 11 percent in Group 2. The authors conclude that for the treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis, the combination of mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone is as effective as a regimen of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone followed by azathioprine and prednisolone, with similar levels of toxicity. 2 figures. 4 tables. 15 references. •

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia in Crohn's Disease Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 13(3): 325-327. June 1991. Summary: This article presents a case study of a 19-year-old man with a documented 2year history of Crohn's disease who abruptly developed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. A diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia was established by bone marrow cytology. Chromosomal analysis of bone marrow aspirate was performed. The authors note that nine cases of Crohn's disease complicated by leukemia have been reported, including the present one; once again, a relationship between Crohn's disease and leukemia is suggested. 1 figure. 10 references. (AA).

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Is Presentation of Bacteremia in the Elderly the Same as in Younger Patients? Source: American Journal of Medicine. 100(1): 65-70. January 1996. Summary: This article reports on a study to compare the presentation of bacteremia in young and elderly patients. Seventy-one elderly (mean age 80.4 years) and 34 younger patients (mean age 45.7 years) with bacteremia were prospectively studied. These were compared with a control group of 187 geriatric patients (mean age 81.3 years) with clinical signs of bacteremia but in whom blood cultures were negative. Only 3 clinical findings of the 16 studied were found in at least 70 percent of the bacteremic elderly patients: fever, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a clinical indication of the source of infection. Seven other signs (hypothermia, chills, sweating, splenomegaly, recently altered mental state, leukopenia, and lymphopenia) had a specificity above 80 percent. Younger infected patients had more chills, sweating, altered general state, altered mental state, or lymphopenia than did the bacteremic elderly patients. The authors conclude that, in elderly patients with early stage bacteremia, most of the signs or symptoms that are considered typical in the literature appear irregularly. 1 figure. 5 tables. 26 references. (AA-M).

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Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine in Crohn Disease: A Meta-Analysis Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 123(2): 132-142. July 15, 1995. Contact: Available from American College of Physicians. American Society of Internal Medicine. 190 North Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1572. Website: www.acponline.org. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to assess the effectiveness of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in inducing remission of active Crohn's disease and the effectiveness of azathioprine in maintaining remission of quiescent (not creating

Studies

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active symptoms) disease. Pertinent studies were selected from the MEDLINE database (1966 to May 1994), abstracts from major gastrointestinal meetings, and references from published articles and reviews. Nine randomized, placebo controlled trials of azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine were identified: four addressed active disease, two addressed quiescent disease, and three had multiple therapeutic arms. Compared with placebo, azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine therapy had an odds ratio of response of 3.09 in patients with active Crohn's disease. When the single trial that used 6mercaptopurine in active disease was excluded from the analysis, the odds ratio of response was 1.45. No trials of quiescent disease used 6-mercaptopurine; the odds ratio of response in these trials of quiescent disease was 2.27. For active disease, continuation of therapy for at least 17 weeks improved response. Increased cumulative dose improved response in both groups. A steroid sparing effect was seen in active disease and in quiescent disease. Fistulae improved with therapy. Adverse events (potentially drug side effects) requiring withdrawal from a trial, primarily allergy, leukopenia, pancreatitis, and nausea, were increased with therapy. The authors conclude that azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are effective in treating active Crohn's disease and in maintaining remission. Cumulative dose was an important factor in predicting response. 4 figures. 5 tables. 48 references. •

Orofacial Disease: Update for the Dental Clinical Team: 2. Ulcers, Erosions and Other Causes of Sore Mouth Part II Source: Dental Update. 26(1): 31-39. January-February 1999. Summary: This article, the third in a series on orofacial disease, discusses mouth ulceration in relation to blood dyscrasias, gastrointestinal disorders, skin and connective tissue disease. The authors note that oral lesions may be the first or only sign of systemic disease. Diseases discussed include leukopenia, leukemia, lymphomas, celiac disease (gluten sensitive enteropathy), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, epidermolysis bullosa, lichen planus, lupus erythematosus, pemphigoid, pemphigus, and erythema multiforme. For most of the conditions, the authors discuss etiology, clinical features, and management strategies. Mouth ulcers may be seen in leukopenia and leukemias, associated with cytotoxic therapy, viral, bacterial or fungal infection. Ulcers may also be nonspecific. Other oral features of leukemia may include purpura, gingival bleeding, recurrent herpes labialis, and candidosis. A small percentage of patients with aphthae have gastrointestinal disease, such as celiac disease, causing malabsorption and deficiencies. Orofacial features of Crohn's disease include ulcers, facial or labial swelling, angular stomatitis (cheilitis) or cracked lips, mucosal tags or cobblestoning, and gingival hyperplasia. The term orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) has been introduced for oral granulomatous reactions that are unassociated with any detectable systemic disease or foreign bodies. 26 figures. 43 references.

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Orofacial Disease: Update for the Dental Clinical Team 2. Ulcers, Erosions and Other Causes of Sore Mouth Part II Source: Dental Update. 26(1): 31-39. January-February 1999. Contact: Available from Proact Marketing. Dental Update Subscriptions, The Foot and Bowden Building, 19 The Crescent, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3AD. 01752 675175. Fax 01752675176. Summary: This third article in a series about orofacial disease discusses mouth ulceration in relation to blood dyscrasias, gastrointestinal disorders, and skin and connective tissue disease. Mouth ulcers may be seen in leukopenia and leukemias, may

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be associated with cytotoxic therapy, viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, or may be nonspecific. Other oral features of leukemia may include purpura, gingival bleeding, recurrent herpes labialis, and candidosis. A small percentage of patients with aphthae (shallow, painful ulceration) have gastrointestinal disease, such as celiac disease, causing malabsorption and blood deficiencies. Orofacial features of Crohn's disease (one of the inflammatory bowel diseases) include ulcers, facial or lip swelling, angular stomatitis or cracked lips, mucosal tags or cobblestoning, and gingival hyperplasia (gum overgrowth). The term 'orofacial granulomatosis' (OFG) has been introduced for oral granulomatous reactions that are unassociated with any detectable systemic disease or foreign bodies. In some patients, OFG appears in reaction to common additives to food and drink. Skin disorders that may cause oral ulceration include lichen planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus, and erythema multiforme. Lesions resembling pemphigoid, however, may be caused by any of a heterogeneous group of autoimmune mucocutaneous disorders. The authors of this article review the symptoms, etiology, and recommended patient care management strategies for each of these conditions. 26 references. 6 tables. 43 references. •

Immunosuppressive Drugs in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Seminars in Gastrointestinal Disease. 9(1): 2-9. January 1998. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: With increasing experience, the threshold for using immunosuppressive drugs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has fallen. There is a tendency now to use them in a greater proportion of patients and at an earlier stage of the disease. This article provides an overview of the agents in common use and highlights their role in the management of IBD. The principal drugs used in clinical practice at this time include: azathioprine (AZA) and its metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate, and cyclopsporin A. AZA and 6-MP are generally considered the first line immunosuppressive agents. These drugs are effective and generally well tolerated by most patients and enable many patients to avoid the predictable side effects of steroid therapy. The major concerns associated with IS therapy, malignancy, and opportunistic infection have not been significant problems with either AZA or 6-MP in the context of IBD treatment. The toxicities associated with AZA and 6-MP can be divided into allergic-type reactions that are dose-independent (pancreatitis, fever, rash, arthralgias, malaise, nausea, and diarrhea) and non-allergic type reactions that are dose dependent (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatitis). Because of the extensive use of immunosuppressive drugs, it is important that clinicians involved in caring for patients with IBD be familiar with them. Appended to the article are two relevant case histories, with commentary by one of the authors and three additional physicians. 38 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Leukopenia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to leukopenia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration

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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to leukopenia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore leukopenia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for leukopenia: •

Project Title: ALCOHOL EFFECT OF AZT PHOSPHORYLATION REQUIRED FOR ACTIVATION OF AZT Principal Investigator & Institution: Prakash, Om; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: 3'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), the chemotherapeutic agent of first choice for patients with HIV disease, requires cellular activation catalyzed by a series of cellular kinases to the triphosphate form (AZT- TP) for antiviral activity. Two ratelimiting steps in the cascade of activation have been identified: 1) thymidine kinase, the enzyme that converts AZT to its monophosphate (AZT-MP), and 2) thymidylate kinase, the enzyme that converts AZT to its diphosphate (AZT-DP). Earlier studies have shown that the antiviral activity of AZT can be reduced through defect in the expression of any one of these kinases. In addition, AZT therapy is regularly accompanied by severe hematopoietic toxicity leading to anemia and leukopenia. Currently, there is no information on how alcohol consumption might alter the conversion of AZT to its active form or modify the toxic effects of the drug in HIV-1 affected individuals. There is evidence that alcohol has the ability to down-regulate the expression of thymidine kinase as well as impair the growth of hematopoietic progenitors in culture. It is our hypothesis that alcohol in the presence of HIV-1 protein(s) will 1) down-regulate the expression of thymidine-thymidylate kinases and inhibit the activation of AZT to its active form; and 2) enhance toxic effects of AZT on hematopoietic progenitor cells. This proposal will test the hypothesis in transgenic mice that express full- length Tat (Tat/86) protein, and in mice (HIV mice) that express a number of HIV-encoded proteins, and has 6 Specific Aims. Specific Aim 1, to test the prediction that alcohol suppresses activities of thymidine-thymidylate kinases in bone marrow, thymus and liver tissues of mice. Since AZT is known to diminish its own phosphorylation, in Specific Aim 2, we will assess the effects of alcohol in AZT-treated mice. In order to test the prediction that suppression of thymidine-thymidylate kinases is linked to decreased AZT phosphorylation. In Specific Aim 3, we will measure the capacity of the mouse tissues to phosphorylate AZT in in vitro assays. In Specific Aim 4, we will test the prediction that the suppression of thymidine kinase activity seen in Aims 1 and 2 is the result of comparable decreases in its mRNA synthesis. In Specific Aims 5 and 6, we will test the prediction that alcohol consumption has suppressive effect on the proliferation of bone marrow progenitors and further enhances the suppressive effects of AZT. The results of the proposed studied will provide new insights into the co-factor role of alcohol in HIV

(FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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pathogenesis through decreased antiviral activity and increased hematopoietic toxicity of AZT and related drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AZATHIOPRINE /SULFASALAZINE /PENTASA INTERACTIONS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sandborn, William J.; Professor of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study to determine the clinical significance of drug interactions between azathioprine and sulfasalazine, Balsalazide or Pentasa in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The specific aims of the study are to estimate the proportion of clinically important leukopenia, defined as a total white blood cell (WBC) count <3,000 X 10 9/L, when SAS 4 g/day, Balsalazide 6.75 g/day, or Pentasa 4 g/day is combined with maintenance of remission treatment with a stable dose of 6MP or AZA in patients with one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease. These estimates (and 95% CIs) will be computed at weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 after adding SAS, Balsalazide, or Pentasa to AZA or 6MP therapy. The secondary aim is to estimate the change (and 95% CI) in total WBC count for each treatment group at weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 after adding SAS, Balsalazide, or Pentasa to AZA or 6MP therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COLLECTION, NEUTROPHILS

PRESERVATION

&

TRANSFUSION

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Dale, David; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This project is directed to understanding the physiologic regulation of neutro-phil production and function and the potential clinical uses of hematopoietic growth factors and glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of hematological and infectious diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ESTROGEN AND BRAIN VASCULAR INFLAMMATION IN DIABETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pelligrino, Dale A.; Professor; Anesthesiology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-2004; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The neuro-and vasculoprotective properties of estrogen have been amply demonstrated in laboratory investigations. However, clinically, there are indications that hormone replacement therapy in women may not be beneficial, and even detrimental. The present project is based upon the concept that clinically-relevant circumstances may occur where estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is no longer neuroprotective, but neurotoxic. One such circumstance is diabetes/chronic hyperglycemia (CH). Recent results showed that, whereas chronic "physiologic" ERT, in non-diabetic, ovariectomized (OVX) rats protects the brain against ischemic damage, ERT in diabetic OVX females exacerbates the damage. This project is designed to

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delineate the mechanisms behind this "transformation". The rationale derives from the parallel observations that CH promotes an increase in the levels of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), while ERT promotes an increased expression of the AGE receptor, RAGE, on cerebrovascular endothelial cells. The resultant increase in RAGE activation unleashes a cascade leading to a sustained increase in the activity of the proinflammatory transcriptional regulator, NFkB, and a heightened potential for cerebral inflammatory activity following an ischemic insult. The 4 specific aims of this proposal are guided by the following hypotheses: 1) ERT in diabetic (streptozotocin-treated, chronically [>1 mo] hyperglycemic) OVX females will exacerbate, while ERT in nondiabetics will attenuate post-ischemic (transient forebrain ischemia) cerebrovascular inflammation, as reflected by the extent to which leukocytes adhere to pial venules. 2) Blocking RAGE, its ligands (e.g., AGE), or its downstream effector, NFkB, either via antisense or pharmacologic inhibitor treatments, will prevent the pro-adhesive action of ERT in diabetics. 3) Preventing leukocyte adhesion (via leukopenia), in addition to AGE, RAGE or NFkB blockade, will prevent ERT-associated exacerbation of ischemic brain damage. 4) Chronic progesterone (P) replacement, when combined with ERT, will prevent the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic actions seen with ERT alone in the diabetic OVX female. Results will be evaluated based upon whether the females are intact, OVX, or OVX + 17B-estradiol (E2)-treated (or E2+P-treated), and whether the rats are diabetic or non-diabetic. The principal variables to be monitored will be postischemic (0-10h reperfusion) pial venular adhesion of rhodamine-6G-labeled leukocytes; neuronal cell loss (at 72h reperfusion); and expression of key proteins. The established technique being used for quantitating leukocyte adhesion involves chronic placement of closed cranial windows, intravital microscopy/videometry, and computer-assisted image processing. The results of these studies will permit us to gain an understanding of some of the mechanisms behind estrogen's conversion to the "dark side" and should lead to improvements in the clinical efficacy of hormone replacement treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EVALUATION OF THYMIC MASS IN HIV DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccune, Joseph M.; Senior Investigator, Professor and Assoc; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION BY HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS AG Principal Investigator & Institution: Rikihisa, Yasuko; Professor; Veterinary Biosciences; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is a new tick-borne zoonosis that is increasingly recognized as a threat to public health in the United States. HGE is a systemic febrile illness often accompanied by hematological abnormalities including leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. It frequently requires prolonged hospitalization and when the treatment is delayed due to misdiagnosis or in immunocompromised patients, HGE can be fatal. HGE is caused by infection of peripheral blood granulocytes with an obligate intracellular bacterium, an

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ehrlichia sp. called an HGE agent. The investigators previously showed that a family of 44-kDa-range major outer membrane proteins of the HGE agent is the immunodominant antigen in human infection. They demonstrated that 44-kDa proteins (P44s) are encoded by a multigene family. Their recent study indicates that there are a total of approximately 18 copies of p44 genes and the HGE agent in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, expresses 5 of them. These p44 genes are expressed at different sites that are widely distributed throughout the genome, suggesting a potential unique mechanism of providing antigenic diversity in the HGE agent. This system of P44 major surface proteins may provide an instructive model for studying adaptive genetic strategies, and fundamental surface properties, of several ehrlichial species contributing to human and animal diseases. Structural and combinatorial variation in P44 profiles expressed on the unique intracellular bacterial surface, may profoundly affect in-host adaptive capabilities of ehrlichiae. Their specific aims will address important questions in the understanding of this prototype system, including: (1) the degree, pattern and variation of p44 genes expressed by the HGE agent in its different hosts (tick vector, rodent reservoir, and accidental host), (2) the range of variation in the natural repertoire of p44 genes and expression among HGE agent strains, (3) the antibody response to each P44 protein in infected animals and humans, and (4) P44 protein interactions and p44 gene expression mechanisms. Approaches include RT-PCR and sequencing-based characterization of p44 genes expressed by HGE agents in experimentally infected animals and ticks and in several human isolates, cloning the p44 genes expressed, analysis of antibody responses to individual P44-specific peptides, analysis of P44 complexes and a unique mRNA splicing mechanism. These efforts are expected to reveal an important role for the p44-multigene family in strategies of adaptive surface variation and avoidance of host immune responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HEMORRHAGIC DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Aster, Richard H.; Senior Investigator; Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wi 532012178 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1970; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Target molecules recognized by platelet-reactive antibodies. The role played by rare platelet-specific antigens as triggers for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NATP) will be characterized by studying mother/father pairs of unresolved NATP cases. Recombinant target proteins will be developed to facilitate NATP diagnosis. The biology of a newly identified genetic trait (highexpression of blood group A and B antigens on platelets) and its significance in platelet transfusion and neonatal thrombocytopenia will be examined. The 5b (HNA-3a) neutrophil/platelet alloantigen, a cause of fatal transfusion reactions in patients transfused with anti-5b, will be characterized. Drug-induced immune cytopenia (DIIC) induced by drugs other than heparin. Mechanisms by which drugs induce drugdependent antibodies, promote binding of these antibodies to their targets and cause blood cell destruction will be examined at a molecular level. The importance of drug metabolites as triggers for these antibodies will be defined. The possibility that drugdependent antibodies specific for markers on endothelial cells influence the clinical course of DIIC will be explored. Improved methods for diagnosis of DIIC will be developed. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/ thrombosis (HIT). Studies will be undertaken in a large cohort of patients suspected of having HIT to resolve the question of whether antibodies specific for IL-8, a CXC chemokine homologous to PF4, have a role in pathogenesis. Pathogenesis of other immune-mediated platelet disorders.

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Patients with other immune-mediated platelet disorders relevant to the objectives of this grant will be studies as time and resources permit. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST EHRLICHIOSIS

GENE

EXPRESSION

DURING

GRANULOCYTIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Carlyon, Jason A.; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002 Summary: Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is a newly recognized, tick-borne infection. The HGE agent colonizes neutrophils, resulting in fever, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The HGE agent can be propagated in promyelocytic HL-60 cells, facilitating in vitro pathogenesis studies. Preliminary studies in our laboratory suggest that during residence in HL-60 cells, the HGE agent prevents the respiratory burst by downregulating transcription of gp91phox, an integral component of NADPH oxidase, by a currently undefined mechanism. Deciphering how the HGE agent inhibits gp91phox expression and identifying other host cell genes that are differentially expressed during infection are crucial to the rational design of therapies and vaccines. Therefore, transcriptional studies using retinoic acid-induced HL-60 cells, metamyelocytic PLB-985 cells, and a murine model of granulocytic ehrlichiosis will be performed to determine if gp91phox expression is inhibited by the HGE agent during residence in differentiated myeloid cells and mammalian infection, respectively. RTPCR and immunoblot analyses will assess whether the HGE agent blocks gp91phox transcription by inhibiting expression of gp91phox transcriptional regulators. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays will define whether binding of the gp91phox transcriptional regulators is inhibited by the HGE agent. These studies, in addition to providing a greater understanding of HGE, may also offer clues as to the intracellular survival mechanisms of other microbial pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MODEL FOR THE PREVENTION OF POST-TRANSPLANT SKIN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Vanbuskirk, Anne M.; Assistant Professor; Surgery; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 09-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Immunosuppressed individuals have an increased risk of developing ultraviolet-radiation (UV)-induced non-melanoma skin cancer. Transplant recipients have the highest risk, 100-250 times that of the general population, and tend to develop multiple, aggressive squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). The immunobiology of post-transplant skin cancer, including the influence of immunosuppresslon on skin cancer development, has not been systematically investigated, and few clinical trials have been undertaken to prevent skin cancer in transplant patients. An appropriate animal model would greatly enhance studies aimed at 1) determining the mechanism by which immunosuppressive therapy enhances the risk of SCC, 2) testing the feasibility of chemoprevention strategies for reducing susceptibility to SCC in transplant patients, and 3) comparing the efficacy of different chemotherapeutic approaches in this population. CD4-leukopenia is considered a risk factor for skin cancer in transplant patients, and at least 23% of transplant patients have significantly reduced numbers of circulating CD4+ T cells. Our preliminary data

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demonstrate that depletion of CD4+ cells enhances UVB-induced inflammation and the development of skin tumors in hairless mice (Figures 3, 5-7). These observations provide us with two early markers of increased skin tumor susceptibility: cutaneous inflammation and systemic CD4+ T cell depletion. This application defines and develops an animal model appropriate for chemoprevention studies in post-transplant skin cancer, by characterizing the early inflammatory changes in skin that are predictive of increased skin tumor risk under conditions of immunosuppression (Specific Aim 1), and characterizing tumor multiplicity and tumor progression in hairless mice treated with clinically relevant immunosuppressants (Specific Aim 2). Our model will provide us with an experimental system suitable for studying underlying mechanisms of effective chemoprevention strategies in immunosuppressed individuals. Our team of investigators is uniquely able to develop and define this model due to complementary expertise in transplant and cellular immunology (VanBuskirk), photo-carcinogenesis (Oberyszyn, Kusewitt), chemoprevention (Oberyszyn) and mouse pathobiology (Kusewitt). This model will provide the pre-clinical basis for new clinical trials in immunosuppressed patients, who are at extremely high risk for developing lifethreatening, UV-induced SCC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NON-TOXIC HUMAN INTERFERON-ALPHA ANALOG Principal Investigator & Institution: Villarete, Lorelie H.; Pepgen Corporation 1255 Harbor Bay Pky, Ste B Alameda, Ca 94502 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The clinically available forms of human interferon (IFN) alpha-IFNalpha2alpha (Roferon-A), IFNalpha2b (Intron). Consensus IFN and pegylated IFNs (PEG Intron and Pegasys) - are useful in the treatment of several viral diseases and cancers. However, when used at therapeutic doses they produce frequent and sometimes serious side effects, including fever, myalgia, CNS effects and leukopenia, which limit their use. IFNinterferon, a structurally related interferon in ruminants, has similar antiviral and antitumor properties as the IFNalpha's but little or no toxicity. However, as a xenoprotein IFNinterferon is not a suitable candidate for development as a parenteral drug for humans. We have synthesized an analog of human IFNalpha2b, NLVgalpha2b, which contains five amino acid substitutions at positions19, 20, 22, 24 and 27 using residues from the corresponding positions in the IFNinterferon molecule. The in vitro and in vivo data from our SBIR phase I study demonstrated that these substitutions conferred markedly reduced cellular toxicity on the resulting molecule without diminishing its antiviral and antitumor activities. In this phase II project we will advance NLVgalpha2b into preclinical development by optimizing expression of this recombinant IFN in yeast, producing pegylated as well as unpegylated preparations and subjecting them to rigorous evaluation in well established animal models. The antiviral, anticancer, immunogenicity and toxicity profiles of NLVgalpha2b will be compared with those of commercially available IFNalpha2b. If this project is successful, it should be possible to administer NLVgalpha2b to patients in higher doses than can be achieved with current IFNalpha's, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

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Project Title: TRIAL OF STIMULATING FACTOR

RECOMBINANT

GRANULOCYTE

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COLONY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ohls, Robin; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for leukopenia in the PubMed Central database: •

Bioavailability of Aciclovir after Oral Administration of Aciclovir and Its Prodrug Valaciclovir to Patients with Leukopenia after Chemotherapy. by Steingrimsdottir H, Gruber A, Palm C, Grimfors G, Kalin M, Eksborg S.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89657

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Pathogenesis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Leukopenia in Mice. by Wang E, Simard M, Ouellet N, Bergeron Y, Beauchamp D, Bergeron MG.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128150

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Severe Leukopenia and Dysregulated Erythropoiesis in SCID Mice Persistently Infected with the Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice. by Segovia JC, Gallego JM, Bueren JA, Almendral JM.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104416

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with leukopenia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for leukopenia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

"Leukopenia: idiopathic or drug-induced"--how to differentiate? Author(s): Shoenfeld Y. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 July 22; 307(4): 251. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7088077

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"Yersinia enterocolitica" associated with gastroenteritis and leukopenia. Author(s): Giraldi V, Chiesa C, Romagnoli E, Midulla M. Source: Ann Sclavo. 1979 July-August; 21(4): 468-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=554545

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6-Thioguanine nucleotide accumulation in red blood cells during maintenance chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and its relation to leukopenia. Author(s): Schmiegelow K, Bruunshuus I. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1990; 26(4): 288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2369793

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A case report of leukopenia associated with phenelzine. Author(s): Tipermas A, Gilman HE, Russakoff LM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 June; 141(6): 806-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6731626

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A comparative clinical study on prevention and treatment with selected chronomedication of leukopenia induced by chemotherapy. Author(s): Li Y, Yu G. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1993 December; 13(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8139273

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A study of the response of the leukopenia of rheumatoid arthritis to gold salt therapy. Author(s): Mastaglia GL, Owen ET. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1981 July-August; 8(4): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6795350

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A study on hemodialysis leukopenia using various dialyzers. Author(s): Shin J, Matsuo M, Shinko S, Fujita Y, Inoue S, Sakai R, Nishioka M. Source: J Dial. 1980; 4(1): 51-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7410678

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A study on the mechanism of anemia and leukopenia in liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Ohki I, Dan K, Kuriya S, Nomura T. Source: Jpn J Med. 1988 May; 27(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3418979

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A transient leukopenia during hemodialysis. Author(s): Ito T, Matsui E, Niwa T, Sugiura M, Kojima T. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1970 September; 34(9): 771-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5537673

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Accelerated recovery from gamma-irradiation-induced leukopenia in mice by the biscoclaurine alkaloid, Cepharanthin--comparison with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Author(s): Kumazawa Y, Kaneko M, Inagaki K, Matsuzaki N, Nomoto K. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1990; 12(5): 523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1698736

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Activation of the cytokine network by muroctasin as a remedy for leukopenia and thrombopenia. Author(s): Furuse K, Sakuma A. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1989 August; 39(8): 915-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2684174

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Acute leukopenia as an allergic reaction to silver sulfadiazine in burn patients. Author(s): Chan CK, Jarrett F, Moylan JA. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1976 May; 16(5): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1271503

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Acute leukopenia associated with silver sulfadiazine therapy. Author(s): Valente P, Axelrod JL. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1978 February; 18(2): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=633424

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Acute leukopenia during topical burn therapy with silver sulfadiazine. Author(s): Jarrett F, Ellerbe S, Demling R. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1978 June; 135(6): 818-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=665909

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Adult respiratory distress-like syndrome during hemodialysis: relationship between activation of complement, leukopenia, and release of granulocyte elastase. Author(s): Knudsen F, Nielsen AH, Pedersen JO, Grunnet N, Jersild C. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1985 July; 8(4): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3850856

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Agranulocytosis, leukopenia, and psychotropic drugs. Author(s): Litvak R, Kaelbling R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1971 March; 24(3): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5100620

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Alcoholism, leukopenia, and pneumococcal sepsis. Author(s): Perlino CA, Rimland D. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 October; 132(4): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4051312

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Aminoglutethimide-induced leukopenia: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Gez E, Sulkes A. Source: Oncology. 1984; 41(6): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6504495

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An application of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhGCSF) in a case of hepatocellular carcinoma combined with liver cirrhosis in which leukopenia developed after chemoembolization. Author(s): Furukawa H, Hara T, Hoshino K, Taniguchi T. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1991 December; 26(6): 779-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1722472

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Anaphylatoxin C5a generation and dialysis-induced leukopenia with different hemodialyzer membranes. Author(s): Aljama P, Martin-Malo A, Castillo D, Velasco F, Torres A, Perez R, Castro M. Source: Blood Purification. 1986; 4(1-3): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730166

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Ascertainment corrected prevalence rate (ACPR) of leukopenia in workers exposed to benzene in small-scale industries calculated with capture-recapture methods. Author(s): Xia ZL, Jin XP, Lu PL, Gu XQ, LaPorte RE, Tajima N. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 1995 March; 8(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7605597

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Azathioprine-induced leukopenia--clinical significance in renal transplantation. Author(s): Pollak R, Nishikawa RA, Mozes MF, Jonasson O. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 1980 September; 29(3): 258-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6997622

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Azlocillin, cephalothin, and tobramycin therapy in febrile solid tumor patients with chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Lowenbraun S, Fox N, Cunitz D. Source: Cancer. 1987 July 1; 60(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3581029

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Beneficial effect of pre-transplant splenectomy for leukopenia in primary cadaver kidney transplants. Author(s): Barry JM, Larson B, Fischer SM, Norman DJ, Bennett WM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1983 March; 129(3): 479-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6339747

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Benign familial leukopenia and neutropenia in different ethnic groups. Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Alkan ML, Asaly A, Carmeli Y, Katz M. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1988 September; 41(3): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3181399

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Beta-lactam antibiotic-induced leukopenia in severe hepatic dysfunction. Author(s): Collazos J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 November; 97(5): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7977443

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Beta-Lactam antibiotic-induced leukopenia in severe hepatic dysfunction: risk factors and implications for dosing in patients with liver disease. Author(s): Singh N, Yu VL, Mieles LA, Wagener MM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1993 March; 94(3): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8452148

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Bioavailability of aciclovir after oral administration of aciclovir and its prodrug valaciclovir to patients with leukopenia after chemotherapy. Author(s): Steingrimsdottir H, Gruber A, Palm C, Grimfors G, Kalin M, Eksborg S. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 January; 44(1): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10602752

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Biocompatibility of different hemodialysis membranes: activation of complement and leukopenia. Author(s): Wegmuller E, Montandon A, Nydegger U, Descoeudres C. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1986 March; 9(2): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3699914

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Captopril-induced granulocyte aggregation. A possible complement mediated mechanism of peripheral leukopenia. Author(s): Di Perri T, Laghi Pasini F, Ceccatelli L, Pasqui AL, Capecchi PL, Orrico A. Source: J Immunopharmacol. 1982-83; 4(3): 199-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6764221

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Case report: reversal of severe leukopenia by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Fukudo S, Tanaka A, Muranaka M, Sasaki M, Iwahashi S, Nomura T, Tashiro A, Hoshino A. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1993 May; 305(5): 314-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7683451

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CD4+ T cell-mediated leukopenia of Felty's syndrome successfully treated with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor and methotrexate. Author(s): Hoshina Y, Moriuchi J, Nakamura Y, Arimori S, Ichikawa Y. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1994 February; 37(2): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7510488

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Cellulosic membrane induced leukopenia after reprocessing with sodium hypochlorite. Author(s): Rancourt M, Senger K, DeOreo P. Source: Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1984; 30: 49-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6533927

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Changes in electrical charge of leukocyte surface membranes during hemodialysis. Possible role in transient leukopenia. Author(s): Teraoka S, Hayasaka Y, Shoji H, Mineshima M, Suzuki T, Sasaki Y, Sato M, Hoshino T, Era K, Tojinbara T, et al. Source: Asaio Trans. 1988 July-September; 34(3): 608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3196572

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Chills, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia and anemia. Some clinical comments on kala-azar. Author(s): Gharib M, Ziai M. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1967 May; 6(5): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6023160

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Cimetidine-associated thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Author(s): Collen MJ. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1980 March; 132(3): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7053220

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Cimetidine-induced leukopenia: case reports. Author(s): Khokhar N, Akavaram NR. Source: Military Medicine. 1980 December; 145(12): 853-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6779235

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Cimetidine-induced, immune-mediated leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Mar DD, Brandstetter RD, Miskovitz PF, Fotino M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1982 October; 75(10): 1283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7123309

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Clearance of human herpesvirus 8 from blood and regression of leukopeniaassociated aggressive classic Kaposi's sarcoma during interferon-alpha therapy: a case report. Author(s): Monini P, Sirianni MC, Franco M, Vincenzi L, Topino S, Goletti D, Leone P, Leone P, Chiozzini C, Nicastri E, Andreoni M, Borduagni O, Sgadari C, Rezza G, Sturzl M, Ensoli B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 November 15; 33(10): 1782-5. Epub 2001 October 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11641829

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Clinical effects of cepharanthin (Ceph.) on leukopenia by chemotherapy in lung cancer patients. Author(s): Saito R, Tsuchiya S, Ishizuka T, Fueki N, Ezawa K, Minato K, Nakano H, Takise A, Kurihara M, Fueki R. Source: Nippon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi. 1989 December 20; 24(11): 2587-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2559129

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Clinical observation on therapeutic effect of acupuncture at zusanli for leukopenia. Author(s): Wei Z. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 June; 18(2): 94-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10437222

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Clinical study of the effect of the preparation DEODAN on leukopenia, induced by cytostatics. Author(s): Krusteva E, Hristova S, Damyanov D, Bogdanov A, Altaparmakov I, Pacelli E. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1997 September-October; 19(910): 487-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9637343

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Clinicopathological Conference. Neonate with jaundice and leukopenia. Author(s): Ashbaugh JA, Blake JM. Source: S D J Med. 1982 May; 35(5): 17-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6955946

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Clinicopathological conference: fever, anemia, and leukopenia. Author(s): Bruno MS, Ober WB. Source: N Y State J Med. 1969 July 15; 69(14): 2025-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5256183

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Clopidogrel-associated leukopenia. Author(s): McCarthy MW, Kockler DR. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 February; 37(2): 216-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12549951

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Cloxacillin-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Clotet B, Martinez Vea A, Rubies-Prat J, Foz Sala M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1985 August; 145(8): 1531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4026483

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Colchicine-induced leukopenia in a patient with familial Mediterranean fever: the cause and a possible approach. Author(s): Ben-Chetrit E, Navon P. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 July-August; 21(4 Suppl 30): S38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727458

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Colony-stimulating factor for treatment of leukopenia after kidney allografting. Author(s): Tajima A, Aso Y, Kawabe K, Suzuki K, Ohtawara Y, Ohta N, Hata M, Nakano M, Ushiyama T, Ueda D. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1991 February; 23(1 Pt 2): 1369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1703338

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Comparison of leukopenia between cytarabine and behenoyl cytarabine in JALSG AML-89 consolidation therapy. The Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. Author(s): Miyawaki S, Kobayashi T, Tanimoto M, Kuriyama K, Murakami H, Yoshida M, Minami S, Minato K, Tsubaki K, Omoto E, Oh H, Jinnai I, Sakamaki H, Hiraoka A, Kanamaru A, Takahashi I, Saito K, Naoe T, Yamada O, Asou N, Kageyama S, Emi N, Ueda T, Tomonaga M, Ohno R, et al. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 1999 July; 70(1): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10446497

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Comparison of two strategies for the treatment of radiogenic leukopenia using granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Author(s): Adamietz IA, Rosskopf B, Dapper FD, von Lieven H, Boettcher HD. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1996 April 1; 35(1): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8641928

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Complement (C5-a)-induced granulocyte aggregation in vitro. A possible mechanism of complement-mediated leukostasis and leukopenia. Author(s): Craddock PR, Hammerschmidt D, White JG, Dalmosso AP, Jacob HS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1977 July; 60(1): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=874088

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Conditioning of cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia in humans. Author(s): Giang DW, Goodman AD, Schiffer RB, Mattson DH, Petrie M, Cohen N, Ader R. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1996 Spring; 8(2): 194-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9081556

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Congenital lipomatosis of the pancreas. Malabsorption, dwarfism, leukopenia with relative granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Goldstein R. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1968 July; 7(7): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5665293

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Continuing treatment with novel antipsychotic drugs despite leukopenia or thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Jackson RS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 July; 58(7): 706-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11448379

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Cytokine responsiveness of mitogen-activated T cells derived from acute leukemia patients with chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Bruserud O, Ulvestad E. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 2000 November; 20(11): 94754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11096451

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Decreased protein binding of mycophenolic acid associated with leukopenia in a pancreas transplant recipient with renal failure. Author(s): Kaplan B, Gruber SA, Nallamathou R, Katz SM, Shaw LM. Source: Transplantation. 1998 April 27; 65(8): 1127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9583876

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Deterioration of oxygenation and abnormal lung microvascular permeability during resolution of leukopenia in patients with diffuse lung injury. Author(s): Rinaldo JE, Borovetz H. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 April; 131(4): 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3994152

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Dialysis leukopenia and hypoxemia in a patient without measurable complement activity. Author(s): Fontana L, Perricone R, De Carolis C, Mazzarella V, Taccone-Gallucci M, Casciani CU. Source: Ric Clin Lab. 1985 October-December; 15(4): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2422719

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Dialysis leukopenia, hypoxemia, and anaphylatoxin formation: effect of membrane, bath, and citrate anticoagulation. Author(s): Wiegmann TB, MacDougall ML, Diederich DA. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1988 May; 11(5): 418-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3259402

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Disseminated infection caused by Mycobacterium avium. Report of a case with associated leukopenia. Author(s): Lakshminarayan S, Sahn S. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973 July; 108(1): 123-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4715959

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Do cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced leukopenia benefit from an antiseptic chlorhexidine-based oral rinse? A double-blind, block-randomized, controlled study. Author(s): Pitten FA, Kiefer T, Buth C, Doelken G, Kramer A. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2003 April; 53(4): 283-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660125

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Does chemotherapy-induced leukopenia predict a response in small-cell lung cancer? Author(s): Jereczek-Fossa B, Jassem J, Karnicka-Mlodkowska H, Badzio A, MosAntkowaik R, Krawczyk K, Kowal E, Pilarska-Machowicz A, Radzikowska E, Malak K. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1998; 124(2): 106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9654193

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Dose-dependent olanzapine-associated leukopenia: three case reports. Author(s): Kodesh A, Finkel B, Lerner AG, Kretzmer G, Sigal M. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 March; 16(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11236070

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Drug-induced leukopenia and aplastic anemia. Author(s): Pisciotta AV. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1971 January-February; 12(1): 13-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4927148

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Drug-induced leukopenia in a diabetic patient with larvate endophthalmitis. Author(s): Montero JA, Sanchis E, Ruiz-Moreno JM. Source: Eye (London, England). 2004 February; 18(2): 211; Discussion 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14762426

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Edema, proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia in infants of preeclamptic mothers. Author(s): Mirro R, Brown DR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 December 1; 144(7): 851-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7148908

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Effect of dialyzer reuse on leukopenia, hypoxemia and total hemolytic complement system. Author(s): Hakim RM, Lowrie EG. Source: Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1980; 26: 159-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7245475

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Effect of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and reduced glutathione (GSH) on drug-induced leukopenia in golden Syrian hamsters. Author(s): Citarrella P, Gebbia V, Miceli S, Palmeri S, Rausa L. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1990 September-October; 22 Suppl 1: 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1704624

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Effect of physical effort on the white blood cells in benign familial leukopenia. Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Aloni D, Keren G, Shaklai M, Djaldetti M, Pinkhas J. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1981; 65(2): 108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6785955

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Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on HIV-related leukopenia: a randomized, controlled clinical study. Author(s): Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Grisorio B, Soldini M, Barbarini G. Source: Aids (London, England). 1997 October; 11(12): 1453-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9342067

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Effect of regional citrate anticoagulation on leukopenia, complement activation, and expression of leukocyte surface molecules during hemodialysis with unmodified cellulose membranes. Author(s): Dhondt A, Vanholder R, Tielemans C, Glorieux G, Waterloos MA, De Smet R, Lameire N. Source: Nephron. 2000 August; 85(4): 334-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10940744

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Effects of cefotetan disodium, cefoxitin, cefazolin, and cefotaxime in vitro on polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with leukopenia and severe pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Ford LC, Nilsson JD, Hammill HA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 March; 158(3 Pt 2): 744-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3162655

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Efficacy and tolerability of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor in patients with chemotherapy-related leukopenia and fever. Author(s): Biesma B, de Vries EG, Willemse PH, Sluiter WJ, Postmus PE, Limburg PC, Stern AC, Vellenga E. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1990; 26(9): 932-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2149017

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Efficacy of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for chemotherapy-induced leukopenia in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Author(s): Eguchi K, Kabe J, Kudo S, Mano K, Morinari H, Nakada K, Noda K, Saito Y, Tanaka T, Uzawa T, et al. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1994; 34(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8174201

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Ehrlichia antibodies, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in initial phase of tick-borne encephalitis. Author(s): Lotric-Furlan S, Petrovec M, Avsic-Zupanc T, Strle F. Source: Infection. 1998 July-August; 26(4): 253. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9717688

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Episodic leukopenia associated with amphotericin B. Author(s): Stein JB, Tolle SW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1983 March; 76(3): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6828914

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Erythroblastopenia and leukopenia in the patient with severe herpes zoster treated with intravenous acyclovir. Author(s): Tuncer AM, Evis B, Kunak B, Akcayoz N, Ertem U. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1989 October-December; 31(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2486432

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European best practice guidelines for renal transplantation. Section IV: Long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV.9.2. Haematological complications. Leukopenia. Author(s): EBPG Expert Group on Renal Transplantation. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002; 17 Suppl 4: 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12091648

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Evaluation of the mechanisms of antiepileptic drug-related chronic leukopenia. Author(s): O'Connor CR, Schraeder PL, Kurland AH, O'Connor WH. Source: Epilepsia. 1994 January-February; 35(1): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8112238

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Expression of a human multidrug resistance cDNA (MDR1) in the bone marrow of transgenic mice: resistance to daunomycin-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Galski H, Sullivan M, Willingham MC, Chin KV, Gottesman MM, Pastan I, Merlino GT. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1989 October; 9(10): 4357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2573831

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Familial leukopenia among Yemenite Jews. Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Weinberger A, Avishar R, Zamir R, Gazit E, Joshua H, Pinkhas J. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1978 December; 14(12): 1271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=748240

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Fever and leukopenia in a 2-year-old. Author(s): Spector SA, Goscienski P, Spector SA, Hilton S, Kleiner B. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1983 January; 138(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6837021

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Fever, leukopenia, and a cutaneous lesion in a man who had recently traveled in Africa. Author(s): Panosian CB, Cohen L, Bruckner D, Berlin G, Hardy WD. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991 November-December; 13(6): 1131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1775846

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Fever, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia in a patient with acute Lyme borreliosis were due to human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Author(s): Weber R, Pusterla N, Loy M, Lutz H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 January; 26(1): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455582

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Frequency of leukopenia incidents following azathioprine therapy after kidney transplantation. Author(s): Oesterwitz H, Horpacsy G, May G, Mebel M. Source: European Urology. 1978; 4(3): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=350587

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Functional characterization of T lymphocytes derived from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Wendelbo O, Nesthus I, Sjo M, Paulsen K, Ernst P, Bruserud O. Source: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : Cii. 2004 August; 53(8): 740-7. Epub 2004 May 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15133630

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Further delineation of the Cohen syndrome; report on chorioretinal dystrophy, leukopenia and consanguinity. Author(s): Norio R, Raitta C, Lindahl E. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1984 January; 25(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705238

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Fusidic acid-induced leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Liao YM, Chiu CF, Ho MW, Hsueh CT. Source: J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 July; 66(7): 429-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14509406

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Ga-67 uptake unsuppressed by leukopenia and intense antibiotic therapy. Author(s): Gorenberg M, Groshar D, Even-Sapir E, Ben-Haim S, Israel O, Front D. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1992 February; 17(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1563190

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Granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the treatment of alcohol abuse, leukopenia, and pneumococcal sepsis. Author(s): Grimsley EW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 February; 88(2): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7530862

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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for gastrointestinal perforation in patients with leukopenia. Author(s): Nishida T, Hasegawa J, Nakao K, Fujita N. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1996 May; 40(5): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8614070

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Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the therapy of cytomegalovirus and ganciclovir-induced leukopenia in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Kutsogiannis DJ, Crowther MA, Lazarovits AI. Source: Transplantation. 1992 April; 53(4): 930-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1314441

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Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor levels during hemodialysis-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Kolb G, Klausmann M, Eckle I, Muller T, Lange H, Havemann K. Source: Nephron. 1993; 65(3): 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290002

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Haemostatic and fibrinolytic parameters in septic patients with leukopenia or leukocytosis. Author(s): Saito M, Asakura H, Jokaji H, Uotani C, Kumabashiri I, Morishita E, Yamazaki M, Yoshida T, Aoshima K, Matsuda T. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1995 March; 54(3): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7720838

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Heat exhaustion with thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in a car wash attendant. Author(s): Lohiya S, Lohiya GS, Humerez R. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 June; 52(2): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8638634

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Hematologic evaluation of employees with leukopenia. Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California. Author(s): Luiken GA, Marsh WL Jr, Heath VC, Long HL 3rd, Weatherly TL, Seal GM. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 December; 90(6): 679-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3195497

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Hemodialysis leukopenia and complement function with different dialyzers. Author(s): Amadori A, Candi P, Sasdelli M, Massai G, Favilla S, Passaleva A, Ricci M. Source: Kidney International. 1983 December; 24(6): 775-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6562280

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Hemodialysis leukopenia and polymorph random mobility-a possible correlation. Author(s): Henderson LW, Miller ME, Hamilton RW, Norman ME. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1975 February; 85(2): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=803539

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Hemodialysis leukopenia. Pulmonary vascular leukostasis resulting from complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes. Author(s): Craddock PR, Fehr J, Dalmasso AP, Brighan KL, Jacob HS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1977 May; 59(5): 879-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=856872

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High IL-6 serum levels are associated with septic shock and mortality in septic patients with severe leukopenia due to hematological malignancies. Author(s): Antonelli M, Raponi GM, Martino P, Rosa G, Conti G, Jalouk J, Gasparetto A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995; 27(4): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8658074

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High-dose cyclophosphamide in patients with operable breast cancer: recombinant human GM-CSF ameliorates drug-induced leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Bregni M, Siena S, Ravagnani F, Bonadonna G, Gianni AM. Source: Haematologica. 1990 January-February; 75 Suppl 1: 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2190885

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Human myelopoiesis in culture of liquid medium lacking colony stimulating factors: therapeutic implications for cancer patients with leukopenia. Author(s): Diamandopoulos GT. Source: Anticancer Res. 1994 September-October; 14(5A): 1695-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7847803

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Hyperglycinemia with ketoacidosis and leukopenia. Metabolic studies on the nature of the defect. Author(s): Soriano JR, Taitz LS, Finberg L, Edelmann CM Jr. Source: Pediatrics. 1967 June; 39(6): 818-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6026548

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Hyponatremia and leukopenia associated with oxcarbazepine following carbamazepine therapy. Author(s): Ryan M, Adams AG, Larive LL. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 September 1; 58(17): 1637-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11556658

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Ibopamine-induced reversible leukopenia during treatment for congestive heart failure. Author(s): Said SA, Bucx JJ, Dankbaar H, Huizing G, van Gilst WH. Source: European Heart Journal. 1993 July; 14(7): 999-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8104147

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Idiosyncratic rifabutin-induced leukopenia and SIADH: case report and review. Author(s): Chitre MM, Berenson CS. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 April; 21(4): 493-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11310523

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Immunological studies on the nature of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis and leukopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Sugimoto M, Wakabayashi Y, Shiokawa Y, Takaku F. Source: Ryumachi. 1981; 21 Suppl: 51-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7344136

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Immunomodulatory effects of moxifloxacin in comparison to ciprofloxacin and GCSF in a murine model of cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Shalit I, Kletter Y, Halperin D, Waldman D, Vasserman E, Nagler A, Fabian I. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2001 May; 66(5): 287-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422407

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Incidence of leukopenia and cytomegalovirus disease in kidney transplants treated with mycophenolate mofetil combined with low cyclosporine and steroid doses. Author(s): Moreso F, Seron D, Morales JM, Cruzado JM, Gil-Vernet S, Perez JL, Fulladosa X, Andres A, Grinyo JM. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1998 June; 12(3): 198-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9642510

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Increase in total blood leukocyte count following intranasal administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) in rabbits with cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Watanabe Y, Kikuchi R, Kiriyama M, Nakagawa K, Oe J, Nomura H, Maruyama K, Matsumoto M. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1995 August; 18(8): 1084-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8535401

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Increased level of soluble HLA class I antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with anti-DNA antibodies and leukopenia. Author(s): Kippner L, Klint C, Sturfelt G, Bengtsson AA, Eriksson H, Truedsson L. Source: Journal of Autoimmunity. 2001 June; 16(4): 471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11437496

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Indirect-response model for the time course of leukopenia with anticancer drugs. Author(s): Minami H, Sasaki Y, Saijo N, Ohtsu T, Fujii H, Igarashi T, Itoh K. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 November; 64(5): 511-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9834043

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Infectious complications of febrile leukopenia. Author(s): Giamarellou H, Antoniadou A. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 15(2): 457-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11447706

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Initiation of clozapine therapy in a patient with preexisting leukopenia: a discussion of the rationale of current treatment options. Author(s): Boshes RA, Manschreck TC, Desrosiers J, Candela S, Hanrahan-Boshes M. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2001 December; 13(4): 233-7. Erratum In: Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002 June; 14(2): 141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11958365

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Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and circulating immune complexes after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery. Author(s): Moake JL, Kageler WV, Cimo PL, Blakely RW, Rossen RD, Haesse W. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1977 May; 86(5): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=851305

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Isolated lateral rectus muscle palsy associated with leukopenia in two adults. Author(s): Hochman MS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1982 October; 94(4): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7137280

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KF24345, an adenosine uptake inhibitor, suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and leukopenia via endogenous adenosine in mice. Author(s): Noji T, Takayama M, Mizutani M, Okamura Y, Takai H, Karasawa A, Kusaka H. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 January; 300(1): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752117

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Leukopenia -- a new immune mechanism. Author(s): LoBuglio A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 December 30; 295(27): 1533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=995162

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Leukopenia a guide toward pathogenesis. Author(s): Custer RP. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1965 November; 38(5): 536-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5834070

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Leukopenia after postmastectomy irradiation. Author(s): Lewis CL, Paterson E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 February 16; 235(7): 747-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=946294

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Leukopenia and anergy as predictors of AIDS. Author(s): Cohen RL, Oliver D, Pollard-Sigwanz C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1986 March 14; 255(10): 1289. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3944944

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Leukopenia

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Leukopenia and azathioprine management in renal homotransplantation. Author(s): Haesslein HC, Pierce JC, Lee HM, Hume DM. Source: Surgery. 1972 April; 71(4): 598-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4553659

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Leukopenia and complement activation induced by different dialysis membranes. Author(s): Man NK, Tien NQ, Lesavre P, Funck-Brentano JL. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1984; 37: 142-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6713867

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Leukopenia and granulocytopenia after oxacillin therapy. Author(s): Brook I. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1977 May; 70(5): 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=860144

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Leukopenia and hypoxemia. Unrelated effects of hemodialysis. Author(s): Dumler F, Levin NW. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1979 October; 139(10): 1103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=485741

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Leukopenia and low incidence of myocardial infarction. Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Pinkhas J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 June 25; 304(26): 1606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7231508

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Leukopenia and neutropenia associated with isotretinoin therapy. Author(s): Friedman SJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 March; 123(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2949709

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Leukopenia and remission during azathioprine treatment. Author(s): Filik L, Ulker A, Dagli U, Parlak E, Tunc B, Disibeyaz S. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 January; 17(1): 173. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492747

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Leukopenia and rheological anomalies in leukocytes during hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure. Author(s): Iijima S, Otsuka F, Takita T, Kikuchi Y. Source: Nephron. 1996; 74(3): 561-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8938681

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Leukopenia and silver sulfadiazine. Author(s): Caffee HH, Bingham HG. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1982 July; 22(7): 586-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7097818

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Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia as adverse effects of treatment with 5aminosalicylic suppositories. Author(s): Casellas F, Vallano A, Malagelada JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996 March; 22(2): 160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8742664

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Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia due to fusidic acid. Author(s): Leibowitz G, Golan D, Yeshurun D, Brezis M. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1991 June; 67(788): 591-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1924043

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Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in a patient with early Lyme borreliosis. Author(s): Gunthard HF, Peter O, Gubler J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 June; 22(6): 1119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8783732

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Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in hemodialysis patients with hepatitis B or C virus infection and non-hemodialysis patients with hepatitis cirrhosis. Author(s): Ng YY, Lin CC, Wu SC, Hwang SJ, Ho CH, Yang WC, Lee SD. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 April; 57(4): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12005245

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Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia secondary to clinoril therapy. Author(s): Stambaugh JE Jr, Gordon RL, Geller R. Source: Lancet. 1980 September 13; 2(8194): 594. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6106773

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Leukopenia as an unusual component of diphenylhydantoin hypersensitivity. A case with pruritus, rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, but low leukocyte count. Author(s): Cohen BL, Bovasso GJ. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1973 October; 12(10): 622-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4270344

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Leukopenia

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Leukopenia associated with addition of paroxetine to clozapine. Author(s): George TP, Innamorato L, Sernyak MJ, Baldessarini RJ, Centorrino F. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 January; 59(1): 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9491066

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Leukopenia associated with aminoglutethimide therapy: a case report. Author(s): Austerlitz J. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1982 October; 66(10): 1879. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7127328

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Leukopenia associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in newborn infants. Author(s): Zach TL, Steinhorn RH, Georgieff MK, Mills MM, Green TP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 March; 116(3): 440-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2308038

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Leukopenia associated with mebendazole therapy of hydatid disease. Author(s): Miskovitz PF, Javitt NB. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1980 November; 29(6): 1356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7446825

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Leukopenia associated with the use of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Author(s): Oldfield EC 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 August; 89(8): 1263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8053451

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Leukopenia due to a trimethoprim-azathioprine interaction. Author(s): Bailey RR. Source: N Z Med J. 1984 October 24; 97(766): 739. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6595562

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Leukopenia due to penicillin and cephalosporin homologues. Author(s): Homayouni H, Gross PA, Setia U, Lynch TJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1979 July; 139(7): 827-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=454076

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Leukopenia due to ticlopidine in a patient with chronic renal failure. Author(s): Bedani PL, Fiocchi O, Scapoli PL, Farinelli A. Source: Haematologica. 1984 September-October; 69(5): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6437940

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Leukopenia following treatment with thiothixene and haloperidol. Author(s): Cutler NR, Heiser JF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 December 28; 242(26): 2872-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=513257

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Leukopenia in acute thermal injury: evidence against topical silver sulfadiazine as the causative agent. Author(s): Thomson PD, Moore NP, Rice TL, Prasad JK. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1989 September-October; 10(5): 41820. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2793919

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Leukopenia in alcoholics. Author(s): Liu YK. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1973 May; 54(5): 605-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4701945

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Leukopenia in anorexia nervosa. Lack of increased risk of infection. Author(s): Bowers TK, Eckert E. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 October; 138(10): 1520-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=708174

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Leukopenia in Ethiopian Jews. Author(s): Berrebi A, Melamed Y, Van Dam U. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987 February 26; 316(9): 549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3808001

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Leukopenia in Negroes. Author(s): Broun GO Jr, Herbig FK, Hamilton JR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1966 December 22; 275(25): 1410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5956367

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Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: a survey. Author(s): Fuller FW, Engler PE. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1988 November-December; 9(6): 6069. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3220867

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Leukopenia in patients with cirrhosis who were treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. Author(s): Singh N, Yu VL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 December; 19(6): 1170. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7888563

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Leukopenia in Still's disease. Author(s): Scopelitis E, Perez M, Biundo JJ Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 November 2; 252(17): 2450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6481933

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Leukopenia induced by leuprolide acetate depot. Author(s): Grau E, Torrecilla T, Real E, Sempere J. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994 February; 28(2): 283-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8173155

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Leukopenia prognosis by radiation therapy of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Ivanov SD, Korytova LI, Yamshanov VA, Ilyn NV, Sibirtsev VS. Source: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1997 June; 16(2): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9261745

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Leukopenia prognosis during radiation therapy in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Ivanov SD, Korytova LI, Yamshanov VA, Ilyin NV, Sibirtsev VS. Source: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1997 December; 16(4): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9505215

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Leukopenia secondary to mycobacterium leprae. Author(s): Brooks BJ Jr, Alvarez S, Yoder L. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1990 February; 142(2): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2307895

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Leukopenia secondary to silver sulfadiazine: frequency, characteristics and clinical consequences. Author(s): Choban PS, Marshall WJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1987 September; 53(9): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3631764

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Leukopenia secondary to sulfadiazine silver. Author(s): Fraser GL, Beaulieu JT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 May 4; 241(18): 1928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=430776

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Leukopenia with cimetidine. Author(s): Iyer SK, Chandrasekhara KL. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1980 August; 72(8): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7401190

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Leukopenia with different regenerated haemodialysis membranes. Author(s): Ksiazek A, Sokolowska G, Marczewski K, Solski J. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1984; 16(1): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6724830

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Leukopenia with neutropenia associated with teicoplanin therapy. Author(s): Del Favero A, Patoia L, Bucaneve G, Biscarini L, Menichetti F. Source: Dicp. 1989 January; 23(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2524129

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Leukopenia, hypoxemia and complement activation during a single hemoperfusion. Author(s): Perricone R, Taccone-Gallucci M, de Carolis C, Fontana L, Mazzarella V, Morosetti M, Casciani CU. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1984; 37: 101-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6713861

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Leukopenia, hypoxemia, and complement activation during a single hemoperfusion. Author(s): Taccone-Gallucci M, Pericone R, De Carolis C, Fontana L, Mazzarella V, Morosetti M, Casciani CU. Source: Artificial Organs. 1984 May; 8(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6732541

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Leukopenia, hypoxia, and complement function with different hemodialysis membranes. Author(s): Jacob AI, Gavellas G, Zarco R, Perez G, Bourgoignie JJ. Source: Kidney International. 1980 October; 18(4): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7230613

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Leukopenia, leukoagglutinins, and low IgM in a family with severe febrile illnesses. Author(s): Silver HK, Shuster J, Gold P, Freedman SO. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1973 January; 1(2): 220-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4357797

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Leukopenia, neutropenia, and reduced hemoglobin levels in healthy American blacks. Author(s): Reed WW, Diehl LF. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 March; 151(3): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2001132

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Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and acute autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with an unusual (type 2/4) Hodgkin's disease: case report. Author(s): Costello RT, Xerri L, Bouabdallah R, Gastaut JA, Sainty D. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 August; 52(4): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8701964

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Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and Lyme borreliosis: is there an association? Author(s): Nadelman RB, Strle F, Horowitz HW, Agger WA, Wormser GP. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 May; 24(5): 1027-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9142830

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Leukopenia, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and folinic acid. Author(s): Hollander H. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985 January; 102(1): 138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3871317

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Leukopenia: idiopathic or drug-induced? Author(s): Gavras I, Gavras H. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 February 25; 306(8): 484. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7057850

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Lithium carbonate in the treatment of drug-induced leukopenia in patients with solid tumors. Author(s): Scanni A, Tomirotti M, Berra S, Licciardello L, Felicetta I, Bertolini G, Bregni M. Source: Tumori. 1980 December 31; 66(6): 729-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7015644

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Lithium counteracts carbamazepine-induced leukopenia while increasing its therapeutic effect. Author(s): Brewerton TD. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 June; 21(7): 677-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3708039

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Lithium, biphasic granulocytosis and antiblastic leukopenia prevention. Author(s): Marinone G, Marini G, Roncoli B, Rossi G, Verzura P. Source: Haematologica. 1980 October; 65(5): 686-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6780428

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Lithium, leukopenia and affective illness. Author(s): Kubacki A. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 April 1; 126(7): 767. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6804077

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Liver irradiation in children: acute changes with transient leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Tefft M, Traggis D, Filler RM. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1969 August; 106(4): 750-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4308791

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Long-term lithium treatment of psychotropic-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Yassa R, Nair V. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981 October; 138(10): 1392. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6117203

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Long-term prophylaxis of infection by selective decontamination in leukopenia and in mechanical ventilation. Author(s): Clasener HA, Vollaard EJ, van Saene HK. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1987 March-April; 9(2): 295-328. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3296099

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Low serum C3, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia: unusual features of henochschonlein purpura. Author(s): Krause I, Garty BZ, Davidovits M, Cleper R, Tamary H, Rosenmann E, Eisenstein B. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 November; 158(11): 906-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10541946

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L-Thyroxine-induced leukopenia in a patient with Hashimoto's disease: involvement of suppressor-cytotoxic T cells. Author(s): Lahat N, Sheinfeld M, Baron E, Glaser B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1985 November; 61(5): 980-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2931445

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Macrocytosis and leukopenia in Down's syndrome. Author(s): Akin K. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 February 12; 259(6): 842. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2961896

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Marked cyclic leukocytosis-leukopenia in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Rodriguez AR, Lutcher CL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1976 June; 60(7): 1041-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1084692

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Massive blood transfusion exceeding 50 units of plasma poor red cells or whole blood: the survival rate and the occurrence of leukopenia and acidosis. Author(s): Hakala P, Hiippala S, Syrjala M, Randell T. Source: Injury. 1999 November; 30(9): 619-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10707230

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Methazolamide-associated temporary leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Cohen AM, Prialnik M, Ben-Nissan DS, Savir H. Source: Dicp. 1989 January; 23(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2718485

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Metronidazole and transient leukopenia. Author(s): Taylor JA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1965 December 20; 194(12): 1331-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5898094

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Modification of clozapine-induced leukopenia and neutropenia with lithium carbonate. Author(s): Adityanjee. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 April; 152(4): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7694925

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Monocyte deactivation and its reversal in a patient with chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and severe systemic infection. Author(s): Bonig H, Korholz D, Lex C, Wolfel S, Gobel U. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2000 January; 34(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10611583

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Mortality, major amputation rates, and leukopenia after isolated limb perfusion with phenylalanine mustard for the treatment of melanoma. Author(s): Taber SW, Polk HC Jr. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 1997 July-August; 4(5): 440-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9259973

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Nefazodone- and/or sodium tetradecyl sulfate-associated leukopenia, fever, and shaking chills in a patient with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Author(s): Fogelson DL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 June; 17(3): 222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9169968

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Olanzapine-induced leukopenia with human leukocyte antigen profiling. Author(s): Buchman N, Strous RD, Ulman AM, Lerner M, Kotler M. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 January; 16(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11195261

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Omeprazole-induced leukopenia. A case report. Author(s): Odou P, Martin P, Membre S, Gressier B, Tamiji L, Dine T, Luyckx MM, Brunet C, Dehee D, Moulron S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1999 October; 24(5): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10583693

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Parvovirus infection causing red cell aplasia and leukopenia in rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Kamper AM, Malbrain M, Zachee P, Chew SL. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1994 March; 13(1): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8187436

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Pediatric ibuprofen and leukopenia. Author(s): Lesko SM, Mitchell AA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 April 3; 275(13): 986. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8596253

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Penicillin-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Corbett GM, Perry DJ, Shaw TR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 December 23; 307(26): 1642-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7144854

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Pharmacodynamic modeling of the entire time course of leukopenia after a 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel. Author(s): Minami H, Sasaki Y, Watanabe T, Ogawa M. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 2001 February; 92(2): 231-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223553

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Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in immunocompromized children with leukopenia and mucositis after chemotherapy: can intravenous acyclovir be substituted by oral valacyclovir? Author(s): Eksborg S, Pal N, Kalin M, Palm C, Soderhall S. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2002 April; 38(4): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11920787

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Phenytoin, leukopenia, and remission of eczema. Author(s): Fisher DE. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 August; 107(2): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3605919

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Piperacillin-induced anemia and leukopenia. Author(s): Bressler RB, Huston DP. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 February; 79(2): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3945861

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Plasmapheresis in the therapy of hyperthyroidism associated with leukopenia. Author(s): De Rosa G, Testa A, Menichella G, Cecchini L, Cavallaro A, Mantovani M, Mango G. Source: Haematologica. 1991 March; 76 Suppl 1: 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1713877

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Pneumonia, aseptic meningitis, and leukopenia in a 28-year-old man. Author(s): Mathisen GE, Weiss PJ, Kennedy CA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 June; 16(6): 809-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8329513

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Preventive effect of inosine of leukopenia induced by radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. Author(s): Skulchan V, Tantiniti P, Ruangsomboon O, Tepmongkol P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1989 September; 72(9): 506-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2809455

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Procaine amide-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Kwan VW. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1969 April; 17(4): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5774872

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Profound leukopenia following asparaginase treatment in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Author(s): Oehlers MJ, Fetawadjieff W, Woodliff HJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1969 November 1; 2(18): 907-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5261092

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Prolonged cholestatic jaundice and leukopenia associated with piroxicam. Author(s): Hartmann H, Fischer G, Janning G. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1984 July; 22(7): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6485437

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Prolonged remission of severe Crohn's disease after fever and leukopenia caused by 6-mercaptopurine. Author(s): Lobel EZ, Korelitz BI, Vakher K, Panagopoulos G. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2004 February; 49(2): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104380

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Protamine-induced thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Author(s): Al-Mondhiry H, Pierce WS, Basarab RM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1985 February 18; 53(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3873119

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Pyrimethamine-induced leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in a patient with malaria and tropical sprue: case report. Author(s): Matthews JI, Molitor JT, Hunt KK Jr. Source: Military Medicine. 1973 May; 138(5): 280-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4196454

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Quetiapine and leukopenia. Author(s): Clark N, Weissberg E, Noel J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 May; 158(5): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11329413

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Quinidine leukopenia and thrombocytopenia with a drug-dependent leukoagglutinin. Author(s): Castro O, Nash I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 March 10; 296(10): 572. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=836544

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Quinidine-induced thrombocytopenia and leukopenia: demonstration and characterization of distinct antiplatelet and antileukocyte antibodies. Author(s): Chong BH, Berndt MC, Koutts J, Castaldi PA. Source: Blood. 1983 December; 62(6): 1218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6227351

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Rapid accurate absolute granulocyte count determination during severe leukopenia using the flow cytometer. Author(s): Johnson KL, Dougherty C, Vaughan WP. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1985 February; 18(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3970012

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Relationship between pulmonary functions and hemodialysis induced leukopenia? Author(s): Mahajan S, Gardiner H, DeTar B, Desai S, Muller B, Johnson N, Briggs W, McDonald F. Source: Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1977; 23: 411-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=910366

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Replacement transfusion therapy of thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Author(s): Freireich EJ. Source: Proc Natl Cancer Conf. 1964; 5: 659-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5856194

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Response of rheumatoid arthritis with leukopenia to gold salts. Author(s): Gowans JD, Salami M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 May 10; 288(19): 1007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4633144

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Restorative activity of muroctasin on leukopenia associated with anticancer treatment. Author(s): Tsubura E, Nomura T, Niitani H, Osamura S, Okawa T, Tanaka M, Ota K, Nishikawa H, Masaoka T, Fukuoka M, et al. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1988 July; 38(7A): 1070-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3190800

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Restorative effect of MDP-Lys (L18) on leukopenia of cancer patient treated with radiotherapy. Author(s): Okawa T, Kikuchi Y, Watarai J, Dokiya T, Tanaka T, Saito Y, Hirokawa Y, Takegawa Y, Hata K. Source: Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 April 25; 48(4): 514-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3231516

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Restorative effect of muroctasin on leukopenia caused by anticancer chemotherapy in lung cancer. Comparative study by envelope method. Author(s): Fukuoka M, Takada M, Takifuji N, Sakai N, Ryu S, Masuda N, Matsui K, Negoro S, Kusunoki Y, Tubura E. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1989 January; 39(1): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2719748

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Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of the human multidrug resistance-associated protein into hematopoietic cells protects mice from chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. Author(s): Machiels JP, Govaerts AS, Guillaume T, Bayat B, Feyens AM, Lenoir E, Goeminne JC, Cole S, Deeley R, Caruso M, Bank A, Symann M, D'Hondt V. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 1999 March 20; 10(5): 801-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10210147

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Reversible acute leukopenia and cefoxitin. Author(s): Shansky M, Greenlaw CW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980 June; 92(6): 874-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7387040

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Reversible flu-like syndrome, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia induced by allopurinol. Author(s): Rosenbloom D, Gilbert R. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1981 April; 15(4): 286-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7274044

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Reversible leukopenia related to ciprofloxacin therapy. Author(s): Choo PW, Gantz NM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 May; 83(5): 597-8. Erratum In: South Med J 1991 February; 84(2): 283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2188377

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Ritodrine-induced leukopenia: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Wu CD, Chao AS, Cheng PJ, Soong YK. Source: Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1996 December; 19(4): 388-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9041773

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Role of human recombinant GM-CSF in the prevention and treatment of leukopenia with special reference to infectious diseases. Author(s): Stern AC, Jones TC. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1990 September-October; 13(5): 391-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2126498

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Serous fat atrophy with leukopenia in severe anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Mehler PS, Howe SE. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1995 June; 49(2): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7771474

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Serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha during chemotherapy-induced leukopenia in patients with acute leukaemia and bacterial infections. Author(s): Bruserud O, Bergheim J, Shammas FV, Nesthus I. Source: Leukemia Research. 1994 June; 18(6): 415-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8207959

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Serum lithium concentrations and peripheral leukocytes in a case of leukopenia. Author(s): Young RC, Alcena V. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1986 September; 21(11): 1072-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3741920

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Severe combined immunodeficiency with leukopenia (reticular dysgenesis) in siblings: immunologic and histopathologic findings. Author(s): Ownby DR, Pizzo S, Blackmon L, Gall SA, Buckley RH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1976 September; 89(3): 382-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=956962

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Severe congenital leukopenia (reticular dysgenesis). Immunologic and morphologic characterizations of leukocytes. Author(s): Roper M, Parmley RT, Crist WM, Kelly DR, Cooper MD. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1985 August; 139(8): 832-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3875278

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Severe leukopenia and mild thrombocytopenia after chronic bromocriptine (CB-154) administration. Author(s): Giampietro O, Ferdeghini M, Petrini M. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1981 May-June; 281(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246599

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Severe leukopenia and thrombocytopenia secondary to quinidine. Author(s): Nair MR, Duvernoy WF, Leichtman DA. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1981 September-October; 4(5): 247, 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7307362

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Severe leukopenia induced by aminoglutethimide. Author(s): Kampel LJ, Kurman MR. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1984 October; 68(10): 1277-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6525598

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Severe leukopenia secondary to carbamazepine administration. Author(s): Gerber JG, Stiles G, Nies AS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 January; 72(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=760231

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Severe leukopenia with valproate. Author(s): Storch DD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 October; 39(10): 1208-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11026170

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Severe vinblastine-induced leukopenia during late pregnancy with delivery of a normal infant. Author(s): Nordlund JJ, DeVita VT, Cabbone PP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1968 September; 69(3): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5673176

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Significance of WBC differential when leukopenia is induced by 6-MP for IBD. Author(s): Korelitz BI, Zlatanic J, Smith MJ, Lipe RJ, Baiocco PJ, Gleim GW. Source: Gastroenterology. 1997 November; 113(5): 1810-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9352894

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Sirolimus-induced thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in renal transplant recipients: risk factors, incidence, progression, and management. Author(s): Hong JC, Kahan BD. Source: Transplantation. 2000 May 27; 69(10): 2085-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852601

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Spurious automated leukopenia due to in vitro granulocyte aggregation. Author(s): Rohr LR, Rivers FM. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1990 April; 93(4): 572-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2321589

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Spurious leukopenia due to in vitro granulocyte aggregation. Author(s): Epstein HD, Kruskall MS. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1988 May; 89(5): 652-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358369

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Steroids may prevent leukopenia, interfering with response to IV azathioprine in treatment of Crohn's disease. Author(s): Korelitz BI. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 June; 118(6): 1281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10866522

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Successful treatment course with carbamazepine despite initial significant leukopenia: case report. Author(s): Regan WM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 August; 48(8): 338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611036

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Suppressor cell-mediated leukopenia and T-cell dysfunction in Nezelof's syndrome. Author(s): Smith SD, Lindsley CB, Abdou NI. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1980 November; 17(3): 406-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6448721

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T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with severe leukopenia: evidence for suppression of myeloid progenitor cells by leukemic blasts. Author(s): Douer D, Ben-Bassat I, Froom P, Shaked N, Ramot B. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1988; 80(4): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2975453

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Terfenadine effect on the bronchoconstriction, dermal response, and leukopenia induced by platelet-activating factor. Author(s): Hopp RJ, Townley RG, Agrawal DK, Bewtra AK. Source: Chest. 1991 October; 100(4): 994-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1914619

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The blood cell separator: the nurse's role in a new procedure for the treatment of leukopenia. Author(s): Lee GM. Source: Military Medicine. 1971 April; 136(4): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5005429

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The cellular immune system of patients with acute leukemia and severe chemotherapy-induced leukopenia: characterization of T lymphocyte subsets responsive to IL-16 and IL-17. Author(s): Bruserud O, von Volkman HL, Ulvestad E. Source: Acta Haematologica. 2000; 104(2-3): 80-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11154979

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The effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in patients with leukopenia due to sepsis. Author(s): Bittner EW, Hartzog JM, Chendrasekhar A. Source: W V Med J. 1995 September-October; 91(6): 273. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7502498

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The effect of lithium carbonate on leukopenia after chemotherapy. Author(s): Steinherz PG, Rosen G, Ghavimi F, Wang Y, Miller DR. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 May; 96(5): 923-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6767826

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The epidemiology of benign leukopenia in Yemenite Jews. Author(s): Weingarten MA, Pottick-Schwartz EA, Brauner A. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1993 May; 29(5): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8314691

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The outcome of bacterial infection in subjects with benign familial leukopenia (BFL). Author(s): Shoenfeld Y, Ben-Tal O, Berliner S, Pinkhas J. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1985; 39(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4027348

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The relative effect of leukopenia and dialysate composition on the dialysis-associated hypoxemia. Author(s): Hakim RM, Lowrie EG. Source: Proc Clin Dial Transplant Forum. 1980; 10: 190-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6810343

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The role of leukopenia in the 6-mercaptopurine-induced remission of refractory Crohn's disease. Author(s): Colonna T, Korelitz BI. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 March; 89(3): 362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8122645

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The successful use of topical tacrolimus treatment for a chronic actinic dermatitis patient with complications of idiopathic leukopenia. Author(s): Ogawa Y, Adachi A, Tomita Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 November; 30(11): 805-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684938

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The use of lithium carbonate to correct leukopenia during cancer treatment. Author(s): Chang KH, Tan R, Chung CH. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1989 March; 43(3): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2507118

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The use of lithium carbonate to reduce infection and leukopenia during systemic chemotherapy. Author(s): Lyman GH, Williams CC, Preston D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 January 31; 302(5): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6243170

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Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia associated with itraconazole. Author(s): Horst HA, Parwaresch R, Loffler H. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996 July 15; 125(2): 156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8678380

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Thrombocytopenia in the absence of leukopenia associated with the use of neuroleptics. Author(s): Storrie MC, Scher M, McGuire J, Bokan J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1978 October; 39(10): 779-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=711689

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Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and abnormal liver function tests in the initial phase of tick-borne encephalitis. Author(s): Lotric-Furlan S, Strle F. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1995 April; 282(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7549159

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Tolerance of chemotherapy following splenectomy for leukopenia or thrombocytopenia in patients with malignant lymphomas. Author(s): Nies BA, Creger WP. Source: Cancer. 1967 April; 20(4): 558-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5335626

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Topiramate leukopenia on clozapine. Author(s): Behar D, Schaller JL. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 February; 13(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991432

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Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Granulocytic leukopenia as a prognostic indicator. Author(s): Westly ED, Wechsler HL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1984 June; 120(6): 721-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6372703

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Transient leukopenia and anaphylatoxin production during granulocyte apheresis as treatment for ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Yonemura K, Ohashi N, Kajimura M, Hishida A. Source: Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 2002; 17(3): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12378544

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Transient leukopenia associated with topical silver sulfadiazine in burn therapy. Author(s): Gbaanador GB, Policastro AJ, Durfee D, Bleicher JN. Source: Nebr Med J. 1987 March; 72(3): 83-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3561596

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Transient leukopenia/neutropenia associated with stat doses of frusemide in a preterm infant. Author(s): Yeung MY. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1999 December; 35(6): 591-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10633309

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Treatment of 104 cases of chemotherapy-induced leukopenia by injection of drugs into Zusanli. Author(s): Yin X, Yin D, Liu X, Ding X. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2001 March; 21(1): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360532

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Treatment of leukopenia with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after heart transplantation. Author(s): Wasler A, Iberer F, Auer T, Petutschnigg B, Muller H, Pfeifer J, Deutsch T, Tscheliessnigg KH. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1995 October; 27(5): 2633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7482859

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Treatment of leukopenia with lithium carbonate: a preliminary report. Author(s): Yassa R, Nair V, Schwartz G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1978 November; 135(11): 1423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=30294

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Treatment of neuroleptic-induced leukopenia with lithium carbonate. Author(s): Yassa R, Ananth J. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1981 November; 26(7): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6117368

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Treatment of peripheral leukopenia after cadaveric kidney transplantation. Author(s): Xiwen B, Lixin Y, Junjie M. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1996 June; 28(3): 1631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8658815

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Treatment of severe leukopenia with RHG-CSF in systemic lupus erythematosus treated with cyclophosphamide. Author(s): Ruiz-Valverde MP, Segarra A, Tovar JL, Ribera R, Piera L. Source: Nephron. 1996; 73(4): 715. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8856281

Studies

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Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced rash, fever, abnormal liver function tests, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Malnick SD, Atali M, Israeli E, Abend Y, Geltner D. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 September; 27(9): 1139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8219452

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Trovafloxacin-associated leukopenia. Author(s): Mitropoulos FA, Angood PB, Rabinovici R. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 January; 35(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11197584

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Typhoidal tularemia presenting as enteritis with leukopenia. Author(s): Hoyt RE. Source: Va Med. 1988 August; 115(8): 388-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3176624

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Urticarial vasculitis with shock, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, possibly due to anaphylatoxin release. Author(s): Guillet G, Jeune R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1983 May; 108(5): 605-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6849827

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Use of rHu GM-CSF in renal-transplant patients developing leukopenia. Author(s): Hashmi A, Hussain M, Hussain Z, Ahmed E, Shamsi T, Naqvi R, Ali B, Mehdi H, Mohsin R, Naqvi A, Rizvi A. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 November; 29(7): 3053. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9365663

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Vasculitis complicating granulocyte colony stimulating factor treatment of leukopenia and infection in Felty's syndrome. Author(s): Farhey YD, Herman JH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 June; 22(6): 1179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7545756

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Venlafaxine in a patient with idiopathic leukopenia and mirtazapine-induced severe neutropenia. Author(s): Anghelescu I, Klawe C, Dahmen N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 September; 63(9): 838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12363126

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Virus-induced leukopenia: Colorado tick fever as a human model. Author(s): Andersen RD, Entringer MA, Robinson WA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 March; 151(3): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2982962

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LEUKOPENIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and leukopenia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Leukopenia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “leukopenia” (or a synonym): •

Treatment of chemotherapy-induced leukopenia in a rat model with aqueous extract from Uncaria tomentosa. Author(s): Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Lund, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Sheng, Y Pero, R W Wagner, H Phytomedicine. 2000 April; 7(2): 137-43 09447113

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LEUKOPENIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to leukopenia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to leukopenia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to leukopenia: •

Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer in idiopathic leukopenia. Author(s): Pervez H, Potti A, Mehdi SA. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2003; 20(2): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835523

•

Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea. Author(s): Kemp DE, Franco KN. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 September-October; 15(5): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12350064

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Zusanli point injection for treating leukopenia induced by radio-chemotherapy. Author(s): Xie L, Zhao L, Li M.

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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2003 March; 23(1): 59-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12747206

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to leukopenia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Herbs and Supplements Thuja Occid Alternative names: Arbor Vitae; Thuja occidentalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON LEUKOPENIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “leukopenia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on leukopenia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Leukopenia By performing a patent search focusing on leukopenia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on leukopenia: •

Blood-purifying membrane Inventor(s): Imamura; Kazuo (Nobeoka, JP), Nakano; Hiroo (Nobeoka, JP), Seita; Kazushige (Tokyo, JP), Watanabe; Tetsuo (Nobeoka, JP) Assignee(s): Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,787,977 Date filed: November 14, 1985 Abstract: A blood-purifying regenerated cellulose membrane, in which the occurrence of the leukopenia phenomenon and the activation of the complement system are moderated, is prepared by applying a solution of a polymeric substance comprising as one component units derived from one or more basic vinyl monomers having an amino group in the side chain in an organic solvent to a regenerated cellulose membrane, removing the excessive solution, and then fixing the polymeric substance to the regenerated cellulose membrane. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved blood-purifying regenerated cellulose membrane and a process for the preparation thereof. More particularly, it relates to a blood-purifying regenerated cellulose which is improved in the compatibility with blood and a process for the preparation thereof. Recently, hemodialysis therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease has made rapid progress while being supported by advances of dialyzers, dialyzing instruments, and dialyzing technique, and has made great contributions to the survival and rehabilitation of patients with end-stage renal disease. Regenerated cellulose membranes, especially cuprammonium regenerated cellulose membrane, have played an important role in the development of the hemodialysis therapy, and the hemodialysis therapy has been and is being performed mainly by using cuprammonium regenerated cellulose membranes. This is because this membrane has an excellent dialysis performance and a high safety, supported by past actual results over a long term. However, various problems are left unsolved in spite of the development of the hemodialysis therapy. For example, there can be mentioned various side effects considered to be caused by an anticoagulant which is administered in large quantities for a long time, the phenomenon of complement activation and leukopenia (i.e., white cell drop), both of which occur transiently during the initial phase of the dialysis procedure, although the clinical relevance of these phenomena has not been elucidated, that is, the phenomenon of leukopenia in which the number of leukocytes is reduced at the initial phase of the hemodialysis: this reduction is most prominent 15 to 20 minutes after the onset of the hemodialysis and the number is returned to the predialysis level within about 1 hour. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04787977__

•

Cellulose dialysis membrane with improved biocompatibility Inventor(s): Pelger; Michael (Wuppertal, DE), Schulze; Helmut (Wuppertal, DE) Assignee(s): Akzo NV (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 4,772,393 Date filed: August 4, 1987

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Abstract: The invention relates to a dialysis membrane of regenerated cellulose and to a process for its production. Isocyanate prepolymers with an average molecular weight of 300 to 50,000, which are soluble in organic solvents other than solvents reacting with isocyanate groups and dissolving cellulose, are bound chemically at least to one membrane surface of the dialysis membrane. The dialysis membrane of the present invention substantially eliminates the symptoms of leukopenia and complement activation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dialysis membranes for hemodialysis. Dialysis membranes of regenerated cellulose for hemodialysis in the form of flat films, tubular films, or hollow threads are known and are used in artificial kidneys, although some of their properties cause difficulties which have not yet been eliminated. A dialysis membrane for hemodialysis with reduced thrombogenic activity, made of cellulose with chemically bound antithrombogenic compounds, is known from German Pat. No. 27 05 735. This dialysis membrane includes two or more layers of cellulose regenerated from cuoxam cellulose solutions, layers which were respectively obtained from separately supplied slits of a spinneret, whereby the cellulose layer on the blood side consists totally or partially of a modified cellulose which contains chemically bound antithrombogenic substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04772393__ •

Dialysis membranes with improved compatibility Inventor(s): Schmer; Gottfried (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Akzo NV (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 4,882,060 Date filed: March 28, 1988 Abstract: Dialysis membranes in the form of flat foils, tube foils or hollow fibers of regenerated cellulose are disclosed, with decreased leukopenia effect, in which polymeric acids are chemically bound at least to one membrane surface across bridgeformers chemically bound to the cellulose. Polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and/or polymaleic acid or also their copolymers with more than 5 Mol % acrylic acidand/or methacrylic- and/or maleic acid- monomer building blocks come into question as polymeric acids. Celluloses modified with bridge formers are, in particular, amino celluloses, including thereunder also naturally-occurring species such as chitosan. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a dialysis membrane for hemodialysis in the form of flat foils, tube foils or hollow filaments of regenerated cellulose. Dialysis membranes of regenerated cellulose for hemodialysis, in the form of flat foils, tube foils or hollow filaments have been known for a long time, and are employed as before preferably in artificial kidneys, although many characteristics causing difficulties can still not be eliminated. Thus a dialysis membrane for hemodialysis is known from DE-PS 27 05 735, with decreased thrombogenic activity of cellulose with chemically bond antithrombogenic compounds therein, whereby the dialysis membrane is composed of two or more layers of a cellulose regenerated from cuoxam cellulose solutions, which have each been obtained from separately fed slits of a spinning nozzle, whereby the cellulose layer disposed on the blood side is completely or partially of a modified cellulose which contains the antithrombogenic active substance chemically bound therein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04882060__

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Hematopoietic stem cell growth-promoting compositions containing a fibroblastderived fragment of fibronectin and a growth factor, and methods employing them in vitro or in vivo Inventor(s): Kawano; Genji (Kamakura, JP), Kojima; Katsuaki (Yokohama, JP), Nakahata; Tatsutoshi (Matsumoto, JP), Sudo; Tetsuo (Kamakura, JP) Assignee(s): Toray Industries, Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,668,104 Date filed: April 26, 1994 Abstract: An 18 kDa protein, denominated FDF-3, has been isolated from cultures of human fibroblasts and has been found to potentiate the growth- and differentiationpromoting activities of certain cytokines toward hematopoietic progenitor cells. The amino acid sequence of the FDF-3 protein, shown in SEQ ID NO: 14, corresponds to the sequence of a C-terminal domain of human fibronectin. The protein is useful in combination with IL-3, G-CSF, GM-CSF, or SCF (stem cell factor) in the expansion of hematopoietic cell populations in vitro or in therapeutic methods to promote recovery from leukopenia or myelosuppresion in vivo. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new physiologically active protein having growth activity for undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells and a hematopoietic stem cell growth agent containing said protein as an active ingredient. It has been recently found that in the process of differentiation from the undifferentiated hematopoietic stems cell to mature blood cells, a number of hematopoietic factors mutually interact at various levels to form a complicated hematopoietic network system. In addition, most of these hematopoietic factors are gene-cloned and at present time, some of the hematopoietic factors are mass-produced by means of genetic recombination technologies and their clinical applications have been developed. On the other hand, the undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a feature having capacity of selfrenewal (proliferation) but growth factors that could act on the undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow have not been sufficiently clarified. It is known that for proliferation of the hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and differentiation to the mature cells, the bone marrow stromal cells play a central role and it is suggested that the humoral factors which the stromal cells secrete and/or cell-cell interactions take part in the proliferation of undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05668104__

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Laminated carbon-containing silicone rubber membrane for use in membrane artificial lung Inventor(s): Kolobow; Theodor (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): Government of the United States (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,093,515 Date filed: March 1, 1976 Abstract: A blood-compatible gas-permeable laminated carbon-containing silicone rubber membrane for use in a membrane artificial lung. The membrane is composed of at least two layers wherein the first layer is of silicone rubber compounded with silica filler and the second layer is of silicone rubber compounded with carbon black filler. The second layer may be sandwiched between the first layer and a third layer of either

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silicone rubber compounded with silica filler or filler-free silicone rubber. Utilizing such membrane for extracorporeal blood gas exchange in a membrane artifical lung results in elimination of thrombosis without the necessity for maintenance anticoagulant treatment during perfursion, and enables elimination of leukopenia and granulocytopenia or inhibition of blood platelet count decreases during perfusion. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to silicone rubber membranes and, more particularly, to blood-compatible gas-permeable silicone rubber membranes for use in a membrane artificial lung. Clinical use of membrane artificial lungs for extra-corporeal blood gas exchange has been known since 1956. Largely due to the fact that the early versions of the membrane artificial lung were both cumbersome and unreliable, bubble or disc oxygenators gained a wider clinical acceptance. However, experience has indicated that membrane artificial lungs are potentially more suitable in extended applications, as for prolonged respiratory assistance, since they avoid the blood-gas interface associated with bubble or disc oxygenators and its attendant complications. For example, fat emboli, microembolic insults, and damage to blood proteins and lipoproteins appear to be the result of prolonged perfusion using blood-gas interface oxygenator systems, and up to the present time there has been no report of clinical or laboratory use of bubble or disc oxygenators beyond 24 hours with survival. With membrane artificial lungs, on the other hand, there have been reports of long-term (up to 2 weeks) animal perfusions and a number of long-term (up to 10 days) extracorporeal perfusions in man. Furthermore, evidence continues to accumulate showing the superiority of the membrane artificial lung over bubble or disc oxygenators even in short-term open heart surgery. Despite these optimistic reports and continued improvement in membrane artificial lung design, certain problem areas still remain standing in the way of wider clinical acceptance of the membrane artificial lung. Most of these problems appear to be associated with the material constituting the membrane through which the blood gas exchange is effected. Such membrane must have the proper combination of blood compatibility, gas permeability, and tensile and tear strength, in order for the membrane artificial lung to be reliably effective. The most acceptable material thus far found for this purpose has been silicone rubber, which, when compounded with silica filler to increase tensile strength, can be cast into a thin membrane having excellent gas transfer properties, adequate strength, and at least a comparatively acceptable degree of blood compatibility. However, the blood compatibility of such membrane still leaves much to be desired, since the use of such membrane in a membrane artificial lung device necessitates maintenance anticoagulant treatment, for example, with heparin, during the perfusion in order to prevent thrombosis from occuring within the device, which treatment must be finely balanced in order to also avoid bleeding. Moreover, in addition to the clotting problem, this membrane also produces other adverse effects on the blood being perfused, such as transient leukopenia and severe granulocytopenia during initial minutes of perfusion, as well as a decrease in blood platelet count during perfusion, the mechanism and means of prevention of these effects as yet being unknown. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04093515__

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Methods for treating leukopenia Inventor(s): Gordon; Arnold Z. (5129 Mayview Rd., Lyndhurst, OH 44124), Rossof; Arthur H. (4334 No. Hazel - 1301, Chicago, IL 60613) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,661,509 Date filed: February 21, 1984 Abstract: A method of improving the levels of formed blood elements in a patient having disease or therapy induced leukopenia comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable, water or lipid soluble tertiary or quaternary amine having cholinergic or anticholinesterase activity. Excerpt(s): Many animals, including humans, under certain conditions exhibit a low immune function level and/or an inability to provide the necessary or beneficial amounts of formed blood elements in the blood. In addition, a number of diseases such as Felty's syndrome for example, can cause the same phenomenon to be observed. And, of course, in therapeutic regimens using chemotherapuetic and/or radiation therapy, one of the deleterious side effects is the myelosuppression and/or immunosuppression caused by these therapeutic regimens. Thus, regimens of the chemotherapeutic and/or radiation therapy mode are frequently limited by the myelosuppression and/or immunosuppression toxicity factor. Likewise, in many diseases, suppression of the formed blood elements content of the blood is an effect of the disease which can be as serious, if not more so, than the other effects of said diseases. It is known that certain lithium compounds tend to counteract the myelosuppression, immunosuppression and/or neutropenia caused by a number of diseases and the regimens encompassing chemotherapeutic and/or radiation therapies. For example, see "Lithium Effects on Granulopoiesis and Immune Function", Rossof and Robinson, Plenum Press (1979), pages 79-144. The problem with using lithium compounds, however, is that the therapeutic index is too narrow. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to enhance the immune response and/or the formed blood elements content of the blood in warm blooded mammals, by administering an effective amount of a water and/or lipid soluble tertiary or quaternary ammonium compound having parasympathomimetic effect at physiologic pH to said mammalian host in cases where disease and/or radiation and/or chemotherapy is causing, has caused or may cause myelosuppression and/or neutropenia, an inhibition of granulopoiesis, and/or a dimunition of immune function. In addition, it is also an object of the present invention to provide a method whereby a water and/or lipid soluble tertiary or quaternary ammonium compound can be used in an effective amount as an adjuvant to chemotherapuetic and/or radiation therapy regimens such that myelosuppression and/or immunosuppression caused by these regimens is decreased. This may allow the use of larger doses of radiation and/or drug therapy or more frequent dosage regimens and/or more quickly restoring the immune, myelopoietic and/or granulopoietic functions of mammalian patients undergoing such regimens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04661509__

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•

Novel CSF and method for obtaining the same Inventor(s): Nomura; Hitoshi (Tokyo, JP), Ono; Masayoshi (Saitama, JP) Assignee(s): Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,833,127 Date filed: July 12, 1985 Abstract: A novel colony stimulating factor (CSF) that has the ability to promote the differentiation and proliferation of human bone marrow cells to neutrophiles, and a method for obtaining the same are disclosed. This CSF is produced from a novel cell line which has been established from tumor cells in patients with oral cancer.This CSF has the potential for use only as a curative for leukopenia but also as a reagent for clinical testing and research studies.N Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a colony stimulating factor (hereunder referred to as CSF) that has the ability to promote the differentiation and proliferation of bone marrow cells. More particularly, the invention relates to a novel CSF that has the ability to promote the differentiation and proliferation of human bone marrow cells to neutrophiles (such particular CSF may hereunder sometimes be referred to as human GCSF) and a method for obtaining the same. The CSF in accordance with the present invention has the potential for use not only as a curative for leukopenia but also as a reagent for clinical testing and research studies. The present inventors have suceeded in establishing a novel cell line from tumor cells in patients with oral cancer. The cell line had a great ability to produce CSF and exhibited highly proliferative capabilities. Named CHU-1, this cell line has been deposited with Collection Nationale de Cultures de Microorganismes, (C.N.C.M.) Pasteur Institute, France on July 11, 1984 under Deposit Number I-315. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04833127__

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Process for constructing cDNA library, and novel polypeptide and DNA coding for the same Inventor(s): Honjo; Tasuku (Kanyu-chi, Oiwake-cho, Kita-Shirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, JP), Tada; Hideaki (Mishima, JP), Tashiro; Kei (Kyoto, JP) Assignee(s): Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP), Tasuku Honjo (Kyoto, JP) Patent Number: 5,525,486 Date filed: January 14, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to (1) a process for constructing a cDNA library which has a selectivity for signal peptides, that makes it possible to efficiently find out an unknown and useful polypeptide and a high efficiency; and relates to (2) a novel polypeptide consisting of 89 amino acids (including a signal peptide) produced by a stroma cell line, which is useful as an agent for preventing or treating, for example, anemia, leukopenia or infections and the like, and DNAs encoding for said polypeptide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for constructing a cDNA library, and a novel polypeptide and a DNA coding for the same. More particularly, it relates to a process for constructing a cDNA library of a high selectivity for signal peptides and a high efficiency, and a novel polypeptide produced by a specific stroma cell line and a DNA coding for said polypeptide. In order to obtain a certain polypeptide (for example, a proliferation and/or differentiation factor) or a DNA coding for the same, there has

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been generally employed a method comprising confirming the target biological activity in a tissue or a cell culture medium and then cloning a gene responsible for the activity through the isolation and purification of a polypeptide and another method comprising expression-cloning of a gene with the guidance of the biological activity. However, it is frequently observed that a gene, which has been cloned with the guidance of a certain activity, is proved to be identical with a known polypeptide known to have a certain biological activity. This is true because many physiologically active polypeptides occurring in vivo have various biological activities. Further, most of the intravital physiologically active polypeptides are secreted only in a trace amount, which makes the isolation and purification thereof and the confirmation of its biological activity extremely difficult. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05525486__ •

Virus-inactivated HGI-glycoprotein capable of stimulating proliferation and differentiation of human granulocyte, process for preparing same and leukopenia curative containing same Inventor(s): Funakoshi; Satoshi (Katano, JP), Kuboyama; Morio (Tokyo, JP), Nishida; Masayuki (Osaka, JP), Ogasa; Katsuhiro (Yokohama, JP), Yamada; Muneo (Kodaira, JP), Yanai; Nobuya (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, JP), The Green Cross Corporation (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,230,697 Date filed: May 9, 1979 Abstract: A colony-stimulating factor having definite physical and chemical properties and a function of stimulating activity on human bone marrow cells to proliferate and differentiate, thereby forming granulocyte colonies, is obtained from human urine by concentrating the urine with respect to proteins contained therein by adsorption chromatography with silica gel, salting out with ammonium sulfate and other means, then removing impurities by adsorption on cation exchanger, and further purifying by ion exchanging chromatography on anion exchanger, gel filtrating chromatography with highly crosslinked gels, affinity chromatography with sugar affinitive adsorbents and electrophoresis. This substance is stable in the presence of a stabilizer such as albumin or urinary proteins, against heat-treatment of virus-inactivation and can be used as a leukopenia curative which is precluded from fear of virus-infection. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a glycoprotein (hereinafter referred to as HGIglycoprotein, wherein HGI means "human granulocyte inducing".) isolated from urine of normal humans, which acts on granulopoietic stem cells in human bone marrow, thereby stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of said cells to form granulocytes; and which is free from viral infections; a method for the preparation of said glycoprotein; and curatives for leukopenia containing said glycoprotein. Although the peripheral blood of a healthy human contains 5,000 to 9,000 leukocytes per 1 mm.sup.3, that of a patient of leukopenia contains below 5,000 leukocytes per 1 mm.sup.3. Such a symptom of reduction in the count of leucocytes is called leukopenia. Leukopenia is associated with anomalous decrease of proliferation of bone marrow cells by some diseases, various lesions in bone marrow, exposure to radiation or administration of carcinostatic substances. For the therapy to leukopenia, there have been employed chemotherapeutics containing glycyrrhizin or cysteineglycine as active ingredient,.alpha.-mercaptopropionylglycine, or Cepharantin (a kind of alkaloids).

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These chemotherapeutics, however, are undesirable because of insufficient effectiveness and side effects. Accordingly, many researchers have been in progress in recent years to develop therapeutical substances for treating leukopenia which are more effective with less side effects. It was known that colony-stimulating factor (hereinafter referred to as CSF) stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells. CSF acts on bone marrow cells and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation to form granulocyte or macrophage. It is an essential factor for the marrow cells, when cultured in vitro, to form granulocytic or macrophage cell aggregates (hereinafter referred to as granulocytic or macrophage colony) by simultaneous proliferation and differentiation [Ichikawa, Y., Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Vol. 56, p. 488 (1966); Metcalf, D., Experimental Hematology, Vol. 1, p. 185 (1973)]. Since CSF induced the granulocytic and macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells, some of the researchers suggested that CSF should be regarded as separate factors that is, granulocyte inducing factor and macrophage inducing factor [Stanley E.R. et al, Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 143, p. 631 (1976)]. However, in general, these factors are assayed collectively as CSF in vitro assay by mouse bone marrow cells. Many factors stimulating colony formations in vitro by mouse bone marrow cells have been isolated from various sources i.e. serum, urine, various organ extracts, and media conditioned by various tissues and cell lines, body fluid elements such as serum and urine; conditioned media of cells such as leucocyte, and tissues [Sheridan, J.W., Journal of Cell Physiology, Vol. 78, p. 451 (1971)]. CSF which acts on human bone marrow cells have been isolated from human origin i.e. various organ extracts, serum, media conditioned by tissues [Metcalf, D. and Moare, M.A.S., "Ciba Foundation Symposium 13, Haemopoietic Stem Cells", p. 157, Elsevier Excerpta Medica, Holland (1973)]. However, each CSF obtained from various organs, various cells and conditioned media thereof is not a single substance common to every sources. For instance, the molecular weight of CSF obtained from the media-conditioned by human placental cells is 30,000 dalton [Burgess, A. W. et al, Blood, Vol. 49, p. 573 (1977)], while that of CSF from human serum is 45,000 dalton [Chan, S. H. et al, British Journal of Haematology, Vol. 20, p. 329 (1971)]. Two types of CSF having molecular weights of 35,000 and less than 1,300 were isolated from media conditioned by human leukocyte [Price, G.B. et al, Blood, Vol. 42, p. 341 (1973)]. Furthermore, each CSF has different activity, some acting on either type of cells to be proliferated and differentiated to granulocyte or macropharge, others on both types of cells. Therefore, CSF's isolated from different sources are considered to be substances different from one another [Metcalf and Moore, loc. cit., (1973)]. It is also known that in human urine, there exists a type of CSF which is capable of stimulating mouse bone marrow cells to form colonies of granulocytes and macrophages in vitro [Stanley, E.R. et al., Federation Proceedings, Vol. 34, p. 2272 (1975); Stanly, E.R. and Metcalf, D., Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science, Vol. 47, p. 467 (1969)]. It was reported that this CSF has a molecular weight of 45,000 and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation by mouse bone marrow cells to form a macrophage dominant colony. In contrast to its stimulating effect on mouse bone marrow cells, it rarely stimulates the formation of granulocytic or macrophage colony by human bone marrow cells but consistently stimulates the formation of clusters. In this specification, with respect to human bone marrow cells, the terms "colony" and "cluster" mean cell aggregates containing 40 or more cells and 3 to less than 40 cells, respectively, in accordance with the definition of Metcalf [Metcalf, D., Experimental Hematology, Vol. 2, p. 157 (1974)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04230697__

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Patent Applications on Leukopenia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to leukopenia: •

Adenosine A3 receptor agonists Inventor(s): Cristalli, Gloria; (Camerino, IT) Correspondence: Brian Lewis; CV Therapeutics, INC.; 3172 Porter Drive; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20040121978 Date filed: September 8, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed are novel adenosine A.sub.3 receptor agonists, useful for treating various disease states, including neurological and cardiac ischemia, asthma, leukopenia and neutropenia, cancer and inflammation. Excerpt(s): Priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/409,424, filed Sep. 9, 2002, the complete disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to novel A.sub.3 adenosine receptor agonists that are useful in the treatment of neurological and cardiac ischemia, asthma, leukopenia and neutropenia, cancer and inflammation. The invention also relates to methods for the preparation of such compounds, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them. Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside that exerts its biological effects by interacting with a family of adenosine receptors identified as the adenosine A.sub.1, A.sub.2a, A.sub.2b, and A.sub.3 receptors, all of which modulate important physiological processes. For example, stimulation of the adenosine A.sub.1 receptors shortens the duration and decreases the amplitude of the action potential of AV nodal cells, and hence prolongs the refractory period of the AV nodal cell. Thus, stimulation of adenosine A.sub.1 receptors provides a method of treating supraventricular tachycardias, including termination of nodal re-entrant tachycardias, and control of ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation and flutter. Adenosine A.sub.2A receptors modulate coronary vasodilation, adenosine A.sub.2B receptors have been implicated in mast cell activation, asthma, vasodilation, regulation of cell growth, intestinal function, and modulation of neurosecretion (See Adenosine A.sub.2B Receptors as Therapeutic Targets, Drug Dev Res 45:198; Feoktistov et al., Trends Pharmacol Sci 19:148-153). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Adenosine receptor A3 agonists Inventor(s): Elzein, Elfatih; (Fremont, CA), Palle, Venkata; (Gurgaon, IN), Varkhedkar, Vaibhav; (Mountain View, CA), Zablocki, Jeff; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: Brian Lewis; CV Therapeutics, INC.; 3172 Porter Drive; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20030078232 Date filed: August 5, 2002

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: Disclosed are novel compounds that are A.sub.3 adenosine receptor agonists, useful for treating various disease states, including cancer, cardiac ischemia, leukopenia, and neutropennia. Excerpt(s): Priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/311,069 filed on Aug. 8, 2001 the complete disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to novel adenosine A.sub.3 receptor agonists that are useful in the treatment of neurological, cardiac, and other cellular proliferative disorders. The invention also relates to methods for the preparation of such compounds, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them. Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside, which exerts its biological effects by interacting with a family of adenosine receptors known as A.sub.1, A.sub.2a, A.sub.2b, and A.sub.3, all of which modulate important physiological processes. For example, stimulation of the A.sub.1 adenosine receptors shortens the duration and decreases the amplitude of the action potential of AV nodal cells, and hence prolongs the refractory period of the AV nodal cell. Thus, stimulation of A.sub.1 receptors provides a method of treating supraventricular tachycardias, including termination of nodal re-entrant tachycardias, and control of ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation and flutter. A.sub.2A adenosine receptors modulate coronary vasodilation, A.sub.2B receptors have been implicated in mast cell activation, asthma, vasodilation, regulation of cell growth, intestinal function, and modulation of neurosecretion (See Adenosine A.sub.2B Receptors as Therapeutic Targets, Drug Dev Res 45:198; Feoktistov et al., Trends Pharmacol Sci 19:148-153). A.sub.3 adenosine receptors modulate cell proliferation processes. In particular, compounds that are A.sub.3 receptor agonists have utility in the therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of cancer, cardiac disease, infertility, kidney disease, and CNS disorders. Additionally, A.sub.3 receptor agonists stimulate bone marrow cell proliferation, and thus induce the secretion of G-CSF in the body. Accordingly, A.sub.3 receptor agonists are useful for countering the toxic side effect of drugs, in particular chemotherapeutic drugs, such as leukopenia and neutropenia. Few ligands for the A.sub.3 adenosine receptor have been reported. Some non-selective N.sup.6 -substituted adenosine derivatives have been described as agonists for the A.sub.3 receptor, including APNEA (N.sup.6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine), which has been used successfully as a radioligand in its iodinated form (Zhou et al.). Typical xanthine and nonxanthine A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 receptor antagonists, however, do not appear to bind to this receptor (Zhou et al.). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with leukopenia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on leukopenia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning leukopenia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON LEUKOPENIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to leukopenia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on leukopenia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Leukopenia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to leukopenia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and leukopenia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on leukopenia: •

Blood Dyscrasias Source: in Little, J.W., et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1997. p. 495-515. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $48.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815156340. Summary: A working knowledge of the multitude of compromised health states is essential for dental professionals, as the majority of medically compromised patients need or want oral health care. This chapter on blood dyscrasias is from a text that provides the dental practitioner with an up to date reference work describing the dental management of patients with selected medical problems. The authors of this chapter focus on the most common disorders of the red and white blood cells that may influence dental treatment. Patients with these disorders may be susceptible to abnormal bleeding, delayed healing, infection, or mucosal ulceration. In addition, the dentist can

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play a vital role in screening patients who may not be aware that they have one of these potentially fatal conditions. The authors cover anemia (including sickle cell and iron deficiency types), and white blood cell disorders (leukopenia, leukemia, lymphomas, myeloma). For each condition, the authors discuss incidence and prevalence, pathophysiology and complications, signs and symptoms (clinical presentation and laboratory findings), the medical management of patients with the specific condition, and the dental management of this population, including expected oral complications associated with each disorder and treatment planning considerations. 9 figures. 14 tables. 38 references. •

Oral Manifestations of Systemic Agents Source: in Ciancio, S.G., ed. ADA Guide to Dental Therapeutics. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Dental Association (ADA). 2000. p. 496-542. Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). Catalog Sales, P.O. Box 776, St. Charles, IL 60174-0776. (800) 947-4746. Fax (888) 476-1880 or (630) 443-9970. Website: www.ada.org. PRICE: $44.95 for members; $64.95 for nonmembers, plus shipping and handling. Summary: Dentists are prescribing more medications than ever before and patients seeking dental care are using a wide range of medications for medical problems. And both dentists and patients have choices to make about the variety of nonprescription products available for treating various disorders of the mouth. This chapter on the oral manifestations of systemic agents is from a book that offers a detailed guide to dental therapeutics. The author notes that many commonly prescribed medications are capable of causing adverse oral drug reactions. The oral manifestations of drug therapy are often nonspecific and vary in significance. These undesirable effects can mimic many disease processes and thus be difficult to pinpoint. The author reviews specific oral manifestations, including abnormal hemostasis, altered host resistance, angioedema, coated tongue (black hairy tongue), dry socket (alveolar osteitis), dysgeusia (taste dysfunction), erythema multiforme, gingival (gum) enlargement, leukopenia and neutropenia, lichenoid lesions, movement disorders, salivary gland involvement, sialorrhea (excessive saliva), soft tissue reactions, and xerostomia (dry mouth). The bulk of the chapter consists of tables that summarize the drugs that can result in these oral manifestations. 16 tables. 5 references.

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Disorders of Red and White Blood Cells Source: in Little, J.W., et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Science. 2002. p. 365-386. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science. Customer Service Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146 (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 535-9935. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $56.95. ISBN: 323011713. Summary: Disorders of the red and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) can influence dental treatment. The dentist should be able to detect patients with these abnormalities by history, clinical examination, and screening laboratory tests. Patients with disorders of the RBCs or WBCs may be susceptible to abnormal bleeding, delayed healing, infection, or mucosal ulceration. This chapter on disorders of red and white blood cells is from a resource text that helps dental professionals work with medically compromised patients. The chapter covers anemia, renal (kidney) disease, white blood cell disorders, leukocytosis and leukopenia, and leukemia and lymphoma. For each

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condition, the chapter provides a brief overview of the basic physiology, epidemiology, the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, currently accepted medical therapy, prevention of medical complications, and recommendations for specific dental treatment planning. 19 figures. 5 tables. 62 references. •

Intraoral Lesions: Mucosal Ulcers Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Oral Disease: Colour Guide. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 23-56. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, A Harcourt Health Sciences Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 044306170X. Summary: This chapter on intraoral lesions (mucosal ulcers) is from a book that is intended as an aid to oral medicine and the diagnosis and treatment of oral disease. The chapter includes 39 full color photographs of intraoral lesions, with textual information accompanying them. Conditions covered are: ulcers of local etiology, aphthae (recurrent aphthous stomatitis or RAS), Behcet syndrome, herpetic stomatitis, chickenpox (varicella), shingles (zoster), hand foot and mouth disease, herpangina, infectious mononucleosis, measles, acute ulcerative gingivitis (acute necrotizing gingivitis), tuberculosis, syphilis, drugs causing mouth ulcers, leukopenia, leukemia, malignant tumors, orofacial granulomatosis, ulcerative colitis, pemphigus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, localized oral purpura, epidermolysis bullosa, erythema multiforme, lupus erythematosus, and lichen planus. For each condition, the text briefly covers incidence and etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options.

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Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine Use in Crohn's Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 373-376. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on the use of azathioprine and 6 mercaptopurine in treating Crohn's disease (CD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with CD and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Early hesitance to use 6-MP or azathioprine in the treatment of CD was due mostly to the fear of toxicity. As a result, treatment was delayed until some manifestations of the disease no longer offered hope of response to nonoperative therapy. The question arises whether more goals would be achieved if 6-MP were started earlier in the course of disease, when complications are less severe. Intestinal inflammation and strictures secondary to cellular infiltrate and edema are more likely to respond than the more fibrotic phase of longstanding disease. Once the diagnosis of Crohn's disease is made and the manifestations are mild, therapy should be initiated with one of the oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) products that are most effective in colitis, moderately effective in ileocolitis, and least effective in small bowel disease. For patients with more advanced disease, corticosteroids should be used, either orally or intravenously, depending on the severity of the illness, to bring the disease into remission. If the steroids cannot be eliminated without recurrent flares of

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disease, 6-MP should be introduced either alone or with concurrent steroids, to bring the disease into control. The current trend is toward starting 6-MP sooner after the diagnosis of Crohn's disease is made, especially in children and adolescents in whom the disease is more virulent, and in older patients when the response to 5-ASA products is not rapid. The authors address concerns of toxicity in regards to pancreatitis, leukopenia (low white blood cell count), allergic reactions, infections, neoplasms (new tissue growth, including cancers), death, and pregnancy. 10 references. •

Oral Signs of Hematologic Diseases Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 343-354. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the oral signs of hematologic diseases. Topics include anemia (iron deficiency, pernicious), polycythemia, leukopenia and agranulocytosis, cyclic neutropenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, leukemia (acute, chronic), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. For each topic, the authors describe the clinical features and present brief therapeutic recommendations. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for most sections. 22 figures. 61 references.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON LEUKOPENIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on leukopenia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on leukopenia: •

AIDS: Disease, Patient, Internist Contact: California Medical Association, Audio Digest Foundation, 1577 E Chevy Chase Dr, Glendale, CA, 91206, (213) 245-8505. Summary: This sound recording, along with accompanying pre-test and post-test questions, comprises part of an ongoing series of educational activities. The first speaker, Michael S. Gottlieb, of Allergy and Immunology Associates in Santa Monica, CA, discusses real and perceived risks of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. He points out that there are three important routes of transmission: Sexual, parenteral, and perinatal. The likelihood of transmission through insect bites or casual contact is dismissed; the risks in the health-care setting are assessed. Following his speech is a dramatization of a doctor-patient interchange presented by the Los Angeles County Medical Association. The dramatization covers awareness of the patient's sexual behavior; symptoms; asymptomatic carriers; high-risk sexual behavior, possibly risky behavior, and low-risk behavior; and other considerations. Early diagnosis and treatment is the subject of a presentation by Lowell S. Young, clinical professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Pacific Presbyterian Medical Center; and Director,

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Kuzell Institute for Arthritis and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco. He outlines the various opportunistic infections that may afflict Persons with AIDS (PWA's), including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), leukopenia, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, thrush, CMV infection, mycobacterium avium infection, and Kaposi's sarcoma. He also looks at antiviral therapy and bolstering immunity as methods of treatment.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 26806 35 207 113 565 27726

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “leukopenia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on leukopenia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to leukopenia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to leukopenia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “leukopenia”:

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Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html Multiple Myeloma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplemyeloma.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on leukopenia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Hydoxyurea (Hydrea) Contact: National AIDS Treatment Information Project, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Hospital, 330 Brookline Ave Libby Bldg 317, Boston, MA, 02215, (617) 667-5520, http://www.natip.org. Summary: This fact sheet, written for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), provides information about the therapeutic drug, hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea, also known as hydrea, enhances the activities of certain antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of individuals with HIV/AIDS. In combination with didanosine (ddI, Videx) or stavudine (d4T, Zerit), hydrea may lower an individuals' viral loads, increase their CD4 count, reduce their likelihood of developing complications, and prolong their lives. Antiretroviral therapy with hydrea is generally prescribed if individuals have significant symptoms related to HIV, their CD4 count is lower than 500/mm, or their viral load is greater than 10,000 (bDNA) or 20,000 (PCR) copies/ml. The most frequent side effects of hydrea include leukopenia or low white blood cell count, anemia or low red blood cell count, gastrointestinal symptoms, skin rash, and severe pancreatitis. Pregnant women should not take hydrea without consulting a doctor first, because the safety of the drug for infants is unknown; it has caused birth abnormalities in animals. The fact sheet discusses the monetary cost of hydrea and dosage. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate

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in some way to leukopenia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to leukopenia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with leukopenia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about leukopenia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine.

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To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “leukopenia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “leukopenia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “leukopenia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “leukopenia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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LEUKOPENIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many

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immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common

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extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH]

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Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Aminoglutethimide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Aminoglutethimide is used to decrease the production of sex hormones (estrogen or testosterone) and suppress the growth of tumors that need sex hormones to grow. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]

Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another

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living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU]

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Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apheresis: Components plateletpheresis. [NIH]

being

separated

out,

as

leukapheresis,

plasmapheresis,

Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]

Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU]

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Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Asparaginase: A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located

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in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blasts: Immature blood cells. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the

Dictionary 109

hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

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Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carcinostatic: Pertaining to slowing or stopping the growth of cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infections and to date no severe side effects have been noted. [NIH] Cefoxitin: Semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing

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specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically, and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy.

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[EU]

Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chickenpox: A mild, highly contagious virus characterized by itchy blisters all over the body. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] C-kit receptor: A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to stem cell factor (a substance that causes certain types of cells to grow). Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA

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molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in

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the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Consolidation therapy: Chemotherapy treatments given after induction chemotherapy to further reduce the number of cancer cells. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

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Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

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[NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytopenia: A reduction in the number of blood cells. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH]

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Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite. [NIH] Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to didanosine (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel

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movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dwarfism: The condition of being undersized as a result of premature arrest of skeletal growth. It may be caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (pituitary dwarfism). [NIH]

Dysgenesis: Defective development. [EU] Dysgeusia: A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU]

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Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ehrlichia: Small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal organisms occurring intracytoplasmically in circulating lymphocytes. They are the etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases of humans, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses. [NIH] Ehrlichiosis: A tick-borne disease characterized by fever, headache, myalgias, anorexia, and occasionally rash. In humans the disease is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, in dogs it is caused by E. canis, and in horses, E. equi. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection.

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Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may

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result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocyte Indices: Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroid Progenitor Cells: Committed, erythroid stem cells derived from myeloid stem cells. The progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E). BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by erythropoietin, and then further differentiate into erythroblasts when stimulated by other factors. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU]

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Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Flutter: A rapid vibration or pulsation. [EU] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by

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processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]

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Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy: A general term that refers to celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadorelin: A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines. [NIH] Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from

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bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hematologic Diseases: Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues. [NIH] Hematopoietic growth factors: A group of proteins that cause blood cells to grow and mature. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodialyzer: Apparatus for hemodialysis performing the functions of human kidneys in place of the damaged organs; highly specialized medical equipment used for treating kidney failure by passing the body's toxic substances through an external artificial kidney. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of

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glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH]

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Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease.

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[EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH]

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Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isolated limb perfusion: A technique that may be used to deliver anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg. The flow of blood to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet, and anticancer drugs are put directly into the blood of the limb. This allows the person to receive a high dose of drugs in the area where the cancer occurred. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH]

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Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukemic Infiltration: A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site. [NIH] Leukocyte Count: A count of the number of white blood cells per unit volume in venous blood. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Leukostasis: Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from leukemic infiltration which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs. [NIH] Leuprolide: A potent and long acting analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadorelin). Its action is similar to gonadorelin, which regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes,

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which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limb perfusion: A technique that may be used to deliver anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg. The flow of blood to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet, and anticancer drugs are put directly into the blood of the limb. This allows the person to receive a high dose of drugs in the area where the cancer occurred. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipomatosis: A disorder consisting of the accumulation of abnormal localized, or tumor-like fat in the tissues. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Lithium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain lithium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Loc: A brain region associated with object recognition. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lupus Nephritis: Glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. It is classified into four histologic types: mesangial, focal, diffuse, and membranous. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of

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connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphopenia: Reduction in the number of lymphocytes. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe

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than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mebendazole: A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercaptopropionylglycine: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of glycine used in treatment of liver diseases, as a detoxicant and in therapy of myopia. [NIH] Mercaptopurine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called

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antimetabolites. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH]

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Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multigene Family: The progeny of a single open-pollinated parent or of a single cross between two individuals. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Mycobacterium avium: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans. [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloid Cells: Cells which include the monocytes and the granulocytes. [NIH] Myeloid Progenitor Cells: One of the two stem cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells the other being the lymphoid progenitor cell. Derived from these myeloid progenitor cells are the erythroid progenitor cells and the myeloid cells (monocytes and granulocytes). [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myelosuppression: A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the

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blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]

Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine,

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epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but

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from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant staphylococci infections. [NIH]

Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreas Transplant: A surgical procedure that involves replacing the pancreas of a person who has diabetes with a healthy pancreas that can make insulin. The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or from a living relative. A person can donate half a pancreas and still live normally. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasympathomimetic: 1. Producing effects resembling those of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to a part. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves. Called also cholinergic. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU]

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Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perceived risk: Estimate or evaluation of risk as observed through personal experience or personal study, and personal evaluation of consequences. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral

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sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylate: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long

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half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelet Transfusion: The transfer of blood platelets from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. [NIH] Plateletpheresis: The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called

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tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH]

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Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH]

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Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulsation: A throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart. [EU] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH]

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Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]

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Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rifabutin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room

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temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino

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acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sialorrhea: Increased salivary flow. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silver Sulfadiazine: Antibacterial used topically in burn therapy. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoke Inhalation Injury: Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate: An anionic surface-active agent used for its wetting properties in industry and used in medicine as an irritant and sclerosing agent for hemorrhoids and varicose veins. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters

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distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [NIH] Stem Cell Factor: Hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the c-kit receptor CD117 (proto-oncogene protein C-kit). It is expressed during embryogenesis and provides a key signal in multiple aspects of mast-cell differentiation and function. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH]

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Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfadiazine: A short-acting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH]

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Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombopenia: Reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH]

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Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tick-Borne Diseases: Bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of infected ticks. The families Ixodidae and Argasidae contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of man and domestic birds and mammals and probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents they transmit. Many of the tick-borne diseases are zoonotic. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Ticlopidine: Ticlopidine is an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The drug has been found to significantly reduce infarction size in acute myocardial infarcts and is an effective antithrombotic agent in arteriovenous fistulas, aorto-coronary bypass grafts, ischemic heart disease, venous thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA

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molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Tropical Sprue: A condition of unknown cause. Abnormalities in the lining of the small intestine prevent the body from absorbing food normally. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

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Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary

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artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH]

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X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoonosis: Disease of animals, e. g. rabies, that can be transmitted to humans. A risk in major disasters; any disease and/or infection which is likely to be naturally transmitted from animals to man; disease caused by animal parasites. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH]

159

INDEX A Abdominal, 101, 123, 139, 141, 154 Abdominal Pain, 101, 123, 154 Acantholysis, 101, 140 Acceptor, 101, 152 Acetylcholine, 101, 112, 137 Acidosis, 40, 101, 130 Acne, 101, 130 Acne Vulgaris, 101, 130 Acrylonitrile, 101, 148 Acute leukemia, 22, 49, 101 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 14, 49, 101 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 101 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 26, 101, 102 Acute myeloid leukemia, 101, 102, 144 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 101 Acute renal, 102, 126 Acyclovir, 25, 42, 102, 122 Adenine, 102 Adenocarcinoma, 102, 126 Adenosine, 31, 72, 73, 102, 141 Adjuvant, 59, 68, 102, 123 Adrenal Cortex, 102, 115, 121, 143 Adrenergic, 102, 105, 106, 118, 145 Adsorption, 70, 102 Adsorptive, 102 Adverse Effect, 3, 33, 67, 102, 113, 130, 141, 149 Aerobic, 102, 110, 136 Affinity, 70, 102, 113, 133, 149 Affinity Chromatography, 70, 102 Agonist, 102, 109, 118 Agranulocytosis, 16, 78, 102, 113 Akathisia, 102, 106 Albumin, 70, 103, 142 Algorithms, 103, 108 Alimentary, 32, 103, 139 Alkaline, 101, 103, 104, 109 Alkaloid, 15, 103, 109, 145 Allopurinol, 45, 103 Allylamine, 103 Alopecia, 103, 115 Alpha Particles, 103, 146 Alternative medicine, 103 Amenorrhea, 4, 103, 104, 109 Amine, 68, 103, 108, 126 Amino Acid Sequence, 66, 103, 105 Amino Acid Substitution, 12, 104

Aminoglutethimide, 16, 34, 47, 104 Ammonia, 103, 104 Ammonium Sulfate, 70, 104 Amputation, 41, 104 Anaerobic, 104, 110 Analgesic, 104, 127, 145 Analog, 12, 102, 104, 110, 122, 131, 150 Anaphylatoxins, 104, 114 Anaplasia, 104 Anemia, 7, 15, 18, 20, 29, 38, 42, 69, 76, 78, 90, 104, 125, 133, 136 Anergy, 31, 104 Aneurysm, 104, 155 Angioedema, 76, 104 Animal model, 11, 12, 104 Anionic, 104, 149 Anions, 103, 104, 149 Anomalies, 32, 104, 152 Anorexia, 18, 35, 46, 104, 119, 123, 154 Anorexia Nervosa, 18, 35, 46, 104 Antagonism, 104, 113 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 105, 145, 153 Antibiotic, 17, 27, 105, 109, 110, 111, 137, 139, 140, 147, 150, 152, 153, 154 Antibodies, 10, 25, 30, 44, 105, 125, 126, 133, 142, 146 Antibody, 10, 102, 105, 113, 114, 125, 127, 128, 130, 135, 146, 150, 157 Anticoagulant, 64, 67, 105, 144 Anticonvulsant, 105, 110, 141 Antidepressive Agents, 105, 145 Antiemetic, 105, 106 Antiepileptic, 25, 105 Antifungal, 105, 130 Antigen, 10, 41, 102, 105, 113, 127, 128 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 105, 113 Anti-infective, 105, 112 Anti-inflammatory, 105, 115, 123, 127, 141 Antimetabolite, 102, 105, 135 Antimicrobial, 17, 105, 112 Antineoplastic, 106, 115, 127, 135, 139, 156 Antipsychotic, 21, 106, 113, 137, 152, 153 Antiseptic, 23, 106 Antithrombotic, 106, 153 Antiviral, 7, 12, 80, 102, 106, 129 Anus, 106, 113 Apathy, 106, 137 Apheresis, 51, 106

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Aphthous Stomatitis, 77, 106 Aplasia, 41, 106 Aplastic anemia, 23, 106 Aqueous, 56, 106 Aromatase, 104, 106 Arteries, 106, 109, 115, 135, 137 Arteriosclerosis, 106, 153 Arteriovenous, 106, 107, 135, 153 Arteriovenous Fistula, 107, 153 Artery, 104, 106, 107, 109, 115, 119, 147, 153, 156 Aseptic, 42, 107, 150 Asparaginase, 43, 107 Aspartate, 107 Aspergillosis, 107, 130 Assay, 71, 107 Asymptomatic, 79, 107, 126, 139 Atrial, 72, 73, 107 Atrial Fibrillation, 72, 73, 107 Atrioventricular, 107, 151 Atrioventricular Node, 107, 151 Atrium, 107, 151, 155 Atrophy, 46, 101, 107 Attenuated, 107, 155 Atypical, 107, 113, 129 Autodigestion, 107, 139 Autonomic, 101, 106, 107, 140 B Bacteremia, 4, 107 Bacteria, 102, 105, 107, 108, 119, 124, 126, 135, 136, 147, 148, 150, 153, 155 Bacterial Infections, 46, 107, 147 Bacteriophage, 107, 142, 156 Bacterium, 9, 107, 126, 136 Basal Ganglia, 106, 107, 112, 122 Basophils, 102, 108, 124, 131 Benign, 17, 24, 49, 50, 108, 122, 125, 137, 146 Benzene, 16, 108 Beta-Lactamases, 108, 110 Bile, 108, 127, 130, 132, 150 Bile Pigments, 108, 130 Biliary, 108, 139 Biliary Tract, 108, 139 Bilirubin, 103, 108, 127 Biogenic Monoamines, 108, 132 Biological therapy, 108, 125 Biotechnology, 13, 85, 108 Biphasic, 39, 108 Bladder, 108, 155 Blastomycosis, 108, 130 Blasts, 49, 108

Blister, 108, 140 Blood Cell Count, 78, 90, 108, 125 Blood Glucose, 109, 125 Blood Platelets, 109, 134, 142, 149, 152 Blood pressure, 109, 111, 127, 135, 149 Blood transfusion, 40, 109 Blood vessel, 109, 111, 112, 120, 123, 126, 130, 133, 135, 140, 149, 152, 153, 155 Body Fluids, 109, 118, 149 Bone Marrow Cells, 69, 70, 109, 113, 125, 134 Bowel, 6, 8, 77, 109, 117, 120, 129, 151, 154 Brachytherapy, 109, 129, 130, 146, 157 Broad-spectrum, 109, 110, 147, 153 Bromocriptine, 47, 109 Bronchoconstriction, 49, 109 Bronchus, 109 Buccal, 109, 132, 151 Bypass, 31, 109, 153 C Cadaver, 17, 109 Calcium, 109, 113 Candidosis, 5, 6, 109 Capillary, 110, 156 Capsules, 110, 122, 123 Carbamazepine, 29, 39, 47, 48, 110 Carbohydrate, 110, 115, 134, 143 Carbon Dioxide, 110, 122, 142, 155 Carcinogenesis, 12, 110 Carcinogenic, 108, 110, 150 Carcinoma, 110 Carcinostatic, 70, 110 Cardiac, 72, 73, 103, 107, 110, 121, 137, 145, 150 Case report, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23, 29, 34, 38, 41, 43, 46, 48, 110, 112 Case series, 110, 112 Causal, 110, 126 Cefazolin, 24, 110 Cefotaxime, 24, 110 Cefotetan, 24, 110 Cefoxitin, 24, 45, 110 Celiac Disease, 5, 6, 110, 124 Cell Differentiation, 110, 150 Cell Division, 107, 111, 125, 142, 148 Cell proliferation, 73, 106, 111, 129 Cell Survival, 111, 125 Cellobiose, 111 Cellulose, 24, 64, 65, 111, 122, 142 Central Nervous System, 101, 108, 111, 113, 122, 125, 131, 132, 149 Cephalothin, 17, 111

161

Cerebral, 9, 108, 111, 116, 133, 145 Cerebrovascular, 9, 111 Cerebrum, 111 Character, 111, 116, 124 Cheilitis, 5, 111 Chemical Warfare, 111, 116 Chemical Warfare Agents, 111, 116 Chemoembolization, 16, 111 Chemoprevention, 11, 111 Chemoreceptor, 106, 111 Chemotactic Factors, 111, 114 Chemotherapeutic agent, 7, 111 Chemotherapeutics, 70, 111 Chickenpox, 77, 112 Chin, 14, 19, 25, 27, 52, 60, 112, 134 Chlorhexidine, 23, 112 Cholesterol, 108, 112, 150 Cholinergic, 68, 106, 112, 139 Chorea, 106, 112 Chronic, 8, 25, 32, 34, 40, 47, 50, 78, 101, 108, 112, 117, 120, 126, 128, 130, 131, 136, 139, 140, 147, 151, 152, 154 Chronic Disease, 112, 131 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 112 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 40, 112 Chronic renal, 32, 34, 112, 154 Ciprofloxacin, 29, 46, 112 Cirrhosis, 36, 112 C-kit receptor, 112, 150 Clinical study, 14, 20, 24, 112 Clinical trial, 7, 11, 85, 112, 114, 115, 118, 146 Cloning, 10, 70, 108, 112 Clozapine, 30, 34, 40, 51, 113 Cognition, 113, 137 Colitis, 77, 113 Collagen, 103, 113, 122, 123, 142 Colloidal, 103, 113, 119, 149 Colon, 59, 113, 129, 154 Colony-Stimulating Factors, 113, 124 Combinatorial, 10, 113 Complement, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 32, 37, 64, 65, 104, 113, 114, 123, 142 Complement Activation, 24, 28, 32, 37, 64, 65, 104, 114 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 61, 114 Complementary medicine, 59, 114 Computational Biology, 85, 114 Cone, 114, 151 Confusion, 114, 137, 154, 155 Congestion, 106, 114, 120

Congestive heart failure, 29, 114 Connective Tissue, 5, 109, 113, 114, 117, 123, 133, 135, 147, 148, 151, 152 Connective Tissue Cells, 114 Consolidation, 21, 114 Consolidation therapy, 21, 114 Constipation, 106, 114 Constriction, 114, 130 Contraindications, ii, 114 Control group, 4, 114 Controlled study, 23, 114 Cornea, 115, 151, 157 Coronary, 72, 73, 107, 115, 135, 137, 153 Coronary Thrombosis, 115, 135, 137 Corpus, 115, 143 Corpus Luteum, 115, 143 Cortex, 115 Corticosteroid, 115, 143, 150 Cortisol, 103, 115 Cranial, 9, 115, 125, 140 Creatinine, 4, 115, 154 Crossing-over, 115, 146 Cryptosporidiosis, 80, 115 Curative, 69, 70, 115, 152 Cutaneous, 12, 26, 108, 115, 132 Cyclic, 40, 78, 115 Cyclophosphamide, 3, 13, 21, 28, 29, 30, 52, 115 Cyclosporine, 30, 115 Cytarabine, 21, 115 Cytochrome, 106, 116, 147 Cytochrome b, 116, 147 Cytokine, 15, 22, 116 Cytomegalovirus, 27, 30, 116, 122 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 116, 122 Cytopenia, 10, 116 Cytotoxic, 5, 6, 40, 116, 128, 146 D Decontamination, 39, 116 Degenerative, 116, 126, 138 Delirium, 106, 116 Dementia, 106, 116 Dental Care, 76, 116 Dentists, 76, 116 Depressive Disorder, 117, 132 Dermal, 49, 117, 132 Dermatitis, 50, 117, 119, 124 Dermatitis Herpetiformis, 117, 124 Dermis, 104, 117, 147 Desensitization, 117, 128 Diabetes Mellitus, 117, 125, 129 Diagnostic procedure, 63, 117

162

Leukopenia

Dialysate, 50, 117 Dialyzer, 23, 28, 117, 125 Diarrhea, 6, 115, 117 Diarrhoea, 117, 123 Didanosine, 90, 117 Dideoxyadenosine, 117 Diffusion, 117, 125, 129 Digestion, 103, 108, 109, 117, 129, 132, 151 Digestive system, 117, 136 Digestive tract, 118, 149, 150 Dilatation, Pathologic, 118, 155 Dilation, 118, 155 Direct, iii, 118, 145, 146 Discrete, 118, 132, 157 Dissociation, 102, 118 Dopamine, 106, 109, 113, 118, 138, 141 Dorsal, 118, 121, 143 Double-blind, 23, 118 Drug Interactions, 8, 118 Duct, 118, 121, 133, 148 Dura mater, 118, 134, 139 Dwarfism, 21, 118 Dysgenesis, 46, 47, 118 Dysgeusia, 76, 118 Dyskinesia, 106, 118 Dysmenorrhea, 119, 141 Dyspareunia, 119, 121 Dysphoric, 41, 117, 119 Dystrophic, 119, 120 Dystrophy, 26, 119 E Echinacea, 59, 119 Eczema, 42, 119 Edema, 23, 77, 104, 119, 131, 154 Effector, 9, 101, 113, 119 Efficacy, 3, 9, 11, 24, 25, 110, 119 Ehrlichia, 10, 25, 119 Ehrlichiosis, 9, 11, 26, 119 Elastic, 119, 124, 153 Electrolyte, 115, 116, 119, 143, 149, 154 Electrons, 119, 130, 146 Electrophoresis, 70, 119 Emboli, 67, 119 Embryogenesis, 119, 150 Encephalitis, 25, 51, 119 Encephalitis, Viral, 119 Endemic, 120, 133 Endogenous, 31, 118, 119, 120, 144 Endophthalmitis, 23, 120 Endothelial cell, 9, 10, 120 Endotoxins, 113, 120 End-stage renal, 64, 112, 120

Enteritis, 53, 120 Enterocolitis, 120 Environmental Health, 84, 86, 120 Enzymatic, 103, 108, 109, 113, 117, 120, 122, 126 Enzyme, 7, 104, 106, 107, 119, 120, 142, 144, 146, 147, 152, 153, 156 Eosinophil, 120, 125 Epidermal, 51, 120, 132, 134 Epidermis, 101, 108, 117, 120, 132, 140, 145 Epidermoid carcinoma, 120, 150 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 5, 77, 120 Epigastric, 120, 139 Epithelium, 120, 157 Ergot, 109, 120 Erythema, 5, 6, 76, 77, 120, 121 Erythema Multiforme, 5, 6, 76, 77, 121 Erythrocyte Indices, 109, 121 Erythrocytes, 104, 108, 109, 121, 126, 146 Erythroid Progenitor Cells, 121, 136 Estradiol, 9, 121 Estrogen, 8, 104, 106, 121, 143 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 8, 121 Ethnic Groups, 17, 121 Excitability, 121, 145 Exfoliation, 121, 137 Exhaustion, 28, 105, 121, 133 Exocrine, 121, 139 Exogenous, 102, 119, 120, 121, 144 External-beam radiation, 121, 130, 146, 157 Extracellular, 114, 121, 122, 149 Extracellular Matrix, 114, 121, 122 Extracorporeal, 34, 67, 121 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 34, 121 Extrapyramidal, 103, 106, 118, 121 F Facial, 5, 6, 122 Family Planning, 85, 122 Fat, 46, 67, 109, 115, 119, 122, 130, 132, 147, 149 Febrile, 9, 17, 30, 38, 122, 133, 134 Fibrinolytic, 27, 122 Fibroblasts, 66, 114, 122 Fibronectin, 66, 122 Filler, 39, 66, 67, 122 Flatus, 122 Flexor, 122, 132 Flutter, 72, 73, 122 Fractionation, 104, 122 Fungi, 105, 107, 120, 122, 135, 152, 155, 157

163

Fungus, 120, 122, 136 G Gamma Rays, 122, 146 Ganciclovir, 27, 122 Ganglion, 122, 157 Gas, 66, 67, 104, 110, 117, 122, 127, 138, 147, 155 Gas exchange, 67, 122, 147, 155 Gasoline, 108, 122 Gastrin, 123, 127 Gastroenteritis, 14, 123 Gastrointestinal, 5, 6, 27, 90, 112, 123, 131, 133, 142, 149, 151 Gelatin, 123, 124, 151 Gels, 70, 123 Gene, 10, 45, 66, 70, 106, 108, 123, 138, 148 Gene Expression, 10, 123 Genetic Engineering, 108, 112, 123 Genital, 112, 123 Geriatric, 4, 123 Gestation, 123, 140, 142 Gingival Hyperplasia, 5, 6, 123 Gingivitis, 77, 123 Gland, 76, 102, 115, 123, 124, 133, 139, 148, 151, 153 Glomerular, 123, 130, 147 Glomerulus, 123, 137 Glucocorticoid, 123, 143 Glucose, 109, 111, 117, 123, 125, 129, 148 Glucuronic Acid, 124, 126 Gluten, 5, 110, 124 Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy, 5, 124 Glycine, 103, 124, 134, 138 Glycoprotein, 70, 122, 124, 133, 154 Goats, 119, 124 Gonadal, 124, 150 Gonadorelin, 124, 131 Gonadotropin, 124, 131 Governing Board, 124, 143 Graft, 124, 136 Graft-versus-host disease, 124, 136 Gram-negative, 110, 124, 153 Gram-positive, 110, 124, 136, 152 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 124, 152 Granulocyte, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70, 113, 124 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 15, 16, 18, 30, 113, 124 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 24, 25, 52, 113, 124 Granulocytopenia, 21, 32, 67, 125 Growth factors, 66, 125

H Habitat, 125, 136 Haemodialysis, 37, 125 Half-Life, 125, 142 Haloperidol, 35, 125 Haptens, 102, 125 Headache, 119, 125, 154 Heart failure, 125 Heart Transplantation, 52, 125 Hematocrit, 109, 121, 125 Hematologic Diseases, 78, 125 Hematopoietic growth factors, 8, 125 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 66, 125, 136 Hemodialysis, 15, 16, 18, 24, 27, 28, 32, 33, 37, 44, 64, 65, 117, 125, 131 Hemodialyzer, 16, 125 Hemoglobin, 38, 104, 109, 121, 125 Hemolysis, 31, 126 Hemolytic, 23, 38, 126 Hemorrhage, 125, 126, 145 Hemorrhoids, 126, 149 Hemostasis, 76, 126, 149 Heparin, 10, 67, 126 Hepatic, 17, 34, 103, 116, 126, 132 Hepatitis, 6, 33, 126, 129 Hepatitis C, 33, 126 Hepatocellular, 16, 126 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 16, 126 Hepatocytes, 126 Hepatomegaly, 126, 129 Heredity, 101, 123, 126 Herpes, 5, 6, 25, 102, 126 Herpes Zoster, 25, 126 Heterogeneity, 102, 126 Histamine, 104, 106, 126 Homologous, 10, 115, 127, 148 Hormonal, 107, 115, 121, 127 Hormone, 8, 115, 118, 121, 123, 124, 127, 129, 131, 134, 143, 147, 152, 153 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 8, 127 Humoral, 66, 127 Humour, 127 Hydrogen, 101, 103, 110, 117, 127, 135, 138, 144 Hydrolysis, 108, 111, 127, 142, 144 Hydroxyproline, 103, 113, 127 Hydroxyurea, 90, 127 Hyperbilirubinemia, 127, 130 Hyperglycemia, 8, 127 Hyperplasia, 127, 132 Hypersensitivity, 33, 117, 120, 127, 147 Hyperthyroidism, 42, 127

164

Leukopenia

Hypotension, 106, 127 Hypothermia, 4, 127 Hypoxemia, 22, 23, 32, 37, 50, 127 Hypoxia, 37, 116, 127 I Ibuprofen, 41, 127 Idiopathic, 14, 38, 50, 53, 59, 127 Ileal, 31, 127 Ileum, 127, 131 Immune function, 68, 128 Immune response, 10, 68, 102, 104, 105, 115, 125, 128, 151, 156 Immune system, 49, 108, 128, 133, 141, 156 Immunocompromised, 9, 128 Immunodeficiency, 46, 79, 90, 128, 151 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 128, 151 Immunologic, 46, 47, 111, 128, 146 Immunology, 12, 26, 38, 48, 79, 102, 128 Immunosuppressant, 128, 135 Immunosuppression, 12, 68, 128, 133, 138 Immunosuppressive, 6, 11, 115, 123, 128, 152 Immunosuppressive Agents, 6, 128 Immunosuppressive therapy, 11, 128 Implant radiation, 128, 129, 130, 146, 157 In vitro, 7, 11, 12, 21, 24, 48, 66, 71, 128, 150, 152 In vivo, 12, 66, 70, 117, 126, 128, 133, 152 Induction, 106, 114, 128, 143 Infarction, 128, 147, 153 Infectious Mononucleosis, 77, 129 Infertility, 73, 109, 129 Infiltration, 129, 131, 157 Inflammation, 3, 9, 12, 72, 77, 101, 103, 105, 106, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120, 123, 124, 126, 129, 134, 137, 139, 140, 142, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155 Inflammatory bowel disease, 6, 8, 77, 129 Infusion, 42, 129, 154 Insulin, 129, 130, 139 Interferon, 12, 19, 22, 129, 133 Interferon-alpha, 19, 129 Interleukins, 128, 129 Internal radiation, 129, 130, 146, 157 Interstitial, 109, 129, 130, 137, 147, 157 Intestinal, 72, 73, 77, 110, 115, 120, 129, 133 Intestinal Mucosa, 110, 120, 129 Intestine, 109, 120, 129, 146, 149 Intoxication, 116, 129, 156 Intracellular, 9, 11, 128, 129, 134, 143, 147 Intracellular Membranes, 129, 134 Intramuscular, 129, 139

Intraocular, 120, 130 Intravascular, 31, 130, 131 Intravenous, 25, 42, 129, 130, 139 Intrinsic, 102, 130 Inulin, 119, 130 Ionizing, 103, 130, 146 Irradiation, 15, 31, 39, 130, 157 Ischemia, 9, 72, 73, 107, 130, 147 Isolated limb perfusion, 41, 130 Isotretinoin, 32, 130 Itraconazole, 50, 130 J Jaundice, 20, 43, 127, 130 K Kb, 84, 130 Ketoacidosis, 29, 130 Ketone Bodies, 130 Ketosis, 130 Kidney Disease, 22, 73, 84, 130 Kidney Failure, 120, 125, 131 Kidney Transplantation, 26, 52, 131 L Labile, 113, 131 Lectin, 131, 134 Lesion, 26, 108, 131, 136, 152, 154 Leucocyte, 71, 120, 131, 133 Leukaemia, 43, 46, 131 Leukapheresis, 106, 131 Leukemia, 4, 5, 6, 21, 46, 76, 77, 78, 112, 131 Leukemic Infiltration, 131 Leukocyte Count, 30, 33, 131 Leukocytes, 9, 24, 32, 46, 47, 64, 70, 108, 109, 111, 129, 131, 154 Leukocytosis, 27, 40, 76, 131 Leukostasis, 21, 28, 131 Leuprolide, 36, 131 Lichen Planus, 5, 6, 77, 131 Life cycle, 108, 122, 132 Ligaments, 115, 132 Ligands, 9, 73, 132 Limb perfusion, 132 Linkages, 117, 125, 132 Lip, 6, 132 Lipid, 68, 106, 129, 132 Lipomatosis, 21, 132 Lipopolysaccharide, 31, 124, 132 Lithium, 38, 39, 40, 46, 49, 50, 52, 68, 106, 132 Lithium Carbonate, 40, 49, 50, 52, 132 Lithium Compounds, 68, 132

165

Liver, 7, 15, 16, 17, 39, 51, 53, 101, 103, 108, 112, 115, 116, 118, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 134 Liver Cirrhosis, 15, 16, 132 Loc, 71, 132 Localized, 77, 104, 128, 132, 136, 142, 154 Lupus, 3, 5, 77, 90, 132, 152 Lupus Nephritis, 3, 132 Lymph, 33, 120, 127, 129, 132, 133, 136 Lymph node, 132, 133, 136 Lymphadenopathy, 33, 129, 133 Lymphatic, 128, 132, 133, 135, 149, 150, 153 Lymphatic system, 132, 133, 149, 150, 153 Lymphoblasts, 101, 133 Lymphocyte, 49, 105, 128, 133 Lymphocyte Depletion, 128, 133 Lymphocyte Subsets, 49, 133 Lymphoid, 105, 131, 133, 136 Lymphoma, 76, 78, 133, 136 Lymphopenia, 4, 133 Lytic, 133, 156 M Macrophage, 27, 71, 113, 124, 133 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 27, 113, 133 Malabsorption, 5, 6, 21, 110, 133 Malaise, 6, 133 Malaria, 43, 133 Malaria, Falciparum, 133, 134 Malaria, Vivax, 133 Malignancy, 6, 134 Malignant, 51, 77, 102, 106, 134, 136, 137, 146, 148 Malignant tumor, 77, 134, 136 Malnutrition, 103, 107, 134 Manic, 106, 132, 134, 145 Mebendazole, 34, 134 Mechanical ventilation, 39, 134 Medicament, 134, 151 MEDLINE, 5, 85, 134 Megakaryocytes, 109, 134 Melanin, 134, 141 Melanocytes, 134 Melanoma, 11, 41, 134 Membrane Proteins, 10, 134 Memory, 104, 116, 134 Meninges, 111, 118, 134 Meningitis, 42, 130, 134 Menstruation, 103, 119, 134 Mental, iv, 4, 6, 84, 86, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 134, 144, 145, 148, 154, 155

Mental Health, iv, 6, 84, 86, 134, 145 Mercaptopropionylglycine, 70, 134 Mercaptopurine, 4, 6, 43, 50, 77, 134 Mesenchymal, 124, 133, 135 Mesolimbic, 106, 135 Metabolite, 6, 117, 135, 143 Metastasis, 135 Methotrexate, 6, 18, 135 MI, 99, 135 Microbe, 135, 153 Microcirculation, 132, 135 Microorganism, 135, 156 Microtubules, 135, 139 Mitochondrial Swelling, 135, 137 Mitotic, 135, 156 Mobility, 11, 28, 135 Modeling, 42, 135 Modification, 40, 103, 117, 123, 135 Molecular, 10, 25, 56, 65, 71, 85, 87, 104, 108, 114, 126, 135, 143, 147, 151, 154 Molecule, 12, 102, 105, 113, 118, 119, 127, 131, 132, 135, 146, 154, 155 Monitor, 115, 135, 138 Monoclonal, 130, 135, 146, 157 Monocyte, 41, 133, 135 Mononuclear, 129, 133, 135, 154 Monophosphate, 7, 117, 136 Motion Sickness, 136, 137 Mouth Ulcer, 5, 77, 136 Mucins, 136, 148 Mucocutaneous, 6, 136 Mucosa, 78, 132, 136, 143, 151 Mucositis, 42, 136, 152 Mucus, 136, 154 Multidrug resistance, 25, 45, 136 Multigene Family, 10, 136 Multiple Myeloma, 78, 90, 136 Muscular Dystrophies, 119, 136 Myalgia, 12, 136 Mycobacterium, 22, 36, 80, 136, 147, 154 Mycobacterium avium, 22, 80, 136, 147 Mycophenolate mofetil, 3, 30, 136 Mycosis, 78, 136 Mycosis Fungoides, 78, 136 Myelogenous, 136 Myeloid Cells, 11, 136 Myeloid Progenitor Cells, 49, 136 Myeloma, 76, 136 Myelosuppression, 68, 136 Myocardial infarction, 32, 115, 135, 136 Myocardium, 135, 136, 137 Myopia, 134, 137

166

Leukopenia

N Nausea, 5, 6, 105, 106, 123, 130, 137, 154, 155 Nebramycin, 137, 153 Necrolysis, 51, 137 Necrosis, 46, 120, 128, 135, 136, 137, 147 Nematocide, 134, 137 Neonatal, 10, 137 Neoplasm, 137, 148, 154 Neoplastic, 104, 131, 133, 137 Nephritis, 3, 137 Nephropathy, 130, 137 Nerve, 102, 112, 122, 137, 139, 151, 157 Nervous System, 111, 137, 140, 146 Neural, 127, 137 Neuroleptic, 52, 103, 106, 113, 137 Neuronal, 9, 137 Neurons, 137 Neurotoxic, 8, 137 Neurotransmitter, 101, 102, 103, 118, 124, 126, 137, 151 Neutrons, 103, 130, 138, 146 Neutropenia, 17, 32, 37, 38, 40, 52, 53, 68, 72, 73, 76, 78, 138 Neutrophil, 10, 138 Nitrogen, 103, 115, 138 Nuclear, 27, 107, 119, 122, 137, 138 Nucleic acid, 117, 138 Nucleus, 108, 115, 122, 135, 138, 144 Nursing Care, 138, 140 O Odds Ratio, 5, 138 Oncogene, 138, 150 Opportunistic Infections, 80, 138 Oral Health, 75, 138 Oral Manifestations, 76, 138 Orofacial, 5, 77, 138 Orthostatic, 106, 138 Osmotic, 103, 135, 138, 149 Osteoarthritis, 138, 141 Osteoporosis, 121, 139 Ovary, 115, 121, 139, 151 Ovum, 115, 123, 132, 139, 143 Oxacillin, 32, 139 Oxygenation, 22, 127, 139 Oxygenator, 67, 121, 139 P Pachymeningitis, 134, 139 Paclitaxel, 42, 139 Palate, 139, 151 Palliative, 139, 152 Palsy, 31, 139

Pancreas, 21, 22, 101, 118, 129, 139 Pancreas Transplant, 22, 139 Pancreatic, 139 Pancreatitis, 5, 6, 78, 90, 139 Parasite, 134, 139 Parasympathomimetic, 68, 139 Parenteral, 12, 79, 139 Parkinsonism, 106, 140 Paroxetine, 34, 140 Partial remission, 3, 140, 147 Partial response, 140 Pathogenesis, 8, 10, 11, 13, 31, 140 Pathologic, 101, 109, 115, 127, 131, 140 Pathophysiology, 76, 77, 140 Patient Care Management, 6, 140 Patient Education, 90, 94, 96, 99, 140 Pelvic, 24, 140 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 24, 140 Pelvis, 140, 155 Pemphigus, 5, 6, 77, 101, 140 Penicillin, 34, 42, 105, 140 Peptide, 69, 103, 140, 142, 144 Perceived risk, 79, 140 Perennial, 119, 140, 154 Perforation, 27, 140 Perfusion, 67, 127, 140 Perinatal, 79, 140 Periodontitis, 123, 140 Peripheral blood, 9, 70, 129, 140 Peripheral Nervous System, 137, 139, 140, 151 Peritoneal, 117, 141 Peritoneal Dialysis, 117, 141 Phagocyte, 133, 141 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 111, 123, 141 Pharmacodynamic, 8, 42, 141 Pharmacokinetic, 8, 141 Pharmacologic, 9, 125, 141, 153 Phenylalanine, 41, 141 Phenytoin, 42, 110, 141 Phospholipids, 122, 141 Phosphorus, 109, 141 Phosphorylate, 7, 141 Phosphorylation, 7, 141 Physiologic, 8, 68, 102, 125, 130, 134, 141, 146 Physiology, 71, 77, 141, 155 Pigment, 108, 134, 141 Piroxicam, 43, 141 Placenta, 106, 121, 142, 143 Plague, 142, 154

167

Plants, 103, 110, 123, 130, 131, 142, 148, 153, 154 Plaque, 112, 142 Plasma, 40, 103, 105, 113, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131, 136, 142, 149, 156 Plasma cells, 105, 136, 142 Plasma protein, 103, 142, 149 Plasmapheresis, 42, 106, 142 Platelet Aggregation, 104, 142, 153 Platelet Count, 67, 142 Platelet Transfusion, 10, 142 Plateletpheresis, 106, 142 Platelets, 10, 136, 142, 152 Pleomorphic, 119, 142 Pneumonia, 13, 42, 80, 114, 142, 154 Poisoning, 116, 120, 123, 129, 137, 142 Polypeptide, 69, 103, 113, 142, 143, 144 Polysaccharide, 105, 111, 143 Posterior, 118, 139, 143 Postmenopausal, 121, 139, 143 Postnatal, 143, 150 Postoperative, 141, 143 Potassium, 143, 145 Potentiate, 66, 143 Practice Guidelines, 25, 86, 143 Preclinical, 12, 143 Precursor, 115, 118, 119, 120, 124, 141, 143 Prednisolone, 3, 143 Prevalence, 16, 76, 138, 143 Prodrug, 13, 17, 143 Progeny, 136, 143 Progesterone, 9, 143, 150 Progression, 12, 48, 104, 143, 156 Progressive, 110, 112, 116, 121, 136, 137, 138, 143, 147, 154 Prolactin, 109, 143 Promyelocytic leukemia, 4, 10, 144 Prophylaxis, 39, 144, 147 Protein Binding, 22, 144 Protein C, 103, 107, 144 Protein Conformation, 103, 144 Protein S, 108, 144 Proteinuria, 4, 23, 136, 144 Proteolytic, 113, 144 Protons, 103, 127, 130, 144, 146 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 139, 144 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 139, 144 Protozoa, 135, 144, 155 Protozoan, 115, 133, 144 Pruritic, 117, 119, 131, 144 Pruritus, 33, 144, 154 Psychic, 134, 144, 145, 148

Psychoactive, 144, 156 Psychomotor, 110, 116, 137, 145 Psychosis, 106, 145 Psychotropic, 16, 39, 145 Psychotropic Drugs, 16, 145 Public Health, 9, 86, 145 Public Policy, 85, 145 Publishing, 13, 145 Pulmonary, 28, 44, 109, 131, 145, 149, 155 Pulsation, 122, 145 Purifying, 64, 70, 145 Purpura, 5, 6, 39, 77, 78, 145 Purulent, 120, 145 Q Quaternary, 68, 144, 145 Quiescent, 4, 145 Quinidine, 44, 47, 145 Quinine, 145 R Rabies, 146, 157 Radiation, 11, 21, 36, 68, 70, 121, 122, 128, 129, 130, 146, 157 Radiation therapy, 36, 68, 121, 122, 129, 130, 146, 157 Radioactive, 116, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 138, 146, 157 Radioimmunotherapy, 146 Radiolabeled, 130, 146, 157 Radiotherapy, 43, 45, 109, 130, 146, 157 Randomized, 5, 23, 24, 119, 146 Reagent, 69, 146 Receptor, 9, 72, 73, 105, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 133, 146, 149 Recombinant, 10, 12, 15, 16, 24, 25, 28, 30, 46, 146, 155 Recombination, 66, 146 Rectum, 106, 113, 118, 122, 129, 146, 151 Recurrence, 111, 146 Red blood cells, 14, 121, 126, 136, 146, 148 Reductase, 106, 135, 146 Refer, 1, 109, 113, 122, 126, 137, 138, 145, 146 Refractory, 50, 72, 73, 146 Regimen, 3, 119, 146 Relapse, 4, 147 Remission, 3, 4, 8, 32, 42, 43, 50, 77, 146, 147 Renal failure, 22, 116, 147 Reperfusion, 9, 147 Reperfusion Injury, 147 Respirator, 134, 147 Respiratory Burst, 11, 147

168

Leukopenia

Respiratory failure, 121, 147 Reticular, 46, 47, 147 Rheumatism, 18, 127, 147 Rheumatoid, 14, 29, 41, 44, 141, 147 Rheumatoid arthritis, 14, 29, 41, 44, 141, 147 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 127, 147 Ribose, 102, 147 Rickettsiae, 147, 155 Rifabutin, 29, 147 Risk factor, 11, 17, 48, 147 Rod, 107, 147 Rubber, 66, 67, 101, 147 Ruminants, 12, 124, 148 S Saliva, 76, 148 Salivary, 76, 116, 118, 148, 149, 156 Salivary glands, 116, 118, 148 Saponins, 148, 150 Sarcoma, 19, 80, 148 Schizoid, 148, 156 Schizophrenia, 148, 156 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 148, 156 Screening, 76, 112, 148 Secretion, 73, 101, 109, 115, 118, 124, 126, 127, 129, 136, 148 Sediment, 148 Sedimentation, 4, 148 Segregation, 146, 148 Seizures, 110, 116, 141, 148 Semisynthetic, 109, 110, 148 Sepsis, 16, 27, 49, 148 Septic, 27, 28, 35, 107, 148 Sequencing, 10, 148 Serotonin, 106, 113, 138, 140, 148 Serum, 4, 28, 39, 46, 71, 103, 104, 110, 113, 114, 124, 133, 149, 154 Serum Albumin, 4, 149 Shock, 28, 53, 149, 154 Sialorrhea, 76, 149 Side effect, 3, 5, 6, 12, 64, 68, 71, 73, 90, 102, 103, 106, 108, 110, 115, 117, 136, 142, 149, 153 Signs and Symptoms, 76, 77, 147, 149, 154 Silver Sulfadiazine, 15, 33, 35, 36, 51, 149 Skeletal, 118, 136, 145, 149 Small intestine, 120, 127, 129, 149, 154 Smoke Inhalation Injury, 121, 149 Sodium, 18, 41, 145, 149 Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate, 41, 149 Soft tissue, 76, 109, 149

Solid tumor, 17, 38, 149 Solvent, 64, 108, 138, 149 Somatic, 119, 127, 140, 149 Specialist, 91, 118, 149 Species, 10, 65, 123, 133, 135, 136, 139, 145, 146, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156 Specificity, 4, 102, 150 Spectrum, 110, 150 Spirochete, 150, 152 Spleen, 116, 131, 133, 150 Splenectomy, 17, 51, 150 Splenomegaly, 4, 129, 150 Squamous, 11, 120, 150 Squamous cell carcinoma, 11, 120, 150 Squamous cells, 150 Stabilizer, 70, 150 Stavudine, 90, 150 Stem Cell Factor, 66, 112, 150 Stem Cells, 66, 70, 121, 124, 136, 150 Sterile, 107, 150 Sterility, 115, 129, 150 Steroid, 5, 6, 30, 106, 115, 148, 150 Steroid therapy, 6, 150 Stimulus, 151, 152 Stomach, 101, 107, 118, 123, 127, 130, 131, 137, 148, 149, 150, 151 Stomatitis, 5, 6, 77, 151 Stool, 113, 151 Stress, 115, 123, 137, 147, 148, 151 Stroma, 69, 151 Stromal, 66, 109, 151 Stromal Cells, 66, 109, 151 Styrene, 148, 151 Subacute, 128, 151 Subclinical, 128, 148, 151 Subcutaneous, 104, 119, 139, 151 Subspecies, 149, 151 Substance P, 135, 148, 151 Sulfadiazine, 37, 151 Superoxide, 147, 151 Suppositories, 33, 123, 151 Suppression, 7, 49, 68, 115, 151 Suppressive, 7, 151 Supraventricular, 72, 73, 151 Survival Rate, 40, 151 Symptomatic, 105, 139, 152 Syphilis, 77, 152 Systemic, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 29, 30, 41, 50, 52, 76, 109, 116, 128, 130, 132, 143, 146, 151, 152, 157 Systemic disease, 5, 6, 152

169

Systemic lupus erythematosus, 3, 29, 30, 52, 132, 152 T Tachycardia, 107, 152 Tachypnea, 107, 152 Tacrolimus, 50, 152 Tardive, 106, 152 Teicoplanin, 37, 152 Teratogenic, 130, 152 Testis, 121, 152 Testosterone, 104, 146, 152 Therapeutics, 23, 30, 31, 32, 41, 76, 152 Thermal, 35, 118, 138, 152 Thiothixene, 35, 152 Threshold, 6, 121, 152 Thrombocytes, 142, 152 Thrombopenia, 15, 152 Thrombosis, 10, 43, 67, 144, 152 Thrush, 80, 152 Thymidine, 7, 152 Thymidine Kinase, 7, 152 Thymus, 7, 133, 153 Thyroid, 127, 153 Thyroid Gland, 127, 153 Thyroxine, 40, 103, 141, 153 Tick-Borne Diseases, 119, 153 Ticks, 10, 153 Ticlopidine, 34, 153 Tobramycin, 17, 153 Tome, 56, 153 Tonicity, 126, 153 Topical, 15, 35, 50, 51, 112, 130, 153 Tourniquet, 130, 132, 153 Toxic, iv, 7, 51, 73, 108, 119, 125, 149, 151, 153 Toxicity, 4, 7, 12, 68, 77, 118, 153 Toxicology, 86, 153 Toxins, 105, 119, 120, 124, 128, 146, 153 Tranquilizing Agents, 145, 153 Transcriptase, 117, 150, 153 Transfection, 108, 154 Transfusion, 10, 44, 126, 154 Translation, 103, 154 Transplantation, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 48, 52, 53, 112, 133, 154 Trauma, 15, 27, 33, 116, 125, 137, 139, 154 Trees, 147, 154 Trigger zone, 106, 154 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 38, 154 Tropical Sprue, 43, 154 Tuberculosis, 77, 132, 136, 154 Tularemia, 53, 154

Tumor Necrosis Factor, 31, 154 Tumour, 46, 122, 154 Tunica, 136, 154 U Ulcer, 154, 155 Ulceration, 6, 75, 76, 154 Ulcerative colitis, 5, 8, 51, 77, 129, 154 Uraemia, 139, 154 Uremia, 131, 147, 155 Urethra, 155 Uric, 103, 155 Urinary, 70, 112, 155, 156 Urine, 4, 70, 108, 110, 113, 115, 130, 144, 155 Uterus, 115, 134, 143, 155 Uvea, 120, 155 V Vaccines, 11, 155, 156 Varicella, 77, 155 Varicose, 149, 155 Varicose vein, 149, 155 Vascular, 28, 103, 104, 117, 128, 132, 135, 142, 153, 155 Vasculitis, 53, 139, 155 Vasodilation, 72, 73, 155 Vasomotor, 121, 155 Vector, 10, 155 Vein, 104, 106, 107, 130, 138, 155 Venereal, 152, 155 Venous, 106, 108, 126, 131, 142, 144, 153, 155 Venous blood, 108, 131, 142, 155 Venous Thrombosis, 153, 155 Ventilation, 155 Ventricle, 107, 155, 156 Ventricular, 72, 73, 156 Venules, 9, 109, 110, 135, 156 Vesicular, 117, 126, 156 Veterinary Medicine, 85, 156 Villous, 110, 156 Vinblastine, 47, 156 Vinca Alkaloids, 156 Viral, 5, 6, 12, 70, 90, 117, 119, 146, 153, 156 Viral Load, 90, 156 Virulence, 107, 153, 156 Virulent, 78, 156 Virus, 13, 33, 54, 70, 79, 90, 107, 112, 123, 126, 129, 142, 156, 157 Viscera, 136, 149, 156 Vitro, 71, 126, 156 Vivo, 133, 156

170

Leukopenia

W Withdrawal, 5, 116, 156 X Xanthine, 73, 103, 156 Xanthine Oxidase, 103, 156 Xenograft, 104, 156 Xerostomia, 76, 156

X-ray, 122, 130, 138, 146, 150, 157 X-ray therapy, 130, 157 Y Yeasts, 109, 122, 157 Z Zoonosis, 9, 157 Zoster, 77, 157

171

172

Leukopenia

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