Lepidoptera of Israel: Noctuidae (Pensoft Series Faunistica)

Pensoft Series Faunistica No 63

Volume 2 summarizes information pertaining to 420 noctuid moth species currently recorded in Israel, illustrated with 38 life-sized color plates. In addition, maps of the distribution of each species throughout Israel are included. This book is complementary to the richly illustrated first volume that deals with 128 erebid species and contains 36 color plates representing the wide range of major habitat types in Israel. As well as being an important tool for butterfly and moth specialists, this book is also a good companion for nature conservationists, biogeographers, collectors and nature lovers. The Israeli Lepidoptera series aims to serve as the definitive guide for anyone interested in the nature of Israel, as well as of the Near East in general.

The Lepidoptera of Israel Volume 2 Noctuidae

This book is the second in a series that covers more than 1,000 species of Macro Lepidoptera of Israel, with complete and up-to-date information about their taxonomy, distribution, habitat preferences, seasonal activity and host plant interactions. This series is the first of its kind within the entire Near East that aspires to fill in a significant gap in our knowledge about the moths and butterflies of this poorly studied region.

The Lepidoptera of Israel Volume 2

Noctuidae Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Michael Fibiger, Axel Hausmann & Günter C. Müller

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

K EDITORS

OF THE

SERIES:

Günter C. Müller, Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Axel Hausmann, Wolfgang Speidel, Josef Mooser & Thomas J. Witt

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Volume 2. Noctuidae

The Lepidoptera of Israel Volume 2

Noctuidae Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Michael Fibiger, Axel Hausmann & Günter C. Müller

Sofia–Moscow 2007

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© Copyright by Pensoft Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form or any means without the written permission from the publisher. Editors of the series “The Lepidoptera of Israel”: Günter C. Müller, Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Axel Hausmann, Wolfgang Speidel, Josef Mooser & Thomas J. Witt. Color plates: Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Olga B. Orlova & Günter C. Müller Front cover: Leucochlaena jordana Draudt, 1934 (Photo V. D. Kravchenko) Maps by Olga Orlova and Vasiliy Kravchenko This publication should be cited as: Kravchenko, V.D., Fibiger, M., Hausmann A. & Müller G.C. (2007): Vol. 2, Noctuidae. In: Müller, G.C., Kravchenko, V.D., Hausmann, A., Speidel, W., Mooser J. & Witt T.J. (eds) The Lepidoptera of Israel. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow, 320 pp. Pensoft Publishers Geo Milev Str. 13a, 1111 Sofia, Bulgaria Fax: (+3592) 870 -42- 82 E-mail: [email protected] www.pensoft.net ISBN 978-954-642-288-0 (Volume 2) Pensoft Series Faunistica No 63 ISSN 1312-0174 AUTHORS ADDRESSES: Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; e-mail: [email protected] Michael Fibiger, Molbechs Allee 49, DK-4180 Sorø, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] Axel Hausmann, Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, D-81247 München, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Günter C. Müller, Department of Parasitology, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University – Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; e-mail: [email protected] Printed in Bulgaria, May 2007

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Dedicated to our colleague and friend Dr. Olga B. Orlova

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Contents Preface 9 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction 11 Checklist of Noctuidae of Israel Subfamily Plusiinae 28 Subfamily Eustrotiinae 35 Subfamily Bagisarinae 37 Subfamily Acontiinae 37 Subfamily Dilobinae 42 Subfamily Acronictinae 43 Subfamily Metoponiinae 47 Subfamily Cuculliinae 51 Subfamily Oncocnemidinae 59 Subfamily Amphipyrinae 74 Subfamily Psaphidinae 77 Subfamily Heliothinae 79 Subfamily Condicinae 84 Subfamily Eriopinae 86 Subfamily Bryophilinae 86 Subfamily Xyleninae 91 Subfamily Hadeninae 154 Subfamily Noctuinae 182 References 219 Color Maps of Israel 229 Color Plates of Moths 232 Index of Latin Names of Moths Index of Latin Names of Plants

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310 316

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Preface It is an honor for me to introduce the series “The Lepidoptera of Israel”. This comprehensive publication on the Lepidopteran fauna of Israel is the product of a long-term IsraeliGerman partnership to study the Lepidopteran communities of Israel. The Israeli-German project conducted intensive collecting expeditions during a twenty year period from 1986 to 2006, mainly with light traps, but also with bait and other means, in order to study the local fauna throughout the country. The main collecting efforts were conducted by Dr. Günter Müller (The Hebrew University), Dr. Vasiliy Kravchenko (Tel Aviv University) and by myself (Nature and Parks Authority). Many other people were also recruited to support the project, including NPA rangers and site managers who were constantly operating a vast network of widely distributed light traps. The sorting of the material was carried out in Israel and Germany then sent to different experts in order to promote the identification and publication of materials. A general study of the different landscapes and their main vegetation components was also included in order to learn the habitat preferences of the different Lepidopteran species, as well as their host-plant relationships. Also, many species were reared for this purpose. I would like to acknowledge the support of Prof. Joshoa Kugler, (Tel Aviv University) and Prof. Josef Fittkau (the Zoologische Staatsammlung, Munich) as well as Dr. Amnon Freidberg (Tel Aviv University) and Dr. Axel Hausmann (the Zoologische Staatsammlung, Munich), each of whom took care of and supported this project in their institutes respectively. I would also like to acknowledge the cooperation of a large number of experts who volunteered to join this project and to finalize the identification and the publication of the material. This project yielded an impressive number of scientific publications in which many species were recorded as new to Israel and some were also new to science. Information on the life histories and ecology of these species will probably increase in the near future. Since the publication of Amsel (1933, Zoogeographica 2 (1):1-146), most of the studies of this order in Israel were devoted to pest species and Rhopalocera. The other species-rich families have received little attention thus far. The present study is the first comprehensive project to cover a large part of this important order. Similar monographs on ‘Bombyces’ and geometrid moths are on the way, but there is still work to be done to revise the Microlepidoptera in order to obtain full knowledge of all the Lepidopteran families in Israel. The study of Lepidoptera and their ecology is supposed to support the efforts of protection and conservation of this order in Israel. Actually, no species of this group is explicitly declared as a protected natural asset, but they are all protected within the borders of Nature Reserves and National Parks of Israel. The investigation of their distribution patterns, their biology and their threatened status is an important issue for nature conservation. This books series will provide valuable information that will help to improve the protection of Lepidoptera in Israel.

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Finally, I would like to acknowledge my deep appreciation to Dr. Vasiliy Kravchenko and Dr. Gunter Muller who played a crucial role in this project. Without their enthusiasm this project would not have been successful and the book series would not yet be ready for publication. Dr. Reuven Ortal Science and conservation Division Nature and Parks Authority, Israel

Acknowledgements We thank all our colleagues and the many generous Israeli citizens who helped with this project. We are especially obliged to Prof. Tamar Dayan, Director of the National Collections of Natural History, Tel Aviv University and Prof. Eviatar Nevo Director of the Institute of Evolution, Haifa University. We are grateful to the Israeli Nature and Parks Authority (NPA), who supplied the collecting permits, especially to Dr. Reuven Ortal, Dr. Didi Kaplan (NPA Northern District Biologist), Mr. Yiftah Sinai (NRA Carmel District Biologist), Mr. Zeev Kuller (Central District Biologist), and the staff of the NPA-regional rangers, Nature Reserves and National Parks directors throughout Israel. Special thanks go to Mr. Shady Nasrallah, Director of the Agricultural Center at Majdal Shams. For the discussion of some taxonomical issues and for identification of some material we are obliged to Dr. Wolfgang Speidel, (Museum Witt, Munich, Germany), Dr. László Ronkay (Hungarian National Museum of Natural History, Budapest, Hungary) and Mr. Hermann Hacker (Forest Department, Staffelstein, Germany). Dr. Vladimir Kononenko (Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science) helped us a lot in the composition of the colour plates and in “Photoshop”–technique. The participation and help of Prof. J. Kugler, Dr. A. Freidberg (Entomological collection, of Tel Aviv University), Prof. J. Fittkau (former director of the Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany), Dr. Hedva Pener, Dr. Laor Orshan and Dr. Heather Bromly-Schnur (Entomological Laboratory, Ministry of Health), Mr. Yossi Lev-Ari and Mr. Giora Gisis (Bet Ushishkin Museum, Qibbutz Dan), the late Mr. Zeev Shoam (Qibbutz Neot Mordachai), Mrs. Miri Simchoni-Barak & Mr. Zion Barak, Qibbutz Yftah and Mr. Benni & Mrs. Aliza Ben David from Kefar Sabba is greatly appreciated. We are most grateful to Dr. J. Halperin, the late Dr. Shoshana Yathom (Volcani Center, Bet Dagan) and the late Dr. Q. Argaman for sharing their ecological observations with us. Many thanks to Dr. Lee Schnur, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, and Dr. Amy Junnila, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada for correcting the English. The Israeli-German Lepidoptera Project and, finally, this book series would never have become realized without the generous help of Prof. Y. Schlein, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem. Last but not least, we express our deep appreciation to Pensoft Publishers who have provided both financial and logistic help.

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Introduction Methodological Notes The faunistic data presented in this book are mainly based on the outcomes of the IsraeliGerman project for the study of the Israeli lepidopteran fauna. In its context, widespread collecting was conducted from 1986 to 2006. This project was a joint effort of The Hebrew University, the Tel Aviv University, The Nature Reserves and Park Authority of Israel, the Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany and the Museum Witt, Munich, Germany. Lepidoptera were collected during a period of 20 years totaling about 4000 nights of collecting with mobile light traps powered by generator (250 Watt bulbs HQL & ML) and about 2000 nights of collecting with mobile light traps powered by batteries (12Volt 8 Watt & 20Watt, 6 Volt 4 Watt Black light UVB tubes). Traps were rotated on a daily basis. In addition, a widespread network of permanent light traps (220V 20W Black light UVB & UVC tubes) was maintained. Permanent traps were relocated on an annual basis. From year to year, 10–34 traps were operated. All of the Israeli insect collections were checked, and all published checklists concerning the Israeli fauna of Noctuidae verified. The excellent fauna of the Levant (Hacker 2001) and some related publications in Esperiana 8 offered an additional valuable basic information for general distribution patterns, for the distribution in the Levant and for some further issues. Phenology is given based on the data collected during the Israeli-German project, coupled with material kept in the Israeli collections, as well as information drawn from the literature. Larval host-plants are taken from the literature, the authors’ own observations and personal communications by other colleagues. The distribution maps show the actual localities in Israel whence the respective material came, while the more general information on distribution, including the patterns, is presented in the text. The Geographic names of sites are according to official maps of Survey of Israel (Ministry of Construction & Housing, State of Israel) and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority. The plates with habitats show some of the many sites where material was collected. More precise habitat descriptions, as well as the ecology and zoogeography of the Israeli Lepidoptera will follow in a special volume. The nomenclature of all systematic categories is based on Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005) and Fibiger & Hacker (2005) (see Classification). Zoogeography and Chorotypes There are various approaches to characterize the specific distribution patterns or chorotypes of Lepidoptera. Some of these systems focus on the historical background by determining glacial refugia (cf. de Lattin 1957; followed by many lepidopterists in the second half of the 20th century), whereas others are more ‘descriptive’, being restricted to describing and

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generalizing the actual distribution patterns. Science is far from using one unique and generally accepted approach. As a result, there are a large number of different systems. In this book we want to use a descriptive method by basing our classification on actual distribution patterns, and by grouping them so that they would largely correspond to those used in the book series ‘Geometrid Moths of Europe’: Cosmopolitan: Wide distribution in the Old and New Worlds Paleotropical: Wide distribution in the Old World tropics, with extended distribution or migration to the Mediterranean Afrotropical: Wide distribution in the Afrotropical region, with extended distribution or migration to the Mediterranean Asiatic-Tropical: Wide distribution in the Oriental region, with extended distribution or migration to the Mediterranean Holarctic: Palearctic and North American Palearctic: with subgroup West-Palearctic; both including North Africa Eurasiatic: with subgroup European-West Asiatic or (East-)European-West Asiatic, corresponding to a Palearctic distribution pattern but excluding North Africa; typically species inhabiting mesophilic or hygrophilic habitats, in the South often in the mountains, rarely in coastal regions Mediterranean: with subgroups, e.g. East-Mediterranean, typically species of coastal regions or lowlands with Mediterranean vegetation - extension of distribution: ‘Mediterranean-Iranian’ (in the East not beyond Iran and western Afghanistan) - extension of distribution: ‘Mediterranean-Turanian’ (in the East to the Central Asian mountains) Iranian: restricted to Iran and closely neighbouring territories, sometimes with isolated occurrences in the Levant; often steppe species of medium and higher altitudes, sometimes montane or xeromontane - extension of distribution: ‘Irano-Turanian’ (in the West not beyond Iran and Transcaucasia, in the East to the Central Asian mountains) - extension of distribution: ‘Anatolian-Iranian’ (in the West to central or western Turkey) Eremic: with subgroups, e.g. (Central-)Eremic. This chorotype describes distributions in the southernmost part of the western Palearctic; typically xerothermophilic desert or semi-desert species Endemic: species with restricted distributions in the Levant Main Ecotypes With the help of the database compiled by the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project, and of the field experience of the authors, the Israeli Noctuidae were categorized into crude ‘ecotypes’ described below. For many Levantine species this is the first time that their habitats are described. Habitat descriptions of the Noctuidae species are supplied by references to the pictures in volume 1 (Erebidae), except of ubiquitous species and species whose habitat preferences are unknown. Some species with wider distributions, being at their most remote locality in Israel, show a clear shift in habitat preference from their centre of distribution.

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Species whose habitat preferences are unknown. Included into this category are the species from which only historical records are available, as well as the species collected only a few times without any obvious habitat preferences. For some of these species, “probable” habitats are suggested for Israel based on the experience of the authors, observations in neighbouring regions, and on the literature. Ubiquitous species are found in all kinds of habitats of one (or both) of the two large climatological regions of Israel, the temperate and the arid zone, often penetrating into the semi-arid region which separates the two. Many of these species are common and are widely distributed in synanthropic vegetation. Wetland species are restricted to open, forestless wetlands within the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian zones. Oasis species are restricted to natural or agricultural oases surrounded by desert, with or without wetlands and/or salinas, and to their drier peripheries. Sylvicolous species are centred in the Mediterranean areas of the country that contain different types of maquis and forest. Many of these species are associated with specific types of woodlands. The species centred in wooded areas of the arid region, like Acacia stands, or in wooded areas of oases, like Tamarix thickets, are attributed to the habitat types of desert and oasis, respectively. Riverine species are restricted to riparian forests and forested wetlands of the Mediterranean and, occasionally, Irano-Turanian zones. Steppe species are centred in the semi-arid regions (80–250 mm of annual precipitation) with grass and shrub steppes and also in areas with semi-steppe batha (up to 350 mm of annual precipitation). Montane steppe species are centred on the xerotherm karstic slopes of Mt. Hermon from 1000 up to about 1800 m a.s.l., and/ or at the upper altitudes of the Judean desert and Negev highlands. This group is mainly defined by being absent in lowland steppes. Tragacanth species are centred on the peak of Mt. Hermon (above 1800 m) with its typical tragacanth steppe vegetation. Grassland species are centred in areas with more than 400 mm annual precipitation that support a continuous and dense grass layer with few bushes and trees. Some of these species are also found in scattered forests, forest clearings and at forest edges, as well as in agricultural areas. Species of the coastal sand dunes are centred in the arid habitats along the Mediterranean coastal plain, mainly coastal sand dunes, and are not known in desert areas further inland, like some psammophilous desert species found in sandy inland valleys and larger depressions, as well as along the coastal sand dunes. Deserticolous species are centred in the arid regions with less than 80 mm of annual precipitation. Psammophilous species are centred within the desert on sandy soils, often in large inland valleys and depressions. Some of these species penetrate the sandy areas, mainly the arid sand dunes, along the Mediterranean coastal plain. Since a concise but colourful overview of the main habitat and landscape types of Israel is available in volume 1 (Erebidae) of the present series, the reader is kindly advised to address there as a source of relevant information.

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Geography and Climatology of Israel Israel is located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin which lies in the northern part of the Syrian East African Rift Valley (Picard, 1943). The geography of the country is mainly determined by its position within the Mediterranean zone. Israel is at a ‘crossroads’ between three continents and is bounded by cultivated land and desert (Pohoryles, 1975). In contrast to the more uniform and monotonous landscapes of the Levant, Israel is morphologically distinctive with a wide variety of different zones and habitats (Kosswig, 1955). Map 1 shows the main geographic areas of Israel, while Map 2 provides insights into the vegetation cover of the country. The country can be roughly divided into three longitudinal landscape units (Klein, 1988): the Coastal Plain, the central mountain ridge and the Rift Valley. The northern part of Israel includes Mt. Hermon (2200 m above sea-level) which receives annual snow and contains typical tragacanth vegetation, whereas the Dead Sea area is about 400 m below sea-level and contains pockets rich in Afrotropical fauna and flora (Zohary & Orshansky, 1949; Bytinski-Salz, 1961). The north and center of the country is temperate (Mediterranean), while the southern and eastern parts are semiarid (Irano-Turanian grassland) and arid (deserts) (Danin, 1988). Map 3 shows the main climatological regions of Israel. The Arava Valley and the Negev are known for numerous natural and artificial oases (Orni & Efrat 1980). The patterns of these alternating geographical and climatic zones were and are very conductive to the development and establishment of a rich floral and faunal assemblage of different origins (Eig, 1926; Lattin, 1967; Zohary, 1962, 1966); accordingly, many species are at their limits of geographical distribution within these zones (Bodenheimer, 1930; 1935; Furth, 1975; Jaffe, 1988). The annual temperature in Israel falls within the 20°C isotherm, according to Beaumont et al. (1976). However, this is only true for the coastal plain (Biel, 1944), since there is an annual average of 17°C in the hills, and 25°C in the Jordan Valley (Ashbel, 1951). As a rule, temperatures drop abruptly in November, and reach a minimum in January or February. Days with freezing point temperatures occur almost every winter in the hills while these temperatures are rare in the coastal plain. The warming in April and May is more gradual than the drop of the temperature in autumn. In summer, peak temperatures fluctuate around 40°C (Ashbel, 1951). In terms of precipitation, the short winter accounts for 70% of the annual rainfall which occurs between November and February. Rain from May to September is negligible; the dry season lasts from June to August. Generally, the annual rainfall decreases in two main directions, gradually from North to South, from 1500 mm on Mt. Hermon to 15 mm near the gulf of Eilat (Ashbel, 1951), and sharply from the Judean mountains eastward to the Rift Valley. The northsouth gradient is influenced mainly by the intensity and frequency of rain-contributing weather systems while the west-east gradient is influenced by topography, namely, the ascent of air masses toward the mountains of Judea and Samaria. This results in cooler air and, consequently, increased rainfall as elevation increases. Descending air masses headed towards the Rift Valley become warmer and drier, resulting in desert formation

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in the “rain shadow” of the Judean and Samarian mountains. In cold, wet years winter snow may fall as far South as the highlands of the central Negev. Phytogeographic Zones The life cycles of most phytophagous insects including the Lepidoptera are synchronized at least to some degree with their host-plants. Therefore, a short discussion of the major Israeli phytogeographic zones is integral to understanding the life-cycle and distribution of the local lepidopteran fauna. The plants of Israel belong to five large distinct phytogeographic regions (Zohary, 1966): the Tragacanth zone, the Mediterranean zone, the Irano-Turanian zone, the Saharo-Arabian eremic zone, and the Ethiopian (Sudanian) tropical zone (Map 4). The Tragacanth high-altitude zone is restricted to the peak of Mt. Hermon (above 1800 m). A snow cover with very low temperatures in winter and hot, dry summers create specific plant communities dominated by spiny, round, dense, cushionlike shrubs such as Astragalus and Onobrychis. The main water source in this area is melting snow, consequently most of this karstic mountain is rather arid. Different types of forest are found only along the foothills and within canyons (Danin, 1988). The Mediterranean zone covers areas which receive an annual average precipitation of 350 mm or more. The hills of Jerusalem and the coastal plain belong to the southernmost parts of the Mediterranean territory in the Near East (Zohary, 1962). Mediterranean vegetation is divided into two distinct types, that of the hills and that of the coastal plain. In the hills, with their higher precipitation (about 500–700 mm), maquis is dominant. In the Mediterranean forest, the different plant associations can be discerned in accordance with local variations in rainfall, bedrock types and soil depths. The Irano-Turanian zone is a dry or desert steppe which receives an average annual rainfall of 200–300 mm occurring only during winter. This zone stretches from its southwestern border in Israel through Iran, Turkestan and inner Asia to the Gobi desert. Low brush or dwarf bushes with associated Artemisia vegetation are characteristic of this region. The Saharo-Arabian eremic zone is a true desert centered on the Arabian Peninsula. Here, winter rainfall of up to 200 mm is followed by a short period of blooming, whereas afterwards the vegetation dries up rapidly. Dense or contracted vegetation can be found in water catchment areas, such as wadis and rock outcrops, while in other areas the vegetation is very sparse; some large areas average only one plant per one to ten square meters (Kugler, 1988). The great majority of plants in this zone are thorny trees, bushes and shrubs. Some bushes and trees may remain dry and bare for years waiting for rain; these plants are often residues of the African savannah (Orni & Efrat, 1980). The Ethiopian (Sudanian) tropical zone in Israel is only represented in small enclaves or oases, in the lower Jordan Valley, the Dead Sea area and the Arava Valley where they are surrounded by extreme desert or halophilic vegetation. High temperature, abundant fresh water and rich soil conditions are typical of these oases containing Sudanese elements of flora and fauna (Zohary & Orshansky, 1949).

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Classification The classification of Noctuidae, in the recent years, has been the subject of permanent taxonomic changes. These changes concern all taxonomic categories, from species groups to the family rank, proposed in order to establish natural monophyletic groups (groups with a single common ancestor). However, recent critical analyses revealed that the monophyly of the traditional ‘Noctuidae s.l.’ is doubtful (Mitchell et al., 2005; Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005) and several authors have proposed a new classification of the Noctuoidea breaking them up into a number of independent families: Noctuidae, Erebidae, Nolidae and Micronoctuidae (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005; Fibiger & Hacker, 2005; Kononenko, 2005). This classification is followed here, with the Erebidae being the subject of volume 1, and the Noctuidae (s.str.) of volume 2. The Noctuidae “sensu stricto” largely comprise the ‘trifine noctuids’ in the old sense. A special character which evolved within the Noctuidae is the epaulette separating the tympanum and the conjunctiva in the tympanal organ and eventually serving as a protection against the penetration of Acari in the tympanal cavity. In addition to being characterized by the presence of an epaulette, Noctuidae s.str. (‘trifine Noctuidae’) can be recognized by their trifine hindwing venation, i.e. by the reduced or absent hindwing vein M2. This morphologically compact and definitely monophyletic group is very species-rich, dominating the Noctuoidea of the Palearctic. Brecause many species of ‘Trifinae’ are highly uniform in their appearance, unsurprisingly the taxonomically most difficult genera of Noctuidae (e.g. Euxoa, Cucullia) belong therein. Subdivision of the Noctuidae s.str. at the subfamily and tribal levels has recently also been the subject of major revision (cf. Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005; Fibiger & Hacker, 2005; Kononenko, 2005). This reclassification is generally accepted here as well, with one very slight modifications affecting the eremic fauna: the deserticolous tribe Armadini (Noctuidae, Acontiinae) is subdivided into two components of different relationships. The new concept of Armadini is restricted to the core group around the genus Armada, while the second subgroup is subordinated under Metoponiinae. Abbreviations The abbreviations used mainly concern the captions for color plates. The numbers in the plates correspond to those of the species as presented in the text. K&M: collected by V. Kravchenko & G. Müller K&Y: collected by V. Kravchenko & I. Yarom TAU: Tel Aviv University, Israel MF: Collection of M. Fibiger, Sorø., Denmark JM: Collection of J. Mooser, Freising, Germany ZSM: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany ZIN: Zoolozical Unstitute of Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Checklist of Noctuidae of Israel Subfamily Plusiinae Boisduval, 1828 Tribe Abrostolini Eichlin & Cunningham, 1978 1. Abrostola clarissa (Staudinger, 1900) Tribe Plusiini Boisduval, (1828) 2. Euchalcia emichi (Rogenhofer, 1873) 3. Euchalcia olga Kravchenko, Müller, Fibiger, Mooser & Ronkay, 2006 4. Euchalcia augusta (Staudinger, 1891) 5. Euchalcia maria (Staudinger, 1892) 6. Euchalcia paulina (Staudinger, 1892) 7. Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens, 1850) 8. Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758) 9. Cornutiplusia circumflexa (Linnaeus, 1767) Tribe Argyrogrammatini Eichlin & Cunningham, 1978 10. Thysanoplusia daubei (Boisduval, 1840) 11. Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775) 12. Agrapha accentifera (Lefèbvre, 1827) 13. Trichoplusia vittata (Wallengren, 1856) 14. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, 1803) 15. Trichoplusia circumscripta (Freyer, 1831) 16. Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, 1789) Subfamily Eustrotiinae Grote, 1882 17. Eulocastra diaphora (Staudinger, 1879) 18. Pseudozarba bipartita (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850) 19. Pseudozarba mesozona (Hampson, 1896) 20. Ozarba sancta (Staudinger, 1900) Subfamily Bagisarinae Crumb, 1956 21. Xanthodes albago (Fabricius, 1794) Subfamily Acontiinae Guenée, 1841 Tribe Acontiini Guenée, 1841 22. Acontia trabealis (Scopoli, 1763) 23. Acontia titania (Esper, 1798) 24. Acontia lucida (Hufnagel, 1766) 25. Acontia biskrensis (Oberthür, 1887) Tribe Armadini Wiltshire, 1961 26. Armada panaceorum (Ménétriès, 1849) 27. Armada nilotica A. Bang-Haas, 1912 28. Armada maritima Brandt, 1939 29. Tarachephia hueberi (Ershov, 1874)

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30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68.

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Tribe Aediini Beck, 1960 Aedia leucomelas (Linnaeus, 1758) Aedia funesta (Esper, 1786) Subfamily Dilobinae Aurivillius, 1889 Diloba caeruleocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) Subfamily Acronictinae Heinemann, 1859 Simyra dentinosa Freyer, 1839 Acronicta aceris (Linnaeus, 1758) Acronicta psi (Linnaeus, 1758) Acronicta tridens (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Acronicta pasiphae Draudt, 1936 Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758) Craniophora ligustri (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Craniophora pontica (Staudinger, 1879) Subfamily Metoponiinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 Aegle semicana (Esper, 1798) Aegle rebeli Schawerda, 1923 Aegle exquisita Boursin, 1969 Aegle ottoi (Schawerda, 1923) Megalodes eximia (Freyer, 1845) Haemerosia renalis (Hübner, 1813) Haemerosia vassilininei A. Bang-Haas, 1912 Tyta luctuosa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Epharmottomena eremophila (Rebel, 1895) Iranada turcorum (Zerny, 1915) Subfamily Cuculliinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 Cucullia syrtana (Mabille, 1888) Cucullia argentina (Fabricius, 1787) Cucullia santolinae Rambur, 1834 Cucullia calendulae Treitschke, 1835 Cucullia santonici (Hübner, 1813) Cucullia boryphora Fischer de Waldheim, 1840 Cucullia improba Christoph, 1885 Cucullia macara Rebel, 1948 Cucullia blattariae (Esper, 1790) Cucullia barthae (Boursin, 1933) Cucullia anceps (Staudinger, 1882) Cucullia scrophulariae (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Cucullia lychnitis (Rambur, 1833) Cucullia strigicosta Boursin, 1940 Cucullia macewani Wiltshire, 1949 Cucullia verbasci (Linnaeus, 1758) Cucullia celsiae (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850) Metlaouia autumna (Chrétien, 1910)

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69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110.

Volume 2. Noctuidae

Subfamily Oncocnemidinae Forbes & Franclemont, 1954 Brachygalea albolineata (Blachier, 1905) Brachygalea kalchbergi (Staudinger, 1897) Lithophasia quadrivirgula (Mabille, 1888) Lithophasia venosula Staudinger, 1892 Metalopha gloriosa (Staudinger, 1892) Metalopha liturata (Christoph, 1887) Calophasia platyptera (Esper, 1788) Calophasia barthae Wagner, 1929 Calophasia angularis (Chrétien, 1911) Calophasia sinaica (Wiltshire, 1948) Pamparama acuta (Freyer, 1838) Oncocnemis confusa Lederer, 1878 Oncocnemis exacta Christoph, 1887 Oncocnemis strioligera Lederer, 1853 Rhabinopteryx subtilis (Mabille, 1888) Teinoptera culminifera Calberla, 1891 Teinoptera gafsana (Blachier, 1905) Cleonymia jubata (Oberthür, 1890) Cleonymia warionis (Oberthür, 1876) Cleonymia opposita (Lederer, 1870) Cleonymia pectinicornis (Staudinger, 1859) Cleonymia baetica (Rambur, 1837) Cleonymia chabordis (Oberthür, 1876) Cleonymia fatima (A. Bang-Haas, 1907) Omphalophana antirrhinii (Hübner, 1803) Omphalophana anatolica (Lederer, 1857) Omphalophana pauli (Staudinger, 1892) Recophora beata (Staudinger, 1892) Metopoceras omar (Oberthür, 1887) Metopoceras delicata (Staudinger, 1898) Metopoceras philbyi Wiltshire, 1980 Metopoceras solituda (Brandt, 1938) Metopoceras kneuckeri (Rebel, 1903) Metopoceras felicina (Donzel, 1844) Xylocampa mustapha Oberthür, 1920 Stilbia syriaca Staudinger, 1892 Stilbina hypaenides Staudinger, 1892 Hypeuthina fulgurita Lederer, 1855 Subfamily Amphipyrinae Guenée, 1837 Pyrois effusa (Boisduval, 1828) Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus, 1758) Amphipyra micans Lederer, 1857 Amphipyra boursini Hacker, 1998

20

The Lepidoptera of Israel

111. Amphipyra tetra (Fabricius, 1787) 112. Amphipyra stix Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 Subfamily Psaphidinae Grote, 1896 Tribe Psaphidini Grote, 1896 113. Valeria oleagina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) 114. Valeria josefmooseri Kravchenko, Speidel, Seplyarkaya & Müller, 2007 115. Valeria thomaswitti Kravchenko, Speidel, Seplyarkaya & Müller, 2007 116. Allophyes benedictina (Staudinger, 1892) 117. Allophyes asiatica (Staudinger, 1892) Subfamily Heliothinae Boisduval, 1828 118. Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel, 1766) 119. Heliothis nubigera Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 120. Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) 121. Heliothis incarnata (Freyer, 1838) 122. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) 123. Schinia scutosa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) 124. Periphanes delphinii (Linnaeus, 1758) 125. Periphanes treitschkei (Frivaldzsky, 1835) 126. Aedophron phlebophora Lederer, 1858 127. Masalia albida (Hampson, 1905) Subfamily Condicinae Poole, 1995 128. Condica capensis (Guenée, 1852) 129. Condica viscosa (Freyer, 1831) 130. Condica palaestinensis (Staudinger, 1895) Subfamily Eriopinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 131. Callopistria latreillei (Duponchel, 1827) Subfamily Bryophilinae Guenée, 1852 132. Cryphia algae (Fabricius, 1775) 133. Cryphia ochsi (Boursin, 1941) 134. Cryphia tephrocharis Boursin, 1953 135. Cryphia rectilinea (Warren, 1909) 136. Cryphia amseli Boursin, 1952 137. Cryphia labecula (Lederer, 1855) 138. Cryphia raptricula (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) 139. Cryphia petrea (Guenée, 1852) 140. Cryphia maeonis (Lederer, 1865) 141. Cryphia paulina (Staudinger, 1892) 142. Cryphia amasina (Draudt, 1931) 143. Victrix tabora (Staudinger, 1892) 144. Victrix marginelota (de Joannis, 1888) Subfamily Xyleninae Guenée, 1837 Tribe Prodeniini Forbes, 1954 145. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) 146. Spodoptera cilium (Guenée, 1852)

21

147. Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) Tribe Caradrinini Boisduval, 1840 148. Caradrina agrotina (Staudinger, 1892) 149. Caradrina aspersa (Rambur, 1834) 150. Caradrina kadenii (Freyer, 1836) 151. Caradrina syriaca (Staudinger, 1892) 152. Caradrina panurgia (Boursin, 1939) 153. Caradrina oberthueri (Rothschild, 1913) 154. Caradrina ingrata (Staudinger, 1897) 155. Caradrina flavirena (Guenée, 1852) 156. Caradrina scotoptera (Püngeler, 1914) 157. Caradrina hypostigma (Boursin, 1932) 158. Caradrina amseli (Boursin, 1936) 159. Caradrina clavipalpis (Scopoli, 1763) 160. Caradrina selini Boisduval, 1840 161. Caradrina levantina Hacker, 2004 162. Caradrina zandi Wiltshire, 1952 163. Caradrina fibigeri Hacker, 2004 164. Caradrina atriluna (Guenée, 1852) 165. Caradrina zernyi (Boursin, 1936) 166. Caradrina flava (Oberthür, 1876) 167. Caradrina casearia (Staudinger, 1900) 168. Caradrina kravchenkoi Hacker, 2004 169. Caradrina vicina (Staudinger, 1870) 170. Caradrina alfierii (Boursin, 1937) 171. Caradrina melanurina (Staudinger, 1901) 172. Caradrina bodenheimeri (Draudt, 1934) 173. Hoplodrina ambigua (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) 174. Scythocentropus eberti Hacker, 2001 175. Scythocentropus inquinata (Mabille, 1888) 176. Diadochia stigmatica Wiltshire, 1984 177. Heterographa puengeleri Bartel, 1904 178. Catamecia minima (Swinhoe, 1889) Tribe Cosmiini Guenée, 1852 179. Dicycla oo (Linnaeus, 1758) 180. Atethmia ambusta (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) 181. Atethmia centrago (Haworth, 1809) Tribe Dypterygiini Forbes, 1954 182. Eremotrachea bacheri (Püngeler, 1902) 183. Anthracia eriopoda (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) 184. Mormo maura (Linnaeus, 1758) 185. Polyphaenis propinqua (Staudinger, 1898) 186. Olivenebula subsericata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861)

Volume 2. Noctuidae

22

187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225.

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Tribe Actinotiini Beck, 1996 Chloantha hyperici (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Tribe Phlogophorini Hampson, 1918 Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Pseudenargia regina (Staudinger, 1892) Pseudenargia deleta (Osthelder, 1933) Tribe Apameini Guenée, 1841 Apamea monoglypha (Hufnagel, 1766) Apamea syriaca (Osthelder, 1933) Apamea polyglypha (Staudinger, 1892) Apamea leucodon (Eversmann, 1837) Apamea platinea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) Apamea anceps (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Mesoligia literosa (Haworth, 1809) Luperina dumerilii (Duponchel, 1826) Luperina kravchenkoi Fibiger & Müller, 2005 Luperina rjabovi (Kljuchko, 1967) Margelana flavidior F. Wagner, 1931 Gortyna gyulaii Fibiger & Zahiri, 2007 Oria musculosa (Hübner, 1809) Nonagria typhae (Thunberg, 1784) Lenisa geminipuncta (Haworth, 1809) Lenisa wiltshirei (Bytinski-Salz, 1936) Arenostola deserticola (Staudinger, 1900) Sesamia ilonae Hacker, 2001 Sesamia cretica Lederer, 1857 Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre, 1827) Tribe Episemini Guenée, 1852 Episema tamardayanae Fibiger, Kravchenko, Mooser, Li & Müller, 2006 Episema lederi Christoph, 1885 Episema didymogramma (Boursin, 1955) Episema ulriki Fibiger, Kravchenko, Mooser, Li & Müller, 2006 Episema korsakovi (Christoph, 1885) Episema lemoniopsis Hacker, 2001 Leucochlaena muscosa (Staudinger, 1892) Leucochlaena jordana Draudt, 1934 Ulochlaena hirta (Hübner, 1813) Ulochlaena gemmifera Hacker 2001 Eremopola lenis (Staudinger, 1892) Tribe Xylenini Guenée, 1837 Tiliacea cypreago (Hampson, 1906) Xanthia pontica Kljuchko, 1968 Maraschia grisescens Osthelder, 1933 Agrochola litura (Linnaeus, 1761)

23

226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269.

Volume 2. Noctuidae

Agrochola rupicarpa (Staudinger, 1879) Agrochola osthelderi Boursin, 1951 Agrochola macilenta (Hübner, 1809) Agrochola helvola (Linnaeus, 1758) Agrochola pauli (Staudinger, 1892) Agrochola scabra (Staudinger, 1892) Agrochola hypotaenia (Bytinski-Salz, 1936) Agrochola lychnidis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Agrochola staudingeri Ronkay, 1984 Conistra acutula (Staudinger, 1892) Conistra veronicae (Hübner, 1813) Jodia croceago (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Lithophane semibrunnea (Haworth, 1809) Lithophane lapidea (Hübner, 1808) Lithophane ledereri (Staudinger, 1892) Xylena exsoleta (Linnaeus, 1758) Xylena vetusta (Hübner, 1813) Evisa schawerdae Reisser, 1930 Rileyiana fovea (Treitschke, 1825) Dryobota labecula (Esper, 1788) Scotochrosta pulla (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Griposia pinkeri (Kobes, 1973) Griposia aeruginea (Hübner, 1808) Dryobotodes eremita (Fabricius, 1775) Dryobotodes carbonis (F. Wagner, 1931) Dryobotodes tenebrosa (Esper, 1789) Pseudohadena eibinevoi Fibiger, Kravchenko, Li, Mooser & Müller, 2006 Pseudohadena jordana (Staudinger, 1900) Pseudohadena commoda (Staudinger, 1889) Antitype jonis (Lederer, 1865) Ammoconia senex (Geyer, 1828) Aporophyla canescens (Duponchel, 1826) Aporophyla nigra (Haworth, 1809) Aporophyla australis (Boisduval, 1829) Aporophyla dipsalea Wiltshire, 1941 Dasypolia ferdinandi Rühl, 1892 Polymixis manisadjiani (Staudinger, 1882) Polymixis subvenusta (Püngeler, 1906) Polymixis juditha (Staudinger, 1898) Polymixis rebecca (Staudinger, 1892) Polymixis steinhardti Kravchenko, Fibiger, Mooser & Müller, 2005 Polymixis ancepsoides Poole, 1989 Polymixis rufocincta (Geyer, 1828) Polymixis trisignata (Ménétriès, 1847)

24

270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283.

284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308.

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Polymixis serpentina (Treitschke, 1825) Polymixis apora (Staudinger, 1898) Polymixis lea (Staudinger, 1898) Polymixis aegyptiaca (Wiltshire, 1947) Polymixis epiphleps (Turati & Krüger, 1936) Mniotype compitalis (Draudt, 1909) Mniotype judaica (Staudinger, 1898) Mniotype johanna (Staudinger, 1898) Boursinia discordans (Boursin, 1940) Boursinia deceptrix (Staudinger, 1900) Boursinia lithoxylea (A. Bang-Haas, 1912) Wiltshireola praecipua Hacker & Kravchenko, 2001 Ostheldera gracilis (Osthelder, 1933) Metopoplus excelsa (Christoph, 1885) Subfamily Hadeninae Guenée, 1837 Tribe Orthosiini Guenée, 1837 Orthosia cruda (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Orthosia cypriaca Hacker, 1996 Orthosia cerasi (Fabricius, 1775) Perigrapha mundoides (Boursin, 1940) Egira tibori Hreblay, 1994 Tribe Tholerini Beck, 1996 Tholera hilaris (Staudinger, 1901) Tribe Hadenini Guenée, 1837 Anarta sabulorum (Alphéraky, 1882) Anarta engedina Hacker, 1998 Anarta arenbergeri (Pinker, 1974) Anarta mendax (Staudinger, 1879) Anarta mendica (Staudinger, 1879) Anarta trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766) Anarta stigmosa (Christoph, 1887) Cardepia sociabilis (de Graslin, 1850) Cardepia affinis Rothschild, 1913 Thargelia gigantea Rebel, 1909 Odontelia daphnadeparisae Kravchenko, Ronkay, Speidel, Witt, Mooser, Junnila, Zilli & Müller, 2007 Lacanobia oleracea (Linnaeus, 1758) Lacanobia softa (Staudinger, 1898) Sideridis implexa (Hübner, 1813) Dicerogastra chersotoides (Wiltshire, 1956) Saragossa siccanorum (Staudinger, 1870) Hecatera bicolorata (Hufnagel, 1766) Hecatera weissi (Boursin, 1952) Hecatera dysodea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

25

309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342.

343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348.

Volume 2. Noctuidae

Hecatera cappa (Hübner, 1809) Hecatera fixseni (Christoph, 1883) Enterpia laudeti (Boisduval, 1840) Hadena magnolii (Boisduval, 1829) Hadena compta (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Hadena adriana (Schawerda, 1921) Hadena gueneei (Staudinger, 1901) Hadena clara (Staudinger, 1901) Hadena persimilis Hacker, 1996 Hadena drenowskii (Rebel, 1930) Hadena syriaca (Osthelder, 1933) Hadena perplexa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Hadena silenes (Hübner, 1822) Hadena sancta (Staudinger, 1859) Hadena pumila (Staudinger, 1879) Hadena silenides (Staudinger, 1895) Tribe Leucaniini Guenée, 1837 Mythimna ferrago (Fabricius, 1787) Mythimna vitellina (Hübner, 1808) Mythimna straminea (Treitschke, 1825) Mythimna congrua (Hübner, 1817) Mythimna languida (Walker, 1858) Mythimna l-album (Linnaeus, 1767) Mythimna sicula (Treitschke, 1835) Mythimna alopecuri (Boisduval, 1840) Mythimna riparia (Rambur, 1829) Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) Leucania putrescens (Hübner, 1824) Leucania punctosa (Treitschke, 1825) Leucania palaestinae Staudinger, 1897 Leucania joannisi Boursin & Rungs, 1952 Leucania zeae (Duponchel, 1827) Leucania herrichii Herrich-Schäffer, 1849 Leucania loreyi (Duponchel, 1827) Tribe Glottulini Guenée, 1852 Polytela cliens (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) Subfamily Noctuinae Latreille, 1809 Tribe Agrotini Rambur, 1848 Peridroma saucia (Hübner, 1808) Dichagyris flammatra (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Dichagyris sureyae (Rebel, 1931) Dichagyris rubidior (Corti, 1933) Dichagyris terminicincta (Corti, 1933) Dichagyris candelisequa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

26

349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392.

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Dichagyris elbursica (Draudt, 1937) Dichagyris leucomelas Brandt, 1941 Dichagyris melanura (Kollar, 1846) Dichagyris melanuroides I.Kozhantshikov, 1930 Dichagyris imperator (A. Bang-Haas, 1912) Dichagyris pfeifferi (Corti & Draudt, 1933) Dichagyris singularis (Staudinger, 1892) Dichagyris erubescens (Staudinger, 1892) Dichagyris devota (Christoph, 1884) Dichagyris amoena Staudinger 1892 Dichagyris anastasia (Draudt, 1936) Dichagyris romanovi (Christoph, 1885) Dichagyris flavina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) Dichagyris nigrescens (Höfner, 1887) Dichagyris libanicola (Corti & Draudt, 1933) Dichagyris truculenta Lederer, 1853 Eucoptocnemis tischendorfi (Püngeler, 1925) Euxoa conspicua (Hübner, 1824) Euxoa aquilina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Euxoa anarmodia (Staudinger, 1897) Euxoa nigrofusca (Esper, 1788) Euxoa temera (Hübner, 1808) Euxoa oranaria (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) Euxoa distinguenda (Lederer, 1857) Euxoa robiginosa (Staudinger, 1895) Euxoa cos (Hübner, 1824) Euxoa canariensis (Rebel, 1902) Euxoa heringi (Staudinger, 1877) Euxoa foeda (Lederer, 1855) Agrotis spinifera (Hübner, 1808) Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Agrotis trux (Hübner, 1824) Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758) Agrotis scruposa (Draudt, 1936) Agrotis alexandriensis Bethune-Baker, 1894 Agrotis herzogi Rebel, 1911 Agrotis haifae Staudinger, 1897 Agrotis sardzeana Brandt, 1941 Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) Agrotis puta (Hübner, 1803) Agrotis syricola Corti & Draudt, 1933 Agrotis bigramma (Esper, 1790) Agrotis obesa (Boisduval, 1829) Agrotis pierreti (Bugnion, 1837)

27

393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420.

Volume 2. Noctuidae

Agrotis psammocharis Boursin, 1950 Agrotis lasserei (Oberthür, 1881) Agrotis boetica (Boisduval, 1837) Agrotis margelanoides (Boursin, 1944) Tribe Noctuini Latreille, 1809 Ochropleura leucogaster (Freyer, 1831) Rhyacia arenacea (Hampson, 1907) Chersotis ebertorum Koçak, 1980 Chersotis elegans (Eversmann, 1837) Chersotis multangula (Hübner, 1803) Chersotis capnistis (Lederer, 1872) Chersotis margaritacea (Villers, 1789) Chersotis fimbriola (Esper, 1803) Chersotis laeta (Rebel, 1904) Standfussiana defessa (Lederer, 1858) Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758) Noctua orbona (Hufnagel, 1766) Noctua comes Hübner, 1813 Noctua janthina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Noctua tertia von Mentzer, Moberg & Fibiger, 1991 Noctua tirrenica Biebinger, Speidel & Hanigk, 1983 Noctua interjecta Hübner, 1803 Epilecta linogrisea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Xestia sareptana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) Xestia castanea (Esper, 1798) Xestia cohaesa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849) Xestia xanthographa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Xestia palaestinensis (Kalchberg, 1897) Eugnorisma pontica (Staudinger, 1892)

28

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Family Noctuidae Latreille, 1809 Subfamily Plusiinae Boisduval, 1828 This subfamily contains about 300 species (Speidel et al., 1996a), abundant in mesophilous habitats of all zoogeographical regions worldwide. The larvae are semilooping and are usually polyphagous on a variety of herbaceous plants. Many species are serious pests of vegetables (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969). This subfamily, as are all the following subfamilies described below, is still assigned to the Noctuidae s.str. (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). The placement of the Plusiinae within the Noctuidae s.str. is also supported by molecular genetic results (Mitchell et al., 2005). To date, 16 species have been recorded in Israel. Three of these, Abrostola clarissa, Euchalcia emichi and Euchalcia augusta, were collected near Jerusalem in 1900 or in the 1930’s and have not been recorded since. These species are probably extinct. Most of the other species occur in the temperate region and prefer localities with rich herbaceous vegetation. A few species are also distributed in the semi-arid and arid regions, in artificial or natural wetlands, such as the well-known pests Autographa gamma, Cornutiplusia circumflexa, Trichoplusia ni and Chrysodeixis chalcites. Species of the genus Euchalcia are restricted to steppe areas along the Rift Valley. Except for the Euchalcia species that fly once a year in early spring, most of these species are multivoltine. Tribe Abrostolini Eichlin & Cunningham, 1978

1. Abrostola clarissa

1. Abrostola clarissa (Staudinger, 1900) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia; Mardin; SE Taurus, Eibes); Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Caucasus/Transcaucasia, Iran, and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate/semi-arid regions, recorded only from the vicinity of Jerusalem. No records since the 1890’s. HABITAT: habitat preferences of this species in Israel unknown, most probably a sylvicolous species perhaps still living in the higher parts of the Judean Mts (Mediterranean zone); in Azerbaijan in forest clearings and at forest edges. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably univoltine, collected in May; in Azerbaijan univoltine, flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

29

Volume 2. Noctuidae

Tribe Plusiini Boisduval, (1828)

2. Euchalcia emichi

3. Euchalcia olga

4. Euchalcia augusta

2. Euchalcia emichi (Rogenhofer, 1873) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amanus, Giaur Dagh). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Levant, Caucasian region and Transcaucasia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate/semi-arid regions, in the area of Jerusalem. No records since the 1930’s. HABITAT: habitat preferences in Israel unknown, most probably a steppe-dwelling species perhaps still living in the Irano-Turanian zone, in the higher parts of the Judean Desert and in the transition zone towards the Mediterranean; in Iran in xeromontane steppes and xerotherm scattered Quercus park forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in April; in Turkey and Iraq univoltine, flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 3. Euchalcia olga Kravchenko, Müller, Fibiger, Mooser & Ronkay, 2006 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (northern Negev, Mamshit Nature Reserve) and Jordan (Wadi Rum). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Endemic to the Levant, probably an Irano-Turanian relict. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: northern Negev (Mamshit Nature Reserve, 400 m a.s.l.). HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, in areas with sandy loess soils dominated by psammophilous vegetation, like Anabasis articulata, Thymelaea hirsuta and patches of Artemisia sieberi; type locality with small seasonal water courses accompanied by Calligonum comosum, Retama raetam and Atriplex halimus, with small depressions covered with perennial grasses and sporadic thistles, and with hills nearly devoid of vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 29, pic. 2); the whole area being heavily grazed by sheep, goats and camels (vol. 1; pl. 29, pic. 1). PHENOLOGY: probably univoltine, in Israel observed so far only in April; in Jordan in early May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 4. Euchalcia augusta (Staudinger, 1891) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Aintab; Malatia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Eastern Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger (1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate/semi-arid regions: near Jerusalem. No records since the 1930’s.

30

The Lepidoptera of Israel

HABITAT: in Israel no data available on habitat preferences, generally and most probably also in Israel a steppe-dwelling species probably still living in the Irano-Turanian zone, in the higher parts of the Judean Desert and in the transition zone towards the Mediterranean. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected in May; in Turkey, a univoltine spring species flying from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

5. Euchalcia maria

6. Euchalcia paulina

5. Euchalcia maria (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southeastern Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the Judean Desert and along the Jordan Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in all kinds of xerotherm steppes, stony canyons with sparse vegetation and shallow wadis with contracted shrub communities, but most common in batha steppes at higher altitudes (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2, 3, 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel so far only on Carthamus persicus (Asteraceae, or Compositae); adults often being collected far away from Carthamus, probably feeding also on other Asteraceae species; elsewhere unknown. 6. Euchalcia paulina (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local through all of the climatological regions, along the Rift Valley from the Judean Desert to the foothills of Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m a.s.l., and along the western foothills of the Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Judean Desert usually in shady deep canyons, often along streamlets (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2, 3); on the foothills of the Judean Mts on bushy xerotherm slopes and in scattered Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 2); on the foothills of Mt. Hermon in Quercus ithaburensis park forests, at altitudes up to 1600 m a.s.l. on karstic, rocky, xerotherm slopes with sparse vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 7. Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens, 1850) TYPE LOCALITY: France. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic, migrant. From Europe to Japan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006).

31

7. Macdunnoughia confusa

8. Autographa gamma

9. Cornutiplusia circumflexa

Volume 2. Noctuidae

DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: northern Hula Valley, on Mt. Hermon from 1600 up to 2200 m a.s.l., and upper Galilee. In Israel possibly only as migrant. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland-dwelling species, in the Galilee occurring in sparse Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, on Mt. Hermon mainly in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1, 2) and on grassy slopes, in the Hula Valley in wastelands and rich but dry grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 6); in Europe ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain. PHENOLOGY: in Israel from April to June; in Europe multivoltine, from May to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on various herbaceous plants including Plantago, Polygonum, Trifolium, Artemisia and others. 8. Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic, migrant. Throughout the Palearctic region. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological regions all over the country, in the arid regions concentrating in oases. Abundant in lowlands, common or fairly common in mountainous areas. HABITAT: in the temperate and semi-arid regions ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, in the arid regions mainly in oases, avoiding only extreme deserts and shady closed forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel extremely polyphagous, especially on herbaceous plants including Ballota undulata and Phlomis brachyodon (both Lamiaceae), pest of many vegetables, also alfalfa and clover. In Europe recorded on Carduus macrocephalus, Convolvulus arvensis, Papaver spp., Rumex crispus, Salvia verbenaca and other herbs. 9. Cornutiplusia circumflexa (Linnaeus, 1767) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (South-)Palearctic, transitional type to Asiatic-Tropical, migrant. Throughout the southern parts of the Palearctic region to Central Asia, Near and Middle East, India and Nepal. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological regions all over the country, in the arid regions concentrating in oases. Abundant in lowlands, common or fairly common in mountainous areas. HABITAT: in the temperate and semi-arid regions ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, in arid regions mainly in oases; avoiding extreme deserts and shady closed forests.

32

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on various cultivated plants, especially vegetables and potatoes, also on numerous wild herbaceous plants. Tribe Argyrogrammatini Eichlin & Cunningham, 1978

10. Thysanoplusia daubei

11. Thysanoplusia orichalcea

10. Thysanoplusia daubei (Boisduval, 1840) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern France (‘Gall. mer.’); Spain (‘Hispan’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Asiatic-Tropical. Widespread in subtropical and tropical Asia; also widespread but always local in Southern Europe, Near East, North Africa, and Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: over the last 20 years restricted to the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the Dead Sea area to the foothills of Mt. Hermon, Tel Dan Nature Reserve, and to the Coastal Plain (Rehovot, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve). Before the 1980’s occurred almost all over the country, except for the southern Negev, and generally common. At present fairly common in the Rift Valley, uncommon and local along the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland- and oasis-dwelling species, in the temperate region along coastal streamlets, along the banks of Jordan River (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 2, 3, 4), in swamps and near springs, in the arid region in natural and artificial oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3, 4, 5). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November, with the highest rate of occurrence from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe low herbs like Sonchus maritimus, Brassica, Mentha sp.; in Egypt, Pluchea dioscoridis. 11. Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: India. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. Throughout the Indo-Pacific and Ethiopian regions, North Africa, Southern Europe. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare but widespread in the temperate region, mainly on Mt. Hermon (800–2000 m a.s.l.), Hula Valley, area of Jerusalem, northern and central Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open terrain, mainly in grasslands, forested grasslands, in scattered park forests and along forest edges. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round, in the central Coastal Plain the highest rate of occurrence from April to June, on Mt. Hermon (2000 m a.s.l.) from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe a known pest of many crops, especially legumes, chicory, sunflower, maize, radish, carrot, lettuce and potato.

33

12. Agrapha accentifera

13. Trichoplusia vittata

Volume 2. Noctuidae

12. Agrapha accentifera (Lefèbvre, 1827) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy, Sicily (Madonie Mts). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Widespread in tropical and subtropical Africa, Mediterranean basin, Levant, and Arabian Peninsula. Migrating as far North as the British Isles. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but always rare in the northern part of the temperate region, mainly in lowland areas, especially around the Sea of Galilee and along the Hula Valley, as well as in the northern and central parts of the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species of rich herbaceous vegetation, especially in places shaded by bushes and trees, along riverine forests (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 15), in swamps and at fish ponds surrounded by dense lush natural vegetation; according to Hacker (2001), in the Mediterranean basin along the coast and only in the hottest places, in evergreen maquis. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying throughout the year with the highest rate of occurrence in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on many herbs including Mentha and Coleus spp. 13. Trichoplusia vittata (Wallengren, 1856) TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa (‘Kaffern’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical, migrant. Africa south of the Sahara, Madagascar, islands of Réunion and St. Helena, Libya (Tripolitania), Near East, and from the Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan, as migrant reaching as far North as the British Isles. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Yathom & Rivnay (1968), but published as Abrostola transfixa (Walker, 1858). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region, all over the Coastal Plain from Haifa to the area of Tel Aviv, Rehovot, Beit Dagan, Ramle and to the Nizzanim Nature Reserve in the South. In the central Coastal Plain uncommon, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species living in all kinds of wetland: natural swamps (vol. 1; pl. 21, pic. 1), along natural streamlets, agricultural settlements, irrigated gardens and parks of villages (vol. 1; pl. 36, pic. 1) and large cities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, with adults aestivating during the hottest months, flying throughout the year with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on different Asteraceae (Compositae) and Solanaceae, especially Solanum macranthum and Erigeton albidus.

34

14. Trichoplusia ni

15. Trichoplusia circumscripta

The Lepidoptera of Israel

14. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, 1803) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. Throughout the southern Palearctic region including the Mediterranean basin, Levant, Africa, and most of the Indo-Pacific region. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all of the climatological regions all over the country, in the arid region concentrating in oases. Abundant in lowlands, common at medium and higher altitudes. HABITAT: in the temperate region of Israel a ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open lowlands, including wastelands, gardens, parks etc., in the semi-arid and arid regions mainly in artificial oases and gardens, but avoiding deserts and shady dense forests; in subtropical and tropical countries a characteristic species of cultivated areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying throughout the year, with the highest rate of occurrence from April to May; larvae from May to July and from November to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on numerous herbaceous plants including garden flowers, vegetables, melons and even citrus seedlings. 15. Trichoplusia circumscripta (Freyer, 1831) TYPE LOCALITY: Sicily; erroneously stated to be ‘Günzenhausen’ in Germany (Poole, 1989, Goater et al., 2003), where it does not occur. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Eastern part of the Mediterranean basin and parts of the Near and Middle East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, penetrating into the semi-arid region, i.e. into mountainous areas of the Judean Desert. Fairly common in the Mediterranean zone at medium elevations, in the northern part of the Jordan Valley and in the area of the Sea of Galilee, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, mainly in dense and shady deciduous forests with rich undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 3, 4), at forest edges and in small forest clearings, often in canyons and along rivers, to a lesser extent in closed evergreen forests with sparse or missing undergrowth; in the semi-arid regions only in deep shady canyons with permanent water (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 3); according to Hacker (2001), a coastal species in the Mediterranean basin, restricted to the hottest places with Mediterranean maquis vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably univoltine with adults aestivating during the hottest months, flying throughout the year with the highest rate of occurrence from April to May, only few specimens have been collected from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

35

16. Chrysodeixis chalcites

Volume 2. Noctuidae

16. Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, 1789) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Oriental and Ethiopian regions, Mediterranean basin including the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological regions all over the country, abundant in lowlands, common at medium and higher altitudes. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species, in the temperate and semi-arid regions in all kinds of open terrain, in the arid region mainly concentrating in oases. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying throughout the year, with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on numerous herbaceous plants, a pest of vegetables, garden flowers, coffee plants, cotton, and tomato fruits (S. Yathom, personal communication), also observed on the leaves of an Ulmus tree. Subfamily Eustrotiinae Grote, 1882 The Eustrotiinae is a subfamily previously not separated from Acontiinae, and includes about 200 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a). The M2 vein of the hindwing is usually slightly reduced, thus demonstrating affinity to the ‘trifid noctuids’ (‘Noctuidae’ sensu Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). So far, four species have been recorded in Israel, where they inhabit arid and semi-arid parts of the Rift Valley, mostly in spring and autumn.

17. Eulocastra diaphora

17. Eulocastra diaphora (Staudinger, 1879) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Kerasdere). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Western Sahara, semi-arid and arid North Africa, eastern Africa, Arabia, Levant, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1879). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the Arava Valley to the foothills of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Judean Desert living in areas with more than 250 mm of annual rainfall, often in semi-shrub communities on hard and fissured limestone and dolomite slopes (vol. 1; pl. 17, pic. 2, 3), as well as in shady canyons, to a lesser extent in seasonal waterways with contracted vegetation often dominated by Atriplex spp., in the Arava Valley usually at the drier peripheries of oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 5) dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs, like Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda and others, in the temperate region in all kinds of open xerotherm terrain, but most common in grasslands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, flying from March to June and from September to October; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Conyza albida (Asteraceae=Compositae), elsewhere unknown.

36

18. Pseudozarba bipartita

19. Pseudozarba mesozona

20. Ozarba sancta

The Lepidoptera of Israel

18. Pseudozarba bipartita (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850) TYPE LOCALITY: Sicily. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean with extention to the Red Sea. Spain, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Levant, Tunisia, Sudan and Somalia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Berio (1985). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region around the Sea of Galilee, in the semi-arid regions along the Judean Desert and the lower Jordan Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Judean Desert living in shrub and semi-shrub steppes with an annual rainfall above 250 mm, in the Jordan Valley south of the Sea of Galilee in rich and dense grasslands, towards the South more and more inclined to shady canyons or water catchments with patches of steppe vegetation, around the Sea of Galilee in savannoid Ziziphus lotus park forests (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 1). PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying in November and March, in the Balkans from June to July and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 19. Pseudozarba mesozona (Hampson, 1896) TYPE LOCALITY: Yemen (Aden). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, southern Iran, Levant, Egypt, and eastern Africa. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common in the arid regions along the arid part of the Rift Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Judean Desert mainly occurring in areas with more than 250 mm of annual rainfall, often in semi-shrub communities on hard and fissured limestone, dolomite slopes and in shady canyons, in the Arava Valley usually at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs, like Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda and others (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5, 6, 7). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 20. Ozarba sancta (Staudinger, 1900) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Arabian Peninsula, southern Iran, Levant, Somalia, Sudan, and Kenya. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1900). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid regions along the arid part of the Rift Valley; uncommon and local in the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, usually living at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs, like Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda and others(vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3, 5).

37

Volume 2. Noctuidae

PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; in Saudi Arabia flying also in June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Subfamily Bagisarinae Crumb, 1956 This is a small subfamily with only about 30 species worldwide, including the Old World genus Xanthodes Guenée, 1852 and the New World genus Bagisara Walker, 1858 (Speidel et al., 1996a). In Israel, the larvae feed on Malvaceae, which is represented by one rare local species.

21. Xanthodes albago

21. Xanthodes albago (Fabricius, 1794) TYPE LOCALITY: India (‘Tranquebariae’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Widespread in the Mediterranean basin and in the Old World tropics and subtropics, from Africa to East Asia, and in Australia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: central Coastal Plain, and Hula Valley (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 1-6). HABITAT: in Israel probably a wetland-dwelling species collected so far only on different types of flooded meadows, swamps, along streamlets and springs with lush vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in May; in the Mediterranean basin bivoltine, flying from May to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in the Mediterranean, Malva moschata and Lavatera olbia. Subfamily Acontiinae Guenée, 1841 This subfamily formerly included about 2000 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a), but has been considerably reduced by recently proposed classifications. In the case of western Palearctic fauna, only the genus Acontia Ochsenheimer, 1816 is maintained inside the new subfamily. The tribes Armadini and Aediini have been transferred from the former Catocalinae/Ophiderinae to the Acontiinae (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). Presently, the monophyly of the subfamily is only weakly supported. So far, ten species belonging to four genera and three tribes have been recorded in Israel. Tribe Acontiini Guenée, 1841 Most of these species inhabit eremic regions; six species are found in Europe (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005) and four are found in Israel. Only one of them, Acontia biskrensis, is truly deserticolous; the others prefer places with rich herbaceous vegetation in the temperate region, or when penetrating the deserts, they concentrate in oases (e.g. A. lucida).

38

22. Acontia trabealis

23. Acontia titania

The Lepidoptera of Israel

22. Acontia trabealis (Scopoli, 1763) TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Slovenia (‘Carniolia’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Europe, Near East, temperate and semiarid Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Hula Valley, around the Sea of Galilee, central and southern Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species, especially in wet grasslands; in the 1980’s observed in the swampy meadows accompanying the Jordan River near the Tel Dan Nature Reserve (about 150 m a.s.l.) (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 2), in the 1960’s in swampy meadows along the central and southern Coastal Plain (10–100 m a.s.l.), in the 1970’s along the seasonally flooded river banks of the Jordan River south of the Sea of Galilee near Kibbutz Deganya (-200 m a.s.l.); in Central and Eastern Europe in steppes, forested steppes, open habitats within forests and meadows; according to Hacker (2001), in the Levant in oases and deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only from March to May; in Central Europe bivoltine, flying from May to September; in Southern Europe multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Convolvulus sp. 23. Acontia titania (Esper, 1798) TYPE LOCALITY: Ukraine (‘Taurien’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. Balkans, southEastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: northern area of the Sea of Galilee, especially the delta of the River Jordan, in lowland areas from -200 up to 100 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species always occurs in wet or seasonally flooded grasslands, near small springs, creeks, the banks of the River Jordan, especially along the seasonally flooded lagoons in the Jordan delta, to a lesser extent in deep canyons with permanent water (vol. 1; pl. 12, pic. 1-6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel possibly a univoltine spring species observed so far only from March to April; in the Balkans bivoltine, flying from April to June and in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Althaea cannabina. 24. Acontia lucida (Hufnagel, 1766) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Berlin region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. From Central and Southern Europe and North Africa through the Near and Middle East to Central Asia and India. In Israel and elsewhere in the Mediterranean a migrant species. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus.

39

24. Acontia lucida

25. Acontia biskrensis

Volume 2. Noctuidae

FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological regions all over the country. Common to occasionally abundant in lowlands, rare in mountainous areas. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open terrain, especially in the park forests on the foothills of the central mountain ridge, in grasslands around the Sea of Galilee, in bushy meadows, wastelands, gardens, parks etc., only occasionally in different types of coniferous forest and closed shady oak forest, in the semi-arid and arid regions concentrating in artificial oases and gardens, avoiding extreme deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, in lowlands flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from October to November; larvae observed from May to June and from August to October, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous, found on Malva nicaeensis (Malvaceae), Plantago lagopus (Plantaginaceae), Atriplex halimus (Chenopodiaceae) and cultivated clover (Trifolium, Fabaceae); in Europe and the Near East polyphagous on herbaceous plants including Althaea, Malva, Taraxacum, Chenopodium, Convolvulus spp. 25. Acontia biskrensis (Oberthür, 1887) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Biskra). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. From the Canary Islands through North Africa and the Sahara to the Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Iraq, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the southern Arava Valley to the Sea of Galilee. Common in the southern part of the Arava Valley, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in shallow wadis with soft loessial or sandy sediments, often in dense shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex halimus, Ochradenus baccatus and Suaeda spp. (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 1-7). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Tribe Armadini Wiltshire, 1961 Here, this tribe is restricted to only five genera with 14 species. The Armadini were formerly included into the Catocalinae (Ophiderinae), but were transferred to Acontiinae by Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005). Some species, in colour and in hindwing pattern, are reminiscent of the genera Drasteria Hübner, 1818, Anumeta Walker, 1858 (Catocalinae), and the Metoponrhis Staudinger, 1888 (here tentatively treated in the Metoponiinae), probably without being related to any of these groups. The tribe, according to Wiltshire (1979) and Goater et al. (2003), is comprised of two morphologically different groups of genera: the Armada, which are robust-bodied moths lacking an epaulette in the tympanal organ, and the Metoponrhis which contains slender species with an epaulette in the tympanal organ. The latter group is

40

The Lepidoptera of Israel

represented in Israel by Epharmottomena John, 1909 and Iranada Wiltshire, 1977, both tentatively included into Tytinae (Speidel et al. 1996), a group subordinated under Metoponiinae by Fibiger and Lafontaine (2005) and in the present book. Species of Armadini inhabit the arid and semi-arid desert zones of North Africa, the Middle East, and the dry steppe areas and deserts of Central Asia (Goater et al., 2003). In Israel, the Armadini are represented by four species in the genera Armada Staudinger, 1884 and Tarachephia Hampson, 1926. All species are deserticolous with the main flight period in the spring. Armada panaceorum is common in the southern part of the Arava Valley; the others are very localized and rare.

26. Armada panaceorum

27. Armada nilotica

26. Armada panaceorum (Ménétriès, 1849) TYPE LOCALITY: Uzbekistan (Bokhara). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. North Africa, Near and Middle East, Kazakhstan, eastern Afghanistan, Mongolia and Tibet. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid regions along the arid part of the Rift Valley. Locally common in the southern part of the Arava Valley, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in depressions and shallow wadis with different types of soil in a large variety of shrub and semi-shrub communities (vol. 1; pl. 27, pic. 1, 2); in Turkey in stony deserts and semi-deserts, in Tajikistan in dry habitats up to 800 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Uzbekistan, Arnebia decumbens, Heterocaryum rigidum and Lappula ceratophora. 27. Armada nilotica A. Bang-Haas, 1912 TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt, northern Sinai (oases El Arish). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). Until recently this species was only known from its type locality. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: western Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living on semi-consolidated inland sand dunes dominated by Stipagrostis scoparia and Retama raetam communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, collected so far only from March to May; in Egypt (Sinai) from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Sinai, Heliotropium luteum and H. arabense. 28. Armada maritima Brandt, 1939 TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Bender Tchabhahar). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Levant.

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28. Armada maritima

29. Tarachephia hueberi

Volume 2. Noctuidae

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the arid region: a nature reserve 5 km south of Ne’ot Hakikkar, southern part of the Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel probably a deserticolous species, in Israel no exact data on habitat preferences are available, collected so far only once in a stony wadi with sparse scattered vegetation dominated by semi-shrubs and some Tamarix bushes (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 9); in Saudi Arabia also observed in stony deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in April, generally probably a species with a facultative diapause; in Saudi Arabia all year round except for August and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 29. Tarachephia hueberi (Ershov, 1874) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (Kisil-kum Desert). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Iraq, Iran, Levant, Trans-Caspian region, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the arid region: northern part of the Dead Sea area, near Jericho. HABITAT: in Israel probably a deserticolous species living in thickets of Atriplex, Suaeda, Prosopis farcta and Nitraria retusa growing on young loessial soils (vol. 1; pl. 24, pic. 4); in Tajikistan mostly on sandy soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species observed so far only in March; in Central Asia flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Central Asia, larvae found in May on leaves of Arnebia decumbens. Tribe Aediini Beck, 1960 Aediini is presently a monobasic tribe containing only the type genus Aedia Hübner, 1823, strongly resembling in habitus the unrelated catocaline genus Catephia Ochsenheimer, 1816. Aediini was downgraded from a subfamily to a tribe of Acontiinae by Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005). Since, in contrast to the typical Acontiinae, Aedia species show an epaulette in the tympanal organ, placement of this genus within the Acontiinae is doubtful. Both of the Israeli species occur in the temperate region in wet places with rich herbaceous vegetation.

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30. Aedia leucomelas

31. Aedia funesta

The Lepidoptera of Israel

30. Aedia leucomelas (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Asiatic-Tropical. Mediterranean basin, throughout subtropical and tropical Asia down to Australia. Occasionally migrating from the Mediterranean towards the temperate areas of Europe. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread all over the temperate region. Usually rare but fairly common in the northern Hula Valley in the Tel Dan, Banyas and Hula nature reserves. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species living mainly in wet or seasonally flooded meadows, also on the outskirts of riverine forests in lush herbaceous vegetation and in wastelands, gardens, parks etc (vol. 1; pl. 12, pic. 1-6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to June and from August to September; in Europe, larvae of the second generation overwintering in an earthen cocoon in which they pupate in spring. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Calystegia and Convolvulus spp. 31. Aedia funesta (Esper, 1786) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Frankfurt am Main). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. From Central and Southern Europe to southern Russia, Turkey, Levant, North Africa, Iran, and central Siberia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: northern part of the temperate region: Golan Heights and Galilee. Usually rare, locally fairly common in Tel Dan, Banyas and Hula nature reserves. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species living mainly in wet or seasonally flooded meadows, near ponds and trenches with reed and willow thickets, on the outskirts of riverine forests with lush herbaceous vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 1-5); in Southern Europe also in all kinds of water-rich habitats with lush vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from April to June and from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Southern Europe, Convolvulus spp. Subfamily Dilobinae Aurivillius, 1889 Dilobinae is a monobasic subfamily with only one species in the type genus. The taxonomic position of this genus has been changed repeatedly among many different families. The validity of the subfamily rank within the Noctuidae postulated by Kitching and Rawlings (1999) is based on the unique structure of the tympanal organ. The larvae are not hairy (apparently non-protective), unlike those of the Acronictinae. The full-grown larvae are not semi-looping.

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32. Diloba caeruleocephala

Volume 2. Noctuidae

32. Diloba caeruleocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. Europe, Turkey, Armenia, Levant and northern Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region. Locally common at medium and higher elevations, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in all kinds of natural and anthropogenic forest, in bushlands and orchards with Rosaceae trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 8-10). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying, depending on altitude, from October to January, with the highest rate of occurrence in December; larvae observed from January to early March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Crataegus monogyna and Prunus pissardii (Rosaceae), occasionally a pest on cultivated trees, especially almond, apricot, plum and apple. Subfamily Acronictinae Heinemann, 1859 This subfamily contains about 400 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a), many of them medium-sized, with grey background coloration darkened with luscious black. Most species live in temperate regions, many ranging far to the North. The larvae are hairy and often feed on Salix and Populus trees, thus demonstrating a preference for riverine forest habitats in Levant countries. The larvae of Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758) are polyphagous and sometimes damage nurseries of fruittrees and roses (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969). So far, eight species have been recorded in Israel. All species of the genera Acronicta Ochsenheimer, 1816 and Craniophora Snellen, 1867 occur either in the northern part of the temperate region in riverine forests or in swampy areas. One species (Acronicta pasiphae) is restricted to the Mt. Hermon area. The only steppe-dweller in the subfamily (Simyra dentinosa) is a univoltine spring species distributed throughout the semi-arid regions.

33. Simyra dentinosa

33. Simyra dentinosa Freyer, 1839 TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)European-West Asiatic. Southeastern Europe, Balkans, Levant, Turkey, Transcaucasia and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1935). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the semi-arid regions from the southern part of the Golan Heights through the Jordan Valley and the higher elevations of the Judean Desert to the central Negev. Fairly common in the Judean Desert and central Negev, elsewhere rare and local, sometimes found in large numbers as larvae. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in various steppe habitats at medium altitudes, especially in canyons with shrub and semi-shrub thickets, on the Golan Heights in savannoid Mediterranean vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1-2), in the

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

Galilee in mixed forested grasslands, on the foothills of Mt. Hermon in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover, in the area of the Sea of Galilee on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, in the Judean Desert in batha semi-steppes, in the highlands of the central Negev in semi-shrub communities with annual rainfall above 250 mm (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from January to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in the Balkans, Euphorbia myrsinites and E. esuloides; in Italy, E. cyparissias and E. seguierana, probably generally monophagous on leaves and flowers of large Euphorbiaceae species.

34. Acronicta aceris

35. Acronicta psi

34. Acronicta aceris (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Europe, Near and Middle East, Central Asia, and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. judaea Staudinger, 1901, described probably from Israel (‘Palestine’). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region: northern part of the Rift Valley from the Sea of Galilee to the top of Mt. Hermon, adjacent parts of the upper Galilee and Golan Heights, extending to the western Galilee and the northern Coastal Plain to ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. HABITAT: in Israel sylvicolous, in the area of Mt. Hermon in shady humid deciduous forests, often in canyons (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-4), in the Galilee and on the Golan Heights mostly in riverine forests (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 2-4), to a lesser extent in groups of poplar trees along the River Jordan and in natural parklands in settlements; in Azerbaijan common in lowland forests; in Central Europe in various types of forest. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to August with the highest rates of occurrence in May and from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae) and Populus euphratica (Salicaceae); in Europe polyphagous on numerous deciduous trees including Acer, Tilia, Quercus, Betula, Ulmus, Salix and Populus spp. 35. Acronicta psi (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. North Africa, Europe, northern Iran, Levant, Central Asia, southern and central Siberia, and Mongolia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: common around the Hula Valley, the Sea of Galilee and even in the former wetlands of the central Coastal Plain (Bet Dagan) until mid-20th century (S. Yathom, personal communication; material in the TAU collection). Since the 1980’s, restricted to the upper Galilee and the upper Golan Heights.

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Volume 2. Noctuidae

HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species, since the 1980’s met with only in shady and rather humid woodlands and riverine forests (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 1, 3, 4), in the past probably in different types of wetland all over Israel, in Central Europe in different types of forest, forested steppe and bushland. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from February to April and from September to October; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prunus pissardii (Rosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on numerous deciduous trees and shrubs including Salix.

36. Acronicta tridens

37. Acronicta pasiphae

36. Acronicta tridens (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. North Africa, Europe, northern Iran, Levant, Central Asia, southern and central Siberia, and Mongolia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Golan Heights and the Sea of Galilee area. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on the Golan Heights in shady and rather humid woodlands and riverine forests, in the area of the Sea of Galilee in forested steppes and bushlands (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 2-3), in Central Europe in deciduous and mixed forests and in forested steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from February to April and from September to October, in Central Europe from May to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on numerous deciduous trees and shrubs including Betula, Crataegus, Alnus, Quercus, Tilia and Salix spp. 37. Acronicta pasiphae Draudt, 1936 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amanus). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southeastern Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, rare at medium elevations, fairly common at higher altitudes. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mostly in valleys and canyons with scattered trees and shrubs, along permanent or seasonal water courses surrounded by montane steppes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-4), to a lesser extent in dense forests at the bottom of deep canyons at lower altitudes and in riverine forests; in Turkey and Iran in forested steppes, along rivers with gallery forests, and near villages with numerous trees, often at high altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from May to September with the highest rates of occurrence in May and August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably deciduous trees, like in congeners.

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38. Acronicta rumicis

39. Craniophora ligustri

The Lepidoptera of Israel

38. Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Europe, North Africa, southwestern Siberia and northweastern China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. pallida Rothshild, 1920, described from Algeria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region. Locally common or even abundant in the northern part of the Rift Valley and over the Coastal Plain, elsewhere uncommon. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species typically occurring in humid lowlands with scattered trees and bushes, in lush grasslands, riverine forests (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 1-5), to a lesser extent in shady deciduous forests in canyons and north-facing slopes, also in irrigated natural parklands, rare in or absent from xerotherm forests and pine plantations; in Central Europe in various habitats, like forest, forested steppe, bushy meadow and cultivated place. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all over the year with the highest rates of occurrence from May to July and in November; larvae found on local trees and shrubs from February to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous, found on numerous fancy and natural trees and bushes including Calligonum comosum, Ficus bengalensis, Ligustrum ovalifolium, Melaleuca, Populus, Ulmus, Quercus calliprinos, Salix alba and Platanus orientalis, occasionally a pest in nurseries, especially of fruit-trees and roses; in Europe also on Convolvulus arvensis and Rumex crispus. 39. Craniophora ligustri (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Europe, northern Asia and Japan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in collection of Shoham & Yathom (unpublished). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Hula Valley. No records since the 1960’s, though the species was once common in the Hula Valley (S. Yathom, personal communication). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous, probably riverine species likely to be restricted to wetlands shaded by bushes and groups of deciduous trees and closed riverine forests in low altitude (S. Yathom, personal communication); in Southern Europe in humid places with deciduous trees often in mountainous areas, along rivers, in bushy meadows and forested steppes; in Central Europe almost ubiquitous in all kinds of forest, bushland, at forest edges, in gardens, parks etc. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in early September; in Central Europe bivoltine, flying from May to September, larvae developing from June to October, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, larvae observed on Populus euphratica (Salicaceae) (S. Yathom, personal communication); in Europe polyphagous on Ligustrum, Fraxinus, Alnus glutinosa, Corylus avellana.

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40. Craniophora pontica

Volume 2. Noctuidae

40. Craniophora pontica (Staudinger, 1879) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Kerasdere). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Morocco, Algeria, Southern Europe (Spain, Balkans, southern Italy), Turkey, Iran to Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern part of the temperate region: Nahal Keziv and Tel Dan Nature Reserve. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in dense deciduous riverine forests with lush herbaceous undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 4); in Central Europe in different types of forest, as well as in forested steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in April; in Southern Europe bivoltine, flying from April to May and in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Fraxinus. Subfamily Metoponiinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 This subfamily is restricted to the Old World and possibly contains less than 100 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a). Until recently, Metoponiinae were mixed in with the New World Stiriinae, but were re-established as Metoponiinae by Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005). Tytinae were downgraded to a tribe of Metoponiinae (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005), even though the first two pairs of larval prolegs are reduced in the larva of Tyta Billberg, 1820; this is not the case with the other Metoponiinae. Some genera of the former tribe Armadini are provisionally associated with ‘Tytini’ (Speidel et al., 1996) in differing from Armadini by the presence of an epaulette in the tympanal organ. Their larvae are so far undescribed. The Metoponiinae, in the sense of Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005), lacks any clear-cut autapomorphies. The type genus is Aegle Hübner, 1823 (= Metoponia Duponchel, 1845), and is represented in Israel. Additionally, Megalodes Guenée, 1852 and Haemorosia Boisduval, 1840 have been placed in the Metoponiinae by Fibiger & Hacker (2005). Tyta Billberg, 1820, Epharmottomena John, 1909, and Iranada Wiltshire, 1977, are tentatively included in the scope of Metoponiinae. So far, ten species with different habitat preference have been recorded in Israel, for example, deserticolous psammophiles, such as Epharmottomena eremophila and Iranada turcorum, and sylvicolous species of lush herbaceous vegetation, like Megalodes eximia occurring in the northern part of the Rift Valley.

41. Aegle semicana

41. Aegle semicana (Esper, 1798) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Turin region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Italy, southeastern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Levant, Egypt and Libya. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897).

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living on river banks, in ditches, near springs, especially in wet and seasonally flooded meadows (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 6); in the Balkans in lowland steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species collected so far only in May; in the Balkans and Turkey flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Delphinium spp.

42. Aegle rebeli

43. Aegle exquisita

42. Aegle rebeli Schawerda, 1923 TYPE LOCALITY: Iraq (Mosul). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Iraq, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local, in the arid region: northern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living on semi-consolidated inland sand dunes with impoverished Haloxylon persicum communities and in sparse vegetation dominated by Artemisia monosperma, Retama raetam and Helianthemum stipulatum (vol. 1; pl. 28, pic. 2-3); in Iraq in the northern plains and mountains. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species collected so far only in April. In the Iraq flying in May and June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably Delphinium spp., like in some other congeners. 43. Aegle exquisita Boursin, 1969 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Istanbul). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Mediterranean parts of Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region throughout the Coastal Plain, and, in the arid region, in the northern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly on the consolidated and semiconsolidated sands (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3) of the northwestern Negev with Haloxylon persicum communities and in associations dominated by Artemisia monosperma, Retama raetam and Helianthemum stipulatum, in the central Negev local in depressions with loessial sediments with contracted vegetation dominated by Anabasis articulata and Artemisia sieberi. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine summer species collected so far only in June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, possibly Delphinium spp., like in some other congeners.

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44. Aegle ottoi

45. Megalodes eximia

46. Haemerosia renalis

Volume 2. Noctuidae

44. Aegle ottoi (Schawerda, 1923) TYPE LOCALITY: Iraq (Mosul). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Saudi Arabia, Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in wet salinas, in saline oases and at their peripheries, often in salt marshes with Suaeda, Arthrocnemum, Salicornia, Juncus Atriplex and Tamarix spp. (vol. 1; pl. 249, pic. 3-4); in Iraq observed in stony deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from April to early June; in Iraq from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 45. Megalodes eximia (Freyer, 1845) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran, Iraq and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. Represented by the subsp. prolixa Draudt, 1933, described from Israel (Jerusalem). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region, along the northern part of the Rift Valley, from the foothills of Mt. Hermon to the proximal part of the Bet Shean Valley. Fairly common but rather local north of the Sea of Galilee, rare towards the South. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in not too dry park forests, especially with Quercus ithaburensis, in bushy shady meadows and on slopes, along the edges of broad-leaved, especially riverine forests (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 1-5), towards the South in shady canyons and north-facing slopes with scattered forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May with the highest rate of occurrence in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Azerbaijan, larvae feeding inside the flowers and seedpods of wild Malvaceae, especially of the genera Althaea and Malva. 46. Haemerosia renalis (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region: upper Galilee (Nahal Amud) and Mt. Hermon (1800 m a.s.l.). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species living in shady forested canyons, in closed montane winter deciduous forests, at edges of riverine forests, in seasonally

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

flooded bushy meadows and swampy meadows near springs, always in shaded lush herbaceous vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 4, 6-9); in Europe on hot bushy slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine summer species flying from July to September; in Europe apparently bivoltine, at least regionally, with a spring and an autumn generation. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Lactuca spp., Chondrilla juncea.

47. Haemerosia vassilininei

48. Tyta luctuosa

47. Haemerosia vassilininei A. Bang-Haas, 1912 TYPE LOCALITY: Caucasus (Aresch). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian. Southeastern Europe, Ukraine, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region, on the foothills of Mt. Hermon and over the lower northern Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in Quercus park forests, forested grasslands and on bushy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 1-6); in Greece and Turkey in xerotherm steppes along seasonally dry water courses. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine autumn species observed so far only in October; in Greece in July; in Iraq in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 48. Tyta luctuosa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Europe, Near and Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Altai Mts and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but rare all over the temperate and semi-arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species, in the temperate region ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, including scattered park forest, in the semi-arid region concentrating in oases, to a lesser extent in batha steppes and in shady canyons with lush herbaceous vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from April to June and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on various herbs including Convolvulus arvensis, Linum spp. 49. Epharmottomena eremophila (Rebel, 1895) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Ouargl. Ghard., Ou. Nouemra). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Morocco and the western Sahara to the Levant.

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Volume 2. Noctuidae

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common but local in the arid region: western Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, probably psammophilous, often on semiconsolidated inland sand dunes with impoverished Haloxylon persicum communities and in sparse vegetation dominated by Artemisia monosperma, Retama raetam and Helianthemum stipulatum. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from September through winter to April with the highest rates of occurrence in October and March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 49. Epharmottomena eremophila

50. Iranada turcorum

50. Iranada turcorum (Zerny, 1915) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa) and Egypt (Sinai). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Egypt, Levant, southwestern Iran, Iraq, and Oman. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Zerny (1915). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region along the southern and central Coastal Plain, in the arid region in the western Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous psammophilous species living mainly on semi-consolidated inland sand dunes in shrub thickets dominated by Stipagrostis scoparia and on coastal sand dunes with Ammophila arenaria communities with scattered patches of A. arenaria and Artemisia monosperma (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3); in Syria and Lebanon on coastal sand dunes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Subfamily Cuculliinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 This is a large and phylogenetically compact subfamily with more than 200 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a). Most species are xerophilous, inhabiting steppes, eremic areas and/or xeromontane habitats (Ronkay & Ronkay 1994, 1995). They are usually quite attracted to ultraviolet light, but often not before midnight. So far, 18 species have been recorded in Israel, all belonging to two genera, Cucullia and Metlaouia Dumont, 1929. They are usually rare and localized, flying only once a year during 2 to 4 weeks in early spring. In Israel, most species have Eremic and Palearctic distribution patterns, with foci in different habitats of the Negev. The genus Cucullia Schrank, 1802 is comprised of some extremely similar species and so correct identification can sometimes be difficult. The Palearctic region contains more than 130 species (Ronkay & Ronkay, 1994); so far, 18 have been recorded in Israel. Three different species-groups are clearly distinguished based on the selection of larval food-plants, on the female genitalia and on the appearance of the moths. These species-groups are either elevated to the status of separate genera

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

(Ronkay & Ronkay, 1994) or retained as valid subgenera (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005). The latter approach is adopted here. The subgenus Cucullia s.str. (‘grey Cucullia’) is predominantly Holarctic, with eight species so far recorded in Israel. The larvae mainly feed on Asteraceae (Compositae) and Lamiaceae (Labiatae) (Ronkay & Ronkay, 1994).

51. Cucullia syrtana

52. Cucullia argentina

51. Cucullia syrtana (Mabille, 1888) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gabes). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. From the western Sahara and Morocco to Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, and Levant, in Europe only recoded in Malta and Greece. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region, along the arid part of the Rift Valley. Fairly common in the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area, uncommon elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in wide shallow wadis often in Acacia stands, in contracted shrub communities, along small seasonal water courses and in water catchments covered with annuals and perennial grasses (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 110), mainly on soft sediments, much less common on gravel; in North Africa widely distributed in the desert and semi-desert zones. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to April with the highest rate of occurrence from January to February; larvae observed in March, hibernating in the pupal stage, hatching in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Launaea spinosa (Asteraceae=Compositae), elsewhere unknown. 52. Cucullia argentina (Fabricius, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: Kazakhstan. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. Central Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Levant, Turkmenistan, Iraq, Iran, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Mongolia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region: upper Golan Heights, in the area of El Rom. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species collected so far only in rich, not too dry grasslands with numerous broad-leaved weeds on basaltic brown soils, to a lesser extent at the edges of a nearby Quercus calliprinos forest (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3); in Iran and Turkey in all kinds of steppe up to 2500 m elevations, in Iran common in forested grassland and Quercus ithaburensis park forests in the Zagros Mts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in May; in Turkey, Iran and Turkmenistan bivoltine, flying from April to May and from July to August, with mature larvae found in July and from September to October, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Azerbaijan, various Artemisia spp.

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53. Cucullia santolinae

54. Cucullia calendulae

Volume 2. Noctuidae

53. Cucullia santolinae Rambur, 1834 TYPE LOCALITY: France. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Southern Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Levant, Transcaucasia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. amaenissima Oberthur, 1918, described from Algeria (Biskra). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the arid regions, central and northern Negev, and in the temperate region along the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in the steppes of the central Negev highlands in Artemisia sieberi and Helianthemum associations (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 24), in the northeastern Negev on consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes in Anabasis articulata and Artemisia sieberi communities, in the Coastal Plain in consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes often in areas dominated by Artemisia monosperma; according to Hacker (2001), inhabiting various grassland habitats or open forest clearings with the food plants, rather than steppes and semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Artemisia sieberi (Asteraceae=Compositae); in the Levant, according to Ronkay & Ronkay (1994), probably also A. monosperma; in Europe, flowers and seeds of A. arborea and A. campestris. 54. Cucullia calendulae Treitschke, 1835 TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Sicily). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. In the Mediterranean basin, including North Africa, Saudi Arabia, Levant, Iran, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread all over the temperate and semiarid regions. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the temperate region in xerotherm park forests, at forest edges and on bushy south-facing slopes, in the Mediterranean bathas mainly in rich herbaceous plant communities, in shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm (vol. 1; pl. 20, pic. 1-3), in the lower parts of the Judean Desert only in deep shady canyons with permanent water and lush vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 3); in Southern Europe in dry and moderately wet habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to April with the highest rate of occurrence from December to January; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Achillea santolina (Asteraceae=Compositae); in Europe, numerous Asteraceae including Calendula, Achillea, Anthemis and Ormenis; in Egypt, Chrysanthemum coronarium.

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55. Cucullia santonici

56. Cucullia boryphora

The Lepidoptera of Israel

55. Cucullia santonici (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. From Southern Europe to Ukraine, European part of southern Russia, Levant, Iran, Afghanistan and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in Israel probably a steppe-dwelling species only known from the area of Jerusalem, probably collected in the Judean Desert at higher altitudes. No records since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel no data available on habitat preferences, but generally a steppedwelling species; in Azerbaijan in montane xerotherm habitats; in Iran often in Artemisia steppes at high altitudes, also on xerotherm, almost sterile slopes with very sparse vegetation, around Teheran in lush grassland and shrub steppes, in the Zagros Mts common in scattered Quercus park forests and forested grasslands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel unknown; in Europe bivoltine, flying from April to June and from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe and the Near East. Artemisia alba, A. absinthium, probably also other species of Artemisia, as well as Matricaria and Achillea spp. 56. Cucullia boryphora Fischer de Waldheim, 1840 TYPE LOCALITY: Russia (Volga region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. From the European part of southern Russia to Turkey, the Levant, throughout the xeromontane and eremic territories of Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia to the western Himalaya. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but rare in the arid region, all over the Negev and in the Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in mountainous rocky areas with Artemisia sieberi and Helianthemum vesicarium desert-steppes, especially above 800 m in the central Negev highlands with a focus on areas with scattered Pistacia atlantica (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 2, 3), to a lesser extent in shallow wadis with contracted shrubs dominated by Zygophyllum dumosum and some scattered Artemisia (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 4); in Azerbaijan in montane steppes; in the western part of its distribution range in deserts and semi-deserts, towards the East a xeromontane species occurring from medium to high altitudes in very arid places. PHENOLOGY: in Israel observed so far only in spring, flying from February to April; according to Ronkay & Ronkay (1994), bivoltine in the southern part of its distribution range, flying in February and, again, from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Central Asia, larvae found from April to May on leaves of Artemisia turanica.

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57. Cucullia improba

58. Cucullia macara

Volume 2. Noctuidae

57. Cucullia improba Christoph, 1885 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (Krasnowodsk; Kisil Arvat) and Nakhichevan, Transcaucasia (Ordubad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. Turkey, Southeastern parts of the Caucasian region, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Levant, and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. muelleri (Hacker, 2001), described from Israel (several locations in the Negev) and Jordan (several localities in southern Jordan). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in xerotherm mountainous desert-steppes with Artemisia sieberi and Helianthemum associations, in shallow rocky valleys with contracted vegetation dominated by different Artemisia species (vol. 1; pl. 31, pic. 1-3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Aaronsohnia factorovskyi (Asteraceae=Compositae); Ronkay & Ronkay (1994) suggest Artemisia species as serving the host-plants for the nominate subspecies. 58. Cucullia macara Rebel, 1948 TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Wadi Cansisrob, Gebel Elba). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Egypt, Arabian Peninsula and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. benderi Boursin, 1963, described from Saudi Arabia (El Read). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare but probably widespread in the arid region: Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in the hottest and driest areas of the southern Negev, often along walls of deep stony canyons with sparse, contracted, desert vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls, along seasonal water courses with outcrops of flint, limestone, granite or other magmatic rocks in Zygophyllum dumosum semi-shrub communities (vol. 1; pl. 33, pic. 1-3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to February. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. The subgenus Shargacucullia Ronkay & Ronkay, 1992 (’yellow Cucullia’) has eight species in the Palearctic region but are absent from North America. The larvae feed on Scrophulariaceae, mainly Verbascum, Celsia and Scrophularia spp. (Ronkay & Ronkay, 1994).

59. Cucullia blattariae

59. Cucullia blattariae (Esper, 1790) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Firenze). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Central and southern parts of the Balkans, Carpathians, Crimea, western Turkey, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933).

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region: Golan Heights and lower altitudes of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland-dwelling species living mainly in rich, not too dry grasslands, forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 2), also in forest clearings and at forest edges, in scattered park forests, on bushy slopes and in meadows. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Scrophularia spp.

60. Cucullia barthae

61. Cucullia anceps

60. Cucullia barthae (Boursin, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Taurus, Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Boursin (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region, on the Golan Heights and in the Judean Mts, penetrating the semi-arid region in the upper part of the Judean Desert in the transition zone of Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian vegetation; in Iraq in mountainous areas, usually on limestone. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living in the Mediterranean semi-steppe bathas, mainly in rich herbaceous plant communities, often in shady places, on the Golan Heights in xerotherm habitats like forest edges, bushy south-facing slopes and mixed forested grassland (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1-3), towards the Sea of Galilee on the lower Golan Heights in savannoid Ziziphus lotus park forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Iraq, Scrophularia spp. 61. Cucullia anceps (Staudinger, 1882) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Iran, Levant and Cyprus. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local at the higher altitudes of the Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living in the Mediterranean steppe bathas, often in rich herbaceous plant communities in canyons and in shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 3, 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Verbascum sinaiticum (Scrophulariaceae), probably feeding also on other Verbascum spp. 62. Cucullia scrophulariae (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. All over Europe except for its Far North and the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, in the East to western Turkey and the Levant.

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62. Cucullia scrophulariae

63. Cucullia lychnitis

64. Cucullia strigicosta

Volume 2. Noctuidae

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local on the foothills of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel sylvicolous, living in shady forested canyons with water, along streamlets with shady deciduous riverine forests and lush herbaceous undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 1-5); in Europe associated with open mesophilous forests, their clearings and edges, with montane meadows, stream valleys, cooler depressions and gorges in cool karstic areas, and with humid, northern, lowland regions. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April; in Europe flying from late May to late July, larvae occur from July to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe on seeds and flowers of Scrophularia species, mostly on S. nodosa, occasionally on Verbascum (V. austriacum, V. nigrum). 63. Cucullia lychnitis (Rambur, 1833) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Corsica). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Most of Europe, North Africa, Near and Middle East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. albicans Wiltshire, 1976, described from Lebanon (Bscharre, 2000 m). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but only locally common all over the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living in all kinds of steppes, but mainly in areas with more than 250 mm annual rainfall (vol. 1; pl. 16, pic. 1, 3, 4), penetrating the Mediterranean zone in xerotherm grasslands, and the arid region along shady canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to April; larvae observed in the Judean Desert in April and May and, in the area of the Sea of Galilee, in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Verbascum sinaiticum and V. orientale (Scrophulariaceae); in Europe, Verbascum and Celsia spp. 64. Cucullia strigicosta Boursin, 1940 TYPE LOCALITY: Iraq (Near Khannikin, Kizil-Robat, Djebel Darawishka). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: western and central Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly on consolidated and semiconsolidated sands of the northwestern Negev with Haloxylon persicum communities and in associations dominated by Artemisia monosperma, Retama raetam and Helianthemum stipulatum (vol. 1; pl. 29, pic. 3), in the central Negev local in depressions with loessial sediments with contracted vegetation dominated by Anabasis articulata and Artemisia sieberi associations.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from January to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Iraq, probably Scrophularia spp. (Wiltshire, 1957).

65. Cucullia macewani

66. Cucullia verbasci

65. Cucullia macewani Wiltshire, 1949 TYPE LOCALITY: Saudi Arabia (Kahana). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Probably endemic to the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region, living along the southern and central Coastal Plain from Nizzanim Nature Reserve to Tel Aviv. HABITAT: in Israel a coastal sand dune species, probably psammophilous, observed so far only on semi consolidated sand dunes with a poor vegetation cover dominated by Ammophila arenaria and Artemisia monosperma (vol. 1; pl. 22, pic. 2; pl. 23, pic. 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from January to February. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 66. Cucullia verbasci (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Europe, North Africa, Near and Middle East, Turkmenistan, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but only locally common in the temperate region: Golan Heights, around the Sea of Galilee, in the Judean Desert only at higher elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species widespread in all kinds of natural grassland areas, on the Golan Heights especially in mixed forested grasslands, towards the Sea of Galilee in savannoid Ziziphus lotus park forests (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 1), to a lesser extent in the transition zone of Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian vegetation, in Mediterranean steppe bathas mainly in rich herbaceous plant communities, in dry shrub steppes with annual rainfall around 250 mm only in shady canyons and water catchments. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence in March; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Verbascum tiberiadis and V. levanticum (Scrophulariaceae), in Europe, various other Verbascum spp. The subgenus Calocucullia Ronkay & Ronkay, 1987, contains only a single species, highly distinct in appearance and restricted to the western Palearctic region. As far as is known, the larvae feed on Hesperis spp. (Brassicaceae).

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67. Cucullia celsiae

68. Metlaouia autumna

Volume 2. Noctuidae

67. Cucullia celsiae (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850) TYPE LOCALITY: Greece (Tessalonia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-) Mediterranean-Iranian. From the Balkans to Turkey, Armenia, Iran, northern Iraq, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. levantina (Hacker, 2001), described from Israel (Even Menakhem). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region, mainly in mountainous areas. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in various habitats including forested grassland, bushy slopes, xerotherm park forests, edges and clearings of closed forests, edges of sun-exposed riverine forests and xerotherm, almost bare, rocky slopes of Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m a.s.l. (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 2-6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence from February to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Bulgaria, Hesperis desertorum. 68. Metlaouia autumna (Chrétien, 1910) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gafsa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Morocco to Egypt, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region: all over Negev and northern Arava Valley. Uncommon in the northwestern Negev near ‘Ezuz, and in the northern Arava Valley, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in hyper-arid areas with sparse vegetation not exceeding small semi-shrubs, often in impoverished Anabasis articulata associations in depressions and shallow wadis with loessial sediments (vol. 1; pl. 28, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species collected so far only in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Subfamily Oncocnemidinae Forbes & Franclemont, 1954 Oncocnemidinae is a small subfamily only recently recognized as distinct from Cuculliinae (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). Previously, it was treated as a tribe of Cuculliinae (Ronkay & Ronkay 1995). A few genera included herein were formerly assigned to Amphipyrinae. So far, 38 species belonging to 16 genera have been recorded in Israel. Most species are local in distribution, preferring xeromontane habitats and occurring at medium elevations of arid and semi-arid regions. Some species, such as Teinoptera gafsana, Metopoceras philbyi and Metopoceras solituda, inhabit dry and hot tributary canyons of the Arava Valley. Cleonymia fatima occurs at the highest elevations of the Negev, while Omphalophana pauli prefers the highest altitudes of the Judean Desert near Jerusalem. Oncocnemis species inhabit the dry tragacanth steppe of Mt. Hermon above

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

1800 m. Most of the species are univoltine, flying early in spring. Only three species are autumnal: Lithophasia venosula, Stilbina hypaenides and Hypeuthina fulgurita.

69. Brachygalea albolineata

70. Brachygalea kalchbergi

71. Lithophasia quadrivirgula

69. Brachygalea albolineata (Blachier, 1905) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gafsa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. North Africa, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Levant; in Europe restricted to southeastern Spain. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common all over the arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in deserts with savannoid Acacia vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 1-10), to a lesser extent along seasonal water courses or shallow wadis with scarce patches of perennial grasses and scattered semi-shrubs and shrubs, typically in areas with soft loessial soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 70. Brachygalea kalchbergi (Staudinger, 1897) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region, at medium elevations of the Mediterranean part of the Judean Mts, Carmel Mountain Ridge, upper Galilee, on the foothills of Mt. Hermon and Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland-dwelling species living in various habitats including forested grassland, bushy slopes, xerotherm Quercus park forests, edges and clearings of closed forests, and scattered montane forests of Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m a.s.l. (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 1-6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 71. Lithophasia quadrivirgula (Mabille, 1888) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gabes). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Throughout North Africa from Morocco to Egypt, also Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region along the Judean Desert and the northern Negev, penetrating the arid region in the northern Arava Valley, in the temperate region along the southern and central Coastal Plain. Common in the Judean Desert, elsewhere rare and local.

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HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living, in the Judean Desert, mainly on rocky xerotherm slopes in batha semi-steppe with annual rainfall above 250 mm (vol. 1; pl. 17, pic. 1-3), in the arid region at the dry peripheries of oases in thickets of shrubs, along the Coastal Plain on consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes with sparse vegetation often dominated by Artemisia communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to February with the highest rate of occurrence in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

72. Lithophasia venosula

73. Metalopha gloriosa

72. Lithophasia venosula Staudinger, 1892 TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve (about 700 m a.s.l.). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in a mature, rather shady forest up to 12 m in height and dominated by Quercus calliprinos, Q. boissieri and Arbutus andrachne with scarce undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1); a habitat in Lebanon unknown. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in October, probably a univoltine autumn species; no other data from elsewhere available. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 73. Metalopha gloriosa (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Hadjin; Mardin); Israel (Jerusalem). In order to stabilize the nomenclature, lectotype selection must be made from among Turkish syntypes. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. ingloria Draudt, 1933, described from Israel (Jerusalem, Kiriat Anavim). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: actually distributed all over the northern part of the temperate region. In the northern part of the country locally common or even abundant, in the area of Jerusalem (type locality of the nominate species (partim) and subspecies) not observed during the last decades. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in different types of forest with lush herbaceous undergrowth as found at the edges of shady closed forests (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 6 – 9; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), in the mid of open park forests, on bushy slopes and in meadows, often absent from coniferous forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae=Compositae); elsewhere unknown.

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74. Metalopha liturata

75. Calophasia platyptera

76. Calophasia barthae

The Lepidoptera of Israel

74. Metalopha liturata (Christoph, 1887) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (Ashkhabad); Iran (Schahrud). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. Near and Middle East, Central Asia, and western Himalaya. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: northern part of Hula Valley, especially around the springs of Jordan River (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 1). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species living in lush herbaceous vegetation near river banks and in bushy wet swampy meadows; in Azerbaijan in shrub steppes and on xerotherm slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 75. Calophasia platyptera (Esper, 1788) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Frankfurt a.M. region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Sub-)Mediterranean. Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Southern and Eastern Europe, with local occurrences in Central Europe, Turkey, Armenia, and Levant; in the Arabian Peninsula so far only in Yemen. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common all over the temperate and semi-arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species widespread in all kinds of steppe and grassland vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1, 2; pl. 14, pic. 1-4), penetrating the arid region along canyons, avoiding deserts and closed forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, at least so in suitable areas, especially in the temperate region including Galilee, upper Jordan Valley and Coastal Plain, flying from March to November with the highest rate of occurrence from March to April; at altitudes above 800 m around Jerusalem, and above 1200 m on Mt. Hermon bivoltine, flying from late April to September with the highest rates of occurrence in May and from August to September; in the semi-arid region including the Judean Desert and the northern Negev univoltine, flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, larvae feeding on flowers and leaves of Antirrhinum and Linaria spp. (both Scrophulariaceae). 76. Calophasia barthae Wagner, 1929 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (inner Anatolia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Southern part of Balkans, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the arid region: northwestern Negev, so far only near Retamim. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living on consolidated and semi-consolidated sands in plant communities dominated by Haloxylon persicum, Artemisia monosperma, Retama raetam and Helianthemum stipulatum. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species collected so far only in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

77. Calophasia angularis

78. Calophasia sinaica

77. Calophasia angularis (Chrétien, 1911) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gafsa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. From the western Sahara and Morocco throughout North Africa to Saudi Arabia, the Levant, Iraq and Turkmenistan along the Kopet-Dagh Mts. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: northern Negev (Retamim, Mamshit Nature Reserve) (vol. 1; pl. 29, pic. 3) and northern Arava Valley (Shezaf Nature Reserve). HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, possibly psammophilous, living mainly in shallow depressions and wadis with sandy sediments with few or no semi-shrubs but with numerous patches of perennial grasses. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from February to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 78. Calophasia sinaica (Wiltshire, 1948) TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Gebel Katherne, Wadi del Rabaa, Wadi Isla – Sinai). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Arabian Peninsula and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: eastern and southern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in the hottest and driest areas of the Negev (vol. 1; pl. 33, pic. 1-3), often along walls of deep stony canyons with sparse contracted desert vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls, along seasonal water courses and not too shallow wadis with outcrops of flint, limestone, granite or other magmatic rocks in Zygophyllum dumosum semi-shrub communities; in Saudi Arabia in the Asir Mts mainly in rocky places at middle and higher altitudes, up to 2400 m. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from October to March with the highest rate of occurrence from December to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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79. Pamparama acuta

80. Oncocnemis confusa

81. Oncocnemis exacta

The Lepidoptera of Israel

79. Pamparama acuta (Freyer, 1838) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Istanbul, ‘Konstantinopel’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Cyprus, Levant, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: no records since the 1890’s. All Israeli museum specimens labelled ‘Jerusalem’. HABITAT: from Israel no data available on habitat preferences, generally a steppe species; in the Near East rocky steppes and slopes, steep gorges, montane grasslands and semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel unknown, generally a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 80. Oncocnemis confusa Lederer, 1878 TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (Sarepta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)European. Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Levant, Ukraine and Bulgaria. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. persica Ebert, 1978, described from Iran. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally fairly common in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppes with numerous cushion-plants (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-4), such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes; in the Elbrus Mts, Iran in alpine steppes at altitudes up to 3200 m, to a lesser extent on xerotherm rocky slopes with sparse grassy vegetation but numerous cushion plants; in Eastern Europe and Russia down to sea-level, in the southern Urals in dry lowland steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 81. Oncocnemis exacta Christoph, 1887 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (mountains near Ashkhabad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. From eastern Turkey to the Levant, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, western China, and Mongolia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. vanensis Hreblay & Ronkay, 1992, described from eastern Turkey. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-4), with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

82. Oncocnemis strioligera

83. Rhabinopteryx subtilis

82. Oncocnemis strioligera Lederer, 1853 TYPE LOCALITY: Siberia (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. Turkey, Iran, Levant, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Altai Mountains, Mongolia, and northwestern China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. anatolica Hacker, 1986, described from Turkey. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1200 m a.s.l., locally common above 1800 m. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppes above 1800 m (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-4), with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes, below 1800 m mainly on xerotherm rocky slopes with sparse vegetation; in Iran up to 3000 m a.s.l. in montane steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 83. Rhabinopteryx subtilis (Mabille, 1888) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gabes). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Coastal areas of North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Rebel (1911). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions, the Dead Sea area and the northern part of the Arava Valley, in the temperate region along the southern Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, both in the Dead Sea area and Arava Valley found mainly between scattered shrubs and semi-shrubs at the drier peripheries of oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3-5), in large wadis on soft loessial soils in water catchments with sparse vegetation, on the Coastal Plain in temporary flooded silty depressions with a dense cover of broad-leaved annuals. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in North Africa, Plantago albicans.

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84. Teinoptera culminifera

85. Teinoptera gafsana

86. Cleonymia jubata

The Lepidoptera of Israel

84. Teinoptera culminifera Calberla, 1891 TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Sinai, El Arish oases). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. North Africa from Algeria to Libya, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the arid region: Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in xerotherm mountainous desert steppes (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 1-4), dominated by Artemisia sieberi associations, less common in shallow wadis with contracted sparse vegetation on coarse rocky and soft sediment soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 85. Teinoptera gafsana (Blachier, 1905) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gafsa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Morocco to Libya, central Arabian deserts, Levant, and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: Negev, recorded so far only from Nahal Qetura, Nahal Neqarot and ‘Ezuz. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in the hottest and driest areas of the Negev (vol. 1; pl. 33, pic. 1-3), often along walls of deep stony canyons with sparse contracted desert vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls, along seasonal water courses and shallow wadis with outcrops of flint, limestone, granite and other magmatic rocks in Zygophyllum dumosum semi-shrub communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 86. Cleonymia jubata (Oberthür, 1890) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gabes). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. North Africa from the western Sahara and Morocco to Libya, Saudi Arabia, Levant, and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread in the arid region: northern and central Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in shallow rocky valleys and canyons (vol. 1; pl. 31, pic. 1-3) with contracted sparse vegetation on coarse rocky and soft sediment soils, to a lesser extent in xerotherm mountainous desert steppes (up to 900 m a.s.l.) dominated by Artemisia sieberi societies.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

87. Cleonymia warionis

88. Cleonymia opposita

89. Cleonymia pectinicornis

87. Cleonymia warionis (Oberthür, 1876) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Bou Saada, near Oued-Djeddi). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Morocco, Algeria, Libya, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: Negev, mainly near ‘En Avedat, Avedat and ‘Ezuz. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in stony canyons (vol. 1; pl. 31, pic. 1-3), with dense shrub and semi-shrub communities, to a lesser extent along seasonal water courses and shallow wadis with outcrops of flint, limestone, granite or other magmatic rocks in shrub communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 88. Cleonymia opposita (Lederer, 1870) TYPE LOCALITY: Transcaucasia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Greece, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Iraq, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region, in the 1930’s recorded in the area of Jerusalem, since the 1990’s only from the foothills of Mt. Hermon near Senir and on the Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the southern Golan Heights mainly in mixed forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1), on the foothills of Mt. Hermon (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 1-5), in sparse, scattered, deciduous park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, less common in more closed xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests and in grasslands along edges of closed forests; in Azerbaijan common in montane steppes; in Turkey a steppe-dwelling species occasionally found in semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April; in the Balkans and the montane steppes of Turkey from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 89. Cleonymia pectinicornis (Staudinger, 1859) TYPE LOCALITY: Spain (Andalusia, near Chiclana, Cerro de Santa Anna). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Southern Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933).

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but rare in the semi-arid region: Rift Valley and Negev, especially at Brosh, Retamim and Mizpe Ramon. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living mainly in open grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 15, pic. 2, 3, 5), with annual rainfall around 400 mm, to a lesser extent in batha semi-steppe and semi-shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm, less common in drier areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

90. Cleonymia baetica

91. Cleonymia chabordis

90. Cleonymia baetica (Rambur, 1837) TYPE LOCALITY: Spain (Andalusia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. From southwestern Europe across North Africa (Morocco to Libya) to Saudi Arabia, the Levant, southeastern Turkey, Iraq, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. klapperichi Hacker, 2001, described from Jordan (Zerkatal bei Romana, 800 m), Israel (Jerusalem), and Turkey. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the semi-arid region from the Negev, across the Judean Desert to the Sea of Galilee area, penetrating the temperate region on the foothills of the western Judean Mts. In the semi-arid region fairly common and widespread, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in the semi-arid region mainly in batha steppe and shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm, in the temperate region in scattered park forests of Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus with a continuous grass cover and on xerotherm grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 1, 2); according to Hacker (2001), at its southern range limit also in semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Helianthemum spp. (Cistaceae). 91. Cleonymia chabordis (Oberthür, 1876) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Bou-Saada). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. North Africa, Saudi Arabia, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread all over the arid region; in the temperate region, along the southern Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in shallow depressions and wadi beds (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 6-10) with sandy and loessial sediments with dense shrub vegetation dominated by Atriplex, Hammada, Anabasis and Ochradenus baccatus, on Coastal Plain on consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3) in dense vegetation dominated by Ammophila arenaria and Artemisia monosperma, also but less common in hyper-arid areas, almost devoid of any vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to April; larvae found in May and June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Helianthemum stipulatum (Cistaceae), elsewhere unknown.

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92. Cleonymia fatima

93. Omphalophana antirrhinii

94. Omphalophana anatolica

Volume 2. Noctuidae

92. Cleonymia fatima (A. Bang-Haas, 1907) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gafsa; Dehibat; Gourine; Foum-Tatahouine). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and rge Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: central Negev, area of Mizpe Ramon, and Nahal Loz. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living mainly in mountainous areas at medium altitudes (up to 900 m a.s.l.) in shrub and semi-shrub steppes with Pistacia atlantica (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 2-4), especially on hard fissured rocky slopes covered with perennial grasses and geophytes; in Jordan in the Moab Mts in Artemisia steppes and scattered Quercus park forests, to a lesser extent, more easterly, in semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from February to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 93. Omphalophana antirrhinii (Hübner, 1803) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Most of Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, northern Iraq, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. asiatica (Lederer, 1857), described from Turkey (Marash). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread and common all over the temperate region except the Coastal Plain, penetrating the semi-arid zone along some of the larger canyons. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species widespread in all kinds of steppe and grassland, avoiding deserts and closed forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Antirrhinum and Linaria spp. (Scrophulariaceae), Scabiosa spp. (Dipsacaceae). 94. Omphalophana anatolica (Lederer, 1857) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Istanbul, ‘Konstantinopel’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Southeastern Europe, Turkey, Armenia, Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region, probably restricted to medium and higher elevations, recorded so far only in 1906 by Hampson and in the1930’s by Amsel in the area of Jerusalem (Kiriat Anavim), as well as in 1998 on the Golan Heights (Har Avital). HABITAT: in Israel little is known about habitat preferences, probably a steppe or grassland species, on the Golan Heights in lush open grassland on rocky volcanic soil; in the Balkans in steppes at middle and higher altitudes.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine spring species collected so far only in April; in Europe flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

95. Omphalophana pauli

96. Recophora beata

97. Metopoceras omar

95. Omphalophana pauli (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (South-)Mediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Levant and southern Turkey. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Judean Mts from Hebron to Nahal Tavor. Fairly common at the higher elevations of the Judean Desert near Jerusalem, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in areas with more than 250 mm annual rainfall (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 1-10), in the Judean Desert often in semi-shrub communities on hard and fissured limestone, dolomite slopes and in shady canyons, occasionally penetrating the temperate region of the Mediterranean zone, there being local and rare on xerotherm grassy slopes and in meadows. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 96. Recophora beata (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Hadjin). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southeastern Turkey, Levant, Iraq, and southwestern Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region, in the area of Jerusalem, Kiriat Anavim. No records since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel no data available on habitat preferences; in southwestern Iran and Turkey generally found in steppes and semi-deserts up to 2500 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel unknown; in Iran a univoltine spring species flying, depending on altitude, from April to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 97. Metopoceras omar (Oberthür, 1887) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Oued-Leben). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Pan-Eremic. From northwestern Africa to the Levant, Sicily and southernmost Italy, the Arabian Peninsula, coasts of the Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan, the Near and Middle East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. felix Standfuss, 1893, described from Israel (Palestine). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Standfuss (1893). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread all over the arid and semi-arid regions; in the temperate region in the southern Coastal Plain.

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HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species occurring in deserts with savannoid vegetation dominated by Acacia tortilis and A. raddiana (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 1-10) with thickets of shrubs and semi-shrubs, especially in depressions and water catchments with silty alluvial soils with numerous patches of perennial grasses and annuals, less common in saline areas, in the northeastern Negev living on consolidated and semiconsolidated sand dunes in Anabasis articulata and Artemisia sieberi communities, over the Coastal Plain on consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3) often in areas dominated by Artemisia monosperma. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence from February to March; Wiltshire (1941; 1957) suggested two generations during spring. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

98. Metopoceras delicata

99. Metopoceras philbyi

98. Metopoceras delicata (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: probably in the semi-arid region east of Jerusalem (one specimen of Staudinger labelled ‘Jerusalem’) and in the semi-arid region further easterly in the Jordan Valley. No records since the 1890’s. HABITAT: in Israel probably a steppe-dwelling species, from Israel no data available on habitat preferences; in the Azraq Oasis, Jordan in dry salinas with Tamarix, Atriplex, Nitraria, Arthrocnemum, Salicornia and Juncus thickets on stony and alluvial soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species collected so far only in April; in Jordan flying from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 99. Metopoceras philbyi Wiltshire, 1980 TYPE LOCALITY: Saudi Arabia (Mecca). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Arabian Peninsula and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: large tributary wadis of the Arava Valley, especially Nahal Neqarot, Nahal, Paran and Nahal Qetura. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in the hottest and driest areas of the Negev (vol. 1; pl. 34, pic. 1-4), often along walls of deep stony canyons with sparse contracted desert vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls, to a far lesser extent on plains with scattered shrubs. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April, according to Legrain (in Hacker, 2001), in Saudi Arabia possibly bivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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100. Metopoceras solituda

101. Metopoceras kneuckeri

102. Metopoceras felicina

The Lepidoptera of Israel

100. Metopoceras solituda (Brandt, 1938) TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Dalaki ?Fars). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Saudi Arabia, southwestern Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). Represented by the subsp. eutychina (Rebel, 1948), described from Egypt (Sinai). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: large tributary wadis of the Arava Valley, especially Nahal Neqarot, Nahal, Paran and Nahal Qetura. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in the hottest and driest areas of the Negev (vol. 1; pl. 34, pic. 1-4), often along walls of deep stony canyons with sparse contracted desert vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls, along seasonal water courses and shallow wadis with outcrops of flint, limestone, granite or other magmatic rocks in different shrub and semi-shrub communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 101. Metopoceras kneuckeri (Rebel, 1903) TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Sinai, Wadi Esch-Schech). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. From northwestern Africa across the Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: northern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in wadis with sparse vegetation not exceeding small semi-shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 29, pic. 2), often in impoverished Anabasis articulata associations, in depressions with loessial and sandy sediments, on semiconsolidated inland sand dunes with impoverished Haloxylon persicum communities and in sparse vegetation dominated by Artemisia monosperma and Retama raetam. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April; in parts of the Arabian Peninsula also in autumn, there possibly bivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown, Wiltshire (1962) suggested Acacia arabica. 102. Metopoceras felicina (Donzel, 1844) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Marseille region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean, disjunct. Southern France, Spain, Canary Islands, Morocco, Algeria and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: a few specimens found in the collection of Paulus (1896). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: probably collected east of Jerusalem, in the higher parts of the Judean Desert; the museum specimens in the TAU collection are only labelled ‘Jerusalem’. Apparently, collected regularly from 1896 to 1909 near Jerusalem, never taken since.

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HABITAT: from Israel no data on habitat preferences available but probably a steppedwelling species; in North Africa living in steppes and semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel only known from April, in North Africa, depending on altitude, flying from February to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; Wiltshire (1962) suggests Acacia arabica.

103. Xylocampa mustapha

104. Stilbia syriaca

103. Xylocampa mustapha Oberthür, 1920 TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Lambèse). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, and from southern Italy to Turkey, Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. hethitica Kobes & Pinker, 1976, described from Turkey (Kizilcahamam). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region. Locally common in the northern part of Israel, towards the South increasingly rare and local, in lowlands generally rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species typically occurring in xerotherm oak forests and bushland (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), on south-facing slopes, in forest clearings, at forest edges etc., in open grasslands rare or absent; in Italy in open shrubby forests, karstic oak forests, clearings in bushy woodlands, rarely in dense woodland. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; larvae of the European sister species X. areola (Esper, 1789) developping on Lonicera spp. 104. Stilbia syriaca Staudinger, 1892 TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. So far collected only in the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: upper Galilee and western Galilee, in the latter region especially in Nahal Keziv. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, in the western Galilee living mainly on southfacing xerotherm bushy slopes with sparse vegetation often found in canyons (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1), in the upper Galilee in open xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a continuous grass cover; in Jordan in the area of Rumman az Zerqa at 800 m a.s.l. in open park forests and on bushy xerotherm slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in March; in Jordan in early July; generally probably a bi- or multivoltine species overwintering in the larval stage, mature larvae found in Turkey from March to April feeding at night on Poaceae (Gramineae), pupating in cocoons in the soil. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; Ronkay et al. (2001) suggest Poaceae (Gramineae), like Deschampsia and Poa spp.

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105. Stilbina hypaenides

106. Hypeuthina fulgurita

The Lepidoptera of Israel

105. Stilbina hypaenides Staudinger, 1892 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem) and Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southeastern Turkey, Levant, Iraq and southwestern Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: generally a lowland species living mainly in the temperate region, locally common to abundant, slightly penetrates the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in all kinds of open, bushy and mixed forested grassland with annual rainfall above 400 mm, most common in the Galilee in sparse Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, on the Golan Heights, in the temperate part of the Rift Valley, especially in the area of the Sea of Galilee (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 1-3), in open grasslands, in the semi-arid region in areas with annual rainfall above 250 mm concentrating in shady canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. REMARKS: the species shows a strong sexual dimorphism: males with pale yellow wings, females dark brown. 106. Hypeuthina fulgurita Lederer, 1855 TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Iraq and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate and semi-arid regions at lower and medium elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region living mainly in bushy and mixed forested grasslands with annual rainfall of 400 mm or more (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 13), most common in the Galilee in different types of park forests with herbaceous and grassy undergrowth, along the edges of closed and open forests and in forest clearings, to a lesser extent found in open xerotherm grasslands; in the semi-arid region in areas with annual rainfall above 250 mm, mainly in the batha steppe, in the transition zone of the Mediterranean and the Irano-Turanian grasslands, further easterly towards the Rift Valley concentrating in shady canyons with rich herbaceous vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, mainly flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in November; in the Hula Valley specimens have also been collected from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Subfamily Amphipyrinae Guenée, 1837 The subfamily Amphipyrinae s.l., in the traditional sense, contains more than 4500 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a). The old concept, however, is based on thoroughly

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unspecialized characters (no tibial spines; eyes not lashed or hairy) and the group has recently been recognized as polyphyletic. This subfamily is currently restricted to the genera Pyrois Hübner, 1820 and Amphipyra Ochsenheimer, 1816 (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005; Fibiger & Hacker, 2005). So far, 6 species have been recorded in Israel, most of them flying in summer and autumn in open areas of the temperate region.

107. Pyrois effusa

108. Amphipyra pyramidea

107. Pyrois effusa (Boisduval, 1828) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Sicily). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Sub-)Mediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Southern and Central Europe, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread all over the temperate region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, especially in scattered park forests with a continuous grass cover (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-4), at the edges of closed forests, on grassy slopes and in meadows with or without scattered bushes, also in parks and gardens; in Southern Europe in the evergreen sclerophyllous forest zone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species, in lowland areas flying from November to January, in mountainous areas overwintering and flying again in spring; larvae observed along the Coastal Plain and in the Judean Mountains in April; in Southern Europe univoltine, flying from June until winter. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Phlomis and Salvia spp. (both Lamiaceae=Labiatae); in Southern Europe, Erica spp., Cistus spp. and other shrubs. 108. Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (near Leipzig). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. From Southern Europe to Turkey, Levant, Iran, and temperate regions of Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: on the foothills of Mt. Hermon near the spring of Jordan River, mainly in the Banyas Nature Reserve, as well as in the Judean Mts in the area of Jerusalem. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in shady and rather humid broadleaved woodlands, as found in canyons and riverine forests; in Southern Europe in the evergreen Mediterranean sclerophyllous forest zone; in Central Europe widespread and common in all kinds of woodland. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from July to October, overwintering in the oval stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel larvae collected on an undefined Quercus species (Fagaceae); in Europe polyphagous on various deciduous trees and bushes including Quercus, Tilia, Crataegus, Prunus and Fraxinus spp. REMARKS: often confused with its sister species, Amphipyra berbera Rungs, 1949 (pl. 9, pic. 108c, 108d) which can probably also be found in Israel.

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109. Amphipyra micans

110. Amphipyra boursini

111. Amphipyra tetra

The Lepidoptera of Israel

109. Amphipyra micans Lederer, 1857 TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Balkans, Turkey, Levant and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, common, locally even abundant. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, especially in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover, at the edges of closed forests (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-4), in forest clearings, on grassy slopes and in meadows with scattered bushes, also in parks and gardens, especially irrigated (vol. 1; pl. 35, pic. 1-4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to October with the highest rates of occurrence in June and from August to September; larvae observed in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Galium tricornutum (Rubiaceae); in Europe known to be monophagous on various Galium spp. 110. Amphipyra boursini Hacker, 1998 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant. Southern Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: along the foothills of Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m, and in the adjacent parts of the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species living in wetlands and swamps shaded by bushes and groups of deciduous trees, in closed deciduous riverine forests with lush herbaceous undergrowth and in shady forested canyons (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 4), on Mt. Hermon in closed deciduous montane forests; in Turkey collected from 600 up to 1000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to October with the highest rates of occurrence in June and from August to September; in Turkey mainly in July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 111. Amphipyra tetra (Fabricius, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. In Europe from southern France along the southern Alps to upper Austria, southern Slovakia, southern Russia, Levant, Turkey, Iran to Altai Mts; in North Africa from Morocco to Egypt. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Sinai (Egypt). Represented by the subsp. pallida Staudinger, 1901, described from the Altais, Armenia, Syria, Turkey (Pontus, Lydia), and Iran (Hyrcania). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: near Tel Aviv, central Coastal Plain. No records since the 1970’s. HABITAT: in Israel only little is known about habitat preferences, so far collected in mesophilous grasslands, along the banks of coastal streamlets (vol. 1; pl. 21, pic. 2), and in not too dry wastelands within agricultural areas (S. Yathom, personal communication); in Southern Europe in submediterranean mixed deciduous oak forests and shrubs. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine autumn species collected so far only in October, in Europe a univoltine summer species flying from June until autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, various Asteraceae (Compositae).

112. Amphipyra stix

112. Amphipyra stix Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marmara Sea area). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Southern Europe, North Africa, the Near and Middle East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon and adjacent areas in the upper Galilee, as well as the upper Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the Galilee in sparse Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, on Mt. Hermon mainly in scattered montane forests and on grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-4), in the upper Golan Heights in mixed forested grasslands and open grasslands; in Southern Europe in mixed deciduous oak scrublands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine summer species flying from July to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on low plants including Galium, Taraxacum and Veronica spp. Subfamily Psaphidinae Grote, 1896 This is a small, mainly Holarctic subfamily only recently separated from the Cuculliinae. In Israel the Psaphidinae are represented by four species occurring in the northern part of the temperate region. Adults usually fly in the coldest periods of the season, late autumn, winter, or in early spring, like Valeria oleagina. As far as is known, the larvae feed on foliage of Rosaceae.

113. Valeria oleagina

113. Valeria oleagina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. syriaca Osthelder, 1933, described from Turkey (Marash). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region, from the northern Hula Valley, Tel Dan and Banyas nature reserves up to 1800 m a.s.l. on Mt. Hermon.

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HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly on rocky xerotherm slopes with scattered trees and shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 4-6), on Mt. Hermon especially in scattered montane forests, less common at lower altitudes in xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests on rocky terrain; in Mediterranean Europe mainly in xerotherm habitats at medium altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to April; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Rosa canina (Rosaceae); in Europe, Prunus (especially P. spinosa) and Crataegus spp.

114. Valeria josefmooseri

115. Valeria thomaswitti

114. Valeria josefmooseri Kravchenko, Speidel, Seplyarkaya & Müller, 2007 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Mt. Hermon). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: very local and rare in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon at medium elevations, especially near Majdal Shams and Newe Ativ. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon on karstic rocky xerotherm slopes with scattered shrubs, in scattered montane forests with sparse undergrowth and along the edges of closed forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 8). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January with the highest rate of occurrence in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 115. Valeria thomaswitti Kravchenko, Speidel, Seplyarkaya & Müller, 2007 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Mt. Hermon). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: local and rare in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon from 900 up to 2000 m a.s.l., especially near Majdal Shams and Nimrod. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, especially on karstic rocky xerotherm slopes of Mt. Hermon with scattered shrubs, in scattered montane forests with sparse undergrowth and along the edges of closed forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 8), to a lesser extent also on the top of Mt. Hermon on slopes with few scattered deciduous shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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116. Allophyes benedictina

117. Allophyes asiatica

Volume 2. Noctuidae

116. Allophyes benedictina (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: probably endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common all over the temperate region. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly on rocky xerotherm slopes with scattered trees and shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 4-9), to a lesser extent also in Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests, in Pinus halepensis and Arbutus andrachne woodlands with Crataegus bushes, on Mt. Hermon in scattered montane forests and on bushy slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in December; larvae observed from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Crataegus aronia and C. azarolus (Rosaceae), like other species of the genus also feeding on Crataegus and Prunus spp. 117. Allophyes asiatica (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Greek islands (Samos and Crete), western parts of Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the northern parts of the temperate region. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly on rocky xerotherm slopes with scattered trees and shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 4-9), also in all kinds of park forests, to a much lesser extent also in Arbutus andrachne woodlands with Crataegus bushes, on Mt. Hermon in all kinds of not too shady habitats with Crataegus; in Turkey in open, dry and warm woodlands and shrubs, in clearings and at edges of oak forests, often in rocky karstic habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in December; in Turkey from late September to mid-November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Turkey, Prunus padus; larvae pupating in the soil. Subfamily Heliothinae Boisduval, 1828 This subfamily contains about 400 species worldwide (Mitter et. al., 1993) and some are serious vegetable pests (Bodenheimer, 1930; Avidov & Harpaz, 1969). Larvae usually feed on flowers and fruits of herbaceous plants. Heliothinae pest species are typically polyphagous and have high reproduction rates (Kravchenko, 1984), however, most of the other Heliothinae are oligo- or even monophagous (Mitter et. al., 1993). As well, several species are migrants. So far, 10 species belonging to 6 genera have been recorded in Israel (Kravchenko, Orlova et al., 2005). Three species (Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis nubigera and Heliothis

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peltigera) are common or locally abundant, multivoltine and polyphagous. These 3 species are found throughout Israel and are often found in high densities in oases of the arid region together with Plusiinae pests. Other species are localized and rare. Periphanes treitschkei and Aedophron phlebophora prefer xeromontane habitats while Masalia albida inhabits deserts (Arava Valley) and Periphanes delphinii, not recorded since the 1960’s, is probably extinct.

118. Heliothis viriplaca

119. Heliothis nubigera

118. Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel, 1766) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Berlin region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian, occasional migrant in temperate Europe. Morocco, Algeria, Southern and temperate Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Hula Valley, upper Golan Heights, and Mt. Hermon up to about 1600 m a.s.l. Over the past 20 years rare and local, in the survey of S. Yathom (1971b) recorded as fairly common and found even further south of Jerusalem at medium elevations including the western Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, at not too dry sites, especially on north-facing slopes, in canyons, wet bushy meadows surrounding springs (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 4), at shady forest edges, swampy meadows in the Hula Valley (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 2) and shady scattered montane forests on Mt. Hermon, rare in or absent from xerotherm habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, spring to early summer species flying from March to July with the highest rate of occurrence in May; according to Hacker (2001), at least bivoltine, perhaps multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on numerous herbaceous plants including geophytes, Linaria, Silene, Melandrium, Crepis and Trifolium spp. 119. Heliothis nubigera Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Pan-Eremic, migrant. Widespread in all kinds of arid and semi-arid areas in the Palearctic from Canary Islands, Southern Europe and parts of Central Europe to Levant, Caucasus and Transcaucasian region, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Mongolia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country. Abundant in the semi-arid region, in the temperate region common on the Coastal Plain, towards the North less common, in the arid region fairly common in oases and settlements. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species occurring in all kinds of steppe and grassland, especially in the Judean Desert (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2-4), there mainly encountered on rocky xerotherm slopes in batha semi-steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm, along the Coastal Plain mainly on consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes with sparse vegetation.

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PHENOLOGY: probably bivoltine, flying all year round with adults aestivating during the hottest months; the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from August to October; larvae observed in May and July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous (S. Yathom, personal communication), including Zygophyllum dimosum (Zygophyllaceae) and Hyoscyamus reticulatus (Solanaceae); in Europe mainly on wild herbaceous plants, less common on vegetables.

120. Heliothis peltigera

121. Heliothis incarnata

120. Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. North Africa, eastern Africa, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, in the East to western China and India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common, locally even abundant all over the country in all climatological regions. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living in all kinds of open and not too densely forested places, in the arid region concentrating in oases, absent from hyper-arid areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine with adults aestivating during the hottest months, flying throughout the year with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on various wild and cultivated plants (S. Yathom, personal communication), in natural habitats including Ballota saxatilis (Lamiaceae), occasionally as pest on garden vegetation, especially Sorghum (Poaceae=Gramineae) and Medicago (Fabaceae); in Europe on Senecio, Calendula, Ononis and Carthamus spp., as well as Centaurea calcitrapa and Salvia limbata. 121. Heliothis incarnata (Freyer, 1838) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Istanbul, ‘Konstantinopel’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. North Africa, Spain, Balkans, southern part of European Russia, Turkey, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: Dead Sea area, northern part of Arava Valley, and northern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly along seasonal water courses with different types of soft sediment soils (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 2-5), with scattered shrubs and semi-shrubs; in the Balkans in dry rocky and chalky steppes; in southeastern Iran in all kinds of steppe and semi-desert, widespread from the coast up to 2000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April; in Iran, depending on altitude, from April to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Gypsophila spp. (Caryophyllaceae).

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122. Helicoverpa armigera

123. Schinia scutosa

The Lepidoptera of Israel

122. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. Old World subtropics and tropics, Eremic belt, even in the central Sahara, Mediterranean basin, regularly immigrating to Central and Northern Europe. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country in all climatological regions, in the arid region concentrating in oases, probably immigrating to Israel from southern regions in early spring . Abundant in the lowlands of the temperate region and in oases of the semi-arid and arid regions, elsewhere common. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open and not too densely forested areas, avoiding only hyper-arid deserts and the tragacanth zone of Mt. Hermon above 2000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with adults aestivating during the hottest months; the highest rates of occurrence from May to June and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS : larvae polyphagous, recorded on over 180 cultivated and wild plant species representing at least 45 families, including cotton, chickpeas, tomatoes and sunflowers and many others; in Israel a serious pest on corn, peanut, cotton and other agricultural plants, and on a wide range of wild plants, including Inula (Limbarda) viscosa, Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia spp., Hibiscus spp. and even Tamarix aphylla. 123. Schinia scutosa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic, migrant. North Africa, Europe, southern Siberia, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Central Asia, northern India, western and northern China, and Japan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region in the western Negev, in the temperate region over the southern and central Coastal Plain. Uncommon, only occasionally common locally. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living mainly in steppes dominated by Artemisia shrub communities, often on unconsolidated sand dunes with different types of impoverished semi-shrub and shrub communities, along the coastal dunes also very close to sea shore (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring to summer species flying from March to June; larvae observed in May; in the northern parts of its distribution range bivoltine, flying from May to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Artemisia monosperma (Asteraceae=Compositae); in Southern Europe on flowers and seeds of Artemisia vulgaris, A. campestris and Chenopodium spp.

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124. Periphanes delphinii

125. Periphanes treitschkei

126. Aedophron phlebophora

Volume 2. Noctuidae

124. Periphanes delphinii (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, and Central Asia. Once a species widespread in Europe, now extinct or rare in most countries. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Golan Heights and central Coastal Plain. In the latter region, no records since the 1960’s. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living mainly in xerotherm scattered Quercus park forests with huge oak trees and rich undergrowth of herbaceous plants (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3), to a much lesser extent on bushy slopes and along forest edges; the former habitats on the Coastal Plain are unknown. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from April to early June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe on flowers and seeds of Delphinium (Ranunculaceae), Aconitum and Consolida spp. (both Ranunculaceae). 125. Periphanes treitschkei (Frivaldzsky, 1835) TYPE LOCALITY: Bulgaria (Slivno). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Balkans, Turkey, Levant, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: medium and higher altitudes of the Judean Mts, Carmel Mountain Ridge, and Mt. Hermon. Uncommon at higher elevations of Mt. Hermon, rare in the Judean Mts, only once collected on the Carmel Mountain Ridge. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living mainly on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-4), in the Judean Mts and on the Carmel Mountain Ridge on xerotherm karstic hard fissured limestone slopes with sparse grassy vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in the Balkans, Scutellaria peregrina (Lamiaceae= Labiatae). 126. Aedophron phlebophora Lederer, 1858 TYPE LOCALITY: Syria (Damascus). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, and Armenia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1935). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l., in the Judean Mts no records since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species, on Mt. Hermon on xerotherm karstic slopes, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) (vol. 1;

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pl. 1, pic. 2-4), to a much lesser extent in valleys and dolinas on waterlogged finegrained leached soils, in the past also found near Jerusalem, probably in steppes towards the East; in Iran in xerotherm steppes, rocky grasslands and on plateaus with sparse vegetation up to 2500 m a.s.l., uncommon in scattered xerotherm Quercus park forests above 1000 m in the Zagros Mts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Turkey, Phlomis spp. (Lamiaceae=Labiatae).

127. Masalia albida

127. Masalia albida (Hampson, 1905) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Hammam-es-Salahin). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. North Africa, including large parts of the Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, Levant, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: northern part of Arava Valley and southern Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in impoverished semi-shrub communities with sparse vegetation, mainly on loessial deposits and silty alluvial soils at the bottom of the Arava Valley (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-10), to a much lesser extent in shallow wadis at the driest outskirts of oases along the southern part of the Dead Sea; in North Africa widespread in deserts and semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Subfamily Condicinae Poole, 1995 The subfamily Condicinae was once included in the polyphyletic Amphipyrinae s.l. In Europe, they are represented by four genera: Condica Walker, 1856 (in the tropics often economically important), Hadjina Staudinger, 1892, Acosmetia Stephens, 1829 and Eucarta Lederer, 1857 (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005). So far, 3 species of the widespread genus Condica have been recorded in Israel.

128. Condica capensis

128. Condica capensis (Guenée, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Congo. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Throughout the African and IndoAustralian tropics, Egypt, Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid region: along Wadi Kelt from ‘En Perat Nature Reserve to close to Jericho in the East. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species confined to an Ethiopian pocket in the northern part of the Ethiopian penetration zone in the Rift Valley (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2, 3), in a deep canyon with permanent water and a tropical microclimate which

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supports the occurrence of numerous trees and other plants of Sudanian origins; in Egypt in an agricultural oasis near Assuan (unpublished original data). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from July to October; in Egypt recorded in November. HOST-PLANTS: natural host-plants unknown in Israel and elsewhere; in Ethiopia recorded as a pest of oilseed crops, especially Guizatia abyssinica.

129. Condica viscosa

130. Condica palaestinensis

129. Condica viscosa (Freyer, 1831) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Sicily). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Mauretania, western Sahara, North Africa, Southern Europe, southern Turkey, Arabian Peninsula, Levant, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common all over the arid and semi-arid regions; in the temperate region only along southern to northern Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species, in canyons typically living near springs in lush herbaceous vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 12, pic. 2-6), in the Dead Sea area in swampy freshwater oases with Phragmites and Arundo fields, and Tamarix thickets. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rate of occurrence from November to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Inula (Limbarda) crithmoides (Asteraceae=Compositae) and Ecballium elaterium (Cucurbitaceae); in the Mediterranean basin, Inula viscosa, in the Near and Middle East, Pluchea dioscorides and other strongly aromatic Asteraceae (Compositae) with sticky thick foliage. REMARKS: a species with seasonal dimorphism, winter specimens being large, purple brown, summer specimens smaller and paler. 130. Condica palaestinensis (Staudinger, 1895) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the arid parts in the northern Arava Valley, across the Dead Sea area to the Hula Valley. In the Hula Valley locally common in the 1960’s, since the mid1980’s rare there and elsewhere, in the 1890’s collected at Jerusalem by Paulus. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, in the Dead Sea area living in swampy freshwater oases with Phragmites and Arundo fields and Tamarix thickets (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3), in the lower Jordan Valley in Ethiopian pockets, near the Sea of Galilee (vol. 1; pl. 12, pic. 2, 6) and further to the North along river banks and springs, in lush herbaceous vegetation including swampy Phragmites australis fields; according to Hacker (2001), a characteristic species of deserts and semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from April to May and from August to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Syria, Pluchea dioscorides.

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Subfamily Eriopinae Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 The Eriopinae were also previously included in the polyphyletic Amphipyrinae s.l. The subfamily is based on the widespread genus Callopistria Hübner, 1821 (= Eriopus Treitschke, 1825) which is found in all zoogeographical regions, but it also includes a few other Afrotropical genera (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). As far as is known, the larvae feed on ferns. Only a single species has hitherto been recorded in Israel.

131. Callopistria latreillei

131. Callopistria latreillei (Duponchel, 1827) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Provence; Bretagne). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. From the Mediterranean basin across southeastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Arabian Peninsula to India, from subtropical and tropical Africa to Madagascar. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally fairly common in the temperate region, mainly at medium elevations, especially on Carmel Mountain Ridge, in Galilee, Golan Heights, and western Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly along river banks, near springs, in narrow canyons (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 8), on shady northern slopes, in closed Quercus calliprinos forests and other habitats with the fern Pteris vittata (Pteridaceae) PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, so far recorded from April to June and in October; in Azerbaijan bivoltine, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: larvae monophagous on ferns; host-plants unknown in Israel but probably feeding on Pteris vittata; in the Mediterranean basin on Pteridium aquilinum and Asplenium ceterach (Ceterach officinarum). Subfamily Bryophilinae Guenée, 1852 The Bryophilinae is a subfamily with about 200 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a); most are small with larvae that feed on lichens and rest well concealed in holes and crevices during the daytime, feeding at night, with their food becoming softened by nocturnal humidity. The larvae pupate in a spun cocoon in the shelter of holes and ledges. The coloration of larvae is non-protective, but that of the adult remarkably matches the different hues of the lichen-covered surface on which they rest (Seitz, 1914). So far, 13 species have been recorded in Israel, 11 of which are species of the genus Cryphia Hübner, 1818 that prefer habitats in the temperate region. Two are species of the genus Vitrix Staudinger, 1879 and are xeromontane. Only Cryphia paulina is a deserticole. 132. Cryphia algae (Fabricius, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Throughout Southern and Central Europe, Turkey, Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Cyprus.

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132. Cryphia algae

133. Cryphia ochsi

134. Cryphia tephrocharis

Volume 2. Noctuidae

FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region, mainly at medium elevations, especially on Mt. Hermon, in upper Golan Heights, Judean Mts and Galilee. Fairly common and local in northern Israel, rare and local in the Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly in different types of deciduous, closed and shady forests as found in canyons and along rivers (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1 -9), common in the moss- and lichen-covered Quercus calliprinos forests of the northern Golan Heights, especially on northern slopes with a high nocturnal humidity from low clouds and dew; in Azerbaijan in lowland forests; in Central Europe in deciduous forests, forested steppes and bushlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: larvae feeding on lichens growing on old tree trunks, especially Quercus and Populus spp. 133. Cryphia ochsi (Boursin, 1941) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Saint Barnabé). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Central and eastern Mediterranean basin, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region; fairly common in the Galilee, the Hula Valley, less common on the Golan Heights, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly in mountainous areas close to the coast (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-4), on northern slopes with a high nocturnal humidity from low clouds and dew, in wet bushlands at low and medium elevations, less common in the moss- and lichen-covered Quercus calliprinos forests of the northern Golan Heights, rare in open xerotherm forests, like Quercus ithaburensis, Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests, on dry bushy slopes, and in mixed coniferous forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to August; larvae found from July to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, larvae found on dry stems and branches of Acer negundo, Arbutus andrachne, Cotoneaster franchetii, Elaeagnus pungens, Morus alba, Pinus halepensis, Pistacia atlantica, Pyracantha sp., where they, like other congeners, probably fed on various lichens. 134. Cryphia tephrocharis Boursin, 1953 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Malatya-Tecde). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Southeastern Europe, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Boursin (1953). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region, mainly in the lowlands: Hula Valley (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 1-6), around the springs of Jordan River, and on the foothills of the Judean Mts near Tirosh and Bet Shemesh.

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HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in not too dry forests in canyons and along rivers, less common in xerotherm bushy meadows and scattered park forests at low and medium elevations. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably lichens on trees, like in other sylvicolous congeners.

135. Cryphia rectilinea

136. Cryphia amseli

135. Cryphia rectilinea (Warren, 1909) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Italy, Balkans, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Warren (1909). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region; fairly common on Mt. Hermon and the adjacent areas of the upper Golan Heights and the Galilee, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in different types of park forest, on bushy slopes, common in forest clearings and at edges (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 1, pl. 10, pic. 3), rare in or absent from dense forests and north-facing slopes, absent from coniferous forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to September; larvae observed from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, larvae found on dry stems of Celtis occidentalis, Morus alba, and Pinus brutia, most probably feeding on lichens. 136. Cryphia amseli Boursin, 1952 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jericho). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant, so far known only from its type locality at Jericho, Israel. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: known only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Boursin (1952). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region near Jericho. No records since the description in 1952, only known from the holotype. HABITAT: no information on habitat preferences available. PHENOLOGY: in Israel observed only in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, possibly lichens on trees or rocks, like in other species of the genus. REMARKS: the only known specimen is deposited in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany. 137. Cryphia labecula (Lederer, 1855) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (near Beirut), not Cyprus, as erroneously stated in Poole (1989). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Southeastern Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: foothills of Mt. Hermon and northern Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, collected so far only in riverine forests dominated by Fraxinus, Populus and Salix trees (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine, late spring species collected so far from May to June; in Lebanon in April and June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably lichens on trees, like in other sylvicolous congeners.

137. Cryphia labecula

138. Cryphia raptricula

139. Cryphia petrea

138. Cryphia raptricula (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. From westernmost Europe and North Africa to Central Asia and western China. In the Near East in Turkey, Levant, Iraq, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate and semi-arid regions, the most widespread Cryphia species in Israel. In the temperate region common at medium elevations, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, in the temperate region living in almost all kinds of shrub and forest habitats including shady and xerotherm places, in the semi-arid region mainly in canyons with shrubs and trees and on shady slopes with scattered bushes (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2, 3), only occasionally on xerotherm rocky slopes with steppe vegetation but avoiding arid areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably univoltine, with adults aestivating during the hottest months, in the temperate region flying from August to September, in the semi-arid region in May and from October to November; in Central Europe flying from July to August, larvae developing from September to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, lichens (Peltigera sp.) on rocks and trees, on decaying plants, occasionally even on algae. 139. Cryphia petrea (Guenée, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Spain (Andalusia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean, disjunct. In the west in Mauretania, Morocco, Portugal and Spain, an isolated population on Corsica, and in the East in Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Levant, and Egypt (eastern desert). DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. contristans (Lederer, 1857), described from Beirut, Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region, along the springs of the River Jordan. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species observed so far only in humid riverine forests with Fraxinus and Populus trees in lush herbaceous vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 1-4); in Jordan and Egypt in more xerotherm habitats.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine summer species collected so far only in August, in the other Levant countries recorded late in summer and in early autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably lichens on trees, like in other sylvicolous congeners.

140. Cryphia maeonis

141. Cryphia paulina

140. Cryphia maeonis (Lederer, 1865) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Anatolia: near ‘Kisilgye-Aolé’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. Greece, Turkey, Levant, Egypt, Transcaucasia, Iran and parts of Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate and/or semi-arid region, known so far only from the area of Jerusalem. No records since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel no data available on habitat preferences, a single specimen in the TAU collection labelled ‘Jerusalem’ was probably collected in the higher parts of the Judean Desert east of Jerusalem; in the Near and Middle East in steppes and semideserts; in the Balkans in rocky and semi-arid places; in Iran in the Zagros Mts in scattered xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a continuous grass cover with little or no grazing, up to 1000 m a.s.l., in western Iran in sparse xeromontane steppes up to 2000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel unknown; in the Balkans univoltine, flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably lichens, like in other congeners. 141. Cryphia paulina (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Saudi Arabia and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the semi-arid parts of the Negev and the Judean Desert, in the arid region rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in shallow rocky valleys with contracted sparse vegetation on coarse rocky and soft sediment soils (vol. 1; pl. 28, pic. 2, 3, pl. 29, pic. 3), to a lesser extent in xerotherm mountainous desert steppes, up to 900 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from April to May and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably lichens on rocks and stones. 142. Cryphia amasina (Draudt, 1931) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. From Greece to Iran, Levant, Turkmenistan, in the South only known from Yemen and Egypt. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, especially at medium elevations. Locally common in the Galilee, Carmel Mountain Ridge and Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living mainly in xerotherm places in all kinds of grassland (forested or unforested), also at forest edges (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 13), in all kinds of steppe, especially Artemisia steppes, in canyons mainly on southfacing slopes, occasionally in wastelands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from July to October, in Greece from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably lichens on stones. 142. Cryphia amasina

143. Victrix tabora

144. Victrix marginelota

143. Victrix tabora (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Southeastern Turkey (Aintab). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Restricted to the southeastern parts of the Taurus Mountain Ridge in Turkey, the adjacent parts of Iraq, the Levant, and western Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate and/or semi-arid regions, known so far only from the area of Jerusalem. No records since the 1930’s. HABITAT: a single specimen in the TAU collection labelled ‘Jerusalem’ was probably collected in the higher parts of the Judean Desert, east of Jerusalem; in Israel no other data available on habitat preferences; in Turkey and Iraq generally a montane steppe species. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected in October; in Iraq a univoltine autumn species. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 144. Victrix marginelota (de Joannis, 1888) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, rare and local at medium elevations, uncommon above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe with few or no cushion-plants (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1-4), at lower altitudes less common on xerotherm karstic slopes with impoverished montane steppes in areas dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Subfamily Xyleninae Guenée, 1837 This subfamily contains 4000-5000 species worldwide, including the most speciesrich group of the polyphyletic Amphipyrinae s.l., but also containing many genera formerly classified as Cuculliinae. In this book, the subdivision into tribes follows

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

that of Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005) and Fibiger & Hacker (2005). The definition of tribes is often difficult, with borders sometimes unclear due to the close relationships observed between all genera. Therefore, the monophyly of many tribes is doubtful. So far, 137 species belonging to 9 tribes and 56 genera have been recorded in Israel. They are highly diverse in appearance, preference of host-plants, preference of habitat and phenology. Tribe Prodeniini Forbes, 1954 The Prodeniini is a monobasic tribe containing only the type genus Spodoptera Guenée, 1852 (= Prodenia Guenée, 1852). It includes some very serious pests distributed in the warmer parts of all global zoogeographical regions. Israel is inhabited by three polyphagous, multivoltine, abundant species found throughout the country, often in high densities, in oases of the arid region.

145. Spodoptera exigua

146. Spodoptera cilium

145. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. Mediterranean basin, Near and Middle East, tropical and subtropical parts of African and Indo-Australian regions; in the North regularly migrating to Central and Northern Europe. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological regions all over the country. Abundant and widespread in lowlands, common at medium altitudes. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open terrain, in the arid region concentrating in oases, absent from hyper-arid areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence in May and from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel extremely polyphagous, mainly on herbaceous plants, a known pest of many crops and fancy plants including sugar beet, broad beans, cotton, hibiscus, legumes and corn, to a lesser extent also on bushes and trees including Populus euramericana, in Israel and elsewhere often a serious pest. 146. Spodoptera cilium (Guenée, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia (Java). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. From the Mediterranean basin in North Africa and Spain, across southern Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Levant to Iraq, Afghanistan, southern Asia, and Japan in the East, and to subtropical and tropical Africa in the South. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological regions all over the country. Common in the lowlands of the semi-arid region and in oases of the arid region, rare in the temperate region.

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HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open terrain, avoiding hyper-arid deserts and closed shady forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a trivoltine to multivoltine species, depending on altitude, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence in May, August and November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, various species of Poaceae (Gramineae) (S. Yathom, personal communication), occasionally a pest of garden lawns; in the Indo-Pacific region a pest of rice.

147. Spodoptera littoralis

147. Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) TYPE LOCALITY: Mauritius (‘Bourbon’), Madagascar, coasts of Africa. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Tropical and subtropical Africa, Mediterranean basin (in the North mainly as migrant), Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Arabian Peninsula, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological regions all over the country. Common, often abundant in lowlands, less common at medium altitudes. HABITAT: in Israel ubiquitous, living in all kinds of open terrain, absent from hyperarid deserts and shady closed forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence in May and October; in Israel, summer generations need about one month to develop on cotton. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel extremely polyphagous (S. Yathom, personal communication), a well known pest of agricultural and fancy plants including cabbages, Chrysanthemum, Hibiscus, alfalfa, beet, peanuts and cotton, living even on leaves of Populus and Ulmus spp., Atriplex halimus and in trees and bushes of Nitraria retusa. Larvae feeding at night and hiding in the soil in the daytime. Tribe Caradrinini Boisduval, 1840 This tribe is taxonomically difficult due to the great uniformity in habitus of many species. In Israel, Caradrinini are represented by 31 species belonging to 6 genera: Caradrina Ochsenheimer, 1816, Hoplodrina Boursin, 1937, Scythocentropus Speiser, 1902, and three other tentatively included genera. Genitalic dissections are necessary for an exact identification in many cases. The genus Caradrina, with 155 species currently known, is the most species-rich genus of the tribe, treated here in the broad sense (Hacker, 2004). In the past, the subgenera were often treated as full-rank genera. Distribution focused on the Holarctic and Afrotropical regions, with a few representatives entering the Indo-Pacific region. So far, 25 species have been recorded in Israel. As far as is known, the larvae are polyphagous. Most species are multivoltine with activity peaks in spring and autumn. Caradrina tend to prefer open habitats in the temperate region, but exceptions such as the recently described Caradrina fibigeri have an extremely local distribution in large oases in the Dead Sea area. The subgenus Eremodrina Boursin, 1937, contains deserticolous species usually flying in the autumn.

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148. Caradrina agrotina

149. Caradrina aspersa

150. Caradrina kadenii

The Lepidoptera of Israel

148. Caradrina agrotina (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia, Eibes). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Armenia and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, from its foothills up to 2000 m a.s.l., fairly common at medium elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in xerotherm grasslands, on rocky slopes with sparse vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-6) and, to a lesser extent, in the scattered montane forests of Mt. Hermon. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from May to October with the highest rates of occurrence in June and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 149. Caradrina aspersa (Rambur, 1834) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Marseille). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, from Southern and southeastern Europe to Ukraine,Transcaucasia, Iran, Turkey, Levant, Turkmenistan up to southern Siberia in the Northeast. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: only Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region, reported so far only by Kalchberg (1897) from Haifa, and by Amsel (1933) from the Judean Mts. No records since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel probably a grassland- or steppe-dwelling species, but no data on habitat preferences available; in Central Europe in xerotherm habitats including steppes, rocky grasslands, forested steppes and south-facing slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel unknown; in Europe bivoltine, flying from April to June and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on low herbs. 150. Caradrina kadenii (Freyer, 1836) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Southern and Central Europe, Turkey, Levant, Caucasus and Transcaucasia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: upper Golan Heights, and Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living mainly at medium elevations, in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, in mixed forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 3-5), in the Mediterranean bathas often in rich herbaceous plant communities; in Southern Europe in submed-

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iterranean, xerotherm and rocky places; in Central Europe in xerotherm, open, warm, sandy or rocky habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in May; in Europe bivoltine, flying from April to June and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably polyphagous on low herbs, like other congeners.

151. Caradrina syriaca

152. Caradrina panurgia

151. Caradrina syriaca (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut), and Israel (‘Palestine’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranea. Rhodes Island (Greece), southeastern Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: at medium elevations of the temperate region, mainly in the Judean Mts near Jerusalem. Rather local but occasionally common. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region in open and forested grasslands, on bushy slopes, at forest edges and even in small clearings, rare in or absent only from closed forests, in the Judean Mts mainly at higher altitudes in batha semi-steppes and in deep canyons (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 3-10), in drier areas only in grassland pockets, generally not found in arid areas. PHENOLOGY: a bivoltine spring-autumn species, in the Judean Mts flying from March to April and from September to November with the highest rate of occurrence in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably polyphagous on low herbs, like other congeners. 152. Caradrina panurgia (Boursin, 1939) TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Fars). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Presently known only from three disjunct areas: southwestern Iran (Zagros Mountains), eastern Turkey, and Israel. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local, collected so far only on Mt. Hermon (1200 m a.s.l.) and in the northern part of the Arava Valley (Hazeva Field School), probably more widespread along the Rift Valley. HABITAT: in Israel probably a steppe species, on Mt. Hermon on a south-facing rocky limestone slope with almost no vegetation apart from some Poaceae (Gramineae), in the Arava on soft sediments in an impoverished scattered semishrub association dominated by Haloxylon scoparium with a few patches of annuals (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 9). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, collected so far in April in the Arava Valley and in September on Mt. Hermon. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably polyphagous on low herbs, like other congeners.

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153. Caradrina oberthueri

154. Caradrina ingrata

155. Caradrina flavirena

The Lepidoptera of Israel

153. Caradrina oberthueri (Rothschild, 1913) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (central-western Sahara, southern Oued Mya). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. North Africa, Sudan, Arabian Peninsula, Levant, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid parts of the Rift Valley: Uncommon in the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species living usually at the drier peripheries of oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 5) dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs, like Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda and others, or in shallow wadis with soft loessial sediments with Atriplex thickets and in other contracted shrub communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, possibly multivoltine, flying from March to December with the highest rates of occurrence from March to April and from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably polyphagous on low herbs, like other congeners. 154. Caradrina ingrata (Staudinger, 1897) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Southwestern Europe, Mauretania, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Iraq, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the Dead Sea area to the Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis and wetland species, in the Dead Sea area and the lower Jordan Valley in most of the major oases, in the Hula Valley widespread on seasonally flooded grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 12, pic. 2-6) with or without bushes and trees; in Iraq in oases of the southern plains. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, flying from March to May and from October to December; in Iraq in April and October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; Salix spp. suggested as host-plants in Iraq (Wiltshire, 1957), in captivity reared on Taraxacum. 155. Caradrina flavirena (Guenée, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (probably France). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Mediterranean basin, Morocco, Algeria, Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Armenia, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897) as ‘C. muricolor’ (Hacker, 2004). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate and semi-arid regions, penetrating the arid region. Fairly common and widespread in the lowlands, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in all kinds of open, bushy or mixed forested grassland with annual rainfall above 400 mm (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1-3), in the semi-arid region in shady canyons, in the arid regions mainly in the Dead Sea area, in large oases.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to May and from September to October; univoltinism suggested by Hacker (2004a) for North African populations. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on low herbs.

156. Caradrina scotoptera

157. Caradrina hypostigma

158. Caradrina amseli

156. Caradrina scotoptera (Püngeler, 1914) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, southwestern Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Püngeler (1914). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common along the Rift Valley through all of the climatological regions from the Dead Sea area to the Hula Valley, Golan Heights, and Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species restricted to wet and swampy locations with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 1 – 3, pl. 12, pic. 1 – 6), along seasonally flooded river banks, seasonally flooded grasslands in the delta of Jordan River and along the temporary lagoons in the delta; in the semi-arid and arid regions only in oases with springs or streamlets. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to October with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 157. Caradrina hypostigma (Boursin, 1932) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Bscharre). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: probably endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local, collected so far only in the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Meron (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1) in closed shady deciduous forests dominated by 10–12 m tall trees of Quercus boissieri and Arbutus andrachne with Cercis siliquastrum, Pyrus syriacus and Crataegus azarolus as undergrowth; in Lebanon collected only in highland areas above 1300 m. PHENOLOGY: unknown, in Israel collected so far only in May; in Lebanon from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 158. Caradrina amseli (Boursin, 1936) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jericho). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: probably endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Boursin (1936). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but only locally common, living in all climatological regions all over the country. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open terrain, in the temperate region in open, bushy or mixed forested grasslands with annual rainfall above 400 mm, in the semi-arid region in different types of semi-shrub and shrub

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steppe with annual rainfall above 250 mm, mainly in shady canyons, in arid areas concentrating in oases. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to May and from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

159. Caradrina clavipalpis

160. Caradrina selini

159. Caradrina clavipalpis (Scopoli, 1763) TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Slovenia (‘Carniolia’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. From most parts of Europe and North Africa, across the Near and Middle East to southern Siberia, Afghanistan, western Mongolia, and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country in all climatological regions, in the arid zone concentrating in oases and agricultural areas. Common in lowlands, fairly common elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in all kinds of open terrain, especially grassland and steppes, in all kinds of park forests with a continuous grass cover, at the edges of closed forests, in forest clearings, over the Coastal Plain in parks, gardens, wastelands and neglected orchards, in the arid parts of the country concentrating in oases. PHENOLOGY: multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from March to April and from October to November; larvae observed in August, pupating in early September and hatching in mid-October of the same year. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, larvae found on an unidentified Lactuca sp. (Asteraceae= Compositae), reared to adult on a Plantago sp. (Plantaginaceae); according to S. Yathom (personal communication), in Israel not a pest but polyphagous on many vegetables; in Europe polyphagous on numerous herbaceous plants including Stellaria, Taraxacum, Campanula, Plantago and Lamium spp., sometimes damaging stacks of wheat, as well as other grains and peas. 160. Caradrina selini Boisduval, 1840 TYPE LOCALITY: Switzerland (Valesia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Widespread in Europe except for the northernmost and Atlantic-influenced parts, Morocco, Algeria, Levant, Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. mairei (Draudt, 1909), described from Egypt (Hamam; Dekela). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley through all of the climatological regions. In the temperate and semi-arid parts of the Rift Valley fairly common and widespread, in the arid part in the South uncommon and local, in the Negev rare and local.

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HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species restricted to wet and swampy locations with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes, along seasonally flooded river banks, seasonally flooded grasslands in the delta of Jordan River and along the temporary lagoons in the delta (vol. 1; pl. 12, pic. 1-2), in the semi-arid and arid regions restricted to oases with wetlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; in Central and Northern Europe from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Rumex spp. (Polygonaceae); larvae of the nominate subspecies polyphagous, feeding on numerous herbaceous plants including Rumex, Taraxacum and Plantago spp.

161. Caradrina levantina

162. Caradrina zandi

161. Caradrina levantina Hacker, 2004 TYPE LOCALITY: Cyprus (Akmas Peninsula, Neo Chorio). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Eastern part of Mediterranean basin, including Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hacker (2004). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all of the climatological regions all over the country. Widespread but only locally common in the arid and semi-arid regions and along the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, in the temperate region mainly in open, bushy or mixed forested grasslands with annual rainfall above 400 mm; in the semi-arid region in different types of semishrub and shrub steppe with annual rainfall above 250 mm, mainly in shady canyons; in the arid region in wadis and at the periphery of oases, usually in shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex spp., often on soft loessial sediments. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 162. Caradrina zandi Wiltshire, 1952 TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Fars, Shiraz). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southwestern Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hacker (2004). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common all over the arid and semi-arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living in shallow wadis, depressions and water catchments covered with perennial grasses and annuals (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-7), often near shrub or semi-shrub thickets, in the arid region at the periphery of oases in Atriplex spp. and Prosopis farcta thickets, in Israel possibly associated with Atriplex shrubs. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from February to April and from October to December with the highest rate of occurrence in autumn; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Atriplex halimus and A. leucoclada (Chenopodiaceae); in Iraq reared on Taraxacum, Calendula and other low plants in captivity.

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163. Caradrina fibigeri

164. Caradrina atriluna

165. Caradrina zernyi

The Lepidoptera of Israel

163. Caradrina fibigeri Hacker, 2004 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: probably endemic to the Levant. So far, recorded only in the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and possibly Jordan (Dead Sea area and northern Arava Valley). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region, in some of the larger oases in the Dead Sea area, mainly in Ne’ot Hakikkar (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3) and the northern Arava Valley. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species living mainly in large mixed Phragmites and Tamarix thickets on swampy heavy soils, to a lesser extent in small patches of Phragmites, Carex and Typha near and in permanent water, rarely in areas with Phragmites on dry soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to April and from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 164. Caradrina atriluna (Guenée, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Ethiopia (‘Abyssinie’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Widespread in tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley through all of the climatological regions, in the northern Negev and over the southern Coastal Plain. Widespread and common in the Rift Valley, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species most common at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs, like Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda and others (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 5), in the Judean Desert along seasonal or permanent water courses, in shallow wadis with thickets of shrubs and semi-shrubs, in the northern part of the Rift Valley in different types of xerotherm grassland, in desert concentrating in oases and their drier peripheries. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from October through winter to June with the highest rate of occurrence from January to March, in the Yizre’el Valley and the Dead Sea area all year round; larvae observed in April and November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel probably polyphagous, but so far larvae only found on Pistacia atlantica trees (Anacardiaceae), as well as on Prosopis farcta (Mimosaceae). 165. Caradrina zernyi (Boursin, 1936) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (Sarepta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)European-West Asiatic. Southern Russia, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, western Iran and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel.

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FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, from about 1000 up to 2000 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, on Mt. Hermon in scattered montane forests, along the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest, in its clearings and on grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1, 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species observed so far only in October; in Turkey flying from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

166. Caradrina flava

167. Caradrina casearia

166. Caradrina flava (Oberthür, 1876) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Tlemcen; Collo). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Throughout the Sahara to the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Iran and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley through all of the climatological regions. Fairly common in the arid parts of the Rift Valley, increasingly rare and local towards the North. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly along seasonal water courses (vol. 1; pl. 16, pic. 1), often in thickets of various shrub and semi-shrub species, especially Atriplex spp. and patches of perennial grasses on different types of soft sediment soils, at the drier peripheries of oases or on wet salinas (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 2) in different shrub communities, often with Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Suaeda and Alhagi, in the northern part of the Rift Valley on rocky xerotherm slopes with sparse steppe vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from October to December and from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. REMARKS: spring generation generally larger and darker. 167. Caradrina casearia (Staudinger, 1900) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Dead Sea area, ‘En Fashkha). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Levant. In Europe restricted to Spain. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1900). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid region and on the southern Coastal Plain. Locally common in the Arava Valley and over the southern Coastal Plain, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly along seasonal water courses, often in contracted thickets of different shrubs and semi-shrubs, especially in thickets dominated by Atriplex spp. and Ochradenus baccatus, on different types of soft sediment soil, at the drier peripheries of oases in shrub communities often dominated by Prosopis farcta, Atriplex and Nitraria, over the Coastal Plain on semi-consolidated and consolidated sand dunes in different types of shrub communities (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3).

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December; larvae observed in February. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Atriplex halimus (Chenopodiaceae), elsewhere unknown.

168. Caradrina kravchenkoi

169. Caradrina vicina

170. Caradrina alfierii

168. Caradrina kravchenkoi Hacker, 2004 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: probably endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded so far only from Israel, but probably also present in Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and very local in the arid region: northern Arava Valley (Nahal Neqarot). HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species recorded so far only in a shallow wadi with gravel and rocks, with some Tamarix aphylla, Acacia tortilis, Ochradenus baccatus thickets, scattered Atriplex halimus bushes and dense patches of different annuals and perennial grasses along the erosion walls (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 10). PHENOLOGY: a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 169. Caradrina vicina (Staudinger, 1870) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (Sarepta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. From central Italy across Bulgaria, the European part of southern Russia, eastern and central Turkey, Levant, Iran to Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. rosea (Boursin, 1936), described from Lebanon (Sannin). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon from about 1000 up to 2200 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living mainly on xerotherm grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 4-6), to a lesser extent in scattered montane forests, only twice observed at the edges of closed Quercus forests and in one of its larger clearings. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late summer-autumn species flying from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 170. Caradrina alfierii (Boursin, 1937) TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Sinai). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Iran, Levant and Saudi Arabia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region along the Arava Valley and its larger tributaries.

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HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in depressions and wadis with sandy and soft alluvial soils (vol. 1; pl. 27, pic. 1), in different shrub thickets often dominated by Atriplex spp., to a lesser extent in shallow rocky valleys with contracted sparse vegetation on coarse rocky and soft sediment soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

171. Caradrina melanurina

172. Caradrina bodenheimeri

171. Caradrina melanurina (Staudinger, 1901) TYPE LOCALITY: ‘Palaestina meridionalis’ (probably Israel, Dead Sea area). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Arabian Peninsula, Levant, eastern Egypt. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, Jordan and eastern Egypt. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the arid part of the Rift Valley. Abundant in the Dead Sea area, elsewhere only locally common. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in large wadis (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 110), but also along small seasonal water courses with shrub and semi-shrub thickets, especially Anabasis and Atriplex spp., on different types of soft sediment soil, at the drier peripheries of oases in shrub thickets dominated by Prosopis farcta, Atriplex and Suaeda. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November, only occasionally in spring; larvae observed in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, various Anabasis species; according to Wiltshire (1948a), polyphagous on different low plants, even grasses. 172. Caradrina bodenheimeri (Draudt, 1934) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Iranian-Turanian-)Eremic. From southeastern Turkey, Levant, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tadjikistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Draudt (1934). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread, common or even abundant in the arid and semi-arid regions; in the temperate region less common and more local in the southern and central parts of the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly along seasonal water courses and in valleys (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 1-10), often in shrub and semi-shrub thickets, especially those dominated by Atriplex spp. and Ochradenus baccatus, at the drier peripheries of oases in different shrub communities often with Prosopis farcta, Atriplex spp. and Nitraria retusa, on different types of soft sediment soil, over the Coastal Plain on semi-consolidated and consolidated sand dunes and on sandy plains, in all kinds of shrub communities and sparse grassland. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from October to December and from February to April, flight period in autumn sometimes incomplete or absent; larvae observed in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Echinops philistaeus (Asteraceae=Compositae); in captivity, larvae reared on Calendula spp.

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173. Hoplodrina ambigua

174. Scythocentropus eberti

175. Scythocentropus inquinata

The Lepidoptera of Israel

173. Hoplodrina ambigua (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna Region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Southern and temperate Europe, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Levant, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, in the East to Central Asia and southern Siberia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate and semi-arid regions, generally a lowland species. Uncommon in the temperate region in the Hula Valley, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, in the temperate region living mainly in open, bushy or mixed forested grasslands with annual rainfall above 400 mm (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 1-3), in the semi-arid region in different types of semi-shrub and shrub steppe with annual rainfall above 250 mm, mainly in shady canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and, to a lesser extent, from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on low plants including Rumex spp. 174. Scythocentropus eberti Hacker, 2001 TYPE LOCALITY: Jordan (Amman), Israel (Jericho and Shezaf Nature Reserve). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: probably endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the arid region: arid parts of the Rift Valley, like Arava Valley and Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, probably psammophilous, almost exclusively on unconsolidated mobile sand dunes (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 7), in the Arava Valley in Haloxylon persicum communities with scattered Hammada salicornica and Calligonum comosum. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 175. Scythocentropus inquinata (Mabille, 1888) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Gabes). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, western and central Sahara, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and northern India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bros (1992). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the arid and semi-arid regions, abundant in the former, uncommon in the latter; in the temperate region rare over the southern Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly along seasonal water courses and valleys, most common in shrub and semi-shrub thickets in water catchments

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(vol. 1; pl. 28, pic. 2, 3) dominated by Atriplex spp. with patches of annuals and perennial grasses, on different types of soft sediment soil, less common on dry salinas with impoverished shrub communities, uncommon on semi-consolidated and consolidated sands with a rich vegetation, avoiding hyper-arid areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to December with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

176. Diadochia stigmatica

177. Heterographa puengeleri

176. Diadochia stigmatica Wiltshire, 1984 TYPE LOCALITY: Saudi Arabia (Bukhara) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Western Saudi Arabia and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but only locally common in the arid region: arid parts of the Rift Valley from Eilat to the northern part of the Arava Valley, especially in the Shezaf Nature Reserve and at Hazeva. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, probably psammophilous, mainly in shallow wadis with soft loessial or sandy sediments covered with numerous annuals and perennial grasses in spring (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-7). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; larvae of Central Asian congeners develop from April to May on Salsola arbuscula and S. richteri. 177. Heterographa puengeleri Bartel, 1904 TYPE LOCALITY: Palestine (Israel or Jordan). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Mauretania and Morocco to Libya, Levant and Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bartel (1904). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region along the arid part of the Rift Valley. Locally fairly common in the Dead Sea area, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in the hottest and driest areas of the Negev and Rift Valley, often along walls of deep stony canyons with sparse contracted desert vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls (vol. 1; pl. 24, pic. 3, 4), along small seasonal water courses with outcrops of flint, limestone, granite or other magmatic rocks in different kinds of impoverished shrub and semi-shrub communities, much less common in or absent from alluvial or other soft sediment soils, found also in larger wadis. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from October through winter to May with the highest rates of occurrence in October and March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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178. Catamecia minima

The Lepidoptera of Israel

178. Catamecia minima (Swinhoe, 1889) TYPE LOCALITY: India (Hyderabad; Kipra; Lower Sind). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Mauretania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Iraq to northwestern India in the East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). Represented by the subsp. jordana (Staudinger, 1898), described from Israel (Jordan Valley). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the arid region, in the Dead Sea area in the larger oases, especially at Jericho, ‘En Gedi and Ne’ot Hakikkar. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species living mainly in swampy Phragmites fields and Tamarix thickets (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3), in deep canyons with permanent water and patches of Phragmites, Carex and Typha, much less common in shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex spp., Suaeda spp. and Nitraria retusa; in Yemen on sandy soils near the coast, abundant in halophilous vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence in March, May, July and from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Tribe Cosmiini Guenée, 1852 This tribe includes 16 medium-sized species flying in autumn and spring. The larvae of the Cosmiini, like those of the Xylenini, are arboreal, feeding on trees and shrubs, including Quercus, Betula, Populus, Salix, Ulmus. To date, Cosmiini in Israel are represented by three species occurring in the temperate region.

179. Dicycla oo

179. Dicycla oo (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq and Transcaucasia. Over the past few decades extinct from many parts of Europe, drastically decreased in most of the other regions. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region: Golan Heights and adjacent parts of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species met with so far only in xerotherm, not too open Quercus ithaburensis park forests with rich undergrowth of various semi-shrubs, shrubs and a rich herbaceous vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3); in Iran in the Zagros Mts common and widespread in Quercus park forests, from low to medium altitudes, with or without lush undergrowth including areas with intense grazing, to a lesser extent at edges of closed oak forests and on bushy slopes; in Azerbaijan in lowland forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from March to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel Quercus calliprinos and Q. ithaburensis (Fagaceae); in Europe also other Quercus spp.

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180. Atethmia ambusta

181. Atethmia centrago

Volume 2. Noctuidae

180. Atethmia ambusta (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. syriaca Osthelder, 1933, described from Turkey (Marash; Yüksek Dagh). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: upper Galilee around Mt. Meron. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Meron in closed shady deciduous forests dominated by 10–12 m tall trees of Quercus boissieri and Arbutus andrachne with Cercis siliquastrum, Pyrus syriacus and Crataegus azarolus as undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1-9); in Europe in a wide range of meso-xerotherm and xerotherm habitats including shrubby open deciduous forests, dwarf oak forests, Mediterranean shrubs, forest clearings, traditionally managed orchards, gardens and parks. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Southern Europe on pear (Pyrus) and apple (Malus) trees. 181. Atethmia centrago (Haworth, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: England. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Widespread in Europe, Turkey, Iran, Levant, Egypt up to Central Asia and northwestern Himalayas in the East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. maculifera (Staudinger, 1892), described from Israel (Jerusalem). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region. Locally fairly common on the slopes of Mt. Hermon from the foothills up to the top, in the adjacent areas of the upper Golan Heights and in the upper Galilee uncommon, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, especially in riverine forests and along river banks with Fraxinus syriaca (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), on Mt. Hermon in valleys with scattered and closed deciduous montane forests with Rosaceae trees and bushes; in Southern Europe, according to Ronkay et al. (2001), in habitats with Fraxinus trees, the main larval food-plant, either in dry, karstic areas, especially calcareous rocky slopes and plateaus with xerotherm forests with Fraxinus ornis, or in humid gallery forests along stream valleys with F. angustifolius. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December with the highest rate of occurrence from late October to November, larvae observed in the Hula Valley in February, on Mt. Hermon in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Fraxinus syriaca (Oleaceae) and Rosa canina (Rosaceae).

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Tribe Dypterygiini Forbes, 1954 The monophyly of this tribe is doubtful. The genus Eremotrachea Hacker, 2001, newly assigned to this tribe, is closely related to Trachea Ochsenheimer, 1816, the latter genus placed in the Dypterygiini by Fibiger & Hacker (2005). In Israel this tribe is represented so far by 5 species in 5 different genera, all highly diverse in appearance, distribution, ecology and phenology.

182. Eremotrachea bacheri

183. Anthracia eriopoda

182. Eremotrachea bacheri (Püngeler, 1902) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (‘Palestine’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Throughout the eremic areas of North Africa, Saudi Arabia and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Püngeler (1902). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the arid and semi-arid regions. In the semiarid area, especially the Judean Desert, locally common, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Judean Desert occurring mainly in xerotherm steppes with sparse vegetation with no or few, scattered semi-shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 1-4), in the Negev in xerotherm mountainous desert steppes dominated by Artemisia sieberi and Helianthemum communities, in shallow rocky wadis with contracted vegetation dominated by different Artemisia species, along seasonal waterways in canyons with sparse semi-shrub and shrub communities on outcrops of flint, limestone, granite or other magmatic rocks. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to March with the highest rate of occurrence from January to February. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 183. Anthracia eriopoda (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Bursa, ‘Brussa’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean, disjunct. Morocco, Spain, and from the southern Balkans to Turkey and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, on the western foothills of the central mountain range common to even abundant, elsewhere widespread and common, penetrating the semi-arid region along shady canyons. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in all kinds of open terrain with a continuous grass cover or steppe vegetation, in open and scattered park forests, along xerotherm edges of closed forests, in larger forest clearings, on grassy slopes and in meadows with or without scattered bushes, over the Coastal Plain also in parks, gardens, wastelands and neglected orchards (vol. 1; pl. 35, pic. 2-6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late summer-autumn species flying from August to November with the highest rate of occurrence in October; larvae observed in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Valantia hispida (Rubiaceae); in Europe polyphagous on numerous low plants including Rubia olivieri, Ephedra campylada, Lonicera sp. and others.

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184. Mormo maura

185. Polyphaenis propinqua

186. Olivenebula subsericata

Volume 2. Noctuidae

184. Mormo maura (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Morocco (‘Mauritania’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the northern part of the temperate region: Galilee, Carmel Mountain Ridge and northern Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species often living along streamlets with shady deciduous riverine forests and lush herbaceous undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 1-5), to a lesser extent in swamps and wet meadows with willow thickets; also in Europe, Turkey and Azerbaijan a typical species of riverine forests or forested wetlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from April to June; larvae observed from June to July, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Populus euphratica (Salicaceae) and Rubus tomentosus (Rosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on low plants including Taraxacum., Rumex and Lamium spp., as well as shrubs, such as Rubus and Salix spp. 185. Polyphaenis propinqua (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Northwestern Syria (Akbès; Syria’s Turkish frontier). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant. Southern Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1908). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region mainly at medium elevations, especially on the Carmel Mountain Ridge, in the Galilee, on the Golan Heights, and in the Judean Mts. Uncommon and local in the northern part of its distribution area, towards the South increasingly rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the northern part of its distribution range in the country occurring in park forests with a continuous grass cover, at the edges of closed forests (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3), in forest clearings, on grassy slopes and in meadows with or without scattered bushes, in the Judean Mountains in a deep shady canyon with a streamlet and scattered neglected olive and almond orchards. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early summer species flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Turkey and Syria, Lonicera spp. 186. Olivenebula subsericata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861) TYPE LOCALITY: Greece (Rhodes Island). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Balkans, Romania, Turkey, Iraq and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread all over the temperate region. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species ubiquitous in all kinds of natural and anthropogenic forest, in gardens and parks (vol. 1; pl. 35, pic. 2-6) with deciduous shrubs and trees.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November; larvae observed from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Populus euphratica (Salicaceae), Acer obtusifolium (Aceraceae) and Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on various deciduous trees and shrubs. Tribe Actinotiini Beck, 1996 The Actinotiini male genitalia are similar to those of the Hadeninae, but differ by the missing hairs on the surface of the compound eye. They are represented in Israel by only one species of the genus Chloantha Boisduval, Rambur & Graslin, 1836.

187. Chloantha hyperici

187. Chloantha hyperici (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan; introduced into Australia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region from the Jordan Valley northwards to the temperate region across the Hula Valley and the Golan Heights to the upper part of Mt. Hermon (2000 m a.s.l.), and all along the Coastal Plain. Common in the Rift Valley, less common on the Golan Heights and on Mt. Hermon, rare over the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the semi-arid Jordan Valley living mainly in areas with annual rainfall above 250 mm, on the Golan Heights in savannoid Mediterranean vegetation and open grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1, 2), on the foothills of Mt. Hermon and in the Galilee in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover, over the Coastal Plain in grasslands and wastelands, often with scattered semi-shrubs and shrubs; in Azerbaijan mostly in montane steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November with the highest rates of occurrence in April, June and October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe monophagous on Hypericum spp. Tribe Phlogophorini Hampson, 1918 Adults of this tribe have peculiar longitudinal folds of the forewings giving the wings a crumpled appearance when the moth is at rest (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). Phlogophora Treitschke, 1825 is the only secure genus representing this tribe that occurs in Israel, while Pseudenargia Boursin, 1956 is only tentatively included herein (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). So far, three species have been recorded in Israel. 188. Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian, migrant. From Morocco to Egypt, Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran and Turkmenistan. Regularly migrating to Central Europe and arriving up to British Isles and Northern Europe.

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188. Phlogophora meticulosa

189. Pseudenargia regina

Volume 2. Noctuidae

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the Dead Sea area and the Judean Desert to the medium elevations of Mt. Hermon, as well as over the Coastal Plain. From the 1950’s to the 1980’s, rather common (S. Yathom, personal communication), increasingly rare over the past two decades. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, but as migrant found almost everywhere, most often found in the following habitats: in the Judean Desert in batha semisteppe, in deep canyons with contracted shrub vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2-4), in rocky wadis and north-facing slopes in Artemisia steppes, especially on hard limestone outcrops; in the Mediterranean part of the Judean Mts on xerotherm slopes with scattered Quercus spp. and Pistacia palaestinensis, bushes; along the Coastal Plain in wetlands, wastelands, often in gardens and parks of settlements, on the Golan Heights and Mt. Hermon in forested and unforested grasslands, park forests and at the edges of closed woodlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from March to May and from October to November with the highest rate of occurrence in autumn; larvae observed in May, June, October and November, spring larvae pupating in June and hatching in autumn, larvae collected in October and November pupating in November and overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous, including Quercus ithaburensis, Acer palmata (parkland), Populus euphratica, occasionally on apple and cherry trees, Rosa canina, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus tomentosus, Atriplex halimus, Rumex cyprius, Urtica pilulifera, several Trifolium species and Pisum fulvum; in Azerbaijan occasionally a pest on buds, flowers and shoots of Rosa, Chrysanthemum and apple trees. 189. Pseudenargia regina (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Anatolia, southern Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon and adjacent areas of the upper Galilee, especially Mt. Meron. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in different kinds of broad-leaved forest, especially in small forest clearings (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 2), along shady forest edges, in mature shady Quercus park forests, on north-facing bushy slopes, in closed montane forests within canyons, to a lesser extent in scattered sclerophyllous montane forests, so far not collected below 800 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably on low plants, like in other congeners.

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190. Pseudenargia deleta

The Lepidoptera of Israel

190. Pseudenargia deleta (Osthelder, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Cyprus. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southern Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon and adjacent areas of upper Galilee, especially Mt. Meron. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in different kinds of xerotherm broadleaved forest, especially in lush herbaceous vegetation as found in larger forest clearings (vol. 7; pl. 9, pic. 6-9), at forest edges and in scattered Quercus park forests, on rocky slopes with few scattered bushes and trees, and in scattered montane forests with sparse undergrowth, so far not collected below 800 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late summer species flying from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably on low plants, like in other congeners. Tribe Apameini Guenée, 1841 Larvae of this tribe feed as cutworms or borers on monocots (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). The tribe Apameini is well represented throughout the Holarctic region; in Europe there are about 110 species (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005) while in Israel 20 species have hitherto been recorded. The genus Apamea Ochsenheimer, 1816 is Holarctic, with some 60 species currently recognized in the Nearctic region and 90 in the Palearctic region. The larvae are usually polyphagous, preferring Poaceae, but they also feed on Cyperaceae and Juncaceae (Zilli et al., 2005). Seven species have been recorded in Israel, all inhabiting the grasslands of the temperate region and flying in spring and early summer. The most common species is Apamea syriaca while the most restricted species is the montane A. platinea which, in Israel, has only been recorded from Mt. Hermon.

191. Apamea monoglypha

191. Apamea monoglypha (Hufnagel, 1766) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Berlin region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Widespread in Europe, in the East to Siberia and China, in the South to Turkey, Levant and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: medium elevations of Mt. Hermon, Golan Heights and upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the northern Golan Heights living in forested and open grasslands, especially in wet grasslands near springs, less common on the southern Golan Heights in xerotherm savannoid Mediterranean vegetation, on

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the foothills of Mt. Hermon in sparse Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a continuous grass cover (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 1); in Europe in a wide range of habitats from sealevel to the subalpine zone, including xerotherm steppes, pastures, farmlands and most forest types, in the Mediterranean region usually at higher altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species collected so far only in April; in Europe flying from June to September; larvae developing in autumn and spring with a diapause in winter. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe on roots of Poaceae (Gramineae) grasses, including Bromus, Elymus, Festuca, Deschampsia, Lolium, Calamagrostis, Corynephorus, Brachypodium and Dactylis spp.

192. Apamea syriaca

193. Apamea polyglypha

192. Apamea syriaca (Osthelder, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian, disjunct. Spain, France, southeastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate and semi-arid regions. Abundant in the temperate region, especially in the Sea of Galilee area, Hula Valley, Golan Heights and Galilee; in the semi-arid region rare. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living mainly in areas with more than 400 mm annual rainfall, especially in mixed forested grasslands, in all kinds of park forest with a continuous grass cover, on bushy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 4-9), in dry or wet bushy meadows in large inland valleys, often along river banks with scattered trees and bushes, in the semi-arid region occasionally in oases and in deep shady canyons; in Europe mainly in continental areas and at moderate altitudes, a characteristic species of xerotherm habitats, especially steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from November to December; larvae observed in April and May; in Europe univoltine, flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, stem bases and roots of Triticum dicoccoides and Phalaris minor (Poaceae=Gramineae); elsewhere unknown, probably also the roots of Poaceae. 193. Apamea polyglypha (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southeastern Turkey, Levant and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but rare in the temperate and semi-arid regions: preferring medium elevations, especially Golan Heights and Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, in the semi-arid region generally in not too dry habitats, in the Judean Desert at higher elevations in batha semi-steppes, in the hills mainly on north-facing slopes with limestone rock outcrops (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 1-2), at lower altitudes in wadis and deep canyons, often along rivulets with rich vegetation, in the temperate region in xerotherm habitats, on the Golan Heights in open

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and forested grasslands, in the Galilee in all kinds of sparse park forest, on bushy slopes and in meadows. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably roots of Poaceae (Gramineae), like in other congeners.

194. Apamea leucodon

195. Apamea platinea

194. Apamea leucodon (Eversmann, 1837) TYPE LOCALITY: Kazakhstan (Saratschik). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. From Mongolia to Turkmenistan, southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, southwestern Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. anatolica (Rebel, 1933), described from Turkey (Ankara). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: upper Golan Heights (El Rom area). HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in open and forested grasslands and at the edges of a Quercus calliprinos forest and in its clearings (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3); in Kazakhstan in all kinds of grassland and Artemisia steppe. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species collected so far only in May; in the North of its distribution range univoltine, flying in summer. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably roots of Poaceae (Gramineae), like in other congeners. 195. Apamea platinea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (Alps). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Southern and Central Europe, Turkey, Armenia, Levant, Iran, Turkmenistan and Transcaucasia. The populations of this species are fragmented and separated into several subspecies which are isolated in xeromontane areas. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Lebanon and Israel. Represented by the subsp. armena (Eversmann, 1856), described from Armenia. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: medium and higher altitudes of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in karstic areas, on grassy slopes, in open and bushy grasslands, in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 5-8) and, to a lesser extent, at the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest and in its larger clearings. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early summer species collected so far only in June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably roots of Poaceae (Gramineae), like in other congeners.

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196. Apamea anceps

197. Mesoligia literosa

198. Luperina dumerilii

Volume 2. Noctuidae

196. Apamea anceps (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna district). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Widespread in Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Levant, in the East to Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia and China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. So far, only known from two localities: Bscharre, 2000 m (Lebanon Mts) and Mt. Hermon (Israel). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: medium and higher altitudes of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in karstic areas, on grassy slopes, in open and bushy grasslands, in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 5-8) and, to a lesser extent, along the edges of closed oak forests and in their larger clearings; in Europe in dry grasslands, steppes and open forests from sea-level up to 1600 m in the Alps and to 2800 m in southeastern Turkey. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on Poaceae (Gramineae) including Dactylis and Brachypodium; in Kazakhstan a minor pest of corn. 197. Mesoligia literosa (Haworth, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: England (Norfolk). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. From Morocco, Algeria, Europe, Turkey, Iran, Levant and Iraq to Central Asia, southwestern Siberia and the western Himalayas. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. Represented by the subsp. subarcta (Staudinger, 1898), described from Israel (Jerusalem). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living mainly in mixed forested grasslands, in park forests with a continuous grass cover, on bushy grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 3-10), in dry and wet bushy meadows of large inland valleys, often along river banks with scattered trees and bushes, occasionally in wastelands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring-summer species flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on various Poaceae (Gramineae) including Elymus arenaria, Dactylis glomerata, and Carex spp. 198. Luperina dumerilii (Duponchel, 1826) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Paris region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Mediterranean basin, including the Levant, in the North to the southern parts of Central and Eastern Europe. As migrant as far North as England. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. sancta (Staudinger, 1892), described from Israel (Jerusalem). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon in the semi-arid and temperate regions, mainly along the Rift Valley and the upper part of the Judean Desert, in the North to the medium elevations of Mt. Hermon and its adjacent parts both of the Golan Heights and the Galilee, over the northern Coastal Plain, local. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region in open and forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 3-10), over the Coastal Plain also in wastelands, in the semi-arid region mainly in the batha semi-steppe of the higher mountains and in deep canyons with rich vegetation, to a much lesser extent in dry steppe communities, often on hard rock outcrops. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to January with the highest rate of occurrence in November; larvae observed in October, pupating early November and hatching in September of the following year. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, stem bases and roots of Ammophila littoralis. (Poaceae= Gramineae); elsewhere probably also on roots of Poaceae.

199. Luperina kravchenkoi

200. Luperina rjabovi

199. Luperina kravchenkoi Fibiger & Müller, 2005 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Golan Heights, El Rom). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: uncommon on the Golan Heights and at the medium to higher elevations of Mt. Hermon; rare on Mt. Meron (Galilee). HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in karstic areas, on grassy slopes, in open and bushy grasslands and in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8), on Mt. Meron in batha semi-steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably roots of Poaceae (Gramineae), like in other congeners. REMARKS: the sister species Luperina rubella (Duponchel, 1835) (pl. 16, pic. 199e) is widespread and common in North Africa (Algeria and Libya), Southern Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran and Turkmenistan. So the Lebanese record of L. rubella (Wiltshire, 1940; Hacker, 2001) may prove to belong to L. kravchenkoi. 200. Luperina rjabovi (Kljuchko, 1967) TYPE LOCALITY: Daghestan (Makhachkala). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Daghestan, Caucasus region, Transcaucasia, central and southern Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region: upper Galilee, especially medium and higher elevations of Mt. Hermon, and the adjacent parts of the Golan Heights.

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HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living mainly in karstic areas, on Mt. Hermon on grassy slopes, in open and bushy grasslands and in scattered montane forests, to a lesser extent, on the Golan Heights, on volcanic soils, in open and forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1-3), at the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest and its larger clearings; in southeastern Turkey in dry and rocky grass steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably roots of Poaceae (Gramineae), like in other congeners; in Azerbaijan a minor pest of corn.

201. Margelana flavidior

202. Gortyna gyulaii

201. Margelana flavidior F. Wagner, 1931 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Akshehir). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe with numerous cushion-plants such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 202. Gortyna gyulaii Fibiger & Zahiri, 2007 TYPE LOCALITY: Syria (Jabal an Nusayriyah). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: along the Hula Valley to the foothills of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in swampy meadows shaded by bushes and groups of deciduous trees (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 1-4), in lush herbaceous vegetation surrounding swamps, along open or shaded river banks, at neglected ditches with willow thickets, and at the edges of closed and open deciduous riverine forests with lush herbaceous undergrowth. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel endophagous within the stems of large biennial or perennial herbaceous plants, like Cirsium gaillardotii, C. phyllocephalum and Onopordum carduiforme (all Asteraceae=Compositae).

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203. Oria musculosa

204. Nonagria typhae

The Lepidoptera of Israel

203. Oria musculosa (Hübner, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. From Southern Europe, (southernmost) Central Europe and Morocco across North Africa to Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, in the East to Central Asia and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but only locally common all over the temperate and semi-arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region living mainly in xerotherm habitats, in open and forested grasslands, more local over the Coastal Plain in consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3); in the semiarid region (Judean Desert) less common, local and generally restricted to more shady habitats, to batha semi-steppes at higher altitudes, in the lowlands concentrating in deep canyons and on north-facing slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from March to June with the highest rate of occurrence in May; larvae observed from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on different grasses, barley and wheat but so far not recognized as a pest (S. Yathom, personal communication); in Europe mainly on Calamagrostis epigeios; in southern Russia a minor pest of various wheat species; according to Shetkin (1965), in Uzbekistan the eggs laid on old dry stems of cereals during autumn, the young larvae remaining in their eggs until early spring, and hatching after the appearance of the first fresh shoots. 204. Nonagria typhae (Thunberg, 1784) TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Europe (Westrogothia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. From all over Europe and parts of North Africa to the Near and Middle East, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and western Siberia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1910). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but always rare; in the temperate region probably in all lowland areas with suitable habitats, over the Coastal Plain, especially in the‘En Afeq Nature Reserve and near Tel Aviv, along the Jordan Valley at Hammat Gader and in the Jordan River Park, in the Dead Sea area at ‘En Fashkha, Enot Quane and Ne’ot Hakikkar, and even in the Negev but here confined to deep canyons and oases with water and suitable host-plants, like in ‘En Avedat. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species, depending on its host-plants (mainly Typha spp.) found in suitable habitats, mainly with Typha on river banks, near springs, in swamps, marshes, ditches, fish and sewage ponds (vol. 1; pl. 36, pic. 10). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring-summer species flying from May to July with the highest rate of occurrence in June; larvae observed from March to May; in Central Europe flying from July to September, larvae feeding from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel found endophagous in the upper parts of Typha latifolia, T. domingensis (Typhaceae) and Sparganium neglectum stems (Sparganiaceae); in Europe in stems of Typha and Schoenoplectus spp.

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205. Lenisa geminipuncta

206. Lenisa wiltshirei

207. Arenostola deserticola

Volume 2. Noctuidae

205. Lenisa geminipuncta (Haworth, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: England. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq and Transcaucasia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: the Hula Valley, along the River Jordan to the Sea of Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in swamps, near river banks (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 15), fish ponds and ditches, in seasonally flooded areas, on wet meadows with Carex spp., in Phragmites australis fields and in wet meadows with lush herbaceous vegetation in the shadow of willow thickets; in Central Europe in reed-beds, marshes, wetlands and swamps. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from late April to midJune; larvae observed in April; in Europe multivoltine, a summer species flying from July to September, larvae feeding from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, larvae observed feeding endophagous in stems of Phragmites australis (Poaceae=Gramineae); elsewhere also monophagous on P. australis. 206. Lenisa wiltshirei (Bytinski-Salz, 1936) TYPE LOCALITY: Syria (Amik). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: central Coastal Plain, near Yavne. No records since the 1980’s. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in coastal swamps (vol. 1; pl. 21, pic. 1), near swampy ditches and swampy streamlets with Phragmites (Q. Argaman, personal communication). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species collected so far only in June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably endophagous in stems of Phragmites, like in other congeners. 207. Arenostola deserticola (Staudinger, 1900) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Biskra province). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From the western Sahara across North Africa to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. modesta (Staudinger, 1900), described from Israel (Dead Sea area). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the arid region: oases of the Dead Sea area and of the northern Arava Valley; one of the type specimens collected in the late 1890’s by Bacher near ‘Jordan (river)’.

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HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in swampy Phragmites fields and Tamarix thickets (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3) and in deep canyons with permanent water and patches of Phragmites, Carex, and Typha. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from February to November with the highest rates of occurrence in January, from April to May and from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel endophagous in stems of Phragmites australis (Poaceae = Gramineae).

208. Sesamia ilonae

209. Sesamia cretica

208. Sesamia ilonae Hacker, 2001 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (northern shore of the Sea of Galilee). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: probably endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: northern area of the Sea of Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species restricted to wet and swampy places with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 1 – 3, pl. 12, pic. 1-6), to seasonally flooded river banks, seasonally flooded grasslands in the delta of Jordan River, and to the temporary lagoons in the delta. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine spring species collected so far only in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably herbaceous plants, like in other Sesamia species. 209. Sesamia cretica Lederer, 1857 TYPE LOCALITY: Crete. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian, with extension into the transitional zone to the Afrotropical region. Widespread in the Mediterranean basin, throughout North Africa from Canary Islands to Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Levant, Turkey, Arabian Peninsula, Caucasus region and Transcaucasia, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country in all climatological regions. Fairly common in lowlands, especially in the temperate part of the Rift Valley, the Hula Valley and the area of the Sea of Galilee, and over the southern and central Coastal Plain; at medium and higher altitudes rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in all kinds of swampy and wet areas, in the arid region only in some of the larger oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3); in Europe mainly in warm and wet open grassy areas (Zilli et al., 2005). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from April to November with the highest rates of occurrence from April to June, in August, as well as from September to November; larvae observed in April, May, July, September and November, larvae overwintering in the stems of their host-plants near the ground; the number of

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generations per year is an adaptive feature depending on the availability of food and on local climate; in Southern Europe probably 3–4 generations, in the southernmost part of the distribution range (Africa) possibly up to 12 generations per year. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on numerous species of the family Poaceae (Gramineae), often a common pest of sorghum, corn, kafir-corn, sesame, wheat and others, in natural habitats found so far only on Arundo donax.

210. Sesamia nonagrioides

210. Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre, 1827) TYPE LOCALITY: Sicily (Palermo). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. From Southern Europe to Turkey, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, Mauretania, Egypt, Somalia, tropical and subtropical Africa. Probably introduced with agricultural products to Southeast Asia and the southern parts of China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the northern Arava Valley to the Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species ubiquitous in all kinds of swampy and wet areas natural and irrigated, in the arid region only in oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel at least bivoltine, flying from March to July and in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on numerous species of the family Poaceae (Gramineae) (S. Yathom, personal communication), a common pest of maize, sorghum and other crops. Tribe Episemini Guenée, 1852 Another tribe of doubtful monophyly, the Episemini consist of two generic groups. In Israel, the first group encompasses only 6 species of the genus Episema Ochsenheimer, 1816, with larvae that develop in bulbs of Liliaceae. The second group in Israel is represented by the genera Leucochlaena Hampson, 1906, Ulochlaena Lederer, 1857, and Eremopola Warren, 1911, with larvae that feed on grass (Poaceae). So far, 10 species have been recorded in Israel and all are univoltine, autumnal species that fly in steppes and grasslands of the temperate and semi-arid regions. The genus Episema is ‘compact’ both morphologically and ecologically, and encompasses 14 known species. Most of the species are distributed in the Mediterranean and Turkey, while others can be found in Central Asia. Episema are xerophilous, preferring open habitats, such as xerotherm steppes, rocky and sandy grasslands and slopes, lowland and montane semi-deserts, and sometimes true deserts. Species are univoltine, autumnal, and adult moths do not feed on nectar. The caterpillars are generally endophagous and feed on Poaceae and in bulbs of various Liliaceae species, although the mature larvae may also feed on other parts of the plants. The larvae pupate in the soil in strong cocoons (Ronkay et al., 2001). To date, five species have been recorded in Israel.

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211. Episema tamardayanae

212. Episema lederi

The Lepidoptera of Israel

211. Episema tamardayanae Fibiger, Kravchenko & Müller, 2006 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Amnun, Sea of Galilee area). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: presently known only from the Levant, but possibly distributed wider in the Irano-Turanian region (see remarks). DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded so far only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate and semi-arid regions. Fairly common in the northern part of the Rift Valley, especially in the area of the Sea of Galilee and the Hula Valley, elsewhere uncommon or rare. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in all kinds of open and forested grassland, in open park forests, in wetlands (vol. 1; pl. 12, pic. 1-6) at the edges and in larger clearings of forests, in wastelands, to a lesser extent also in gardens and parklands, in the semi-arid region in batha semi-steppes in rich herbaceous plant communities and in shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm, especially in deep shady canyons, on xerotherm slopes mainly in areas with hard rock outcrops. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel endophagous in bulbs of Allium neapolitanum (Liliaceae); elsewhere unknown. REMARKS: in the past confused with the widespread sister species Episema tersa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775). E. tersa is known from southeastern Europe to Turkey, Levant and Iran, in the East to Central Asia and western China. It is presently unclear if and how far the new species is spread in this area. 212. Episema lederi Christoph, 1885 TYPE LOCALITY: Armenia (Helenendorf). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. From Morocco to Libya, Balkans, southern Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Armenia, Levant, Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Europe in xerotherm steppes, lowlands and xeromontane semi-deserts, open rocky grasslands and sandy fields. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe young larvae feeding in autumn on Poaceae (Gramineae), occasionally on winter wheat, after hibernation in spring on Liliaceae and in their bulbs.

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213. Episema didymogramma

214. Episema ulriki

Volume 2. Noctuidae

213. Episema didymogramma (Boursin, 1955) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (west of Amanus, Akbès). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant, including southeastern Turkey. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate and semi-arid regions. Common, even abundant locally in the semi-arid region, local and rare on the Golan Heights and on Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in the temperate region, mainly in xerotherm habitats, on Mt. Hermon up to the top, especially in the tragacanthic steppes, less common in all kinds of open and forested grassland, in scattered park forests, at forest edges and in wastelands, in the semi-arid region in batha semisteppes and in shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm (vol. 1; pl. 17, pic. 2-3); also, but less common, in more arid scattered steppes, in the steppes of the central Negev highlands in xerotherm mountainous shrub steppes with Pistacia atlantica, dominated by Artemisia sieberi plant associations and numerous geophytes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel one larva found in a bulb of Allium neapolitanum (Liliaceae) in a natural garden at Majdal Shams; elsewhere unknown but probably also on Poaceae (Gramineae) and Liliaceae, like other congeners. 214. Episema ulriki Fibiger, Kravchenko, Mooser, Li & Müller, 2006 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Sea of Galilee area, Kibbutz Degania). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006), based on material collected by J. Halperin (see remarks). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: northern Rift Valley and along Coastal Plain. No records since the 1950’s. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species, in the area of the Sea of Galilee living on wet and seasonally flooded grasslands and along the banks of the River Jordan (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 5), over the Coastal Plain in the former wetlands and swamps near Rehovot. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown, but possibly on Poaceae (Gramineae) and Liliaceae, like other congeners. REMARKS: a few specimens of this species, collected by J. Halperin and Y. Palmoni 1951 and 1954, found recently in the TAU collection. 215. Episema korsakovi (Christoph, 1885) TYPE LOCALITY: Caucasus (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. Balkans, Ukraine, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Levant, Caucasus region and Transcaucasia.

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215. Episema korsakovi

216. Episema lemoniopsis

The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. Represented by the subsp. levantina Hacker, 2001, described from Israel (from an old specimen of the 1890’s, probably from Jerusalem). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: in the past repeatedly captured near Jerusalem (no records since the 1890’s), now only on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l.; in the semi-arid region in the central Negev highlands above 800 m. On Mt. Hermon uncommon and very local, in the central Negev rare and very local. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species, on Mt. Hermon living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-4) with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes, in the central Negev highlands, above 800 m, on rocky terrain with shrub steppes and scattered trees of Pistacia atlantica in communities dominated by Artemisia sieberi and Helianthemum vesicarium with numerous geophytes, in the past probably found in the higher steppes east of Jerusalem; in Europe in xerotherm steppes and semi-deserts and rocky grasslands, on plateaus on sandy and calcareous grounds. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe young larvae feeding in autumn on Poaceae (Gramineae), after hibernation in spring on Liliaceae and in their bulbs. 216. Episema lemoniopsis Hacker, 2001 TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-4) with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; in Europe young larvae of congeners feeding in autumn on Poaceae (Gramineae), after hibernation in spring on Liliaceae and in their bulbs. 217. Leucochlaena muscosa (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia; Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Greece, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912).

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217. Leucochlaena muscosa

218. Leucochlaena jordana

219. Ulochlaena hirta

Volume 2. Noctuidae

DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region, from the top of Mt. Hermon (2000 m a.s.l.), the Golan Heights and the upper Galilee along the temperate part of the Rift Valley to the semi-arid region, the Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, on Mt. Hermon on grassy slopes, in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8), in the Galilee in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, in the southern Golan Heights mainly in mixed forested grasslands, around the sea of Galilee in savannoid Mediterranean vegetation, less common and more local in the semi-arid region, in the Judean Desert in areas with annual rainfall above 250 mm, concentrating in shady canyons and in Mediterranean semi-steppe batha; in Europe in xerotherm open grasslands, mainly on rocky slopes and swards, in semi-deserts and steppes at medium elevations; in Azerbaijan mainly in xeromontane habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe various low plants, especially on Taraxacum spp. 218. Leucochlaena jordana Draudt, 1934 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (Jordan Valley). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant, including southeastern Turkey. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan: Rift Valley and flanking mountains. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Draudt (1934). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region: common at higher elevations of Judean Desert, rare in the lower Jordan Valley, and the Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, in the Judean Desert in all kinds of grassland and steppes in areas with annual rainfall above 250 mm (vol. 1; pl. 17, pic. 2, 3), in more arid areas concentrating in shady canyons, along water courses and in the drier periphery of oases with patches of steppe vegetation; in Jordan in similar habitats but in the Moab Mts also in scattered Quercus park forests and rich grassland. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 219. Ulochlaena hirta (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Algeria, Central and southeastern Europe, Turkey, Iran and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: upper Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species collected so far only in open rich grasslands littered with numerous volcanic rocks (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3); in Europe in xerotherm steppes, in barren and shrubby habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species collected so far only in December; in Europe from October to December.

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HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown, elsewhere polyphagous on Poaceae (Gramineae). REMARKS: wings of females reduced, consequently rarely found in light traps.

220. Ulochlaena gemmifera

221. Eremopola lenis

220. Ulochlaena gemmifera Hacker, 2001 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Hula Nature Reserve). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Hula Valley, foothills of Mt. Hermon, upper Golan Heights and upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in open, bushy or mixed forested grasslands with annual rainfall above 500 mm (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3), also in sparse Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, in the Hula Valley also in wet meadows. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably Poaceae (Gramineae), like in other congeners. 221. Eremopola lenis (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Morocco to Libya, Spain and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid region: upper and medium altitudes of Judean Desert, northern and central Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Judean Desert living mainly in areas with annual rainfall below 250 mm, especially in dry impoverished steppes with sparse grass vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 2-4), mostly on soft loessial and clay soils, in the Negev in wide open wadis with scattered semi-shrub vegetation with sporadic patches of grasses in water catchments and along seasonal waterways; in Spain in open and arid habitats, especially in Mediterranean steppe-like formations along the coast as well as inland up to 800 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Tribe Xylenini Guenée, 1837 Xylenini is a widespread, species-rich tribe corresponding to the former Cuculliinae s.l. after the removal of Cuculliinae s.str. and Episemini. Most adults have, more or less, clearly lashed eyes. The larvae of Xylenini, like those of Cosmiini, feed on woody plants but the adults, unlike those of Cosmiini, usually fly in autumn. So far, 62 species have been recorded in Israel.

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222. Tiliacea cypreago

223. Xanthia pontica

224. Maraschia grisescens

Volume 2. Noctuidae

222. Tiliacea cypreago (Hampson, 1906) TYPE LOCALITY: Cyprus (Troodos Mountains). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Balkans, Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: uncommon and local on Mt. Hermon, rare and local in the upper Galilee, mainly at medium elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon living in closed montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-3), in the Galilee in shady deciduous and evergreen forests along streamlets and canyons, especially in closed Quercus boissieri forests with sparse herbaceous undergrowth; in Southern Europe in xerotherm bushy steppes, at forest edges and in clearings, in bushy Mediterranean oak wood- and bushlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in October, larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prunus ursina (Rosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on various trees including Acer, Carpinus, Fagus, Populus, Quercus, Salix and Tilia spp., also on Vaccinium spp. 223. Xanthia pontica Kljutshko, 1968 TYPE LOCALITY: Ukraine (Crimea). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Balkans, Ukraine, Turkey, Levant and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region, locally common in the Galilee and on the Golan Heights, rare and local towards the South. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly in different types of deciduous, closed and shady Quercus forest as found in canyons and along rivers (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 4), especially in shady closed Quercus calliprinos forests on the northern Golan Heights, less common in xerotherm Quercus park forests and on bushy slopes, rare in or absent from Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests, not found in coniferous forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae); in Cyprus, Q. coccifera. 224. Maraschia grisescens Osthelder, 1933 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Balkans, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, medium elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon living in canyons and northfacing slopes with scattered and closed montane forests dominated by Quercus bois-

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sieri, Q. libani, Acer microphyllum and Crataegus monogyna (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-4); in Southern Europe in open rocky xerotherm steppes and on rocky slopes with shrubby vegetation, in clearings of bushy forests, mainly on calcareous grounds. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in October; in Europe flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Acer pseudoplatanus and various Quercus spp. The genus Agrochola Hübner, 1821 contains more than 70 described Holarctic and Oriental species and is supposedly polyphyletic. Most of the species are arboreal; the basal members of the group inhabit monsoon, high montane forests in the Himalayas while some younger lineages have expanded to xerophilous Mediterranean woodlands. Agrochola are usually univoltine, autumnal species that overwinter in the oval stage. Larvae, as far as is known, are usually polyphagous, changing their host-plant during their development; the young larvae are often feeding on buds of deciduous trees or bushes, while the mature caterpillars feed on lower plants. So far, 9 species have been recorded in Israel, all of which fly in autumn and winter. These species are found in wastelands and bushlands of the temperate region as well as at the edges of forests. The only steppe species, A. scabra, occurs in the Judean Desert and Samaria.

225. Agrochola litura

225. Agrochola litura (Linnaeus, 1761) TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden (Stockholm, ‘Holmia’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, Near and Middle East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. luteogrisea Hacker, 1990. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region. Common at medium altitudes, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species typically occurring in xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests, at edges and in clearings of closed forests, on Mt. Hermon mainly in scattered montane forests, also, but less common, on xerotherm karstic slopes with scattered oak bushes (vol. 1; pl. 20, pic. 3), in Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests with scattered oak bushes, uncommon in open Pinus halepensis and Arbutus andrachne woodlands; in Europe in various forested and open habitats, mainly in xerotherm and moderately wet woodlands, less common in shrubby and bushy places, grasslands and anthropogenic areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to February with the highest rate of occurrence in December; larvae observed in March; in Europe flying from August to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos, Q. ithaburensis (Fagaceae) and Salix alba (Salicaceae); in Europe polyphagous on low herbs, as well as deciduous trees and shrubs.

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226. Agrochola rupicarpa

227. Agrochola osthelderi

Volume 2. Noctuidae

226. Agrochola rupicarpa (Staudinger, 1879) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey, Taurus. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Armenia and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: known only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region. OCCURRENCE IN ISRAEL: locally common in the Galilee and on the Golan Heights, rare and local towards the South. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species typically occurring in xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests, at edges and in clearings of closed forests, on Mt. Hermon mainly in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1, 2), also, but less common, on xerotherm karstic slopes with scattered oak bushes, in Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests with scattered oak bushes, uncommon in open Pinus halepensis and Arbutus andrachne woodlands; in Europe a xerothermophiles inhabiting hot, dry, bushy and shrubby oak forests, forested steppes, also evergreen oak forests and Mediterranean scrublands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to February with the highest rate of occurrence in December; in Europe flying in October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Probably various deciduous trees and shrubs, like in other congeners. 227. Agrochola osthelderi Boursin, 1951 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Judean Mts, in the area of Jerusalem. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species until now known only from urban areas, in groups of large Quercus, Populus and Platanus trees or alleys as found near old villages like ‘En Kerem and Abu Gosh (vol. 1; pl. 35, pic. 2), in parks and graveyards at Jerusalem City; in Europe in xerotherm shrubby or bushy dwarfed oak woods and mixed oak forests, also in more open habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 228. Agrochola macilenta (Hübner, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Most of Europe from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France to Scandinavia (southern Norway, Sweden) and Finland, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey and the Levant.

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228. Agrochola macilenta

229. Agrochola helvola

230. Agrochola pauli

The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. rubrescens (Wiltshire, 1940), described from Lebanon (Luize). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common in the temperate region: from the foothills of Mt. Hermon up to its top, adjacent areas of the upper Golan Heights and Galilee (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 4-9). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in all kinds of dense and shady deciduous forest along streamlets and canyons, on Mt. Hermon in well-shaded places in closed montane forests, on the upper Golan Heights in closed Quercus boissieri forests with sparse undergrowth; in Europe in various types of deciduous forest, including scattered forests and open habitats, not too dry montane and lowland grasslands, moorlands and heaths. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to February; larvae observed in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Acer obtusifolium (Aceraceae); in Europe young larvae feeding on foliage of numerous deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp., older stages developing on various low herbs. 229. Agrochola helvola (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (Finland). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. All over Europe, in North Africa only from Algeria, Turkey, Iraq, Levant, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, western and central Siberia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. pallescens Warren, 1911. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: very rare and very local in the temperate region: Carmel Mountain Ridge, no records since the 1960’s. So far only larvae were collected and reared to adults by Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living ‘in oak-forests’, no other data available on habitat preferences; in Europe a typical element of the forested steppe zone, in different kinds of forest, largely warm, dry or moderately wet oakwoods, mixed oak forests and Mediterranean bushlands, less common in rather open habitats, like moderately wet grasslands and gallery forests, in Siberia and Turkey also in open steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species, adults appearing under natural conditions from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos and Q. ithaburensis (Fagaceae); in Europe polyphagous on Salix, Quercus and various low herbs. 230. Agrochola pauli (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread and fairly common in the temperate region, in the Rift Valley penetrating the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in open areas, mainly in sparse park forests, in mixed forested grasslands and at the edges of closed forests, in savannoid Mediterranean vegetation; in the Judean Desert concentrating in shady canyons and Mediterranean semi-steppe batha. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to January, larvae observed in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prasium majus (Lamiaceae=Labiatae); in Syria, larvae reared on low plants and grass, later showing preferences for flower heads of Asteraceae (Compositae).

231. Agrochola scabra

232. Agrochola hypotaenia

231. Agrochola scabra (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region except the central Negev. Common at higher altitudes in the Judean Desert, uncommon and local in Samaria, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living mainly at the higher and medium elevations of the Judean Desert (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 1-2), in all kinds of grassland and steppe with deciduous bushes, especially Rosa canina (Rosaceae) and Rhus tripartita (Anacardiaceae), in particular in areas with annual rainfall above 250 mm, in more arid areas concentrating in shady canyons and along water courses, local and uncommon on the western foothills of Samaria in shrub steppes on slopes with hard limestone outcrops, in the arid region in the Dead Sea area found so far only once at the drier periphery of an oasis with patches of steppe vegetation near a settlement. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown, possibly deciduous bushes and/or low plants, as suggested for the Iraq by Wiltshire (1957). 232. Agrochola hypotaenia (Bytinski-Salz, 1936) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region, on the foothills of Mt. Hermon and in the adjacent areas of the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species, in the deciduous forests living along the Jordan springs and in groups of bushes and trees which accompany the upper part of the Jordan River (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 1-4), in well-shaded places in some of the closed montane forests of Mt. Hermon, in the Galilee in narrow shady canyons in dense deciduous and evergreen forests.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably deciduous trees and bushes, like in other congeners.

233. Agrochola lychnidis

234. Agrochola staudingeri

233. Agrochola lychnidis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Europe, Turkey, Levant and Uzbekistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread all over the temperate region and penetrating the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in all kinds of natural and anthropogenic forests, orchards, parks and gardens with trees (vol. 1; pl. 35, pic. 1-6), in the semi-arid region along streamlets with trees and bushes and in settlements. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to February; larvae observed from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Amygdalus communis and Crataegus azarolus (Rosaceae) and on apple trees in orchards; in Israel at least oligophagous on Rosaceae; in Europe the early stages are polyphagous on various deciduous shrubs and trees, later feeding on various herbaceous low plants, like Rumex crispus. 234. Agrochola staudingeri Ronkay, 1984 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Ronkay (1984). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region, fairly common at medium and higher elevations, in the lowlands rare or absent. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species mainly occurring in dense and shady deciduous forests with rich undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), often in canyons and riverine forests, to a lesser extent at the edges of closed evergreen forests, inside closed evergreen forests with sparse or no herbaceous vegetation undergrowth. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Syria low plants. 235. Conistra acutula (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant (including the adjacent parts of Turkey). Southeastern Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region at medium altitudes. Common on Mt. Hermon, elsewhere rare.

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HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon living in canyons with scattered and closed montane forests dominated by Quercus boissieri, Q. libani, Acer microphyllum, Juniperus drupacea, and Crataegus monogyna (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-3), in the upper Galilee in shady deciduous and evergreen forests along streamlets and narrow shady canyons, on the Carmel Mountain Ridge in shady, well-forested canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

235. Conistra acutula

236. Conistra veronicae

237. Jodia croceago

236. Conistra veronicae (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. Morocco, Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common but local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon and upper Galilee, mainly at medium and higher altitudes. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, in the Galilee living in shady deciduous and evergreen forests along streamlets and canyons, on Mt. Hermon in closed montane forests, on the upper Golan Heights in closed Quercus boissieri forests with sparse herbaceous undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3); in Southern Europe in mountainous areas with mixed, dwarfed and shrubby oak forests, especially on calcareous grounds. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to February; in Europe from September to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe early instars developing on Prunus spp., late instars on various low herbs. 237. Jodia croceago (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, Ukraine, Caucasus region, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: upper Golan Heights. Rare and probably very local, no records since the 1960’s. So far, only larvae were collected and reared to adults by Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species found ‘in oak forests’, no other data available on habitat preferences; in Europe in warm, dry, usually shrubby oakwoods, dwarf oak forests on karstic terrain, in Mediterranean scrub and maquis, in the northern parts of its range in mixed oak woods. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine autumn species, in Southern Europe and Turkey most imagines emerging late in autumn and overwintering as adults; in Central and Northern Europe only a few adults appearing in autumn, usually from October to November, with most individuals overwintering in the pupal stage.

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HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, undefined Quercus spp. (Fagaceae); in Europe, Fagus, Populus, Pyrus, Acer and, especially, Quercus spp. More than 40 species of the genus Lithophane Hübner, 1821 are found in the Nearctic and 25 species are found in the Palearctic region. Recently, numerous new taxa have been discovered in the Himalayas, in northern Indo-China, and in Taiwan. The majority of the species are sylvicolous, inhabiting a wide range of forest types from the monsoonic primary (usually meso-montane and montane) rainforests, to dwarfed tundral woody patches. A smaller group of species lives in Mediterranean and Central Asian shrubby forests and Cupressus-Juniperus woodlands. All species are univoltine with flight periods from late autumn to early spring. Species with a more southern distribution usually fly throughout the winter, while others with overwintering imagines and females laying eggs only in mid- or late spring. Food plants of these species include dicotyledons (trees, shrubs and herbs) or gymnosperms (Ronkay et al., 2001). So far, 3 species have been recorded in Israel.

238. Lithophane semibrunnea

239. Lithophane lapidea

238. Lithophane semibrunnea (Haworth, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: Great Britain. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. North Africa, in Europe from central England, Denmark, Poland, Romania to Ukraine, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. wiltshirei Boursin, 1962, described from Turkey (Malatia-Tecde). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region, in the Galilee and on the foothills of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species mainly living in different types of deciduous, closed shady forest with oaks as found in canyons and along rivers (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 4), absent from all kinds of xerotherm habitats; in Southern Europe in submediterranean Quercus and Fraxinus forests, mainly on karstic rocky terrain, especially limestone and dolomite, in Eastern Europe in mountainous areas in small brook valleys, xerotherm montane woodlands, semi-deserts and oases. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from January to February; larvae observed in March; in the temperate parts of Europe with an extended flight period, flying from September to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Platanus orientalis; in Europe, Fraxinus, Betula, Ligustrum, Prunus and Quercus spp. 239. Lithophane lapidea (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Algeria, Libya, France, Italy, Balkans, Crimea, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. Represented by the subsp. mouterdei Boursin, 1955, described from Lebanon (Beirut).

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FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region mainly in mountainous areas. Uncommon in the western Judean Mountains around Jerusalem, especially above 600 m a.s.l., elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly on xerotherm bushy slopes and hills with sparse vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 3-10), in open xerotherm park forests on rocky terrain, in open coniferous forests, gardens, parks etc.; in Europe in not too shady, often xerotherm woodlands, in mountainous areas and sand dunes with juniper scrub, from sea-level up to 1800 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from October to February with the highest rate of occurrence in December; larvae observed in April; in Europe flying from October to December, overwintering in the oval stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Juniperus oxycedrus (Cupressaceae); in Europe polyphagous on different conifers including Juniperus and Cupressus, individual populations with preferences for certain host-plant species.

240. Lithophane ledereri

241. Xylena exsoleta

240. Lithophane ledereri (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Greece (Rhodes Island); Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Balkans, Turkey, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region, on the foothills of Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m, and in adjacent parts of the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species living in wetlands and swamps shaded by bushes and groups of deciduous trees, in closed deciduous riverine forests with lush herbaceous undergrowth and in shady forested canyons (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 1-4), on Mt. Hermon in closed deciduous montane forests; in Europe in submediterranean mixed broad-leaved forests, shrubby oakwoods and hard-leaved scrub on karstic terrain. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from January to February; larvae observed in March; in Southern Europe flying from October to December, in colder areas after hibernation with a flight period extended until May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Populus euphratica (Salicaceae); in Europe, Platanus spp. 241. Xylena exsoleta (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. From Northern Europe and northern Asia to Himalayas, Mongolia, China, Altais, Afghanistan, Tibet, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Levant, in North Africa in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger (1898).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and rather local in the temperate region: from the western Judean Mts near Jerusalem and the higher elevations of the Judean Desert, across the Jordan Valley, the Sea of Galilee area to the upper Golan Heights and the higher elevations of Mt. Hermon, up to 1700 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in the temperate region in all types of forested grasslands, on bushy slopes and in meadows, in Quercus park forests, at edges of deciduous forests and in their larger clearings (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 3), not collected so far in closed forests; in the semi-arid region, in the Judean Desert on north-facing bushy slopes, in deep canyons and along streamlets with trees and bushes; in Central Europe in dense and open deciduous forests; in Southern Europe in shrubby and bushy woodlands and parks; in northern Asia in cool humid woodlands, the taiga forest belt, in gallery forests and on xerotherm rocky slopes, also at high altitudes of up to 3500 m. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; elsewhere extremely polyphagous on low plants, bushes and trees.

242. Xylena vetusta

243. Evisa schawerdae

242. Xylena vetusta (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Most parts of Europe, Morocco, Turkey, Levant, northern Asia, in the East to eastern Siberia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: foothills of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species living in wetlands shaded by bushes and groups of deciduous trees, in closed deciduous riverine forests with lush herbaceous undergrowth and in closed deciduous montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; elsewhere extremely polyphagous on low plants, bushes and trees. 243. Evisa schawerdae Reisser, 1930 TYPE LOCALITY: Corsica (near Evisa, Col de Sevi). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Morocco, Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. syriaca Boursin, 1940, described from Lebanon (Beirut). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and rather local in the temperate region at medium elevations, mainly near Jerusalem, on the foothills of the Judean Mts, Golan Heights, upper Galilee, and on Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in the western Judean Mts mainly in Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests with thickets of Crataegus spp. (vol.

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1; pl. 20, pic. 1-3), in different types of mixed open coniferous forests with Crataegus spp., on bushy slopes dominated by Quercus and Crataegus spp., in the northern part of the country in xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests, in closed evergreen Quercus forests, on Mt. Hermon in scattered montane forests dominated by Quercus libani and on bushy xerotherm slopes with Crataegus, Prunus, Quercus and Rosa spp.; in Southern Europe in xerotherm, rather open, bushy oak forests, in evergreen oakwoods, especially on steep rocky slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species, on Mt. Hermon flying from October to November, in the Judean Mts from December to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Quercus spp. and probably Crataegus spp.

244. Rileyiana fovea

245. Dryobota labecula

244. Rileyiana fovea (Treitschke, 1825) TYPE LOCALITY: Hungary (Budapest, ‘Ofen’) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. From southern Tyrol throughout the Carpathian basin and Balkans to the Black Sea, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Levant and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region at medium and higher elevations of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon in canyons with scattered and closed montane forests dominated by Quercus boissieri, Q. libani, Acer microphyllum and Crataegus monogyna (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 2); in Europe a xerothermophilous species of Quercus forests of medium to high altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to December; in Europe flying from September to November, overwintering in the oval stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe monophagous on Quercus spp. 245. Dryobota labecula (Esper, 1788) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Leipzig region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Southern parts of Europe in the North to the southern valleys of the Alps, also found on Channel Islands. In Africa in Morocco and Algeria, in Asia in Turkey and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare but widespread all over the temperate region. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species mainly found in all kinds of xerotherm Quercus forest, also in mixed forests with conifers (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 3-10), on bushy slopes on karst, to a much lesser extent in closed and shady Quercus forests and on north-facing slopes; in the Mediterranean basin generally restricted to the sclerophyllous forest zone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from September to February with the highest rate of occurrence in January.

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HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos and Q. ithaburensis (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on Quercus, in Southern Europe mainly on Quercus ilex and Q. coccifera; in North Africa on Q. ilex.

246. Scotochrosta pulla

246. Scotochrosta pulla (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Southern and Central Europe from the Alps and Carpathians and from Spain to the southestern Balkans and Turkey, Armenia, Levant and the southern Urals. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: recorded so far only from Qiriat Tiv’on near the Carmel Mountain Ridge. No records since the 1960’s. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in shady deciduous and evergreen oak forests with sparse undergrowth; in Europe in xerothermophilous Quercus woodlands, karstic dwarf oak forests, at shrubby forest edges and in clearings, forests and bushes on rocky terrain. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species lacking exact local data; in Central Europe from September to October; larvae developing from April to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel larvae were collected by Sterling (Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht, 1967) on undefined Quercus trees (Fagaceae) on the Carmel Mountain Ridge near Haifa; according to Hacker (1989), in Greece polyphagous on herbaceous plants. The Northern Mediterranean genus Griposia Tams, 1939 includes univoltine autumnal or winter species that usually inhabit dry, warm, sub-Mediterranean or Mediterranean oakwoods and mixed deciduous forests. Larvae usually feed on Quercus species (Ronkay et. al., 2001). Two univoltine winter species have so far been recorded in Israel and both inhabit the montane forests of Mt. Hermon.

247. Griposia pinkeri

247. Griposia pinkeri (Kobes, 1973) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Kizilcahamam). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Balkans, southern Russia, southern parts of the Caucasus region, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: at medium elevations on Mt. Hermon and in the adjacent parts of the upper Golan Heights (Buqata). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon in canyons with scattered and closed montane forests dominated by Quercus boissieri, Q. libani, Acer microphyllum and Crataegus monogyna (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-3), on the upper Golan Heights at the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest; in Europe in xerotherm oakwoods, forests on rocky terrain, large mixed deciduous forests in the lowlands, at medium elevations and in montane stream valleys.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably monophagous on Quercus spp., like other congeners.

248. Griposia aeruginea

248. Griposia aeruginea (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Southern and Central Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq and Armenia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: at medium and higher elevations of Mt. Hermon and Mt. Meron (upper Galilee). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon living in canyons with scattered and closed montane forests dominated by Quercus boissieri, Q. libani, Acer microphyllum, Juniperus drupacea and Crataegus monogyna (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-3), on the upper Golan Heights at the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest, on Mt. Meron in closed shady deciduous forests dominated by 10–12 m tall trees of Quercus boissieri and Arbutus andrachne with Cercis siliquastrum, Pyrus syriacus and Crataegus azarolus as undergrowth; in Europe on slopes and plateaus on calcareous grounds. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late autumn to winter species flying from November to December; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus libani (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on Quercus, especially Q. pubescens and Q. robur. The genus Dryobotodes Warren, 1910 contains about 20 known Palearctic species, most of them found in the southern parts of the East-Palearctic region. Eastern species inhabit humid deciduous forests or even monsoon montane primary forests at moderately high to high altitudes (up to 3000 m a.s.l). Central Asian and western Himalayan taxa live in gallery forests and stream valleys; western Palaearctic species live in temperate deciduous forests and submediterranean or Mediterranean shrubby or bushy oak woodlands (Ronkay et al., 2001). Three univoltine autumnal species have so far been recorded in Israel, all found in forests at medium elevations.

249. Dryobotodes eremita

249. Dryobotodes eremita (Fabricius, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Leipzig). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally fairly common in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, mainly at medium elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon in canyons with scattered and closed montane forests dominated by Quercus boissieri, Q. libani, Acer microphyllum, Juni-

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perus drupacea and Crataegus monogyna (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-3); in Europe in warm but moderately wet deciduous and evergreen forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on Quercus spp.

250. Dryobotodes carbonis

251. Dryobotodes tenebrosa

250. Dryobotodes carbonis (F. Wagner, 1931) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Aksehir). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Southeastern Europe including Ukraine, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally fairly common in the temperate region, mainly at medium altitudes, on the upper Golan Heights, on Mt. Hermon, in the upper Galilee and Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in all kinds of dense, shady, deciduous and evergreen forests along streamlets and narrow canyons (vol. 1; pl. 9 pic. 4), on Mt. Hermon in well- shaded places in closed montane forests, on the upper Golan Heights in closed Quercus boissieri forests with sparse undergrowth, in the Judean Mountains in shady well-forested canyons, often near streamlets or springs; in Mediterranean Europe in dense and open dwarf oak woods, shrubby sclerophyllous oak forests, mainly on karstic terrain, from 300 to 1800 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos and the winter deciduous Q. libani; in Europe monophagous on evergreen Quercus spp. 251. Dryobotodes tenebrosa (Esper, 1789) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Southern Europe, in the North to the southern Alps, the southern part of European Russia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally fairly common in the temperate region: upper Golan Heights, Mt. Hermon, upper Galilee and Judean Mts, mainly at medium elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in all kinds of not too shady deciduous and evergreen forest along streamlets and canyons (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 4), on Mt. Hermon in closed and open montane forests, on the upper Golan Heights at the edges of a Quercus boissieri forest in areas with lush herbaceous vegetation, in the Judean Mts in well-forested canyons, often near streamlets and springs; in Europe typically in Mediterranean evergreen oak forests and bushy oak woodlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, evergreen Quercus spp.

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252. Pseudohadena eibinevoi

253. Pseudohadena jordana

254. Pseudohadena commoda

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252. Pseudohadena eibinevoi Fibiger, Kravchenko, Li, Mooser & Müller, 2006 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Mt. Hermon, 1700 m a.s.l.). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: higher altitudes of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species collected so far only on xerotherm, karstic, rocky slopes with some patches of grass, herbaceous annuals, scattered Crataegus azarolus and Rosa canina dwarft bushes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1-2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: unknown; the sister species P. chenopodiphaga oligophagous on Chenopodium fruticosum, Atriplex portulacoides and Salsola soda. 253. Pseudohadena jordana (Staudinger, 1900) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (‘Jordan Valley’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1900). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region, in the arid parts of the Rift Valley. Uncommon in the Arava Valley and in the Dead Sea area, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in the hottest and driest areas of the Rift Valley and in the adjacent parts of the Negev, often along walls of deep stony canyons with sparse contracted desert vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls, along seasonal water courses with outcrops of flint, limestone, granite or other magmatic rocks in Zygophyllum dumosum or other impoverished semi-shrub communities (vol. 1; pl. 24, pic. 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 254. Pseudohadena commoda (Staudinger, 1889) TYPE LOCALITY: Kirghizia (Issyk-kul). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. In scattered and isolated populations in the eastern Mediterranean basin, widespread in Turkey, local in the Levant, towards the East widespread in Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Mongolia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Püngeler (1902). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: reported only by Püngeler (1902) from ‘Palestine’, and by Amsel (1933). No records since the 1930’s. HABITAT: generally a steppe species; from Israel nothing is known about possible habitat preferences, save Amsel’s comment ‘eremic areas’; in Jordan collected by

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Klapperich in the 1960’s near Shaubak, either in the Irano-Turanian or Mediterranean phytogeographic zone; in Turkey in dry steppes and semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected by Amsel in spring; in Jordan collected in May; generally a univoltine spring species; in Central Asia, depending on altitude, flying from April to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

255. Antitype jonis

256. Ammoconia senex

255. Antitype jonis (Lederer, 1865) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Anatolia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Turkey, Armenia, Levant and western Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, from 800 up to 1600 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species, on Mt. Hermon at medium altitudes, mainly on rocky xerotherm grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 5-8) and, to a lesser extent, in deciduous scattered montane forests; in Lebanon at high elevations in the cedar forests near Bscharre. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November; in Europe from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; the European congener A. suda (Geyer, 1832) polyphagous on low herbs. 256. Ammoconia senex (Geyer, 1828) TYPE LOCALITY: Croatia (Rijeka, ‘Fiume’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. In Southern Europe from southern France, southern Alps, Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Macedonia, Bulgaria to Turkey, Levant and Transcaucasia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. victoris Ronkay & Varga, 1984, described from Turkey (Anatolia). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, from 800 up to 1600 m a.s.l., and on the upper Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, on Mt. Hermon living in xerotherm scattered deciduous montane forests and on grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 5-8), on the Golan Heights in open grasslands, at xerotherm edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest and in its larger clearings; in Southern Europe in submediterranean xerotherm bushy steppes, mainly in karstic areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on low herbs. Many species of the genus Aporophyla Guenée, 1841 live in open grasslands and lightly wooded, usually scrubby areas, often in Mediterranean habitats, at xerotherm sites or in semi-deserts. Aporophyla contains univoltine autumnal species with young

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larvae that overwinter. Early larval instars are polyphagous, preferring Poaceae (Gramineae); late instars feed in spring on low herbs, shrubs and tree saplings. Larvae pupate in the soil in a strong cocoon after a long pre-pupal aestivation (Ronkay et al., 2001). Four species have so far been recorded in Israel.

257. Aporophyla canescens

258. Aporophyla nigra

257. Aporophyla canescens (Duponchel, 1826) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Castelnaudary). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1895). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate and semi-arid regions, uncommon in the former, more common in the latter, especially in the upper part of the Judean Desert, fairly common in the semi-arid parts of the Jordan Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate regions living in open and forested grasslands, on bushy slopes, in all kinds of park forest, at forest edges and even in small clearings (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-4), rare in or absent from closed forests, in the Judean Mts mainly at higher altitudes in the batha semi-steppe and in deep canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in November; larvae observed from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Calendula arvensis (Asteraceae=Compositae) and Asphodelus tenuifolius (Asphodelaceae); in Europe polyphagous on low herbs. 258. Aporophyla nigra (Haworth, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: England. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Southern and Central Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq and Caucasian region. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. cinerea (Staudinger, 1901), described from Spain (Castille). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon but widespread in the temperate region, penetrating the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region in open and forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1-3), on bushy slopes, in all kinds of park forest, at forest edges and even in small clearings, over the Coastal Plain also on semi-consolidated and consolidated sand dunes, in the semi-arid region mainly in mountainous areas with more than 400 mm annual rainfall and in batha semi-steppes, in the more arid Judean Desert only in deep shady canyons with rich vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late autumn to winter species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in December; larvae observed in November and May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Astragalus spp. (Fabaceae=Papilionaceae), Crataegus monogyna and Rosa canina (both Rosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on Calluna, Rumex, Plantago, Stellaria, Deschampsia, Epilobium, Genista and Oxalis spp.

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259. Aporophyla australis

260. Aporophyla dipsalea

The Lepidoptera of Israel

259. Aporophyla australis (Boisduval, 1829) TYPE LOCALITY: France. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Morocco, Algeria, Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region, mainly at medium elevations, especially in the Galilee, on the foothills of Mt. Hermon, on the Golan Heights and in the Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in almost all kinds of open forest habitats, mainly in different park forests, in Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests as found on the foothills of the central mountain ridge (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 3-10), in different types of open coniferous forest, on bushy slopes, in open grasslands and meadows, in anthropogenic places, like bushy wastelands, gardens, parks etc., less common in all kinds of closed and shady forest; in Europe always in open grassland habitats, on calcareous slopes and rocky plateaus, in gorges with sparse grassy vegetation and on coastal sand dunes with maritime vegetation; in Israel so far not observed on the coastal sand dunes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on Carex, Poa, Asphodelus and other low plants. 260. Aporophyla dipsalea Wiltshire, 1941 TYPE LOCALITY: Iraq (Naft-i-Shah). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid and temperate regions; in the latter (Jordan Valley to Golan Heights) rare; in the semi-arid region from the southern parts of the Judean Mts through the Judean Desert usually common, locally abundant in the upper parts of the Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, in the semi-arid regions, like in the Judean Desert, in all kinds of habitat ranging from batha semi-steppe to xerotherm scattered semishrub steppes, especially in deep canyons (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2-4), in the temperate region, on the Golan Heights, mainly in xerotherm rocky areas with sparse vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 261. Dasypolia ferdinandi Rühl, 1892 TYPE LOCALITY: Switzerland (Stilfser). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Montane. Alps (France, Switzerland, Italy), Balkans (Dalmatia, Croatia), Moroccan Atlas Mountains, southeastern Turkey and Levant.

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261. Dasypolia ferdinandi

Volume 2. Noctuidae

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. Represented by the subsp. libanotica Draudt, 1933, described from Lebanon (Zahle). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon (from 1000 up to 1600 m a.s.l.), upper Golan Heights (around 1000 m a.s.l.) at Majdal Shams and El Rom, upper Galilee near Zefat (600 m a.s.l.). HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, on Mt. Hermon living in scattered montane forests and on grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-3), on the Golan Heights in open grasslands, at the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest and in its clearings; near Zefat in Nahal Amud at the bottom of a deep shady canyon with grassy slopes and scattered evergreen oak bushes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying, depending on altitude, from November, through winter, to April with the highest rate of occurrence in December; in Europe flying from August to June of the following year with some of the females overwintering. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). The genus Polymixis Hübner, 1820 is one of the largest, presumably paraphyletic genera of the Palearctic and includes more than 70 species. Eastern Palearctic species are usually associated with arboreal habitats in the meso-montane and higher montane forest zones up to the timberline, or habitats in sub-alpine regions. Central Asian and Western Palearctic taxa usually live in dry habitats such as grasslands, shrubby or bushy forest edges and rocky terrain. Only rarely are they found in forested areas (except P. polymita). The phenology of Polymixis is univoltine, usually with a flight period in autumn or winter. In southern Mediterranean countries they sometimes fly continuously from late autumn to very early spring. A few species from the Himalayan-Tibetan region have an obligatory flight period in spring. Eggs of Polymixis usually overwinter. Larvae are polyphagous, feeding on low herbs, shrubs and trees (Ronkay et al., 2001). So far, 13 species have been recorded in Israel.

262. Polymixis manisadjiani

262. Polymixis manisadjiani (Staudinger, 1882) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Armenia and Azerbaijan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Lebanon, Israel and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. schwingenschussi (Draudt, 1937), described from Lebanon (Bscharre, 1900 m a.s.l.). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon at medium and higher elevations, adjacent part of Golan Heights (Majdal Shams, El Rom), and higher elevations of Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, on Mt. Hermon in scattered montane forests and on grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8), on the Golan Heights in open grasslands, at edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest and in its clearings, in the Judean Mts on

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xerotherm grassy slopes and in meadows, in the Judean Desert only in batha semisteppes; in Turkey at medium altitudes in submediterranean stony steppes with mixed deciduous shrubs. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn-winter species, in the Hermon area flying from October to November; in the Judean Mts and Desert from January to February. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

263. Polymixis subvenusta

264. Polymixis juditha

263. Polymixis subvenusta (Püngeler, 1906) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Morocco, Algeria and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Püngeler (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region at the higher elevations, especially in the central Negev near Avedat. Rare and local in the central Negev, in the area of Jerusalem (type locality) not recorded over the past 100 years. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living in xerotherm mountainous shrub steppes with Pistacia atlantica and dominated by Artemisia sieberi associations (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 1-4), to a lesser extent in shallow rocky wadis with contracted sparse vegetation dominated by Salsola and Atriplex spp. on coarse rocky and soft sediment soils; in Jordan local in shrub and semi-shrub steppes, mainly on hard fissured limestone, above 1000 m. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 264. Polymixis juditha (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (Jordan Valley). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Levant and Saudi Arabia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common in the arid and semi-arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly along seasonal water courses, often in thickets of various shrub and semi-shrub species, especially Anabasis and Atriplex spp. on different types of soft sediment soil, at the dry periphery of oases in various shrub communities, often with Prosopis farcta, Atriplex and Suaeda spp. (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 5). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to March with the highest rate of occurrence from December to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 265. Polymixis rebecca (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and the adjacent mountains of Saudi Arabia. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892).

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265. Polymixis rebecca

266. Polymixis steinhardti

267. Polymixis ancepsoides

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region from the southern part of the Judean Mts across the Judean Desert to the lower Jordan Valley. Rare and local in the upper part of the Judean Desert (areas above 600 m) near Jerusalem, in the 1980’s fairly common east of Jerusalem, at present only in the lower parts of the larger canyons, during the 1990’s more widespread but always rare, not any longer found in most of the localities. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living on xerotherm slopes and at the bottom of canyons with hard rock outcrops and sparse grass vegetation which drain into the Jordan Valley (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2-4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late autumn species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 266. Polymixis steinhardti Kravchenko, Fibiger, Mooser & Müller, 2005 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Sea of Galilee area). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region locally common around the Sea of Galilee, rare along the Yarmuk River, and on the Golan Heights up to 750 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, especially in savannoid grasslands at low altitudes or below sea-level, dominated by Ziziphus lotus shrubs, Z. spina-christi and Faidherbia albida trees with lush Mediterranean herbaceous vegetation, like Hordeum, Triticum, Aegilops, Avena, Trifolium, Medicago and other Poaceae (Gramineae), Fabaceae (Papilionaceae) and Asteraceae (Compositae) (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 1-3), uncommon in scattered Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a rich undergrowth dominated by wild wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), wild oat (Avena sterilis) and other Poaceae (Gramineae), rare on the northern Golan Heights at the southern edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest near Buquata (750 m), south of the Sea of Galilee less common and local in open and drier grasslands, rare in dry areas with overgrazing, being confined there to places along streamlets and springs. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November with the highest rate of occurrence in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 267. Polymixis ancepsoides Poole, 1989 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (Jordan Valley). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Restricted to the Levant. In addition, collected also in southeastern Turkey. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897) as ‘anceps Staudinger, 1897’ (preoccupied name). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common in the temperate region: from the upper Golan Heights and upper Galilee along the temperate part of the Rift Valley.

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HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the Galilee and on the Golan Heights in all kinds of park forest with a continuous grass cover, in mixed forested grasslands and at xerotherm edges of closed forests (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 6-9), in the temperate part of the Rift Valley south of the Sea of Galilee in savannoid Mediterranean grasslands and shady canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to February with the highest rate of occurrence from January to February. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

268. Polymixis rufocincta

269. Polymixis trisignata

268. Polymixis rufocincta (Geyer, 1828) TYPE LOCALITY: Croatia (Rijeka, ‘Fiume’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. In Southern Europe south of central France, southern Alps, southeastern Austria, Hungary, southern Romania to Ukraine, Caucasus, Turkey, Levant and Armenia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. flavidior (Osthelder, 1933), described from Turkey (Amasia). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, adjacent areas of upper Golan Heights, upper Galilee. Kalchberg’s (1897) old record also from Carmel (Haifa). HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, on Mt. Hermon on grassy and bushy slopes, in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 3-8), in the Galilee and on the Golan Heights in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover, in mixed forested grasslands and at edges of closed forests, to a lesser extent in open grasslands and meadows; in Europe in xerotherm steppes, forested steppes, Mediterranean oak scrublands, mainly on calcareous grounds. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on low herbs, such as Dianthus, Hieracium and Silene spp. 269. Polymixis trisignata (Ménétriès, 1847) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (‘Turcomanie’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. From southeastern Europe to Turkey, Levant, Caucasus region, Armenia, in the East to Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate and semi-arid regions, only once collected in a desert-surrounded oasis, ‘En Zin. Common in the temperate region mainly at medium elevations, rare and local in the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living mainly in areas with more than 400 mm annual rainfall, there especially in mixed forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-4), in all kinds of park forest with a continuous grass cover, on bushy slopes, in dry and

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wet bushy meadows in large inland valleys, often on river banks with scattered trees and bushes, in the semi-arid region confined to oases and deep shady canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Anagyris foetida (Fabaceae=Papilionaceae), Prasium majus (Lamiaceae= Labiatae), Rhamnus lycioides graeca (Rhamnaceae), in Europe polyphagous on Poaceae (Gramineae) and other low herbs.

270. Polymixis serpentina

271. Polymixis apora

270. Polymixis serpentina (Treitschke, 1825) TYPE LOCALITY: Croatia (Rijeka, ‘Fiume’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Italy, Balkans, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region mainly at medium elevations, locally fairly common near Jerusalem, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, in the semi-arid region generally in not too dry habitats, in the Judean Desert mainly at higher altitudes in batha semi-steppes (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 1-2), at lower elevations in more arid areas on north-facing slopes with limestone rock outcrops, in the temperate region in xerotherm habitats, on the Golan Heights in open and forested grasslands, in the Galilee in xerotherm scattered park forests and on karstic slopes; in Europe in xerotherm habitats including dry, bushy, Mediterranean oakwoods, oak scrublands and strongly insolated dwarfed forest patches on karst. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to December with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on low herbs. 271. Polymixis apora (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but rare at medium elevations of the temperate region, penetrating the semi-arid region in the Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region, especially on Mt. Hermon, on grassy or bushy slopes and in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8), in the Galilee and on the Golan Heights in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover, in all kinds of mixed forested grassland, at xerotherm edges of closed forests; in the semi-arid region in batha semi-steppes in rich herbaceous communities and, occasionally, in shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm, but concentrating in shady canyons with shrub thickets. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Syria, Sonchus and Taraxacum spp. (Asteraceae= Compositae).

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272. Polymixis lea

273. Polymixis aegyptiaca

The Lepidoptera of Israel

272. Polymixis lea (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (‘Jordan Valley’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Levant, and western Saudi Arabia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the semi-arid region: from the Bet Shean Valley across the Judean Desert and the Dead Sea area to the central Negev and over the southern Coastal Plain. Uncommon in the lowlands of the semi-arid region and the southern Coastal Plain, rare in the Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in areas with less than 250 mm annual rainfall, mainly in canyons, in the arid region at the peripheries of oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 5) and in patches of steppe vegetation along seasonal water courses and in water catchments; over the Coastal Plain on consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3), often in plant communities dominated by Artemisia monosperma. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 273. Polymixis aegyptiaca (Wiltshire, 1947) TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (near Cairo, Wadi Digla). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Libya, Egypt and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. rachelae Fibiger, Kravchenko, Mooser & Müller, 2005, described from Israel (central Negev). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally fairly common in the semi-arid region in the Negev, rare and local in the arid region in the northern parts of the Arava Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, mainly in the canyons of the central Negev highlands and in water catchments (vol. 1; pl. 31, pic. 1-3), with patches of rich semi-shrub steppes with numerous geophytes and annual plants, also on slopes with hard rock outcrops, in rich semi-shrub steppes dominated by Reaumuria negevenensis, R. hirtella, Atriplex glauca, Chenolea arabica and Salsola damascean associated with typical annuals, like Pteranthus dichotomus, Salsola inermis, Spergularia diandre, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum and Aizoon hispanicum, in xerotherm mountainous desert steppes above 800 m dominated by Artemisia shrub communities with scattered Pistacia atlantica trees, to a much lesser extent in the northern Arava Valley at the drier peripheries of oases and along narrow wadies on coarse rocky soils with shrub thickets dominated by Zygophyllum dumosum, not observed so far in arid or hyper-arid areas with diffuse, scattered and impoverished vegetation on soft sediment soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January with the highest rate of occurrence in December to January; in Egypt, larvae of the nominate subspecies observed late in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Egypt, larvae of the nominate subspecies found on Zygophyllum spp.

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274. Polymixis epiphleps

275. Mniotype compitalis

276. Mniotype judaica

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274. Polymixis epiphleps (Turati & Krüger, 1936) TYPE LOCALITY: Libya (Cyrenaica, Scleidima). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Libya and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northwestern Negev, and in the temperate region over the southern and central Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a coastal sand dune species, psammophilous, mainly on unconsolidated sand dunes (vol. 1; pl. 22, pic. 1-2) with different types of impoverished semishrub and shrub communities, often in fields of Desmostachya bipinnata, along the coastal dunes, occasionally very close to the sea shore. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from November to January with the highest rate of occurrence in December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 275. Mniotype compitalis (Draudt, 1909) TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Alexandria). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Coastal Libya, Egypt and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region along the southern and central Coastal Plain, from Nizzanim Nature Reserve to Tel Aviv and Qaesaria. HABITAT: in Israel a coastal sand dune, psammophilous species, mainly on semiconsolidated and mobile sand dunes (vol. 1; pl. 22, pic. 1-3), often in Ammophila arenaria and Artemisia monosperma communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 276. Mniotype judaica (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (‘Jordan Valley’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region over the arid parts of the Rift Valley and the central Negev. Uncommon and local in the Dead Sea area in oases, like ‘En Fashkha, ‘En Zin and Ne’ot Hakikkar, and in the northern part of the Arava Valley, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species, probably halophilous, in all kinds of wet and swampy Tamarix thickets (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 1-5), in wet salinas with salt marshes and Atriplex thickets, to a much lesser extent in deep canyons with permanent water, in water catchments and wadis with contracted dense shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex spp.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December; larvae observed in January. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Atriplex halimus (Chenopodiaceae).

277. Mniotype johanna

278. Boursinia discordans

277. Mniotype johanna (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan? (‘Jordan Valley’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Tunisia, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the arid region, in the Dead Sea area and along the Arava Valley. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species, probably halophilous, often in wet salinas (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 1-5) with salt marshes with a rich vegetation of halophilous and nonhalophilous annuals in salinas or at the periphery of freshwater oases with thickets of Suaeda, Arthrocnemum, Nitraria and Tamarix spp., at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs like, Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda spp. and others. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 278. Boursinia discordans (Boursin, 1940) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Turkey, Levant, Egypt and Libya. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892), as ‘discrepans’ (junior homonym). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common in the temperate region at medium elevations, rare in the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living mainly in areas with more than 400 mm annual rainfall, there especially in mixed forested grasslands, in all kinds of park forest with a continuous grass cover, on bushy slopes, in dry and wet bushy meadows in large inland valleys (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-4); in the semi-arid region occasionally in oases and deep shady canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 279. Boursinia deceptrix (Staudinger, 1900) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (‘Jordan Valley’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Arabian Peninsula, southeastern Turkey, southwestern Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1900).

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279. Boursinia deceptrix

280. Boursinia lithoxylea

281. Wiltshireola praecipua

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: generally rare; in the arid region along the arid parts of the Rift Valley: Arava Valley, Dead Sea area and southern Jordan Valley; to a lesser extent and more local in the semi-arid region in the northern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, mainly along seasonal water courses, in thickets of different shrubs and semi-shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 1-5), especially Atriplex thickets with patches of annuals on different types of soft sediment soil, in the southern Jordan Valley also in sparse steppes, in the western Negev also in heavily overgrazed impoverished shrub steppes, often in wide wadis in contracted Atriplex thickets. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Saudi Arabia, Lycium barbareum. 280. Boursinia lithoxylea (A. Bang-Haas, 1912) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Batna). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. North Africa, western Arabian Peninsula, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region: locally fairly common in the southern Arava Valley, especially at Gerofit and Yotvata. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, psammophilous, only on unconsolidated and mobile sand dunes of the Arava Valley (vol. 1; pl. 27, pic. 1) in Haloxylon persicum communities with scattered Hammada salicornica and Calligonum comosum shrubs, to a much lesser extent in more stable sands in the Negev with plant communities dominated by Artemisia monosperma, Retama raetam and Helianthemum stipulatum, in depressions and shallow wadis; in northern Sinai recorded from the coastal sand dunes of El Arish. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from November to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; elsewhere, Retama raetam. 281. Wiltshireola praecipua Hacker & Kravchenko, 2001 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Mt. Hermon). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, medium altitudes. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon in canyons with closed montane forests dominated by Quercus boissieri, Q. libani, Acer microphyllum, Juniperus drupacea and Crataegus monogyna with sparse herbaceous undergrowth (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine autumn species collected so far only in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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282. Ostheldera gracilis

283. Metopoplus excelsa

The Lepidoptera of Israel

282. Ostheldera gracilis (Osthelder, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, medium and high altitudes. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species, on Mt. Hermon at medium elevations, mainly on xerotherm karstic grassy slopes with or without bushes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 4-8), to a much lesser extent in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe, in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 283. Metopoplus excelsa (Christoph, 1885) TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Schahkuh). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iran, Armenia and Azerbaijan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, medium elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species, mainly in karstic areas, on grassy slopes, in open and bushy grasslands, in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 8) and, to a lesser extent, at the edges of closed deciduous forests and in its clearings; in Azerbaijan in xerotherm mountainous habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species collected so far only in July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Subfamily Hadeninae Guenée, 1837 The Hadeninae is a very large subfamily with more than 2400 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a) however, it is probably paraphyletic. In the present scope, this subfamily is mainly characterized by the hairy compound eyes of the adult moths. Tribal systematics are arranged according to Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005). So far, 59 species from 18 genera and 5 tribes have been recorded in Israel, mostly belonging to the tribes Hadenini and Leucaniini. Tribe Orthosiini Guenée, 1837 Most species of this tribe with univoltine early spring phenology, basal lineages arboreal. Usually preferring forested habitats, appearing both in deciduous and coniferous woodlands. Larvae feeding on various broad-leaved trees and conifers, pu-

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pating and overwintering in strong cocoons in the soil (Ronkay et al., 2001). So far, five species recorded in Israel, belonging to the three genera: Orthosia Ochsenheimer, 1816, Perigrapha Lederer, 1857 and Egira Duponchel, 1845.

284. Orthosia cruda

285. Orthosia cypriaca

284. Orthosia cruda (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Europe, Turkey, Levant, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Kazakhstan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. illustris Hreblay, 1993, described from Turkey. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Halperin & Sauter (1992). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Galilee, Golan Heights, and Mt. Hermon. Fairly common in the upper Galilee and on the foothills of Mt. Hermon, elsewhere uncommon. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, mainly in different types of deciduous, closed and shady forest as found in canyons and along rivers (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), most common in shady closed Quercus calliprinos forests of the northern Golan Heights and in scattered Quercus libani forests on Mt. Hermon, less common in xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests and on xerotherm bushy slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late winter species flying from January to March; larvae observed in March and April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus boissieri (Fagaceae); in Europe polyphagous on deciduous trees, mainly on Quercus, Salix and Populus spp. 285. Orthosia cypriaca Hacker, 1996 TYPE LOCALITY: Zypern (Paphos). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant including Cyprus. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: upper Galilee, and foothills of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly in different types of closed and open deciduous forest as found in canyons (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 1-6), along rivers and in bushy wet meadows with Salix thickets, rare in or absent from xerotherm park forests and bushy slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late winter species flying from January to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably deciduous trees, like in other congeners. 286. Orthosia cerasi (Fabricius, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: England; Germany. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. From Europe to eastern Siberia, in the South to Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran and Levant.

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286. Orthosia cerasi

287. Perigrapha mundoides

288. Egira tibori

The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hreblay (1993). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: central and northern Coastal Plain, Carmel Mountain Ridge and upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in deciduous open forests, bushy meadows, tree groups and bushes along streamlets, in canyons along rivers (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-3), occasionally in not too dry Quercus park forests and on shady bushy slopes; in Europe in all types of forested habitat. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late winter species flying from January to March; in Southern Europe flying from March to April, in Central Europe until May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on deciduous trees: Quercus, Salix and Populus spp. 287. Perigrapha mundoides (Boursin, 1940) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Toura). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region. Locally common in the upper Galilee, on the foothills of Mt. Hermon and in the western parts of Jerusalem, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon in scattered and closed montane forests and on bushy grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 1-6), on the Golan Heights at the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest and in its clearings, in mixed forested grasslands, especially in the savannoid Mediterranean vegetation around the Sea of Galilee; in the Judean Mountains found so far only in a shady forested canyon. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late winter species flying from February to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; Fibiger et al. (1996) suggest Paliurus spina-christi or related shrubs for the Near East. 288. Egira tibori Hreblay, 1994 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Balkans, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common in the temperate region in mountainous areas in the North, especially the Golan Heights, the foothills of Mt. Hermon, and the Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species living in all kinds of broad-leaved, shady and rather humid woodlands, often in canyons and closed riverine forests (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), uncommon in or absent from xerotherm park forests and xerotherm bushy slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to May with the highest rate of occurrence in March; larvae observed in April.

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HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Platanus orientalis (Platanaceae); in Europe unknown but probably polyphagous on various herbaceous plants and trees, like other congeners. Tribe Tholerini Beck, 1996 The tribe in its present scope includes only three genera. The habitus of the larvae and adults resemble those of the Orthosiini with slight differences in larval morphology. Unlike most of Orthosiini, larvae feed on herbaceous plants rather than bushes and trees. Adults fly in late summer and early autumn (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). Only one species belonging to the genus Tholera Hübner, 1821 has so far been recorded in Israel.

289. Tholera hilaris

289. Tholera hilaris (Staudinger, 1901) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Pontus); southern Russia (Sarepta); Armenia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)European-West Asiatic. From the southern part of European Russia to the Caucasus region, Transcaucasia, Turkey and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kostrowicki (1963). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate or semi-arid region, known so far only from near Jerusalem. No records since the 1960’s. HABITAT: in Israel no data available on habitat preferences, in Turkey a montane steppe species, often above 2000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in October; in Turkey and Iran a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Tribe Hadenini Guenée, 1837 The Hadenini are a large tribe characterized by the transverse cleft of the larval hypopharynx (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). The generic concepts have been considerably broadened and modified in the most recent publications (Hacker et al., 2002; Fibiger & Hacker, 2005). So far, 35 species belonging to 11 genera have been recorded in Israel. The genus Anarta Ochsenheimer, 1816 is species-rich and widely distributed in the Holarctic region. The distribution centre is located in the high montane steppes of Central and Inner Asia (Hacker et al., 2002). In Europe, the genus is represented by 17 species (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005) and in Israel by seven species, mostly found in steppes and semi-deserts along the Rift Valley. Only Anarta trifolii flies throughout the country as a multivoltine ubiquitous species of open habitats. 290. Anarta sabulorum (Alphéraky, 1882) TYPE LOCALITY: China (Kouldja district, Korgosse). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. In most of the eremic parts of the Palearctic region. North Africa, Near and Middle East, Central Asia, western China and Mongolia.

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290. Anarta sabulorum

291. Anarta engedina

292. Anarta arenbergeri

The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. pulverata (A. Bang-Haas, 1907), described from Tunisia (Gafsa). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: Widespread and common in the arid region, rare and local in the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, in the arid region ubiquitous, absent only from bare hyper-arid deserts; in the semi-arid region, in the Judean Desert, only in xerotherm habitats, mainly on hard fissured limestone, dolomite slopes and other hard rock outcrops with sparse impoverished Artemisia steppe communities; in the Balkans in xerotherm, rocky, open places at lower altitudes; in Turkey in the subalpine zone up to 2000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 291. Anarta engedina Hacker, 1998 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Dead Sea area, ‘En Gedi). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region, ‘En Gedi, and in the semiarid region at the higher elevations of the Judean Desert near Alon and Kfar Adumim. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Dead Sea area (400 m b.s.l.) living in a deep, rocky, sparsely vegetated, xerotherm canyon originating in the Judean Desert (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2-4), also in a nearby rather natural but irrigated date plantation with rich undergrowth of shrubs, semi-shrubs and extensive patches of herbaceous annuals and grasses; in the Judean Desert in a deep canyon on south-facing rocky xerotherm slopes in sparse impoverished semi-shrub communities, at the higher elevations of the Judean Desert (700 m a.s.l.) in overgrazed batha semi-steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late winter species flying from January to March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 292. Anarta arenbergeri (Pinker, 1974) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Chihanbelyi, Tuz Golu). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Anatolian-Iranian, relict. Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid and semi-arid regions in the central Negev above 500 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, mainly in shallow rocky valleys with contracted sparse vegetation on coarse rocky and soft sediment soils (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 4),

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to a lesser extent in xerotherm mountainous desert steppes (up to 900 m a.s.l.) dominated by Artemisia sieberi communities; in Turkey in xerotherm montane steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in March; in Turkey from May to July and in September, probably bivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

293. Anarta mendax

294. Anarta mendica

293. Anarta mendax (Staudinger, 1879) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Kerasdere). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Southeastern Balkans, Turkey, Levant and Transcaucasia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. phoenicica Hacker, 1998, described from Israel (Mt. Meron), Lebanon and southeastern Turkey. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: rare and local in the upper Galilee; in the area of Jerusalem no records since 1910. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, mainly in areas with more than 400 mm annual rainfall, there especially in mixed forested grasslands, in all kinds of park forest with a continuous grass cover, on bushy slopes, in dry and wet bushy meadows in large inland valleys, often on river banks with scattered trees and bushes; in Transcaucasia in xeromontane habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in April; in Turkey univoltine, flying from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 294. Anarta mendica (Staudinger, 1879) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Hadjin; Mardin). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Galilee, Mt. Hermon, and upper Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, on Mt. Hermon living in scattered montane forests and on grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-2), on the Golan Heights in open grasslands and at the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest and in its clearings, near Zefat in Nahal Amud at the bottom of a deep shady canyon with grassy slopes and scattered evergreen oak bushes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in May; in Turkey and Azerbaijan a univoltine spring species flying from April to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 295. Anarta trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Berlin region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Holarctic. Almost throughout the Palearctic region with the exception of the boreal taiga, also widely distributed in the Nearctic.

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295. Anarta trifolii

296. Anarta stigmosa

The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Gauckler (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: through all of the climatological regions all over the country. Abundant in the semi-arid region and the Coastal Plain, common in the temperate region at medium and higher altitudes, in the arid region concentrating in oases, there often common or abundant. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species, but mainly in open areas, like park forests on the foothills of the central mountain ridge, in bushy meadows, in anthropogenic places including wastelands, gardens, parks etc., to a much lesser extent in different types of coniferous forest and closed shady oak forest, in the semi-arid and arid regions in natural and artificial oases, especially in irrigated gardens. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, in the coastal area and the Rift Valley flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and from September to November, at higher elevations absent during the cold months; larvae observed from April to June and in September, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous, found on Atriplex halimus, Prosopis farcta, Ochradenus baccatus, Artemisia sieberi, Malva nicaeensis, Epilobium hirsutum and Convolvulus arvensis, occasionally on salads and vegetables in gardens (S. Yathom, personal communication). 296. Anarta stigmosa (Christoph, 1887) TYPE LOCALITY: Russia (salt steppes). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eurasiatic. From Southern Europe to Turkey, Levant and Iran to Central Asia, southern Siberia, China and Mongolia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid region: central Negev, mainly in Nahal Nizzana and its vicinity. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living in wide shallow wadis with soft alluvial soils (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 4), in shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex, Anabasis, Salsola and Ochradenus baccatus, often in halophilous vegetation, to a much lesser extent near wet salinas with Tamarix spp. and reed thickets; in southern Italy in lowland steppes and semi-deserts, often near places with halophilous vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only from April to May; in Italy bivoltine, flying from May to July and from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prosopis farcta (Mimosaceae); in Italy polyphagous on various species of Atriplex, Salsola and Chenopodium and probably other halophilous shrubs. 297. Cardepia sociabilis (de Graslin, 1850) TYPE LOCALITY: France (eastern Pyrenees). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. In Africa from Chad to Morocco, through Southern Europe in Spain, Portugal, France, Italy and Greece to Turkey, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, in the East to India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. Represented by the subsp. deserticola Hampson, 1905, described from Syria.

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298. Cardepia affinis

299. Thargelia gigantea

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FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Gauckler (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid region, in the temperate region over the southern Coastal Plain. In the arid region locally common in the Dead Sea area and the Arava Valley, elsewhere uncommon. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species, often in wet salinas with salt marshes supporting a rich vegetation of halophilous and non-halophilous annuals, in salinas or at the periphery of freshwater oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 1-5) with thickets of Suaeda, Atriplex, Nitraria and Tamarix spp., at the drier peripheries of oases in thickets dominated by shrubs and semishrubs, like Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda and others; in Southern Europe and North Africa in deserts, semi-deserts, coastal salt marshes and deltas of large rivers. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and in October; larvae observed from April to May and in October, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Atriplex halimus and Salsola vermiculata (both Chenopodiaceae); in Europe polyphagous on several halophilous plants. 298. Cardepia affinis Rothschild, 1913 TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (western-central Sahara, Kef-el-Dor). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Southwestern Europe, North Africa, Levant, Arabian Peninsula and southern Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1905). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the arid region, locally common in the Dead Sea area and the Arava Valley, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species, halophilous, often in wet salinas with salt marshes supporting a rich vegetation of halophilous and non-halophilous annuals (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 1-5), in salinas or at the periphery of freshwater oases with thickets of Suaeda, Atriplex, Nitraria and Tamarix spp., at the drier periphery of oases in thickets dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs, like Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda and others; in Southern Europe in arid places with halophilous vegetation; in southeastern Spain in semi-deserts, on the Spanish coast in reed-beds. PHENOLOGY : in Israel bivoltine, flying from November to January and from March to May. HOST-PLANTS : in Israel, Atriplex halimus (Chenopodiaceae) and Nitraria retusa (Zygophyllaceae); in Europe on various halophilous herbaceous plants including Atriplex spp. 299. Thargelia gigantea Rebel, 1909 TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Sinai, Ajun Mua Oasis; W. Werdan). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Morocco to Algeria, Libya, Egypt and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region, the Negev, penetrating the Arava Valley. Uncommon and local in some canyons of the southern Negev, especially Shaharut, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in the hottest and driest areas of the Negev (vol. 1; pl. 33, pic. 1-3, 34 pic. 1-4), often along walls of deep stony canyons with sparse contracted desert vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls, along seasonal water courses with outcrops of flint, limestone, granite or other magmatic rocks in impoverished semi-shrub communities, less common in xerotherm mountainous desert steppes dominated by Artemisia sieberi associations and in shallow rocky wadis with contracted sparse vegetation, often dominated by Zygophyllum dumosum, on coarse rocky soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; larvae of congeners in Central Asia (Thargelia sitiens) found in summer on leaves of Haloxylon persicum and H. aphyllum.

300. Odontelia daphnadeparisae

301. Lacanobia oleracea

300. Odontelia daphnadeparisae Kravchenko, Ronkay, Speidel, Witt, Mooser, Junnila, Zilli & Müller, 2007 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Gerofit). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Probably Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the arid region: Arava Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous psammophilous species restricted to the unconsolidated mobile sand dunes of the Arava Valley in Haloxylon persicum communities (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-7). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to March with the highest rate of occurrence in February. HOST-PLANTS: unknown. Larvae in Israel were found living subterraneously in unconsolidated sand dunes. 301. Lacanobia oleracea (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. North Africa, Europe, temperate Asia, Near and Middle East, northern India, China, Korea and Japan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: northern part of Rift Valley, from the Sea of Galilee area across the Hula Valley up to the medium elevations of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in humid and warm lowlands (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 1-5), in natural habitats with lush herbaceous vegetation, often shadowed by trees and bushes, along rivers and in their deltas, near springs and in swamps; in Europe also in gardens and agricultural areas.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from April to June and in August; larvae observed in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prosopis farcta (Mimosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on numerous wild herbaceous plants including Atriplex, Chenopodium and Rumex crispus, at least in Southern Europe occasionally an endophagous pest of tomatoes.

302. Lacanobia softa

303. Sideridis implexa

302. Lacanobia softa (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (‘Jordan Valley’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Morocco, Algeria and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid and semi-arid regions. Often abundant in the arid region, concentrating in oases, uncommon and local in the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species living at the periphery of freshwater oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 5) with thickets of Suaeda, Atriplex, Nitraria, Tamarix and Prosopis farcta, to a lesser extent in wet salinas with salt marshes and thickets of Atriplex and Tamarix spp. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from October through winter to May with the highest rates of occurrence in November and from March to April; larvae observed from March to May and in November, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel on Chenopodiaceae: Kochia indica, Hammada salicornica, Chenopodium murale, Atriplex glauca and A. halimus; elsewhere unknown. 303. Sideridis implexa (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. From Morocco to Libya, in Spain, and from southeastern Europe to Turkey, Caucasian region and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region over the southern Coastal Plain, and in the semi-arid region in the northern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, in the Negev in areas with more than 250 mm annual rainfall, mainly in depressions and shallow wadis with soft alluvial soils, in water catchments with perennial grasses and annuals, especially in vegetation dominated by Anabasis syriaca and Peganum harmala; over the Coastal Plain on all kinds of consolidated soil, mainly in sparse xerotherm meadows and wastelands (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3); in Europe in open xerotherm grasslands, towards the Southeast in semi-desert and desert habitats, towards the North in hot and dry steppe places. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Dianthus spp. (Caryophyllaceae). 304. Dicerogastra chersotoides (Wiltshire, 1956) TYPE LOCALITY: Jordan (Zerqa River Colony). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Levant, Saudi Arabia and Oman. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan.

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304. Dicerogastra chersotoides

305. Saragossa siccanorum

The Lepidoptera of Israel

FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid and temperate regions, mainly along the Rift Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, in the semi-arid region, in the Judean Desert, in all kinds of habitat ranging from batha semi-steppe to xerotherm scattered semishrub steppe, especially in deep canyons; in the temperate region, on the Golan Heights, mainly in xerotherm rocky areas with sparse vegetation; on the Carmel Mountain Ridge on south-facing slopes of some large canyons (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine or bivoltine, in the semi-arid region flying from September to November, in the temperate region from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 305. Saragossa siccanorum (Staudinger, 1870) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (Sarepta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Southeastern Europe including Ukraine, and European part of southern Russia, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Central Asia, western Mongolia and northwestern China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Lebanon and Israel. Represented by the subsp. poecilographa Varga & Ronkay, 1991, described from Iraq (Ruthba). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid region: central Negev, especially Nahal Nizzana and Nahal HaRoa. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, possibly halophilous, mainly in large wadis with soft alluvial soils often covered with scattered rocks (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 4), in contracted shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex, Nitraria, Anabasis and Salsola spp., to a lesser extent in similar vegetation in water catchments along small canyons and on slopes, not collected so far in dry or wet salinas; in Iraq in saline oases and in alkaline semi-deserts; in northeastern Turkey in saline dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to January with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Most species of the genus Hecatera Guenée, 1852 are bivoltine, inhabiting steppes and grasslands. Larvae feed on various low plants. Eleven species have been recorded in Europe and 5 have been recorded in Israel mostly from grasslands along the Rift Valley.

306. Hecatera bicolorata

306. Hecatera bicolorata (Hufnagel, 1766) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Berlin region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Widespread in Europe, from Turkey and Levant across Transcaucasia and Iran to Kirghizia, Tajikistan, western Siberia and northwestern China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus.

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FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region in the northern part of the Rift Valley from the Sea of Galilee area and along the Hula Valley as far North as the Banyas Nature Reserve; recorded so far only from lowlands. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in places with lush vegetation shadowed by scattered trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 5, pic. 1-5), on seasonally flooded river banks, especially in seasonally flooded grasslands and lagoons as found in the delta of the River Jordan and in the Hula swamps; in Europe preferring open grasslands and forested steppes, as well as strongly anthropogenic areas, like gardens, parks, etc. PHENOLOGY: in Israel possibly a univoltine spring species flying from April to May; larvae observed from March to April; in Southern Europe bivoltine, flying in spring and again from July to early autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel on flowers and buds of Cynara syriaca and Carduus argentatus (both Asteraceae=Compositae); in Southern Europe polyphagous on flowers of Hieracium, Prenanthes, Eupatorium, Sonchus and Lactuca spp.

307. Hecatera weissi

308. Hecatera dysodea

307. Hecatera weissi (Boursin, 1952) TYPE LOCALITY: Spain (Catalonia, Barcelona). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Southern Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Levant and Saudi Arabia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. levantina Hacker & Zilli, 2001, described from Israel (Banyas, Dead Sea area, Golan Heights, and Negev) and Jordan (Amman, Dana Reserve, Rumman and Wadi Schaib). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid and semi-arid regions, and in the temperate region over the southern part of the Coastal Plain. Common in the semi-arid region in the Judean Desert and the Jordan Valley, elsewhere uncommon. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in wide wadis with soft alluvial soils and shrub thickets (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 4) dominated by Atriplex, Anabasis, Salsola and Ochradenus baccatus, often in wet salinas with Tamarix spp. and reed thickets. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species, in the arid and semi-arid regions from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence in March, in the temperate region from March to May with the highest rate of occurrence in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 308. Hecatera dysodea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. From Central and Southern Europe, and North Africa across the Levant, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iraq and Iran to Central Asia, northwestern India and northwestern China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country in all of the climatological regions. Uncommon in the temperate region, common in the semi-arid region, fairly common in the arid region but concentrating in oases. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, almost ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, most common in habitats like park forests, bushy meadows and slopes, in anthropogenic places including wastelands, gardens, parks etc. (vol. 1; pl. 36, pic. 1-10), in the semi-arid and arid regions in artificial oases and gardens, but rather uncommon in natural oases; in Europe also high in the mountains. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to May and from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel occasionally a minor pest in natural gardens on salads (Lactuca: Asteraceae=Compositae); in Europe, flowers and seeds of Asteraceae (Compositae), as well as wild and cultivated Lactuca spp.

309. Hecatera cappa

310. Hecatera fixseni

309. Hecatera cappa (Hübner, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Central and southeastern Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant, Iran and Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, medium and higher elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly above 1000 m in xerotherm montane scattered forests and on sparse grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 8), to a lesser extent above 1800 m in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe, in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils; in Central Europe in xerotherm habitats, in mountainous areas as well as on plains, especially in steppes and on slopes from dolomite and limestone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from April to May; in Central Europe bivoltine, flying in early and late summer. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, flowers and seeds of Scrophulariaceae and Delphinium spp. (Ranunculaceae). 310. Hecatera fixseni (Christoph, 1883) TYPE LOCALITY: Armenia (Ordubad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Egypt, Levant, Armenia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid region: Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel no sufficient data available on habitat preferences, collected only near Enot Quane at the borders of three different habitats: a swampy marshland dominated by Phragmites australis, Arundo donax and Tamarix spp. on heavy soils; a drier periphery of the oasis with Atriplex halimus, Prosopis farcta, Suaeda spp., Ochrade-

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nus baccatus bushes, patches of annuals and perennial steppe vegetation; and a nearby almost barren xerotherm cliffs of the Rift Valley (vol. 1; pl. 24, pic. 1). PHENOLOGY: in Israel observed so far only from March to April, generally bivoltine, flying in spring and autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

311. Enterpia laudeti

311. Enterpia laudeti (Boisduval, 1840) TYPE LOCALITY: Switzerland (Valesia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. In Europe in four disjunct areas: central Spain, southwestern Alps, Balkans and a few localities around the Sea of Azov; also in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Levant, Egypt and Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt (Sinai). Represented by the subsp. roseomarginata Calberla, 1891, described from El Arish in northern Sinai, Egypt. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region: Judean Desert, Dead Sea area and lower Jordan Valley. Uncommon in the Judean Desert at medium and higher elevations, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living on xerotherm slopes and at the bottom of canyons with hard rock outcrops and rather sparse grass vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 8, pic. 2-4), especially in canyons draining into the Jordan Valley; in Europe and Turkey in rocky places at medium and higher altitudes, in Central Asia also on plains. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Cerastium glomeratum (Caryophyllaceae); in Europe, Silene and Gypsophila spp. The genus Hadena Schrank, 1802, contains 134 described species in the Holarctic region, with a distribution centre in the mountains of Central Asia. Most species are xeromontane. Larvae feed on flowers, particularly seeds of Caryophyllaceae (Hacker et al., 2002). So far, 13 species, with univoltine spring to early summer phenologies and inclinations towards steppe and grassland habitats, have been recorded in Israel. Six species are restricted to the medium and higher elevations of Mt. Hermon. One species, Hadena compta, is found in two highly isolated populations, one on Mt. Hermon above 1200 m a.s.l. and the other in the semi-arid region in the central Negev (Nahal Nizzana). Another species, H. silenides flies from late winter to early spring in deserts.

312. Hadena magnolii

312. Hadena magnolii (Boisduval, 1829) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern France. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Morocco, Algeria, in Southern Europe, in the North to southern France, Switzerland, central Germany, Austria, Slovakia, northern Hungary, in the East to Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Levant, Transcaucasia, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kirghizia; in North Africa in Morocco and Algeria.

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DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, upper Golan Heights and Mt. Meron. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species typically living in xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1), to a much lesser extent at edges and in clearings of closed forests, on Mt. Hermon mainly in scattered montane forests, less common on xerotherm karstic grassy slopes with a few scattered trees and bushes; in Mediterranean Europe in xeromontane rocky places, dry plateaus, sandy steppes and inland sand dunes; in Transcaucasia in alpine meadows. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, flowers and seeds of Silene nutans and other Silene species.

313. Hadena compta

314. Hadena adriana

313. Hadena compta (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia, southern Russia, northern China and Japan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: two strongly isolated populations: one in the temperate region on Mt. Hermon above 1200 m a.s.l., the other in the semi-arid region in the central Negev near Nahal Nizzana. Fairly common on Mt. Hermon, rare in the Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species, on Mt. Hermon mainly on grassy slopes with or without bushes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 8), as well as in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils; in the central Negev in a large drainage canyon with soft alluvial soils (vol. 1; pl. 30, pic. 4), in shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex, Anabasis, Salsola and Ochradenus baccatus; in Europe and Central Asia in different types of steppe and grassland habitats ranging from low to high altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, on Mt. Hermon flying from May to July, in the central Negev collected so far only in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, seeds of Caryophyllaceae, usually Dianthus carthusianorum. REMARKS: both populations show constant distinctive features in wing pattern. 314. Hadena adriana (Schawerda, 1921) TYPE LOCALITY: Croatia (Zengg). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Tunisia, southern France, Italy, Balkans, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon.

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FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, medium and higher elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species, on Mt. Hermon mainly on xerotherm karstic slopes without bushes and in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1-6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, late spring species, collected so far only in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably capsules of Caryophyllaceae, like other congeners.

315. Hadena gueneei

316. Hadena clara

315. Hadena gueneei (Staudinger, 1901) TYPE LOCALITY: Cyprus; Turkey (Taurus, Mardin; Antiochia; Bithynia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Italy, Balkans, Turkey, Levant, Transcaucasia, Iran, and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, medium and higher elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, on Mt. Hermon mainly on xerotherm karstic slopes with or without bushes, in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils, to a lesser extent in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1-6); in Europe in rocky steppes, xerotherm open grasslands at medium to high altitudes; in Azerbaijan in alpine meadows. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; probably capsules of Caryophyllaceae, like in other congeners. 316. Hadena clara (Staudinger, 1901) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Pontus; southern Taurus); Armenia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Morocco, Southern Europe, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus, Levant and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe with numerous cushion-plants (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-3),

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such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes; in Europe in high-montane steppes, usually above the timberline. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; probably capsules of Caryophyllaceae, like in other congeners.

317. Hadena persimilis

318. Hadena drenowskii

317. Hadena persimilis Hacker, 1996 TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (Sarepta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. Balkans, southern part of European Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Levant, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, rare above 1200 m a.s.l., uncommon above 1800 m. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species occurring above 1200 m on xerotherm, karstic, bushy slopes, mainly above 1800 m in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe on xerotherm slopes with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Turkey and Southern Europe in steppes at medium altitudes; in southern Russia in the Volga and Ural regions in grassy and saline steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; probably capsules of Caryophyllaceae, like in other congeners. 318. Hadena drenowskii (Rebel, 1930) TYPE LOCALITY: Bulgaria (Alibotusch-Gebirge). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Balkans, Ukraine, Turkey, Caucasus, Armenia, Levant, Iran and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. sultana Hacker, 1996, described from Turkey (Prov. Nevsehir, Topuzdagi Gecidi, 1500 m). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe on xerotherm karstic slopes with few or no cushionplants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-3); in Azerbaijan in alpine meadows; in Southern Europe in montane steppes at medium and higher altitudes; in the southern Ukraine also in lowland steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; probably capsules of Caryophyllaceae, like in other congeners.

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319. Hadena syriaca

320. Hadena perplexa

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319. Hadena syriaca (Osthelder, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Italy, southeastern Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant, Egypt, Iran and Pakistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate and semi-arid regions. Locally common in the temperate region in the northern part of the Rift Valley, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region in open and forested grasslands, on bushy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-4), in all kinds of park forest, at forest edges and even in small clearings, only rare in or absent from closed forests, in the Judean Desert mainly at higher altitudes in batha semi-steppes and in deep canyons, in drier areas only in pockets of grassland, generally not found in arid areas; in Europe in steppe habitats from sea-level to medium and high altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to May with the highest rate of occurrence in March; in Southern Europe flying from April to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; probably capsules of Caryophyllaceae, like in other congeners. 320. Hadena perplexa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, southwestern Siberia, northern India and westernmost China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate region: northern part of the Rift Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in places with lush vegetation shadowed by scattered trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 1-4), on seasonally flooded river banks, especially in seasonally flooded grasslands and lagoons as found in the delta of the River Jordan and the Hula swamps, to a lesser extent in shady canyons; in Europe in steppe-like habitats, on xerotherm rocky slopes, in the South of its distribution range up to high altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to May with the highest rate of occurrence in April; in Europe flying from April to June but, depending on microclimate, locally bivoltine, flying from April to June and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, flowers and seeds of Dianthus, Lychnis, and Silene spp. 321. Hadena silenes (Hübner, 1822) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Spain, southern France, Italy, Greece, Croatia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Levant, Iran and Turkmenistan.

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321. Hadena silenes

322. Hadena sancta

323. Hadena pumila

The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. mesopotamica Hacker, 1992, described from Turkey (Prov. Adiyaman, Urfa, Dijarbakir). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region, fairly common in the area of the Sea of Galilee, especially in the delta of the River Jordan, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living on bushy grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 11, pic. 1-3), at edges of forests and in its clearings, in mixed forested grasslands, especially in savannoid Mediterranean vegetation; in Europe in xerotherm habitats, like open steppes, montane slopes and semi-deserts, mostly on calcareous and sandy grounds. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species collected so far only in April; in Central Europe also univoltine, flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, larvae of the nominate subspecies feeding on seeds of Silene and Cucubalus spp. (Caryophyllaceae). 322. Hadena sancta (Staudinger, 1859) TYPE LOCALITY: Spain (Andalusia, near Chiclana, Cerro de Santa Anna). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean (with Red Sea extention). Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, North Africa, Levant, Turkey, southwestern Saudi Arabia and Yemen. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. turca Koçak, 1991, described from Turkey. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hacker (1996). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid region, from the southern part of the Judean Mts through the Judean Desert to the lower Jordan Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the semi-arid region, in the Judean Desert, living in all kinds of habitat ranging from batha semi-steppe to xerotherm scattered semi-shrub steppes, but mainly in deep canyons (vol. 1; pl. 18, pic. 2-4), often in xerotherm rocky areas with sparse vegetation; in Spain in steppes and semideserts; in Saudi Arabia in the Asir Mountains, in Yemen restricted to the highest mountain peaks (2700–3700 m a.s.l.); in Egypt along the Mediterranean coast. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, seeds of Silene spp. 323. Hadena pumila (Staudinger, 1879) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Kerasdere). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Greece, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. Represented by the subsp. phoenica Hacker, 1996, described from Syria (25 km W Damascus). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m, mainly on xerotherm karstic slopes in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramine-

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ae) (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Turkey in xerotherm open steppes and semi-deserts, usually at medium elevations. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early summer species flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

324. Hadena silenides

324. Hadena silenides (Staudinger, 1895) TYPE LOCALITY: Spain (Andalusia, Chiclana). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Portugal, Spain, from Morocco to Egypt, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt (Sinai). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1905). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid and semi-arid regions and in the temperate region over the southern Coastal Plain. Common, locally even abundant in the arid part of the Rift Valley, uncommon elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly along seasonal water courses, often in thickets of shrubs and semi-shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-7), especially if dominated by Anabasis and Atriplex spp. on different types of soft sediment soils, at the dry peripheries of oases also in shrub communities with Prosopis farcta and Suaeda spp., over the Coastal Plain in vegetation dominated by Anabasis syriaca and Peganum harmala, often on sand dunes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early spring species flying from January to April with the highest rate of occurrence in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Tribe Leucaniini Guenée, 1837 The Leucaniini are a widely distributed tribe of Noctuidae s.str., one of the few that are well represented in the tropics. Most European species originated from the temperate zones of Asia (Hacker et al., 2002). As well, the habitus of most species is characterized by yellow forewings and grey or whitish hind-wings. So far, 17 species have been recorded in Israel.

325. Mythimna ferrago

325. Mythimna ferrago (Fabricius, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Kiel). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia and western temperate Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. argyristis (Rambur, 1858), described from Spain (Andalusia). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common in the temperate region at medium elevations, especially in the western Judean Mts, in the Galilee, on the Golan Heights, and on Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), at medium elevations

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near swampy springs, on river banks and in deep shady forested canyons; according to Hacker (2001), in the Levant in various types of steppe in not too dry places. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; two larvae found in April, pupating in May, overwintering in captivity; in Northern Europe flying from July to August; in Southern Europe from May to June and from July to September, in Europe overwintering in the larval stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Onopordum cynarocephalum (Asteraceae=Compositae); in Europe polyphagous on various Poaceae (Gramineae), Plantago and Taraxacum spp.

326. Mythimna vitellina

327. Mythimna straminea

326. Mythimna vitellina (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic, migrant. Most parts of North Africa, in Europe from southern France, along the southern slopes of the Alps to Croatia, Romania, Crimea and the southeastern part of European Russia to Kazakhstan, Altais, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, northern Pakistan, northern India, Nepal and China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Gauckler (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: through all of the climatological regions all over the country; abundant in the temperate region, common but local in the semi-arid and arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region living in all kinds of open terrain, in the semi-arid region more in shady canyons and oases, in the arid region in oases, occasionally, during migration, far from any breeding habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November with the highest rates of occurrence in April, May and October; larvae observed from April to June and late in autumn, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on various herbs, shrubs and grasses including Malva sylvestris, Capparis spinosa aegyptiaca, Hordeum spontaneum, Saccharum ravennae and Pennisetum setaceum, occasionally on garden plants, especially salads and flowers (Asteraceae=Compositae), but not as a pest; in Europe polyphagous on Poaceae (Gramineae) and low plants, like Rumex crispus. 327. Mythimna straminea (Treitschke, 1825) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. All over most of Europe, in the North up to central England, southern Fennoscandia, Russia’s Tyumen Region, once collected in Morocco, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region: northern Hula Valley, near the Jordan springs in the Tel Dan Nature Reserve. HABITAT: in Israel probably a wetland species, collected so far only once near a riverine deciduous forest (vol. 1; pl. 4, pic. 4) with lush herbaceous vegetation and in wet

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meadows with Carex spp., Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia in the shadow of Salix thickets; in Europe very local and rare in wetlands, like swamps, moorlands, swampy river banks and reed fields. PHENOLOGY: in Israel unknown, collected so far only in May; in Southern Europe bivoltine, flying from June to August and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, mainly Phragmites, to a lesser extent Phalaris, Carex and Typha spp.

328. Mythimna congrua

329. Mythimna languida

328. Mythimna congrua (Hübner, 1817) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Algeria, Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Caucasian region, Transcaucasia, Iraq and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common in the temperate region: northern part of the Rift Valley, Sea of Galilee area, Hula Valley, and foothills of Mt. Hermon, local over the northern Coastal Plain near Haifa. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 1-6), along ditches, in wet and seasonally flooded meadows, Phragmites thickets, near swampy springs, on river banks and in lagoons, on the Coastal Plain along a small swampy streamlet with Phragmites australis fields, large patches of Carex spp. and in the nearby sand dunes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel possibly a univoltine spring species collected so far only from January to May with the highest rate of occurrence in April; in Europe bivoltine, flying from March to June and from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Agropyrum junceum (Poaceae=Gramineae); in Europe, various Poaceae. 329. Mythimna languida (Walker, 1858) TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa (Port Natal). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. Almost all over tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Mediterranean basin. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, common, locally even abundant, penetrating the semi-arid and arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in areas with more than 400 mm annual rainfall, there especially common in mixed forested grasslands, in all kinds of park forest with a continuous grass cover, on bushy slopes, in dry and wet bushy meadows in large inland valleys, often along river banks with scattered trees and bushes; in the semi-arid region occasionally in oases and deep shady canyons, only a few specimens collected in the arid region in oases, especially ‘En Zin. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence in January, April and September, in oases in the Rift Valley also in December; larvae observed in April, July and autumn.

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HOST-PLANTS: in Israel on sugar cane (Saccharum ravennae; Poaceae=Gramineae), but not as a pest, and on Phragmites australis (Poaceae); in Italy, Phragmites communis; in Egypt, Lavatera spp.

330. Mythimna l-album

331. Mythimna sicula

330. Mythimna l-album (Linnaeus, 1767) TYPE LOCALITY: Portugal (‘Lusitania’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Widespread in the western and central parts of the Palearctic region; in Europe to southern England, as well as southern coasts of North and Baltic seas in the North, also Ural Mts, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia and China; in North Africa from Morocco to Tunisia; Levant, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, northern Pakistan and northern India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon in the temperate region, mainly at medium elevations, especially in the upper Galilee, on the Golan Heights and on Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species living in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 1-6), along ditches, in wet and seasonally flooded meadows, at medium elevations near swampy springs and on river banks; according to Hacker (2001), in the Levant in various steppe habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from March to June and in August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, various Poaceae (Gramineae), e.g. Poa, Festuca, Dactylis etc. 331. Mythimna sicula (Treitschke, 1835) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Sicily, Palermo). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Southernmost parts of Central Europe and Southern Europe; in North Africa in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and even the central Sahara, also in Turkey, Levant, Iran and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common, locally abundant all over the semi-arid region, penetrating the arid region towards the northern Arava Valley, and the temperate region towards the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living in the temperate region in lowlands on xerotherm grassy slopes and in meadows, mainly on slopes with impoverished vegetation and stony outcrops, in the Judean Desert almost ubiquitous in all kinds of steppe habitat, in the Arava Valley concentrating in oases (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 3); in Europe in steppe habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence in January, April and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, various species of Poaceae (Gramineae).

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332. Mythimna alopecuri

333. Mythimna riparia

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332. Mythimna alopecuri (Boisduval, 1840) TYPE LOCALITY: Russia (Taganrokh). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Southern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus region, Transcaucasia, Levant, Iraq, Iran, European part of southern Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: through all of the climatological regions along the Rift Valley and the neighbouring mountain ranges, from the northern part of the Arava Valley, Dead Sea area and Jordan Valley to the Golan Heights and Mt. Hermon up to medium elevations. Common in the Judean Desert at higher elevations and in the northern Jordan Valley, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species occurring in the Judean Desert on slopes of canyons, often on hard stony outcrops with sparse grass vegetation, in batha semi-steppes and shrub steppes (vol. 1; pl. 16, pic. 1), on the Golan Heights in scattered park forests with a continuous grass cover; in Europe often at rather low altitudes in xerotherm coastal habitats around the Mediterranean and Black seas; in Turkmenistan on the foothills and in the mid-montane xerotherm zone from 600 up to1000 m a.s.l. in the Kopet-Dagh Mts; according to Wiltshire (1957), in Iraq in the woodland zone of the mountains; overwintering in the larval stage. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from April to May and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, but probably Poaceae (Gramineae). 333. Mythimna riparia (Rambur, 1829) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Monspel) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Morocco, Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Spuler (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the northern part of the Arava Valley to the Golan Heights, and on Mt. Hermon at medium elevations, also over the southern Coastal Plain. Common in the area of the Sea of Galilee and in the Hula Valley, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living mostly in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes (vol. 1; pl. 12, pic. 1-6), at medium elevations near swampy springs, on river banks, in the semi-arid region concentrating in oases. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to May and from September to October; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Bidens pilosa (Compositae=Asteraceae); in Europe polyphagous on grasses including Calamagrostis spp. and low herbaceous plants, like Vicia and Trifolium spp.

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334. Mythimna unipuncta

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334. Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: England. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Cosmopolitan. North and South America, absent both from the eastern Palearctic and the Indo-Pacific region. In North Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, in Europe resident up to about 45o N, Turkey and the Levant, absent from the arid parts of the Arabian Peninsula but recorded from Yemen and Oman, otherwise widespread in the Near and Middle East. In Europe migrating as far North as Iceland and Scandinavia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Rivnay (1962). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: through all of the climatological regions all over the country. Abundant in lowlands, common at medium and higher altitudes, locally common to abundant in the arid region in oases and canyons. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, in the temperate region mainly in open grasslands, bushy meadows and anthropogenic places, like wastelands, gardens, parks etc., in the semi-arid and arid regions occasionally abundant in deep canyons with rich vegetation, in natural and artificial oases and gardens. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round, with 3-4 overlapping generations, with the highest rates of occurrence from January to March, in May and from September to November; larvae observed from March to June and in autumn; in the tropics up to six generations per year. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Arundo donax (Poaceae=Gramineae) and Picnomon acarna (Asteraceae= Compositae), occasionally on wheat and barley, but not registered so far as a pest; elsewhere known from Poaceae (Gramineae) and cereals; in Europe, Rumex crispus and R. obtusifolius. The genus Leucania Ochsenheimer, 1816 contains about 150–200 species worldwide (Hacker et al., 2002). The larvae feed on various grasses and on some other low plants. So far, 7 species have been recorded in Israel, all from open areas throughout the country. Two species, L. joannisi and L. zeae, inhabit wet areas in the Hula Valley. L. loreyi is a multivoltine, ubiquitous, migrant common in all kinds of open habitats.

335. Leucania putrescens

335. Leucania putrescens (Hübner, 1824) TYPE LOCALITY: Malta. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Southern Europe, North Africa, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the arid region, penetrating the semi-arid region in the northern Rift Valley and the Judean Desert. In the Arava Valley locally common, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in the arid region, mainly along seasonal water courses and shallow wadis, in large depressions and small water catch-

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ments with sparse and dense shrubs and semi-shrubs but with extensive patches of annuals and perennial grasses on different types of soft sediment soils (vol. 1; pl. 3, pic. 3-10), in the Judean Desert mainly on xerotherm slopes with sparse vegetation; in Turkey uncommon and rather restricted to the Mediterranean coast. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November; larvae observed in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Aristida caerulescens and Cenchrus ciliaris (both Poaceae= Gramineae); in Europe, undefined Poaceae (Gramineae).

336. Leucania punctosa

337. Leucania palaestinae

336. Leucania punctosa (Treitschke, 1825) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern France. Type locality erroneously indicated as ‘Mulzer in Unsbach (sic)’ (Poole, 1989; Hacker et al., 2002), the southern French type specimen having been described from the collection of Mr. Mulzer of Ansbach, Germany. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. From Morocco to Libya, Southern Europe, Turkey, Armenia, Levant, Iran, Iraq and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern Negev, as well as in the temperate region over the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling psammophilous species living mainly on unconsolidated sand dunes with different types of impoverished semi-shrub and shrub communities (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3), often in extensive patches of Desmostachya bipinnata, along the coastal dunes, occasionally very close to the sea shore; in Turkey, Armenia and Turkmenistan in xerotherm steppes and semi-arid grasslands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November; larvae observed in November, pupating in captivity in December, hatching the following year late in September; in Southern Europe, larvae feeding throughout the winter until January or February. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Desmostachya bipinnata (Poaceae=Gramineae); in Europe, undefined Poaceae (Gramineae). 337. Leucania palaestinae Staudinger, 1897 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa); Jordan. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. From Algeria to Egypt, Sicily, Greece, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, Jordan, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: through all of the climatological regions, along the Rift Valley, mainly from the northern Arava Valley to the Hula Valley. Common or abundant in the Hula Valley, elsewhere rare and often local. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species ubiquitous in all kinds of swampy and wet areas, natural and irrigated (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 1-6), most common in Phragmites australis fields and seasonally flooded meadows with little or no grazing; in the arid region mainly in oases with large Phragmites australis fields.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from April to June and from October to December; larvae observed in spring, May and November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Phragmites australis and Arundo donax (both Poaceae= Gramineae), occasionally on wheat but not as a pest; in Europe on Phragmites australis and other Poaceae (Gramineae).

338. Leucania joannisi

339. Leucania zeae

338. Leucania joannisi Boursin & Rungs, 1952 TYPE LOCALITY: Gambia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Tropical and subtropical Africa, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, southern Italy, Greece, Levant and Saudi Arabia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species restricted to wet and swampy places with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes, in swampy meadows, seasonally flooded grasslands and freshwater marshlands (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 1-6); in Europe in hot and humid coastal habitats, near lagoons, coastal marshes, river deltas, drainage canals, marshy places with reed beds. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from April to October with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 339. Leucania zeae (Duponchel, 1827) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Montpellier region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. North Africa, Southern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Central Asia and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common in the temperate region: Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species restricted to wet and swampy places with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and Phragmites australis thickets on wet soils (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 1-6); widely distributed in the eremic areas of the Palearctic, in Europe a wetland species, in the Balkans also xerothermophilous, often in coastal habitats with halothermophilous vegetation, in cultures and gardens. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May, July and from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Arundo donax, Zea mays and other Poaceae (Gramineae) including cereals, occasionally a minor pest.

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340. Leucania herrichii

341. Leucania loreyi

Volume 2. Noctuidae

340. Leucania herrichii Herrich-Schäffer, 1849 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Bosporus). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Levant, Iran and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1905). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region. Common and widespread at medium and higher altitudes, especially in the Judean Mountains, on the Golan Heights, in the upper Galilee and on Mt. Hermon, rare and local on the Coastal Plain (Tel Aviv). HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in different types of open park forest, in the southern Golan Heights and the upper Galilee in mixed forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1-9), on Mt. Hermon mainly in montane scattered forests and on bushy slopes, in the Judean Mts in batha semi-steppes, generally absent from or rare in closed and shady forests; in southeastern Europe in deciduous oak forests and shrubs, mainly at medium and high elevations. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from August to November with the highest rate of occurrence in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably Poaceae (Gramineae), like in other congeners. 341. Leucania loreyi (Duponchel, 1827) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Dijon). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. Widespread in most parts of Africa, Indo-Pacific subtropics and tropics, southern parts of eastern Palearctic region, Nepal, India, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common, occasionally even abundant all over the country in all climatological regions; in the arid region concentrating in oases, avoiding high elevations (Mt. Hermon) and arid deserts. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, in the temperate region including also open forests, anthropogenic places, like wastelands, gardens, parks etc.; in the semi-arid and arid regions occasionally in oases, irrigated agricultural areas and gardens. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, with a few overlapping generations flying throughout the year, with the highest rates of occurrence in May and from August to November; larvae observed in April, June and November, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST -PLANTS : in Israel, Phragmites australis and Saccharum ravennae (Poaceae= Gramineae), occasionally on fancy bamboo, once in an experimental rice field; a pest of winter cereals (wheat, barley) and summer cereals (corn, sorghum, sugar cane) (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969).

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Tribe Glottulini Guenée, 1852 This tribe has brightly colored, non-camouflaged larvae and often feed on Amaryllidaceae or Liliaceae. The adults are also conspicuously colored, which is unusual for noctuids. So far, one deserticolous species has been recorded in Israel.

342. Polytela cliens

342. Polytela cliens (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) TYPE LOCALITY: unknown. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Through North Africa and the Sahara to Levant and Arabian Peninsula, up to southern Iran in the East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Sheljuzhko (1960). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the arid region: Negev, Arava Valley and Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, mainly along wadis, on different types of soft sediment soils, in thickets of different shrubs and semi-shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-7), especially Atriplex spp. and in depressions and water catchments with patches of annuals and perennial grasses, rare on or absent from slopes with hard rock outcrops and from sites with scattered vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late winter species flying from February to March, some pupae with a diapause of up to several years long. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe on the flowers and seeds of Dipcadi serotinum and Pancratium tortuosum. Subfamily Noctuinae Latreille, 1809 This large subfamily contains about 1200 species worldwide and is particularly wellrepresented in eremic regions. Adults have (hind-)tibial spurs, a feature which distinguishes them from nearly all other ‘noctuid’ subfamilies. This feature is also found in the noctuid subfamily Heliothinae but this group also possesses foretibial claws. The larvae live on the ground and feed on herbaceous plants. As well, they are usually polyphagous and many are pest species because they cut young plants at the base or near the ground level. So far, 78 species belonging to 12 genera and 2 tribes have been recorded in Israel. Tribe Agrotini Rambur, 1848 In Israel, this tribe is represented by 5 genera and 53 species. The genera Eucoptocnemis and Peridroma include one species each. The remainder belong to the genera Agrotis Ochsenheimer, 1816, Dichagyris Lederer, 1857 and Euxoa Hübner, 1821; the most important pest species belong to the genera Agrotis and Euxoa. Females deposit their eggs on the soil or on the lower parts of the host-plants. Some of the desert species with long ovipositors deposit the eggs deep inside the soil next to the sprouts (Kozhantshikov, 1937).

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343. Peridroma saucia

Volume 2. Noctuidae

343. Peridroma saucia (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Tropical Asiatic, migrant. Widespread in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, Indo-Australian tropics, USA, Canada, Mexico, all over Europe except for the polar parts, Turkey, Levant, Transcaucasia, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan and Central Asian mountains; either absent or only known from a few records from many dry and arid areas. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: since the 1980’s, only in the northern part of the temperate region in mountainous areas; in the past common all over the temperate region, over the Coastal Plain even abundant (Amsel, 1933; Rivnay & Yathom, 1964). In the northern part of the temperate region fairly common, towards the South rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species occurring in all kinds of open terrain, in the temperate region including open forests and anthropogenic places, like wastelands, gardens, parks etc. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rate of occurrence from July to September; larvae observed in March, May and July; in Northern Europe usually not propagating at site, flying from early summer to autumn; in the tropics and subtropics multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous, occasionally a minor pest of vegetables and other agricultural plants including tomatoes, melons, sun flowers, eggplants, cabbage, cucumbers and potatoes, in natural habitats so far on Onopordum palaestinum (Asteraceae= Compositae) and Ononis hirta (Fabaceae=Papilionaceae); in Europe a known pest of numerous horti- and agricultural plants, also polyphagous on wild herbs including Convolvulus arvensis, Rumex crispus, Senecio aethnensis, Senecio cineraria and Senecio erraticus. The genus Dichagyris Ledere, 1857 contains 39 species in Europe and is one of the largest genera of Noctuinae (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005). Most species are xeromontane, inhabiting dry montane steppes up to 5000 m a.s.l. Their generic origin is probably in the dry inner mountains of Central Asia (Zolotarenko, 1970). So far, 21 species have been recorded in Israel. Ten of these are restricted to montane steppes of Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l., although some of them, e.g. D. candelisequa, occur in Europe at sea-level (Nowacki, 1998). Five species prefer dry mountain habitats, like the Judean Desert and central Negev and often come down to the Dead Sea area along large canyons, as does D. imperator. Four species prefer grasslands at medium and higher altitudes and one species (D. romanovi) not recorded since the 1960’s, is possibly extinct.

344. Dichagyris flammatra

344. Dichagyris flammatra (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Southern and Central Europe, northwestern Africa, Near and Middle East, and Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus.

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FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the 1930’s, widespread in the temperate and semi-arid regions of the country; in the 1960’s, widespread but uncommon (S. Yathom, personal communication), restricted to the temperate region over the central Coastal Plain (Rehovot), to the southern part of Carmel Mountain Ridge and to the foothills of Mt. Hermon; since the 1980’s, rare and local, restricted to Mt. Hermon and Mt. Meron above 800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, on Mt. Hermon living on xerotherm karstic grassy slopes, in open and bushy grasslands, in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1, 2), on Mt. Meron mainly on the southern slopes, in open grasslands, in scattered Quercus park forests and at forest edges, in the past found also in open xerotherm grasslands including wasteland and meadows at low altitudes (S. Yathom, personal communication); in Southern Europe in forested and unforested grasslands in the mountains; in Central Europe in xeromontane meadows, rocky grasslands, especially on limestone slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying all year round with the highest rate of occurrence from May to July; in Central Europe flying from June to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe herbaceous plants including Taraxacum, Potentilla and Fragaria spp.

345. Dichagyris sureyae

346. Dichagyris rubidior

345. Dichagyris sureyae (Rebel, 1931) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Ankara). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, southwestern Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. facunda (Draudt, 1938), described from Turkey (Marash). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. , pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Iran nocturnally feeding on low plants. 346. Dichagyris rubidior (Corti, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Lebanon (Bscharre). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l.

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HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m, in valleys and dolinas on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils and in montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

347. Dichagyris terminicincta

348. Dichagyris candelisequa

347. Dichagyris terminicincta (Corti, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Lebanon (Bscharre). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iran and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m, in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 348. Dichagyris candelisequa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palaearctic. From Central, Southern and Eastern Europe and North Africa across Turkey, Levant and northern Iran to Afghanistan and southern Siberia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. achaemenidica Hacker, 1990, described from Turkey (Bingöl). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common but very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Azerbaijan in xerotherm grasslands and steppes; in Southern Europe in bushy and grassy areas, often in lowlands, in the mountains up to 2200 m; in western Siberia in lowland steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to July with the highest rate of occurrence from May to June; in Southern Europe flying from late June to early September; in western Siberia from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Poaceae (Gramineae) and herbaceous plants; in western Siberia, Artemisia and Jurinea spp.

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349. Dichagyris elbursica

350. Dichagyris leucomelas

The Lepidoptera of Israel

349. Dichagyris elbursica (Draudt, 1937) TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Elburs Mountains). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. Widespread in mountainous areas at higher altitudes from the Near and Middle East to Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common but very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m, in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2-3); in Azerbaijan in steppes; in Iran in montane steppes, in the Elburs Mts in xerotherm karstic places up to 3000 m, on Mt. Demavan up to 3800 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 350. Dichagyris leucomelas Brandt, 1941 TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Kouh i Taftan; Fort Sengan; Kouh i Binaloud). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. From Levant, Iran, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, northern Pakistan to northern India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l., in the semi-arid region in the central Negev above 800 m, and in the arid region in the southern Negev in mountainous areas above 500 m. On Mt. Hermon fairly common but local, in the central Negev uncommon and local, in the southern Negev rare and very local. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species restricted to medium and higher elevations, on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in the central Negev, above 800 m, on rocky terrain with shrub steppes and scattered trees of Pistacia atlantica in communities dominated by Artemisia sieberi and Helianthemum vesicarium; in the southern Negev in water catchments with patches of steppe vegetation at high altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species, in the South of the country flying in May, in the North from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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351. Dichagyris melanura

352. Dichagyris melanuroides

Volume 2. Noctuidae

351. Dichagyris melanura (Kollar, 1846) TYPE LOCALITY: Croatia (Dalmatia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Southeastern Europe, Caucasus region, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Levant and northern Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. Represented by the subsp. roseotincta (Corti, 1933), described from northern Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l., in the semi-arid region in the central Negev above 800 m, and in the arid region in the southern Negev above 500 m. On Mt. Hermon fairly common but local, in the central Negev uncommon and local, in the southern Negev rare and very local. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species restricted to medium and higher elevations, on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes, in the central Negev, above 800 m, on rocky terrain with shrub steppes and scattered trees of Pistacia atlantica in plant communities dominated by Artemisia sieberi and Helianthemum vesicarium, in the southern Negev in water catchments with patches of steppe vegetation at high altitudes (vol. 1; pl. 31, pic. 1-3); in Azerbaijan in montane habitats with xerophilous vegetation; in Southern Europe in open xerotherm habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species, in the South of the country flying in May, in the North from June to July; in Southern Europe from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 352. Dichagyris melanuroides I. Kozhantshikov, 1930 TYPE LOCALITY: Bukhara (Uzbekistan) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Central Asian. Turkmenistan, Caucasian and Transcaucasian regions, southern Turkey, northern Iran and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l. OCCURRENCE IN ISRAEL: on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m, rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species restricted to medium and higher elevations, on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m, mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Gramineae on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1, 2); in Azerbaijan in montane xerophyte biotopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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353. Dichagyris imperator

354. Dichagyris pfeifferi

355. Dichagyris singularis

The Lepidoptera of Israel

353. Dichagyris imperator (A. Bang-Haas, 1912) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Batna). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From the eremic parts of southern Spain across North Africa to the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Fibiger (1990). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid and arid regions in the Negev and in the southern part of the Judean Desert. Common in the central Negev, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species restricted to medium and higher elevations, mainly in xerotherm montane steppes (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-3) and, to a lesser extent, in desert steppes dominated by Artemisia shrub communities, in shallow rocky wadis with contracted sparse vegetation often dominated by Zygophyllum dumosum on coarse rocky soils and water catchments with steppe vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; in the western parts of North Africa flying from April to July and, again, in August, probably with a summer diapause. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Saudi Arabia, Zygophyllum spp. 354. Dichagyris pfeifferi (Corti & Draudt, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southeastern Turkey, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common but very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m, in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1, 2); in Azerbaijan in montane xerotherm habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 355. Dichagyris singularis (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (Krasnowodsk). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. Transcaucasia, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. mesopotamica Hacker & Weigert, 1986, described from Turkey. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1901). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region restricted to the higher elevations of Mt. Hermon, all over the semi-arid region, locally penetrating the arid region in the Dead Sea area, as well as the Arava Valley. Locally common, in the Judean Desert abundant.

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HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species living mainly at medium and higher elevations, on Mt. Hermon mainly in xerotherm habitats, like rocky grassy slopes and subalpine tragacanthic steppes, there especially common in valleys and dolinas with waterlogged fine-grained leached soils; in the Judean Desert on hot and dry limestone and dolomite slopes with rich grass vegetation and scattered shrubs, in the central Negev in a large drainage canyon with soft alluvial soils (vol. 1; pl. 31, pic. 1-3), in shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex spp.; in Azerbaijan in deserts and semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to January, with the highest rate of occurrence in November; in Azerbaijan overwintering in the larval stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Turkey polyphagous, feeding at night on low plants.

356. Dichagyris erubescens

357. Dichagyris devota

356. Dichagyris erubescens (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Aintab; Malatia; Mardin). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common but local in the northern part of the temperate region: medium and higher altitudes of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils, to a lesser extent on karstic grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Azerbaijan widespread in xerotherm montane habitats; in Turkey in open steppes, in the mountains up to 2500 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early summer species flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Azerbaijan low plants (Aliev, 1984). 357. Dichagyris devota (Christoph, 1884) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (mountains near Ashkhabad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Southeastern Turkey, Armenia, Levant, northern Saudi Arabia, Iran, in the East to Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. eremita (Amsel, 1935), described from Israel (Dead Sea area). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region, especially in the northern Negev, the Judean Desert, the Dead Sea area and the Jordan Valley; in the temperate region on the Golan Heights. Common in the Judean Desert and Dead Sea area, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living in the Judean Desert on xerotherm limestone and dolomite slopes, especially in Artemisia steppes, in the Dead Sea area in deep rocky canyons with sparse contracted steppe vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 24, pic. 1-4), in the central Negev in a large drainage canyon with soft alluvial soils and dense shrub thickets dominated by Atriplex halimus and A. leucoclada, on the Golan Heights in xerotherm sparse grasslands.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, usually spring species, in the semi-arid and arid regions flying from February to April, but in the North, on the Golan Heights, flying from June to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Zygophyllum dumosum (Zygophyllaceae); elsewhere unknown.

358. Dichagyris amoena

359. Dichagyris anastasia

360. Dichagyris romanovi

358. Dichagyris amoena Staudinger 1892 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Anatolian. Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 359. Dichagyris anastasia (Draudt, 1936) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Wan). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Eastern Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common but very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from August to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 360. Dichagyris romanovi (Christoph, 1885) TYPE LOCALITY: Transcaucasia (Kasikoparan). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Transcaucasia, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the semi-arid region in the mountains of the Judean Desert. No records since the 1960’s; already at that time rare and local. HABITAT: in a steppe species living at the higher elevations of the Judean Desert on limestone and dolomite slopes with sparse steppe vegetation (S. Yathom, personal communication); in Turkey in dry and rocky steppes; in Azerbaijan in semi-deserts; in Iran in the Kopet Dagh Mts in xerotherm montane steppes up to 2500 m a.s.l.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to June with the highest rate of occurrence from April to May; in Azerbaijan flying from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

361. Dichagyris flavina

362. Dichagyris nigrescens

361. Dichagyris flavina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (‘Asia Minor’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. From Balkans, Romania and Crimea across Turkey, Caucasus and Transcaucasia to Iran, Iraq and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common but local, in the temperate region at the medium elevations of Mt. Hermon and upper Golan Heights, in the semi-arid region restricted to the higher altitudes of the Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland-dwelling species living on Mt. Hermon on xerotherm karstic slopes with sparse grassy vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1, 2), on the Golan Heights in open grasslands and at forest edges, in the Judean Desert in the batha semi-steppes and in water catchments on xerotherm limestone and dolomite slopes with patches of rich grass vegetation; in Southern Europe in open steppes with sparse vegetation, in the mountains up to 2000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring to early summer species flying from May to July with the highest rate of occurrence in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 362. Dichagyris nigrescens (Höfner, 1887) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Kärnten, Wolfsberg). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. From Southern and Central Europe across Turkey, Levant, Iraq and Iran to Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. robustior (Corti & Draudt, 1933), described from Turkey (Marash), FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon at medium altitudes, Golan Heights and Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living on Mt. Hermon mainly in montane scattered forests and on grassy slopes, in the Galilee in sparse Quercus ithaburensis park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, in the Judean Mountains mainly on xerotherm steep karstic slopes with no or few scattered bushes (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 19-10), only once met with in a forested shady canyon, on the foothills of the Judean Mts mainly in Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Zygophyllum dumosum (Zygophyllaceae) and Taraxacum cyprium (Asteraceae=Compositae), elsewhere unknown.

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363. Dichagyris libanicola

364. Dichagyris truculenta

365. Eucoptocnemis tischendorfi

The Lepidoptera of Israel

363. Dichagyris libanicola (Corti & Draudt, 1933) TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Lebanon. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common but rather local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon at medium altitudes, and nearby upper Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living on Mt. Hermon mainly in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1, 2), to a lesser extent at edges of closed forests and on bushy slopes, on the upper Golan Heights in forest clearings, at forest edges and in mixed forested grasslands, as well as in open rich grasslands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 364. Dichagyris truculenta Lederer, 1853 TYPE LOCALITY: Western Siberia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. From the Near and Middle East to western Siberia, Central Asia and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon at medium altitudes, and upper Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living on the upper Golan Heights in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes, on Mt. Hermon mainly in mixed forested grasslands and on grassy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8); in western Siberia in steppes and in mountainous areas with sparse vegetation up to 2500 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to August, in western Siberia from July to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 365. Eucoptocnemis tischendorfi (Püngeler, 1925) TYPE LOCALITY: Syria (Aleppo). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Southeastern Turkey, Levant, Armenia, and Saudi Arabia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic.

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2, 3); in Azerbaijan in montane xerotherm habitats; in the Near East generally in steppes and semi-deserts up to 1800 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. The genus Euxoa Hübner, 1821 is one of the largest genera of Noctuinae with about 260 species in the Holarctic and Neotropics. Of these, 130 species are in the Palearctic region; 42 in Europe (Fibiger, 1990). Most species are found in dry steppe habitats, often montane, and some are associated with semi-desert biotopes. Females lay their eggs on soil near the host-plant. The larvae are usually polyphagous and usually overwinter inside the egg, waiting for suitable conditions for hatching (Zolotarenko, 1970). So far, 12 species have been recorded in Israel.

366. Euxoa conspicua

367. Euxoa aquilina

366. Euxoa conspicua (Hübner, 1824) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. In mountainous areas of Libya, Southern Europe, Near and Middle East, and large parts of temperate and semi-arid Asia including western China and westernmost Mongolia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern part of the temperate region: upper Galilee (Mt. Meron) and Mt. Hermon, above 1600 m.a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living on Mt. Hermon in scattered montane forests and on bushy grassy slopes, on Mt. Meron mainly on the southern slopes, in open grasslands, scattered Quercus park forests and at forest edges (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1); in Southern Europe on mountain slopes with very sparse vegetation, up to 3000 m a.s.l.; in western Siberia in Artemisia-Poaceae and Festuca steppes at different altitudes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to July; in Southern Europe from May to October; in Tajikistan from May to June and in October, with adults aestivating during the hottest months, mating and oviposition only in autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Central Asia and western Siberia polyphagous on many low plants; a known pest of cotton, vinyards, sugar beet, water melons, melons and cucumbers. 367. Euxoa aquilina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Europe, North Africa, Near and Middle East, temperate Asia to the Far East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1600 m a.s.l., upper Golan Heights, and mountains of the Judean Desert. Common in the upper part of Mt. Hermon, elsewhere rare.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, on Mt. Hermon living on xerotherm karstic slopes with sparse grassy vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8), in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae), in the Judean Desert in the batha semisteppe and in water catchments, like seasonal water courses and depressions on hot and dry limestone and dolomite slopes with patches of rich grass vegetation and contracted shrubs and semi-shrubs; in Europe and western Siberia in open xerotherm habitats, especially steppes and forest-steppes, towards the East less habitatspecific and almost ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to October, on Mt. Hermon the highest rate of occurrence in August, in the Judean Mts in May; in Central Europe flying from June to August, larvae overwintering inside the egg and developing during spring. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe and Siberia, larvae feeding partly subterraneously on roots of Poaceae (Gramineae) and other low plants; a known pest of vegetables, sugar beet and corn.

368. Euxoa anarmodia

369. Euxoa nigrofusca

368. Euxoa anarmodia (Staudinger, 1897) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Algeria to Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid region and in the temperate region over the southern and central Coastal Plain. Locally abundant in the northern Negev and on the Coastal Plain, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, probably psammophilous and ubiquitous in all kinds of areas with soft, especially sandy, soils, most common in shallow wadies and depressions with patches of annuals and perennial grasses, generally avoiding hard soils, stony deserts, hyper-arid places, dry and wet salinas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; in captivity reared on Hyoscyamus muticus (Solanaceae). 369. Euxoa nigrofusca (Esper, 1788) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy or Austria (‘Tyrol’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Levant, southern Siberia, and temperate areas of Asia, in the East to the Pacific Ocean. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: according to Amsel (1933), in mountainous areas, probably near Jerusalem. No records since the 1930’s.

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HABITAT: in Israel no data available on habitat preferences, possibly a grassland or steppe species; in Europe a xerothermophilic species of open terrain. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected only in May; in Europe a univoltine summer species flying from June to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, larvae feeding partly subterraneously on roots of Poaceae (Gramineae) and other low plants.

370. Euxoa temera

371. Euxoa oranaria

370. Euxoa temera (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. North Africa, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all of the climatological regions all over the country. Fairly common in the mountainous areas of the temperate region, especially the upper Galilee, the Golan Heights, and the Judean Mts; rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in the temperate region in all kinds of open terrain, especially grassland, bushy meadows, open park forests with a rich undergrowth, at forest edges and their larger clearings; in the semi-arid region only in oases, shady canyons and settlements; in the arid region only in irrigated areas; in Southern Europe in xerotherm open areas with low-growing vegetation, often at low altitudes in steppes and sandy habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November; larvae observed in April; in Azerbaijan overwintering as larva inside the egg, the larvae hatching from late March to early April, the adults flying from early June to September with adults aestivating from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, larvae observed in a natural garden on tomatoes, zucchini and the natural flower Alcea setosa; in Europe, larvae feed partly subterraneously on Poaceae (Gramineae) and other low plants; in Azerbaijan recorded as a pest of wheat, some vegetables and young cotton plants. 371. Euxoa oranaria (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (South Oran). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Iberian Peninsula, one record in Sicily, also Morocco, Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the arid region, but rare and rather local. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in the hottest and driest areas of the Negev and the Arava Valley, typically along the walls of deep stony canyons (vol. 1; pl. 31, pic. 1-3) in depressions and shallow valleys with different types of soft soils and sparse contracted desert vegetation with patches of annuals and perennial grasses. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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372. Euxoa distinguenda

373. Euxoa robiginosa

The Lepidoptera of Israel

372. Euxoa distinguenda (Lederer, 1857) TYPE LOCALITY: Switzerland (Wallis). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, Levant, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, western Siberia, Altai and China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. distincta (Staudinger, 1892), described from Turkey (Amasia). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern part of the temperate region: medium and higher elevations of Mt. Hermon (1000–2000 m a.s.l.). HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living on xerotherm karstic slopes with sparse grassy vegetation, in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with few or no cushion plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8); in Europe in rather open habitats with scattered trees and shrubs, from sea-level up to the timberline; in western Siberia in steppes at different altitudes and in open areas of forest-steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October; in Europe from August to September, larvae overwintering inside the egg and developing in spring. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Southern Europe, various herbaceous plants; in western Siberia a minor pest of sugar beet and corn. 373. Euxoa robiginosa (Staudinger, 1895) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iraq, northern and southwestern Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1895). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but rare in the temperate region: medium and higher elevations of Mt. Hermon, and the upper Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species restricted to medium and higher elevations, in the Judean Desert on limestone hills with grasslands and scattered shrubs, mostly in plant communities dominated by Sarcopoterium spinosum, Astragalus bethlehemiticus and Artemisia spp., to a lesser extent in canyons, mainly on grassy xerotherm southern slopes; on Mt. Hermon on xerotherm karstic slopes with sparse grassy vegetation, in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with few or no cushionplants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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374. Euxoa cos

375. Euxoa canariensis

Volume 2. Noctuidae

374. Euxoa cos (Hübner, 1824) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact locality given). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. From Tunisia, Algeria, South of Central Europe, across Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant, and Iran to Central Asia and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: fairly common at the medium and higher elevations of Mt. Hermon, rare at the high altitudes of the Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species restricted to medium and higher elevations, in the Judean Desert on limestone hills with grasslands and scattered shrubs, on Mt. Hermon on xerotherm karstic slopes with sparse grassy vegetation, in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8); in Europe in rather open habitats with scattered bushes and trees. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October; in Europe from late July to September; larvae overwintering inside the egg. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, larvae feeding partly subterraneously on herbaceous plants. 375. Euxoa canariensis (Rebel, 1902) TYPE LOCALITY: Canary Islands. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. From the Canary islands throughout the arid and semi-arid parts of North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Iran, and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). Represented by the subsp. diamondi Boursin, 1940, described from Iraq (Habbariyah, W of Bagdad). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common and widespread in the arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in deserts with savannoid vegetation dominated by Acacia tortilis and A. raddiana with thickets of shrubs and semi-shrubs, especially in depressions and water catchments with silty alluvial soils with numerous patches of perennial grasses and annuals (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-7), less common in saline areas, in the northeastern Negev on consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes in Anabasis articulata and Artemisia sieberi communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 376. Euxoa heringi (Staudinger, 1877) TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Schahkuh). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon.

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376. Euxoa heringi

377. Euxoa foeda

The Lepidoptera of Israel

FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1-6); in Turkey in mountainous areas above 1300 m in open xerotherm areas with low-growing vegetation; in Azerbaijan in alpine meadows. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from August to October; in Turkey from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 377. Euxoa foeda (Lederer, 1855) TYPE LOCALITY: Russia (Altai). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)European-West Asiatic. From southeastern Europe to Turkey, Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Levant, Caucasus region, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Altai Mts. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1-6); in Europe in open habitats with low-growing vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to September with the highest rate of occurrence in August; in Europe from August to Septenber. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. The genus Agrotis Ochsenheimer, 1816 is distributed in all global biogeographical regions. There are 167 described species, 80 of which are found in the Palearctic, 32 of these in Europe (Zolotarenko, 1970; Fibiger, 1990). They usually prefer open mesic or dry lowland habitats. Some species are economically important as pests of vegetables and wheat. So far, 19 species have been recorded in Israel. Four species, Agrotis spinifera, A. segetum, A. ipsilon and A. puta, are multivoltine, ubiquitous, and fly throughout Israel almost all year around except during the hottest summer months. Most of the other congeners with autumnal phenology are restricted in distribution. Two species occur only in mountains (Agrotis obesa and A. scruposa), one species only in coastal sand dunes, and seven species are deserticolous.

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378. Agrotis spinifera

379. Agrotis segetum

Volume 2. Noctuidae

378. Agrotis spinifera (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Widespread all over Africa, Mediterranean basin, Near and Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, and many parts of subtropical and tropical Asia including China, India and Myanmar. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the lowlands in all climatological regions of the country, at medium and higher altitudes probably only as migrant. Common along the semi-arid and temperate parts of the Rift Valley, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, especially over lowlands of the Coastal Plain and the larger inland valleys with natural or cultivated grasses, in open and forested grasslands, agricultural areas, all kinds of steppe with more than 250 mm annual rainfall, in deserts concentrating in oases. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with 3–4 overlapping generations with the highest rates of occurrence from December to January, from April to May, and from September to November; larvae found mainly from December to June. Life cycle from egg to adult in winter requiring at least 4 months, in summer only 1–1.5 months. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, roots of Poaceae (Gramineae) and herbaceous plants, like Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae), a minor pest of onions, beets, peanuts and sesame. 379. Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Widespread almost all over the Palearctic, Afrotropical and Indo-Pacific regions. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in all of the climatological zones of the country. Almost everywhere abundant, even fairly common in extreme desert conditions and at the higher elevations of Mt. Hermon above 2000 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, most common in grasslands and not too dry steppes of any kind, including wastelands, parks and gardens, also in park forests with a continuous grass cover, at edges of closed forests and in their larger clearings, in the semi-arid region in oases and shady canyons, in the arid region in oases and irrigated gardens of settlements; also in Central Europe ubiquitous in open areas; in western Siberia avoiding steppes, concentrating along rivers and anthropogenic habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and in November, with 4–5 overlapping generations per year; larvae observed from April to June; in Central Europe only two generations. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel a root-feeder on numerous weeds including Abutilon indicum (Malvaceae) and Convolvulus arvensis (Concolvulaceae), a pest of vegetables and cereals, especially sunflowers, cucumbers, melons, onions, cabbage and cotton.

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380. Agrotis trux

381. Agrotis exclamationis

The Lepidoptera of Israel

380. Agrotis trux (Hübner, 1824) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. North Africa, Southern Europe and southernmost Central Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common, locally even abundant all over the temperate and semi-arid regions, penetrating the arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, in the temperate region ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain and not too dense forests including anthropogenic places, like wastelands, gardens, parks, orchards etc.; in the semi-arid and arid regions occasionally abundant in deep canyons with rich vegetation, in natural and artificial oases and gardens; in Central Europe in open and dry habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, flying from September to April with the highest rate of occurrence from October to November, absent from higher altitudes in winter; larvae observed from April to May; in Central Europe flying from July to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, roots of numerous herbaceous plants (S. Yathom, personal communication) including Convolvulus arvensis (Concolvulaceae) and Ammophila littoralis (Poaceae=Gramineae), occasionally a minor pest of tomatoes, sweet potatoes and other cultivated plants; in Europe polyphagous on low plants, occasionally a pest of vegetables. 381. Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Widespread all over the Palearctic region except Iceland, in North Africa limited by the semidesert and desert zones. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Rivnay & Yathom (1964). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common but local in the temperate and semi-arid regions in mountainous areas at medium and higher altitudes. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe species, in the Judean Desert on limestone hills with grassland and scattered shrubs (vol. 1; pl. 17, pic. 2-3), mostly in plant communities dominated by Sarcopoterium spinosum, Astragalus bethlehemiticus and Artemisia spp., to a lesser extent in canyons with grassy xerotherm slopes; on Mt. Hermon on xerotherm karstic slopes with sparse vegetation, in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae); in the central Negev in a large drainage canyon with soft alluvial soils; in Central Europe ubiquitous in all kinds of open and semi-open habitats, in western Siberia ubiquitous in lowland steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn-winter species flying from November to March with the highest rate of occurrence in November; larvae observed from May to July; in Central Europe also univoltine, but a summer species; in Azerbaijan flying from late May to October in three generations.

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HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Trigonella arabica, Vicia palaestina (both Fabaceae =Papilionaceae) and Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae), in gardens occasionally a minor pest of vegetables, especially tomatoes and cereals (S. Yathom, personal communication); in Europe in natural habitats on numerous herbaceous plants and Poaceae (Gramineae), occasionally a pest of various crops.

382. Agrotis scruposa

383. Agrotis alexandriensis

382. Agrotis scruposa (Draudt, 1936) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Sivas). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic to the Levant with extension into inner Anatolia. Levant and central Turkey. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 383. Agrotis alexandriensis Bethune-Baker, 1894 TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Alexandria). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (South-)Mediterranean. From Tunisia to Egypt and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the temperate region in the southern and central parts of the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a psammophilous species of coastal sand dunes (vol. 1; pl. 23, pic. 1-3), on semi-consolidated and shifting sand dunes with sparse patchy vegetation dominated by Ammophila arenaria, Stipagrostis scoparia and Desmostachya bipinnata; in North Africa in coastal sand dunes and saline deserts along the Mediterranean shore. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in October, possibly a univoltine autumn species; in North Africa bivoltine, flying in April and November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 384. Agrotis herzogi Rebel, 1911 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Iran, Pakistan and western India. Migrating to Southern Europe, found in Sicily and Greece. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Sinai (Egypt).

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384. Agrotis herzogi

385. Agrotis haifae

386. Agrotis sardzeana

The Lepidoptera of Israel

FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid and semi-arid regions and in the temperate region over the Coastal Plain. Abundant in the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area, rare and local on the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly along seasonal water courses, in thickets of different shrubs and semi-shrubs, especially Atriplex spp., and in patches of annuals on different types of soft sediment soil (vol. 1; pl. 25, pic. 1-5), avoiding hard soils, stony deserts, hyper-arid places; over the Coastal Plain on consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes with sparse patchy vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from October to April with the highest rates of occurrence in November and March; larvae observed in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Atriplex leucoclada (Chenopodiaceae); elsewhere unknown. 385. Agrotis haifae Staudinger, 1897 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. North Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Levant. In Europe restricted to one locality in northern Greece. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local all over the arid and semi-arid regions, in the temperate region over the southern Coastal Plain. No records from central/northern Coastal Plain since the first discovery (Staudinger, 1897). HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in the hottest and driest areas of the Negev and the Arava Valley (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 1-10), along walls of deep stony canyons in depressions and shallow valleys with different types of soft soil and sparse contracted desert vegetation with patches of annuals and perennial grasses; on the Coastal Plain close to the shore on shifting sand dunes with Ammophila arenaria and Stipagrostis scoparia; in Greece in a river delta. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to April with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 386. Agrotis sardzeana Brandt, 1941 TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Sardze; Bender Tschabahar). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Iran, Pakistan and eremic parts of India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region: Dead Sea area and Arava Valley. In the southern Arava Valley near Gerofit fairly common, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living on soft soils (vol. 1; pl. 27, pic. 1), especially sandy, including unconsolidated shifting sand dunes, in shallow wadis, depressions and large valleys, mainly in psammophilous plant associations dominated by Haloxylon persicum.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to December with the highest rate of occurrence in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

387. Agrotis ipsilon

388. Agrotis puta

387. Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Berlin region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. Widespread in almost all parts of the Palearctic, Afrotropical and Indo-Pacific regions. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country in all climatological regions; abundant almost everywhere, fairly common even under extreme desert conditions and at the higher elevations of Mt. Hermon; migrations along the Rift Valley from the shores of Africa northwards to Lebanon suggested by Rivnay (1964). HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species most common in open areas, especially grasslands, sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover, agricultural areas, parks and gardens; in the semi-arid region mainly in oases and shady canyons, in the arid region in oases and settlements. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine (at least four generations), flying almost all year round, with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and from November to December with adults aestivating from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, roots of a wide range of low plants including Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae (Compositae), Poaceae (Gramineae) and Solanaceae; also a pest of many vegetables and cereals. 388. Agrotis puta (Hübner, 1803) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no exact type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. From North Africa, Southern Europe and southernmost Central Europe, Transcaucasia, across Turkey, Levant, northern Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country in all climatological regions. Abundant in the temperate region, common in the semi-arid region, rare in the arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain with natural or cultivated grasses or wheat, especially in agricultural areas and cities, in all kinds of steppe with more than 250 mm annual rainfall, in deserts occasionally in oases. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from September to May with the highest rates of occurrence from October to November and from February to April; in summer, probably because of adults aestivation, almost absent; larvae abundant from November to February; in Central Europe bivoltine, flying from May to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, roots of numerous natural and agricultural plants including Poaceae (Gramineae), wheat, barley, lawn, Rumex, Taraxacum, Lactuca, tomatoes, melons and cucumbers.

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389. Agrotis syricola

390. Agrotis bigramma

The Lepidoptera of Israel

389. Agrotis syricola Corti & Draudt, 1933 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (near Kahraman-Marash; near Aksehir). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Southern Italy, Sicily, Greece, southern Bulgaria, Mediterranean part of Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: rare but widespread in the Galilee, rare and local towards the Mediterranean part of the Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living mainly in mixed forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 8, pic. 1-6), in park forests with a continuous grass cover, on bushy grassy slopes, in dry bushy meadows in large inland valleys and in neglected orchards; in Greece in open habitats from sea-level up to 1700 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from February to April and from September to November; in Southern Europe bivoltine, flying from March to April and from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 390. Agrotis bigramma (Esper, 1790) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Leipzig region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Widespread from the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, Central and Southern Europe, and from North Africa across the Near and Middle East, including Levant, to Altai Mts and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region, penetrating the semi-arid region at medium elevations. Common at medium elevations, rare and local elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species ubiquitous in all kinds of open terrain, in the temperate region mainly on xerotherm slopes and in meadows, in the semi-arid region in areas with more than 250 mm of annual rainfall, often in batha semisteppe and semi-shrub communities on hard and fissured limestone and dolomite slopes; in Azerbaijan in xerotherm habitats at medium altitudes; in Europe in open xerotherm places, especially dry slopes, steppes and forested steppes; in western Siberia in lowland steppes and open forested steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to December with the highest rate of occurrence in October; larvae developing during winter, with a diapause in summer, pupating in September; in Europe flying from July to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel polyphagous on roots of Poaceae (Gramineae) and low herbaceous plants (S. Yathom, personal communication) including wheat; in captivity reared on leaves of beet, Sonchus oleraceus, Reseda spp., clover, alfalfa; in Europe occasionally a pest of vineyards, tobacco and sugar beet.

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391. Agrotis obesa

392. Agrotis pierreti

Volume 2. Noctuidae

391. Agrotis obesa (Boisduval, 1829) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Provence). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Southern Europe, in North Africa from Morocco to Algeria, Near and Middle East including Levant, southern European Russia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. scytha (Alphéraky, 1889), described from Kirghizia (Osch) and southern Russia (Taganrog). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon and higher elevations of the Judean Mountains, penetrating the semi-arid region at the higher altitudes of the Judean Desert. Common on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l., elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel montane steppe species, on Mt. Hermon mainly above 1800 m in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1-6); in the Judean Mts mainly in batha semi-steppes at the higher elevations of the Judean Desert on hot and dry limestone and dolomite slopes with rich grass vegetation and Artemisia steppes; in Europe in open habitats with sparse vegetation, from sea-level up to 2600 m; in Azerbaijan ubiquitous in all steppe habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Lebanon on roots of low herbaceous plants, especially Solanaceae (tobacco, potatoes); in Azerbaijan economically important as a pest of young tobacco plants. 392. Agrotis pierreti (Bugnion, 1837) TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Alexandria). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Southeastern Spain, North Africa, Iraq, southern Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the arid and semi-arid regions, in the temperate region only over the southern Coastal Plain. Locally common in the Arava Valley, uncommon elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, probably psammophilous, on soft soils, especially sandy ones including unconsolidated shifting sand dunes, in shallow wadis, depressions and large valleys (vol. 1; pl. 26, pic. 3-10), mainly in psammophilous plant associations dominated by Haloxylon persicum, generally avoiding hard soils, stony deserts, hyper-arid places, dry and wet salinas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November with the highest rate of occurrence in November; in Spain flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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393. Agrotis psammocharis

394. Agrotis lasserei

395. Agrotis boetica

The Lepidoptera of Israel

393. Agrotis psammocharis Boursin, 1950 TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Keredj, Elburs Mountains). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Northern Iran, Levant and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm, karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 1-6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 394. Agrotis lasserei (Oberthür, 1881) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Magenta; Sebdou). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Widespread throughout the eremic zone of the Palearctic region. From southeastern Spain and the western Sahara to Turkey, the Levant, Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid and semi-arid regions. Common in the arid region, sometimes abundant in the northern Arava and northern Negev, rare in the semi-arid region. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in shallow wadis and large depressions with sandy-loessial soils (vol. 1; pl. 29, pic. 3) with psammophilous vegetation, like Anabasis articulata, Thymelaea hirsuta and Artemisia sieberi, to a lesser extent in water catchments with patches of annuals and perennial grasses; in Azerbaijan mostly on coastal sands; in Spain in open areas with grasses and herbaceous vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November; in Spain flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 395. Agrotis boetica (Boisduval, 1837) TYPE LOCALITY: southern Spain (Cadiz). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Southern Iberian Peninsula, North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the northwestern Negev, in the temperate region restricted to the southern and central Coastal Plain from Nizzanim Nature Reserve to Tel Aviv and Qaesaria.

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HABITAT: in Israel a psammophilous species of coastal sand dunes, occurring on the Coastal Plain (vol. 1; pl. 22, pic. 1-3) on semi-consolidated and shifting sand dunes with sparse patchy vegetation dominated by Ammophila arenaria and Stipagrostis scoparia, in the Negev on semi-consolidated inland sand dunes with sparse vegetation dominated by Artemisia monosperma, Retama raetam and Helianthemum stipulatum. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Spain on Lithospermum, Echinops and Astragalus spp.

396. Agrotis margelanoides

396. Agrotis margelanoides (Boursin, 1944) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (‘Dead Sea area’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Levant, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Boursin (1944). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid region probably along the Rift Valley from the Dead Sea area to the Sea of Galilee (old material in the TAU collection). HABITAT: in Israel no data available on habitat preferences, probably a steppe or deserticolous species; in Iraq in stony deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected only in November; in Iraq a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Tribe Noctuini Latreille, 1809 This tribe contains 134 European species (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005) that usually prefer open habitats but avoid excessively dry areas. So far, 24 species from 8 genera have been recorded in Israel. Some of the species are common in open habitats of the temperate region, e.g. Noctua pronuba, N. comes, Xestia xanthographa. Other species have extremely restricted distributions. For example all seven species of the genus Chersotis inhabit the steppes in the upper parts of Mt. Hermon, and Xestia sareptana occurs in the forests of Mt. Meron.

397. Ochropleura leucogaster

397. Ochropleura leucogaster (Freyer, 1831) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna district) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Mediterranean basin including southernmost Central Europe, North Africa, subtropical and tropical parts of the Afrotropical region (Zimbabwe, Madagascar), Turkey, Levant and Yemen. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the 1960’s, widespread and common, especially in the northern Rift Valley, in the Sea of Galilee area, and in the Hula Valley. Last record of this species is from the mid-1980’s from the Hula Nature Reserve. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species, a typical element of the wetlands of the Hula Valley (vol. 1; pl. 6, pic. 1-6) and of the delta of the River Jordan flowing into the Sea of Galilee, only occasionally found in the semi-arid and arid regions in

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

natural oases, in irrigated areas and in settlements (S. Yathom, personal communication); in Europe in open xerotherm habitats from sea-level up to 1200 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from April to September with the highest rate of occurrence from May to July; in Europe bivoltine, flying from March to April and from August to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on various herbs.

398. Rhyacia arenacea

398. Rhyacia arenacea (Hampson, 1907) TYPE LOCALITY: Pakistan (Belouchistan, Quetta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Southern and Central Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, southwestern Siberia, Mongolia and India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hacker (2001), material from BMNH, London. DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region: Carmel Mountain Ridge (Haifa). No records since the 1920’s. HABITAT: in Israel no data available on habitat preferences, generally a steppe species widespread through most of the steppes and semi-deserts of the central Palearctic, in Turkey up to 3000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in June; in Southern Europe univoltine, flying from May to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably Poaceae (Gramineae), like in other congeners. The genus Chersotis Boisduval, 1840 contains 52 described species, 18 of which are European. Their distribution center is in the Anatolian-Iranian subregion (Fibiger, 1993). Most of these species populate xerotherm mountainous habitats. The larvae are nocturnal and hide in the ground during daytime. So far, 7 species have been recorded in Israel and all of them inhabit medium and higher altitudes of Mt. Hermon.

399. Chersotis ebertorum

399. Chersotis ebertorum Koçak, 1980 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Taurus, Marash). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Eastern Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common but very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3).

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

400. Chersotis elegans

401. Chersotis multangula

400. Chersotis elegans (Eversmann, 1837) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (Sarepta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Scattered in the mountainous areas in Spain, also in Greece, Turkey, Levant, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, western Iran and southern part of European Russia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. hermonis Hacker & Kravchenko, 2001, described from Israel (Mt. Hermon). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); the nominate subspecies in Greece living in open subalpine habitats up to 2400 m a.s.l.; in Azerbaijan in the subalpine and alpine zones. At the northern distribution limit (type locality) probably occurring also in lowland steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from July to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 401. Chersotis multangula (Hübner, 1803) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Widespread from North Africa, Southern and Central Europe across Turkey, Armenia, Caucasus and Levant to Iran and Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. subdissoluta (F. Wagner, 1931), described from Turkey (Aksehir) FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Europe and Azerbaijan in the subalpine and alpine zones, in the Alps from 1000 up to 2000 m a.s.l., in Azerbaijan even higher. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from July to October with the highest rate of occurrence in August; larvae observed in September, overwintering in the larval stage, pupating the following spring. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe on low herbaceous plants, especially Galium spp.

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402. Chersotis capnistis

403. Chersotis margaritacea

The Lepidoptera of Israel

402. Chersotis capnistis (Lederer, 1872) TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Astrabad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. Near and Middle East, southwestern Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan and western China; in Europe restricted to Greece and southeastern part of European Russia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Europe in open rocky mountain steppes above 1600 m. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from July to October with the highest rate of occurrence in August; in Europe from June to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 403. Chersotis margaritacea (Villers, 1789) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Lyon, ‘Lugdunum’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. In North Africa only in Morocco, from Southern and Central Europe across the Ukraine, Turkey, the Levant, northern Iran to Turkmenistan and western Siberia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common but local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1200 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Southern Europe in open grassy areas in mountainous areas up to the alpine zone; in Azerbaijan in the subalpine and alpine zones; in western Siberia also in lowland and forested steppes, in scattered bushlands and at forest edges. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from August to October; in Southern Europe from July to September; in western Siberia from July to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Galium and Asperula spp.; in western Siberia, Plantago, Taraxacum and Galium spp. 404. Chersotis fimbriola (Esper, 1803) TYPE LOCALITY: Hungary (Budapest, ‘Ofen’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Isolated populations in Southern and Central Europe, from Morocco and Spain across eastern Austria, Hungary, Balkans, Crimea, Turkey, Levant and Iraq, to Iran and Turkmenistan.

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404. Chersotis fimbriola

405. Chersotis laeta

406. Standfussiana defessa

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DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. Represented by the subsp. zernyi (Corti, 1931), described from Lebanon (Bscharre). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the northern part of the temperate region: medium and higher altitudes of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with cushion-plants and impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Europe and Azerbaijan in open xeromontane areas, mainly in the subalpine and alpine zones up to to 3000 m a.s.l. In the northern part of its distribution area (type locality) occurring in lowlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on herbaceous plants. 405. Chersotis laeta (Rebel, 1904) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Konia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Isolated populations from Greece to the Caucasus region, Transcaucasia, Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare in the northern part of the temperate region: medium and higher altitudes of Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe in areas with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Europe in open xeromontane areas, mainly in the subalpine and alpine zones. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 406. Standfussiana defessa (Lederer, 1858) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, uncommon and local from 1200 up to 1800 m a.s.l., , common above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living mainly in the subalpine tragacanthic steppe above 1800 m in areas with numerous cushion-plants, such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus, numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (vol. 1; pl. 1, pic. 2, 3).

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, early summer species flying from May to August with the highest rate of occurrence in June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

407. Noctua pronuba

408. Noctua orbona

407. Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (Sweden). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic, migrant, introduced to the Nearctic. From North Africa and Europe to Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Near and Middle East (Levant, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan), Central Asia, temperate parts of western Siberia, and northwestern India DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Sinai (Egypt) and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country in all climatological regions. Common in the temperate region, especially in the Hula Valley and in mountainous areas, like Carmel Mountain Ridge, Galilee, Golan Heights and Judean Mts; in the semi-arid and arid regions uncommon and concentrated in oases and agricultural areas. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open terrain, in the temperate region especially in grassland, park forests and anthropogenic places, like wastelands, gardens, parks etc.; in the semi-arid and arid regions in oases, irrigated agricultural areas and gardens. PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, flying almost all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from April to June and from October to December, rarely seen in the hot months because of adults’ aestivation; larvae observed from May to June, in August and October; in Europe flying from June to September, larvae developing from September to May, overwintering in the larval stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel extremely polyphagous including wild plants, like Carduus argentatus, Trifolium purpureum, Malva nicaeensis, and Capparis aegyptiaca, as well as cultivated plants, such as tomatoes, eggplants, artichokes, carrot, spinach, alfalfa and even the invasive weed Lantana camara; in Azerbaijan also on the foliage of cotton, salad, clover, Rumex spp., Plantago major, Sonchus and Dahlia spp. 408. Noctua orbona (Hufnagel, 1766) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Berlin region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Southern and Central Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia and northern India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern part of the temperate region: upper Galilee, upper Golan Heights, and Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species, especially on Mt. Hermon on grassy or bushy slopes and in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1, 2), in the Galilee and on the Golan Heights in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover, in all kinds

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of mixed forested grassland, at xerotherm edges of closed forests and in larger forest clearings; in the Near and Middle East mainly in montane steppes; in Europe in open and forested habitats, natural and anthropogenic, but usually local. PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, flying from April to September, with adults aestivating during the hottest months; the highest rate of occurrence in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on Poaceae (Gramineae) and herbaceous plants.

409. Noctua comes

410. Noctua janthina

409. Noctua comes Hübner, 1813 TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. In North Africa from Morocco to Libya, widespread in Europe, but absent from the northeastern parts of Scandinavia and European Russia; outside Europe from Turkey, Caucasus and Transcaucasia, to Levant, Iraq and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common in the temperate region, mainly at medium elevations, especially in the Judean Mts, the Carmel Mountain Ridge, the upper Galilee, the Golan Heights, and Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland species living in open and forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 10, pic. 1-3), on bushy slopes, in all kinds of park forest, at forest edges and even in small clearings, rare in or absent from closed forests; over the Coastal Plain also on semi-consolidated and consolidated sand dunes and in wastelands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, flying from May to December with adult’s aestivation during hottest months and the high rates of occurrence from May to June, and from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on numerous Poaceae (Gramineae) and herbaceous plants, occasionally a pest on tobacco. 410. Noctua janthina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: European-West Asiatic. Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, Caucasus, Transcaucasia regions, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Levant. The distribution is not clear because of confusion with its sister species Noctua tertia von Mentzer, Moberg & Fibiger, 1991. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Rivnay & Yathom (1964). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region in mountainous areas, especially upper Galilee, Golan Heights, Carmel Mountain Ridge, and Judean Mts. Uncommon but widespread in the northern part of its distribution area, towards the South rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, in deciduous forests living along streamlets and springs, in closed, broad-leaved, deciduous and evergreen forests in small clearings and at shady forest edges with lush herbaceous vegetation (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), in the Hula Valley in groups of bushes and trees in wet and swampy meadows, in the Judean

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Mountains in narrow shady canyons with bushes, trees and dense thickets of herbaceous plants and shrubs; in Europe in open, xerotherm, often anthropogenic habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, with adults aestivating during the hottest months, flying from May to June and from October to December with the highest rates of occurrence in June and from September to October; larvae observed in June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Urtica urens (Urticaceae) and Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae= Labiatae); in Europe polyphagous on numerous herbs, bushes and trees including Arum, Crataegus, Hedera, Primula, Prunus, Rubus, Rumex, Salix, Ulmus and Urtica spp.

411. Noctua tertia

412. Noctua tirrenica

411. Noctua tertia von Mentzer, Moberg & Fibiger, 1991 TYPE LOCALITY: Bulgaria (Kozuch near Petrich). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. From the Balkans to Turkey, Levant and Iran. The distribution is not clear because of confusion with its sister species, Noctua janthina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern part of the temperate region: upper Galilee and Golan Heights. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, in the Hula Valley in a swampy meadow with Salix thickets and Populus trees, on Mt. Meron in a small clearing of a deciduous forest with lush herbaceous vegetation and Rubus thickets (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1-9), on the Golan Heights in mixed forested grasslands in a Quercus calliprinos park forest. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in April and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 412. Noctua tirrenica Biebinger, Speidel & Hanigk, 1983 TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Sardinia: Siniscola). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Southern Europe, penetrating the southernmost parts of temperate Europe; outside Europe known from Morocco, Algeria, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in scattered montane forests (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 2, 3), at edges of closed forests and on bushy grassy slopes; in Southern Europe in Mediterranean maquis, scattered oak forests, and riverine forests; in Azerbaijan in riverine and foothill forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in June; in Europe a univoltine summer species flying from June to October; larvae developing from August to May, overwintering. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Southern Europe polyphagous on various herbaceous plants including Primula veris and Taraxacum spp.

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413. Noctua interjecta

414. Epilecta linogrisea

415. Xestia sareptana

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413. Noctua interjecta Hübner, 1803 TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Southern Europe, western and southern parts (warmer areas) of Central Europe, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the collection of Shoham & Yathom (unpublished). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region: Hula Valley. No records since the 1960’s. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland species hitherto collected only in the Hula Nature Reserve; in Southern Europe in all kinds of woodland, park and garden, in the mountains up to 2000 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: the Israeli collected so far only in May; in Southern Europe univoltine, flying from July to September with adults aestivating. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on numerous herbaceous plants. 414. Epilecta linogrisea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Sub-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Algeria, Morocco, Southern and Central Europe, penetrating Northern Europe, also Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Turkey, Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Meron above 600 m, and Mt. Hermon from 800 up to 1600 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon mainly in scattered montane forests and on bushy slopes (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8), on Mt. Meron on the top and the southern slopes, in mixed forested grasslands, park forests with a continuous grass cover and on bushy grassy slopes; in Central Europe in sandy habitats, heathy areas, on limestone slopes and in shrubby oak forests, in Southern Europe in the mountains up to 2200 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from August to October; in Europe flying from June to September, with a summer diapause. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on numerous herbaceous plants including Primula, Stellaria and Digitalis spp., as well as Poaceae (Gramineae). 415. Xestia sareptana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (Sarepta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Only known from a few specimens from a very restricted area. In Europe only from ‘Sarepta’, a few localities in Turkey, Lebanon (one specimen), Transcaucasia (e.g. Azerbaijan, Armenia), northwestern and southwestern Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon.

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FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region: uncommon and local on Mt. Meron, rare and local on Mt. Hermon. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Meron (vol. 1; pl. 7, pic. 1) in closed shady deciduous forests dominated by 10–12m tall trees of Quercus boissieri and Arbutus andrachne with Cercis siliquastrum, Pyrus syriacus and Crataegus azarolus as undergrowth, on Mt. Hermon in closed shady deciduous montane forests with rich herbaceous vegetation; in Azerbaijan in forests on the foothills of higher mountains. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

416. Xestia castanea

417. Xestia cohaesa

416. Xestia castanea (Esper, 1798) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Erlangen district). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Morocco, Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region: upper Galilee, Carmel Mountain Ridge, Golan Heights, and Mt. Hermon. Locally common in the upper Galilee, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living on the Golan Heights mainly in mixed forested grasslands, in park forests with a continuous grass cover and on bushy grassy slopes, in the Galilee typically in xerotherm Quercus ithaburensis park forests, at edges and in clearings of closed forests (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), on Mt. Hermon mainly in scattered montane forests, also, but less common, on xerotherm karstic slopes free of trees or bushes; in Europe in open, rather dry habitats, such as moorland, heathland and open pine forest. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November; larvae observed in March; in Europe flying from August to September, larvae developing from August to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Rubus tomentosus (Rosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on different shrubs and herbs including Calluna, Sarothamnus and Vaccinium spp., and even Poaceae (Gramineae). 417. Xestia cohaesa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Europe. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern and southernmost Central Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iraq, Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Gauckler (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region mainly at medium elevations: upper Galilee, upper Golan Heights, Mt. Hermon, and Mediterranean parts of Judean Mts. Fairly common on the upper Golan Heights, rare elsewhere.

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HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, on Mt. Hermon in scattered montane forests and on grassy slopes, on the Golan Heights in open grasslands, at the edges of a closed Quercus calliprinos forest and in its clearings (vol. 1; pl. 9, pic. 1-4), towards the South local on shady north-facing slopes in canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on Poaceae (Gramineae) and herbaceous plants.

418. Xestia xanthographa

419. Xestia palaestinensis

418. Xestia xanthographa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: West-Palearctic. Widespread in Europe, in North Africa from Morocco to Algeria, Tunisia, Libia, Near and Middle East, e.g. Levant, Iraq, in southwestern Iran, and also in Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate region, penetrating the semiarid region, common at medium elevations, rare and local elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly in areas with more than 400 mm annual rainfall, there especially common in mixed forested grasslands (vol. 1; pl. 13, pic. 1-4), in all kinds of park forest with a continuous grass cover, on bushy slopes, in dry and wet bushy meadows in large inland valleys, often on river banks with scattered trees and bushes, in the semi-arid region in batha semi-steppes, occasionally in oases and deep shady canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from October to November; larvae observed from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Rubus and Crataegus spp. (both Rosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on Poaceae (Gramineae) and herbaceous plants. 419. Xestia palaestinensis (Kalchberg, 1897) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Greece, southeastern Turkey, Levant, northern Iraq and western Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the temperate and semi-arid regions. Fairly common near Jerusalem, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, in vicinity of Jerusalem living in all kinds of mixed forested grassland, at xerotherm edges of closed forests, in batha semi-steppes in rich herbaceous plant communities, concentrating mainly in shady canyons in shrub thickets (vol. 1; pl. 19, pic. 1-10), on Mt. Hermon on grassy or bushy slopes and in scattered montane forests, in the Galilee and on the Golan Heights in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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420. Eugnorisma pontica

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420. Eugnorisma pontica (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)European-West Asiatic. Balkans, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Levant, southwestern Iran, Iraq and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the scope of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common in the northern part of the temperate region: Mt. Hermon, above 1200 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species living mainly in karstic areas, on grassy slopes, in open and bushy grasslands, in scattered montane forests and, to a lesser extent, at edges of closed oak forests and in their clearings (vol. 1; pl. 2, pic. 1-8); in Europe in open steppe-like habitats, in the mountains up to 2200 m a.s.l. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine autumn species flying in October; in Europe from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in the Balkans polyphagous on low plants.

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References AHARONI J., 1912. Lepidoptera (gesammelt von Paulus). In: Blanckenhorn, M., Naturwissenschaftliche Studien am Toten Meer und im Jordantal. Berlin: 7 pp. ALIEV S.A., 1984. Noctuidae of Azerbaijan. Baku, “Elm”: 227 pp. (in Russian). AMSEL H.G., 1933. Die Lepidopteren Palästinas. Eine zoogeographisch-ökologischfaunistische Studie. Zoogeographica 2 (1): 1–146. AMSEL H.G., 1935. Weitere Miitteilungen über palästinensische Lepidopteren. Veröff. Dt. Kolonial- und Überseemus. 1: 223–247. ANDRES A. & SEITZ A., 1925. Die Lepidopteren-Fauna Ägyptens. Nachtrag zum ersten Teil. Senckenbergiana 7: 54–61. ANIKIN V.V., SACHKOV S.A., ZOLOTUHIN V.V. & SVIRIDOV A.V., 2000. “Fauna lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis”, 150 years later: changes and additions. Part 5. Noctuidae. Atalanta 31: 327–367. ARGAMAN Q., 1991. A new predaceous noctuid for Israel. Alexanor 16: 394. AVIDOV Z. & HARPAZ I., 1969. Plant Pests of Israel. Israel Universities Press: 549 pp. BARTEL M., 1904. Drei neue paläarktische Noctuiden. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 17: 158–163. BENYAMINI D., 1988. The zoogeography of the butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera), of Israel and nearby areas. In: Yom-Tov Y. & Tchernov J. (eds), The Zoogeography of Israel. The Distribution and Abundance at a Zoogeographical Crossroad: 307–324. BERIO E., 1985. I nottuidi raccolti in Somalia del Prof. Simonetta nel 1978–79 con descrizione di nuovi taxa. Contributi faunistici ed ecologici, Univ. Camerino 1: 5–39. BODENHEIMER F.S., 1930. Die Schädlingsfauna Palästinas. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin: 438 pp. BODENHEIMER F.S., 1932. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Lepidopterenfauna Palästinas. – Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 46: 93-96. BOURSIN Ch., 1944. Nouvelles espèces paléarctiques: Contributions à l’étude des Agrotides Trifinae XXXVIII. Revue franç. Ent. 10: 159. BROS E. DE, 1992. November in Israel. Lepidopterologische Stichprobe. Mitt. Ent. Ges. Basel 42: 88–97.

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BYTINSKI-SALZ H., 1954. Insects associated with desert acacias in Israel. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 4: 284–292. BYTINSKI-SALZ H. & STERNLICHT M., 1967. Insects associated with oaks (Quercus) in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 2: 107–143. CAMPOBASSO G., COLONNELLI E., KNUTSON L., TERRAGITTI G. & CRISTOFARO M. (eds), 1999. Wild Plants and Their Associated Insects in the Palearctic Region, Primarily Europe and the Middle East. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-147: 249 pp. DANIN A., 1988. Flora and vegetation of Israel and adjacent areas. In: Yom-Tov Y. & Tchernov J. (eds), The Zoogeography of Israel. The Distribution and Abundance at a Zoogeographical Crossroad: 129–157. DRAUDT M., 1934–1938. Phalaenae. In: Seitz A., Die paläarktishe eulenartigen Nachtfalter, Supplement. Stuttgart: 96–332. DUMONT C., 1927. Contribution à l’étude des Lépidoptères du Sahara algérien. Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1927: 222–224, 241–243, 273–276, 306–309, 1928: 225–229. EBERT G. & HACKER H., 2002. Beitrag zur Fauna der Noctuidae des Iran: Verzeichnis der Bestände im Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, taxonomische Bemerkungen und Beschreibung neuer Taxa (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera). Esperiana 9: 237–409. FALKOVITCH M.I., 1968. Food relationships of desert Lepidoptera in Central Asia. 21th Annual Meeting dedicated to the memory of N.A. Kholodkovsky. Nauka, Leningrad: 53– 89 (in Russian). FALKOVITCH M.I., 1979. Seasonal development of desert Lepidoptera of Central Asia and its historical-faunistical analysis. Revue d’Entomologie de I’ USSR 58 (2): 261–280 (in Russian). FIBIGER M., 1990. Noctuinae I. Noctuidae Europaeae 1. Sorø: 208 pp. FIBIGER M., 1993. Noctuinae II. Noctuidae Europaeae 2. Sorø: 230 pp. FIBIGER M. & HACKER H., 2005: Systematic list of the Noctuoidea of Europe (Notodontidae, Nolidae, Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Erebidae, Micronoctuidae, and Noctuidae). Esperiana 11: 93–205. FIBIGER M. & LAFONTAINE J.D., 2005. A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna. Esperiana 11: 7–92. FIBIGER M., HACKER H. & MOBERG A., 1996. Notes on the Orthosia rorida (Frivaldzsky, 1835) species group with the description of a new species from Crete: Orthosia sellingi sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Hadeninae). Nota Lepidopterologica 18: 203–212.

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FIBIGER M., NILSSON D. & SVENDSEN P., 1999. Contribution to Noctuidae fauna of Cyprus, with descriptions of four new species, six new subspecies, and reports of 55 species not previously found on Cyprus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Esperiana 7: 639–667. FIBIGER M., KRAVCHENKO V. D., LI C., MOOSER J. & MÜLLER G. C., 2006. A new species in the genus Pseudohadena Alphéraky, 1889 from Israel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Xyleninae). Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP). 34 (136): 337-343 FIBIGER M., KRAVCHENKO V. D., MOOSER J., LI C. & MÜLLER G. C., 2006. The species of the genus Episema Ochsenheimer, 1816 from Israel: Distribution, Phenology and Ecology; with taxonomical notes and the description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP). 34 (136): 383-394 FISHELSON L., 1985. Orthoptera: Acridoidea. Fauna Palaestina. Insecta III. Jerusalem. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities: 300 pp. FORSTER W. & WOHLFAHRT T.A., 1971. Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas. 4. Eulen Noctuidae. Stuttgart: 329 pp. GAUCKLER H., 1906. Beiträge zur Lepidopterenfauna von Palästina. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 19: 1–5. GERLING D. & KUGLER J., 1970–1973. Evaluation of enemies of noxious plants in Israel as potential agents for the biological control of weeds. Final technical report of Project. Tel Aviv University. The George S. Wise Center for Life Science, Department of Zoology: 241 pp. HABICH O., 1905. Beschreibung einer neuen Noctuidae aus Haifa. Verh. K. K. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 55: 21. HACKER, H. 1990. Die Noctuidae Vorderasiens (Lepidoptera). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 27: 739 pp. HACKER H., 1996. Revision der Gattung Hadena Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Esperiana 5: 1–724, Taf. A-Y. HACKER H., 1999. Systematic list of the Lepidoptera of the Arabian Peninsula with a survey of the spread with special reference to the fauna of Yemen. Esperiana 7: 15–237. HACKER H.H., 1989. Die Noctuidae Griechenlands. Mit einer Übersicht über die Fauna des Balkanraumes (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Herbipoliana 2: 598 pp. HACKER H.H., 2001. Fauna of the Nolidae and Noctuidae of the Levante with descriptions and taxonomic notes. Esperiana 8: 7-398. HACKER H.H., 2004. Revision of the genus Caradrina Ochsenheimer, 1816, with notes on other genera of the tribus Caradrini (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Esperiana 10: 7–691.

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HACKER H.H. & SCHREIER H.P., 2001. List of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) collected from 1987 to 1999 in Israel and Jordan. Esperiana 8: 423–458. HACKER H.H., KRAVCHENKO V. & YAROM I., 2001. List of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) collected in Arava (Israel) with faunistical and ecological comments. Esperiana 8: 515–533. HACKER H., RONKAY L. & HREBLAY M., 2002. Hadeninae I. Noctuidae Europaeae. 4. Sorø: 419 pp. HALPERIN J. & SAUTER W., 1991–1992. An annotated list with new records of Lepidoptera associated with forest and ornamental trees and shrubs in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 25/26: 105–147. HAMPSON G.F., 1905. Description of new species of Noctuidae in the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 7) 16: 369–386, 533–549, 577–604. HAMPSON G.F., 1910. Description of new African moths. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 8) 5: 430–464. HAMPSON G.F., 1913. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum: 1–13. HREBLAY M. 1993. New taxa of the genus Orthosia Ochsenheimer, 1816 (s.l.) II. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Acta Zool. Hung. 39: 71–90. JAFFE S., 1988. Climate of Israel. In: Yom-Tov Y. & Tchernov J. (eds), The Zoogeography of Israel. The Distribution and Abundance at a Zoogeographical Crossroad: 79–95. JOHN O., 1910. Eine Revision der Gattung Leucanitis Gn. Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 39: 585– 631, Taf. 16–23. KALCHBERG V.A., 1897. Über die Lepidopteren-Fauna von Haifa in Syrien. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 10: 161–190. KITCHING I.J. & RAWLINS J.E., 1998: The Noctuoidea. In Kristensen N.P., 1998: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. In Fischer M. (ed.) Handbuch der Zoologie. 4 (35). Berlin, New York: 491 pp. KLJUCHKO Z.F., 1978. Quadrifine Noctuidae. Fauna of Ukraine 16 (6). Kiev, “Naukova Dumka”: 412 pp. (in Ukrainian). KOSTROWICKI A.S., 1963. Studien über die Familie Phalaenidae s.l. (Lepidoptera). I. Beschreibungen von zwei neuen Arten, samt Angaben über Morphologie und Verteilung von einigen weiteren Arten der Familie Phalaenidae. Annales Zoologici 21: 23–30, Taf. 1. KOZHANTSHIKOV I.V., 1937. Insectes Lépidoptères. Fam. Noctuidae (subfam. Agrotinae). 13 (3). Moscow & Leningrad: 674 pp. (in Russian). KRAVCHENKO V., 1981. Interrelations between flight towards light and mobility in Helicoverpa armigera. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 60 (8): 1267–1269 (in Russian).

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KRAVCHENKO V., 1981. Night activity of the Helicoverpa armigera Hb. moths. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 60 (11): 1640–1644 (in Russian). KRAVCHENKO V., 1984. Behavior of the cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera) in natural conditions. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 63 (5): 682–686 (in Russian). KRAVCHENKO V., HACKER H.H. & NEVO E., 2001. List of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) collected in Israel. Esperiana 9: 459–474. KRAVCHENKO V. & NEVO E., 2002. “Evolution Canyon” model: Interslope differences in Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) of two canyons in Carmel and Galilee mountains, Israel. Esperiana 8: 451–458. KRAVCHENKO V., FIBIGER M., MOOSER J. & MÜLLER G., 2005. The Polymixis Hübner, [1820] genus-group of Israel, with description of one new species and one new subspecies (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP) 33 (132): 487–502. KRAVCHENKO V., FIBIGER M., MÜLLER G. & RONKAY L., 2005. The Cuculliinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Israel. Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP) 33 (129): 83–95. KRAVCHENKO V., FIBIGER M., RONKAY L., ORLOVA O., MOOSER J., CHUANG LI, MÜLLER G., 2005. Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Israel. Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP) 33 (132): 449–459. KRAVCHENKO V., ORLOVA O., FIBIGER M., RONKAY L., MOOSER J., CHUANG LI, MÜLLER G., 2005. The Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Israel. Sociedad Hispano-LusoAmericana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP) 33 (131): 365–374. KRAVCHENKO V., HAUSMANN A. & MÜLLER G., 2006. Deserticolous Noctuidae from Israel: New host plant records and description of larval habitats (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 96: 27–40. KRAVCHENKO V., ORLOVA O., FIBIGER M. & MÜLLER G., 2006. The Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Israel. Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP). 34 (136): 353-370 KRAVCHENKO V., ORLOVA O., FIBIGER M., MOOSER J., CHUANG LI & MÜLLER G., 2006. The Acronictinae, Bryophilinae, Hypenodinae and Hypeninae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Israel. Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP). 34 (135): 255-264 KRAVCHENKO V., MÜLLER G., FIBIGER M., MOOSER J. & RONKAY L., 2006. A new Euchalcia Hübner, [1821] species from Israel (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Plusiinae). Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP). 34 (136): 345-352

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KUGLER J., 1988. The zoogeography of social insects of Israel and Sinai. In: Yom-Tov Y. & Tchernov J. (eds), The Zoogeography of Israel. The Distribution and Abundance at a Zoogeographical Crossroad: 251–277. KÜHNE L., 2005. Revision und Phylogenie der Gattungsgruppe Crypsotidia Rothschild, 1901, Tachosa Walker, 1869, Hypotacha Hampson, 1913, Audea Walker, (1858) 1857 und Ulotrichopus Wallengren, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Esperiana, Memoir 2: 7–220. MITCHELL A., MITTER C. & REGIER J.C., 2005. Systematics and evolution of the cut worm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Evidence from two protein-coding nuclear genes. Systematic Entomology 30 (2): 21–46. MITTER C., POOLE R.W. & MATTHEWS M., 1993. Biosystematics of the Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annual Review of Entomology 38: 207–225. NOWACKI J., 1998. The noctuids (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) of Central Europe. Bratislava: 51 pp. PARENZAN P., 1981. Descrizione di una nuova specie di Cardepia, genere nuovo per l’Italia. Entomologica 16: 97–111. PECORA P., SOBHIAN, R. & CRISTOFARO, M. 1992. Simyra dentinosa Freyer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a candidate for biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) in the United States. Biological Control 2: 78–85. POLTAVSKY A.N. & LIMAN Y.B., 2002. Investigation of the Macrolepidoptera fauna of the Rostov-on-Don region, two faunistic refugia taken as an example. In: Entomological Methods, Rostov-on-Don: 11-117 (in Russian). POOLE R.W., 1989. Noctuidae. In: Heppner J.B., Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series) 118 (edited in 3 parts). E. J. Brill, Leiden, New York, København: 1114 pp. PÜNGELER R., 1902. Neue Macrolepidopteren aus Palästina. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 14: 331–333. PÜNGELER R., 1904. Neue paläarktische Macrolepidopteren. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 16: 286–301. PÜNGELER R., 1907. Neue paläarktische Macrolepidopteren. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 19: 216–226. PÜNGELER R., 1914. Neue paläarktische Macrolepidopteren. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 28: 37–55. RAKOSY L., 1996. Die Noctuiden Rumäniens (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). Stapfia: 648 pp. RIVNAY E., 1964. A contribution to the biology and phenology of Agrotis ypsilon Rott. in Israel. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 53 (3): 295–309. RIVNAY E., 1961. The phenology of Prodenia litura F. in Israel with reference to its occurrence in the Near East at large. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 10B (Nos 1-2): 100–106.

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RIVNAY E., 1962. Field crop pests in the Near East. In: Weisbach W.W. (ed.) Uitgeverij Dr. W. Junk: 450 pp. RIVNAY E. & YATHOM S., 1964. Phenology of Agrotinae in Israel. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 55 (2): 36–152. RONKAY G. & RONKAY L., 1994. Cuculliinae I. Noctuidae Europaeae 6, Sorø: 282 pp. RONKAY G. & RONKAY L., 1995. Cuculliinae II. Noctuidae Europaeae 7, Sorø: 224 pp. RONKAY L., 1984. A new Aporophila Guenée, 1841 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) species from Iraq. Acta Zoological Hungarica 31 (1–3): 229–233. RONKAY L., 1990. New Noctuidae taxa from Asia Minor and the Caucasus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natn. Hung. 82: 155–162. RONKAY L., YELA J. L. & HREBLAY M., 2001. Hadeninae II. Noctuidae Europaeae 5, Sorø: 452 pp. RUNGS Ch., 1948. Notes de Lépidoptérologie marocaine (XVI). Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 28: 141–166. pl. V, VI. SANNINO L. & ESPINOSA B., 1999. On the morphology of Noctua comes (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). Il Tabacco 7 (2): 35–43. SCHWINGENSCHUSS L., 1938. Sechster Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Inner-Anatoliens. Ent. Rdsch. 55: 141–147, 158–164, 173–177, 181–184, 199–202, 223–226, 299–300, 337– 340, 411–412, 454–457. SEITZ A. 1914. The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 3. Noctuiformes. Stuttgart. With 75 colored plates: 511 pp. SHELJUZHKO L., 1960. Zur Verbreitung von Polytela cliens (Fldr. u. Rgnhf.) nebst Beschreibung einer neuen Unterart (Lep. Noctuidae-Hadeninae). Opuscula Zool. 45: 1–7. SHETKIN U.L., 1965. Macro Lepidoptera of Sands of the Vahsh Valley. Tadjik Academy of Sciences. Dushanbe: 193 pp. SPEIDEL W. & HASSLER M., 1989. Die Schmetterlingsfauna der südlichen algerischen Sahara und ihrer Hochgebirge Hoggar und Tassili n’Ajjer (Lepidoptera). Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo. Supplement 8: 156 pp. SPEIDEL W., FÄNGER H. & NAUMANN C.M., 1996a. The phylogeny of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Entomology 21: 219–251. SPEIDEL W., FÄNGER H. & NAUMANN C.M., 1996b. The surface microstructure of the noctuid proboscis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Zool. Anz. 234: 307–315.

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SPULER A., 1906. Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Stuttgart, 4 vols. Staudinger O. (1877– 1879): Lepidopteren-Fauna Kleinasiens. Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 14: 1–128 (15.X.1877), 129–320 (1.XI.1878), 321–516 (15.V.1879). STANDFUSS M., 1893. Neue und alte Noctuiden der paläarctischen Fauna. Berl. Ent. Z. 38: 359–362. STAUDINGER O., 1879. Lepidopteren-Fauna Kleinasiens. Stett. Ent. Z. 40: 315–328. STAUDINGER O., 1892. Lepidopteren aus dem Kentei-Gebirge. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris. 5: 300–393. STAUDINGER O., 1895. Neue Lepidopteren-Arten und Varietäten aus dem paläarctischen Faunengebiet. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 7: 241–296. STAUDINGER O., 1898. Neue Lepidopteren aus Palästina. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 10: 271–319. STAUDINGER O., 1900. Neue Lepidopteren des paläarktischen Faunengebiets. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 12: 352–403. STAUDINGER O., 1901. Macrolepidoptera. In: Staudinger O. & Rebel H. (eds), Catalog der Lepidopteren des paläarctischen Faunengebietes 1. Berlin: 411 pp. VARGA Z. & RONKAY L., 1991. Taxonomic studies on the genera Sideridis Hübner, Saragossa Staudinger and Conisania Hampson (Lepidoptera. Noctuidae: Hadeninae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica 37: 145–172. WARREN W., 1909–1914. Eulenartige Nachtfalter. In: Seitz, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, I. Abteilung. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge des paläarktischen Faunengebietes. Stuttgart: 511 pp. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1935. Notes on the early stages of some Syrian Lepidoptera. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 47 (Suppl.): 1–8. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1939. A third contribution to the knowledge of the early stages of Oriental Lepidoptera. Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ges. 29: 4–12, pl. 1. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1940. The Lepidoptera of the Lebanon, Addendum. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. London (B) 9: 79–82. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1941. New Lepidoptera from S.W. Iran. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 42: 472–477. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1948a. The Lepidoptera of the Kingdom of Egypt. Pt. 1. Bulletin de la Société Fouad Ier d’Entomologie 32: 203–294. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1948b. Early stages of Palearctic Lepidoptera. IX. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 60: 1–3.

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WILTSHIRE E.P., 1951. Further new records of Lepidoptera of Cyprus, Iraq and Persia (Iran). Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 63: 1–6. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1952. Early stages of Palearctic Lepidoptera X. Bulletin de la Société Fouad Ier d’Entomologie 36: 175–183, 1 pl. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1957. The Lepidoptera of Iraq. Nicholas Kaye Ltd, London & Baghdad: 162 pp. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1962. Early stages of the Old World Lepidoptera - XII. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 59: 778–800. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1994. An illustrated, annotated catalogue of the Macro-Heterocera of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 11: 91–250. YATHOM S., 1971a. Distribution and flight period of Amphipyrinae (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) species in Israel in 1959–1970. Israel Journal of Entomology 6: 107–132. YATHOM S., 1971b. Distribution and flight period of Heliothidinae species in Israel in 1959–1969. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research 21 (2): 51–61. YATHOM S., 1975. Flight patterns of moths as an aid in the study of their phenology and ecology in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 10: 83–91. YATHOM S., 1989. Plants and animals of the land of Israel. An illustrated encyclopaedia. Alon A.V. (ed.), In: Kugler J. (ed.), Insects. Ministry of Defence, The Publishing House Society for Protection of Nature of Israel: 446 pp. YATHOM S. & RIVNAY E., 1968. Phenology and distribution of Phytometrinae in Israel. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 61: 1–16. YELA J.L. & HERRERA C.M., 1993. Seasonality and life cycles of woody plant-feeding noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mediterranean habitats. Ecological Entomology 18: 259–269. ZERNY H., 1915. Zwei neue paläarktische Noctuiden. Verh. zool.-botan. Ges. Wien. 65: 222–225. ZHOU X., APPLEBAUM S.W. & COLL M., 2000. Overwintering and spring migration in the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Israel. Environmental Entomology 29 (6): 1289–1294. ZILLI A., RONKAY L. & FIBIGER M., 2005. Apameini. Noctuidae Europaeae 8. Sorø: 323 pp. ZOHARY M., 1966. Flora Palaestina, Part I, text. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Jerusalem: 364 pp.

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ZOHARY M. & ORSHANSKY G., 1949. Structure and ecology of the vegetation in the Dead Sea region of Palestine. Palest. J. Bot. 4: 177–206. ZOLOTARENKO G.S., 1970. Cutworms of West Siberia (Lepidoptera, Agrotinae). Novosibirsk, “Nauka”: 436 pp. (in Russian).

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GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS IN ISRAEL Fishelson (1985), modified 1. Upper Galilee 2. Lower Galilee 3. Carmel Ridge 4. Northern Coastal Plain 5. Valley of Yizre’el 6. Samaria 7. Jordan Valley and Southern Golan 8. Central Coastal Plain 9. Southern Coastal Plain 10. Foothills of Judea 11. Judean Hills 12. Judean Desert 13. Dead Sea Area 14. Arava Valley 15. Northern Negev 16. Southern Nagev 17. Central Negev 18. Golan Heights 19. Mount Hermon

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11

15

14

16

0

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3

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+ 2000 m

18

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VEGETATION MAP OF ISRAEL Danin (1988), modified Maquis and forests Quercus calliprinos woodland on basalt Montane forest of Mt. Hermon Park forest of Quercus ithaburensis Park forest of Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus Ziziphus lotus with herbaceous vegetation Savannoid Mediterranean vegetation Semi-steppe batha Tragacanth vegetation of Mt. Hermon Steppe vegetation Steppes with trees of Pistacia atlantica Desert vegetation Sand vegetation Oases with Sudanian trees Desert savanoid vegetation Haloxylon persicum on sands Swamps and reed thickets Wet salines Synanthropic vegetation

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DEAD SE A

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50 km

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CLIMATOLOGICAL REGIONS OF ISRAEL Jaffe (1988), modified 1. Temperate 2. Semi-Arid 1

2

3. Arid

CHOROLOGICAL TYPES OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION

1

Zohary (1966), modified 3

1. Tragacanth zone 2. Mediterranean zone 3. Irano-Turanian, steppe zone

2

4. Saharo-Arabian, desert, zone 5. Ethiopian (Sudanian), tropical zone 4

3

4

5

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Color Plates of Moths

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PLATE 1 1. Abrostola clarissa (Staudinger, 1900) – (a) Palestine [ISRAEL]: Jerusalem, 1903. Paulus; (b) SYRIA: Lebanon s. Bscharre, VI. E. Pfeiffer, München, TAU. 2. Euchalcia emichi (Rogenhofer, 1873) – (a) TURKEY: 1km Se Ercis 1750 m. 14–15.V.1990. Coll. M. Fibiger, FM; (b) TURKEY: 1km Se Ercis 1750 m. 14–15.V.1990. Coll. M. Fibiger, FM. 3. Euchalcia olga Kravchenko, Müller, Fibiger, Mooser & Ronkay, 2006 – (a) ISRAEL: Mamshit, 13.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Mamshit, 13.IV.2004. K&M, TAU. 4. Euchalcia augusta (Staudinger, 1891) – Palestine [ISRAEL]: Jerusalem, 1903. Paulus, TAU. 5. Euchalcia maria (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) Palestine [ISRAEL]: Jerusalem, 1903. Paulus, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat, 1–20.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat, 1–20.V.2002. K&M, TAU. 6. Euchalcia paulina (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh, III, 2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh, III, 2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh, III, 2004. K&M, TAU. 7. Macdunnoughia confusa (Stephens, 1850) – ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 8. Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL:Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 18.IV.1988. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL:Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 18.IV.1988. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL:Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 18.IV.1988. K&Y, TAU. 9. Cornutiplusia circumflexa (Linnaeus, 1767) – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Timna National Park. 20.XI.1988. V&Y; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 15.XI.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 10. Thysanoplusia daubei (Boisduval, 1840) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 18.III.1999. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 5.III.1998. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 13.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 11. Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv, 13.V.1961. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 10.V.1961. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 10.V.1961. K&M, TAU. 12. Agrapha accentifera (Lefèbvre, 1827) – (a) ISRAEL: Haifa. 21.V.1927, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. V.2002. K&M, TAU. 13. Trichoplusia vittata (Wallengren, 1856) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 5.III.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 5.III.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 5.III.2004. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 5.III.2004. K&M, TAU.

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1b

4

2a

5a

2b

5b

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3a

3b

6a 8a

8b

8c

9a

9b

9c

10a

10b

10c

6b

6c

7

11a

PLATE 1

11b

10d

11c

12a

12b

12c

13a

13b

13c

13d

236

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 2 14. Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, 1803) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 18.V.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 18.V.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 18.V.1999. K&Y, TAU. 15. Trichoplusia circumscripta (Freyer, 1831) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. 1–10.IV.2002.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. 1–10.IV.2002.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor. 25.III.2001. V&M. 16. Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, 1789) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 17.XI.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 5.III.1988. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 5.III.1988. K&Y, TAU. 17. Thalerastria diaphora (Staudinger, 1879) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 16.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 16.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 5.V.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. V.1999. K&Y, TAU. 18. Pseudozarba bipartita (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850) – ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 19. Pseudozarba mesozona (Hampson, 1896) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 5.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin.127.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 5.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 5.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 20. Ozarba sancta (Staudinger, 1900) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 16.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 20.IV.1998. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Yotvata. 20.III.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Yotvata. 20.III.2001. K&M, TAU. 21. Xanthodes albago (Fabricius, 1794) – (a) ISRAEL: Rehovot. V.1963. Halperin J., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Rehovot. V.1963. Halperin J., TAU. 22. Acontia trabealis (Scopoli, 1763) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Bet Dagan. 21.IV.1953. Leg. Vermius, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Kineret, Degania. 16.V.1939. Palmony, TAU. 23. Acontia titania (Esper, 1798) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. IV.2003. K&M, TAU. 24. Acontia lucida (Hufnagel, 1766) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 12.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 21.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 21.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. IX.2002. K&M, TAU. 25. Acontia biskrensis (Oberthür, 1887) – (a) JORDAN: Wadi Rum. 13.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) JORDAN: Wadi Rum. 13.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva. 24.III.1965. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva. 24.III.1965. K&Y, TAU. 26. Armada panaceorum (Ménétriès, 1849) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve. 18.IV.1999. V. K&Y, TAU; (b) JORDAN: Azraq oases. 11.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) JORDAN: Azraq oases. 11.IV.2004. K&M, TAU. 27. Armada nilotica A. Bang-Haas, 1912 – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Beersheva. 27.III.1970. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Revivim. 10.VI.1952. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 28. Armada maritima Brandt, 1939; ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 2.II.2001. K&M, TAU. 29. Tarachephia hueberi (Ershov, 1874); (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. III.2002. K&M, TAU.

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14b

14c

15a

15b

15c

16a

16b

PLATE 2

17a

17b

17c

17d

18

19a

19b

19c

19d

19e

20a

20b

20c

20d

16c

22a

22b

23a

23b

23c

23d

21a

24a

24b

23c

24d

21b

25a

25b

25c

25d

29a

26a

26b

26c

29b

27a

27b

28

29c

238

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 3 30. Aedia leucomelas (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU. 31. Aedia funesta (Esper, 1786) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 23.V.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 32. Diloba caeruleocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jerusalem. 11.XII.1943. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 33. Simyra dentinosa Freyer, 1839 – (a) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Sde Nehemya. 30.III.1969. Palmoni Y., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. I.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. I.2002. K&M, TAU. 34. Acronicta aceris (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights. Qazrin. 6.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights. Qazrin. 6.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights. Qazrin. 6.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights. Qazrin. 6.IV.2004. K&M, TAU. 35. Acronicta psi (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Degania. 16.V.1939. Palmoni Y., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Degania. 16.V.1939. Palmoni Y., TAU. 36. Acronicta tridens (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Degania. 16.V.1939. Palmoni Y., TAU. 37. Acronicta pasiphae Draudt, 1936 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 28.VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1700 m. 20.VI.2005. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1700 m. 20.VI.2005. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1700 m. 20.VI.2005. K&M, TAU. 38. Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain. ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain. ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain. ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. II.2003. K&M, TAU. 39. Craniophora ligustri (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Banyas Nature Reserve. IV.2003. K&M, TAU. 40. Craniophora pontica (Staudinger, 1879) – (a) ISRAEL: Hula Valley, Kfar Blum. 9.IX.1964. Coll. Shoham Z., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hula Valley, Kfar Blum. 9.IX.1964. Coll. Shoham Z., TAU. 41. Aegle semicana (Esper, 1798); (a) TURKEY: Asi Yol. 9.VIII.1951. Bytinski Salz, TAU; (b) TURKEY: Asi Yol. 9.VIII.1951. Bytinski Salz, TAU. 42. Aegle rebeli Schawerda, 1923 – ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Revivim. 13.VI.1965. Bytinski Salz, TAU.

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30b

31a

31b

32a

32b

33a

34a

34b

33b

34c

34d

33c

37a

37b

35a

37c

37d

36

35b

41a 38a

38b

38c 41b

39 PLATE 3

40a

40b

42

240

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 4 43. Aegle exquisita Boursin, 1969 – ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Revivim. 13.VI.1965. Bytinski Salz, TAU. 44. Aegle ottoi (Schawerda, 1923) – ISRAEL: Dead Sea area. Jericho. 11.IV.2004. K&M, TAU. 45. Megalodes eximia (Freyer, 1845) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. 1–10.IV. 2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. 1–10.IV. 2002. K&M, TAU. 46. Haemerosia renalis (Hübner, 1813) – ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VII.2003. K&M, TAU. 47. Haemerosia vassilininei A. Bang-Haas, 1912 – (a) ISRAEL: Hula Valley, Sde Nehemia. 19.VIII.1964. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hula Valley, Dan. 4.X.1956. Palmoni Y., TAU. 48. Tyta luctuosa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. 20–30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. 20– 30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 49. Epharmottomena eremophila (Rebel, 1895) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 50. Iranada turcorum (Zerny, 1915) – (a) IRAN: Fars, ca 2000 m. 4–8 VI.1937. coll. Brandt. Cotypus, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. 15–30.IV.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Revivim. 10.VI.1952. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 51. Cucullia syrtana (Mabille, 1888) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 19.II.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.XII.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.XII.1999. K&Y, TAU. 52. Cucullia argentina (Fabricius, 1787) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Rom. 15.V.1993. Müller G., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Rom. 15.V.1993. Müller G., TAU. 53. Cucullia santolinae Rambur, 1834 – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. I.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 54. Cucullia calendulae Treitschke, 1835 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. I.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. XII.2001. K&M, TAU. 55. Cucullia santonici (Hübner, 1813) – RUSSIA: Sarepta (Volgograd). 1905, TAU. 56. Cucullia boryphora Fischer de Waldheim, 1840 – ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. 18.IV.1964. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 57. Cucullia improba Christoph, 1885 – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. 18.IV.1964. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. 4.IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 58. Cucullia macara Rebel, 1948 – ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. XII.2001. K&M, TAU.

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43 45a

45b

45c

48a

48b

48c

44

46

PLATE 4

47a

49a

47b

52a

49b

52b

49c

50a

50c

50b

51a

51b

51c

53a

53b

55

56

54a

54b

57a

57b

58

242

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 5 59. Cucullia blattariae (Esper, 1790) – (a) ISRAEL: Jerusalem, 1903. Paulus; (b) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. 1– 28.II.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) JORDAN: Dana Nature areserve. 12.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (d) JORDAN: Dana Nature Reserve. 12.IV.2004. K&M, TAU. 60. Cucullia barthae (Boursin, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 61. Cucullia anceps (Staudinger, 1882) – ISRAEL: Judean Desert near Jerusalem. III.1994. Müller G., TAU. 62. Cucullia scrophulariae (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. IV.1994. K&M, TAU. 63. Cucullia lychnitis (Rambur, 1833) – ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. V.2004. K&M, TAU. 64. Cucullia strigicosta Boursin, 1940 – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. I.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. I.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 65. Cucullia macewani Wiltshire, 1949 – ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. I.2003. K&M, TAU. 66. Cucullia verbasci (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. 1–28.II.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Alon. II.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. 1–28.II.2002. K&M, TAU. 67. Cucullia celsiae (Herrich-Schäffer, 1850); (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. 19.VI.1999. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2002. K&M, TAU. 68. Metlaouia autumna (Chrétien, 1910) – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Timna’ National Park. 20.XI.1989. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Timna’ National Park. 20.XI.1989. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. X.2001. K&M, TAU.

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59a

59b

59c

59d

60a

60b

61

60c

60d

62

63

64a

66a

65

64b

66b

67a

64c

67b 66c

68b PLATE 5

68a

68c

68d

244

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 6 69. Brachygalea albolineata (Blachier, 1905) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. I.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve. 17.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 6.IV.2001. K&Y, TAU. 70. Brachygalea kalchbergi (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 71. Lithophasia quadrivirgula (Mabille, 1888) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 72. Lithophasia venosula Staudinger, 1892 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. IX.2002. K&M, TAU. 73. Metalopha gloriosa (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. II.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Amud. 19.III.1991. G. Müller & R. Ortal, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Amud. 19.III.1991. G. Müller & R. Ortal, TAU. 74. Metalopha liturata (Christoph, 1887) – ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. III.1994. G. Müller, TAU. 75. Calophasia platyptera (Esper, 1788) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1900 m. 28.VIII.2000. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. II.2003. K&M, TAU. 76. Calophasia barthae Wagner, 1929 – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 77. Calophasia angularis (Chrétien, 1911) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 20.III.1999. K&Y, TAU. 78. Calophasia sinaica (Wiltshire, 1948) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Omer. 20.II.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 19.III.1998. K&Y, TAU. 79. Pamparama acuta (Freyer, 1838) – Asia minor [TURKEY:] Ankara, Cubuk-Barge. 5-17.5.1967. Friedel leg. ZSM. 80. Oncocnemis confusa Lederer, 1878 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1900 m. 28.VIII.2000.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1900 m. 25.VIII.2001.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1900 m. 25.VIII.2001.K&M, TAU. 81. Oncocnemis exacta Christoph, 1887 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. 19.IX.2000.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. 19.IX.2000.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. 19.IX.2000.K&M, TAU. 82. Oncocnemis strioligera Lederer, 1853 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1900 m. 8.VII.2000.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VIII.2003.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VIII.2003.K&M, TAU.

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69a

69b

69c

70a

71a

71b

71c

70b

72a

72b

72c

70c

73a

73b

73c

73d

74

75a

75b

75c

76a

76b

77a

77b

77c

79

76c

78a

78b

78c

81a

80a

80b

80c

81b

82a

82b

82c

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PLATE 7 83. Rhabinopteryx subtilis (Mabille, 1888) – (a) ISRAEL: Neot Mordehai. 5.IV.1975. Coll. Shoham Z., TAU; (b) TRIPOLITANIA [LIBIA]: Jefren. III.1935. A. Fiori, TAU. 84. Teinoptera culminifera Calberla, 1891 – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. III.2002.K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. III.2002.K&M, TAU. 85. Teinoptera gafsana (Blachier, 1905) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. II.2003.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. III.2002.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. II.2003.K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. II.2003.K&M, TAU. 86. Cleonymia jubata (Oberthür, 1890) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. I.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. I.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. I.2003. K&M, TAU. 87. Cleonymia warionis (Oberthür, 1876) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. III.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. III.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. I.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. III.2003. K&M, TAU. 88. Cleonymia opposita (Lederer, 1870) – (a) Asia min. [TURKEY:] C. Ak. Chehir. 16-30. May. Coll. Wagner. Wien., TAU; (b) Asia min. [TURKEY:] C. Ak. Chehir. 16-30. May. Coll. Wagner. Wien, TAU. 89. Cleonymia pectinicornis (Staudinger, 1859) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. II.2003. K&M, TAU. 90. Cleonymia baetica (Rambur, 1837) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. III.2004.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. 20.III.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Foothills of Judea, Stalagmite Cave. III.2004. K&M, TAU. 91. Cleonymia chabordis (Oberthür, 1876) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve. 17.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. IV.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. II.2003. K&M, TAU. 92. Cleonymia fatima (A. Bang-Haas, 1907) – (a) JORDAN: Data Natural Reserve. 12.IV.2004.K&M, TAU; (b) JORDAN: Dana Natural Reserve. 12.IV.2004.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 93. Omphalophana antirrhinii (Hübner, 1803) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Bet Shemesh. 15.III.2002.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 10.III.2002.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001.K&M, TAU. 94. Omphalophana anatolica (Lederer, 1857) – (a) ISRAEL: Kiriat Anavim, Jerusalem. 26.III.[19]30. Leg. H.G. Amsel, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Kiriat Anavim, Jerusalem. 18.III.[19]30. Leg. H.G. Amsel, TAU. 95. Omphalophana pauli (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. II.2003.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001.K&M, TAU. 96. Recophora beata (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) Asia Minor [TURKEY:] c. Ak-Ch. Tschiftlik. 20-31 May [19]28. Coll. WagnerWien., TAU; (b) Asia minor [TURKEY:] Ankara, Cubuk-Barge. 5-17.5.1967. Friedel leg., TAU. 97. Metopoceras omar (Oberthür, 1887) – (a) JORDAN: Azraq oases. 11.IV.2004.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve. 17.IV.1999.K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. III.2002.K&M, TAU.

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84a

84b

84c

84d

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85a

85b

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85d

86a

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86c

86d

88a

87a

87b

87c

87d

88b

89a

89b

89c

96a

94a

90a

90b

90c

96b

94b

91a

91b

91c

95a

95b

92a

92b

92c

95c

97a

93a

93b

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 8 98. Metopoceras delicata (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) JORDAN: Azraq oases. 11.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) JORDAN: Azraq oases. 11.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) JORDAN: Azraq oases. 11.IV.2004. K&M, TAU. 99. Metopoceras philbyi Wiltshire, 1980 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 11.II.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal haShitta. 16.V.1999. K&Y, TAU. 100. Metopoceras solituda (Brandt, 1938) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve. 17.IV.1999.K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve. 17.IV.1999.K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve. 17.IV.1999.K&Y, TAU. 101. Metopoceras kneuckeri (Rebel, 1903) – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. III.2002.K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. III.2002.K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 13.X.1999.K&Y, TAU. 102. Metopoceras felicina (Donzel, 1844) – [ISRAEL:][Judean Hills], Jerusalem. 1909. Paulus, TAU. 103. Xylocampa mustapha Oberthür, 1920 – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Bet Shemesh. XII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. II.2003. K&M, TAU. 104. Stilbia syriaca Staudinger, 1892 – ISRAEL: Nahal Keziv, III.1987. G. Müller, TAU. 105. Hypeuthina fulgurita Lederer, 1855 – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 106. Stilbina hypaenides Staudinger, 1892 – Males: (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Rom. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). X.2003. K&M, TAU; females: (d) ISRAEL: Carmel ridge, Nahal Oren. 2.XI.2000. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Carmel ridge, Nahal Oren. 2.XI.2000. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Carmel ridge, Nahal Oren. 2.XI.2000. K&M, TAU. 107. Pyrois effusa (Boisduval, 1828) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 5-20.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Zur Hadassa. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 520.V.2002. K&M, TAU.

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99a

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103b

103c

100b

103d

102

104

100c

105a

105b

107a

105c

106a

107b

106b

106c

107c

106d

106e

106f

250

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 9 108. Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) GREECE: Hellas, Ioannina, 700 m, 40 km. N. Ioannina, at Geroplatanos. 10.VIII.1985. Leg. M. Fibiger, FM; (b) GREECE: Hellas, Ioannina, 700 m, 40 km. N. Ioannina at Geroplatanos. 10.VIII.1985. Leg. M. Fibiger, FM; Amphipyra berbera Rungs, 1949 – (c) DENMARK: Fortunen nez. 15.VIII.1979. M. Fibiger FM; (d) FRANCE: B’ses. Alpes Mezel, 575m. 15.VIII.1992. F. Scherler, FM. 109. Amphipyra micans Lederer, 1857 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 10–20.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 20–30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 110. Amphipyra boursini Hacker, 1998 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Hermon 1200. 19.IX.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 20–30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 111. Amphipyra tetra (Fabricius, 1787) – (a) ISRAEL: Tel Aviv. 7.X.1974. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Tel Aviv. 7.X.1974. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 112. Amphipyra stix Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VII.2002. K&M, TAU. 113. Valeria oleagina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. II.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. II.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. II.2002. K&M, TAU. 114. Valeria josefmooseri Kravchenko, Speidel, Seplyarkaya & Müller, 2007 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 115. Valeria thomaswitti Kravchenko, Speidel, Seplyarkaya & Müller, 2007 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 116. Allophyes benedictina (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU.

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108d 109b

108b

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111b

113a

PLATE 9

110a

108c

112b

112a

110b

112c

112d

113b

114a

114b

113c

115a

115b

116a

116b

116c

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 10 117. Allophyes asiatica (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 118. Heliothis viriplaca (Hüfnagel, 1766) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 119. Heliothis nubigera Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 19.X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 19.X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 22.XI.1998. K&Y, TAU. 120. Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. II.2000. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 19.X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU. 121. Heliothis incarnata (Freyer, 1838) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 12,IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 4.V.2002. K&Y, TAU; (c) Asia min.[TURKEY], Ak-Chehir. 16-31 May. Coll. Wagner Wien, TAU. 122. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 18.XI.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 18.XI.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. 2.XI.2000. K&M, TAU. 123. Schinia scutosa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. II.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. 10–20.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. 20.III.2003. K&M, TAU. 124. Periphanes delphinii (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) Palestine [ISRAEL], Tel Aviv. 18.VI.1946. leg. Bytinski Salz, TAU; (b) Palestine [ISRAEL], Tel Aviv. 20.V.1946. leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (c) Palestine [ISRAEL], Upper Galilee, Elon. VI.1947. leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 125. Periphanes treitschkei (Frivaldzsky, 1835) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Zur Hadassa, V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Zur Hadassa, V.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 24.VI.2000. K&M, TAU. 126. Aedophron phlebophora Lederer, 1858 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 25.VII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 25.VII.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 25.VII.2001. K&M, TAU. 127. Masalia albida (Hampson, 1905) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 14.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 20.IV.1998. K&M, TAU.

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117b

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118b

119a

119b

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119c

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121b

121c

122a

123a

123b

122b

122c

123c

124a

124b

124c

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125b

125c

126a

127a

127b

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 11 128. Condica capensis (Guenée, 1852) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Alon. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 129. Condica viscosa (Freyer, 1831) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan river, Karkom. 25.IX.2002. K&M, TAU. 130. Condica palaestinensis (Staudinger, 1895) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan river, Karkom. 25.IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 131. Callopistria latreillei (Duponchel, 1827) – (a) ITALY: Tivoli. III.1927. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. V.2002. K&M, TAU. 132. Cryphia algae (Fabricius, 1775) – (a) TURKEY: Prov. Ankara. 12 km. Camlidere. 6-8.VIII.1993.Fritz Schepler (coll. M. Fibiger), FM; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve, 28.VII.2003. K&M, TAU. 133. Cryphia ochsi (Boursin, 1941) – (a) ISRAEL: Ilanoth, Sharon, Coastal Plain. 1.10.1959. Halperin J., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 23. III. 1973. Coll. Halperin, TAU. 134. Cryphia tephrocharis Boursin, 1953 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Banyas Nature Reserve. 20–30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Banyas Nature Reserve. VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 135. Cryphia rectilinea (Warren, 1909) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Yir’on. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights. Majdal Shams. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 18.X.1970. Coll. Halperin, TAU. 137. Cryphia labecula (Lederer, 1855) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Banyas Nature Reserve. 20–30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Banyas Nature Reserve. VI.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Banyas Nature Reserve. VI.2001. K&M, TAU. 138. Cryphia raptricula (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 1–10.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. 16.VII.2002. K&M, TAU. 139. Cryphia petrea (Guenée, 1852) – (a) [TURKEY] Moreamec. Tayget. Wassillki 10/150 m. VII.1901. Haltz, FM; (b) GREECE: Lakonia. 5.VII.1979. F. Schepler, FM. 140. Cryphia maeonis (Lederer, 1865) – (a) IRAN: SW., Sar-I-Mill. 40km E Kasi-Shiran, 1300 m, 4.X.1965. Leg. E. & A. Vartian. (coll. M. Fibiger), FM; (b) Persia [IRAN]Elburs geb. Pelur. 2000 m 27-28.VII.1936. Schwingenschuss, TAU. 141. Cryphia paulina (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev. Nahal Nizzana. 29.X.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev. Nahal Nizzana. 22.IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) PALAESTINA: Jericho. 31.V.[19]30 leg. H.G. Amsel, TAU. 142. Cryphia amasina (Draudt, 1931) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Tel Dan Nature Reserve. 10–20.IV.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Banyas Nature Reserve. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Banyas Nature Reserve. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley. Tel Dan Nature Reserve. 10– 20.IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 143. Victrix tabora (Staudinger, 1892) – IRAN: Fars. Straße Ardekan-Talechosree Comee, ca 2600 m. 1.VII.1937. Coll. Brandt, TAU. 144. Victrix marginelota (de Joannis, 1888) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. 19.IX.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 25.VIII.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 25.VIII.2001. K&M, TAU. 145. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Timna’ National Park. 20.XI.1998. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU.

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135c

137a

137b

137c

138a

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139a

139b

140a

140b

141a

142a

142b

142c

141b

141c

142d

143

144a

144b

144c

145a PLATE 11

133b

145b

145c

145d

256

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 12 146. Spodoptera cilium (Guenée, 1852) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 9.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 7.VI.2000. K&M, TAU. 147. Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 15.XII.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 13.II.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. V.1962. Coll. Kugler, TAU. 148. Caradrina agrotina (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams,1200 m. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams,1200 m. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams,1200 m. IX.2002. K&M, TAU. 149. Caradrina aspersa (Rambur, 1834) – (a) SPAIN: Andalusia Camino d. Ronda. Urb Madronal 500 m oma de Colmenas. 22.9.1988. E. Traugott-Olsen, TAU; (b) HISPANIA: Andalusia Camino d. Ronda. Urb Madronal 500 m oma de Colmenas. 22.9.1988. E. Traugott-Olsen, TAU; (c) [ITALY] Aritzo, Sardinia, 800 m VIII,1933. Dr. H. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 150. Caradrina kadenii (Freyer, 1836) – (a) TURKEY: Prov. Sivas. 20 km.s. Gurun, 1700 m. V. 1987. Leg. Fibiger & Moberg, FM; (b) [ITALY] Aritzo, Sardinia, 800 m VIII,1933. Dr. H. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (c) [ITALY] Aritzo, Sardinia, 800 m VIII,1933. Dr. H. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 151. Caradrina syriaca (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) [ISRAEL]: Jerusalem. 1910-15. Schmitz collection, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Jerusalem. 3.XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 152. Caradrina panurgia (Boursin, 1939) – ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. 19.IX.2000. K&M, TAU. 153. Caradrina oberthueri (Rothschild, 1913) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 9.XII.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 9.XII.1998. K&Y, TAU. 154. Caradrina ingrata (Staudinger, 1897) – ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. V.2002. K&M, TAU. 155. Caradrina flavirena (Guenée, 1852) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) [ITALY] Sicilia, Madonie m 1200. 29.VIII. Coll. Dannehl, TAU. 156. Caradrina scotoptera (Püngeler, 1914) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. 29.X.2000. K&M, TAU. 157. Caradrina hypostigma (Boursin, 1932) – ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Qeziv. VI.2002. 158. Caradrina amseli (Boursin, 1936) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 159. Caradrina clavipalpis (Scopoli, 1763) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. 29.X.2000. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.X.1999. K&Y, TAU. 160. Caradrina selini Boisduval, 1840 – ISRAEL: Central Negev, Makhtesh Ramon. 5.V.1999. K&M, TAU.

257

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146a

146b

146c

149a

149b

149c

150a

150b

150c

147c

151a

151b

152

148a

153a

153b

153c

148b

154

155a

155b

147a

147b

148c

156a

156b

158a

158b

158c

157

159a

159b

159c

160

258

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 13 161. Caradrina levantina Hacker, 2004 – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 13.X.1999. K&M, TAU (paratype); (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 18.XI.1998. K&Y, TAU. 162. Caradrina zandi Wiltshire, 1952 – ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 163. Caradrina fibigeri Hacker, 2004 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 25.X.1998.K&Y, TAU (paratype); (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.XI.1998.K&Y, TAU (paratype). 164. Caradrina atriluna (Guenée, 1852) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 17.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 1.III.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) [ISRAEL: Dead Sea area] Jericho, Palastina. 28.IV.[19]30, leg. H.G.Amsel, TAU. 165. Caradrina zernyi (Boursin, 1936) – ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. 19.IX.2000. K&M, TAU. 166. Caradrina flava (Oberthür, 1876) – (a) Beu Hebma, Tunisia. 4.II.1929. Dr. H. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (b) Beu Hebma, Tunisia. 4.II.1929. Dr. H. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 9.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 167. Caradrina casearia (Staudinger, 1900) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 168. Caradrina kravchenkoi Hacker, 2004 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 10.XI.1999.K&Y, TAU (paratype); (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 25.X.1998.K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.XI.1999.K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 10.XI.1999.K&Y, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 10.XI.1999.K&Y, TAU. 169. Caradrina vicina (Staudinger, 1870) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 1–15.X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU. 170. Caradrina alfierii (Boursin, 1937) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Timna’ National Park. 20.XI.1998. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Ein-Husb [‘Hazeva]. 12.X.1953. Coll. Fishelson L., TAU. 171. Caradrina melanurina (Staudinger, 1901) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal haShitta. 12.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 5.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 5.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 172. Caradrina bodenheimeri (Draudt, 1934) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 19.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 10.XI.1999.K&Y, TAU. 173. Hoplodrina ambigua (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. 2.IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 13.X.1999. K&M, TAU.

259

161a

161b

161c

162

165

163a

163b

164a

164b

164c

166a

166b

166c

169a

167a

167b

167c

169b

168d

168e

168a

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Volume 2. Noctuidae

168b

168c

170a

170b

170c

171a

172a

172b

172c

171b

173a

173b

173c

171c

260

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 14 174. Scythocentropus eberti Hacker, 2001 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 10.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 10.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 175. Scythocentropus inquinata (Mabille, 1888) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 10.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 17.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.XI.1998. K&Y, TAU. 176. Diadochia stigmatica Wiltshire, 1984 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 10.XI.2001. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 10.XI.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 10.XI.2001. K&Y, TAU. 177. Heterographa puengeleri Bartel, 1904 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XI.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. III.2000. K&Y, TAU. 178. Catamecia minima (Swinhoe, 1889) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. V.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 12.VII.2000. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 179. Dicycla oo (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 180. Atethmia ambusta (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775); (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Mt. Meron. 21.IX.1999. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Mt. Meron. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Mt. Meron. IX.2002. K&M, TAU. 181. Atethmia centrago (Haworth, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 182. Eremotrachea bacheri (Püngeler, 1902) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. I.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. III.2000. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. I.2003. K&M, TAU. 183. Anthracia eriopoda (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Mt. Meron. 20.IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 19.IX.2000. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Amnun. 26.IX.2000. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Amnun. 26.IX.2000. K&M, TAU.

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174a

174b

175a

174c

175b

175c

176a

176b 177a

177b

177c

176c 178a

178b

178c

178d

180a 179a

179b

179c

180b 181a

181b

179d 180c

182a

183a PLATE 14

182b

183b

182c

183c

183d

262

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 15 184. Mormo maura (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 15–30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 15–30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 185. Polyphaenis propinqua (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 186. Olivenebula subsericata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Mt. Meron. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 1–15.X.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. 1–15.X.2003. K&M, TAU. 188. Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren, XI.2000, K&M, TAU. 187. Chloantha hyperici (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. 2.IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001. K&M, TAU. 189. Pseudenargia regina (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Mt. Meron. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 190. Pseudenargia deleta (Osthelder, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: HermonMt. 1200 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. IX.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. IX.2003. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1200 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU.

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184a

PLATE 15

184b

186a

186b

185a

186c

186d

185b

188a

188b

185c

189a

189b

189c

187a

190a

190b

190c

187b

190d

190e

190f

187c

264

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 16 191. Apamea monoglypha (Hüfnagel, 1766) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 192. Apamea syriaca (Osthelder, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden National Park. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. IV.2003. K&M, TAU. 193. Apamea polyglypha (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 194. Apamea leucodon (Eversmann, 1837) – TURKEY: Urfa, 10 km N. Nalfeti 500 m. V.1987. leg M.Fibiger, FM. 195. Apamea platinea (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 196. Apamea anceps (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 197. Mesoligia literosa (Haworth, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 198. Luperina dumerilii (Duponchel, 1826) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Amnun. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Amnun. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 199. Luperina kravchenkoi Fibiger & Müller, 2005 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU; Luperina rubella (Duponchel, 1835) - (e) TURKEY: Urfa, 10 km N. Nalfeti 500 m. 9.X.1987. leg M.Fibiger, FM.

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193a 191a

191b

193b

192a

192b 194

195a

195b

196a

196b

196c

198a

198b

198c

197a

199a

199b

197b

197c

199c PLATE 16

195c

199d

199c

266

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 17 200. Luperina rjabovi (Kljuchko, 1967) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 201. Margelana flavidior F. Wagner, 1931 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 202. Gortyna gyulaii Fibiger & Zahiri, 2007 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. IX.2002. K&M, TAU. 203. Oria musculosa (Hübner, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. 10–20.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. 10–20.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. 10–20.V.2002. K&M, TAU. 204. Nonagria typhae (Thunberg, 1784) – ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. VII.2002. K&M, TAU. 205. Lenisa geminipuncta (Haworth, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Hula Nature Reserve.VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 206. Lenisa wiltshirei (Bytinski-Salz, 1936) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Yavne. VI.1953. J. Halperin, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Yavne. VI.1953. J. Halperin, TAU. 207. Arenostola deserticola (Staudinger, 1900) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. IV.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. IV.2002. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. IV.2002. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. IV.1998. K&Y, TAU. 208. Sesamia ilonae Hacker, 2001 – ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Ha Yarden. 5.IV.1987. G. Müller, ZSM. 209. Sesamia cretica Lederer, 1857 – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. VI.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. VI.1998. K&Y, TAU. 210. Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre, 1827) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. V.2003. K&M, TAU.

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200a

200c 200b

203a

201a

201c

201b

202a

202c

202b

204

206a

207c

209a 205a

207d

209b

205b

210b 210a PLATE 17

203c

206b

207b 207a

203b

208 210c

268

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 18 211. Episema tamardayanae Fibiger, Kravchenko, Mooser, Li & Müller, 2006 – (a) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Amnun. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Amnun. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 212. Episema lederi Christoph, 1885 – (a) SYRIA: Tauris, Marasch; (b) [ISRAEL:] Jerusalem, 1903, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 213. Episema didymogramma (Boursin, 1955) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2002. K&M, TAU; – (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 214. Episema ulriki Fibiger, Kravchenko, Mooser, Li & Müller, 2006 – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Yavne. X.1953. J. Halperin; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Yavne. X.1953. J. Halperin, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Yavne. X.1953. J. Halperin, TAU. 215. Episema korsakovi (Christoph, 1885) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 216. Episema lemoniopsis Hacker, 2001 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 217. Leucochlaena muscosa (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Mt. Meron. X.1987. G. Müller, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 218. Leucochlaena jordana Draudt, 1934 – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 219. Ulochlaena hirta (Hübner, 1813) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 220. Ulochlaena gemmifera Hacker, 2001 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, ‘En Zivan. XI.2002. K&M, TAU.

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211a

211b

211c

212a

211d

213a

213b

212b

212c

214b 214c

214a

219a

215c

215b

215a

219b

216b

216c

216a

220a

217b 217c

217a

220b

218b 218a PLATE 18

218c

270

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 19 221. Eremopola lenis (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Alon. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 222. Tiliacea cypreago (Hampson, 1906) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 223. Xanthia pontica Kljuchko, 1968 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 224. Maraschia grisescens Osthelder, 1933 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2000. K&M, TAU. 225. Agrochola litura (Linnaeus, 1761) – ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. II.2003. K&M, TAU. 226. Agrochola rupicarpa (Staudinger, 1879) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 227. Agrochola osthelderi Boursin, 1951 – (a) ISRAEL: ‘Judean Hills, Sattaf. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) TURKEY: Urfa, 10 km N. Nalfeti 500 m. X.1987. leg M.Fibiger, FM. 228. Agrochola macilenta (Hübner, 1809); (a) TURKEY: Urfa, 10 km N. Nalfeti 500 m. X.1987. leg M.Fibiger, FM; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: ‘Judean Hills, Sattaf. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 229. Agrochola helvola (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) GREECE: Hellas, Kilki Kilkis, 100 m. 1984. M. Fibiger, FM; (b) GREECE: Hellas, Kilki Kilkis, 100 m. 1984. M. Fibiger, FM. 230. Agrochola pauli (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. II.2004. K&M, TAU. 231. Agrochola scabra (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. I.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. I.2003. K&M, TAU.

271

221a

221b

222a

222b

223a

223b

222c

222d

224a

224b

226a

227a

227b

226b

225

228a

228b

229a

229b

228c

230a

230b

230c

231a PLATE 19

Volume 2. Noctuidae

231b

231c

231d

272

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 20 232. Agrochola hypotaenia (Bytinski-Salz, 1936) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 233. Agrochola lychnidis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. I.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. I.2000. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 234. Agrochola staudingeri Ronkay, 1984 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. XII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. XII.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Hai Bar Nature Reserve. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Hai Bar Nature Reserve. I.2004. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Hai Bar Nature Reserve. I.2004. K&M, TAU. 235. Conistra acutula (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 236. Conistra veronicae (Hübner, 1813) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. I.2003. K&M, TAU. 237. Jodia croceago (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – GREECE: Hellas, Evro 500 m, 30 km. N. Alexandropolis, at Kilki. 3.IV.1985. M. Fibiger, FM. 238. Lithophane semibrunnea (Haworth, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. I.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. I.2002. K&M, TAU. 239. Lithophane lapidea (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. XII.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. I.2003. K&M, TAU.

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232a

232b

232c

233a

233b

233c

234a

234b

234c

234d

234e

234f

235a

235b

235c

235d

235e

237

238a

238b 236a

239a

239b 236b

PLATE 20

274

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 21 240. Lithophane ledereri (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. I.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. I.2002. K&M, TAU. 241. Xylena exsoleta (Linnaeus, 1758) – ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. XII.2004. K&M, TAU. 242. Xylena vetusta (Hübner, 1813) – ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. I.1989. G. Müller, TAU. 243. Evisa schawerdae Reisser, 1930 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh. XII.2004. K&M, TAU. 244. Rileyiana fovea (Treitschke, 1825); (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2005. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2005. K&M, TAU. 245. Dryobota labecula (Esper, 1788) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh, I,2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh, I,2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh, I,2001. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 246. Scotochrosta pulla (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Qiriat Tiv’on. 25.II.1954. Coll. Sandler Ch., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Qiriat Tiv’on. 25.II.1954. Coll. Sandler Ch., TAU. 247. Griposia pinkeri (Kobes, 1973) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2005. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XII.2003. K&M, TAU. 248. Griposia aeruginea (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XII.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XII.2003. K&M, TAU.

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243a 240b

240a

241

242

246a

245a

243b

245b

244a

245c

244b

245d

245e

246b

245f

248a

248b

248c

248d

247a

247b PLATE 21

276

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 22 249. Dryobotodes eremita (Fabricius, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 250. Dryobotodes carbonis (F. Wagner, 1931) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. XII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Room. XII.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 251. Dryobotodes tenebrosa (Esper, 1789) – (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. XII.1999. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. XII.1999. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Guvrin. XII.2001. K&M, TAU. 252. Pseudohadena eibinevoi Fibiger, Kravchenko, Li, Mooser & Müller, 2006 – ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. V.2001. K&M, TAU. 253. Pseudohadena jordana (Staudinger, 1900) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 18.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 254. Pseudohadena commoda (Staudinger, 1889) – KIRGHIZIA: Osh, V.1986. Zonstein. 255. Antitype jonis (Lederer, 1865) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 256. Ammoconia senex (Geyer, 1828) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 257. Aporophyla canescens (Duponchel, 1826) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Qeziv. XI.2002; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Qeziv. XI.2002; (c) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. XI.1999. K&M, TAU. 258. Aporophyla nigra (Haworth, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert near Jerusalem. XI.2001. K&M, TAU.

277

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249a

249b

249c 250a

251a

251b

251c 250b

253a

253b

253c 250c

252

254 255a

256a

257a 255b

PLATE 22

256b

257b

257c

256c

258a

258b

278

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 23 259. Aporophyla australis (Boisduval, 1829) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Guvrin. XII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Guvrin. XII.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 260. Aporophyla dipsalea Wiltshire, 1941 – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 261. Dasypolia ferdinandi Rühl, 1892 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 262. Polymixis manisadjiani (Staudinger, 1882) – ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 263. Polymixis subvenusta (Püngeler, 1906) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. XI.2001. K&M, TAU. 264. Polymixis juditha (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. XII.1999.K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. XII.1999.K&Y, TAU. 265. Polymixis rebecca (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 266. Polymixis steinhardti Kravchenko, Fibiger, Mooser & Müller, 2005 – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 267. Polymixis ancepsoides Poole, 1989 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal ‘Ammud Nature Reserve. XII.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal ‘Ammud Nature Reserve. XII.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. XI.2002. K&M, TAU.

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259a

259b

259c 259d

261a

260a

261b

260b 261c

261d

260c

262

263a

263b

265a

264a

264b 265b

266b 266a

266c

265c

267c

265d

267b 267a PLATE 23

280

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 24 268. Polymixis rufocincta (Geyer, 1828) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 269. Polymixis trisignata (Ménétriès, 1847) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Rosh Ha Ayin. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 270. Polymixis serpentina (Treitschke, 1825) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. XI.2001. K&M, TAU. 271. Polymixis apora (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Mizpe Hagit. XII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Mizpe Hagit. XII.2001. K&M, TAU. 272. Polymixis lea (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. I.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. XII.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. XII.2003. K&M, TAU. 273. Polymixis aegyptiaca (Wiltshire, 1947) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal HaRoa. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal HaRoa. XII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Shaharut settlement. XII.2004. K&M, TAU. 274. Polymixis epiphleps (Turati & Krüger, 1936) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. I.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. I.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Mamshit National Park. XII.2002. K&M, TAU. 275. Mniotype compitalis (Draudt, 1909) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). XII.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). XII.2003. K&M, TAU. 276. Mniotype judaica (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XII.2000. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XII.2000. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XII.2000. K&Y, TAU.

281

PLATE 24

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268a

268b

269a

270a

270b

269b

271a

271b

269c

273a

273b

273c

274a

274b

274c

272a

275a

275b

272b

272c

276a

276b

276c

276d

282

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 25 277. Mniotype johanna (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. XI.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. XI.2004. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. XI.2004. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. XI.2004. K&M, TAU. 278. Boursinia discordans (Boursin, 1940) – (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Ramat HaNadiv. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 279. Boursinia deceptrix (Staudinger, 1900) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU. 280. Boursinia lithoxylea (A. Bang-Haas, 1912) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. XI.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. XI.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. XI.2004. K&M, TAU. 281. Wiltshireola praecipua Hacker & Kravchenko, 2001 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.1999. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.1999. K&M, TAU. 282. Ostheldera gracilis (Osthelder, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 283. Metopoplus excelsa (Christoph, 1885) – ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VII.2001. K&M, TAU. 284. Orthosia cruda (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal ‘Ammud Nature Reserve. III.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal ‘Ammud Nature Reserve. III.2003. K&M, TAU. 285. Orthosia cypriaca Hacker, 1996 – ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 286. Orthosia cerasi (Fabricius, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. III.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. III.2004. K&M, TAU.

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277a

277b

277c

277d

277e

277f

278a

278b

278c

279a

279b

279c

280a

280b

280c

282a

281a

281b

282b

282c

284b 283

284a 285

286a PLATE 25

286b

286c

284

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 26 287. Perigrapha mundoides (Boursin, 1940) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. II.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. II.2003. K&M, TAU. 288. Egira tibori Hreblay, 1994 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Mas’ada. II.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Mas’ada. II.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. II.2003. K&M, TAU. 289. Tholera hilaris (Staudinger, 1901); TURKEY: Prov. Sivas. 20 km. s. Gurun, 1700 m. X.1986. Fibiger & Moberg, FM. 290. Anarta sabulorum (Alphéraky, 1882) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. III.2001. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. III.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. III.2001. K&Y, TAU. 291. Anarta engedina Hacker, 1998 – ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, ‘En Gedi Nature Reserve. 27.III.1989. G. Müller, ZSM. 292. Anarta arenbergeri (Pinker, 1974) – ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. III.2003. K&M, TAU. 293. Anarta mendax (Staudinger, 1879) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 294. Anarta mendica (Staudinger, 1879) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. V.1999. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. V.1999. K&M, TAU. 295. Anarta trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. V.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. V.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. V.2004. K&M, TAU. 296. Anarta stigmosa (Christoph, 1887) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘En Ziq. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 297. Cardepia sociabilis (de Graslin, 1850) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. X.2001. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. X.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. X.2001. K&Y, TAU. 298. Cardepia affinis Rothschild, 1913 – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XI.199. K&Y, TAU. 301. Lacanobia oleracea (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. V.1998. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. V.1998. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2001. K&M, TAU.

285

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287a

PLATE 26

287b

289

288a

288b

288c

290a

290b

290c

291

292

293a

293b

294a

294b

295a

295b

295c

296a

296b

298a

297a

297b

297c

298b

301a

301b

301c

298c

286

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 27 299. Thargelia gigantea Rebel, 1909 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot.II.2003. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot.II.2003. K&Y, TAU. 300. Odontelia daphnadeparisae Kravchenko, Ronkay, Speidel, Witt, Mooser, Junnila, Zilli & Müller, 2007 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 302. Lacanobia softa (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU. 303. Sideridis implexa (Hübner, 1813) – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. IV.2003. K&M, TAU. 304. Dicerogastra chersotoides (Wiltshire, 1956) – (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 305. Saragossa siccanorum (Staudinger, 1870) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal HaRoa. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 306. Hecatera bicolorata (Hüfnagel, 1766) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. V.2001. K&M, TAU. 307. Hecatera weissi (Boursin, 1952) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Mizpe Hagit. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. V.2002. K&M, TAU.

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302a 299a

302b

302c

299b

302d

303a

303c

303b

304a

304b

304c

307a

300a

300b

PLATE 27

305a

305b

305c

307b

306a

306b

306c

307c

288

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 28 308. Hecatera dysodea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Rom. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 309. Hecatera cappa (Hübner, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2001. K&M, TAU. 310. Hecatera fixseni (Christoph, 1883). – ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, ‘En Gedi Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 311. Enterpia laudeti (Boisduval, 1840) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. III.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. III.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 312. Hadena magnolii (Boisduval, 1829) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. V.2001. K&M, TAU. 313. Hadena compta (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 314. Hadena adriana (Schawerda, 1921) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2002. K&M, TAU. 315. Hadena gueneei (Staudinger, 1901) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 316. Hadena clara (Staudinger, 1901) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 317. Hadena persimilis Hacker, 1996 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 318. Hadena drenowskii (Rebel, 1930) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU.

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308a

308b

308c

309a

311a

311b

311c

309b

310

312a

312b

309c

313a

313b

313c

313d

314a

314b

316a

316b

315a

315b

317a

317b

318a PLATE 28

318b

318c

290

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 29 319. Hadena syriaca (Osthelder, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Mizpe Hagit. III.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Mizpe Hagit. III.2001. K&M, TAU. 320. Hadena perplexa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 321. Hadena silenes (Hübner, 1822) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. V.2001. K&M, TAU. 322. Hadena sancta (Staudinger, 1859) – ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. IV.2003. K&M, TAU. 323. Hadena pumila (Staudinger, 1879) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 324. Hadena silenides (Staudinger, 1895) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. III.2001 K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. III.2001 K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Amazyahu. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 325. Mythimna ferrago (Fabricius, 1787) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. IV.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 326. Mythimna vitellina (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Rosh Ha Ayin. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Foothills of Judea, Stalagmite Cave. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 327. Mythimna straminea (Treitschke, 1825) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. V.2001. K&M, TAU. 328. Mythimna congrua (Hübner, 1817) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 329. Mythimna languida (Walker, 1858) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Rosh Ha Ayin. V.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Foothills of Judea, Stalagmite Cave. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 330. Mythimna l-album (Linnaeus, 1767) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. III.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 331. Mythimna sicula (Treitschke, 1835) – (a) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Mas’ada. IV.2003. K&M, TAU.

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319a

319b

319c

320a

321a

321b

322

320b

323a

323b

323c

320c

324a

324b

324c

325a

326a

326b

326c

325b

325c 327a

327b

328a

331a 329a

329b

328b 331b

330a PLATE 29

330b

330c

331c

292

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 30 332. Mythimna alopecuri (Boisduval, 1840) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Alon. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Alon. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 333. Mythimna riparia (Rambur, 1829) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Mamshit National Park. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Mamshit National Park. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 334. Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). V.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU. 335. Leucania putrescens (Hübner, 1824) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU. 336. Leucania punctosa (Treitschke, 1825) – ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 337. Leucania palaestinae Staudinger, 1897 – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 338. Leucania joannisi Boursin & Rungs, 1952 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Hula Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Hula Nature Reserve. IX.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Hula Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 339. Leucania zeae (Duponchel, 1827) – ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Hula Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 340. Leucania herrichii Herrich-Schäffer, 1849 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 341. Leucania loreyi (Duponchel, 1827) – (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Rosh Ha Ayin. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Rosh Ha Ayin. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 342. Polytela cliens (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. III.2003. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. II.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. III.2002. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. III.2001. K&Y, TAU.

293

PLATE 30

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332a

332b

332c

333a

334a

334b

334c

333b

335a

335b

335c

333c

335d

336

337a

337b

338a

338b

338c

337c

339

340a

340b

337d

341a

341b

341c

341d

342a

342b

342c

342d

294

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 31 343. Peridroma saucia (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Rosh Ha Ayin. VIII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. VIII.2001. K&M, TAU. 344. Dichagyris flammatra (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. V.2001 K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. V.2001 K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. V.2001. K&M, TAU 345. Dichagyris sureyae (Rebel, 1931) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 346. Dichagyris rubidior (Corti, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU. 347. Dichagyris terminicincta (Corti, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU. 348. Dichagyris candelisequa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2004. K&M, TAU. 349. Dichagyris elbursica (Draudt, 1937) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2003. K&M, TAU. 350. Dichagyris leucomelas Brandt, 1941 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 351. Dichagyris melanura (Kollar, 1846) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2004. K&M, TAU 352. Dichagyris melanuroides I.Kozhantshikov, 1930 – ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2004. K&M, TAU. 353. Dichagyris imperator (A. Bang-Haas, 1912) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 354. Dichagyris pfeifferi (Corti & Draudt, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2004. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2004. K&M, TAU.

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343a

343b

343c

345a

344a

344b

344c

345b

347a

347b

346b

346a

348a

PLATE 31

348b

348c

349a

349b

349c

351a

350a

350b

350c

351b

353a

353b

353c

352

354a

354b

354c

354d

296

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 32 355. Dichagyris singularis (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 356. Dichagyris erubescens (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 357. Dichagyris devota (Christoph, 1884) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Yeriho. III.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, ‘En Gedi Nature Reserve. III.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, ‘En Gedi Nature Reserve. III.2001. K&M, TAU. 358. Dichagyris amoena Staudinger 1892 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 359. Dichagyris anastasia (Draudt, 1936) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 360. Dichagyris romanovi (Christoph, 1885) – (a) [ISRAEL: Judean Hills], Jerusalem. 1903. Paulus, TAU; (b) [ISRAEL: Judean Hills], Jerusalem. 1903. Paulus, TAU. 361. Dichagyris flavina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. VI. 2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Rom. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Mas’ada. VI.2004. K&M, TAU. 362. Dichagyris nigrescens (Höfner, 1887) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. VI. 2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. VI. 2002. K&M, TAU. 363. Dichagyris libanicola (Corti & Draudt, 1933) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Mas’ada. VI.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. VI. 2002. K&M, TAU. 364. Dichagyris truculenta Lederer, 1853 – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Rom. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Mas’ada. VI.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. VI. 2002. K&M, TAU.

297

PLATE 32

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355a

355b

355c

357a

356a

356b

356c

357b

358a

358b

358c

357c

360a

360b

361a

359a

361b

361c

361d

359b

362a

362b

362c

359c

363a

363b

363c

363d

364a

364b

364c

364d

298

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 33 365. Eucoptocnemis tischendorfi (Püngeler, 1925) – ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 366. Euxoa conspicua (Hübner, 1824) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. V.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. V.2004. K&M, TAU. 367. Euxoa aquilina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU. 368. Euxoa anarmodia (Staudinger, 1897) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 369. Euxoa nigrofusca (Esper, 1788) – (a) DENMARK: Sorø, VIII.1998. Fibiger, TAU; (b) DENMARK: Sorø, VIII.1998. Fibiger, TAU. 370. Euxoa temera (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. XI.2000. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 371. Euxoa oranaria (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU. 372. Euxoa distinguenda (Lederer, 1857) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2004. K&M, TAU. 373. Euxoa robiginosa (Staudinger, 1895) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 374. Euxoa cos (Hübner, 1824) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 375. Euxoa canariensis (Rebel, 1902) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. III.2001K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. III.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. III.2003. K&M, TAU.

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365 366a

PLATE 33

366b

367a

368a

368b

368c

367b

369a

369b

368d

370a

370b

370c

370d

372a

372b

372c

371a

373a

373b

373c

371b

374a

374b

374c

371c

375a

375b

375c

375d

300

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 34 376. Euxoa heringi (Staudinger, 1877) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 377. Euxoa foeda (Lederer, 1855) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VII.2004. K&M, TAU. 378. Agrotis spinifera (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. V.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. V.2003. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU. 379. Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Rosh Ha Ayin. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. V.2003. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. V.2001. K&M, TAU. 380. Agrotis trux (Hübner, 1824) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Foothills of Judea, Stalagmite Cave. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 381. Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 382. Agrotis scruposa (Draudt, 1936) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2002. K&M, TAU. 383. Agrotis alexandriensis Bethune-Baker, 1894 – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 384. Agrotis herzogi Rebel, 1911 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XII.2002. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Nahal Shaharut. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XII.2002. K&Y, TAU. 385. Agrotis haifae Staudinger, 1897 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. XI.2001. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. XI.2001. K&Y, TAU.

301

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376a

376b

376c

378a

377a

377b

377c

378b

379a

379b

379c

378c

380a

380b

380c

383a

381a

381b

381c

383b

382a

382b

382c

383c

384a

384b

384c

384d

385a

385b

385c

385d

302

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 35 386. Agrotis sardzeana Brandt, 1941 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU. 387. Agrotis ipsilon (Hüfnagel, 1766) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. IV.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Mamshit National Park. IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Foothills of Judea, Stalagmite Cave. XI.2005. K&M, TAU. 388. Agrotis puta (Hübner, 1803) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. XI.2004. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. IV.2002. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Lower Galilee, Kokhav haYarden. IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 389. Agrotis syricola Corti & Draudt, 1933 – ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 390. Agrotis bigramma (Esper, 1790) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal ‘Ammud Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, Sea of Galilee area. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 391. Agrotis obesa (Boisduval, 1829) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 392. Agrotis pierreti (Bugnion, 1837) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. XI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. XI.2003. K&Y, TAU. 393. Agrotis psammocharis Boursin, 1950 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 394. Agrotis lasserei (Oberthür, 1881) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Mamshit National Park. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Avedat. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Shaharut settlement. XI.2003. K&M, TAU. 395. Agrotis boetica (Boisduval, 1837) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, Qesarya (sand dunes). X.2001. K&M, TAU. 396. Agrotis margelanoides (Boursin, 1944) – ISRAEL: Hula Valley, Kfar Rupin. IX.1940. Coll. Shoham Z., TAU.

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386a

386b

386c

388a

387a

387b

387c

388b

390a

390b

390c

388c

391a

391b

391c

392a

392c

388e

392b

393a

394a

PLATE 35

392d

393b

394b

395a

388d

394c

395b

393c

389

394d

396

395c

395d

304

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 36 397. Ochropleura leucogaster (Freyer, 1831) – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Degania, Sea of Galilee area. V.1940. Y. Palmoni; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Degania, Sea of Galilee area. V.1940. Y. Palmoni; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Degania, Sea of Galilee area. V.1940. Y. Palmoni, TAU. 398. Rhyacia arenacea (Hampson, 1907) – (a) USSR: Turkmenia, Kopet Dag Mts., 400-600 m, Firiuza, 1991. M. Hreblay & G. Ronkay, TAU; (b) IRAN: Keredj (1200 m). 16.V.1938. Brandt, TAU. 399. Chersotis ebertorum Koçak, 1980 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 400. Chersotis elegans (Eversmann, 1837) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. IX.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU. 401. Chersotis multangula (Hübner, 1803) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2001. K&M, TAU. 402. Chersotis capnistis (Lederer, 1872) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2004. K&M, TAU. 403. Chersotis margaritacea (Villers, 1789) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 404. Chersotis fimbriola (Esper, 1803) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VI.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VI.2004. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2004. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2004. K&M, TAU. 405. Chersotis laeta (Rebel, 1904) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VII.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 406. Standfussiana defessa (Lederer, 1858) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VIII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. VI.2002. K&M, TAU.

305

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397a

397b

397c

398a

399a

399b

399c

398b

400a

400b

400c

404a

401a

401b

401c

404b

402a

402b

402c

404c

403a

403b

403c

404d

404e 406a

405a PLATE 36

406b

405b

405c

405d

306

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 37 407. Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. X.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. IV.2003. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.20002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. X.2002. K&Y, TAU. 408. Noctua orbona (Hüfnagel, 1766) – ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. IV.20002. K&M, TAU. 409. Noctua comes Hübner, 1813 – (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Amnun, near Kineret.VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal ‘Ammud Nature Reserve. VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 410. Noctua janthina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VI.2001. K&M, TAU. 411. Noctua tertia von Mentzer, Moberg & Fibiger, 1991 – ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. IV.2001. K&M, TAU. 412. Noctua tirrenica Biebinger, Speidel & Hanigk, 1983 – ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VI.2001. K&M, TAU. 413. Noctua interjecta Hübner, 1803 – ISRAEL: Hula Valley, Kfar Blum. V.1964. Coll. Shoham Z., TAU. 414. Epilecta linogrisea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. VIII.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. VIII.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1600 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU.

307

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407a

407b

407c

407d

408

409a

413

409b

409c

411

410a

410b

410c

414a

410d

414c

414d

412

414b PLATE 37

308

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 38 415. Xestia sareptana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2004. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2004. K&M, TAU. 416. Xestia castanea (Esper, 1798) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. XI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 417. Xestia cohaesa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Nimrod. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. X.2001. K&M, TAU. 418. Xestia xanthographa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Buq’ata. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Yir’on. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Hai Bar Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Hai Bar Nature Reserve. X.2003. K&M, TAU. 419. Xestia palaestinensis (Kalchberg, 1897) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Jerusalem. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. X.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Sattaf. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 420. Eugnorisma pontica (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. IX.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. X.2001. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. IX.2003. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000 m. IX.2003. K&M, TAU; (g) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. X.2003. K&M, TAU.

309

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415a

415b

415c

415d

416a

416b

416c

417a

416d

416e

416f

417b

418a

418b

418c

417c

418d

418e

418f

417d

419a

419b

419c

417e

420a

420b

420c

417f

420d

420e

420f

420g

310

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Index of Latin Names of Moths [ordinal number of the species] A Abrostola 17, 28, 33 Abrostolini 17, 28 accentifera [12], 17, 33 aceris [34], 18, 44 achaemenidica 185 Acontia 17, 37, 38, 39 Acontiinae 6, 16, 17, 35, 37, 39, 41 Acontiini 17, 37 Acronicta 18, 43,44, 45, 46 Acronictinae 6, 18, 42, 43 Actinotiini 22, 110 acuta [79], 19, 64 acutula [235], 23, 132 adriana [314], 25, 168 Aedia 18, 41, 42 Aediini 18, 37, 41 Aedophron 20, 80, 83 Aegle 18, 47, 48, 49 aegyptiaca [273], 24, 150 aeruginea [248], 23, 139 affinis [298], 24, 161 Agrapha 17, 33 Agrochola 22, 23, 128-132 agrotina [148], 21, 94 Agrotini 25, 182 Agrotis 26, 27, 182, 198-207 albago [21], 17, 37 albicans 57 albida [127], 20, 84 albolineata [69], 19, 60 alexandriensis [383], 26, 201 alfierii [170], 21, 102 algae [132], 20, 86 Allophyes 20, 79 alopecuri [332], 25, 177 amaenissima 53 amasina [142], 20, 90 ambigua [173], 21, 104

ambusta [180], 21, 107 Ammoconia 23, 142 amoena [358], 26, 190 Amphipyra 19, 20, 75-77 Amphipyrinae 6, 19, 59, 74, 84, 86, 91 amseli (Cryphia) [136], 20, 88 amseli (Caradrina) [158], 21, 97 anarmodia [368], 26, 194 Anarta 24, 157-160 anastasia [359], 26, 190 anatolica [94], 19, 65, 69, 114 anceps (Cucullia) [61], 18, 56 anceps (Apamea) [196], 22, 115 ancepsoides [267], 23, 147 angularis [77], 19, 63 Anthracia 21, 108 antirrhinii [93], 19, 69 Antitype 23, 142 Apamea 22, 112-115 Apameini 22, 112 apora [271], 24, 149 Aporophyla 23, 142-144 aquilina [367], 26, 193 arenacea [398], 27, 208 arenbergeri [292], 24, 158 Arenostola 22, 119 argentina [52], 18, 52 argyristis 173 Argyrogrammatini 17, 32 Armada 16, 17, 39, 40 Armadini 16, 17, 37, 39, 40, 47 armena 114 armigera [122], 20, 79, 82 asiatica [117], 20, 69, 79 aspersa [149], 21, 94 Atethmia 21, 107 atriluna [164], 21, 100 augusta [4], 17, 18, 29 australis [259], 23, 144 Autographa 17, 28, 31 autumna [68], 18, 59

B bacheri [182], 21, 108 baetica [90], 19, 68 Bagisarinae 6, 17, 37 barthae (Cucullia) [60], 18, 56 barthae (Calophasia) [76], 19, 62 beata [96], 19, 70 benderi 55 benedictina [116], 20, 79 berbera 75 bicolorata [306], 24, 164 bigramma [390], 26, 204 bipartita [18], 17, 36 biskrensis [25], 17, 37, 39 blattariae [59], 18, 55 bodenheimeri [172], 21, 103 boetica [395], 27, 206 boryphora [56], 18, 54 boursini [110], 19, 76 Boursinia 24, 152 Brachygalea 19, 60 Bryophilinae 6, 20, 86 C caeruleocephala [32], 18, 43 calendulae [54], 18, 53 Callopistria 20, 86 Calophasia 19, 62, 63 canariensis [375], 26, 197 candelisequa [348], 25, 183, 185 canescens [257], 23, 143 capensis [128], 20, 84 capnistis [402], 27, 210 cappa [309], 24, 166 Caradrina 21, 93-103 Caradrinini 21, 93 carbonis [250], 23,140 Cardepia 24, 160, 161 casearia [167], 21, 101 castanea [416], 27, 216

311

Catamecia 21, 106 celsiae [67], 18, 59 centrago [181], 21, 107 cerasi [286], 24, 155 chabordis [91], 19, 68 chalcites [16], 17, 28, 35 Chersotis 27, 207, 208-211 chersotoides [304], 24, 163 Chloantha 22, 110 Chrysodeixis 17, 28, 35 cilium [146], 20, 92 cinerea 143 circumflexa [9], 17, 28, 31 circumscripta [15], 17, 34 clara [316], 25, 169 clarissa [1], 17, 28 clavipalpis [159], 21, 98 Cleonymia 19, 59, 66-69 cliens [342], 25, 182 cohaesa [417], 27, 216 comes [409], 27, 207, 213 compitalis [275], 24, 151 compta [313], 25, 167, 168 Condica 20, 84, 85 Condicinae 20, 84 confusa (Macdunnoughia) [7], 17, 30 confusa (Oncocnemis) [80], 19, 64 congrua [328], 25, 175 Conistra 23, 132, 133 conspicua [366], 26, 193 contristans 89 Cornutiplusia 17, 18, 31 cos [374], 26, 197 Cosmiini 21, 106, 126 Craniophora 18, 43, 46, 47 cretica [209], 22, 120 croceago [237], 23, 133 cruda [284], 24, 155 Cryphia 20, 86-90 Cucullia 16, 18, 51-59 Cuculliinae 6, 18, 51, 59, 77, 91, 126 culminifera [84], 19, 66 cypreago [222], 22, 127 cypriaca [285], 24, 155

Volume 2. Noctuidae

D daphnadeparisae [300], 24, 162 Dasypolia 23, 144 daubei [10], 17, 32 deceptrix [279], 24, 152 defessa [406], 27, 211 deleta [190], 22, 112 delicata [98], 19, 71 delphinii [124], 20, 80, 83 dentinosa [33], 18, 43 deserticola [207], 22, 119, 160 devota [357], 26, 189 Diadochia 21, 105 diamondi 197 diaphora [17], 17, 35 Dicerogastra 24, 163 Dichagyris 25, 26, 182, 183-192 Dicycla 21, 106 didymogramma [213], 22, 123 Diloba 18, 43 Dilobinae 6, 18, 42 dipsalea [260], 23, 144 discordans [278], 24, 152 distincta 196 distinguenda [372], 26, 196 drenowskii [318], 25, 170 Dryobota 23, 137 Dryobotodes 23, 139, 140 dumerilii [198], 22, 115 Dypterygiini 21, 108 dysodea [308], 24, 165 E eberti [174], 21, 104 ebertorum [399], 27, 208 effusa [107], 19, 75 Egira 24, 155, 156 eibinevoi [252], 23, 141 elbursica [349], 25, 186 elegans [400], 27, 209 emichi [2], 17, 28, 29 engedina [291], 24, 158 Enterpia 25, 167 Epharmottomena 18, 40, 47, 50 Epilecta 27, 215 epiphleps [274], 24, 151 Episema 22, 121-124

Episemini 22, 121, 126 eremita [249], 23, 139, 189 eremophila [49], 18, 47, 50 Eremopola 22, 121, 126 Eremotrachea 21, 108 Eriopinae 6, 20, 86 eriopoda [183], 21, 108 erubescens [356], 26, 189 Euchalcia 17, 28-30 Eucoptocnemis 182, 192 Eugnorisma 27, 218 Eulocastra 17, 35 Eustrotiinae 6, 17, 35 eutychina 72 Euxoa 16, 26, 182, 193-198 Evisa 23, 136 exacta [81], 19, 64 excelsa [283], 24, 154 exclamationis [381], 26, 200 exigua [145], 20, 92 eximia [45], 18, 47, 49 exquisita [43], 18, 48 exsoleta [241], 23, 135 F facunda 184 fatima [92], 19, 59, 69 felicina [102], 19, 72 felix 70 ferdinandi [261], 23, 144 ferrago [325], 25, 173 fibigeri [163], 21, 93, 100 fimbriola [404], 27, 210 fixseni [310], 25, 166 flammatra [344], 25, 183 flava [166], 21, 101 flavidior [201], 22, 117, 148 flavina [361], 26, 191 flavirena [155], 21, 96 foeda [377], 26, 198 fovea [244], 23, 137 fulgurita [106], 19, 60, 74 funesta [31], 18, 42 G gafsana [85], 19, 59, 66 gamma [8], 17, 28, 31

312

geminipuncta [205], 22, 119 gemmifera [220], 22, 126 gigantea [299], 24, 161 gloriosa [73], 19, 61 Glottulini 25, 182 Gortyna 22, 117 gracilis [282], 24, 154 Griposia 23, 138, 139 grisescens [224], 22, 127 gueneei [315], 25, 169 gyulaii [202], 22, 117 H Hadena 25, 167-173 Hadeninae 6, 24, 110, 154 Hadenini 24, 154, 157 Haemerosia 18, 49, 50 haifae [385], 26, 202 Hecatera 24, 25, 164-166 Helicoverpa 20, 79, 82 Heliothinae 6, 20, 79, 182 Heliothis 20, 79-81 helvola [229], 23, 130 heringi [376], 26, 197 hermonis 209 herrichii [340], 25, 181 herzogi [384], 26, 201 Heterographa 21, 105 hethitica 73 hilaris [289], 24, 157 hirta [219], 22, 125 Hoplodrina 21, 93, 104 hueberi [29], 17, 41 hypaenides [105], 19, 60, 74 hyperici [187], 22, 110 Hypeuthina 19, 60, 74 hypostigma [157], 21, 97 hypotaenia [232], 23, 131 I illustris 155 ilonae [208], 22, 120 imperator [353], 26, 183, 188 implexa [303], 24, 163 improba [57], 18, 55 incarnata [121], 20, 81 ingloria 61

The Lepidoptera of Israel

ingrata [154], 21, 96 inquinata [175], 21, 104 interjecta [413], 27, 215 ipsilon [387], 26, 198, 203 Iranada 18, 40, 47, 51 J janthina [410], 27, 213, 214 joannisi [338], 25, 178, 180 Jodia 23, 133 johanna [277], 24, 152 jonis [255], 23, 142 jordana (Leucochlaena) [218], 4, 22, 125 jordana (Pseudohadena) [253], 23, 106, 141 josefmooseri [114], 20, 78 jubata [86], 19, 66 judaea 44 judaica [276], 24, 151 juditha [264], 23, 146 K kadenii [150], 21, 94 kalchbergi [70], 19, 60 klapperichi 68 kneuckeri [101], 19, 72 korsakovi [215], 22, 123 kravchenkoi (Caradrina) [168], 21, 102 kravchenkoi (Luperina) [199], 22, 116 L Labecula (Cryphia) [137], 20, 88 Labecula (Dryobota) [245], 23, 137 Lacanobia 24, 162, 163 laeta [405], 27, 211 l-album [330], 25, 176 languida [329], 25, 175 lapidea [239], 23, 134 lasserei [394], 27, 206 latreillei [131], 20, 86 laudeti [311], 25, 167 lea [272], 24, 150

ledereri [240], 23, 135 lederi [212], 22, 122 lemoniopsis [216], 22, 124 lenis [221], 22, 126 Lenisa 22, 119 Leucania 25, 178-181 Leucaniini 25, 154, 173 Leucochlaena 4, 22, 121, 124, 125 leucodon [194], 22, 114 leucogaster [397], 27, 207 leucomelas (Aedia) [30], 18, 42 leucomelas (Dichagyris) [350], 26, 186 levantina [161], 21, 99 levantina subsp. 59, 124, 165 libanicola [363], 26, 192 libanotica 145 ligustri [39], 18, 46 linogrisea [414], 27, 215 literosa [197], 22, 115 Lithophane 23, 134, 135 Lithophasia 19, 60, 61 lithoxylea [280], 24, 153 littoralis [147], 21, 93 litura [225], 22, 128 liturata [74], 19,62 lucida [24], 17, 37, 38 luctuosa [48], 18, 50 Luperina 22, 115, 116 luteogrisea 128 lychnidis [233], 23, 132 lychnitis [63], 18, 57 M macara [58], 18, 55 Macdunnoughia 17, 30 macewani [65], 18, 58 macilenta [228], 23, 129 maculifera 107 maeonis [140], 20, 90 magnolii [312], 25, 167 mairei 98 manisadjiani [262], 23, 145 Maraschia 22, 127 margaritacea [403], 27, 210 Margelana 22, 117

313

margelanoides [396], 27, 207 marginelota [144], 20, 91 maria [5], 17, 30 maritima [28], 17, 40 Masalia 20, 80, 84 maura [184], 21, 109 Megalodes 18, 47, 49 melanura [351], 26, 187 melanurina [171], 21, 103 melanuroides [352], 26, 187 mendax [293], 24, 159 mendica [294], 24, 159 Mesoligia 22, 115 mesopotamica 172, 188 mesozona [19], 17, 36 Metalopha 19, 61 meticulosa [188], 22, 110 Metlaouia 18, 51, 59 Metopoceras 19, 59, 70-72 Metoponiinae 6, 16, 18, 39, 40, 47 Metopoplus 24, 154 micans [109], 19, 76 minima [178], 21, 106 Mniotype 24, 151, 152 modesta 119 monoglypha [191], 22, 112 Mormo 21, 109 mouterdei 134 muelleri 55 multangula [401], 27, 209 mundoides [287], 24, 156 muscosa [217], 22, 124 musculosa [203], 22, 118 mustapha [103], 19, 73 Mythimna 25, 173-178 N ni [14], 17, 28, 34 nigra [258], 23, 143 nigrescens [362], 26, 191 nigrofusca [369], 26, 194 nilotica [27], 17, 40 Noctua 27, 207, 212-215 Noctuinae 25, 182, 183, 193 Noctuini 27, 207 Nonagria 22, 118

Volume 2. Noctuidae

nonagrioides [210], 22, 121 nubigera [119], 20, 79, 80 O oberthueri [153], 21, 96 obesa [391], 26, 198, 205 Ochropleura 27, 207 ochsi [133], 20, 87 Odontelia 24, 162 oleagina [113], 20, 77 oleracea [301], 24, 162 olga [3], 17, 29 Olivenebula 21, 109 omar [97], 19, 70 Omphalophana 19, 59, 69, 70 Oncocnemidinae 6, 19, 59 Oncocnemis 19, 59, 64, 65 oo [179], 21, 106 opposita [88], 19, 67 oranaria [371], 26, 195 orbona [408], 27, 212 Oria 22, 118 orichalcea [11], 17, 32 Orthosia 24, 155 Orthosiini 24, 154, 157 Ostheldera 24, 154 osthelderi [227], 23, 129 ottoi [44], 18, 49 Ozarba 17, 36 P palaestinae [337], 25, 179 palaestinensis (Condica) [130], 20, 85 palaestinensis (Xestia) [419], 27, 217 pallescens 130 pallida (Acronicta) 46 pallida (Amphipyra) 76 Pamparama 19, 64 panaceorum [26], 17, 40 panurgia [152], 21, 95 pasiphae [37], 18, 43, 45 pauli (Omphalophana) [95], 19, 59, 70 pauli (Agrochola) [230], 23, 130

paulina (Euchalcia) [6], 17, 30 paulina (Cryphia) [141], 20, 86, 90 pectinicornis [89], 19, 67 peltigera [120], 20, 80, 81 Peridroma 25, 182, 183 Perigrapha 24, 155, 156 Periphanes 20, 80, 83 perplexa [320], 25, 171 persica 64 persimilis [317], 25, 170 petrea [139], 20, 89 pfeifferi [354], 26, 188 philbyi [99], 19, 59, 71 phlebophora [126], 20, 80, 83 Phlogophora 22, 110 Phlogophorini 22, 110 phoenica 172 phoenicica 159 pierreti [392], 26, 205 pinkeri [247], 23, 138 platinea [195], 22, 112, 114 platyptera [75], 19, 62 Plusiinae 6, 17, 28, 80 Plusiini 17, 29 poecilographa 164 polyglypha [193], 22, 113 Polymixis 23, 24, 145-151 Polyphaenis 21, 109 Polytela 25, 182 pontica (Craniophora) [40], 18, 47 pontica (Xanthia) [223], 22, 127 pontica (Eugnorisma) [420], 27, 218 praecipua [281], 24, 153 Prodeniini 20, 92 prolixa 49 pronuba [407], 27, 207, 212 propinqua [185], 21, 109 psammocharis [393], 26, 206 Psaphidinae 6, 20, 77 Psaphidini 20 Pseudenargia 22, 110-112 Pseudohadena 23, 141 Pseudozarba 17, 36

314

psi [35], 18, 44 puengeleri [177], 21, 105 pulla [246], 23, 138 pulverata 158 pumila [323], 25, 172 punctosa [336], 25, 179 puta [388], 26, 198, 203 putrescens [335], 25, 178 pyramidea [108], 19, 75 Pyrois 19, 75 Q quadrivirgula [71], 19, 60 R rachelae 150 raptricula [138], 20, 89 rebecca [265], 23, 146 rebeli [42], 18, 48 Recophora 19, 70 rectilinea [135], 20, 88 regina [189], 22, 111 renalis [46], 18, 49 Rhabinopteryx 19, 65 Rhyacia 27, 208 Rileyiana 23, 137 riparia [333], 25, 177 rjabovi [200], 22, 116 robiginosa [373], 26, 196 robustior 191 romanovi [360], 26, 183, 190 rosea 102 roseomarginata 167 roseotincta 187 rubella 116 rubidior [346], 25, 184 rubrescens 130 rufocincta [268], 23, 148 rumicis [38], 18, 43, 46 rupicarpa [226], 23, 129 S sabulorum [290], 24, 157 sancta (Ozarba) [20], 17, 36 sancta (Hadena) [322], 25, 172 sancta subsp. 115 santolinae [53], 18, 53

The Lepidoptera of Israel

santonici [55], 18, 54 Saragossa 24, 164 sardzeana [386], 26, 202 sareptana [415], 27, 207, 215 saucia [343], 25, 183 scabra [231], 23, 128, 131 schawerdae [243], 23, 136 Schinia 20, 82 schwingenschussi 145 Scotochrosta 23, 138 scotoptera [156], 21, 97 scrophulariae [62], 18, 56 scruposa [382], 26, 198, 201 scutosa [123], 20, 82 scytha 205 Scythocentropus 21, 93, 104 segetum [379], 26, 198, 199 selini [160], 21, 98 semibrunnea [238], 23, 134 semicana [41], 18, 47 senex [256], 23, 142 serpentina [270], 24, 149 Sesamia 22, 120, 121 siccanorum [305], 24, 164 sicula [331], 25, 176 Sideridis 24, 163 silenes [321], 25, 171 silenides [324], 25, 167, 173 Simyra 18, 43 sinaica [78], 19, 63 singularis [355], 26, 188 sociabilis [297], 24, 160 softa [302], 24, 163 solituda [100], 19, 59, 72 spinifera [378], 26, 198, 199 Spodoptera 20, 21, 92, 93 Standfussiana 27, 211 staudingeri [234], 23, 132 steinhardti [266], 23, 147 stigmatica [176], 21, 105 stigmosa [296], 24, 160 Stilbia 19, 73 Stilbina 19, 60, 74 stix [112], 20, 77 straminea [327], 25, 174 strigicosta [64], 18, 57 strioligera [82], 19, 65

subarcta 115 subdissoluta 209 subsericata [186], 21, 109 subtilis [83], 19, 65 subvenusta [263], 23, 146 sultana 170 sureyae [345], 25, 184 syriaca (Stilbia) [104], 19, 73 syriaca (Caradrina) [151], 21, 95 syriaca (Apamea) [192], 22, 112, 113 syriaca (Hadena) [319], 25, 171 syriaca subsp. 77, 107, 136 syricola [389], 26, 204 syrtana [51], 18, 52 T tabora [143], 20, 91 tamardayanae [211], 22, 122 Tarachephia 17, 40, 41 Teinoptera 19, 59, 66 temera [370], 26, 195 tenebrosa [251], 23, 140 tephrocharis [134], 20, 87 terminicincta [347], 25, 185 tertia [411], 27, 213, 214 tetra [111], 20, 76 Thargelia 24, 161, 162 Tholera 24, 157 Tholerini 24, 157 thomaswitti [115], 20, 78 Thysanoplusia 17, 32 tibori [288], 24, 156 Tiliacea 22, 127 tirrenica [412], 27, 214 tischendorfi [365], 26, 192 titania [23], 17, 38 trabealis [22], 17, 38 treitschkei [125], 20, 80, 83 Trichoplusia 17, 28, 33, 34 tridens [36], 18, 45 trifolii [295], 24, 157, 159 trisignata [269], 23, 148 truculenta [364], 26, 192 trux [380], 26, 200 turca 172 turcorum [50], 18, 47, 51

315

typhae [204, 22, 118 Tyta 18, 47, 50 U Ulochlaena 22, 121, 125, 126 ulriki [214], 22, 123 unipuncta [334], 25, 178 V Valeria 20, 77, 78 vanensis 64 vassilininei [47], 18, 50 venosula [72], 19, 60, 61 verbasci [66], 18, 58 veronicae [236], 23, 133

Volume 2. Noctuidae

vetusta [242], 23, 136 vicina [169], 21, 102 victoris 142 Victrix 20, 91 viriplaca [118], 20, 80 viscosa [129], 20, 82, 85 vitellina [326], 25, 174 vittata [13], 17, 33 W warionis [87], 19, 67 weissi [307], 24, 165 wiltshirei [206], 22, 119 wiltshirei subsp. 134 Wiltshireola 24, 153

X Xanthia 22, 127 Xanthodes 17, 37 xanthographa [418], 27, 207, 217 Xestia 27, 207, 215-217 Xylena 23, 135, 136 Xyleninae 6, 20, 91 Xylenini 22, 106, 126 Xylocampa 19, 73 Z zandi [162], 21, 99 zeae [339], 25, 178, 180 zernyi [165], 21, 100 zernyi subsp. 211

316

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Index of Latin Names of Plants A Aaronsohnia 55 Absinthium 54 Abutilon 82, 199 Abyssinica 85 Acacia Acantholimon 64, 65, 117, 124, 170, 184, 185, 186, 190, 192, 198, 201, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211 Acarna 178 Acer 44, 87, 110, 111, 127, 128, 130, 133, 134, 137139, 153 Achillea 53, 54 Aconitum 83 Aegilops 147 aegyptiaca 174, 212 aethnensis 183 Agropyrum 175 Aizoon 150 alba 35, 46, 147 Albica 128 albicans 65 albidus 33 Alcea 195 Alfalfa 31, 93, 204, 212 Alhagi 35, 36, 96, 100, 101, 152, 161 Allium 122, 123 Alnus 45, 46 Althaea 38, 39, 49 Ammophila 51, 58, 68, 116, 151, 200, 201, 202, 207 Amygdalus 132 Anabasis 29, 48, 53, 57, 59, 68, 71, 72, 103, 146, 160, 163165, 168, 173, 197, 206 Anagyris 149 Andrachne 216 Angustifolius 107 Anthemis 53

Antirrhinum 62, 69 Aphylla 82, 102 Aphyllum 162 Aquilinum 86 Arabense 40 arabica 72, 73, 150, 201 arborea 53 arbuscula 105 Arbutus 61, 79, 87, 97, 107, 128, 129, 139, 216 Arenaria 51, 58, 68, 115, 151, 201, 202, 207 Argentatus 165, 212 Aristida 179 Arnebia 40, 41 Artemisia 15, 29, 31, 48, 5154, 55, 57, 58, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 82, 91, 108, 111, 114, 123, 124, 146, 150, 151, 153, 158, 159, 160, 162, 185-189, 193, 196, 197, 200, 205, 206, 207 Arthrocnemum 49, 71, 152 Articulate 29, 48, 53, 57, 59, 71, 72, 197, 206 Arum 214 Arundo 85, 121, 166, 178, 180 Arvensis 31, 46, 50, 143, 160, 183, 199, 200, 201 Asperula 210 Asphodelus 143, 144 Asplenium 86 Astragalus 15, 64, 65, 117, 124, 143, 170, 184-186, 190, 192, 196, 198, 200, 201, 205-207, 208, 210, 211 Atlantica 54, 69, 87, 100, 123, 124, 146, 150, 186, 187 Atriplex 29, 35, 36, 39, 41, 49, 68, 71, 93, 96, 99, 100103, 105, 106, 111, 141,

146, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161-166, 168, 173, 182, 189, 202 Australis 85, 119, 120, 166, 175, 176, 179-181 Austriacum 57 Avellana 46 Avena 147 Azarolus 79, 97, 107, 132, 139, 141, 216 B Baccatus 39, 68, 101-103, 160, 165, 167, 168 Ballota 31, 81 Barbareum 153 Bengalensis 46 Bethlehemiticus 196,2 Betula 44, 45, 106, 134 Bidens 177 Bipinnata 151, 179, 201 Boissieri 61, 97, 107, 127, 128, 130, 133, 137-140, 153, 155, 216 Brachyodon 31 Brachypodium 113, 115 Bromus 113 Brutia 88 C Caerulescens 179 Calamagrostis 113, 118, 177 calcitrapa 81 Calendula 53, 81, 99, 103, 143 Calligonum 29, 46, 104, 153 calliprinos 44, 46, 52, 61, 86, 87, 101, 106, 114, 117, 127, 128, 130, 138, 139, 140, 142, 145, 147, 155, 156, 159, 214, 217 Calluna 143, 216 Calystegia 42

317

Camara 212 Campanula 98 Campestris 53, 82 Campylada 108 Canina 78, 107, 111, 131, 141, 143 Cannabina 38 Capparis 174, 212 Carduiforme 117 Carduus 31, 165, 212 Carex 100, 106, 115, 119, 120,144,175 Carpinus 127 Carthamus 30 carthusianorum 168 cedrorum 122, 154, 166, 168, 169, 185, 189 Celsia 55, 57 Celtis 88 Cenchrus 179 Centaurea 81 Cerastium 167 Ceratonia 30, 68, 79, 87, 127129, 136, 144, 191 Ceratophora 40 Cercis 97, 107, 139, 216 Ceterach 86 Chenolea 150 Chenopodium 39, 82, 141, 160, 163 Chondrilla 50 Chrysanthemum 53, 93, 111 Ciliaris 179 Cineraria 183 Cirsium 117 Cistus 75 Coccifera 127, 138 Coleus 33 Communis 132, 176, 180 Comosum 29, 46, 104, 153 Consolida 83 Convolvulus 31, 38, 39, 42, 46, 50, 160, 183, 199-201 Conyza 35 Cornuta 64, 65, 117, 124, 170, 184-186, 190, 192, 198, 201, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211

Volume 2. Noctuidae

Coronarium 53 Corylus 46 Corynephorus 113 Cotoneaster 87 Crataegus 43, 45, 75, 78, 79, 97, 107, 110, 111, 128, 132, 133, 136-141, 143, 153, 214, 216, 217 Crepis 80 Crispus 31, 46, 132, 163, 174, 178, 183 Crithmoides 85 cruentiflorus 64, 65, 117, 124, 170, 184-186, 190, 192, 198, 201, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211 Cucubalus 172 Cupressus 134, 135 Cynara 165 Cynarocephalum 174 Cyparissias 44 cyprium 191 cyprius 111 D Dactylis 113, 115, 176 Dahlia 212 Damascean 150 Decumbens 40, 41 Delphinium 48, 83, 166 Deschampsia 73, 113, 143 Desertorum 59 Desmostachya 151, 179, 201 Diandre 150 Dianthus 148, 163, 168, 171 Dichotomus 150 Dicoccoides 113, 147 Digitalis 215 Dimosum 81 Dioscorides 85 Dipcadi 182 Domingensis 118 Donax 121, 166, 178, 180 Drupacea 133, 139, 140, 153 dumosum 54, 55, 63, 66, 141, 150, 163, 188, 190, 191

E Ecballium 85 Echinops 103, 207 echinus 64, 65, 117, 124, 170, 184-186, 190, 192, 198, 201, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211 Elaeagnus 87 Elaterium 85 Elymus 113, 115 Ephedra 108 Epigeios 118 Epilobium 143, 160 Erica 75 Erigeton 33 Erraticus 183 Esuloides 44 Eupatorium 165 Euphorbia 44, 82 euphratica 44, 46, 109-111, 135 euramericana 92 F Factorovskyi 55 Fagus 127, 130, 134 Faidherbia 147 farcta 35, 36, 41, 96, 99-101, 103, 146, 152, 160, 163, 166, 173 Festuca 113, 176, 193 Ficus 46 Foetida 149 Fragaria 184 Franchetii 87 Fraxinus 46, 47, 75, 89, 107, 134 Fruticosum 141 fulvum 111 G Gaillardotii 117 Galium 76, 77, 209, 210 Genista 143 glauca 150, 163 glomerata 115 glomeratum 167 glutinosa 46 graeca 149

318

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Guizatia 85 Gypsophila 81, 167

Juniperus 133-135, 139, 153 Jurinea 185

H Halepensis 79, 87, 128, 129 Halimus 29, 39, 93, 99, 102, 111, 152, 160, 161, 163, 166, 189 Haloxylon 48, 51, 57, 63, 72, 95, 104, 153, 162, 202, 205 Hammada 68, 104, 153, 163 Harmala 163, 173 Hedera 214 Helianthemum 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 63, 68, 108, 124, 153, 186, 187, 207 Heliotropium 40 Hesperis 58, 59 Heterocaryum 40 Hibiscus 82, 92, 93 Hieracium 148, 165 Hirsuta 29, 206 Hirsutum 160 Hirta 183 hirtella 150 hispanicum 150 hispida 108 Horedeum 174 Hyoscyamus 81, 194 Hypericum 110

K Kochia 163

I Ilex 138 Indica 163 Indicum 82, 199 inermis 150 Inula 82, 85 ithaburensis 30, 31, 49, 52, 67, 73, 74, 77, 78, 87, 90, 106, 111, 113, 126, 128, 129, 130, 137, 138, 147, 155, 168, 191, 216 J juncea 50 junceum 175 Juncus 49, 71

L Lactuca 50, 98, 165, 166, 203 Lagopus 39 Lamium 98, 109 Lantana 212 Lappula 40 latifolia 118, 175 Launaea 52 Lavatera 37, 176 Lentiscus 30, 68, 79, 87, 127129, 136, 144, 191 Leucoclada 99, 189, 202 Levanticum 58 libani 128, 133, 137-140, 153, 155 libanoticum 64, 65, 117, 124, 170, 184-186, 190, 192, 198, 201, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211 Ligustrum 46, 134 Limbarda 82, 85 Limbata 81 Linaria 62, 69, 80 Linum 50 Lithospermum 207 Littoralis 116, 200 Lolium 113 Longifolia 214 Lonicera 73, 108, 109 lotus 36, 56, 58, 147 luteum 40 Lychnis 171 Lycioides 149 Lycium 153 M macranthum 33 macrocephalus 31 major 212 majus 131, 149 Malus 107

Malva 37, 39, 49, 160, 174, 212 Matricaria 54 mays 180 Medicago 81, 147 Melaleuca 46 Melandrium 80 Mentha 32, 33, 214 Mesembryanthemum 150 Microphyllum 128, 133, 137139, 153 Minor 113 Monogyna 43, 110, 111, 128, 133, 137-140, 143, 153 monosperma 48, 51, 53, 57, 58, 63, 68, 71, 72, 82, 150, 151, 153, 207 Morus 87, 88 moschata, 37 murale 163 muticus 194 myrsinites 44 N Neapolitanum 44, 122, 123 Negevenensis 150 Neglectum 118 Negundo 87 Nicaeensis 39, 160, 212 Nigrum 57 Nitraria 35, 36, 41, 71, 93, 96, 100, 101, 103, 106, 152, 161, 163, 164 Nodiflorum 150 nodosa 57 nutans 168 O obtusifolium 110, 130 obtusifolius 178 occidentalis 88 Ochradenus 39, 68, 101, 102, 103, 160, 165, 166, 168 officinarum 86 olbia 37 oleraceus 61, 204 olivieri 108

319

Onobrychis 15, 64, 65, 117, 124, 170, 184-186, 190, 192, 198, 201, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211 Ononis 81, 183 Onopordum 117, 174, 183 orientale 57 orientalis 46, 134, 157 Ormenis 53 ornis 107 ovalifolium 46 Oxalis 143 oxycedrus 135 P padus 79 palaestina 201 palaestinensis 111 Paliurus 156 palmata 111 Pancratium 182 Papaver 31 Peganum 163, 173 Peltigera 89 Pennisetum 174 peregrina 83 persicum 48, 51, 57, 63, 72, 104, 153, 162, 202, 205 persicus 30 Phalaris 113, 175 Philistaeus 103 Phlomis 31, 75, 84 Phragmites 85, 100, 106, 119, 120, 166, 175, 176, 179-181 phyllocephalum 117 Picnomon 178 pilosa 177 pilulifera 111 Pinus 79, 87, 88, 128, 129 pissardii 43, 45 Pistacia 30, 54, 68, 69, 79, 87, 100, 111, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 136, 144, 146, 150, 186, 187, 191 Pisum 111 Plantago 31, 39, 65, 98, 99, 143, 174, 210, 212

Volume 2. Noctuidae

Platanus 46, 128, 129, 134, 135, 157 Pluchea 32, 85 Poa 73 Polygonum 31, 122, 154, 166, 168, 169, 185, 189 Populus 43, 44, 46, 87, 89, 92, 93, 106, 109, 110, 111, 127, 129, 134, 135, 155, 156, 214 portulacoides 141 Potentilla 184 Prasium 131, 149 Prenanthes 165 Primula 214, 215 Prosopis 35, 36, 41, 96, 99101, 103, 146, 152, 160, 163, 166, 173 Prunus 43, 45, 75, 78, 79, 127, 133, 134, 137, 214 Pseudoplatanus 128 Pteranthus 150 Pteridium 86 Pteris 86 pubescens 139 pungens 87 purpureum 212 Pyracantha 87 Pyrus 97, 107, 134, 139, 216 Q Quercus 29-31, 44-46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 60, 61, 67, 69, 7375, 77, 78, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 97, 101, 102, 106, 107, 111-114, 117, 125130, 133, 134, 136-140, 142, 145, 147, 153, 155, 156, 159, 168, 184, 191, 193, 214, 216, 217, 219 R raddiana 71, 197 raetam 29, 40, 48, 51, 57, 63, 72, 153, 207 ravennae 174, 176, 181 Reaumuria 150

Reseda 204 Retama 29, 40, 48, 51, 57, 63, 72, 153, 207 reticulates 81 retusa 41, 93, 103, 106, 161 Rhamnus 149 Rhus 131 richteri 105 rigidum 40 robur 139 Rosa 78, 107, 109, 111, 131, 137, 141, 143 Rubia 108 Rubus 109, 111, 214, 216, 217 Rumex 31, 46, 99, 104, 109, 111, 132, 143, 163, 174, 178, 183, 203, 212, 214 S Saccharum 174, 176, 181 Salicornia 49, 71 Salicornica 104, 153, 163 Salix 43-46, 89, 96, 106, 109, 127-130, 155, 156, 175, 214 Salsola 105, 141, 146, 150, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168 Salvia 31, 75, 81 santolina 53 Sarcopoterium 196, 200 Sarothamnus 216 Saxatilis 81 Scabiosa 69 Schoenoplectus 118 scoparia 40, 51, 201, 202, 207 scoparium 95 Scrophularia 55-58 Scutellaria 83 seguierana 44 Senecio 81, 183 serotinum 182 setaceum 174 setosa 195 sieberi 29, 48, 53-55, 57, 66, 71, 108, 123, 124, 146, 159, 160, 162, 186, 187, 197, 206

320

Silene 80, 148, 167, 168, 171, 172 siliqua 30, 68, 79, 87, 97, 107, 127-129, 136, 139, 144, 191, 216 siliquastrum 97, 107, 139, 216 sinaiticum 56, 57 soda 141 Solanum 33 Sonchus 32, 61, 149, 165, 204, 212 Sorghum 81, 121, 181 Sparganium 118 Spergularia 150 spina-christi 147, 156 spinosa 52, 78, 174 spinosum 196, 200 spontaneum 147, 174 Stellaria 98, 143, 215 Sterilis 147 Stipagrostis 40, 51, 201, 202, 207 stipulatum 48, 51, 57, 63, 68, 153, 207 Suaeda 35, 36, 39, 41, 49, 96, 100, 101, 103, 106, 146, 152, 161, 163, 166, 173

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Sylvatica 130 Sylvestris 174 syriaca 107, 163, 165, 173 syriacus 97, 107, 139, 216 T Tamarix 13, 41, 49, 71, 82, 85, 100, 102, 106, 120, 151, 152, 160, 161, 163, 165, 166 Taraxacum 39, 77, 96, 98, 99, 109, 125, 149, 174, 184, 191, 203, 210, 214 tenuifolius 143 Thymelaea 29, 206 Tiberiadis 58 Tilia 44, 45, 75, 127 Tomentosus 109, 111, 216 tortilis 71, 102, 197 tortuosum 182 tricornutum 76 Trifolium 31, 39, 80, 111, 147, 177, 212 Trigonella 201 Tripartita 131 Triticum 113, 147 Turanica 54 Typha 100, 106, 118, 120, 175

U Ulmus 35, 44, 46, 93, 106, 214 undulata 31 urens 214 ursine 127 Urtica 111, 214 V Vaccinium 127, 216 Valantia 108 Verbascum 55-58 Verbenaca 31 Vermiculata 161 Veronica 77 Vesicarium 54, 124, 186, 187 Vicia 177, 201 Viscosa 82, 85 Vittata 86 vulgaris 82 Z Zea 180 Ziziphus 36, 56, 58, 147 Zygophyllum 54, 55, 63, 66, 81, 141, 150, 162, 188, 190, 191