Lepidoptera of Israel: Erebidae (Faunistica)

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Volume 1. Erebidae

The Lepidoptera of Israel

K EDITORS

OF THE

SERIES:

Günter C. Müller, Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Axel Hausmann, Wolfgang Speidel, Josef Mooser & Thomas J. Witt

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Volume 1. Erebidae

The Lepidoptera of Israel Volume 1

Erebidae Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Michael Fibiger, Axel Hausmann & Günter C. Müller

Sofia–Moscow 2007

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© Copyright by Pensoft Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form or any means without the written permission from the publisher. Editors of the series “The Lepidoptera of Israel”: Günter C. Müller, Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Axel Hausmann, Wolfgang Speidel, Josef Mooser & Thomas J. Witt Color plates: Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Olga B. Orlova & Günter C. Müller Front cover: Rhabdophera arefacta (Swinhoe, 1884) (Photo V.D. Kravchenko) Maps by Olga Orlova and Vasiliy Kravchenko This publication should be cited as: Kravchenko, V.D., Fibiger, M., Hausmann A. & Müller G.C. (2007): Vol. 1, Erebidae. In: Müller, G.C., Kravchenko, V.D., Hausmann, A., Speidel, W., Mooser J. & Witt T.J. (eds) The Lepidoptera of Israel. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow, 168 pp. Pensoft Publishers Geo Milev Str. 13a, 1111 Sofia, Bulgaria Fax: (+3592) 870 -42- 82 E-mail: [email protected] www.pensoft.net ISBN 978-954-642-287-3 (Volume 1) Pensoft Series Faunistica No 62 ISSN 1312-0174 AUTHORS ADDRESSES: Vasiliy D. Kravchenko, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; e-mail: [email protected] Michael Fibiger, Molbechs Allee 49, DK-4180 Sorø, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] Axel Hausmann, Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, D-81247 München, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Günter C. Müller, Department of Parasitology, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University – Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; e-mail: [email protected] Printed in Bulgaria, January 2007

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Dedicated to the parents of the first author, Dr. Dimitriy V. Kravchenko & Dr. Sofia T. Rumiantzeva

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Contents Vorwort 8 Preface 9 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction 11 Checklist of Erebidae of Israel Subfamily Rivulinae 22 Subfamily Hypenodinae 23 Subfamily Eublemminae 23 Subfamily Herminiinae 34 Subfamily Hypeninae 35 Subfamily Phytometrinae 38 Subfamily Calpinae 39 Subfamily Catocalinae 40 Subfamily Euteliinae 78 References 79 Maps 86 Color Plates of Israeli Habitats Color Plates of Moths 139 Index of Latin Names of Moths Index of Latin Names of Plants

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Vorwort Unter der Schirmherrschaft des Königs von Bayern, unternahm der Ordinarius für Zoologie an der Universität München, Prof. Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, der zugleich der Direktor der Zoologischen Staatssammlung war, in den Jahren 1836 bis 1837 eine Forschungs- und Sammelreise in den Vorderen Orient. Mit dieser Expedition begann, wenn auch relativ spät, gemessen an der Nähe zu Europa, die naturkundliche Erforschung des damaligen Palästina. Wenige Jahre später kam nochmals umfangreiches biologisches Sammlungs- und naturkundliches Datenmaterial aus jenem Gebiet nach München, von zwei weiteren Forschungsunternehmungen, die wiederum von Mitarbeitern der Zoologischen Staatssammlung durchgeführt worden waren. Auf der letzten Reise verstarb der leitende Wissenschaftler unter tragischen Umständen. Gut eineinhalb Jahrhunderte mussten vergehen, bis die Zoologische Staatssammlung München wieder an ihre Tradition der Palästinaerforschung anknüpfen konnte. Diesmal kam die Anregung dazu nicht vom Bayerischen König bzw. einer ihn in dem zuständigen Bereich heute vertretenden Institution. Es war ein Münchner Medizinstudent, der die Brücke nach Israel schlug. Seit seiner Kindheit sammelte Günter Müller zoologische Objekte und eignete sich schon früh eine breit gefächerte biologische Artenkenntnis an. Seine Sammelleidenschaft, insbesondere bei Schmetterlingen, brachte ihn nach Israel und dort ermöglichten ihm sein Fachwissen und seine entomologische Erfahrung freundschaftlichen Kontakt zu einheimischen Zoologen. Durch deren Vermittlung wiederum fand er zurück nach München und in die Zoologische Staatssammlung, um hier Ansprechpartner für sein Anliegen zu suchen, ihm und seinen Israelischen Freunden bei der wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung des umfangreich dort anfallenden Materials zu helfen. Es war ein günstiger Zeitpunkt. Ein junger Wissenschaftler, ein ebenso enthusiastischer und erfahrener Schmetterlingssammler und – Kenner, war damals gerade in der Staatssammlung angestellt worden, Axel Hausmann. Der gute Wille zur Zusammenarbeit mit den Kollegen in Israel wurde erstmals sichtbar, als die Zoologische Staatssammlung ihnen 1991eine große Sendung Insektenkästen zukommen ließ. Darüber hinaus kam es wenig später zu einer intensiven Zusammenarbeit, unterstützt von Fachleuten beider Länder, koordiniert von München aus. Wie erfolgreich diese Zusammenarbeit geworden ist, wurde erstmals in der Öffentlichkeit deutlich im Zusammenhang mit einer sehr beachteten Ausstellung von zwei bekannten bildenden Künstlern aus dem Kreis der aktiven Entomologen Israels in der Zoologischen Staatssammlung im November 2005 und eindrucksvoll belegt in dem dazu erstellten Katalog. Inzwischen gibt es nur wenige Länder außerhalb Europas, deren Schmetterlingsfauna so gut bekannt ist, wie die von Israel. Es ist das Ergebnis einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen Forschern zweier Nationen, die ohne Bürokratie und Verträge, nur von gemeinsamer Begeisterung und Freude an Schmetterlingen und ihrer Erforschung getragen worden ist. Man darf alle beglückwünschen, die dazu beigetragen haben, dass die Idee des Projektes jetzt mit dem Erscheinen dieses ersten Bandes der „Schmetterlinge Israels” Wirklichkeit geworden ist. Prof. Ernst Josef Fittkau

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Preface In the years 1836 and 1837, under the auspices of the Royal House of Bavaria, the tenured professor of the University of Munich, Prof. Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, who was also director of the Zoological State Collection, organized a research and collecting expedition to the Near East. Though somewhat late – considering the vicinity to Europe – this enterprise inaugurated the natural scientific exploration of the former ‘Palestine’. Some years later, many additional biological vouchers and scientific data were collected in this region and were brought to Munich in two more expeditions, once again performed by scientists of the Zoological State Collection. On that last trip, the leading scientist lost his life under tragic circumstances. Some 150 years had passed before the Zoological State Collection in Munich was able to resume its traditional Near East research. This time, however, it was not the initiative of the Bavarian King or that of an official Bavarian institution; it was up to a medical student from Munich to again build a bridge to Israel. Since his early childhood, Günter Müller collected zoological objects and so at a very young age he developed a broad knowledge of species and zoology. His passion for collecting, especially Lepidoptera, brought him to Israel where his scientific knowledge and his entomological experience gained him multiple friendships and contacts with local zoologists. Through their mediation, he returned to Munich, and came into contact with the Zoological State Collection where he tried to find partners to help him and his Israeli friends in the scientific study of the wealth of material which was going to be collected. The search for partners in Munich was well timed as Axel Hausmann, a young scientist, similarly enthusiastic and experienced in collecting and studying Lepidoptera, had just been given a permanent job in the State Collection. The benefit of cooperation with Israel was soon demonstrated when in 1991 the Zoological State Collection sent a large quantity of insect boxes to their Israeli partners. In the following years a very intensive cooperation was established, fostered by the specialists of both countries, coordinated from Munich. The great success of this joint project was revealed to in public for the first time in November 2005 when the two well known artists Prof. Yosef Schlein and Prof. Ya’acov Dorchin out of the Guild of Active Israeli Entomologists organised a much noted art exhibition in the Zoological State Collection with extensive presentation of the results of the German-Israeli scientific project (exhibition catalogue ISBN 300017303X). Today, the lepidopteran fauna of few countries outside Europe is as well known as that of Israel. This is due to the cooperation between researchers of two nations, without bureaucracy and without contracts, based solely on the common enthusiasm and joy of collecting and studying moths and butterflies. Congratulations to all who have contributed and helped to realize the idea of this project with the publication of this first volume of the book series ‘Lepidoptera of Israel’. Prof. Ernst Josef Fittkau

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Acknowledgements We thank all our colleagues and the many generous Israeli citizens who helped with this project. We are especially obliged to Prof. Tamar Dayan, Director of the National Collections of Natural History, Tel Aviv University and Prof. Eviatar Nevo Director of the Institute of Evolution, Haifa University. We are grateful to the Israeli Nature and Parks Authority (NPA), who supplied the collecting permits, especially to Dr. Rueben Ortal, Dr. Didi Kaplan (NPA Northern District Biologist), Mr. Yiftah Sinai (NRA Carmel District Biologist), Mr. Zeev Kuller (Central District Biologist), and the staff of the NPAregional rangers, Nature Reserves and National Parks directors throughout Israel. Special thanks go to Mr. Shady Nasrallah, Director of the Agricultural Center at Majdal Shams. For the discussion of some taxonomical issues and for identification of some material we are obliged to Dr. Wolfgang Speidel, (Museum Witt, Munich, Germany), Dr. László Ronkay (Hungarian National Museum of Natural History, Budapest, Hungary) and Mr. Hermann Hacker (Forest Department, Staffelstein, Germany). The participation and help of Prof. J. Kugler, Dr. A. Freidberg (Entomological collection, of Tel Aviv University), Prof. J. Fittkau (former director of the Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany), Dr. Hedva Pener, Dr. Laor Orshan and Dr. Heather Bromly-Schnur (Entomological Laboratory, Ministry of Health), Mr. Yossi Lev-Ari and Mr. Giora Gisis (Bet Ushishkin Museum, Qibbutz Dan), the late Mr. Zeev Shoam (Qibbutz Neot Mordachai), Mrs. Miri Simchoni-Barak & Mr. Zion Barak, Qibbutz Yftah and Mr. Benni & Mrs. Aliza Ben David from Kefar Sabba is greatly appreciated. We are most grateful to Dr. J. Halperin, the late Dr. Shoshana Yathom (Volcani Center, Bet Dagan) and the late Dr. Q. Argaman for sharing their ecological observations with us. Many thanks to Dr. Lee Schnur, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, and Dr. Amy Junnila, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada for correcting the English. The Israeli-German Lepidoptera Project and, finally, this book series would never have become realized without the generous help of Prof. Y. Schlein, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem. Last but not least, we express our deep appreciation to Pensoft Publishers who have provided both financial and logistic help.

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Introduction Methodological Notes The faunistic data presented in this book are mainly based on the outcomes of the Israeli-German project for the study of the Israeli lepidopteran fauna. In its context, extensive collecting was conducted from 1986 to 2006. This project was a joint effort of The Hebrew University, the Tel Aviv University, The Nature Reserves and Park Authority of Israel, the Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany and the Museum Witt, Munich, Germany. Lepidoptera were collected during a period of 20 years totaling about 4000 nights of collecting with mobile light traps powered by generator (250 Watt bulbs HQL & ML) and about 2000 nights of collecting with mobile light traps powered by batteries (12 Volt 8 Watt & 20 Watt, 6 Volt 4 Watt Black light UVB tubes). Traps were rotated on a daily basis. In addition, a widespread network of permanent light traps (220 V 20 W Black light UVB & UVC tubes) was maintained. Permanent traps were relocated on an annual basis. From year to year, 10–34 traps were operated. All of the Israeli insect collections were checked, and all published checklists concerning the Israeli fauna of Erebidae verified. Phenology is given based on the data obtained during the Israeli-German project, coupled with material kept in the Israeli collections, as well as information drawn from the literature. Larval host-plants are taken from the literature, the authors’ own observations and personal communications by other colleagues. The distribution maps show the actual localities in Israel whence the respective material came, while the more general information on distribution, including the patterns, is presented in the text. The Geographic names of sites are according to official maps of Survey of Israel (Ministry of Construction & Housing, State of Israel) and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority. The plates with habitats show some of the many sites where material was collected. More precise habitat descriptions, as well as the ecology and zoogeography of the Israeli Lepidoptera will follow in a special volume. The nomenclature of all systematic categories is based on Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005) and Fibiger & Hacker (2005) (see Classification). Zoogeography and Chorotypes There are various approaches to characterize the specific distribution patterns or chorotypes of Lepidoptera. Some of these systems focus on the historical background by determining glacial refugia (cf. de Lattin 1957; followed by many

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lepidopterists in the second half of the 20th century), whereas others are more ‘descriptive’, being restricted to describing and generalizing the actual distribution patterns. Science is far from using one unique and generally accepted approach. As a result, there are a large number of different systems. In this book we want to use a descriptive method by basing our classification on actual distribution patterns, and by grouping them so that they would largely correspond to those used in the book series ‘Geometrid Moths of Europe’: Cosmopolitan: Wide distribution in the Old and New Worlds Paleotropical: Wide distribution in the Old World tropics, with extended distribution or migration to the Mediterranean Afrotropical: Wide distribution in the Afrotropical region, with extended distribution or migration to the Mediterranean Asiatic-Tropical: Wide distribution in the Oriental region, with extended distribution or migration to the Mediterranean Holarctic: Palearctic and North American Palearctic: with subgroup West-Palearctic; both including North Africa Eurasiatic: with subgroup European-West Asiatic or (East-)European-West Asiatic, corresponding to a Palearctic distribution pattern but excluding North Africa; typically species inhabiting mesophilic or hygrophilic habitats, in the South often in the mountains, rarely in coastal regions Mediterranean: with subgroups, e.g. East-Mediterranean, typically species of coastal regions or lowlands with Mediterranean vegetation – extension of distribution: ‘Mediterranean-Iranian’ (in the East not beyond Iran and western Afghanistan) – extension of distribution: ‘Mediterranean-Turanian’ (in the East to the Central Asian mountains) Iranian: restricted to Iran and closely neighbouring territories, sometimes with isolated occurrences in the Levant; often steppe species of medium and higher altitudes, sometimes montane or xeromontane – extension of distribution: ‘Irano-Turanian’ (in the West not beyond Iran and Transcaucasia, in the East to the Central Asian mountains) – extension of distribution: ‘Anatolian-Iranian’ (in the West to central or western Turkey) Eremic: with subgroups, e.g. (Central-)Eremic. This chorotype describes distributions in the southernmost part of the western Palearctic; typically xerothermophilic desert or semi-desert species Endemic: species with restricted distributions in the Levant

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Main Ecotypes With the help of the database compiled by the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project, and of the field experience of the authors, the Israeli Erebidae were categorized into crude ‘ecotypes’ described below. For many Levantine species this is the first time that their habitats are described and pictured. Some species with wider distributions, being at their most remote locality in Israel, show a clear shift in habitat preference from their center of distribution. Species whose habitat preferences are unknown. Included into this category are the species from which only historical records are available, as well as the species collected only a few times without any obvious habitat preferences. For some of these species, “probable” habitats are suggested for Israel based on the experience of the authors, observations in neighbouring regions, and on the literature. Ubiquitous species are found in all kinds of habitats of one (or both) of the two large climatological regions of Israel, the temperate and the arid zone, often penetrating into the semi-arid region which separates the two. Many of these species are common and are widely distributed in synanthropic vegetation. Wetland species are restricted to open, forestless wetlands within the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian zones. Oasis species are restricted to natural or agricultural oases surrounded by desert, with or without wetlands and/or salinas, and to their drier peripheries. Sylvicolous species are centred in the Mediterranean areas of the country that contain different types of maquis and forest. Many of these species are associated with specific types of woodlands. The species centred in wooded areas of the arid region, like Acacia stands, or in wooded areas of oases, like Tamarix thickets, are attributed to the habitat types of desert and oasis, respectively. Riverine species are restricted to riparian forests and forested wetlands of the Mediterranean and, occasionally, Irano-Turanian zones. Steppe species are centred in the semi-arid regions (80–250 mm of annual precipitation) with grass and shrub steppes and also in areas with semi-steppe batha (up to 350 mm of annual precipitation). Montane steppe species are centred on the xerotherm karstic slopes of Mt. Hermon from 1000 up to about 1800 m a.s.l., and/ or at the upper altitudes of the Judean desert and Negev highlands. This group is mainly defined by being absent in lowland steppes. Tragacanth species are centred on the peak of Mt. Hermon (above 1800 m) with its typical tragacanth steppe vegetation. Grassland species are centred in areas with more than 400 mm annual precipitation that support a continuous and dense grass layer with few bushes and trees. Some of these species are also found in scattered forests, forest clearings and at forest edges, as well as in agricultural areas. Species of the coastal sand dunes are centred in the arid habitats along the Mediterranean coastal plain, mainly coastal sand dunes, and are not known in

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desert areas further inland, like some psammophilous desert species found in sandy inland valleys and larger depressions, as well as along the coastal sand dunes. Deserticolous species are centred in the arid regions with less than 80 mm of annual precipitation. Psammophilous species are centred within the desert on sandy soils, often in large inland valleys and depressions. Some of these species penetrate the sandy areas, mainly the arid sand dunes, along the Mediterranean coastal plain. Geography and Climatology of Israel Israel is located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin which lies in the northern part of the Syrian East African Rift Valley (Picard, 1943). The geography of the country is mainly determined by its position within the Mediterranean zone. Israel is at a ‘crossroads’ between three continents and is bounded by cultivated land and desert (Pohoryles, 1975). In contrast to the more uniform and monotonous landscapes of the Levant, Israel is morphologically distinctive with a wide variety of different zones and habitats (Kosswig, 1955). Map 1 shows the main geographic areas of Israel, while Map 2 provides insights into the vegetation cover of the country. The country can be roughly divided into three longitudinal landscape units (Klein, 1988): the Coastal Plain, the central mountain ridge and the Rift Valley. The northern part of Israel includes Mt. Hermon (2200 m above sea-level) which receives annual snow and contains typical tragacanth vegetation, whereas the Dead Sea area is about 400 m below sea-level and contains pockets rich in Afrotropical fauna and flora (Zohary & Orshansky, 1949; Bytinski-Salz, 1961). The north and center of the country is temperate (Mediterranean), while the southern and eastern parts are semi-arid (Irano-Turanian grassland) and arid (deserts) (Danin, 1988). Map 3 shows the main climatological regions of Israel. The Arava Valley and the Negev are known for numerous natural and artificial oases (Orni & Efrat 1980). The patterns of these alternating geographical and climatic zones were and are very conductive to the development and establishment of a rich floral and faunal assemblage of different origins (Eig, 1926; Lattin, 1967; Zohary, 1962, 1966); accordingly, many species are at their limits of geographical distribution within these zones (Bodenheimer, 1930; 1935; Furth, 1975; Jaffe, 1988). The annual temperature in Israel falls within the 20°C isotherm, according to Beaumont et al. (1976). However, this is only true for the coastal plain (Biel, 1944), since there is an annual average of 17°C in the hills, and 25°C in the Jordan Valley (Ashbel, 1951). As a rule, temperatures drop abruptly in November, and reach a minimum in January or February. Days with freezing point temperatures occur almost every winter in the hills while these temperatures are rare in the coastal plain. The warming in April and May is more gradual than the drop of the temperature in autumn. In summer, peak temperatures fluctuate around 40°C (Ashbel, 1951). In terms of precipitation, the short winter accounts for 70% of the annual rainfall which occurs between November and February. Rain from May to September is negligible; the dry season lasts from June to August.

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Generally, the annual rainfall decreases in two main directions, gradually from North to South, from 1500 mm on Mt. Hermon to 15 mm near the gulf of Eilat (Ashbel, 1951), and sharply from the Judean mountains eastward to the Rift Valley. The north-south gradient is influenced mainly by the intensity and frequency of rain-contributing weather systems while the west-east gradient is influenced by topography, namely, the ascent of air masses toward the mountains of Judea and Samaria. This results in cooler air and, consequently, increased rainfall as elevation increases. Descending air masses headed towards the Rift Valley become warmer and drier, resulting in desert formation in the “rain shadow” of the Judean and Samarian mountains. In cold, wet years winter snow may fall as far South as the highlands of the central Negev. Phytogeographic Zones The life cycles of most phytophagous insects including the Lepidoptera are synchronized at least to some degree with their host-plants. Therefore, a short discussion of the major Israeli phytogeographic zones is integral to understanding the life-cycle and distribution of the local lepidopteran fauna. The plants of Israel belong to five large distinct phytogeographic regions (Zohary, 1966): the Tragacanth zone, the Mediterranean zone, the Irano-Turanian zone, the Saharo-Arabian eremic zone, and the Ethiopian (Sudanian) tropical zone (Map 4). The Tragacanth high-altitude zone is restricted to the peak of Mt. Hermon (above 1800 m). A snow cover with very low temperatures in winter and hot, dry summers create specific plant communities dominated by spiny, round, dense, cushion-like shrubs such as Astragalus and Onobrychis. The main water source in this area is melting snow, consequently most of this karstic mountain is rather arid. Different types of forest are found only along the foothills and within canyons (Danin, 1988). The Mediterranean zone covers areas which receive an annual average precipitation of 350 mm or more. The hills of Jerusalem and the coastal plain belong to the southernmost parts of the Mediterranean territory in the Near East (Zohary, 1962). Mediterranean vegetation is divided into two distinct types, that of the hills and that of the coastal plain. In the hills, with their higher precipitation (about 500–700 mm), maquis is dominant. In the Mediterranean forest, the different plant associations can be discerned in accordance with local variations in rainfall, bedrock types and soil depths. The Irano-Turanian zone is a dry or desert steppe which receives an average annual rainfall of 200–300 mm occurring only during winter. This zone stretches from its southwestern border in Israel through Iran, Turkestan and inner Asia to the Gobi desert. Low brush or dwarf bushes with associated Artemisa vegetation are characteristic of this region. The Saharo-Arabian eremic zone is a true desert centered on the Arabian Peninsula. Here, winter rainfall of up to 200 mm is followed by a short period of

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blooming, whereas afterwards the vegetation dries up rapidly. Dense or contracted vegetation can be found in water catchment areas, such as wadis and rock outcrops, while in other areas the vegetation is very sparse; some large areas average only one plant per one to ten square meters (Kugler, 1988). The great majority of plants in this zone are thorny trees, bushes and shrubs. Some bushes and trees may remain dry and bare for years waiting for rain; these plants are often residues of the African savannah (Orni & Efrat, 1980). The Ethiopian (Sudanian) tropical zone in Israel is only represented in small enclaves or oases, in the lower Jordan Valley, the Dead Sea area and the Arava Valley where they are surrounded by extreme desert or halophilic vegetation. High temperature, abundant fresh water and rich soil conditions are typical of these oases containing Sudanese elements of flora and fauna (Zohary & Orshansky, 1949). Classification The classification of Noctuidae, in the recent years, has been the subject of permanent taxonomic changes. These changes concern all taxonomic categories, from species groups to the family level, proposed in order to establish natural monophyletic groups (i.e. groups with a single common ancestor). However, recent critical analyses have revealed that the monophyly of the traditional ‘Noctuidae s.l.’ is doubtful (Mitchell et al., 2005; Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005) and several authors have proposed a new classification of the Noctuoidea with many additional changes at tribal, subfamily and family levels (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005, Fibiger & Hacker, 2005; Kononenko, 2005). This new system is followed here, with the Erebidae being the subject of volume I, and the Noctuidae s.str. of volume II. The most recent systems are not completely congruent. The subfamilies Euteliinae, Hypeninae and Herminiinae are treated as subfamilies in the Erebidae by Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005), Fibiger & Hacker (2005) and Kononenko (2005), whereas they are elevated to the rank of separate families by Mitchell et al. (2005). The recently accepted relationship of Erebidae, Nolidae and other quadrifine Noctuidae with Lymantriidae and Arctiidae is based exclusively on molecular genetic results which must await further corroboration. The ‘noctuids’ (Noctuidae, Erebidae, Nolidae, Micronoctuidae) can be recognized based on a few anatomical characters which, however, may prove to be homoplastic. The larvae have a cervical tubular defensive gland (so-called adenosoma). Moreover, adult noctuids can be recognized by a thoracic tympanal organ, used for the reception of ultra-sonic sounds of bats, in combination with comparatively long tibial spurs. The validity of Erebidae as an independent family is yet controversial. Generally accepting the above recent high-rank changes, we still refrain here from their critical analysis, since they have little bearing on the scope of the fauna treated in both the volumes concerned. Some groups are excluded from the present book. Micronoctuidae, only very recently delimited as a family (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005), include the smallest species of the traditional noctuids. Only a single species of this group, Micronola

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wadicola (Amsel, 1935), described from Jericho, has hitherto been recorded in Israel. Nolidae, traditionally treated under the ‘Bombyces’, are therefore also excluded. This likewise concerns some other groups, like Chloephorinae and Eariadinae, traditionally assigned to the Noctuidae s.l. All of them will become part of the forthcoming ‘Bombyces’ volume of this book series. Abbreviations The abbreviations used mainly concern the captions for color plates. The numbers in the plates correspond to those of the species as presented in the text. K&M: collected by V. Kravchenko & G. Müller K&Y: collected by V. Kravchenko & I. Yarom TAU: Tel Aviv University, Israel MF: Collection of M. Fibiger, Sorø, Denmark JM: Collection of J. Mooser, Freising, Germany ZSM: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany ZIN: Zoolozical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Checklist of Erebidae* of Israel 1. 2. 3.

* The validity of this taxon as a full-rank family is controversial. The authors do not want to stand up for one of the systematic concepts at this point of the debate. See introduction to the systematic account, p. 16.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Subfamily Rivulinae Rivula tanitalis Rebel, 1912 Zebeeba falsalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1839) Subfamily Hypenodinae Schrankia costaestrigalis (Stephens 1834) Subfamily Eublemminae Calymma communimacula (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Eublemma ostrina (Hübner, 1808) Eublemma parva (Hübner, 1808) Eublemma cynerea (Turati, 1924) Eublemma cochylioides (Guenée, 1852) Eublemma polygramma (Duponchel, 1836) Eublemma apicipunctalis (Brandt, 1939) Eublemma cornutus Fibiger & Hacker, 2004 Eublemma tomentalis Rebel, 1947 Eublemma gratissima (Staudinger, 1892) Eublemma siticulosa (Lederer, 1858) Eublemma albina (Staudinger, 1898) Eublemma deserti Rothschild, 1909 Eublemma subvenata (Staudinger, 1892) Eublemma albivestalis Hampson, 1910 Eublemma pallidula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1856) Eublemma suppura (Staudinger, 1892) Eublemma hansa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) Eublemma gayneri (Rothschild, 1901) Eublemma kruegeri (Wiltshire, 1970) Eublemma scitula (Rambur, 1833) Honaena ragusana (Freyer, 1844) Rhypagla lacernaria (Hübner, 1813) Metachrostis velox (Hübner, 1813) Metachrostis velocior Staudinger, 1892 Metachrostis dardouini (Boisduval, 1840) Subfamily Herminiinae Nodaria nodosalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) Polypogon plumigeralis (Hübner, 1825) Polypogon lunalis (Scopoli, 1763) Subfamily Hypeninae Hypena obsitalis (Hübner, 1813)

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34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

40. 41. 42. 43.

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.

Volume 1. Erebidae

Hypena lividalis (Hübner, 1796) Hypena munitalis Mann, 1861 Zekelita antiqualis (Hübner, 1809) Zekelita ravalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) Subfamily Phytometrinae Raparna conicephala (Staudinger, 1870) Antarchaea erubescens (A. Bang-Haas, 1910) Subfamily Calpinae Tribe Scoliopterygini Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) Tribe Calpini Africalpe intrusa Krüger, 1939 Tribe Anomiini Anomis sabulifera (Guenée, 1852) Anomis flava (Fabricius, 1775) Subfamily Catocalinae Tribe Toxocampini Exophyla rectangularis (Geyer, 1828) Anumeta spilota Ershov, 1874 Anumeta henkei (Staudinger, 1877) Anumeta atrosignata (Walker, 1858) Anumeta straminea (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) Anumeta arabiae Wiltshire, 1961 Anumeta asiatica Wiltshire, 1961 Anumeta hilgerti Rothschild, 1909 Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758) Lygephila craccae (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Lederer, 1855) Tathorhynchus philbyi Wiltshre, 1986 Autophila luxuriosa Zerny, 1933 Autophila libanotica (Staudinger, 1901) Autophila depressa (Püngeler, 1914) Autophila limbata (Staudinger, 1871) Autophila cerealis (Staudinger, 1871) Autophila ligaminosa (Eversmann, 1851) Autophila anaphanes Boursin, 1940 Autophila maura (Staudinger, 1888) Autophila pauli Boursin, 1940 Apopestes spectrum (Esper, 1787) Scodionyx mysticus Staudinger, 1900 Plecoptera inquinata (Lederer, 1857) Plecoptera reflexa Guenée, 1852 Tribe Acantholipini Acantholipes regularis (Hübner, 1813)

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

70. Acantholipes circumdata (Walker, 1858) Tribe Melipotini 71. Drasteria philippina (Austaut, 1880) 72. Drasteria cailino (Lefèbvre, 1827) 73. Drasteria flexuosa (Ménétriès, 1847) 74. Drasteria herzi (Alphéraky, 1895) 75. Drasteria oranensis Rothschild, 1920 76. Drasteria kabylaria (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) Tribe Ophiusini 77. Catephia alchymista (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) 78. Zethes insularis Rambur, 1833 79. Pericyma albidentaria (Freyer, 1842) 80. Pericyma squalens Lederer, 1855 81. Heteropalpia profesta (Christoph, 1887) 82. Heteropalpia acrosticta (Püngeler, 1904) 83. Tytroca dispar (Püngeler, 1904) 84. Tytroca leucoptera (Hampson, 1896) 85. Gnamptonyx innexa (Walker, 1858) 86. Pandesma robusta (Walker, 1858) 87. Rhabdophera arefacta (Swinhoe, 1884) 88. Cerocala sana Staudinger, 1901 89. Ophiusa tirhaca (Cramer, 1777) 90. Minucia lunaris (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) 91. Minucia wiskotti (Püngeler, 1902) 92. Clytie illunaris (Hübner, 1813) 93. Clytie sancta (Staudinger, 1898) 94. Clytie syriaca (Bugnion, 1837) 95. Clytie scotorrhiza Hampson, 1913 96. Clytie haifae (Habich, 1905) 97. Clytie delunaris (Staudinger, 1889) 98. Clytie arenosa Rothschild, 1913 99. Clytie terrulenta (Christoph, 1893) 100. Clytie micra Wiltshire, 1973 101. Clytie infrequens (Swinhoe, 1884) 102. Dysgonia torrida (Guenée, 1852) 103. Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus, 1767) 104. Dysgonia rogenhoferi (Bohatsch, 1880) 105. Grammodes stolida (Fabricius, 1775) 106. Grammodes boisdeffrii (Oberthür, 1867) 107. Grammodes bifasciata (Petagna, 1788) Tribe Catocalini 108. Catocala editarevayae Müller, Kravchenko, Speidel, Mooser, Witt et al., 2007 109. Catocala olgaorlovae Kravchenko, Speidel, Witt, Mooser & Muller, 2007 110. Catocala amnonfreidbergi Kravchenko, Speidel, Witt, Mooser & Müller 2007

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111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125.

Catocala elocata (Esper, 1787) Catocala puerpera (Giorna, 1791) Catocala conjuncta (Esper, 1787) Catocala conversa (Esper, 1787) Catocala nymphagoga (Esper, 1787) Catocala hymenaea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Catocala nymphaea (Esper, 1787) Catocala diversa (Geyer, 1828) Catocala separata (Freyer, 1848) Catocala disjuncta (Geyer, 1828) Catocala brandti Hacker & Kautt, 1999 Catocala eutychea (Treitschke, 1835) Ulotrichopus tinctipennis (Hampson 1902) Ulotrichopus stertzi (Püngeler, 1907) Crypsotidia maculifera (Staudinger, 1898) Tribe Anydrophilini 126. Anydrophila stuebeli (Calberla, 1891) Subfamily Euteliinae 127. Eutelia adulatrix (Hübner, 1813) 128. Eutelia adoratrix (Staudinger, 1892)

Volume 1. Erebidae

22

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Family Erebidae Leach, 1815 Subfamily Rivulinae Grote, 1895 This is a small subfamily with about 20 species worldwide. Two genera, Rivula Grote, 1895 and Zebeeba Kirby, 1892, both occur mainly in the Holarctic (Speidel et al., 1996a, b). They are characterized by their unique fine structure of the tip of the proboscis separating them from all other ‘noctuid’ subfamilies. The two Israeli species are very small in size with yellowish forewings. The genus Zebeeba was previously assigned to different subfamilies, including the tropical Stictopterinae, but has recently been transferred to Rivulinae by Speidel et al. (1996b). This status has since been confirmed by Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005).

1. Rivula tanitalis

2. Zebeeba falsalis

1. Rivula tanitalis Rebel, 1912 TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Alexandria). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Malta, Crete, Greece, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: very rare and local in the temperate region along the Coastal Plain and in the northern Jordan Valley. Not recorded in Israel since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel, habitat preferences of this species unknown; in northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula an oasis-dwelling species. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only in May, generally multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown; larvae of the congener R. sericealis (Scopoli, 1763) in Europe feeding on Molinia caerulea and Convolvulus arvensis. 2. Zebeeba falsalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1839) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Sicily). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain, southern France, Italy, Balkans, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region along the central mountain ridge, the Judean Mts and the Carmel Mountain Ridge. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly in xerotherm park forests of Quercus ithaburensis, Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus at low and medium altitudes (pl. 13, pic. 1); in Southern Europe in evergreen sclerophyll Mediterranean forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only from May to June; in Europe multivoltine, flying from March to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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Volume 1. Erebidae

Subfamily Hypenodinae Forbes, 1954 This subfamily includes about 60 small-sized species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a), many with tropical distributions. So far, only one species has been recorded in Israel.

3. Schrankia costaestrigalis

3. Schrankia costaestrigalis (Stephens, 1834) TYPE LOCALITY: Great Britain (Wittlesea). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Throughout the Palearctic Region from Western Europe to Japan, Morocco, the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madeira, the Near and Middle East, Yemen, New Zealand, Australia, Norfolk Islands. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1935). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region, only collected in Hula Valley, and the Sea of Galilee area. Not recorded in Israel since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel, habitat preferences of this species unknown, probably sylvicolous, in Central Europe living in dump deciduous woodlands on heavy soils, less common in mixed forests on drier calcareous terrain. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only in May; in Central Europe bivoltine, flying from May to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Calluna spp., Thymus spp., Melampyrum spp. REMARKS: in previous checklists incorrectly referred to as S. taenitalis Rebel, 1912, based on Amsel (1935). Subfamily Eublemminae Forbes, 1954 This subfamily was previously regarded as belonging in Acontiinae. Acontiinae in the old, broad concept are actually polyphyletic, and are currently subdivided into Acontiinae s.str., Eustrotiinae and Eublemminae. Some genera of the former Acontiinae have been transferred to Metoponiinae (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). In Israel the Eublemminae are, to date, represented by 5 genera with 26 species, most of them inhabiting semi-arid and arid regions. As far as is known, the larvae are feeding oligophagously on various Asteraceae (Compositae). The larvae of some species, in all stages, prey on Coccidae (Coccoidea), which are pests of various shrubs and trees including Tamarix aphylla, Acacia raddiana, A. tortilis, Oleander and Yucca. Most species are multivoltine, flying from April to June and, again, from August to November. Some desert species, however, are apparently univoltine, with restricted flight periods in spring. 4. Calymma communimacula (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern France, southern Italy, southeastern Europe, Turkey, Armenia, Levant, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. Represented by the subsp. gracilis Osthelder 1933, described from Turkey (Marash).

24

4. Calymma communimacula

The Lepidoptera of Israel

FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate region, so far only known from the upper Golan Heights, in the area of Majdal Shams. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe species, in natural habitats on the southern slopes of Mt. Hermon, especially in xerotherm rocky areas with scattered Rosa, Crataegus and Prunus bushes (pl. 2, pic. 8), also in traditionally cultivated plum, apple, pear and cherry orchards as well as in gardens with low or no pesticide treatment; in Europe in Mediterranean mesic maquis, forested steppes and orchards. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from May to June and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, larvae predating in all stages on coccid pests living on various fruit tree species including peach, plum etc. The genus Eublemma Hübner, (1821) includes a large number of species of small size. They are often very similar in coloration and are distributed worldwide. In the Near and Middle East and North Africa, there are 118 species altogether (Hacker, 2001a). So far, 20 species have been recorded in Israel, where tropical species mostly occur in oases of Arava, the Dead Sea area and the Negev, while the eremic species fly in deserts. Larvae of species with known host-plants develop in seed-pods of Asteraceae (Compositae).

5. Eublemma ostrina

5. Eublemma ostrina (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality so far fixed). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. North Africa, Southern Europe, Near and Middle East, Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but only locally common, all over the country in all climatological regions. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the semi-arid region ubiquitous in grassland, shrub and semi-shrub steppes, in the temperate region in all kinds of open habitats including park forests, forest edges and larger clearings, in urban areas parkland and gardens, being there more local and mainly occurring in xerotherm habitats, in the arid region concentrating in oases and occasionally in wadis in water catchment areas with dense patches of annuals and in shrub thickets. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November with the highest rates of occurrence in April and in November; larvae observed in April and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Carduus australis (Asteraceae, or Compositae); in Europe oligophagous on Asteraceae (Compositae), especially Helichrysum, Carduus and Carlina. 6. Eublemma parva (Hübner, 1808) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type so far locality fixed). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Southern Europe, North Africa, Near and Middle East, Sudan, Central Asia, northern India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus.

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6. Eublemma parva

7. Eublemma cynerea

8. Eublemma cochylioides

Volume 1. Erebidae

FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the country, widespread but uncommon. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the temperate and semi-arid region ubiquitous in all kinds of open areas, especially in grassland, forested grassland and xerotherm park forests and in batha semi-steppe, rare in shrub and semi-shrub steppes, in the arid regions concentrating in oases and occasionally in contracted steppe vegetation along seasonal water courses and in canyons. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November with the highest rates of occurrence in April and in October; larvae observed in May, July and October, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Inula (Limbarda) crithmoides (Asteraceae (Compositae); in Europe oligophagous on Compositae including Carduus, Carthamus, Centaurea, Helichrysum and Gnaphalium. 7. Eublemma cynerea (Turati, 1924) TYPE LOCALITY: Libya (Cyrenaica: Berca). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Libya, Egypt (Sinai), and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: Arava Valley, central and southern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in impoverished semi-shrub communities with sparse vegetation (pl. 30, pic. 4), mainly on loessial deposits, along the bottom of the Arava Valley on silty alluvial soils. PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, spring species, flying from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 8. Eublemma cochylioides (Guenée, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Island of Réunion (’Ile Bourbon’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. North Africa, Southern Europe, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, African and Indo-Pacific tropics including Australia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: fairly common in the arid and semi-arid regions and along the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel in the temperate region on xerotherm slopes, in meadows and on consolidated sands, in the semi-arid regions widespread in different kinds of steppe, especially in areas with more than 250 mm of annual rainfall, often in semi-shrub communities on hard and fissured limestone and dolomite slopes, in the arid regions concentrating in natural oases and, to a lesser extent, in agricultural settlements. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from February to November with the highest rates of occurrence from March to April, in July and from October to November.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe oligophagous on Asteraceae (Compositae), especially Prenanthes, Lactuca and Vigna spp.

9. Eublemma polygramma

10. Eublemma apicipunctalis

9. Eublemma polygramma (Duponchel, 1836) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Digne); Switzerland (Wallis). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. North Africa (Morocco, Algeria), in Europe from southern France to southern Romania, European part of southern Russia, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, southern Iran to Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare but widespread along the Rift Valley, throughout the all climatological regions, from Eilat to Mt. Hermon (up to 1600 m a.s.l.) with extension to northern and central Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the temperate and semi-arid regions widespread in all kinds of open terrain, especially in grasslands (pl. 15, pic. 1, 5) and shrub steppes, in the arid regions concentrating in oases (pl. 24, pic. 2) and occasionally along seasonal water courses (pl. 24, pic. 4), in shady canyons and shallow wadis with dense shrub and semi-shrub vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to June and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 10. Eublemma apicipunctalis (Brandt, 1939) TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Baloutchistan, Bender Tchahbahar; Tahte Malek). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: northern part of Arava Valley, Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, mainly in contracted shrub vegetation along seasonal water courses and in shallow wadis with extensive patches of perennial grasses and annuals (pl. 26, pic. 6, 9), mainly on different types of soft soil. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from April to June and in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 11. Eublemma cornutus Fibiger & Hacker, 2004 TYPE LOCALITY: Yemen (Prov. Sana’a, Nahal Manakhah). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Only known from Yemen and Israel. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the arid regions: so far collected only in the northern part of the Arava Valley near Hazeva and in the western Negev near Nizzana.

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Volume 1. Erebidae

HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, mainly along seasonal water courses and in shallow wadis with impoverished shrub and semi-shrub communities and patches of perennial grasses on soft sediments (pl. 28, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine spring species, so far collected only in April; also in Yemen observed only in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

11. Eublemma cornutus

12. Eublemma tomentalis

13. Eublemma gratissima

12. Eublemma tomentalis Rebel, 1947 TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Wadi Aideb, Gebel Elba) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the arid regions: so far collected only in the northern part of the Arava Valley near Hazeva. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, so far observed only in Acacia communities with a dense undergrowth of shrubs in a shallow wadi with loessial sediments (pl. 26, pic. 7, 10). PHENOLOGY: in Israel univoltine, flying from February to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 13. Eublemma gratissima (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Taurus and Gjaur Dagh: Marash; Eibes; Hadjin; Aintab; Malatia; Mardin; Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: distributed in all climatological regions all over the country, rare and local in the arid part of the Rift Valley, fairly common in the semi-arid areas, local and rare on the western foothills of the Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland-dwelling species, in scattered Ziziphus lotus park forests around the Sea of Galilee with lush herbaceous undergrowth (pl. 11, pic. 1), on the foothills of the western Judean Mts, especially in xerotherm meadows and on slopes with Aegilops, Triticum, Avena, Trifolium and numerous other Fabaceae (Papilionaceae), Asteraceae (Compositae) and Poaceae (Gramineae), also yet in smaller numbers in semi-steppe batha, shrub and semi-shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm, in more arid regions restricted to water catchments. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May, in the mountains until June; larvae observed in April, overwintering in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel endophagous in the stems of Carduus australis (Asteraceae, or Compositae); in Europe endophagous in Echinops spp.

28

14. Eublemma siticulosa

15. Eublemma albina

16. Eublemma deserti

The Lepidoptera of Israel

14. Eublemma siticulosa (Lederer, 1858) TYPE LOCALITY: Syria (Damascus). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1910). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: distributed all over the arid regions, locally common in the southern part of the Arava Valley, especially in theYotvata area, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, especially in Acacia communities at sites with a high ground water level with rich undergrowth of bushes and shrubs, preferring areas with loessial sediments (pl. 26, pic. 1, 2); in Bahrain in limestone deserts with sparse vegetation consisting of grasses and rather varied associations of Lycium-Helianthemetum. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 15. Eublemma albina (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (probably Jerusalem, but possibly also Jaffa (Tel Aviv). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: distributed all over the arid and semi-arid regions, fairly common in the Rift Valley, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, in the Arava Valley concentrating in natural oases, occasionally in villages with irrigated gardens, in the Judean Desert mainly in deep shady canyons with rich vegetation (pl. 17, pic. 1), in the area of the Sea of Galilee in the delta of the Jordan (pl. 11, pic. 2), in the Hula Valley along the river banks of the River Jordan and in the Hula swamp. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine, late spring species flying from April to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 16. Eublemma deserti Rothschild, 1909 TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Mraier). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Levant, Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: distributed all over the arid regions, being fairly common in the Negev and in the southern parts of the Dead Sea region, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, often in wet salinas with salt marshes (pl. 25, pic. 2), Atriplex spp. thickets and a rich vegetation of halophilous and nonhalophilous annuals (pl. 25, pic. 5), in salinas or at the periphery of freshwater oases with thickets of Suaeda, Arthrocnemum, Nitraria and Tamarix. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from March to April and from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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17. Eublemma subvenata

18. Eublemma albivestalis

19. Eublemma pallidula

Volume 1. Erebidae

17. Eublemma subvenata (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Tunis or Bicerta). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Known only from Algeria, Tunisia and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: probably in arid areas of the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea region; not recorded in Israel since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel and elsewhere, habitat preferences of this species unknown. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected in May, in Algeria probably multivoltine, collected from February to May, from July to September and from November to December. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 18. Eublemma albivestalis Hampson, 1910 TYPE LOCALITY: Jordan (Chor el Sueme, Dead Sea area). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Algeria and Tunisia to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1900). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions, in the Dead Sea area and the northern Arava Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, typically at the dry peripheries of large Oases (pl. 24, pic. 1), in large water catchments (pl. 25, pic. 1), along seasonal water courses and in shallow wadis with extensive tickets of shrubs, semi-shrubs and numerous patches of annuals and perennial grasses often on various types of soft sediment soil. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, flying from March to May and in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 19. Eublemma pallidula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1856) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Turkey, Transcaspia, Turkmenistan, southern Russia, Levant, Iraq, Iran, and Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but rare and local in the arid regions, especially in large oases like ‘En Avedat (pl. 21, pic. 1), Sede Boqer and ‘En Gedi. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species, in all kinds of larger natural oases with fresh water and in wet salinas with salt marshes and thickets of Suaeda, Arthrocnemum, Nitraria and Tamarix (pl. 25, pic. 2, 3, 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine spring species, collected so far only in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

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20. Eublemma suppura

21. Eublemma hansa

22. Eublemma gayneri

The Lepidoptera of Israel

20. Eublemma suppura (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Mersin; Taurus; Gjaur Dagh; Malatia; Antiochien); Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: East Mediterranean. Southeastern Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1890). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: only known from the vicinity of Jerusalem. In Israel not recorded since the 1890’s. HABITAT: in Israel, habitat preferences of this species unknown, probably a steppedweller; in Turkey fairly common in the steppes South of the Taurus mountains; in Syria in batha semi-steppe and in diffused Artemisia steppes, especially on fine grained and deep soils with a dense vegetation cover (unpublished data of the authors). PHENOLOGY: in Israel unknown, specimens from near Jerusalem were collected in May; in Turkey bivoltine, flying from May to June and in early autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 21. Eublemma hansa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Hadjin). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Transcaucasia, northern Iran, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate regions: on Mt. Hermon at medium elevation about 1200–1600 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe-dwelling species living on the southern slopes of Mt. Hermon in sparse grassy vegetation, especially in xerotherm rocky areas with some scattered Rosa, Crataegus and Prunus bushes (pl. 2, pic. 3, 8); in Turkey, in xerotherm shrub steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only in May; in Turkey bivoltine, flying from May to June and from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Turkey, Echinops spp. 22. Eublemma gayneri (Rothschild, 1901) TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (Assouan). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Widespread in the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen, Levant, Egypt, and Sudan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Argaman (1991). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon and local in the arid regions: in the Dead Sea area, especially ‘En Gedi and ‘En Fashkha, to a much lesser extent in the central Negev near Mitzpe Ramon. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, mainly in large natural and agricultural oases (pl. 25, pic. 3, 5), to a lesser extent at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs like Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi and Suaeda, to a lesser extent in Acacia stands.

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Volume 1. Erebidae

PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from March to April and from November to December; larvae observed from April to May and in November (Argaman, personal communication). HOST-PLANTS: larvae in Israel found on flowers of the mango tree, Mangifera indica; in other countries of the Near East, larvae observed feeding on flowers of numerous trees, including Acacia spp., Eriobotega japonica and Ziziphus spp.; in Egypt this species was observed predating on coccids (Coccoidea) which live on Tamarix and Hibiscus.

23. Eublemma kruegeri

24. Eublemma scitula

23. Eublemma kruegeri (Wiltshire, 1970) TYPE LOCALITY: Sudan (Kassala Prov., Erkowit, 1000–1300 m a.s.l.). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Levant, Sudan, and Libya. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: Dead Sea area and the northern part of the Arava Valley near Hazeva and ‘Iddan. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, mainly along seasonal water courses, in shallow wadis and water catchments with thickets of different shrubs and semi-shrubs, especially Atriplex spp. accompanied by patches of perennial grasses, on different types of soft sediment soil (pl. 25, pic. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-7). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from April to June and in October; in Sudan flying in May and July; in Libya from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 24. Eublemma scitula (Rambur, 1833) TYPE LOCALITY: Corsica. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Widespread in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, India, in the east to Australia, throughout Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Mediterranean. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common, in all climatological zones, along all the Rift Valley and the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, in the Rift Valley in natural as well as agricultural oases (pl. 16, pic. 2), along the Coastal Plain in not too dry natural habitats mainly in Tamarix stands (pl. 23, pic. 1-3) and along coastal rivers, in urban parkland, natural gardens and orchards. PHENOLOGY: in the Rift Valley multivoltine, flying from March to November, with the highest rate of occurrence from March to May, along the Coastal Plain probably bivoltine flying from April to May and in October, in the tropics multivoltine, larvae observed in July and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Arava Valley and Negev; larvae found on Waxiella tamaricisinfested Tamarix aphylla and on Coccidae-infested Acacia raddiana and A. tortilis along the Coastal Plain. In northern Israel, larvae observed predating in all stages on Coccidae pests on various shrubs and trees including Oleander and Yucca.

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25. Honaena ragusana

26. Rhypagla lacernaria

The Lepidoptera of Israel

25. Honaena ragusana (Freyer, 1844) TYPE LOCALITY: Dalmatia (near Ragusa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Widespread in the Oriental tropics (Taiwan, New Caledonia, Australia), in the African (sub-)tropics (Sudan, northern Nigeria), in Southern Europe (southern Italy, Dalmatia, Albania, Greece), Turkey, and in the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and very local in the temperate zone: Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel, a wetland-dwelling species, around springs of the River Jordan, in the Banyas and Tel Dan nature reserves, at edges of riverine forests in lush herbaceous vegetation (pl. 4, pic. 2), in the Hula swamp in bushy wet meadows and seasonally flooded Salix albida thickets (pl. 6, pic. 1, 6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only in May; in Turkey probably bivoltine, flying from May to June and again in autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 26. Rhypagla lacernaria (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern Europe, Turkey, Iran, and Levant. In North Africa only in Algeria. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1910). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate zone along the eastern part of the central mountain ridge, around the Sea of Galilee to Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m a.s.l. and the Golan Heights (Majdal Shams), in the semi-arid zone on the higher mountains of the Judean Desert and Samaria. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Judean Desert and the Samarian hills in xerotherm rocky steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm (pl. 14, pic. 2,), with batha semi-steppe and semi-shrub communities, around the Sea of Galilee in savannoid Mediterranean vegetation (pl. 11, pic. 1, 2), on the Golan Heights in mixed forest grasslands (pl. 10, pic. 2), on Mt. Hermon on karstic, rocky south-facing slopes with sparse montane steppes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; in Southern Europe bivoltine, flying in spring and late summer. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Phlomis spp. 27. Metachrostis velox (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Levant, and North Africa. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933).

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27. Metachrostis velox

28. Metachrostis velocior

29. Metachrostis dardouini

Volume 1. Erebidae

DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread all over the country, fairly common in the semiarid regions, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the semi-arid regions mainly in steppes of the higher parts of the Judean Desert with annual rainfall above 250 mm, especially in deep shady canyons with rich vegetation, in the temperate regions often in xerotherm habitats like south-facing slopes in canyons, stony meadows, open park forests with a continuous grassy cover and mixed forest grasslands, in the arid regions occasionally at the dry peripheries of natural oases; in Europe a characteristic species of the Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyll forest zone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from spring to autumn with the highest rates of occurrence from June to August and in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 28. Metachrostis velocior Staudinger, 1892 TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut), Turkey (Taurus). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Southern Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. deserta Amsel, 1935, described from Israel (Georgskloster (Wadi Kelt), Jericho, Dead Sea). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and rather local along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the Dead Sea area to Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m a.s.l., in Judea and Samaria above 400 m a.s.l. and along the northern and central Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, mainly in shady canyons (pl. 18, pic. 2-4), bush-clad meadows and slopes, in all kinds of park forest including the scattered montane forests of Mt. Hermon, in the Coastal Plain mainly along streamlets and in irrigated areas, in the Judean Desert mostly on xerotherm hard and fissured limestone and dolomite slopes, at the bottom of the Jordan Valley in small depressions and water catchments with patches of perennial grasses and annuals, around the Dead Sea at the dry periphery of oases. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from April to November with the highest rates of occurrence in May and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 29. Metachrostis dardouini (Boisduval, 1840) TYPE LOCALITY: France. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Levant, and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid regions: so far only observed in the Judean Desert at ‘En Perat, Nabi Musa, and Jericho.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in xerotherm habitats like hard and fissured limestone and dolomite slopes (pl. 18, pic. 2, 4), contracted sparse semishrub communities in shallow wadis, in stony canyons with scattered shrubs (pl. 17, pic. 2, 3), mainly Atriplex spp. and Ochradenus baccatus; in Central Europe in open xerotherm habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only from February to March, one larva observed in May; in Europe bivoltine, flying in spring and from late summer to autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel endophagous in fruits of Capparis aegyptiaca (Capparidaceae); in Europe endophagous in fruits of Anthericum ramosum. Subfamily Herminiinae Leach, 1815 The subfamily Herminiinae was previously assigned to the Hypeninae. They differ from the latter group by a prespiracular tympanal hood, as opposed to a postspiracular position in the Hypeninae. Herminiinae and Hypeninae are possibly closely related in spite of the different position of the tympanal hood and together constitute a monophyletic group of noctuids with long labial palpi and slender bodies. Mature larvae are semi-looping due to partly reduced prolegs. Herminiinae are distributed worldwide, with about 1000 species (Speidel et al., 1996); they are a predominating group in the tropics. So far, three species have been recorded in Israel. They usually prefer wetlands of the temperate region, in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes.

30. Nodaria nodosalis

30. Nodaria nodosalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN : Afrotropical. Tropical and northern Africa, Mediterranean, Turkey, Levant, Yemen, and Oman. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: northern part of the Rift Valley, the Sea of Galilee (especially the delta of the River Jordan), and the Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species restricted to wet and swampy places with lush vegetation shadowed by scattered trees and bushes (pl. 6, pic. 1, 6), and to seasonally flooded grasslands in the delta of the River Jordan (pl. 12, pic. 2-5). PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far observed only in April; a spring species bivoltine in the Mediterranean basin, flying from May to June and from September to November, in the subtropics and tropics multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Ipomoea and Lactuca. 31. Polypogon plumigeralis (Hübner, 1825) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, Near East, northern Iran, and Afghanistan.

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31. Polypogon plumigeralis

32. Polypogon lunalis

Volume 1. Erebidae

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region along the Coastal Plain and in the northern Rift Valley. Over the past 20 years rare and local; according to material in the Tel Aviv University collection, in the middle of the 20’s century this species was relatively common in wetlands near Tel Aviv. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species, in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes usually near water and at the edges of riverine forests (pl. 6, pic. 1, 6; pl. 12, pic. 2-5; pl. 21, pic. 1, 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far observed only in April and May; in Europe bivoltine, flying from April to June and from July to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe polyphagous on deciduous trees, shrubs and herbs including Rubus, Sarothamnus, Rosa, Cytisus and Hedera. 32. Polypogon lunalis (Scopoli, 1763) TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Slovenia (’Carniolia’) GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region along the Coastal Plain and in the northern Rift Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species, in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes and at the edges of riverine forests, usually near water (pl. 6, pic. 1, 6; pl. 12, pic. 2-5; pl. 21, pic. 1, 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far observed only in April and May; in Europe bivoltine, flying from April to May and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe on dry and mouldy leaves of various trees and herbs. Subfamily Hypeninae Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 This subfamily contains about 500 described species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a), predominately in the tropics. Many species are very similar to one another (excluding the doubtfully associated genus Zekelita), therefore species discrimination can sometimes be difficult. Consequently, there may be a large number of undescribed species. Mature larvae are semi-looping due to reduced prolegs on abdominal segment 3. Both the systematics and taxonomy are controversial, the Hypeninae together with Herminiinae are sometimes regarded as a part of this subfamily. The position of Zekelita is uncertain and disputed, sometimes assigned to Ophiderinae (now Erebidae, Calpinae), but has been recently accepted in Hypeninae (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005). In the recently published classifications, Hypeninae are removed from the Noctuidae and placed in the family Erebidae (Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005) or treated as a family of its own, ‘Hypenidae’ (Mitchell et al., 2005).

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

Five species have been recorded in Israel, occurring mostly in wetlands of the temperate region, in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes, although Zekelita ravalis penetrates the semi-arid and arid regions, inhabiting there natural and artificial oases and gardens.

33. Hypena obsitalis

34. Hypena lividalis

33. Hypena obsitalis (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southernmost central and Eastern Europe, Mediterranean basin, Iran, Iraq, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, common around the Sea of Galilee and the Hula Valley, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species, in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes (pl. 6, pic. 1, 6; pl. 12, pic. 2-5; pl. 21, pic. 1, 2), in higher altitudes more ubiquistic; in Iraq in mountainous habitats; in Europe a characteristic species of the Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyll forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from March to May and from August to October; in other parts of the southern Mediterranean multivoltine with subsequent generations taking about one month each. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Parietaria and Urtica spp. 34. Hypena lividalis (Hübner, 1796) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Tropical. Mediterranean basin, subtropical transition zones of the western Palearctic region, tropical regions of Africa and South America. In Central and Northern Europe only as migrant. Widespread and often abundant in the Mediterranean sclerophyll forest zone. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but only locally common in all climatological regions throughout the country. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species, in the temperate region in all kinds of open habitats, especially at low and medium elevations, in the semi-arid and arid regions concentrating in natural and agricultural oases; in Europe a characteristic species of the Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyll forest zone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rate of occurrence from April to May; larvae observed in May and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Parietaria alsinifolia (Urticaceae) and Capparis spinosa (Capparidaceae); in Europe Urtica spp., Parietaria spp. and Convolvulus arvensis. 35. Hypena munitalis Mann, 1861 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Balkans, Turkey, Caucasus/ Transcaucasia, and Levant.

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35. Hypena munitalis

36. Zekelita antiqualis

37. Zekelita ravalis

Volume 1. Erebidae

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: very rare and very local in the temperate region: Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species, above 1800 m, in the sub-alpine tragacanth steppe, in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils (pl. 1, pic. 4); in Europe sylvicolous, often found along forest edges and in forest clearings, a characteristic species of sub-mediterranean deciduous mixed oak shrubs and forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a summer species, so far collected only in July; in Southern Europe and Turkey bivoltine, flying from May to June and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Stellaria spp. and Vincetoxicum tmoleum. 36. Zekelita antiqualis (Hübner, 1809) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Northern Italy, Balkans, Turkey, Levant, and Caucasus/Transcaucasia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, locally common on the foothills of the Judean Mts (pl. 20, pic 1-3), elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, mainly at low and medium elevations, in scattered Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests, to a much lesser extent in other types of park forest, in forest clearings, along forest edges and in forested grasslands, so far not recorded in open grasslands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to October with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Salvia officinalis and other Lamiaceae (Labiatae). 37. Zekelita ravalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Amasia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. Southeastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Egypt, Iran, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kirghizia and northwestern India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in all climatological regions of the country, fairly common in the temperate region, locally common in the semi-arid and arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel an ubiquitous species living in all kinds of open lowland areas, also in bushy meadows, forested grasslands, not too dense forests, anthropogenic places including wastelands, gardens, parks etc., in the semi-arid and arid regions in artificial oases and gardens, in the semi-arid regions also in natural canyons with

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

water; generally less common or absent above 600 m, not found in dense shady forests and arid desert habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rate of occurrence from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Central Asia possibly Alhagi spp. Subfamily Phytometrinae Hampson, 1913 This subfamily was previously included into Hypeninae or Catocalinae in the broad sense. The designation of Hampson, 1913 is accepted here according to Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005), even though Hampson’s concept of the subfamily was entirely different (= Plusiinae) due to an incorrect type species selection for Phytometra. Until the case is ruled by the Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (according to Art. 65.2.2 ICZN), Hampson is recommended as the relevant author. The subfamily contains only a few genera worldwide. In Israel, the subfamily is represented by two wetland species occurring in summer in the temperate region.

38. Raparna conicephala

39. Antarchaea erubescens

38. Raparna conicephala (Staudinger, 1870) TYPE LOCALITY: Spain (Malaga), Macedonia, Iran (Persia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Sudan), Southern Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Iran, Levant, Afghanistan, and Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common, distributed all over the temperate region. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species, in humid and warm lowlands with lush vegetation shadowed by trees and bushes (pl. 21, pic. 1, 2) and at the edges of riverine forests (pl. 7 pic. 6-9; pl. 9, pic. 4), usually near water. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only in May and October; generally known to be bivoltine, in Europe flying from April to June and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 39. Antarchaea erubescens (A. Bang-Haas, 1910) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (South Oran). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. From Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula, Levant, southern Iran, and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern part of the temperate region: Hula Valley, along the springs and the northern part of the River Jordan, especially in the Tel Dan and Banyas nature reserves.

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Volume 1. Erebidae

HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species occurring near springs and rivers, in wet bush-clad meadows, in lush dense shrubs and in herbaceous vegetation surrounding deciduous riverine forests (pl. 4, pic. 2, 3; pl. 5, pic. 5; pl.6, pic. 6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only from May to June, generally known to be bivoltine, in Saudi Arabia flying from April to June and in autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. Subfamily Calpinae Boisduval, 1840 The scope and concept of this subfamily roughly corresponds to that of the former ‘Ophiderinae’ in that it is characterized by the absence of tibial spines which are present in many Catocalinae. A piercing proboscis is characteristic of the subfamily as presently defined. Some genera in tropical regions are well-known fruit-piercers; others suck liquids like blood or tears. Mature larvae, as far as is known, are semi-looping due to partly reduced prolegs. Species of this group were earlier grouped inside the far more numerous Catocalinae, and many tropical genera are still awaiting separation from Catocalinae. Therefore, the number of species worldwide is still unknown, but the group is represented in all zoogeographical regions, being especially species-rich in the tropics. So far, four species have been recorded in Israel, with one deserticole (Africalpe intrusa), one riverine species occurring in the northern part of the temperate zone (Scoliopterix libatrix), and two tropical species of Anomis collected in the Coastal Plain in the 1930’s and 1960’s.

40. Scoliopteryx libatrix

40. Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Holarctic. From almost all over Europe and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) to Central Asia, Korea, Japan and North America. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: northern Hula Valley, foothills of Mt. Hermon, along springs of the River Jordan, especially in the Tel Dan and Banyas nature reserves. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous, riverine species restricted to dense deciduous forests with a lush undergrowth of herbaceous plants, often along rivers and springs (pl. 4, pic. 1, 3, 4; pl. 5, pic. 1-5). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from March to April and from June to August; larvae observed in September, pupating in October and hatching in November, overwintering as imago. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Salix acmophylla; in Europe, Salix and Populus spp. 41. Africalpe intrusa Krüger, 1939 TYPE LOCALITY: Libya (Sirtica occidentale, Uadi Merdum; Uadi Gobin). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Levant, Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, eastern and northeastern Africa, western Sahara.

40

41. Africalpe intrusa

42. Anomis sabulifera

43. Anomis flava

The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local along the arid parts of the Rift Valley from the southern part of the Arava Valley to the lower Jordan Valley and the proximal parts of tributary canyons. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, mainly in the hills and mountains at the periphery of the Arava Valley, especially in areas with numerous rock outcrops and sparse desert steppes (pl. 15, pic. 2, 3; pl. 33, pic. 1-3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, flying all the year round except for December and January, with the highest rates of occurrence from April to June and from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 42. Anomis sabulifera (Guenée, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Ethiopia (‘Abyssinie’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Widespread in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions, Central Asia, Mediterranean basin, Levant, Morocco. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the Carmel Mountain Ridge in the vicinity of Haifa. In Israel not recorded since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel and elsewhere habitat preferences unknown. PHENOLOGY: in Israel collected so far only in May; in the tropics multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in subtropical areas the larvae are occasionally pests on cotton, jute and Althaea. 43. Anomis flava (Fabricius, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: East India. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Widespread in central Africa, Southeast Asia, Oceania and Australia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Q. Argaman, the 1960’s (unpublished, personal communication). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region, in the central Coastal Plain mainly near Tel Aviv. Not recorded since the 1960’s, in the past also rare and local (Argaman personal communication). HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species restricted to seasonally flooded wetlands of the central Coastal Plain (Argaman, personal communication) (pl. 21, pic. 1, 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only in May, in the tropics multivoltine, flying all year round. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in the subtropics and tropics a major pest of cotton, okra, jute and kenaf; in southern China adult moths are known to pierce fruits, especially grapes.

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Subfamily Catocalinae Boisduval, 1828 Catocalinae in the old, broad sense is one of the largest subfamilies of Noctuidae. The total number of species is estimated as being about 7000 (Speidel at al., 1996), most of them occurring in the tropics; however this number includes some groups currently excluded from the subfamily and mostly placed in Calpinae. The European fauna of Catocalinae in the restricted sense encompasses 91 species belonging to seven tribes (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005). Larvae are semi-looping, in many cases already in the first instar. The taxonomy of the subfamily is controversial, being elevated to family rank, ‘Catocalidae’, by Mitchell et al. (2005), yet treated as a subfamily of Erebidae by Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005). To date, 81 species belonging to 6 tribes and 27 genera have been recorded from Israel. The highest species number is observed in arid areas, some species are characteristic of the temperate region and a few species are restricted to the Mt. Hermon area. Most species are multivoltine and fly at least in spring and autumn, although many (especially deserticoles) with facultative diapause showing different seasonal patterns of flight depending on circumstances (e.g. Grammodes boisdeffrii). Tribe Toxocampini Guenée, 1852 The tribe, as defined by Fibiger & Hacker (2005), includes the genera Exophyla Guenée, 1841, Anumeta Walker, 1858, Lygephila Billberg, 1820, Tathorhynchus Hampson, 1894, Autophila Hübner, 1823, Apopestes Hübner, 1823, and Scodionyx Staudinger, 1899, all occurring in Israel. The genus Plecoptera Guenée, 1852 is tentatively included here as well. So far, 25 species have been recorded in Israel, most of them belonging to the genera Anumeta and Autophila, the former with desert-adapted species occurring in Israel only along the Arava Valley, the latter inhabiting various steppe habitats from tragacanthic steppes on the top of Mt. Hermon to the steppes and semi-deserts of the Negev.

44. Exophyla rectangularis

44. Exophyla rectangularis (Geyer, 1828) TYPE LOCALITY: Croatia (Rijeka (‘Fiume’)). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Northern Italy, Balkans, Romania, Ukraine (Crimea), Mediterranean parts of Turkey, Levant, and Turkestan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: so far recorded only from the foothills of Mt. Hermon and in the northern Hula Valley, especially in the Tel Dan and Banyas nature reserves. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species living near springs and rivers, in wet bushclad meadows, in lush dense shrubs and in herbaceous vegetation surrounding deciduous riverine forests (pl. 4, pic. 2, 4; pl. 5, pic. 3, 5); in Southern Europe on hot dry slopes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species so far collected only in April; in Southern Europe in June and, after a summer diapause, again from August to

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

September, overwintering as adult, laying eggs in spring; the first stages quickly developing, and the imagines occurring before the summer heat. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Celtis spp. (Ulmaceae), usually C. australis. The genus Anumeta includes deserticolous species distributed in Palearctic deserts from the Canary Islands throughout North Africa and the Near and Middle East to Mongolia, India and Pakistan. At present 25 species are known (Goater et al., 2003). Seven species have been recorded in Israel, all of them occurring only in the Arava Valley, usually along the bottom of the Valley, not in tributary canyons. Larvae are psammophilous and nocturnal, well adapted to a life in sand dunes by being capable of quickly burying themselves into the sand (Wiltshire, 1994). Hostplants are only known for a few species, with larvae found on desert plants of the genus Calligonum (Polygonaceae).

45. Anumeta spilota

46. Anumeta henkei

45. Anumeta spilota Ershov, 1874 TYPE LOCALITY: Kazakhstan (Kizil-kum Desert). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Pan-Eremic. From the western Sahara to the Levant, Central Asia, Pakistan, and India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: northern part of Arava Valley, especially near ‘Iddan and in the Shezaf Nature Reserve. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, in impoverished semi-shrub communities with sparse vegetation, mainly on loessial deposits and silty alluvial soils along the bottom of the Arava Valley (pl. 26, pic. 5-7). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, probably with a facultative diapause, flying from March to September with the highest rate of occurrence from March to May; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Calligonum comosum; in Turkmenistan, Calligonum spp., young larvae feed in the morning hours, from the third instar on at night. 46. Anumeta henkei (Staudinger, 1877) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Russia (Sarepta; Astrachan). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. European part of southern Russia, Central Asia, Levant, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: along the Arava Valley and its larger proximal tributaries, especially in the Shezaf Nature Reserve and at Yotvata. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, probably psammophilous, in sparse scattered vegetation as typically found on sandy deposits along the bottom of large inland valleys and shallow wadis (pl. 26, pic. 2, 9).

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, probably with a facultative diapause, flying from March to October with the highest rate of occurrence from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

47. Anumeta atrosignata

48. Anumeta straminea

47. Anumeta atrosignata (Walker, 1858) TYPE LOCALITY: India (‘North Hindostan’). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. India, Iran, Iraq, Arabian Peninsula, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid regions, all over the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area. In Israel the most widespread congener. Fairly common in the northern Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, in shrub and semi-shrub thickets dominated by Calligonum spp. in wide wadis, shallow depressions and water catchments in plains, often on silty alluvial soils (pl. 24, pic. 1, 2, 4; pl. 25, pic. 1, 3, 5; pl. 26, pic. 1-10). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, probably with a facultative diapause, flying from March to July with the highest rate of occurrence from March to May; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Calligonum comosum (Polygonaceae); elsewhere unknown. 48. Anumeta straminea (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Throughout the Sahara and the Arabian desert to Bahrain, northern Oman, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions along the Arava Valley, very local in the southern part of the Arava Valley near Gerofit and Yotvata, in the Dead Sea area, especially in Ne’ot Hakikkar and ‘En Gedi. An isolated population with a constantly different colour pattern is found in a small sandy area in the ‘En Zin oases, eastern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous psammophilous species, in sparse and scattered vegetation in most of the sandy areas of the Arava Valley and connecting wadis, as well as on unconsolidated sand dunes of the southern Arava (pl. 26, pic. 3, 6); the larvae are highly adapted to a life in unconsolidated sands, in Saudi Arabia they have been observed burying themselves in sand dunes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species, probably with a facultative diapause, flying from December to March with the highest rate of occurrence in January; at least in North Africa with a second generation in June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Saudi Arabia on Calligonum spp.

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49. Anumeta arabiae

50. Anumeta asiatica

51. Anumeta hilgerti

The Lepidoptera of Israel

49. Anumeta arabiae Wiltshire, 1961 TYPE LOCALITY: Saudia Arabia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Arabian Endemic. Saudi Arabia and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: in the northern part of the Arava Valley, so far collected only in the Shezaf Nature Reserve, at Hazeva and ‘Iddan, Arava and at ‘En Zin, Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living in dense shrub and semi-shrub communities mainly on loess deposits and silty alluvial soils along the bottom of the Arava Valley and its larger proximal tributaries (pl. 26, pic. 9, 10). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a bivoltine spring species, probably with a facultative diapause, flying from January to April with the highest rates of occurrence from January to February and in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 50. Anumeta asiatica Wiltshire, 1961 TYPE LOCALITY: Iran, Kuzistan. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Southwestern Iran, Iraq, Levant, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and United Arab Emirates. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare but widespread in the arid regions along the Arava Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in sandy areas and depressions with silty alluvial soils and along seasonal waterways with dense thickets of Atriplex spp., Calligonum comosum, Ochradenus baccatus and other shrubs and semi-shrubs (pl. 26, pic. 2-4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a multivoltine summer species, probably with a facultative diapause, flying from May to August with the highest rate of occurrence in May; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Calligonum comosum; elsewhere unknown. 51. Anumeta hilgerti Rothschild, 1909 TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Algeria, Sahara Desert. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From the deserts of North Africa, including the central Sahara, to the Arabian Peninsula, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. popovi Wiltshire, 1982, described from Hadramaut, southern Yemen. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid regions, locally common in the southern part of the Arava Valley.

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HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous psammophilous species living mainly on unconsolidated and shifting sand dunes with Haloxylon persicum plant communities mainly near Yotvata (pl. 26, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species, probably with a facultative diapause, flying from February to May with the highest rate of occurrence in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

52. Lygephila lusoria

53. Lygephila craccae

52. Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (Germany). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Southeastern Europe, European part of southern Russia, Caucasus/Transcaucasia, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Kirghizia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. amasina (Staudinger, 1879), described from Turkey (Amasia). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate regions, rare and local on Mt. Hermon at 1200 m a.s.l., fairly common on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species of above 1800 m elevations, mainly in the sub-alpine tragacanthic steppe in valleys and dolinas with Polygonum cedrorum and its numerous dwarf companions on waterlogged fine-grained leached soils (pl. 1, pic. 4, 6); in southern Europe in xerotherm Mediterranean oak-scrub. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a bivoltine summer species flying from May to September with the highest rates of occurrence in June and in September; in Southern Europe flying from May to July and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Vicia and Astragalus spp. 53. Lygephila craccae (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Palearctic. Throughout the temperate and southern parts of Europe, Morocco to Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Levant, northern Asia, Altai Mts, Korea, China, and Japan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate regions, ranging from the southern Golan Heights near Hammat Gader through the Hula Valley to the foothills of Mt. Hermon, especially in the Tel Dan and Banyas nature reserves. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species, in lowlands in rich grasslands with annual precipitations above 600 mm near springs and streamlets, as well as in wet bush-clad meadows and in lush herbaceous vegetation at the edges of deciduous riverine forests (pl. 5, pic. 2, 3, 5; pl. 6 pic. 6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; in Southern Europe multivoltine, flying from April to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, various Fabaceae (Papilionaceae), mainly Vicia, Coronilla, Astragalus, Lathyrus spp.

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54. Tathorhynchus exsiccata

55. Tathorhynchus philbyi

The Lepidoptera of Israel

54. Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Lederer, 1855) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical, migrant. Tropics and subtropics of the Old World, introduced to the U.S.A., Dominican Republic and Argentina. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological zones all over the country; uncommon and local in the arid regions, widespread and common in the semi-arid regions, locally common in the temperate regions, especially in the Coastal Plain and the Hula Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in semi-arid regions in all kinds of steppe, penetrating the temperate region in areas with xerotherm grasslands, in the southern Coastal Plain on semi-consolidated sand dunes with Haloxylon persicum communities and in communities dominated by Artemisia monosperma, Retama raetam and Helianthemum stipulatum, in arid regions restricted to natural oases, wet and swampy salinas, agricultural oases, gardens, along seasonal waterways with Tamarix and Atriplex thickets, and to patches of steppe vegetation in water catchments. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying throughout the year with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and from November to December; larvae observed from March to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Medicago lupulina (Fabaceae) (= Papilionaceae) and Capparis spinosa (Capparidaceae); elsewhere feeding on numerous Fabaceae including Spartium junceum, Medicago sativa, Indigofera tinctoria. 55. Tathorhynchus philbyi Wiltshire, 1986 TYPE LOCALITY: Saudi Arabia (Wadi Hanaka, Dahna waterfall). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: southern Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly at the bottom of canyons with soft, mainly loessial, sediments and scattered semi-shrub steppe vegetation (pl. 34, pic. 2, 3) along rocky erosion walls of wadis, in sparse contracted vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls (pl. 33, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: generally probably multivoltine; in Israel so far collected only in November, in Saudi Arabia recorded in May, July and November, in Yemen from October to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. The genus Autophila includes 51 known species, all strictly Palearctic. Nine species have hitherto been recorded in Israel, mostly highly specialized eremic-xeromontane elements with only a few species inhabiting arboreal habitats (Ronkay, 1985). The flight period of the imago lasts almost all year round, the moths emerging in early summer, aestivating, and becoming active again in the autumn before hiberna-

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tion, and re-emerging in early spring. Some species have been found resting in caves in the daytime or during aestivation (Goater et al., 2003).

56. Autophila luxuriosa

57. Autophila libanotica

56. Autophila luxuriosa Zerny, 1933 TYPE LOCALITY: Northern Lebanon. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iran, Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, and Oman. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: on Mt. Hermon from 1400 to 2000 m a.s.l., in the Judean Desert in the mountains above 700 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living at medium to higher elevations, in the Judean Desert on limestone hills with grasslands and scattered shrubs (pl. 17, pic. 2, 3; pl. 18, pic. 2, 3), mostly in plant communties dominated by Sarcopoterium spinosum, Astragalus bethlehemiticus and Artemisia spp., to a lesser extent in canyons, mainly on grassy xerotherm southern slopes; on Mt. Hermon on xerotherm karstic slopes with sparse grassy vegetation (pl.1, pic. 3), in the sub-alpine tragacanthic steppes with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) (pl.1, pic. 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, on Mt. Hermon flying from May to July and in October, in the Judean Desert from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. REMARKS: following Ronkay (1989), we treat the taxon A. einsleri Amsel, 1935 as a synonym of A. luxuriosa Zerny, 1933. 57. Autophila libanotica (Staudinger, 1901) TYPE LOCALITY: ‘Syria’, the type material being probably from Bscharre (Lebanon). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. From Greece to Turkey, Levant, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the temperate regions: Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m elevations, mainly in the sub-alpine tragacanthic steppes with few or no cushion-plants and in impoverished montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Turkey on chalky slopes with sparse vegetation. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to October with the highest rate of occurrence in July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 58. Autophila depressa (Püngeler, 1914) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (Ashkhabad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq, and Turkmenistan.

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58. Autophila depressa

59. Autophila limbata

60. Autophila cerealis

The Lepidoptera of Israel

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate regions: Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m elevations, mainly in the sub-alpine tragacanthic steppes in valleys and dolinas on waterlogged finegrained leached soils and in montane steppes dominated by Poaceae (Gramineae) on xerotherm karstic slopes (pl. 1, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to September with the highest rate of occurrence in July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 59. Autophila limbata (Staudinger, 1871) TYPE LOCALITY: Armenia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern France, Italy, Balkans, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Aharoni (1912). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: Judean Mts, probably Judean Desert, not recorded since the 1930’s. HABITAT: in Israel, habitat preferences of this species unknown, probably a steppedweller; in Azerbaijan a typical steppe-inhabiting species of open rocky places. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only in May; in its entire distribution area sporadically collected from April to October without a clear pattern. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in the Near East, Astragalus and Onobrychis spp., pupating in lightly-spun cocoons on the host-plants. 60. Autophila cerealis (Staudinger, 1871) TYPE LOCALITY: ‘Syria’. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. From Turkey and the Levant to Central Asia, in the South all over the Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological zones all over the country. Common and occasionally abundant in the arid and semi-arid regions, uncommon and local in the temperate regions. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, in the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area often in oases and at their peripheries, in the semi-arid regions in all kinds of different steppe vegetation, especially in areas with annual rainfall above 250 mm, in the temperate regions local and generally restricted to open xerotherm areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from October through winter to June, absent in summer, with the highest rate of occurrence in May; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Salvia judaica (Lamiaceae, or Labiatae); elsewhere, Salvia spp.

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61. Autophila ligaminosa

62. Autophila anaphanes

63. Autophila maura

Volume 1. Erebidae

61. Autophila ligaminosa (Eversmann, 1851) TYPE LOCALITY: Georgia; Armenia. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. From the Balkans to the European part of southern Russia, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Afghanistan, in the South to the United Arab Emirates and Oman. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. Represented by the subsp. rhodochroa Boursin, 1939, described from Lebanon (Jebel Sannin). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate regions, on Mt. Hermon above 1800 m a.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel a tragacanth-dwelling species living above 1800 m elevations, mainly in the sub-alpine tragacanthic steppes with numerous cushion-plants such as Astragalus cruentiflorus, Onobrychis cornuta with Acantholimon libanoticum, A. echinus and numerous geophytes, annuals and soft herbs as companions on xerotherm karstic slopes (pl. 1, pic. 2, 3); in Southern Europe in rocky xerotherm localities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine summer species flying in July; in the Balkans flying from May to July and in September, overwintering as adult, flying again in spring. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 62. Autophila anaphanes Boursin, 1940 TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Shweir). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: East-Mediterranean. Balkans, Cyprus, Turkey and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common to even abundant in the temperate regions: at medium elevations, especially the Carmel Mountain Ridge (pl. 13, pic. 1-3), Galilee and Golan Heights. In Israel the most common congener in the Mediterranean zone. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in forest clearings, at forest edges, in all types of park forest and bush-clad meadows with oaks, as well as in xerotherm and mesophilic locations; in Southern Europe only in hot, dry, rocky places. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from April to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Southern Europe and Turkey on Ulex and Genista spp. 63. Autophila maura (Staudinger, 1888) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Lambèse). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Tunisia, Libya and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid regions: central Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living mainly in mountainous areas at medium altitudes (up to 900 m) in shrubs and semi-shrub steppes with Pistacia atlantica,

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

especially on hard fissured rocky slopes covered with perennial grasses and geophytes (pl. 30, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine spring species, so far collected only in April; in Tunisia and Libya from April to mid-May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

64. Autophila pauli

65. Apopestes spectrum

64. Autophila pauli Boursin, 1940 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (Dead Sea area). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Probably endemic of the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid regions. Common in the Negev, fairly common and local in the Arava Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, in the Negev mainly at the bottom of canyons with soft, mainly loessial, sediments and scattered semi-shrub steppe vegetation (pl. 31, pic. 1; pl. 34, pic. 1-4), in the Arava Valley mainly in the proximal parts of its tributaries and here locally along rocky erosion walls of wadis, in sparse contracted vegetation irrigated by nocturnal water condensate from the walls (pl. 32, pic. 1, 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from January to August with the highest rate of occurrence from April to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 65. Apopestes spectrum (Esper, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: Southern Italy. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. In North Africa from Morocco to Algeria, from the Mediterranean parts of Europe to western Turkey and the Levant, in the East to Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: Over the past 20 years found only in the temperate regions, in the Galilee and the Golan Heights (uncommon and local). In the 1970’s also rare and local along the southern and central Coastal Plain, especially at Nizanim and Tel Aviv and in the Judean Mts, in the semi-arid region east of Jerusalem in some canyons of the Judean Desert (S. Yathom, personal communication) (pl. 18, pic. 2). According to S. Yatom and the material of the Tel Aviv University collection, before the 1970’s the species was locally common in some places of the temperate and semi-arid regions, especially in the Coastal Plain and the upper altitudes of the Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a grassland-dwelling species, in the Galilee in sparse park forests with a continuous grass cover and on grassy slopes with or without scattered bushes (pl. 3, pic. 3, 5), in the southern Golan Heights mainly in mixed forest grasslands (pl. 10, pic. 1), in the Mediterranean bathas mainly in rich herbaceous plant communities, in shrub steppes with annual rainfall above 250 mm; according to S. Yatom, in the 1970’s ubiquitous in all kinds of open areas, especially steppes and sand dunes.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from February to May with the highest rate of occurrence in March; larvae found in May; in Southern Europe flying from early summer to autumn with a long aestivation period in-between. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Retama raetam and Spartium junceum (Fabaceae, or Papilionaceae), larvae pupating in cocoons on their host-plants; in Europe, on Fabaceae shrubs, including Genista, Sarothamnus, Spartium, Glycyrrhiza spp.; in Turkmenistan, larvae known as pests on some cultivated Fabaceae species.

66. Scodionyx mysticus

67. Plecoptera inquinata

66. Scodionyx mysticus Staudinger, 1900 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (west side of the Dead Sea area, ‘En Geddi). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Widespread throughout the Sahara, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1900). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common, locally abundant all over the arid regions, especially in the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, probably an obligatory component of all Acacia stands, especially common in areas with Acacia raddiana, on most soil types (pl. 26, pic. 1-10; pl. 27, pic. 1, 2; pl. 34, pic. 1-3) PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from October to April with the highest rate of occurrence from January to March; larvae observed from March to May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Acacia tortilis, A. raddiana, A. pachyceras and A. laeta (Mimosaceae); in Egypt, Acacia raddiana. 67. Plecoptera inquinata (Lederer, 1857) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: upper Galilee and western Galilee, especially at Nahal Keziv. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, so far found only in deep shady canyons with deciduous riverine forests and lush undergrowth (pl. 9, pic. 1-4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, so far collected only in May and October; in southeastern Turkey flying mainly from spring to early summer and, to a lesser extent, from late summer to early autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 68. Plecoptera reflexa Guenée, 1852 TYPE LOCALITY: Central India. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Asiatic-Tropical. An Oriental species mainly distributed in India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region, along the Coastal Plain. Common in the central parts, rare and local in the northern and southern parts. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species widespread in gardens and parks, common in any kind of wet location, natural or artificially irrigated, especially common in agricultural settlements and the large coastal cities; in India a typical species of subtropical and tropical oases. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, flying from May to October with the highest rates of occurrence in July and in October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 68. Plecoptera reflexa

Tribe Acantholipini Fibiger & Lafontaine, 2005 So far the tribe contains only a single genus, Acantholipes Lederer, 1857. In Israel it is represented by two species flying in arid and semi-arid regions (in Europe only one species).

69. Acantholipes regularis

70. Acantholipes circumdata

69. Acantholipes regularis (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. From Southern Europe through the Near and Middle East to western China. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: uncommon but widespread in the semi-arid regions: Judean Desert. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species living mainly in xerotherm habitats with sparse vegetation, often on rock outcrops with no or few scattered semi-shrubs and shrubs (pl. 16, pic. 1, 3, 6; pl. 24, pic. 3); in Southern Europe on dry meadows, xerotherm slopes and in semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying mainly from April to May and, to a lesser extent, in November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Glycyrrhiza glabra. 70. Acantholipes circumdata (Walker, 1858) TYPE LOCALITY: ‘Congo’ (ex errore; probably Asia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. From India and Pakistan through Afghanistan, Iran, the Levant to the Arabian Peninsula, and northeastern Africa. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: very rare and very local in the arid regions: central Negev, near Mizpe Ramon. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, no exact data available on habitat preferences, only once found in a small, stony, temporary water course with scattered patches of annual and perennial vegetation (pl. 30, pic. 3).

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only in April; in Iran from January to April; over the Arabian Peninsula probably multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Saudi Arabia, larvae observed at night feeding on Taverniera spartea. Tribe Melipotini Grote, 1895 The tribe as defined by Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005) encompasses the sole Holarctic genus Drasteria Hübner, 1818, which contains about 60 species. Most of the species are eremic, occurring in steppes or desert habitats, often preferring sands, overwintering as pupa. Only one species, Drasteria caucasica, is known for its host-plants, feeding on Eleagnus, Hippophae and Paliurus (Rakosy, 1996). Eight species occur in Europe (Goater et al., 2003), six species have hitherto been recorded in Israel. Most of the Israeli species inhabit arid and semi-arid regions, although Drasteria cailino prefers the montane forests of Mt. Hermon.

71. Drasteria philippina

72. Drasteria cailino

71. Drasteria philippina (Austaut, 1880) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Oran). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, and Levant DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the semi-arid regions: central Negev. HABITAT: in Israel a montane steppe-dwelling species: in the highlands of the central Negev (900 m a.s.l.) dominated by shrubs and semi-shrub steppes with Pistacia atlantica on hard fissured rocky slopes in a water catchment covered with perennial grasses and geophytes (pl. 30, pic, 2); in the Algerian Sahara in stony deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel and generally probably a univoltine spring species, in Israel so far collected only in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 72. Drasteria cailino (Lefèbvre, 1827) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Sicily, Palermo). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Morocco, Algeria, Southern Europe, through the Near and Middle East to the western Himalayas. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate regions: on Mt. Hermon at medium elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in scattered montane forests (pl. 2, pic. 1, 2, 5), along the edges and in clearings of xerotherm oak forests, mainly in karstic areas, to a lesser extent on bush-clad slopes; in the Levant the populations of this species are fragmented and restricted to mountainous areas; in Southern Europe in warm river valleys, eremic lowlands and on slopes; in Central Asia and Yemen up to 3000 m a.s.l.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

PHENOLOGY: in Israel possibly a univoltine summer species, so far collected only in May and June; in Southern Europe bivoltine, flying from May to July and in early autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Salix viminalis, Rosa canina and other shrubs.

73. Drasteria flexuosa

74. Drasteria herzi

73. Drasteria flexuosa (Ménétriès, 1847) TYPE LOCALITY: Uzbekistan (Bokhara). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Through the semi-deserts and deserts of the Old World from eastern Egypt through the Levant to Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Syria, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Gauckler (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid and semi-arid regions. Fairly common and local in the arid region but confined to oases. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, usually living at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs like Prosopis farcta, Atriplex, Nitraria, Alhagi, Suaeda and others (pl. 16, pic. 4, 5;), in the Judean Desert along seasonal or permanent water courses, springs or in other humid localities as found in deep canyons with thickets of shrubs and semi-shrubs (pl. 18, pic. 2, 3), to a much lesser extent in shallow wadis with contracted shrub communities; in southeastern Europe in the saline habitats and semi-deserts of the Volga delta. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from February to May and from October to November; larvae observed from September to October, under natural conditions overwintering as larva; in Kazakhstan flying in July and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Alhagi graecorum (Fabaceae; =Papilionaceae) and Prosopis farcta (Mimosaceae); in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, larvae can be found during the entire summer on leaves of Alhagi sparsifolia. 74. Drasteria herzi (Alphéraky, 1895) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (‘Tekke’ = Ashkhabad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Transcaucasia, Turkmenistan, Kirghizia, Turkey, Levant, and northern Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). Represented by the subsp. judaica (Hampson, 1926), described from Palestine (Israel or Jordan). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: John (1910). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common all over the arid and semi-arid regions. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species living mainly on wet salinas with Atriplex thickets (pl. 25, pic. 2, 3; pl. 26, pic. 3), in the Judean Desert mainly along deep canyons (pl. 18, pic. 2, 3), seasonal and permanent water courses, springs and at the edges of agricultural oases with thickets of Atriplex, Salsola, Prosopis farcta and other shrubs. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a bivoltine species flying from February to April and from October to December, in the Arava Valley absent during the hot summer months, in the Judean Desert found during summer but in small numbers; larvae observed in November, under natural conditions overwintering in the larval stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Atriplex halimus, A. leucoclada and Suaeda fruticosa (all Chenopodiaceae), elsewhere unknown.

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75. Drasteria oranensis

76. Drasteria kabylaria

Volume 1. Erebidae

75. Drasteria oranensis Rothschild, 1920 TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Ain Sefra). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From Algeria to Libya, Egypt, Levant, and Saudi Arabia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. Represented by the subsp. arabica Wiltshire, 1990, described from Saudi Arabia (Diriyah, near Riyadh). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: Dead Sea area near ‘En Gedi, and northeastern Negev near Mishor Rotem. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, so far collected only along wadis with loessial sediments with scattered shrubs and semi-shrubs (pl. 29, pic. 3); in Saudi Arabia common and ubiquitous in different kinds of desert habitats. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far collected only once in March and once in April; in Tunisia flying from June to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in North Africa and Saudi Arabia, Calligonum comosum. 76. Drasteria kabylaria (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) TYPE LOCALITY: Tunisia (Dehibat). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From the western and central Sahara to the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid regions; in the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area common, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species living mainly in dense thickets of shrubs and semi-shrubs dominated by Atriplex, Suaeda and Ochradenus baccatus as found along beds of seasonal water courses (pl. 26, pic. 3, 4, 6) and, to a lesser extent, in contracted vegetation in shallow wadis (pl. 26, pic. 9), with loessial or sandy deposits, rare in or absent from depressions with solonchak soils and wet salinas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to May and from October to November; larvae observed in mid-May, pupating in late May, hatching in late September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Haloxylon persicum (Chenopodiaceae); Rungs (1948) suggested Tamarix ssp. as host-plants for North African populations, in Israel usually observed far away from any Tamarix stands. Tribe Ophiusini Guenée, 1837 According to Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005), in Europe this tribe contains the genera Catephia Ochsenheimer, 1816, Zethes Rambur, 1833, Pericyma Herrich-Schäffer, 1851, Heteropalpia Berio, 1939, Pandesma Guenée, 1852, Cerocala Boisduval, 1828, Ophiusa Ochsenheimer, 1816, Minucia Moore, 1885, Clytie Hübner, 1823, Dysgonia Hübner, 1823, and Grammodes Guenée, 1852. As well, all these genera are represented in the fauna of

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

Israel. According to Fibiger & Hacker (2005), species of Tytroca Wiltshire, 1970, Gnamptonyx Hampson, 1894 and Rhabdophera Staudinger, 1898 also occur in Israel. So far, 31 species from the above 14 genera. have been recorded in Israel. About one-third (ten species) belong to the genus Clytie, monophagously feeding on the widespread hygrophilous tamarisk shrubs (Tamarix). Other species occur in various habitats ranging from dense oak forest (Catephia, Minucia) to desert (the Acacia-feeding species Heteropalpia acrosticta), also encompassing ubiquitous migrants like Ophiusa tirhaca, or Pandesma robusta which are met with all over Israel.

77. Catephia alchymista

78. Zethes insularis

77. Catephia alchymista (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Morocco, Tunisia, Southern and southernmost Central Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, and Iraq. In Central Europe and England occasionally immigrating. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate regions: uncommon and local on Mt. Hermon (1600 m a.s.l.) and in the upper Galilee including the northern Hula Valley. One single record from the hills west of Jerusalem (700 m a.s.l.). HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species, in deciduous forests living along the Jordan springs and in groups of bushes and trees which accompany the upper part of the Jordan river (pl. 5, pic. 2, 4), in well-shaded places in some of the closed montane forests of Mt. Hermon (pl. 2, pic, 3, 6; pl. 3, pic. 6), in the Judean Mts in a narrow shady canyon with Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia palaestina, Amygdalus communis and dense thickets of Rubus sanguineus close to a spring (pl. 19, pic. 8) In Southern Europe a characteristic species of submediterranean mixed deciduous forest with scattered oak shrubs, at its southern distribution limit mainly at middle and higher altitudes, being associated there with Quercus suber and Q. ilex. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, adults so far recorded only from April to May; larvae observed in September, overwintering in the pupal stage and hatching in April; in the northern parts of its range, in Central Europe, univoltine, in Southern Europe bivoltine, flying from May to June and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on several Quercus species. 78. Zethes insularis Rambur, 1833 TYPE LOCALITY: Corsica. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. In North Africa from Morocco to Libya, northern Mediterranean, Turkey, Levant, Caucasus/Transcaucasia, Iran, and Iraq. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate regions. Common in most mountainous areas, especially the Judean Mts, Carmel Mountain Ridge, Galilee and Golan Heights, elsewhere rare. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in all kinds of scattered forests, especially Quercus park forests, bush-clad meadows, in dense forests, in clearings and at forest edges,

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generally more common at xerotherm sites, also in natural parklands and gardens, uncommon in anthropogenic pine forests (pl. 3, pic, 1, 4, 5; pl. 19, pic. 6, 7, 9; pl. 20, pic. 1-3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to October with the highest rate of occurrence from April to May and from August to September; larvae observed in June, pupating in the same month, hatching in mid-August, larvae again observed from September to October, pupating in October, hibernating in the pupal stage. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Crataegus azarolus (Rosaceae), elsewhere unknown. In Europe the early stages have been described but without mention of a host-plant.

79. Pericyma albidentaria

80. Pericyma squalens

79. Pericyma albidentaria (Freyer, 1842) TYPE LOCALITY: European southern Russia (steppe). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Southeastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions ranging from the Dead Sea area to the foothills of Mt. Hermon and along the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, in the arid and semi-arid regions usually living at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs (pl. 25, pic. 5), in the northern part of the Rift Valley typically occurring along seasonal and permanent streamlets (pl. 16, pic. 4, 5), in the Coastal Plain in the dry outskirts of a small wetland reserve. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, flying from March to June and from August to September; in the steppes and semi-deserts of southern Russia from June to August; on Rhodes Island, Greece in July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe and the Middle East, Ulex, Genista and Alhagi spp., with larvae found from May to August. 80. Pericyma squalens Lederer, 1855 TYPE LOCALITY: Cyprus. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Southeastern Turkey, Cyprus, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai), and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the Dead Sea area to the foothills of Mt. Hermon, in the northern Negev in the area of Be’er Sheva and along the southern Coastal Plain. In the arid regions widespread and occasionally fairly common, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species usually living at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs (pl. 25, pic. 1), along the Coastal Plain near streamlets and wetlands, occasionally in semi-natural irrigated parklands; in semi-arid regions mainly in oases and deep canyons with permanent water (pl. 16, pic. 5, 6), to a lesser extent near settlements; in Turkey in numerous habitats including oases, deserts and steppes as well on plains and in the mountains, mainly at medium elevations.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to August with the highest rates of occurrence in May and July; larvae observed in May, pupating the same month and hatching in late June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Alhagi graecorum (Fabaceae=Papilionaceae); elsewhere unknown but Wiltshire (1970) suggests Acacia spp. as possible host-plants.

81. Heteropalpia profesta

82. Heteropalpia acrosticta

81. Heteropalpia profesta (Christoph, 1887) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (Ashkhabad) and Tajikistan (Alai). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Cyprus. Represented by the subsp. sacra (Staudinger, 1898), described from ‘Palestine’, Messra Dead Sea, Ghor-el-Sueme, and the Jordan Valley (Israel or Jordan). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the Arava Valley, the Dead Sea area as far North as the Sea of Galilee, also all over the Coastal Plain. Common in the Judean Desert and in the northern part of the Arava Valley, elsewhere widespread but rare. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species usually living at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs (pl. 16, pic. 2, 4; pl 24, pic. 1, 2), in the Judean Desert mainly along seasonal or permanent waterways and other less dry localities including irrigated date plantations, especially in narrow canyons with rich vegetation and near natural springs (pl. 18, pic. 2, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November (absent during the cold months) with the highest rates of occurrence in June, August and September; larvae observed in November, pupating the same month and hatching under natural conditions in March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prosopis farcta (Mimosaceae); elsewhere unknown but Hacker (2001a) suggested Acacia spp. 82. Heteropalpia acrosticta (Püngeler, 1904) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Dead Sea area, High ‘En Geddi, Ain-Dschidi). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From the western Sahara to Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria, the Levant and most of the Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Püngeler (1904). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the arid regions, all over the Acacia zone. Common in the Arava Valley, locally abundant in the Dead Sea area, fairly common but more local in the Negev; this species is especially common after rainy winters. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, ubiquitous in all kinds of larger Acacia stands and in settlements with planted Acacia (pl, 26, pic. 1-10; pl. 27 pic. 1, 2; pl. 34, pic. 1-3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying throughout the year with the highest rates of occurrence in May and from October to November, larvae have been observed so far only during June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel several Acacia spp. and Prosopis farcta (both Mimosaceae); in Morocco, Acacia raddiana and A. gummifera.

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83. Tytroca dispar

84. Tytroca leucoptera

85. Gnamptonyx innexa

Volume 1. Erebidae

83. Tytroca dispar (Püngeler, 1904) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Dead Sea area, High ‘En Geddi). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From the western Sahara across North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, Iran and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Püngeler (1904). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: abundant in the arid regions, all over the Acacia zone, mainly in the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, ubiquitous in all kinds of larger Acacia stands (pl, 26, pic. 1-10; pl. 27 pic. 1, 2; pl. 34, pic. 1-3) and in settlements with planted Acacia, at the dry peripheries of oases, in water catchments and in wadis with Prosopis farcta (pl. 16, pic. 4, 6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying throughout the year with the highest rates of occurrence in January, March, May and November; larvae observed in May and June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prosopis farcta and Acacia raddiana (Mimosaceae); elsewhere unspecified Acacia spp. 84. Tytroca leucoptera (Hampson, 1896) TYPE LOCALITY: Yemen (Aden). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. North Africa, Sudan, Somalia, Arabian Peninsula, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: northern part of Arava Valley, especially at ‘Iddan. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, found so far only in different kinds of Acacia stands in deserts and semi-deserts (pl. 26, pic. 5, 6). PHENOLOGY: in Israel ly observed so far on in October; in Saudi Arabia multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, but probably Acacia spp. 85. Gnamptonyx innexa (Walker, 1858) TYPE LOCALITY: Cape Verde Islands (St. Vincent). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. From Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and western India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread in the arid regions all along the Arava Valley. Usually rare but, occasionally, more common after rainy winters in the northern Arava Valley. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, found only in Acacia stands, mainly in areas with A. raddiana (pl, 26, pic. 1-10; pl. 27 pic. 1, 2; pl. 34, pic. 1-3); also over the remaining parts of its distribution area in the Acacia zone, in stony deserts and semi-deserts. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, so far collected in February, June and October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably Acacia spp.

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86. Pandesma robusta

87. Rhabdophera arefacta

The Lepidoptera of Israel

86. Pandesma robusta (Walker, 1858) TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Throughout Africa and the subtropical parts of the Near and Middle East, Pakistan, India, in Southern Europe probably only migrant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt (Sinai). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in all climatological zones all over the country. Abundant in the arid and semi-arid regions, often as migrant, especially in the Arava Valley, the Judean Desert and the Jordan Valley. In the temperate regions widespread but local and uncommon mainly at medium and higher elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, ubiquitous in almost all kinds of open terrain, in the Arava Valley concentrating in high densities in oases and natural Acacia stands. In the semi-arid regions in all kinds of steppe, even in steppes with plantations of pine trees, most common in wadis with Prosopis farcta. In the temperate regions in open xerotherm areas with scattered trees and bushes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying throughout the year with the highest rates of occurrence in May, August, September and November; larvae observed in April and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Acacia raddiana and Prosopis farcta (Mimosaceae); elsewhere polyphagous on numerous trees and bushes including Acacia, Populus and Albizzia spp. 87. Rhabdophera arefacta (Swinhoe, 1884) TYPE LOCALITY: Pakistan (Karachi). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. India, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Levant, and Egypt. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions, from the Dead Sea area to the northern Golan Heights up to 1000 m a.s.l., along the Coastal Plain as far North as ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. In the arid and semi-arid parts of the Rift Valley locally common, in the temperate parts of its distribution area uncommon and local, in the Coastal Plain fairly common but local. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species living usually at the drier peripheries of oases dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs (pl. 16, pic. 1, 2, 4; pl. 24, pic. 1-4; pl. 25, pic. 3, 5), in the northern part of the Rift Valley typically along seasonal and permanent streamlets, in the Coastal Plain in the outskirts of a small wetland reserve. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March to November (only absent during the cold months), the highest rates of occurrence in May, July, September and November; larvae observed in August and September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prosopis farcta (Mimosaceae); in Saudi Arabia, P. stephaniana, in captivity this species has been reared on Acacia farnesiana.

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88. Cerocala sana

89. Ophiusa tirhaca

90. Minucia lunaris

Volume 1. Erebidae

88. Cerocala sana Staudinger, 1901 TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey (Antiochia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Levant, Egypt, Libya, and Algeria. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bodenheimer (1932). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common all over the arid regions and in the temperate regions along the Coastal Plain, especially on the sand dunes of the southern Arava Valley, in the Negev in large sandy valleys, along the southern and central Coastal Plain from Nizzanim Nature Reserve to Qaesaria on the coastal sand dunes. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous, probably psammophilous species living on all kinds of consolidated and semi-consolidated sand dunes, especially in Haloxylon persicum communities (pl. 26, pic. 3; pl. 29, pic. 3), on sandy deposits along large shallow inland wadis as well as in coastal sand dunes; in Jordan and Sinai mainly in large inland valleys and plateaus with large sand deposits, there also mainly in H. persicum communities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably bivoltine, flying from October through winter to April with the highest rates of occurrence in November and March. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown, in Saudi Arabia monophagous on Helianthemum kahiricum and H. lippii (Cistaceae); larvae developing from November to March, feeding at night. 89. Ophiusa tirhaca (Cramer, 1777) TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa (Cape of Good Hope). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical. Throughout Africa, the Mediterranean basin and most of the Oriental tropics and subtropics. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: widespread but uncommon in all of the climatological regions all over the country. HABITAT: in Israel a ubiquitous species avoiding only dense forests and extreme deserts; in Europe mainly in the evergreen sclerophyll forest zone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying throughout the year but usually absent from July to October; larvae observed from April to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Pistacia spp. and Rhus tripartita (both Anacardiaceae), elsewhere polyphagous on trees and shrubs including Rhus coriaria, R. cotinus, Pistacia lentiscus, Cistus, Myrtus and Pelargonium spp. 90. Minucia lunaris (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Submediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, Iran, and Levant,. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate regions, so far restricted to Mt. Meron and Mt. Hermon above 600 m a.s.l.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in different kinds of broad-leaved forests with oaks (pl. 7, pic. 1; pl. 8, pic. 1), especially in forest clearings, at forest edges, in Quercus park forests, and in scattered montane forests (pl. 2, pic. 2), less common in xerotherm habitats; in Southern Europe in warm, dry areas and in open oak woodlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; in Europe from March to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe monophagous on various Quercus species, especially shrubs and young leaves.

91. Minucia wiskotti

91. Minucia wiskotti (Püngeler, 1902) TYPE LOCALITY: Jordan (Petra). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: probably endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate regions: old records from Jerusalem (around 1900), presently known only from the southern Golan Heights (Nahal Meltzar) close to the Yarmuk River. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living on the southern slopes of Nahal Meltzar in open Quercus ithaburensis park forests with some Pistacia palaestina and Rhamnus spp. bushes, a rich undergrowth of semi-shrubs like Majorana syriaca and herbaceous vegetation of Fabaceae (Papilionaceae) and numerous Poaceae (Gramineae) (pl. 10, pic. 1); in Jordan in open xerotherm Quercus park forests as found in the Dana Forest Reserve. PHENOLOGY: probably a univoltine spring species, in Israel observed so far only in April; in Jordan flying from late March to early May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably oaks. REMARKS: according to Hacker (2001a), this species was described in 1902 from Palestine, Dead Sea, although the type series is clearly labelled as ‘Palestine Petra’ (Jordan, Petra). This species is probably restricted to mountains with oak forests flanking the Rift Valley in Israel and Jordan. For almost 100 years it was only known from the type series of three females, coll. Püngeler, Natural History Museum of the Humboldt University, Berlin; only recently this species has been recollected in Jordan and on the Golan Heights; in addition, a small series from Jerusalem, collected around 1900, has been found kept in the Tel Aviv University collection. The genus Clytie contains 20 species (Hacker, 2001b). Larvae of all species are monophagous on Tamarix spp. and are night-feeding. Most species are distributed with the host-plant in oases of the steppes, semi deserts and deserts of North Africa, the Near and Middle East to Central Asia, extending as far East as Mongolia and eastern Tibet, only very slightly exceeding the borders of the Eremic zone. To date, ten species have been recorded in Israel. Most species are not rare but rather local, often closely associated with their Tamarix hosts (Kovalev, 1995).

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92. Clytie illunaris

93. Clytie sancta

94. Clytie syriaca

Volume 1. Erebidae

92. Clytie illunaris (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe, no type locality mentioned. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Spain, France, southern Italy, North Africa, Levant, and Arabian Peninsula. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel; probably also in the Dead Sea region of nearby Jordan. Represented by the subsp. legraini Hacker, 2001, described from Yemen (Abyan) and Israel (Ne’ot Hakikkar). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: southern part of Dead Sea area and northern Arava Valley, from -400 to -200 m b.s.l. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species living mainly in salt marshes with Tamarix and Atriplex thickets, observed so far only in areas below sea-level (25, pic. 2, 3, 5); in Yemen the records are 100 m below sea-level. PHENOLOGY: in Israel bivoltine, adults so far collected only in November; larvae observed in March, pupating in April, hatching in October; in Yemen from April to May and in November; the nominate species in Southern Europe flying in May and late in summer. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Tamarix nilotica (Tamaricaceae), elsewhere unknown. 93. Clytie sancta (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (Jordan Valley). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Eremic. North Africa including the Sahara, as well as Turkey, Iran and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: abundant and widespread all over the arid regions and in the temperate regions along the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species living mainly in oases with Tamarix thickets (pl. 28, pic. 1), on humid soil and near fresh water (pl. 23, pic. 2), to a lesser extent in Tamarix thickets in salinas (pl. 25, pic. 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and, to a lesser extent, from September to November; larvae observed from May to June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Tamarix jordanis, T. nilotica and T. palaestina, monophagous on Tamarix spp. (Tamaricaceae); in the Near East also known from numerous other Tamarix species. 94. Clytie syriaca (Bugnion, 1837) TYPE LOCALITY: Syria (no exact locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Coastal regions of the East Mediterranean basin. From the Balkans, Turkey and the Levant in West to the Caucasus and Central Asia in the East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, Egypt (Sinai), Lebanon, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare but widespread all over the arid regions, as well as in the temperate regions along the southern and central Coastal Plain.

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The Lepidoptera of Israel

HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species living in any kind of Tamarix thicket, along the Arava Valley and in the Negev mainly in oases, along the Coastal Plain in Tamarix stands along streamlets and in the nearby sand dunes; in Southern Europe particularly characteristic of coastal sand dunes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from April to October with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from September to October. HOST-PLANTS: larvae feeding monophagous on all the Israeli Tamarix species but preferring Tamarix nilotica (Tamaricaceae); also in the neighbouring Near East, Turkey and Europe known to feed on Tamarix spp.

95. Clytie scotorrhiza

96. Clytie haifae

95. Clytie scotorrhiza Hampson, 1913 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Dead Sea area). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Levant, and Saudi Arabia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1913). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid regions, especially the Dead Sea area and the Arava Valley, to a lesser extent in the temperate regions along the southern Coastal Plain. Generally uncommon but widespread, only occasionally common locally. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species wherever Tamarix aphylla and, to a lesser extent, other Tamarix species are to be found (pl. 24, pic. 1), in natural and artificial oases, along roads, along seasonal and permanent water courses (pl. 16, pic. 5) and in shallow, not too dry wadis. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, flying from October through the winter to April; larvae observed from March to April and from September to November. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Tamarix aphylla (Tamaricaceae); elsewhere unknown. 96. Clytie haifae (Habich, 1905) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Haifa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Along most of coastal North Africa, Levant, and Sudan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Habich (1905). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate region: along the central and southern Coastal Plain, especially in Maagan Mikhael, Tel Aviv and Nizzanim Nature Reserve. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species living in dense Tamarix stands in coastal swamps (pl. 21, pic. 1, 2) and along streamlets draining into the Mediterranean Sea. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, flying from March to September with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably Tamarix spp. like other Clytie species. 97. Clytie delunaris (Staudinger, 1889) TYPE LOCALITY: Turkmenistan (Ashkhabad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Central Asia, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, and Levant.

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97. Clytie delunaris

98. Clytie arenosa

99. Clytie terrulenta

Volume 1. Erebidae

DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the arid regions. Locally common in the hottest parts of the Rift Valley, especially the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area, rare elsewhere. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species occurring in dense Tamarix thickets on humid soils near freshwater springs (pl. 25, pic. 3) and streams (pl. 26, pic. 4), to a lesser extent on wet salinas and in planted Tamarix spp. thickets in settlements. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine summer species flying from May to July; in Turkmenistan and Pakistan probably bivoltine flying early in summer, from May to July, and again in autumn, from August to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in the Middle East, Tamarix spp. 98. Clytie arenosa Rothschild, 1913 TYPE LOCALITY: Central-western Sahara (South Oued Mya). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. Widespread all over the deserts of North Africa and the southern Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. nabataea Hampson, 1913, described from Jordan (Petra). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally common in the arid parts of the Rift Valley: Dead Sea area and northern Arava Valley, in most of the large oases, especially ‘En Fashkha, ‘En Gedi, Ne’ot Hakikkar and Yotvata. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species living in dense Tamarix thickets on humid soils near freshwater springs (pl. 25, pic. 3, 5) and streams(pl. 26, pic. 4), to a lesser extent on wet salinas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, flying from March to June; larvae observed from June to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Tamarix jordana and T. nilotica (Tamaricaceae), elsewhere unknown. 99. Clytie terrulenta (Christoph, 1893) TYPE LOCALITY: Armenia (Helenendorf; Aldar). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Widespread in the Near and Middle East, as well as Turkey, southern Russia, the Caucasus, Iran, Iraq and Turkmenistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded in Israel, Syria, and Jordan. Represented by the subsp. gentilis (Staudinger, 1898), described from Israel (Dead Sea area; Jordan Valley). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare but widespread along the Rift Valley and in the large adjacent canyons, through all of the climatological regions, from Eilat to the Sea of Galilee, especially in ‘En Gedi and Wadi Kelt, to a lesser extent at Jericho, Hammat Gader and in the delta of the Jordan river near the Sea of Galilee.

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HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species living in dense Tamarix thickets in natural and artificial oases (pl. 25, pic. 1, 3), mostly near springs and streamlets with permanent water (pl. 12, pic. 2, 5, 6), far less common on wet salinas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine spring species flying from March to May; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Tamarix nilotica (Tamaricaceae).

100. Clytie micra

101. Clytie infrequens

100. Clytie micra Wiltshire, 1973 TYPE LOCALITY: Sudan (Ed Damer, Hudeiba). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Known only from its type locality and from the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions, in most of the large oases of the Dead Sea area, especially ‘En Fashkha, ‘En Gedi and Ne’ot Hakikkar. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species restricted to large natural oases with streamlets and ponds surrounded by extensive Tamarix thickets (pl. 25, pic. 1, 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine spring species flying from April to May, in Sudan collected so far only in April (three specimens). HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown, probably Tamarix spp. like in other Clytie species. 101. Clytie infrequens (Swinhoe, 1884) TYPE LOCALITY: Pakistan (Karachi). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Eremic. Eastern Sahara through the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan and India. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only in Israel. Represented by the subsp. moses (Staudinger, 1895), described from Israel (Jaffa) and Egypt (Cairo). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1895). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: common, locally abundant all over the arid regions and in the temperate regions along the southern and central Coastal Plain. In Israel the most widespread and abundant Clytie species. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species occurring in almost all places with Tamarix. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round with the highest rates of occurrence from April to May and from September to November; larvae observed in March to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Tamarix jordana (Tamaricaceae); in Saudi Arabia reared in captivity on T. articulata. The genus Dysgonia is a large tropical genus that contains about 130 species, only three of which occur in Europe as well as Israel (Goater et al., 2003), with Dysgonia torrida being the most common species widespread all over the temperate regions, with larvae feeding polyphagously on numerous plants including the very poisonous shrubs and trees of Ricinus communis.

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102. Dysgonia torrida

103. Dysgonia algira

Volume 1. Erebidae

102. Dysgonia torrida (Guenée, 1852) TYPE LOCALITY: Mauritius. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical and Subtropical. From the African tropics and subtropics to Spain, southern Italy, Balkans, Turkey, Levant, Iran, Iraq and Uzbekistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, penetrating the semi-arid and arid regions in oases. Common at low altitudes, especially along the Coastal Plain, rare and local or absent at higher elevations. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, ubiquitous in almost all kinds of forest and forested grassland, but most common in the Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus park forests along the foothills of the central mountain ridge, bush-clad meadows, in anthropogenic places including wastelands, gardens, parks etc., less common in different types of coniferous forest and closed shady oak forest, in the semi-arid and arid regions occasionally in artificial oases and gardens. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying from March through summer to November with the highest rates of occurrence from May to June and from August to September; larvae observed in April and August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Rubus sanguineus, Ricinus communis, Crataegus azarolus, Populus euphratica and Inula (Limbarda) crithmoides; in Europe extremely polyphagous on numerous plants including Salix, Genista, Lythrum, Punica and Parietaria spp. 103. Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus, 1767) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Southern Europe, the Near and the Middle East, as migrant reaching as far North as the British Isles. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate regions: northern Hula Valley around springs of the River Jordan, upper Galilee Nahal Ammud and Judean Mts in the Soreq canyon (Nahal Refaim), west of Jerusalem. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species typically found in wet and shady forests with lush herbaceous undergrowth along rivers and around springs (pl. 4, pic. 1, 3, 4; pl. 19, pic. 8); in Southern Europe often ubiquitous in the Mediterranean maquis of coastal localities. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably multivoltine, adults recorded so far from May to June and in September; larvae observed from May to August; in Europe flying from May to October in two or more generations. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel extremely polyphagous on numerous plants including Ricinus communis, Crataegus azarolus, Populus euphratica, Inula (Limbarda) crithmoides, Zea mays, tomatoes and beets.

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104. Dysgonia rogenhoferi

105. Grammodes stolida

The Lepidoptera of Israel

104. Dysgonia rogenhoferi (Bohatsch, 1880) TYPE LOCALITY: ‘Syria’ (probably Lebanon, Beirut). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Turanian. European part of southern Russia, Azerbaijan, northern Iran, Iraq, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in lowlands of the temperate region, especially in areas around the Sea of Galilee like Hammat Gader and the delta of the River Jordan, the Hula Valley, and along the Coastal Plain, mainly in the ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve and at Maagan Mikhael. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species living almost exclusively in Tamarix thickets along rivers and in freshwater swamps (pl. 12, pic. 5, 6; pl. 21, pic. 1, 2); also in the neighbouring countries of the Near East in oases and, especially, riverside shrubs. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine summer species flying from April to June; in the steppes of southern Russia flying from early August to autumn. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Iraq, larvae observed feeding at night on Tamarix spp. 105. Grammodes stolida (Fabricius, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: India (East). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Paleotropical and Subtropical. Throughout the Mediterranean basin, Africa, most of Asia and Australia. Migrating from its breeding sites of the Mediterranean basin to Northern Europe. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: along the Rift Valley, through all of the climatological regions from the Dead Sea area to the foothills of Mt. Hermon and along the Coastal Plain. In the arid regions uncommon and local, elsewhere rare but widespread. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species typically found in all kinds of wet areas, natural or irrigated, in the Coastal Plain along streamlets, in parks and gardens, in the Arava Valley and Dead Sea areas regularly found in artificial oases and settlements; in Southern Europe typically occurring in coastal lowland maquis, cultivated areas and wastelands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a multivoltine species flying almost all year round from February to October with the highest rates of occurrence from March to April and from September to October, overwintering in the pupal stage; in Southern Europe bivoltine, flying from May to July and from August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos and Q. ithaburensis (Fagaceae); in Europe polyphagous on Rubus, Quercus, Paliurus, Tribulus, Coriaria, Cynaria spp., and other herbs and shrubs.

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106. Grammodes boisdeffrii

107. Grammodes bifasciata

Volume 1. Erebidae

106. Grammodes boisdeffrii (Oberthür, 1867) TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria (Biskra). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (West-)Eremic. From the northern and western Sahara to Egypt. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). Represented by the subsp. palaestinensis (Staudinger, 1898), described from Jordan (Ghor-el-Sueme). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rather local but occasionally common or abundant in the arid regions, mainly in the arid parts of the Rift Valley, especially the Arava Valley and the Dead Sea area. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, probably halophilous, an obligatory component of saline oases with halophilous vegetation like Atriplex, Tamarix, Suaeda, Nitraria, Arthrocnemum, Slicornia, Juncus etc (pl. 25, pic. 2). PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a species with a facultative diapause, in oases multivoltine, flying throughout the year with the highest rates of occurrence in May, August and October, in the desert only in March; larvae observed in an oasis in September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Atriplex halimus and Suaeda asphaltica (both Chenopodiaceae), elsewhere unknown. 107. Grammodes bifasciata (Petagna, 1788) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Calabria). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Madagascar, eastern and northern Africa and the Mediterranean basin. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: always rare but generally widespread along the temperate parts of the Rift Valley (area around the Sea of Galilee, the Hula Valley, springs of the River Jordan, the Banyas and Tel Dan nature reserves, the Hula swamps, the delta of the River Jordan) and along the Coastal Plain. HABITAT: in Israel a wetland-dwelling species living in seasonally flooded river beds with Tamarix thickets, along the swampy and seasonally flooded lagoons in the River Jordan delta, near the seasonally flooded shore of the Sea of Galilee (pl. 12, pic 1, 2, 5), along the edges of riverine forests, in swamps and bush-clad wet grasslands with lush herbaceous vegetation (pl. 6, pic. 1, 6), to a much lesser extent in wasteland areas of former wetlands; contrary to the statement of Hacker (2001) that ‘in the Levant in cultivated areas widespread’, in Israel occurring only in natural habitats, mainly in nature reserves; in Southern Europe in hot and dry areas, on cultivated ground and over wastelands, especially near the Mediterranean coast. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably with a facultative diapause, a summer species flying from May to August with the highest rate of occurrence from May to June; larvae observed in September; in the tropics multivoltine. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Rubus sanguineus (Rosaceae); in Europe also Cistus, especially C. salviifolius, Polygonum and Smilax spp.

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Tribe Catocalini Boisduval, 1828 The tribe as restricted by Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005) is represented in Europe by the single genus Catocala Schrank, 1802 (Fibiger & Hacker, 2005). Concerning Israel, both Ulotrichopus Wallengren, 1860 and Crypsotidia Rothschild, 1901 have since been added (Kühne, 2005). The tribe is characterized by the sensilla of the proboscis which are concentrated on the dorsal (upper) side of the galeae (Speidel et al., 1996a). Using this definition, the Catocalini is a synonym of the Erebini, while some genera currently assigned to Ophiusini are to be transferred herein. Because the fine structure of the proboscis, however, remains unknown for many genera, the classification of Fibiger & Lafontaine (2005) is left unchanged here. So far, 18 species have been recorded in Israel. The genus Catocala currently includes 240 species occurring only in the Holarctic, 127 species in the Palearctic, and 113 species in the Nearctic regions. The European fauna encompasses 30 species (Goater et al., 2003). Most of the species are beautiful large to medium-sized moths with a cryptic coloration of the forewings and brightly coloured hindwings. Larvae are often monophagous on trees like oak, poplar, willow and ash. All Palearctic species overwinter as eggs. Most species are univoltine from July to October. Thus far, 15 species have been recorded in Israel. Most species inhabit oak woodlands of the temperate region with a flight period from mid-summer to autumn. Some species are widespread, common or even abundant (like Catocala nymphagoga). Others are extremely local, e.g. Crypsotidia maculifera living monophagously on Acacia albida trees and are known only from a few localities in Israel as a Tertiary relict of Afrotropical origins. In addition, Israeli Catocala species (C. olgaorlovae and C. puerpera) occur only closely associated with their host-trees (Populus euphratica), mainly in desert oases, in fragmented populations often at a distance of more than 100 km. These species may be relicts of the 18000– 80000-year old area of the great lake Lissan known to have existed there prior to the formation of the Dead Sea, when poplar trees were more widespread.

108. Catocala editarevayae

108. Catocala editarevayae Müller, Kravchenko, Speidel, Mooser, Witt et al., 2007 TYPE LOCALITY: Jordan. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Irano-Turanian. From the Levant to Turkey and Iran. The exact distribution borders further towards the north and east are not clear because this species was until recently confused with its sister species Catocala lesbia Christoph, 1887. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Jordan (old records from Sinai refer probably on the sister species Catocala olgaorlovae, see below). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Hampson (1913). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: very rare and local in the arid region: along the River Jordan south of the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, so far only observed in the Rift Valley below sea level. In Israel not recorded since the 1960’s. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous, riverine, species, along the gallery forests of the river Jordan, only observed in large Populus euphratica stands with numerous old trees (S. Yatom pers. com.) (pl. 15, pic. 2); also in Jordan so far only in the Rift Valley (about 20km north-west of Amman, 100m b.s.l.) along a streamlet at the outskirts of a village in a small but rather old poplar stand (pl. 35, pic. 1).

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far only observed from early August to mid September, probably univoltine; in Jordan collected end of July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown but probably like the sister species C. lesbia monophagous on Populus spp.

109. Catocala olgaorlovae

110. Catocala amnonfreidbergi

111. Catocala conjuncta

109. Catocala olgaorlovae Kravchenko, Speidel, Witt, Mooser & Muller, 2007 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (central Negev, ‘En Avdad). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-) Eremic. Endemic to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: very rare and very local in the arid region: in the central Negev in ‘En Avdad and ‘En Ziq. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis species, in fresh water oases and along deep rocky canyons with some poplar trees (pl. 31, pic. 2); in Egypt, Sinai, in Santa Katharina oasis, in the vicinity of some poplar trees. PHENOLOGY: probably univoltine, in Israel so far only collected in late September and mid October; in Sinai flying from mid August to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown but probably monophagous on Populus euphratica. 110. Catocala amnonfreidbergi Kravchenko, Speidel, Witt, Mooser & Müller 2007 TYPE LOCALITY: Israel, Upper Galilee, Nahal Bezet. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Endemic of the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: so far only recorded from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Dr. Amnon Freidberg (1982) DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: very rare and local in the temperate region: upper Galilee (Nahal Bezet). HABITAT: in Israel probably a sylvicolous species, so far only once collected in a canyon in a shady deciduous forest dominated by oaks with some poplar trees and willows (pl. 9, pic. 2); in Europe the sister species Catocala nupta L. is found in all kind of broad leafed woodlands including mixed forests, forest-steppes and bush land, most common in riverine forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel so far only collected in July, probably univoltine as the sister species C. nupta in Europe which is flying from June to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; the sister species C. nupta is feeding in Europe on Salix sp. and Populus sp. 111. Catocala conjuncta (Esper, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Rome). The type locality ‘Germany, N.rnberg’ as given by Goater et al. (2003) is erroneous, as the species does not occur in Germany. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. North Africa, Southern Europe including the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and Crete, Turkey, and the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006).

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DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the temperate regions at medium to higher elevations, especially on Mt. Meron, Mt. Hermon and the Carmel Mountain Ridge. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly in different types of xerotherm park forest with oaks (pl. 3, pic. 1, 3), on south-facing slopes with scattered oak bushes (pl. 13, pic. 4), in scattered xerotherm montane forests up to 1800 m a.s.l. (pl. 2, pic. 5), along xerotherm edges of closed oak forests ; in the Mediterranean basin generally throughout the sclerophyll forest zone, especially in xerotherm oak woodlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from July to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on different oaks.

112. Catocala puerpera

113. Catocala elocata

112. Catocala puerpera (Giorna, 1791) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Turin). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. Mediterranean basin, Near and Middle East, in North Africa only in Morocco and Tunisia, Central Asia extending to India, China, and Korea. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Sinai (Egypt). Represented by the subsp. syriaca Schultz, 1909, described from Syria (now Lebanon), Beirut. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Gauckler (1906). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions, in the Rift Valley, mainly in the Dead Sea area in oases like Enot Zuquim, Enot Quane and Ne’ot Hakikkar, also in some oases in the Negev, especially ‘En Avedad, in the semi-arid regions only in the lower Jordan Valley, mainly along the River Jordan itself; most of the Israeli populations are highly fragmented and isolated from one another; in the 1950’s this species was also found in an isolated population in the temperate region, in the central Coastal Plain in Tel Aviv near Hadera. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species, over the last 50 years observed only in larger desert-surrounded oases with poplar trees mainly along the Rift Valley (pl. 25, pic. 3; pl. 31, pic. 2), in the 1950’s also in coastal swamps and riverine forests with polar stands (Argaman, personal communication); the nominate subspecies in Europe is typically found in the Mediterranean and submediterranean forest zones. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to June; in Europe from May to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Populus euphratica (Salicaceae); in Turkey, different Populus and Salix spp. 113. Catocala elocata (Esper, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: Germany (Erlangen and Uffenheim). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. From Central and Southern Europe to the Near and Middle East, and Central Asia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate region locally fairly common in the upper Galilee and in the areas west of Jerusalem, though less abundant there; in semi-arid regions rare and very local, like along the River Jordan. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous riverine species living mainly in dense deciduous riverine forests (pl. 4, pic. 4; pl. 5, pic. 2, 4), in Salix thickets along streamlets (pl. 5,

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pic. 5), springs and in swampy meadows, along the gallery forests of the Jordan river, in Populus tree plantations and alleys; rare in or absent from xerotherm forests and evergreen maquis, this species is closely associated with its larval host-plants, Populus and Salix spp., and is never found too far from them (pl. 2, pic. 3). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August; in Europe flying from June to October. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere, Populus and Salix spp.

114. Catocala conversa

115. Catocala nymphagoga

114. Catocala conversa (Esper, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: Italy (Florence (Firenze)). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Morocco, Algeria, Southern Europe, southern Russia, Turkey, Levant, Armenia, and Caucasian region. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the northern part of the temperate region at medium to higher elevations, fairly common in the upper Galilee and on Mt. Hermon, uncommon in the western Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species typically occurring in xerotherm oak forests and shrubs as found on south-facing slopes (pl. 13, pic. 3, 4), forest clearings and edges etc. (pl. 10, pic. 3), often in park forests or mixed forested grasslands (pl. 3, pic. 1-5), in dense and shady forests rare or absent (pl. 3, pic. 6), in the Judean Mts common on hill tops and southfacing slopes with dense oak bushes (pl. 19, pic. 6, 7), at the upper elevations of Mt. Hermon mainly in montane scattered forests and bush-clad slopes (pl.1, pic. 6); in the Mediterranean basin generally throughout sclerophyll forests and parts of the submediterranean zone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos and Q. ithaburensis (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on different oaks. 115. Catocala nymphagoga (Esper, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Lyon); southern Italy. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean, migrant. Morocco, Algeria, Southern Europe, southern Russia, Turkey, Levant, Armenia, and Caucasian region. Migrants reaching as far North as England. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate regions abundant and widespread at medium to higher elevations: Carmel Mountain Ridge, Mt. Meron, foothills and medium elevations of Mt. Hermon, Galilee and Judean Mts. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species, in all types of oak forest, most common in park forests, scattered woodlands, forest clearings and edges; in the Mediterranean basin generally throughout the Mediterranean sclerophyll forest zone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August; larvae developing during spring. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on different oaks.

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116. Catocala hymenaea

117. Catocala nymphaea

118. Catocala diversa

The Lepidoptera of Israel

116. Catocala hymenaea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) TYPE LOCALITY: Austria (Vienna). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Balkans, Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern parts of the temperate region, mainly on Mt. Hermon, from its foothills up to 2000 m, and in the adjacent parts of the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species restricted to the broad-leaved forests of the Galilee (pl. 3, pic. 1, 2, 3, 5) and the montane forest of Mt. Hermon, at elevations of 1200–1800 m a.s.l., especially in scattered deciduous forests on slopes of canyons (pl. 2, pic. 1, 2, 4, 6), in clearings and at edges of closed deciduous forests (pl. 10, pic. 3), absent both from dense broad-leaved and any kind of coniferous forest. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to July; larvae observed in May. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Prunus ursine (Rosaceae); in Europe polyphagous on several deciduous bushes and trees. 117. Catocala nymphaea (Esper, 1787) TYPE LOCALITY: France (Lyon); southern Italy. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Turanian. From Southern Europe across the Near East to Afghanistan and Kashmir. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: so far restricted to the Judean Mts, rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living on xerotherm karstic hill tops and slopes with scattered oak bushes (pl. 19, pic. 7, 9), absent from all kind of shady places; in Southern Europe mainly in the Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyll forest zone; in the Middle East also in submediterranean oak forests and shrubs. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species, observed so far only in May; in Southern Europe flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on Quercus ilex and Q. suber, probably also some other Quercus species. 118. Catocala diversa (Geyer, 1828) TYPE LOCALITY: Croatia (Rijeka (‘Fiume’)). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Spain, southeastern France, Italy, the Balkans, the Levant and the European part of southern Russia. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel and Lebanon. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Bytinski-Salz & Sternlicht (1967). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the northern parts of the temperate region, from the foothills of Mt. Hermon up to 1600 m a.s.l. and in the adjacent parts of the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living mainly in scattered oak forests, forest clearings and along edges of closed forests (pl. 2, pic. 2; pl. 7, pic 1), in Europe in submediterranean oak forests and scrub.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on various oaks.

119. Catocala separata

120. Catocala disjuncta

121. Catocala brandti

119. Catocala separata (Freyer, 1848) TYPE LOCALITY: Greek islands. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. Balkans, Mediterranean part of southern Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local, known so far only from the Carmel Mountain Ridge and the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in xerotherm scattered oak forests and shrubs especially in forest clearings and at forest edges (pl. 13, pic 3) and in a narrow, shady canyon in the Western Galilee (pl. 9, pic. 4). PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to June; in Southern Europe flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus calliprinos (Fagaceae); in Europe monophagous on various oak species. 120. Catocala disjuncta (Geyer, 1828) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (Croatia). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean. From southeastern Europe across Turkey to the Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local, known so far only from the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in xerotherm scattered oak forests and shrubs, especially in forest clearings and at forest edges (pl. 7, pic. 1, pl 8, pic 1); in Europe in submediterranean oak forests and bushlands. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to June; in Southern Europe flying from June to August. HOST-PLANTS: early stages and biology unknown, probably monophagous on various oak species like most of the other congeners. 121. Catocala brandti Hacker & Kautt, 1999 TYPE LOCALITY: Iran (Esfahan). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Iranian. Iran, southeastern Turkey, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: in the framework of the Israeli-German Lepidoptera project (1985–2006). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local, known so far only from the upper Galilee. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in xerotherm scattered oak forests and shrubs, especially in forest clearings and at forest edges (pl. 7, pic. 1, pl 8, pic 1); in Turkey on dry, rocky, mountain slopes with scattered bushes and trees.

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PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from May to June; likewise in Turkey. HOST-PLANTS: early stages and biology unknown, probably monophagous on various oak species like most of the other congeners.

122. Catocala eutychea

123. Ulotrichopus tinctipennis

122. Catocala eutychea (Treitschke, 1835) TYPE LOCALITY: Greece (Corfu). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean. Southeastern Europe, Turkey, Crete, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region at medium elevations, uncommon and local. HABITAT: in Israel a sylvicolous species living in all types of oak forests, including scattered oak forests, in closed forests, especially in forest clearings and at forest edges; in southeastern Europe, including the Greek islands, within the evergreen oak zone. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine summer species flying from June to August; larvae observed in June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Quercus boissieri (Fagaceae); in Europe evergreen Quercus species, especially Q. coccifera. 123. Ulotrichopus tinctipennis (Hampson, 1902) TYPE LOCALITY: Namibia (Damarland, Kuisip) and Botswana (N’ Gamiland). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. From the Levant to Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Ethiopia, in the South to South Africa. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Püngeler (1907). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: arid regions: arid parts of the Rift Valley, uncommon in the southern part of the Dead Sea area, elsewhere rare and local. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, in deserts with savannoid vegetation dominated by Acacia tortilis and A. raddiana, with thickets of shrubs and semi-shrubs, especially in depressions with silty alluvial soils (pl. 26, pic. 6, 7), generally absent from saline areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to April; in Yemen in April and June. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown. 124. Ulotrichopus stertzi (Püngeler, 1907) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel or Jordan (Dead Sea region). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Widespread from the Levant to Yemen, Sudan, Nigeria, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Congo. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Püngeler (1907). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in the arid regions: known so far only from the Dead Sea area.

124. Ulotrichopus stertzi

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HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, in deserts dominated by Acacia tortilis and A. raddiana, with thickets of shrubs and semi-shrubs, especially in depressions with silty alluvial soils (pl. 26, pic. 6, 7), generally absent from saline areas. PHENOLOGY: in Israel a univoltine winter species flying from December to April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel and elsewhere unknown.

125. Crypsotidia maculifera

125. Crypsotidia maculifera (Staudinger, 1898) TYPE LOCALITY: Israel (Jaffa). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Afrotropical. Levant, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: recorded only from Israel. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1898). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: rare and local in all of the climatological regions, in areas where larger groups of the host-plant, Acacia albida are found like the Coastal Plain near Askelon, Shimron near Haifa, in the Jordan Valley at Nahal Tavor and Taibe. HABITAT: in Israel an oasis-dwelling species found only near its host-plant, Acacia albida, at Nahal Tavor in thickets of A. albida along a permanent streamlet (pl. 15, pic. 4), on the Coastal Plain in park forests and in groups of single trees of A. albida growing on sand dunes. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably a univoltine spring species; all adult specimens were collected from March to May; larvae observed in June, pupating in July and hatching in April; in southern Egypt flying from May to June, in Sudan from March to August. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Acacia albida (Mimosaceae), a Tertiary relict of Afrotropical origins. Tribe Anydrophilini Wiltshire, 1977 Species of this tribe are absent from Europe. All Anydrophilini inhabit deserts and fly in spring. In Israel the Anydrophilini are represented by a single species.

126. Anydrophila stuebeli

126. Anydrophila stuebeli (Calberla, 1891) TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt (desert El-Arisch). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (Central-)Eremic. Central Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Levant. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Jordan, and Sinai (Egypt). FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Amsel (1933). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: locally fairly common in the arid regions: northern Arava Valley, especially in the Shezaf Nature Reserve and at Hazeva. HABITAT: in Israel a deserticolous species, probably psammophilous like other congeners, on sandy deposits at the bottom of the Rift Valley and in large wadis with plenty of Rumex cyprius and Calligonum spp. as often observed in water catchments (pl. 25, pic. 1; pl. 26, pic. 5-9). PHENOLOGY: in Israel aq univoltine spring species flying from March to May; larvae observed in April. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Rumex and Calligonum spp. (both Polygonaceae), elsewhere unknown.

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Subfamily Euteliinae Grote, 1882 This small subfamily includes about 300 species worldwide (Speidel et al., 1996a). Most species inhabit tropical regions. Mature larvae have a full number of prolegs (no semi-loopers). The taxonomy is controversial, transferred from Noctuidae s.str. to Erebidae (Fibiger & Lafontaine 2005) or elevated to family rank (Euteliidae: Mitchell et al. 2005). In Israel represented by two species.

127. Eutelia adulatrix

128. Eutelia adoratrix

127. Eutelia adulatrix (Hübner, 1813) TYPE LOCALITY: Europe (no type locality mentioned). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Mediterranean-Iranian. Southern Europe, North Africa, Near and Middle East. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Cyprus. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Kalchberg (1897). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: all over the temperate region, penetrating to semi-arid region mainly at medium elevations, common locally. HABITAT: in Israel a steppe-dwelling species, ubiquitous in all kinds of open areas, especially in xerotherm locations, habitats ranging from open forests to sparse steppes, also found in natural parklands and gardens. PHENOLOGY: in Israel multivoltine, flying all year round, with the highest rates of occurrence from March to May and from October to November; larvae observed from July to September. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel, Pistacia spp., Rhus coriaria and R. tripartita (all Anacardiaceae); in Europe, Pistacia lentiscus, Cotinus coggyria. 128. Eutelia adoratrix (Staudinger, 1892) TYPE LOCALITY: Lebanon (Beirut); Turkey (Amasia); Israel (Jerusalem). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: (East-)Mediterranean-Iranian. Balkans, Eastern Europe, Turkey, Levant, Iraq, and Iran. DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEVANT: Israel, Lebanon and Jordan. FIRST RECORD IN ISRAEL: Staudinger / Paulus (Staudinger, 1892). DISTRIBUTION IN ISRAEL: in the temperate regions: only recorded from the vicinity of Jerusalem, but no records since the 1930’s (Amsel, 1933). HABITAT: in Israel, habitat preferences unknown, most probably a sylvicolous species, in the higher parts of the Judean Mts (Mediterranean zone); in Europe in the same habitats like the sister species Eutelia adulatrix, but generally in more xerotherm places, especially on bushy slopes and in open scattered forests. PHENOLOGY: in Israel probably univoltine, collected so far only in May; in Europe univoltine, flying from May to July. HOST-PLANTS: in Israel unknown; in Europe, Pistacia terebinthus and P. lentiscus.

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References AHARONI J., 1912. Lepidoptera (gesammelt von Paulus). In: Blanckenhorn M., Naturwissenschaftliche Studien am Toten Meer und im Jordantal. Berlin: 7 pp. ALIEV S. A., 1984. Noctuidae of Azerbaijan. Baku, “Elm”: 227 pp. (in Russian). AMSEL H. G., 1933. Die Lepidopteren Palästinas. Eine zoogeographisch-ökologischfaunistische Studie. Zoogeographica 2 (1): 1–146. AMSEL H. G., 1935. Weitere Miitteilungen über palästinensische Lepidopteren. Veröff. Dt. Kolonial- und Überseemus. 1: 223–247. ANDRES A. & SEITZ A., 1925. Die Lepidopteren-Fauna Ägyptens. Nachtrag zum ersten Teil. Senckenbergiana 7: 54–61. ANIKIN V. V., SACHKOV S. A., ZOLOTUHIN V. . & SVIRIDOV A. V., 2000. “Fauna lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis”, 150 years later: changes and additions. Part 5. Noctuidae. Atalanta 31: 327–367. ARGAMAN Q., 1991. A new predaceous noctuid for Israel. Alexanor 16: 394. AVIDOV Z. & Harpaz I., 1969. Plant Pests of Israel. Israel Universities Press: 549 pp. BARTEL M., 1904. Drei neue paläarktische Noctuiden. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 17: 158–163. BERIO E., 1985. I nottuidi raccolti in Somalia del Prof. Simonetta nel 1978-79 con descrizione di nuovi taxa. Contributi faunistici ed ecologici, Univ. Camerino 1: 5–39. BERLINGER M. J., YATHOM S. & HALPERIN J., 2001. Ophiusa tirhaca (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) infesting pistachio tree in Israel. Zoology in the Middle East 22: 83–86. BODENHEIMER F. S., 1930. Die Schädlingsfauna Palästinas. Paul Parey, Berlin: 438 pp. BODENHEIMER F. S., 1932. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Lepidopterenfauna Palästinas. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 46: 93–96. BYTINSKI-SALZ H., 1954. Insects associated with desert acacias in Israel. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 4: 284–292. BYTINSKI-SALZ H. & STERNLICHT M., 1967. Insects associated with oaks (Quercus) in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 2: 107–143.

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CAMPOBASSO G., COLONNELLI E., KNUTSON L., TERRAGITTI G. & CRISTOFARO M. (eds), 1999. Wild Plants and Their Associated Insects in the Palearctic Region, Primarily Europe and the Middle East. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-147: 249 pp. DUMONT C., 1927. Contribution à l’étude des Lépidoptères du Sahara algérien. Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1927: 222–224, 241–243, 273–276, 306–309, 1928: 225–229. EBERT G. & HACKER H., 2002. Beitrag zur Fauna der Noctuidae des Iran: Verzeichnis der Bestände im Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, taxonomische Bemerkungen und Beschreibung neuer Taxa (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera). Esperiana 9: 237–409. FALKOVITCH M. I., 1968. Food relationships of desert Lepidoptera in Central Asia. 21th Annual Meeting dedicated to the memory of N.A. Kholodkovsky. Nauka, Leningrad: 53–89 (in Russian). FALKOVITCH M. I., 1979. Seasonal development of desert Lepidoptera of Central Asia and its historical-faunistical analysis. Revue d’Entomologie de I’ USSR 58 (2): 261–280 (in Russian). FIBIGER M. & HACKER H., 2002. The Eublemma Hübner, (1821) species of Yemen, with description of ten species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Eublemminae) (Part 1) (plts. 24, 25). Esperiana 9: 481–510. FIBIGER M. & HACKER H., 2004. The Eublemma Hübner, (1821) species of Yemen, with description of six new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Eublemminae) (Part 2). Esperiana 10: 693–719. FIBIGER M. & HACKER H., 2005. Systematic list of the Noctuoidea of Europe (Notodontidae, Nolidae, Arctiidae, Lymantriidae, Erebidae, Micronoctuidae, and Noctuidae). Esperiana 11: 93–205. FIBIGER M. & LAFONTAINE J. D., 2005: A review of the higher classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the Holarctic fauna. Esperiana 11: 7–92. GAUCKLER H., 1906. Beiträge zur Lepidopterenfauna von Palästina. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 19: 1–5. GOATER B., RONKAY L. & FIBIGER M., 2003. Catocalinae & Plusiinae. Noctuidae Europaeae 10. Sorø: 452 pp. HABICH O., 1905. Beschreibung einer neunen Noctuidae aus Haifa. Verh. K. K. zool.bot. Ges. Wien 55: 21.

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HACKER H., 1999. Systematic list of the Lepidoptera of the Arabian Peninsula with a survey of the spread with special reference to the fauna of Yemen. Esperiana 7: 15–237. HACKER H.H., 1989. Die Noctuidae Griechenlands. Mit einer Übersicht über die Fauna des Balkanraumes (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Herbipoliana 2: 598 pp. HACKER H.H., 2001a. Fauna of the Nolidae and Noctuidae of the Levante with description and taxonomic notes. Esperiana 8: 315 pp. HACKER H.H., 2001b. Revision of genus Clytie. In: Fauna of the Nolidae and Noctuidae of the Levante with description and taxonomic notes. Esperiana 8. 315–398. HACKER H.H. & SCHREIER H.P., 2001. List of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) collected from 1987 to 1999 in Israel, and Jordan. Esperiana 8: 423–485. HACKER H.H., KRAVCHENKO V. & YAROM I., 2001. List of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) collected in Arava (Israel) with faunistical and ecological comments. Esperiana 9: 515–534. HALPERIN J. & SAUTER W., 1991–1992. An annotated list with new records of Lepidoptera associated with forest and ornamental trees and shrubs in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 25/26: 105–147. HAMPSON G.F., 1905. Description of new species of Noctuidae in the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 7) 16: 369–386, 533–549, 577–604. HAMPSON G.F., 1910. Description of new African moths. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 8) 5: 430–464. HAMPSON G.F., 1913. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum: 1–13. JAFFE S., 1988. Climate of Israel. In: Yom-Tov Y. & Tchernov J. (eds), The Zoogeography of Israel. The Distribution and Abundance at a Zoogeographical Crossroad: 79–95. JOHN O., 1910. Eine Revision der Gattung Leucanitis Gn. Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 39: 585–631, Taf. 16–23. KALCHBERG V.A., 1897. Über die Lepidopteren-Fauna von Haifa in Syrien. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 10: 161–190. KITCHING I.J. & RAWLINS J.E., 1998. The Noctuoidea. In: Kristensen N.P., Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. In: Fischer M. (ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie 4 (35). Berlin, New York: 491 pp. KLIUCHKO Z.F., 1978. Quadrifine Noctuidae. Fauna of Ukraine 16 (6). Kiev, “Naukova Dumka”: 412 pp. (in Ukrainian).

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KOSTROWICKI A.S., 1963. Studien über die Familie Phalaenidae s.l. (Lepidoptera). I. Beschreibungen von zwei neuen Arten, samt Angaben über Morphologie und Verteilung von einigen weiteren Arten der Familie Phalaenidae. Annales Zoologici 21: 23–30, Taf. 1. KOVALEV O.V., 1995. Co-evolution of the tamarisks (Tamaricaceae) and pest arthropods (Insecta; Arachnida: Acarina), with special reference to biological control prospects. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 259: 110 pp. KRAVCHENKO V., HACKER H.H. & NEVO E., 2001. List of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) collected in Israel. Esperiana 9: 459–474. KRAVCHENKO V., HACKER H.H. & NEVO E., 2002. “Evolution Canyon” model: Interslope differences in Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) of two canyons in Carmel and Galilee mountains, Israel. Esperiana 9: 451–458. KRAVCHENKO V., HAUSMANN A. & MÜLLER G., 2006. Deserticolous Noctuidae from Israel: New host plant records and description of larval habitats (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 96: 27–40. KRAVCHENKO V., MÜLLER G., ORLOVA O. & SEPLYARSKY V., 2005. The Catocalinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Israel. Russian Entomological Journal 13 (3): 175–186. KUGLER J., 1988. The zoogeography of social insects of Israel and Sinai. In: Yom-Tov Y. & Tchernov J. (eds), The Zoogeography of Israel. The Distribution and Abundance at a Zoogeographical Crossroad: 251–277. KÜHNE L., 2005. Revision und Phylogenie der Gattungsgruppe Crypsotidia Rothschild, 1901, Tachosa Walker, 1869, Hypotacha Hampson, 1913, Audea Walker, (1858) 1857 und Ulotrichopus Wallengren, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae). Esperiana, Memoir 2: 7–220. MITCHELL A., MITTER C. & REGIER J.C., 2005. Systematics and evolution of the cut worm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Evidence from two protein-coding nuclear genes. Systematic Entomology 30 (2): 21–46. NOWACKI J., 1998. The noctuids (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) of Central Europe. Bratislava: 51 pp. POLTAVSKY A.N. & LIMAN Y.B., 2002. Investigation of the Macrolepidoptera fauna of the Rostov-on-Don region, two faunistic refugia taken as an example. In: Entomological Methods, Rostov-on-Don: 11-117 (in Russian). POOLE R.W., 1989. Noctuidae. In: Heppner J.B., Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series) 118 (edited in 3 parts). E. J. Brill, Leiden, New York, København: 1114 pp. PÜNGELER R., 1902. Neue Macrolepidopteren aus Palästina. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 14: 331–333.

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PÜNGELER R., 1904. Neue paläarktische Macrolepidopteren. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 16: 286–301. PÜNGELER R., 1907. Neue paläarktische Macrolepidopteren. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 19: 216–226. PÜNGELER R., 1914. Neue paläarktische Macrolepidopteren. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 28: 37–55. RAKOSY L., 1996. Die Noctuiden Rumäniens (Lepidoptera Noctuidae). Stapfia: 648 pp. RIVNAY E., 1962. Field crop pests in the Near East. In: Weisbach W.W., Uitgeverij Dr. W. Junk: 450 pp. RONKAY L., 1985. Taxonomic studies on the genus Autophila Hübner, 1823. I. Acta Zoologica Hungarica 32 (1-2): 141–159. RONKAY L., 1989. Taxonomic studies of genus Autophila Hübner, 1823 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). II. Acta Zoologica Hungarica 36: 111–141. RONKAY L., 1990. New Noctuidae taxa from Asia Minor and the Caucasus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natn. Hung. 82: 155–162. RUNGS Ch., 1948. Notes de Lépidoptérologie marocaine (XVI). Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Maroc 28: 141–166, pl. V, VI. SCHWINGENSCHUSS L., 1938. Sechster Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Inner-Anatoliens. Ent. Rdsch. 55: 141–147, 158–164, 173–177, 181–184, 199–202, 223–226, 299–300, 337–340, 411–412, 454–457. SEITZ A. 1914. The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 3. Noctuiformes. Stuttgart. With 75 colored plates: 511 pp. SHETKIN U.L., 1965. Macro Lepidoptera of Sands of the Vahsh Valley. Tadjik Academy of Sciences. Dushanbe: 193 pp. SPEIDEL W. & HASSLER M., 1989. Die Schmetterlingsfauna der südlichen algerischen Sahara und ihrer Hochgebirge Hoggar und Tassili n’Ajjer (Lepidoptera). Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo. Supplement 8: 156 pp. SPEIDEL W., FÄNGER H. & NAUMANN C.M., 1996a. The phylogeny of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Entomology 21: 219–251. SPEIDEL W., FÄNGER H. & NAUMANN C.M., 1996b. The surface microstructure of the noctuid proboscis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Zool. Anz. 234: 307–315. SPULER A., 1906. Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Stuttgart, 4 vols. Staudinger O. (1877– 1879): Lepidopteren-Fauna Kleinasiens. Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 14: 1–128 (15.X.1877), 129–320 (1.XI.1878), 321–516 (15.V.1879).

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STAUDINGER O., 1879. Lepidopteren-Fauna Kleinasiens. Stett. Ent. Z. 40: 315–328. STAUDINGER O., 1892. Lepidopteren aus dem Kentei-Gebirge. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris. 5: 300–393. STAUDINGER O., 1895. Neue Lepidopteren-Arten und Varietäten aus dem paläarctischen Faunengebiet. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 7: 241–296. STAUDINGER O., 1898. Neue Lepidopteren aus Palästina. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 10: 271–319. STAUDINGER O., 1900. Neue Lepidopteren des paläarktischen Faunengebiets. Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 12: 352–403. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1935. Notes on the early stages of some Syrian Lepidoptera. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 47 (Suppl.): 1–8. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1939. A third contribution to the knowledge of the early stages of Oriental Lepidoptera. Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ges. 29: 4–12, pl. 1. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1940. The Lepidoptera of the Lebanon, Addendum. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. London (B) 9: 79–82. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1941. New Lepidoptera from S.W. Iran. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 42: 472–477. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1948a. The Lepidoptera of the Kingdom of Egypt. Pt. 1. Bulletin de la Société Fouad Ier d’Entomologie 32: 203–294. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1948b. Early stages of Palearctic Lepidoptera. IX. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 60: 1–3. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1951. Further new records of Lepidoptera of Cyprus, Iraq and Persia (Iran). Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 63: 1–6. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1952. Early stages of Palearctic Lepidoptera X. Bulletin de la Société Fouad Ier d’Entomologie 36: 175–183, 1 pl. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1957. The Lepidoptera of Iraq. Nicholas Kaye Ltd, London & Baghdad: 162 pp. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1962. Early stages of the Old World Lepidoptera - XII. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 59: 778–800. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1970. A review of the genus Pericyma Herrich-Schäffer and neighbouring genera (Noctuidae). Veröff. Zool. Staatssammlung München 14: 91–111. WILTSHIRE E.P., 1979. A revision of Armadini (Lep., Noctuidae). Entomograph 2: 7–78.

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WILTSHIRE E.P., 1994. An illustrated, annotated catalogue of the Macro-Heterocera of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 11: 91–250. YATHOM S., 1975. Flight patterns of moths as an aid in the study of their phenology and ecology in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology 10: 83–91. YATHOM S., 1989. Plants and animals of the land of Israel. An illustrated encyclopaedia. Alon A.V. (ed.), In: Kugler J. (ed.), Insects. Ministry of Defence, The Publishing House Society for Protection of Nature of Israel: 446 pp. YELA J.L. & HERRERA C.M., 1993. Seasonality and life cycles of woody plant-feeding noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mediterranean habitats. Ecological Entomology 18: 259–269. ZERNY H., 1915. Zwei neue paläarktische Noctuiden. Verh. zool.-botan. Ges. Wien 65: 222–225. ZOHARY M. & ORSHANSKY G., 1949. Structure and ecology of the vegetation in the Dead Sea region of Palestine. Palest. J. Bot. 4: 177–206.

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GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS IN ISRAEL Fishelson (1985), modified 1. Upper Galilee 2. Lower Galilee 3. Carmel Ridge 4. Northern Coastal Plain 5. Valley of Yizre’el 6. Samaria 7. Jordan Valley and Southern Golan 8. Central Coastal Plain 9. Southern Coastal Plain 10. Foothills of Judea 11. Judean Hills 12. Judean Desert 13. Dead Sea Area 14. Arava Valley 15. Northern Negev 16. Southern Nagev 17. Central Negev 18. Golan Heights 19. Mount Hermon

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VEGATATION MAPS OF ISRAEL Danin (1988), modified Maquis and forests Quercus calliprinos woodland on dasalt Montane forest of Mt. Hermon Park forest of Quercus ithaburensis Park forest of Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lenticus Ziziphus lotus with herbaceous vegetation Savannoid Mediterranean vegetation Semi-steppe batha Tragacanth vegetation of Mt. Hermon Steppe vegetation Steppe with trees of Pistacia atlantica Desert vegetation Sand vegetation Oases with Sundanian trees Desert savannoid vegetation Haloxylon persicum on sands Swamps and reed thickets Wet salinas Synanthropic vegetation

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Plate 1: Mt. Hermon, 1600–2200 m a.s.l. 1. View of Mt. Hermon from the Golan Heights, about 2200 m a.s.l., late spring. 2. Mt. Hermon tragacanth vegetation on a wind facing slope, about 2200 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 3. Rocky summit with scattered bushes, about 1600 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 4. Mt. Hermon large dolinas, about 2000 m a.s.l., mid-summer, Leonid Friedman, Dr. Sergey Zonstein and Mrs. Irina Zonstein on a collecting expedition. 5. Mt. Hermon near the lower cable station, about 1600 m a.s.l., early spring, Dr. Olga B. Orlova, TAU, on a collecting expedition. 6. View from the lower cable station towards Ma’an Valley, late spring.

; Plate 2: Mt. Hermon, 800–1600 m a.s.l. 1. Scattered montane forest in a canyon on Mt. Hermon, about 1000 a.s.l., late spring. 2. Scattered montane forest on the southwestern slopes of Mt. Hermon, about 1000 a.s.l., late spring. 3. Nahal Hazur near Newe-Ativ, about 800 m a.s.l., late spring. 4. Closed montane forest in Ma’an Valley (Nahal Arar), about 800 m a.s.l., early summer. 5. Mt. Hermon about 1400 m a.s.l., scattered montane forest, mid-summer. 6. Mixed grass- and bushland grazed by cows and goats below Newe-Ativ, about 1200 m a.s.l., early summer. 7. View from Mt. Hermon towards Nimrod Castle and the Hula Valley, about 800 m a.s.l., early summer. 8. Southern slope of Mt. Hermon above the village of Majdal Shams, about 1200 m a.s.l., late spring.

;; Plate 3: Mt. Hermon, foothills up to 800 m a.s.l. 1. The southern foothills of Mt. Hermon as seen from the Hula Valley, mid-spring. 2. Scattered winter deciduous forest on a south-facing karstic slope of Mt. Hermon, about 700 m a.s.l., late spring. 3. Same view as in Fig. 1, but photographed in autumn. 4. Scattered forest on the south-facing slope below Nimrod Castle, about 700 m a.s.l., mid- spring. 5. Scattered forest on the southern slopes below Nimrod Castle, about 400 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 6. Closed winter deciduous forest in lower Nahal Si’on, about 600 m a.s.l., mid-spring.

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Plate 4: Jordan springs: Tel Dan Nature Reserve 1. Dan River with its dense riverine forests, about 200 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 2. Nuchela springs, wetlands north of Tel Dan, about 200 m a.s.l., early summer. 3. A heavily overgrown tributary of Dan River, about 200 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 4. Open riverine forest on high ground in Tel Dan, about 200 m a.s.l., late spring.

; Plate 5: Jordan springs: Banyas Nature Reserve 1. & 5. Banyas River (Nahal Hermon) close to its spring, about 250 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 2. The forest on high ground surrounding the spring, about 250 m a.s.l., early summer. 3. Vegetation surrounding the Banyas spring, about 250 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 4. Overgrown forest clearing near the Banyas spring, about 250 m a.s.l., mid-summer.

;; Plate 6: Hula Valley 1. General view of the Hula Valley with the Golan Heights in the background, the Hula Swamp Nature Reserve is in the center, and fish ponds are towards the right side, about 70 m a.s.l., late summer. 2. Overgrown ditch draining the valley into the River Jordan, about 70 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 3. Papyrus thickets in the Hula swamp, about 70 m a.s.l., late spring. 4. Overgrown channel in the Hula swamp, about 70 m a.s.l., late spring. 5. Reed field covering an abandoned fish pond, about 70 m a.s.l., late autumn. 6. Dense shrub thicket on high ground in the Hula swamp with Eucalyptus forest in the background, about 70 m a.s.l., early summer.

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Plate 7: Upper Galilee 1. Northern slopes of Mt. Meron covered with forest, about 1000 m a.s.l., mid-summer. For the southern slopes with open park forests, see the first picture of the following plate. 2. Nahal Dishon north of Zefat, late spring. 3. Typical lichen growth as found on oaks in shady forests on Mt. Meron. 4. Upper Nahal Amud west of Zefat, about 500 m a.s.l., late spring. 5. Hills west of the Sea of Galilee, about 500 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 6.– 9. Different views of lower Nahal Amud northwest of the Sea of Galilee, about 200 m a.s.l., spring.

; Plate 8: Lower Galilee 1. View from the Lower Galilee towards the southern slopes of Mt. Meron with scattered park forests, mid-summer. 2. Grassland with scattered bushes northwest of the Sea of Galilee, about 200 m a.s.l., late summer. 3.& 4. Park forests north of Nazareth, about 300 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 5.& 6. Hills west of the Sea of Galilee, about 100 m a.s.l., early summer.

;; Plate 9: Western Galilee 1.& 2. Nahal Betset 15 km northeast of Nahariyya, about 200 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 3. Lower Nahal Keziv, 10 km northeast of Nahariyya, with a seasonally flooded river bed, about 100 m a.s.l., early spring. 4. Upper Nahal Keziv with a permanent river, about 200 m a.s.l., late spring.

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Plate 10: Golan Heights 1. Southern Golan Heights, slopes to Yarmuk River, about 200 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 2. Southern Golan Heights close to the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, about 100 m a.s.l., early summer. 3. Upper Golan Heights, Ma’sada forest, about 1000 m a.s.l., early summer.

; Plate 11: Surrounding area of the Sea of Galilee 1. View over the lake with the Golan Heights in the background, about 150 m below sea-level, early summer. 2. View over the forested delta of the River Jordan, about 200 m below sea-level, mid-summer. 3. River Jordan about 500 m upstream of the delta, parts of the left shore after a bush fire, about 200 m below sea-level, late summer.

;; Plate 12: Wetlands around the Sea of Galilee 1. View over one of the lagoons in the Buthecha Valley, about 200 m below sea-level, late summer. 2. Seasonally flooded meadows in the Jordan delta, about 200 m below sea-level, mid- summer. 3.& 4. The delta swamps of the River Jordan, Mrs Miri Barak-Simchoni collecting endophagous lepidopteran larvae in stems of giant sedges, about 200 m below sea-level, late summer. 5. Seasonally flooded Tamarix thickets along the eastern shore of the lake, about 200 m below sea-level, early summer. 6. Scattered Tamarix thickets with lush herbaceous undergrowth on high ground along the southeastern shore of the lake, about 200 m below sea-level, mid-summer.

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Plate 13: Carmel Mountain Ridge 1. Closed forest on the north-facing slopes of Nahal Oren, about 50 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 2.& 3. View over the Carmel Mountain Ridge, about 400 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 4. Scattered bushes on the south-facing slopes of Nahal Oren, about 50 m a.s.l., mid-spring.

; Plate 14: Samarian region 1. West Samaria, cultivated area with small fields, olive groves and almond trees, about 200 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 2. East Samaria, abandoned terraces with almond trees, about 400 m a.s.l., late summer. 3. North Samaria, heavily grazed bushland, about 500 m a.s.l., early summer. 4. North Samaria, terraces with olive trees, about 400 m a.s.l., mid-summer.

;; Plate 15: Lower Jordan Valley from the Sea of Galilee to Gilgal 1. Jordan River about 10 km south of the Sea of Galilee, about 250 m below sea-level, early summer. 2. Jordan River about 50 km south of the Sea of Galilee, border between Israel and Jordan, about 300 m below sea-level, early summer. 3. Tall grassland about 20 km south of Bet She’an, about 100 m below sea-level, late spring. 4. Acacia albida forest along Nahal Tavor, a tributary of the Jordan, about 200 m below sea-level, mid-summer. 5. Sparse grassland about 40 km south of Bet She’an, about 200 m below sea-level, late spring.

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Plate 16: Lower Jordan Valley from Gilgal to Jericho 1. Seasonally flooded wadi north of Jericho, about 300 m below sea-level, late spring. 2. A small agricultural oasis at Ghor el Fari’a, north of Jericho, about 200 m below sea-level, mid-spring. 3. The lower part of Ghor el Fari’a, about 250 m below sea-level, mid-summer. 4. Contracted shrub vegetation east of Jericho, about 300 m below sea-level, late spring. 5. Tamarix thicket along a seasonal waterway east of Jericho, about 300 m below sea-level, late spring. 6. Nahal Yitav intensively grazed by sheep and goats, about 250 m below sea-level, early summer.

; Plate 17: Hills in the Judean Desert 1. ‘En Qelet Oasis in the lower Nahal Perat between Jerusalem and Jericho, early autumn. 2. North-facing slopes of Nahal Perat north of the village of Kefar Adumim, about 300 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 3. View eastwards in the direction of the Rift Valley from the village of Alon, about 300 m a.s.l., late spring.

;; Plate 18: Canyons in the Judean Desert 1. Southeastern foothills of the Judean Mts near Tel Arad, about 600 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 2. Prof. Vladimir I. Chikatunov, Curator of TAU Coleoptera collection, and Mr. Igor Gavrilov, taxidermist, TAU, on a collecting trip in ‘En Perat Nature Reserve, upper Nahal Perat, early spring. 3. Lower Nahal Perat, St. George’s Monastery close to Jericho, late autumn. 4. North-facing slopes of ‘En Perat, about 400 m a.s.l., late winter.

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Plate 19: Judean Mountains 1. Southern Judean Mts near Hebron, about 700 m a.s.l., late spring. 2. Southern Judean Mts south of Hebron, about 500 m a.s.l., late spring. 3. Central Judean Mts east of Zur Hadassah, about 700 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 4. Central Judean Mts west of Zur Hadassah, about 400 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 5 North-facing slopes near Hadassah ‘En Kerem on the western outskirts of Jerusalem, about 600 m a.s.l., late autumn. 6. Central Judean Mts, north-facing slopes of Nahal Soreq, about 600 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 7. Central Judean Mts, about 20 km west of Jerusalem, about 400 m a.s.l., mid-autumn. 8. Nahal Soreq, about 10 km west of Jerusalem, late autumn. 9. South-facing slope in lower Nahal Soreq, about 400 m a.s.l., late spring. 10. Central Judean Mts near Bet Shemesh, about 500 m a.s.l., mid-autumn.

; Plate 20: Foothills of the Judean Mountains 1. View of the Judean Mountains from south of Bet Shemesh, eastwards in the direction of Jerusalem, about 300 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 2. View from the same place as above but westwards in the direction of the Coastal Plain and Tel Aviv, about 300 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 3. South facing slope near Tirosh, about 300 m a.s.l., early winter.

;; Plate 21: Northern coastal sand dunes 1. Seasonal reservoir in the coastal sand dunes near Qesarya, about 20 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 2. Same place as above but dried up in mid-autumn with unconsolidated sand dunes in the background. 3. Consolidated inland sand dune east of Qesarya, about 30 m a.s.l., mid-summer. 4. Semi-consolidated sand dune east of Quesarya, about 30 m a.s.l., mid-summer.

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Plate 22: Central coastal sand dunes 1. Unconsolidated sand dunes near Nahal Alexander, about 10 m a.s.l., late summer. 2. Semi-consolidated sand dunes near Nahal Alexander, about 10 m a.s.l., late summer. 3. Consolidated sand dunes near Nahal Alexander, about 20 m a.s.l., late summer.

; Plate 23: Southern coastal sand dunes 1. Consolidated inland sand dunes south of Ashqelon, about 30 m a.s.l., early autumn. 2. Semi-consolidated inland sand dunes north of Ashqelon, about 30 m a.s.l., mid-autumn. 3. Consolidated coastal sand dunes near Ashdod, about 20 m a.s.l., mid-summer.

;; Plate 24: Northern Dead Sea area 1. Bedouin camp in ‘En Fashkha Oasis on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea with the cliffs of the Rift Valley in the background, about 400 m below sea-level, mid-winter. 2. Small, traditionally maintained date plantation at the northern end of the Dead Sea, about 300 m below sea-level, early winter. 3. Northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, about 400 m below sea-level, mid-spring. 4. North of the Dead Sea near Qualia, about 300 m below sea-level, early spring.

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Plate 25: Southern Dead Sea area 1. Dry water catchment near Newe Zohar, about 400 m below sea-level, late spring. 2. Wet salinas near Ne’ot Hakikkar, about 400 m below sea-level, mid-summer. 3. Ne’ot Hakikkar Oasis, about 400 m below sea-level, late summer. 4. Fresh water ponds south of the Dead Sea works, about 400 m below sea-level, mid- summer. 5. The drier periphery of Ne’ot Hakikkar Oasis, about 400 m below sea-level, late spring.

; Plate 26: Northern and central Arava Valley 1. Central Arava Valley near Yotvata, about 50 m a.s.l., early summer. 2.& 3. Central Arava Valley south of Yotvata, about 50 m a.s.l., early summer. 4. Central Arava Valley near Quibbutz Yahel, about 200 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 5.–7. Northern Arava Valley Shezaf Nature Reserve, about 100 m a.s.l., late spring. 8.& 9. Northern Arava Valley south of Ne’ot Hakikkar, about 300 m below sea-level, early summer. 10. Northern Arava Valley Nahal Nequarot, about 100 m a.s.l., early summer.

;; Plate 27: Southern Arava Valley 1.- 2. Nahal Shita, close to the Jordanian border, about 50 m a.s.l., after a rainless year, mid-spring. 3. Barren desert north of Nahal Shita, about 50 m a.s.l., late winter.

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Plate 28: Northwestern Negev 1. Tamarix forest in Nahal Besor, about 100 m a.s.l., late summer. 2.& 3. Nahal Ezuz near the Egyptian border, about 350 m a.s.l., late spring.

; Plate 29: Northeastern Negev 1. North of Dimona, about 550 m a.s.l., late spring. 2. South of Arrad, about 600 m a.s.l., early summer. 3. South of Dimona Nahal Yamin, about 400 m a.s.l., early summer.

;; Plate 30: Wadis of the Central Negev 1. Small seasonal waterway opening to Nahal Yamin in the East, about 450 m a.s.l., early summer. 2.& 3. Between Nahal Nizzana and the highlands of Negev, about 750 m a.s.l., early winter. 4. Nahal Nizzana, about 800 m a.s.l., late winter.

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Plate 31: Canyons of the central Negev 1. ‘En Avdad, about 450 m a.s.l., late spring. 2.& 3. Different sites within the Avdad Canyon, about 450 m a.s.l. late spring.

; Plate 32: Mountains of the central Negev 1.& 2. The eastern mountain ridges of the Makhtesh Ramon Crater, about 450 m a.s.l., late spring.

;; Plate 33: Magmatic rock formations in the southern Negev 1. The upper part of Wadi Shlomo with view over the Gulf of Eilat, about 200 m a.s.l., mid-spring. 2.& 3. About 20 km north of Eilat close to the border with Egypt, about 800 m a.s.l., late spring.

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Plate 34: Sediment formations in the southern Negev 1.– 3. Wadis along the Egyptian border connecting the Sinai to the Negev around 20–40 km north of Eilat, about 800 m a.s.l., early summer. 4. Uvda Valley about 50 km north of Eilat, about 450 m a.s.l., mid-summer.

; Plate 35: Urban and rural environment 1. Dr. Edita Revay with son Yan on a collecting trip in the Jordanian part of the Jordan Valley at the outskirts of a village about 20 km north-west of Amman, 100 m b.s.l, early winter. 2. Jerusalem, about 700m a.s.l., early winter, Mrs. Daphna De Paris in one of her natural maintained gardens. 3. Yizre’el Valley, wasteland near small village, about 300m a.s.l., mid winter. 4. Northern Galilee, Kuibutz Yftah, parkland with numerous European and North American trees, about 600m a.s.l., late autumn. 5. Northern Samaria, Palestinian village with fields and orchards, 400m a.s.l., early winter. 6. Foothills of the Judean Mts., agricultural village south of Beit Shemesh, about 400m a.s.l., late autumn.

;; Plate 36: Agricultural areas 1. Northern coastal plain near Akko, about 50m a.s.l., early winter. 2. Dead Sea area, near Neot Hakikar, ecologically maintained date plantation, about 400m b.s.l., mid summer. 3. Yizre’el Valley irrigated fields, about 300m a.s.l., early winter. 4. Northern Arava Valley near Hatzeva, date plantation, about 200m b.s.l., mid summer. 5. Lower Galilee near Nazareth, pine plantation, about 500m a.s.l., early winter. 6. Central coastal plain near Ma’agan Micha’el, fish ponds, about 10m a.s.l., early winter. 7. Northern Arava Valley near Ein Hatzeva, irrigated vegetable fields in the desert, about 200m b.s.l., early summer. 8. Hula Valley, orchards about 200m a.s.l., early winter. 9. Central coastal plain east of Tel Aviv, agricultural village with vegetable fields, about 100m a.s.l., early winter. 10. Foothills of the Judean Mts. south of Beit Shemesh, sewage pond, about 300m a.s.l., mid winter.

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PLATE 1 1. Rivula tanitalis Rebel, 1912 – (a) [ITALY] St. Amata. 7.VII.1933. Leg. W. Brandt, TAU; (b) [ITALY] Padova, Veneto. 1– 15.V.1937. Dr. H. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 2. Zebeeba falsalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1839) – (a) GREECE: Crete W., Zourva, 25 km., S Chanta. 650m., 29.VII.–2.VIII.2001. leg. G. Jepesen, D. Nilsson, A. Madsen, M. Fibiger, FM; (b) ALGERIA: Rammam Righa. May 1928. J. Stättermayer; (c) ISRAEL: Judean foothils, Tirosh. 8.V.1999. K&M, TAU. 3. Schrankia taenialis (Hübner, 1809) – (a) GREECE, Kapnophyton 20 km. E. Sidirokastron, 450 m. 18.VII.1990. Leg. M. Fibiger, FM; (b) GERMANY: S.d-Baden. Umg. Schopfheim. VIII.1929. H. Ehinger, TAU. 4. Calymna communimacula (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VI.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU. 5. Eublemma ostrina (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 19.V.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 17.V.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, ‘Ne’ot Hakikkar. 12.V.2000. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, El Rom. II.2002. K&M, TAU. 6. Eublemma parva (Hübner, 1808) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 5.I.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Shahak.14.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU. 7. Eublemma cynerea (Turati, 1924) – ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU. 8. Eublemma cochylioides (Guenée, 1852) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 4.XI.2000. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 10.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 9.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.X.1999. K&Y, TAU. 9. Eublemma polygramma (Duponchel, 1836) – (a) ISRAEL: Kiriat Anavim, Jerusalem. 12.IV.[19]30. Leg. H. G. Amsel; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 2000m. 24.VI.2000. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Kiriat Anavim, Jerusalem. 12.IV.[19]30. Leg. H. G. Amsel, TAU. 10. Eublemma apicipunctalis (Brandt, 1939) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 17.VII.1999. K&Y, TAU. 11. Eublemma cornutus Fibiger & Hacker, 2004 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.IV.2001. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.IV.2001. K&Y, TAU. 12. Eublemma tomentalis Rebel, 1947 – ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.IV.2001. K&Y, TAU. 13. Eublemma gratissima (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) [ISRAEL:] Tabgha, See Genezareth. 21.5.1930. leg. H. G. Amsel, TAU. 14. Eublemma siticulosa (Lederer, 1858) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.IV.2001. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Yotvata. 20.III.2001.K&Y, TAU. 15. Eublemma albina (Staudinger, 1898) – (a) JORDAN: Azraq oases. 11.IV.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 11.VIII.1999. K&Y, TAU. 16. Eublemma deserti Rothschild, 1909 – ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 14.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU. 17. Eublemma subvenata (Staudinger, 1892) – ALGERIA: June, [19]31. J. Stättermayer, FM. 18. Eublemma albivestalis Hampson, 1910 – (a) [ISRAEL: Dead Sea area] Todtes Meer. 1898, TAU; (b) [ISRAEL: Dead Sea area] Todtes Meer. 1898, TAU. 19. Eublemma pallidula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1856) – ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, ‘En Gedi Nature Reserve. IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 20. Eublemma suppura (Staudinger, 1892) – (a) TURKEY: Ufra, 10 km N. Nalfeti 500m. 9.VII.1987. leg M. Fibiger, FM; (b) [SYRIA:] Syr.sept. Taurus, Marasch, 15.VIII.[19]29. 8– 110m. Einh.Slr.leg, FM. 21. Eublemma hansa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) – ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. VII.2002. K&M, TAU. 22. Eublemma gayneri (Rothschild, 1901) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, ‘En Gedi Nature Reserve. 15.IV.1989. Leg. Müller/ Ortal, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, ‘En Gedi Nature Reserve. 15.IV.1989. Leg. Müller/Ortal, TAU. 23. Eublemma kruegeri (Wiltshire, 1970) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 14.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.IV.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU. 24. Eublemma scitula (Rambur, 1833) – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 5.IX.1962. Coll. Kugler; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 20.III.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 20.III.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 5.IX.1962. Coll. Kugler; (e) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 5.IX.1962. Coll. Kugler, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 20.III.1999. K&Y, TAU.

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15b

19

20a

3a

4b

3b

4c

4d

4e

6c

13b

15a

2c

4a

6b

8a

13a

2b

6d

7

8d

10a

10b

11a

11b

12

14a

13c

16

17

20b

18a

14b

18b

21

22a

23a

23b

23c

23d

23e

22b

24a

24b

24c

24d

24e

24f

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PLATE 2 25. Honaena ragusana (Freyer, 1844) – (a) [LEBANON:] Beirut, Syrien. A. Bottcher, Berlin, TAU; (b) [LEBANON:] Beirut, Syrien. A. Bottcher, Berlin, TAU. 26. Rhypagla lacernaria (Hübner, 1813) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Herodion National Park. III.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Berosh. IV.2003. K&M, TAU. 27. Metachrostis velox (Hübner, 1813) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 5–15.IV.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 5–15.IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 28. Metachrostis velocior Staudinger, 1892 – ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. X.2002. K&M, TAU. 29. Metachrostis dardouini (Boisduval, 1840) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 30. Nodaria nodosalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) – SPAIN: Almeria, Mojacar, 5km. N. Carboneas. 17.IX.1992. Leg. F. Schepler (Coll. M. Fibiger), FM. 31. Polypogon plumigeralis (Hübner, 1825) (a) YUGOSLAVIA: Crna Gora. Durmitor, Durdevica Tara. 650m. 29–30.VI.1986. Leg. Jaksic. (Coll. M. Fibiger), FM; (b) ISRAEL: Tel Aviv. 5.V.1948. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 32. Polypogon lunalis (Scopoli, 1763) – ISRAEL: Tel Aviv. 5.V.1948. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 33. Hypena obsitalis (Hübner, 1813) – (a) ISRAEL: Kiriat Anavim, Jerusalem. 20.VI.[19]30. Leg. H. G. Amsel, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: See of Galilee area. Amnun. III.2003. K&M, TAU. 34. Hypena lividalis (Hübner, 1796) – (a) ISRAEL: Jericho. 31.VII.[19]30. Leg. H. G. Amsel, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh. IV.2004. K&M, TAU. 35. Hypena munitalis Mann, 1861 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1900m. 8.VII.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) BULGARIA: 1948. Leg. Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 36. Zekelita antiqualis (Hübner, 1809) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh. III.2004. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Hills. Bet Shemesh. III.2004. K&M, TAU. 37. Zekelita ravalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley. Shezaf Nature Reserve. 8.VI.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area. Ne’ot Hakikkar. 15.V.1998. I. Yarom, K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Jericho. 31.VII.[19]30. Leg. H. G. Amsel, TAU. 38. Raparna conicephala (Staudinger, 1870) – ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 5–15.V.2002. K&M, TAU. 39. Antarchaea erubescens (A. Bang-Haas, 1910) – SYRIA: leg. Cremona. Ex. Coll. Stauding., TAU. 40. Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 20.II –10.III.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 20–30.V.2002. K&M, TAU. 41. Africalpe intrusa Krüger, 1939 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve, 17.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve, 17.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 16.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Amazyahu. 12.VII.1999. K&Y, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Amazyahu. 12.VII.1999. K&Y, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Amazyahu. 12.VII.1999. K&Y, TAU. 42. Anomis sabulifera (Guenée, 1852) – MOOREA ISLAND: Mt. Rotui, ~ 800 m, UV light, 19 October 2002. P. T. Oboyski. 43. Anomis flava (Fabricius, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. V.1985. Q. Argaman; (b) Syrien [SYRIA, LEBANON]: Beyrut. 1923, TAU.

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25b

26a

27a

28

26b

27b

30

31a

33a

33b

29a

31b

34a

26c

29b

32

34b

36a

37a

37b

35a

35b

36b

37c

38

39

41a

41b

41c

41d

41e

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40b PLATE 2

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42

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PLATE 3 44. Exophila rectangularis (Geyer, 1828) – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. IV.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. IV.2003. K&M, TAU. 45. Anumeta spilota Ershov, 1874 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 2.V.2000. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 2.V.2000. V& I; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 2.V.2000.K&Y, TAU. 46. Anumeta henkei (Staudinger, 1877) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. IV.1998. K&Y, TAU. – (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. IV.1998. K&Y, TAU. 47. Anumeta atrosignata (Walker, 1858) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 13.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.VIII.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Reservoir Zuqim. 22.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 48. Anumeta straminea (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 5.I.2001. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 5.I.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. I.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Hulioth [Hazeva]. 4.XII.1965. Coll. Shoham Z. 49. Anumeta arabiae Wiltshire, 1961 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.I.2000. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 13.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 13.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 50. Anumeta asiatica Wiltshire, 1961 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Kibbutz Yahel. 8.V.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 2.VI.2000. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 2.VI.2000. K&Y, TAU.

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44b

44c

45a

45b

45c

46a

46b

47a

47b

47c

48b

48c

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49b

49c

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PLATE 4 51. Anumeta hilgerti Rothschild, 1909 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Avrona. 24.II.2001. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Kibbutz Yahel. 8.V.2000. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. III.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Gerofit. III.2003. K&M, TAU. 52. Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.1500 m. 20–30.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.1600 m. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.1500 m. 20–30.V.2002. K&M, TAU. 53. Lygephila craccae (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.1600 m. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. 20–30.V.2002. K&M, TAU. 54. Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Lederer, 1855) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 7.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 55. Tathorhynchus philbyi Wiltshre, 1986 – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Nahal Ovil. XI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Nahal Ovil. XI.2002. K&M, TAU. 56. Autophila luxuriosa Zerny, 1933 – (a) ISRAEL: Jerusalem, Ain Karem. 29.V.1930. Leg. H. G. Amsel; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.2000 m. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) Hermon Mt.2000 m. 1–10.VII.2002. K&M, TAU. 57. Autophila libanotica (Staudinger, 1901) – ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.2000 m. 28.VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 58. Autophila depressa (Püngeler, 1914) – ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.1800 m. VII.2002. K&M, TAU. 59. Autophila limbata (Staudinger, 1871) – TURKEY: Prov. Ankara, 12 km Camlidere. 6–8.V.1993. Leg. Fritz Schepler, FM. 60. Autophila cerealis (Staudinger, 1871) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 16.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 20.IV.1998. I. Yarom, K&M, TAU. 61. Autophila ligaminosa (Eversmann, 1851) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt. 1900m. 24.V.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.1600 m. VII.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.1600 m. VII.2003. K&M, TAU. 62. Autophila anaphanes Boursin, 1940 – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt.1600 m. VII.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. III.2002. K&M, TAU. 63. Autophila maura (Staudinger, 1888) – ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. IV.1994. G. Müller, TAU.

147

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51b

51c

51d

53a

53b

54a

54b

54c 52a

52b 55a

56a

52c

57

56b

56c

61a

55b

58

59

60a

60b

61b

61c 62a PLATE 4

62b

63

148

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 5 64. Autophila pauli Boursin, 1940 – (a) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Nahal Ovil. 5.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Ovdat. V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. V.2003. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Central Negev, ‘Ezuz. V.2003. K&M, TAU. 65. Apopestes spectrum (Esper, 1787) – (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Maale Efraim. IV.1986. K&M, TAU; (b) [ISRAEL:] vicinity of Jerusalem. 1904, TAU. 66. Scodionyx mysticus Staudinger, 1900 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 5.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 5.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU. 67. Plecoptera inquinata (Lederer, 1857) – (a) LEBANON: Shoeir. 16.VII.[19]33. E. P. Wiltchire; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Keziv. 28.IX.1999. K&M, TAU. 68. Plecoptera reflexa Guenée, 1852 – (a) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 18.VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Ramle. 25.IX.2003. K&M, TAU. 69. Acantholipes regularis (Hübner, 1813) – (a) [ISRAEL:] Alenby Bridge, Jericho. 29.IV.1930. Leg. H. G. Amsel; (b) [ISRAEL:] Alenby Bridge, Jericho. 29.IV.1930. Leg. H. G. Amsel. 70. Acantholipes circumdata (Walker, 1858) – ISRAEL: Central Negev, Mizpe Ramon. IV.1994. G. Müller 71. Drasteria philippina (Austaut, 1880) – ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. 20.V.2000. K&M, TAU. 72. Drasteria cailino (Lefèbvre, 1827) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon 1500m. 25–27.V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Hermon 1500m. 25–27.V.2001. K&M, TAU. 73. Drasteria flexuosa (Ménétriès, 1847) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 20.IV.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.III.1998. K&Y, TAU. 74. Drasteria herzi (Alphéraky, 1895) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 17.III.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 17.III.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. III.2000. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 17.III.1999. K&Y, TAU.

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64a

64c 64b

64d

67a 67b

65a

66a 68a

66b 68b

65b 66c 70

71

72a

72b 69a

73a

73b

74a

69b

74c 74b

TABLE 5

73c

74d

150

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 6 75. Drasteria oranensis Rothschild, 1920 – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Mishor Rotem. 19.III.1965. Coll. Shoham, TAU; (b) TUNISIA: Tozeur. Paratype, TAU. 76. Drasteria kabylaria (A. Bang-Haas, 1906) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 5.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Southern Negev, Ne’ot Semadar. XI.2001. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU. 77. Catephia alchymista (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – ISRAEL: Hermon 1500m. V.2001. K&M, TAU. 78. Zethes insularis Rambur, 1833 – (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. IX.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Elon (Nahal Bezet). 13.IV.1946. H. Bytinski-Salz, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Banyas Nature Reserve. VIII.2002, K&M, TAU. 79. Pericyma albidentaria (Freyer, 1842) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 10.V.2000. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 10.V.2000. K&Y, TAU. 80. Pericyma squalens Lederer, 1855 – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.IV.2001. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 20.IV.2001. K&Y, TAU. 81. Heteropalpia profesta (Christoph, 1887) – (a) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, ‘En Perat. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 5.V.2000. I. Yarom, K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Northern Coastal Plain, ‘En Afeq Nature Reserve. VII.2002. K&M, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 5.V.2000. K&M, TAU. 82. Heteropalpia acrosticta (Püngeler, 1904) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Qetura Nature Reserve. 17.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 14.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 14.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU. 83. Tytroca dispar (Püngeler, 1904) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 7.III.2000. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 7.III.2000. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 11.II.1999. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 12.IV.1999. K&Y, TAU; (e) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Shahaq. 14.XII.1999. K&Y, TAU; (f) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Shahaq. 14.XII.1999. K&Y, TAU. 84. Tytroca leucoptera (Hampson, 1896) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature Reserve. 10.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 11.X.1999. K&Y, TAU. 85. Gnamptonyx innexa (Walker, 1858) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 11.X.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Reservoir Zuqim. 22.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU.

151

75a

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75b

76a 77

79a 76b

76c

76d

79b 78b

78a

78c 79c

80a

80b

80c

83a

83b 81a

81b

81c

83c 81d

81e

81f 83d

82a

84a PLATE 6

82b

84b

85a

82c

83e

85b

83f

152

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 7 86. Pandesma robusta (Walker, 1858) – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 22.IX.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 8.I.2000. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 19.X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU. 87. Rhabdophera arefacta (Swinhoe, 1884) – (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 9.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 15.V.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 15.V.1999. K&Y, TAU. 88. Cerocala sana Staudinger, 1901 – (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Iddan. 1.III.2002. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot. 8.III.2000. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Neqarot.198.III.1998. K&Y, TAU. 89. Ophiusa tirhaca (Cramer, 1777) - (a) ISRAEL: Judean Desert, Alon. II.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Negev, Nahal Nizzana. 29.X.2000. K&M, TAU. 90. Minucia lunaris (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) - (a) ISRAEL: Golan Heights, Majdal Shams. V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee. Mt. Meron. 21.IV.1987. G. Müller, ZSM. 91. Minucia wiskotti (Püngeler, 1902) - (a) Palaestine [ISRAEL:], Jerusalem, 1901. Paulus; (b) JORDAN: Dana Natural Reserve. 12.IV.2004. K&M, TAU. 92. Clytie illunaris (Hübner, 1813) - ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Ne’ot Hakikkar. 1.IX.2000. K&M, TAU. 93. Clytie sancta (Staudinger, 1898) - (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 5.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin, 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin, 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU.

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86c

86a

86d

86b

87c

87a 87b

88a

88b

89a

88c

91a

89b

91b

92

90a 93a

93b

90b PLATE 7

93c

154

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 8 94. Clytie syriaca (Bugnion, 1837) - (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Rezervoir Zuqim. 22.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin, 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin, 25.X.1998. K&Y, TAU. 95. Clytie scotorrhiza Hampson, 1913 - (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 15.II.1999. K&Y; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 15.XII.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 22.I.1999. C. Li, TAU. 96. Clytie haifae (Habich, 1905) - (a) ISRAEL: Rehovot. 10.VII.1954. Galperin J., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Rehovot. 10.VII.1954. Galperin J., TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Rehovot. 10.VII.1954. Galperin J., TAU. 97. Clytie delunaris (Staudinger, 1889) - (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 9.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 16.V.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 16.V.1998. K&Y, TAU. 98. Clytie arenosa Rothschild, 1913 - (a) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 9.VI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 1.IX.2000. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 1.IX.2000. K&Y, TAU. 99. Clytie terrulenta (Christoph, 1893) - (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. 20-30.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) [ISRAEL] Jerusalem. 1905. Paulus; (c) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. 20-30.V.2002. K&M, TAU. 100. Clytie micra Wiltshire, 1973 - ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 6.V.2000. K&Y, TAU. 101. Clytie infrequens (Swinhoe, 1884) - (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin. 18.XI.1998. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 5.III.1998. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Northern Negev, Retamim. III.2002. & K&M, TAU. 102. Dysgonia torrida (Guenée, 1852) - (a) ISRAEL: Samaria, Qedumim. 7.VII.2002. Fridman L., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Panyas Nature Reserve. VIII.2002. K&M, TAU. 103. Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus, 1767) - (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. 10-20.IV.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. 10-20.IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 104. Dysgonia rogenhoferi (Bohatsch, 1880) - (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. 20-30.IV.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader. 20-30.IV.2002. K&M, TAU. 105. Prodotis stolida (Fabricius, 1775) - (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001. K&M, TAU.

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95a 94a

94b 97a

95b 94c

96a 97b

95c 96b

96c 97c

99a 98a

98b

98c

99b

102a

102b

99c

101a

100

103a

103b

101c

101b

105a

104a PLATE 8

104b

105b

156

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 9 106. Prodotis boisdeffrii (Oberthür, 1867) - (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘En Yotvata. 24.II.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 15.II.1999. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Dead Sea area, Neot haKikkar. 15.II.1999. K&M, TAU. 107. Grammodes bifasciata (Petagna, 1788) - (a) ISRAEL: Southern Coastal Plain, Nizzanim Nature Reserve. 10-20.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve. VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 108. Catocala editarevayae Müller, Kravchenko, Speidel, Mooser, Witt et al., 2007 – (a) ISRAEL [Palaestina]: Ostjordan(s)thal, 1901. NHMU (Berlin); (b) JORDAN: 20 km NW Amman. 22.VIII.1994. G. Müller. 109. Catocala olgaorlovae Kravchenko, Speidel, Witt, Mooser & Müller, 2007 – (a) ISRAEL: central Negev, ‘En Avdad, IX. 2001, K&M, TAU.

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106a

108a 106b

106c

108b 107a

107b

109a 107c PLATE 9

158

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 10 109. Catocala olgaorlovae Kravchenko, Speidel, Witt, Mooser & Müller, 2007 – (b) ISRAEL: central Negev, ‘En Ziq, X.2001. K&M; – (c) EGYPT: Sinai, Santa Katharina, IX.1974, L. Kinarty, TAU. 110. Catocala amnonfreidbergi Kravchenko, Speidel, Witt, Mooser & Müller 2007 – ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Bezet, 20.VII.1982. A. Freidberg, TAU. 111. Catocala conjuncta (Esper, 1787) – (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt., 1600m a.s.l. VII.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Mt. Meron. 18.IX.1976. A. Freidberg, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt., 1600m a.s.l. VII.2003. K&M, TAU.

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109b

111a

109c

111b

110 111c PLATE 10

160

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 11 112. Catocala puerpera (Giorna, 1791) - (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hamat Gader, 20-30.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Tel Aviv. 6.VII.1957. Dr.H.Bytinski-Salz, TAU. 113. Catocala elocata (Esper, 1787) - (a) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve, X.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Central Coastal Plain, Kfar Saba, 30.VII.1972. KutyYefenof, TAU. 114. Catocala conversa (Esper, 1787) - (a) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve, 28.VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve, 18-30.VII.2002. K&M, TAU. 115. Catocala nymphagoga (Esper, 1787) - (a) ISRAEL: Hermon Mt., 1900m a.s.l. 24.VI.2000. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Panyas Nature Reserve. 20-30.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Panyas Nature Reserve. 20-30.V.2002. K&M, TAU. 116. Catocala hymenaea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) - (a) ISRAEL: Jordan Valley, Hammat Gader, 20-30.V.2002. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve, VI.2003. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Tel Dan Nature Reserve, VI.2003. K&M, TAU.

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113a 112a

113b

112b

114b

114a

115a

115b

116a 116b PLATE 11

115c

116c

162

The Lepidoptera of Israel

PLATE 12 117. Catocala nymphaea (Esper, 1787) - ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Zur Hadassa, V.2001. K&M, TAU. 118. Catocala diversa (Geyer, 1828) - ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve, 28.VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 119. Catocala separata (Freyer, 1848) - (a) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren, 19.VI.2000, K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Carmel Ridge, Nahal Oren, 19.VI.2000, K&M, TAU. 120. Catocala disjuncta (Geyer, 1828) - ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve, 28.VI.2003. K&M, TAU. 121. Catocala brandti Hacker & Kautt, 1999 - ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Meron Nature Reserve. V.2002. K&M, TAU. 122. Catocala eutychea (Treitschke, 1835) - (a) ISRAEL: Judean Hills, Zur Hadassa, V.2001. K&M, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Panyas Nature Reserve, 20-30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Panyas Nature Reserve, 20-30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU; (d) ISRAEL: Upper Jordan Valley, Panyas Nature Reserve, 20-30.VI.2002. K&M, TAU. 123. Ulotrichopus tinctipennis (Hampson, 1902) - (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Nahal Zin, 17.I.1999. K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve, 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve, 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 124. Ulotrichopus stertzi (Püngeler, 1907) - ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve, 6.XI.1999. K&Y, TAU. 125. Crypsotidia maculifera (Staudinger, 1898) - (a) [ISRAEL], Jaffa [Tel Aviv]. Boursin det., TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Upper Galilee, Nahal Tavor Nature Reserve. 25.III.2001. K&M, TAU. 126. Anydrophila stuebeli (Calberla, 1891) - (a) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 17.III.2001.K&Y, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, ‘Hazeva Field School. 12.VI.1998. Maklakov. A., TAU; (c) ISRAEL: Arava Valley, Shezaf Nature reserve. 20.III.1999. K&Y, TAU. 127. Eutelia adulatrix (Hübner, 1813) - (a) ISRAEL: Tel-Aviv. 20.XI.1975. Leg. Kugler, TAU; (b) ISRAEL: Tel-Aviv. 20.XI.1975. Leg. Kugler, TAU. 128. Eutelia adoratrix (Staudinger, 1892) - (a) LEBANON: Hammana. 15.V.1953. Leg. Mavromoustakis, TAU; (b) LEBANON: Hammana. 15.V.1953. Leg. Mavromoustakis, TAU.

163

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117

118

119b

120

121

122a

122b

122c

122d

123a

123b

124

126a

123c

126a

126b

126c

125a

127a

125b PLATE 12

119a

128a

127b

128b

164

The Lepidoptera of Israel

Index of Latin Names of Moths A Acantholipes 52 Acantholipini 52 acrosticta 56, 58 adoratrix 78 adulatrix 78 Africalpe 39 albidentaria 57 albina 28 albivestalis 29 alchymista 56 algira 67 amasina 45 amnonfreidbergi 71 anaphanes 49 Anomiini 19 Anomis 39, 40 Antarchaea 38 antiqualis 37 Anumeta 41–44 Anydrophila 77 Anydrophilini 77 apicipunctalis 26 Apopestes 41, 50 arabiae 44 arabica 55 arefacta 60 arenosa 65 asiatica 44 atrosignata 43 Autophila 46–50

Calymma 23 Catephia 55, 56 Catocala 70 - 76 Catocalinae 38, 39, 41 Catocalini 70 cerealis 48 Cerocala 55, 61 circumdata 52 Clytie 55, 56, 63–66 cochylioides 25 communimacula 23 conicephala 38 conjuncta 71 conversa 73 cornutus 26 costaestrigalis 23 craccae 45 Crypsotidia 70, 77 cynerea 25

B bifasciata 69 boisdeffrii 69 brandti 75

E editarevayae 70 elocata 72 erubescens 38 Eublemma 24–31 Eublemminae 23 Eutelia 78 Euteliinae 78 eutychea 76

C cailino 53 Calpinae 35, 39, 41 Calpini 19

D dardouini 33 delunaris 64 depressa 47 deserta 33 deserti 28 disjuncta 75 dispar 59 diversa 74 Drasteria 53–55 Dysgonia 55, 66–68

Exophyla 41 exsiccata 46 F falsalis 22 flava 40 flexuosa 54 G gayneri 30 gentilis 65 Gnamptonyx 56, 59 gracilis 23 Grammodes 68, 69 gratissima 27 H haifae 64 hansa 30 henkei 42 Herminiinae 16, 34, 35 herzi 54 Heteropalpia 55, 56, 58 hilgerti 44 Honaena 32 hymenaea 74 Hypena 36 Hypeninae 16, 34, 35, 38 Hypenodinae 23 I illunaris 63 infrequens 66 innexa 59 inquinata 51 insularis 56 intrusa 39 K kabylaria 55 kruegeri 31

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J judaica 54

olgaorlovae 70, 71 ostrina 24

L lacernaria 32 legraini 63

P palaestinensis 69 pallidula 29 Pandesma 55, 56, 60 parva 24 pauli 50 Pericyma 57 philippina 53 philbyi 46 Phytometrinae 38 Plecoptera 51 plumigeralis 34 polygramma 26 Polypogon 34 popovi 44 profesta 58 puerpera 70, 72 ragusana 32

leucoptera 59 libanotica 47 libatrix 39 ligaminosa 49 limbata 48 lividalis 36 lunalis 35 lunaris 61 lusoria 45 luxuriosa 47 Lygephila 41, 45 M maculifera 70, 77 maura 49 Melipotini 53 Metachrostis 32 micra 66 Minucia 55, 56, 61, 62 moses 66 munitalis 36 mysticus 51 N nabataea 65 Nodaria 34 nodosalis 34 nymphaea 74 nymphagoga 70, 73 O obsitalis 36 Ophiusa 55, 56, 61 Ophiusini 55, 70 oranensis 55

R Raparna 38 ravalis 36, 37 rectangularis 41 reflexa 51 regularis 52 Rhabdophera 56, 60 rhodochroa 49 Rhypagla 32 Rivula 22 Rivulinae 22 robusta 56, 60 rogenhoferi 68 S sabulifera 40 sacra 58 sana 61 sancta 63 Schrankia 23 scitula 31

Scodionyx 41, 51 Scoliopteryx 39 Scoliopterygini 19 scotorrhiza 64 separata 75 sericealis 22 siticulosa 28 spectrum 50 spilota 42 squalens 57 stertzi 76 stolida 68 straminea 48 stuebeli 77 subvenata 29 suppura 30 syriaca 63, 72 T tanitalis 22 Tathorhynchus 41, 46 terrulenta 65 tinctipennis 76 tirhaca 56, 61 tomentalis 27 torrida 66 Toxocampini 41 Tytroca 56, 59 U Ulotrichopus 70, 76 V velocior 33 velox 32 W wiskotti 62 Z Zebeeba 22 Zekelita 36, 37 Zethes 55, 56

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Index of Latin Names of Plants A Acacia 13, 23, 27, 28, 30, 31, 51, 56, 58, 59, 60, 70, 76, 77 acmophylla 39 aegyptiaca 34 albida 32, 70, 77 Albizzia 60 Alhagi 30, 38, 54, 57, 58 alsinifolia 37 Althaea 40 Amygdalus 56 Anthericum 34 aphylla 23, 31, 64 Artemisia 30, 46, 47 Arthrocnemum 28, 29, 69 articulata 66 arvensis 22, 36 asphaltica 69 Astragalus 15, 45, 47, 48, 49 atlantica 49, 53 Atriplex 28, 30, 31, 34, 44, 46, 54, 63, 69 australis 24, 27, 42 azarolus 57, 67 B baccatus 34, 44, 55 bethlehemiticus 47 boissieri 76 C caerulea 22 Calligonum 42 - 44, 55, 78 calliprinos 56, 68, 72 - 75 Calluna 23 canina 54 Capparis 34, 36, 46 Carduus 24, 25, 27 Carlina 25 Carthamus 25

cedrorum 37, 45 Celtis 42 Centaurea 25 Ceratonia 22, 37, 67 Cistus 61, 69 coccifera 75 coggyria 78 communis 56, 66, 67 comosum 42–44, 55 Convolvulus 22, 36 Coriaria 61, 68, 78 Coronilla 45 cotinus 61, 78 Crataegus 24, 30, 57, 67 crithmoides 25, 67 Cynaria 68 Cytisus 35 E Echinops 27, 30 Eriobotega 31 euphratica 67, 70–72 F farcta 30, 54, 58–60 farnesiana 60 fruticosa 54 G Genista 49, 51, 57, 67 glabra 52 Glycyrrhiza 51, 52 Gnaphalium 25 graecorum 54, 58 gummifera 58 H halimus 54, 69 Haloxylon 45, 46, 55, 61 Hedera 35 Helianthemum 46, 61 Helichrysum 24, 25

Hibiscus 31 I ilex 56, 74 Inula 25, 67 Ipomoea 34 ithaburensis 22, 62, 68, 73 J japonica 31 jordana 65, 66 jordanis 63 judaica 48, 54 junceum 46, 51 Juncus 69 K kahiricum 61 L Lactuca 26, 34 laeta 51 Lathyrus 45 lentiscus 22, 37, 61, 67, 78 leucoclada 54 Limbarda 25, 67 lippii 61 lupulina 46 Lythrum 67 M Majorana 62 Medicago 46 Melampyrum 23 Molinia 22 monosperma 46 Myrtus 61 N nilotica 63–66 Nitraria 28–30, 54, 69

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O Ochradenus 34, 44, 55 officinalis 37 Oleander 23, 31 Onobrychis 15, 48, 49 P pachyceras 51 palaestina 56, 62, 63 Paliurus 53, 68 Parietaria 36, 67 Pelargonium 61 persicum 45, 46, 55, 61 Phlomis 32 Pistacia 22, 37, 49, 53, 56, 61, 62, 67, 78 Polygonum 37, 45, 69 Populus 39, 60, 67, 70 - 73 Prenanthes 26 Prosopis 30, 54, 58–60 Prunus 24, 30, 74 Q Quercus 22, 56, 62, 68, 72–76 R raddiana 23, 31, 51, 58–60, 76, 77 raetam 46, 51

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ramosum 34 Retama 46, 51 Rhamnus 62 Rhus 61, 78 Ricinus 66, 67 Rosa 24, 30, 35, 54 Rubus 35, 56, 67, 68, 69 Rumex 77 S Salix 32, 39, 54, 67, 71–73 Salsola 54 Salvia 37, 48 salviifolius 69 sanguineus 56, 67, 69 Sarcopoterium 47 Sarothamnus 35, 51 siliqua 22, 37, 67 Slicornia 69 Smilax 69 sparsifolia 54 spartea 53 Spartium 46, 51 spinosa 36, 46 spinosum 47 Stellaria 37 stephaniana 60 stipulatum 46 Suaeda 28–30, 54, 55, 69 suber 56, 74

syriaca 62 T Tamarix 13, 23, 28, 29, 31, 46, 55, 56, 62–69 Taverniera 53 terebinthus 78 Thymus 23 tmoleum 37 tortilis 23, 31, 51, 76, 77 Tribulus 68 tripartita 61, 78 U Ulex 49, 57 ursine 74 Urtica 36 V Vicia 45 Vigna 26 viminalis 54 Vincetoxicum 37 Y Yucca 23, 31 Z Zea 23, 67 Ziziphus 27, 31

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