LECITHIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lecithin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84003-2 1. Lecithin-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lecithin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LECITHIN................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Lecithin ......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 24 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LECITHIN ......................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lecithin ........................................................................................ 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LECITHIN .................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 General References ....................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LECITHIN .................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Dissertations on Lecithin ............................................................................................................. 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LECITHIN ............................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patents on Lecithin ...................................................................................................................... 73 Patent Applications on Lecithin................................................................................................. 104 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 137 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LECITHIN ................................................................................................. 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 139 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 140 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 141 Chapters on Lecithin .................................................................................................................. 142 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LECITHIN ................................................................... 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 143 Academic Periodicals covering Lecithin..................................................................................... 144 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 149 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 151 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 153 The Genome Project and Lecithin .............................................................................................. 153 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 157 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 159 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 161 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 161 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 161
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 167 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 167 LECITHIN DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 169 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 241
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lecithin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lecithin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lecithin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lecithin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lecithin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lecithin. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LECITHIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lecithin.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and lecithin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Failure of Long Term High-Dose Lecithin to Retard Progression of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplement 24: 279-286. 1987. Summary: This article reports on a six month, randomized, double blind trial of lecithin therapy in early onset Alzheimer's disease. The authors hypothesized that such therapy would retard the progression of the clinical and neuropsychological manifestations of this illness. Of the 73 referred patients, 37 met strict requirements for diagnosis and compliance. The 21 placebo and 16 lecithin treated patients (mean age 63 years) had a comparable degree of severity of dementia (mean Clinical Dementia Rating 1.6). Lecithin therapy produced an increase in mean plasma choline levels from a baseline of 15.9 to 28.8 nmol/ml. Patients were evaluated by the physician using clinical assessments (CDR, Lawton ADL and other rating scales) and by the neuropsychologist
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who determined the outcome of therapy on a battery of tests (Mini Mental State Examination, Wepman Aphasia Screen, Verbal Fluency Test, Verbal Selective Reminding Test and Spatial Memory Test). Only 6 (37.5 percent) of the 16 lecithin treated patients were considered by the neurologist to be clinically stable or improved as compared to 12 (57.1 percent) of the 21 patients given placebo. The neuropsychologic scores showed no differences in the stability of the dementing process over time between the lecithin treated (50.0 percent) and placebo (47.6 percent) groups. On the basis of these clinical and neuropsychological findings, it appears that lecithin alone has no important therapeutic effect in early onset Alzheimer's disease. 14 references. (AAM). •
Lecithin for Dementia and Cognitive Impairment (Cockrane Review) Source: Oxford, UK: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 1: CD001015. 2001. Contact: Cochrane Library. Update Software, Inc. 1070 South Santa Fe Avenue, Suite 21, Vista, CA 92084. (760) 631-5844. FAX: (760) 631-5848. Website: www.cochranelibrary.com. PRICE: $15.00. ISSN 1469493X. Summary: This article reviews the literature on the use of lecithin in the treatment of dementia or cognitive impairment. The Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Group Register of Clinical Trials and other relevant electronic databases were searched to identify unconfounded, randomized trials comparing lecithin with placebo for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, mixed or other types of dementia, or cognitive impairment. Twelve randomized trials involving a total of 265 patients with AD, 21 with Parkinsonian dementia, and 90 with subjective memory problems were identified. No trial reported any clear clinical benefit of lecithin for AD or Parkinsonian dementia. Few trials contributed data to meta-analysis. The only statistically significant result was in favor of placebo over lecithin for adverse events; however, this was found in only one trial and appears likely to be a spurious finding. A dramatic result in favor of lecithin was obtained in a trial of individuals with subjective memory problems. The reviewers conclude that available evidence does not support the use of lecithin in the treatment of dementia patients. 4 tables, 99 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Lecithin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lecithin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lecithin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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animals or simulated models to explore lecithin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lecithin: •
Project Title: BILE SALTS, MEMBRANES, AND CYTOTOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Heuman, Douglas; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Bile salts adsorb to membranes, at high concentrations causing membrane disruption. Adsorption of bile salts to intracellular membranes may determine many of their physiological effects, and bile salt induced membrane injury may be important in pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease and gallstones. We have studied the adsorption of bile salts to lecithin-cholesterol vesicles and have developed and validated a quantitative model which predicts the distribution of bile salt taurine conjugates in mixed bile salt solutions between lecithin-cholesterol bilayers and the aqueous phase. In the studies proposed, this model will be generalized to a broad array of bile acids and other organic anions, membrane lipids, and solution conditions. Using large unilamellar vesicles of varying lipid composition, we will examine the relationship between membrane binding of bile salts, mixed micellar dissolution of membrane lipids (observed with quasielastic light scattering) and altered membrane permeability (release of trapped soluble markers assessed by ultrafiltration) to determine if the mixed micellar threshold concentration and the permeation threshold at which membrane leakage begins are predictable consequences of the membrane-bound ionized bile salt/lecithin ratio. Pure protein kinase C isoenzymes (alpha, betaII, delta, epsilon) prepared in a baculovirus system will be employed to test the hypothesis that bile salts activate protein kinase C isoenzymes by binding to membranes and serving as a "bridge" between the enzymes and membrane lipids. The model of bile salt-lecithin interactions will be extended beyond the limits of the two phase (monomer-membrane) region into micellar regions of the phase diagram by combining techniques of gel filtration and ultrafiltration, in order to permit modelling of detergent effects of mixed bile salt solutions. Using synthetic vesicles, isolated canalicular plasma membranes, and living cells (erythrocytes, cultured neoplastic gallbladder epithelia) we will test the hypothesis that lecithin in bile normally protects high cholesterol plasma membranes from bile salt injury by depressing the non-lecithin- associated bile salt concentration to non-toxic levels, and that this protective effect declines predictably as the cholesterol content of biliary vesicles increases. Finally the hepatoprotective role of biliary lipids and biliary bile salt-lipid interactions will be studied in two in vivo models of bile salt-induced liver injury: acute infusion of bile salts in the choline deficient bile fistula rat and chronic feeding of bile salts in hamsters fed lithogenic diets. The ultimate goal of these studies is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding the toxic and protective properties of bile salts and the role of bile salt toxicity in human disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CELL CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX AND HDL FORMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Fielding, Christopher J.; Neider Prof of Cardio Physiology; Cardiovascular Research Institute; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: PROPOSED PROGRAM (Applicant?s abstract) This Program Project combines techniques from lipid photochemistry, biochemistry and molecular and cell
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biology to characterize the structure and properties of the complexes formed between free cholesterol (FC) and phospholipid (PL) with two lipid binding proteins. Caveolin is a major structural protein of cell surface caveolae. Apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-1) is the major component of high density lipoprotein (HDL), the major atheroprotective lipoprotein of human plasma. Photoactivable FC and PL analogs modified with benzophenone groups at different points in their structure will be synthesized and incorporated into living cells and crosslinks to caveolin and apo A-1 identified. The identity of lipid binding sites will be confirmed using site-directed mutagenesis. In further studies on caveolae, the mechanism by which vanadate, an inhibitor of protein phosphotyrosine phosphatases, reduces FC efflux will be identified. The hypothesis will be explored that phosphorylation of caveolin displaces FC from its binding site, with effects on signal transduction from the cell surface that lead to suppression of caveolin transcription. How oxysterols inhibit FC efflux will also be determined, and in particular, whether these lipids displace FC from caveolin. In studies of apo A-1-PL complex formation, the mechanism by which the ABC1 transporter protein transfers phosphatidyl choline to lipid-free apo A-1 will be analyzed in detail. The origin and mechanism of incorporation of FC into these complexes will be determined, and in particular, whether FC binds directly to apo A-1 or only via PL. Finally, they will investigate whether FC within lipid-poor apo A- 1 /PL/FC complexes formed at the cell surface can be directly esterified by lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, and the esters transferred to other HDL particles. In spite of its significance in defining the properties of the cell membrane, there has been little investigation of protein-FC binding. As a result, the information to be obtained in this program will be both novel and highly relevant to understanding the structure and functions of caveolae, the molecular basis of both FC and PL efflux, and the structure of HDL. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN I Principal Investigator & Institution: Borhani, David W.; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles found in human blood. High levels of HDL, and especially the apoA-I content of HDL, strongly correlate with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis, and hence a reduced risk of coronary artery disease. ApoA-I also plays a key role in the assembly of HDL particles by activating the plasma enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT). We need synchrotron radiation to collect high-resolution data as this structure has profound implications for how apoA-I binds to lipid in HDL. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DIET, HDL, AND REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Horton, Jay D.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Cholesterol that is acquired by most extrahepatic tissues must be returned to the liver for excretion in a process that has been termed reverse cholesterol transport. The concept of reverse cholesterol transport is based mainly on biochemical studies of individual enzymes thought to be involved in reverse cholesterol transport and studies of cholesterol efflux from cultured cells. More recently, proteins thought to be involved
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in reverse cholesterol transport have been knocked out or overexpressed in mice. However, there is no direct evidence that reverse cholesterol transport has been altered in any of these models. To date, an unambiguous demonstration of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway has not been obtained in whole animals. In preliminary studies we demonstrated the net (mass) movement of cholesterol from individual extrahepatic tissues into reconstituted nascent prebeta-migrating HDL in vivo and showed that this initial step in reverse cholesterol transport can be greatly accelerated. Here we propose to characterize the major steps in reverse cholesterol transport in vivo and to demonstrate sequentially that each step in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway can be accelerated resulting in the net (mass) movement of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver for excretion into bile. Finally, we will demonstrate that cholesterol flux through the entire reverse cholesterol transport pathway can be accelerated in vivo resulting in the net movement of cholesterol from individual extrahepatic tissues into feces. These goals are now feasible because of methodological advances that allow us to quantify, for the first time, the major pathways of sterol flux in all tissues of the body in vivo. The specific aims are: (1) to characterize the initial step in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway in vivo in terms of the effect of enhanced cholesterol efflux on pathways of cholesterol acquisition by extrahepatic tissues, the effect of acceptor particle composition on cholesterol efflux and the effect of diet on cholesterol efflux, (2) to characterize the effects of overexpressing lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) on reverse cholesterol transport in vivo, (3) To determine the metabolic consequences of increasing the flux of HDL cholesteryl ester or LDL cholesterol to the liver and (4) to demonstrate that cholesterol flux through the entire reverse cholesterol transport pathway can be accelerated in vivo resulting in the net movement of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues into feces both in animals that lack and in animals that possess cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT CHYLOMICRONS
OF
DIETARY
LIPIDS
ON
THE
FUNCTION
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Chung, Byung-Hong H.; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Although numerous diet studies have demonstrated that dietary fat composition of chronic diets alters fasting plasma lipoprotein cholesterol (CH) levels and the risk of developing atherosclerosis, the specific mechanisms responsible for these alterations are not well established. Dietary fat and CH are the exclusive precursors of postprandial (PP) chylomicrons, but they do not enter into the formation of endogenous lipoproteins in fasting blood. The working hypothesis of this proposal is that dietary fat composition alters endogenous lipoprotein CH levels in fasting plasma and the risks of developing atherosclerosis by influencing the ability of PP chylomicrons to accept CH molecules from endogenous lipoproteins and cell membranes through the reactions catalyzed by lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and/or cholesterylester transfer proteins (CETP) and by influencing the rate of the clearance of CH-enriched chylomicron remnants from circulating blood. To test this hypothesis, this study will examine the acute and chronic effect of altering dietary fat composition on 1) level, composition and density spectrums of plasma lipoprotein CH and TG, 2) the extent of LCAT and CETP-mediated transfer of CH from endogenous lipoproteins and/or cell membranes into PP TG-rich lipoproteins in vivo and in vitro, 3) intraplasma metabolic activities that promote the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vivo and 4) the extent
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of accumulation of chylomicrons and their remnants in the blood at a late clearance stage of PP lipemia. Study subjects (n=32) will be recruited from a pool of normolipidemic adult males and will be rotated through three experimental diets (saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and monounsaturated fat), each diet lasting for 20 days. Three oral fat loading studies will be conducted during each dietary intervention period. Each subject will serve as his own control. The studies determining the chronic and acute effect of dietary fat composition on the potencies of PP chylomicrons to accept CH from endogenous lipoproteins and cell membranes and to deliver their CH to the liver for excretion should provide additional information about the mechanisms by which the dietary fat composition alters the development of atherosclerosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF POLYUNSATURATED LECITHIN ON LIVER FIBROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schenker, Steven; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This is a multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel study of polyunsaturated lecithin on the progression of fibrosis to cirrhosis in patients with alcoholic liver damage. Its objective is to evaluate the preventive effect of polyunsaturated lecithin and to assess the corresponding changes in hepatic collagen measured directly (by liver biopsy) and indirectly (by propeptide changes in the blood). The effect of lecithin on histologic parameters of steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis will also be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENZYMATIC REACTIONS OF PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pownall, Henry; Professor; Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1983; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Although HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is a recognized risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease, the mechanism(s) by which it is formed, remodeled and of removed from the plasma compartment are not known. Lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins is thought to liberate surface components that are HDL precursors; HDL subfractions, with electrophoretic mobilities and sizes distinct from that of alphamigrating HDL are thought to be precursors of the mature forms of HDL2 and HDL3. However, until recently one source of nascent HDL, the earliest form of this lipoprotein remained unknown. Two facts have implicated the ABC1 transporter protein in HDL formation. Mutations in human ABC1 transporter are associated with HDL-C deficiencies, including Tangier disease and certain other forms of hypoalphalipoproteinemia. In human monocyte derived macrophages and macrophage cell lines, ABC1 is associated with the transfer of cholesterol and phospholipids to the extracellular space. Early forms of HDL are remodeled by several plasma activities giving a form of HDL that is recognized and removed from the plasma compartment by a receptor. Recent evidence suggests that this receptor is scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1), which belongs to the scavenger receptor family of proteins. Thus, ABC1 activity provides an early form of HDL that is remodeled to the mature form that is removed by SRB1. Hypothetically, the connections between ABC1 and SRB1 are formed by the remodeling activities of plasma. These include lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, phospholipid transfer protein, hepatic lipase, and lipoprotein lipase. The broad goal of this proposal is to identify the
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mechanism by which this process occurs and the conditions that optimize the transfer of lipids to SRB1. This will be achieved by studying the in vitro remodeling of lipoproteins secreted by macrophage cell lines with high level expression of ABC1 protein and activity as assessed by measurements of lipid efflux. The composition, structure and biological activity of the various remodeled HDL formed under various conditions of plasma transfer, esterification, and lipolysis will be determined. Composition will be determined by various enzymatic and chromatographic methods. Structure will be assessed on the basis of several physical methods including electrophoresis (charge and size), surface and core structure (fluorescence), and circular dichroism. Function will be determined by measuring the binding to SRB1 in ovarian cells and by measuring the turnover in rat plasma using a nontransferable label. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ESTERIFICATION OF ESTROGENS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hochberg, Richard B.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's abstract): Estrogens are cardioprotective agents with many beneficial cardiovascular effects. One unusual action is the direct in vitro antioxidant protection of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Oxidized LDL is a known atherogenic agent but LDL protection in vitro requires uM concentrations of estrogens. Since this is over 1,000 times the concentration in blood, this action is usually considered to be biologically irrelevant. Recently, this view has been questioned because it has been shown that the LDL isolated from plasma that has been previously incubated in vitro with physiological concentrations of estradiol (E2) is protected from oxidation. This increased sensitivity is caused by lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) esterification of E2. The acyltransferase produces a family of fatty acid esters of E2, lipoidal derivatives of estradiol (LE2), known to circulate in female blood in low concentration. We propose to investigate the hypothesis that LDL protection, by E2 and its metabolites, is regulated through LCAT esterification. Very little is known about the LCAT esterification of steroids, especially estrogens. We will investigate the structural requirements for steroid substrates to determine whether other estrogens, including metabolites, especially inactive estrogens, are esterified thus, producing potent antioxidants; and whether other steroids can regulate LDL oxidation by inhibiting the esterification of E2. Model systems will be studied to assess the antioxidant mechanism of LE2. We will design and synthesize non-estrogenic alkylhydroxy substituted phenols as substrates for LCAT and inhibitors of LDL oxidation. We will determine whether exogenous E2-esters can uncover an oxidative resistance of LDL related to gender or menopausal status; whether estrogen-esters can provide sensitive antioxidant protection in vivo using LDL receptor-null and LCAT-null mice as models. The antioxidant action of LCAT esterified estrogens illuminates their physiology and a novel estrogenic effect. These experiments will contribute insights into a previously unknown non-genomic action of estrogens and provide new therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENESIS OF LIPID-POOR HDL Principal Investigator & Institution: Fielding, Phoebe E.; Assistant Professor; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006
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Lecithin
Summary: (Applicant's abstract) High density lipoprotein (HDL) is the major atheroprotective lipoprotein of human plasma. Successful formation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) from its major protein, apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-1) depends on an initial, energy-dependent transfer of phospholipid (PL) from the cell surface which is catalyzed by the ATP-binding cassette-1 (ABC 1) transporter protein. PL transfer precedes FC transfer to apo A-1. In the absence of ABC-1 activity (as in human Tangier Disease) normal HDL are completely absent, despite the ability of PL to bind spontaneously to apo A-1 in vitro. Here the hypothesis is tested that ABC 1 modifies the conformation of apo A-1 binding to the cell surface to promote contact between PL and one or more specific PL-binding targets within its amino acid sequence. These contacts prime the nascent complex for the transfer of additional PL, and facilitate the efflux of cell surface FC. This is subsequently stabilized by direct FC-apo A-1 binding. In this Project, the binding sites of PL and FC to apo A- I in lipid-poor HDL formed at the surface of vascular cells will be characterized from the lipid-protein crosslinks generated by photoactivation from FC and PL analogs containing benzophenone groups at different points in their structure. Lipid-protein crosslinks will localized by protease digestion and HPLC/mass spectrometry. Lipid/lipid crosslinks will be identified by HPLC and TLC. The data obtained will be extended and confirmed using apo A-1 proteins from which individual PL and FC binding sites have been deleted by sitedirected mutagenesis. Finally this project will identify the point at which nascent HDL become direct substrates for lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesterol ester transfer protein, when cell-derived PL and FC are metabolized and appear in mature acceptor lipoproteins. These analyses, carried out at intervals during the initial lipidation of apo A- 1, will provide the most detailed picture available of the genesis of HDL at the surface of peripheral cells. Novel information on the spatial organization of FC and PL in lipoprotein complexes will be obtained, highly relevant to the molecular analysis of human HDL deficiency. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESPONSES
GENETIC
ANALYSIS
OF
LIPOPROTEINS
AND
DIETARY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kammerer, Candace; Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Res San Antonio, Tx 782450549 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the U.S.A., and lipid and lipoprotein phenotypes are important risk factors for susceptibility to CVD. However, with a few exceptions, the identification of genes that affect lipid and lipoprotein phenotypes and the interactions of such genes with environment remain unclear. The aims of this project are to locate and define effects of genes affecting lipid and lipoprotein phenotypes. These phenotypes include serum levels of lipids, apolipoproteins and Lp(a); distributions of cholesterol and apoliproteins within lipoprotein size classes; LDL size; and levels of activities of enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism [e.g., lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity]. Given the relationship between dietary fat and cholesterol and increased risk of atherosclerosis, as well as the unique strengths of the baboon colony, we are particularly interested in locating and characterizing genes that influence lipemic response to components of an atherogenic diet. To locate and define effects of these genes, we will exploit several unique strengths of our baboon colony including (1) lipoprotein phenotype data on 750 non-inbred pedigreed baboons phenotyped on each of three diets differing in level of fat and cholesterol, (2) lipoprotein phenotype data on 541
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selectively inbred progeny and their parents phenotyped on each of the three diets, and (3) genotypic data on candidate gene polymorphisms and 350 highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) markers (a 10 cM map) on each of the 750 non-inbred baboons and 175 STR markers (a 20 cM map) on each of each of the 541 inbred progeny and their parents. We will perform segregation and linkage analyses in a genomic search to locate and define effects of genes that account for a relatively large proportion (10% or more) of the variation of these lipid and lipoprotein phenotypes. This information also will enable us to detect recessive alleles and less frequent alleles that may influence susceptibility to CVD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HDL GENE DISCOVERY--GENOME WIDE EXPRESSION SCREENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rubin, Edward M.; Director, Joint Genome Institute; Division of Life Sciences; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Based on the incompleteness of our understanding of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism the focus of this proposal is the identification of new genes involved in the metabolism of this lipoprotein through genome-wide expression screens. Mouse cDNA arrays containing >5000 mouse genes will be used to identify genes whose expression is altered in the liver and adrenals of several transgenic and knockout lines of mice chosen based on their characterized abnormalities in HDL metabolism. This will initially include transgenic and knockout mice for apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), Scavenger Receptor class b1 (sr- bi), Hepatic lipase (HL), and Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT). A basic assumption in these studies is that alterations in the expression of genes known to be involved in HDL metabolism will affect the expression of other genes also participating in the metabolism of this lipoprotein. The novel genes identified from these studies will be prioritized for further biological characterization based on a variety of parameters including: level of expression change, clustering of expression patterns between mice of different HDL mutant genotypes, and sequence or expression pattern similarities to other genes known to participate in lipoprotein metabolism. The function of a limited number of novel "HDL candidate" genes (approximately 10) will be assessed each year through their over-expression in transgenic mice coupled with careful analysis of the consequence of transgene over-expression over-expression on lipoprotein metabolism. In these studies we will be utilizing a combination of new technologies and previously developed experimental substrates to address the fundamental question of what genes are directly or indirectly involved in the metabolism of HDL in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIGH CORRELATIONS
DENSITY
LIPOROTEIN
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Jonas, Ana; Professor of Biochemistry; Biochemistry; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1985; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The long-term goal of this research is to elucidate the structure-function relationships in high density lipoproteins (HDL). In circulation, HDL solubilizes lipids, removes cholesterol from peripheral cells, activates the esterification of cholesterol, and
12
Lecithin
delivers cholesterol esters to liver and steriodogenic tissues for metabolism and excretion. These functions of HDL, mediated by its major protein component, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), underlie the antiatherogenic role of this lipoprotein class. In several key steps of HDL metabolism, apoA-I undergoes conformational changes to adapt to changing lipid contents of the HDL, to allow the binding of apoA-II to HDL, and possibly to mediate interaction with membranes and with lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). A putative "hinge" region has been implicated in the conformational changes of apoA-I. The specific aims of this project are to identify the helix(es) of apoA-I that are responsible for the "hinge" functions and the key amino acids that modulate the conformational adaptability of the "hinge" domain, and to study the structural and dynamic differences between the "closed" and "open hinge" forms of apoA-I. To identify the helix(es) involved in the "hinge" functions of apoA-I, we propose to construct and express in E. coli mutants of apoA-I with each of the candidate helixes replaced with the first or last helixes of apoA-I, which bind tightly to lipid and are not mobile. After structural studies of the mutants by spectroscopic (CD and fluorescence) methods and investigation of their lipid-binding properties, the apoA-I mutants in defined RHDL particles will be examined for their "hinge" functions: particle rearrangement, apoA-II binding, interaction with bilayer membranes, and LCAT activation. The identity of the "hinge" helix(es) will be confirmed and the structural rearrangements and their dynamics will be studied by constructing Cys mutants of apoA-I as sites for specific crosslinking or fluorescent labeling. The hydrophobicity, charge distribution, and role of Pro residues in the "hinge" helix(es) will be assessed by mutagenic substitution of individual amino acids. These studies are expected to localize the "hinge" region of apoA-I and to clarify its mechanism in several important functions of apoA-I. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LCAT AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PHOSPHOLIPID SPECIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Subbaiah, Papasani V.; Professor; RushPresbyterian-St Lukes Medical Ctr Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from Investigator's Abstract): The major goal of the project is to investigate the role of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in the metabolism of phospholipid species, and its relation to atherogenesis. Studies performed in the present funding period established that, a) the positional specificity of human LCAT is altered in the presence of certain molecular species of phosphatidyl choline (PC), resulting in the increased synthesis of saturated cholesteryl esters (CE) and decreased formation of arachidonoyl CE (20:4 CE), and b) LCAT carries out several novel reactions not involving cholesterol, including the hydrolysis of oxidized PC generated during lipoprotein oxidation. In the next funding period, the physiological importance of the altered positional specificity of LCAT, and of the novel reactions carried out by it will be studied. In Specific Aim I, evidence will be obtained for the altered positional specificity by identifying the positional isomers of lyso PC formed by 3'P NMR. Evidence for the in vivo alteration of positional specificity will be obtained by feeding rabbits long chain fatty acids known to alter the specificity in vitro, and by studying the specificity of LCAT in the plasma of transgenic mice expressing human LCAT. In Specific Aim II, the physiological consequences of the altered positional specificity will be investigated by determining the effect of saturated CE on the transfer, and 'selective uptake' of HDL CE, and on the intracellular hydrolysis of CE in arterial cells. The consequence of impaired synthesis of 20:4 CE on the delivery of arachidonate to the cells, and on the synthesis of
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prostaglandins will be investigated. In Specific Aim III, the physiological importance of the LCAT reactions not involving cholesterol will be investigated. These reactions include the hydrolysis of oxidized PC, the formation of antioxidant derivatives of steroid hormones and PAF, and the detoxification of oxysterols. In Specific Aim IV, the structural domains of LCAT protein responsible for determining the positional specificity, acyl donor and acceptor specificity, and oxidative susceptibility will be investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. The hypothesis that some naturally occurring mutations of LCAT affect only the cholesterol esterification, and not its ancillary functions, will be tested. These studies should provide novel insights into the physiological importance of LCAT beyond its role in cholesterol esterification. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LIPOPROTEINS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyons, Timothy J.; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease, and 70-80% of diabetic patients die of these conditions. Diabetes also accounts for almost half of all end stage renal disease, and is the most common cause of adult-onset blindness in the Western world. Epidemiologic studies suggest that poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia (including low HDL), and oxidative stress are contributory, but markers and mediators of vascular disease in diabetes are not clearly established. To address this issue, cohorts from the DCCT/EDIC (Type 1 diabetes, n=1,416) and a new VA Cooperative Study (Type 2 diabetes, n=1,700) will be studied prospectively. Dyslipidemia, including quantitative and qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities, which can now be assessed in greater detail than ever before, may promote vascular damage. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) lipoprotein profiles,apolipo-proteins A1, B, E, and Lp(a), and activities of the lipoprotein-related enzymes paraoxonase (PON), Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT), and Platelet Activating Factor Acetyl Hydrolase (PAFAH) will be determined. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and elevated homocysteine levels may also mediate endothelial injury and accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. products of free radical oxidation and antioxidant reserves in plasma, Creactive protein and serum amyloid A as measures of inflammatory processes, and homocysteine levels will be measured in both cohorts. Data will be related crosssectionally and prospectively to vascular complication status, insulin resistance, and interventions, including diabetes management randomization groups. Related studies to address underlying mechanisms of vascular damage in diabetes will be conducted. Plasma will be incubated with purified enzymes in vitro and effects on lipoprotein subclasses determined by NMR. Functional characteristics of LDL, HDL, and their subclasses from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic and control subjects will be determined. effects of LDL subclasses on endothelial cell modulators of fibrinolysis and vascular tone, adhesion molecules, intracellular calcium flux and matrix binding will be evaluated. HDL subfractions will be tested for potentially anti-atherogenic functions, including suppression of cytokin-induced endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, prevention of LDL and cell membrane oxidation, and break down of lipid oxidation products in membranes. These studies, in collaboration with the other Projects and Cores and the Clinical Coordinating Centers of both studies, will enable us to dissect the complex mechanisms underlying vascular disease in both types of diabetes. Our studies may provide guidelines for identification and treatment of high-risk
14
Lecithin
subjects, and rationale for new preventive or interventive strategies, which will improve the lives of people with diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LIVER/INTESTINAL ACIDS/CHOLESTEROL
METABOLISM
ON
BILE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hylemon, Phillip B.; Professor; Biochemistry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1986; Project End 29-SEP-2002 Summary: Cholesterol and bile acids have been implicated in playing important roles in several major diseases of "Western Society" including: arteriosclerosis, cholesterol gallstone formation, cholestatic liver disease and colon carcinogenesis. The overall goal of this renewal application is aimed at a more detailed understanding of the role bile acids play in the regulation of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis, liver/intestinal physiology, and cholesterol gallstone disease. The overall goal will be accomplished through the following specific aims: [1] a) Determine which isoform(s) of protein kinase C is involved in the regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase; b) Determine the mechanism of activation of protein kinase C isoforms by bile acids; c) Define protein kinase C and the bile acid responsive element of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase promoter; d) Determine if bile acids activate protein kinase C isoforms in vivo in liver and ileum (Vlahcevic, Stravitz, Heuman, Hylemon); [2] a) Quantify adsorption of bile salts to model membranes; b) Develop and validate a general quantitative model of bile salt-membrane adsorption; c) Determine the effects of lecithin and cholesterol on toxicity of bile salts toward membranes; d) Determine the effect of biliary lipid composition on biliary bile salt toxicity in animal models of bile salt induced liver injury; e) Determine if protein kinase C activation by bile salts are consequences of the accumulation of bile salts on the membrane surface that can be predicted by quantitative modeling of bile salt-membrane adsorption (Heuman, Stravitz, Valhcevic; [3] a) Selective overexpression of cholesterol 7 alpha- hydroxylase, sterol 27-hydroxylase, cholesterol ester hydrolase and acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase in vitro (Hep G2 and Chinese hamster ovary cells); b) Assess the role each enzyme plays in maintaining cellular and whole body cholesterol homeostasis using recombinant adenovirus vectors in vivo (hamsters); c) Investigate the regulation of cholesterol ester hydrolase and acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase in primary rat hepatocyte cultures and in vivo by bile acids, cholesterol and hormones (Pandak, Vlahcevic); [4] a) Complete the cloning, sequencing and analysis of a large bile acid inducible operon (bai) from the intestinal Eubacterium sp. VPI 12708; b) Determine the function that each gene product encoded by this operon plays inbile acid 7 alpha/beta-dehydroxylation; c) Isolate, characterize and identify bile acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylating bacteria from cholesterol gallstone patients having high (>30%) levels of deoxycholic acid and determine if these patients are colonized by unique 7 alpha-dehydroxylating bacterial species (Hylemon, Berr). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEFICIENCY
MOLECULAR
BASIS
OF
HIGH
DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Schaefer, Ernst J.; Professor; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2003
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Summary: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of death and disability in our society. A plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration of less than 35 mg/dl has been defined as a major independent CHD risk factor. Approximately half of the variation in HDL-C concentrations is determined by environmental factors, such as diet, alcohol intake, and exercise, but there is also a strong genetic component. A number of mutations have been reported in the genes for key enzymes involved in the regulation of plasma HDL-C concentrations, including cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), hepatic lipase (HL), lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). However, only for LPL have common mutations been identified in the general population. Two of these, the Asn291 yields Ser and Asp9 yields Asn mutations, decrease LPL activity, raising triglycerides and lowering HDL-C, while, conversely, the third mutation, Ser447X, enhances LPL activity, reducing triglycerides and elevating HDL-C. Although these mutations have been shown to affect CHD risk, their frequency in patients with HDL deficiency has not yet been assessed. Hence, the purpose of this research project is to: 1) isolate DNA from 2531 men participating in the prospective Veterans Administration HDL Intervention Trial (HIT), all of whom have an HDL-C level of less than 40 mg/dl and established CHD, 2) determine the frequencies of the three common LPL mutations in this population and compare these data with those of age-matched men in the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) having no evidence of CHD, and, lastly 3) assess the relationships between these three LPL variants and response to gemfibrozil (n=1265) and/or an oral fat challenge (n=600) in HIT subjects. We hypothesize that there will be significantly higher frequencies of the Asn291 yields Ser and Asp9 yields Asn mutations and a significantly lower frequency of the Ser447X mutation in the HIT study group relative to the FOS group. In FOS controls, we have shown the frequencies of these LPL mutations to be 0.026, 0.028, and 0.168, respectively, in the heterozygous state. Moreover, we hypothesize that those HIT subjects with either of the former two mutations will be less responsive to gemfibrozil therapy in terms of triglyceride lowering and HDL-C raising, as well as less efficient at handling an oral fat challenge, whereas those with the latter mutation will be more responsive and more efficient in this regard. This research will provide us with important information about the role of LPL mutations in the determination of low plasma HDL-C concentrations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR REGULATION OF LRAT AND CYP26 IN LIVER Principal Investigator & Institution: Ross, a C.; Professor; Nutritional Sciences; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 201 Old Main University Park, Pa 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: Retinoic acid and related retinoids are potent hormone-like ligand for two families of ligand-activated nuclear receptors, RAR and RXR. Retinoic acid is synthesized from vitamin A precursors in a variety of cells where it potentially acts in situ to induce gene expression, control growth, and promote normal cellular differentness. These actions make retinoids a great interest in situ chemoprevention of cancer. Despite many advances in retinoid receptor biology, our understanding of the factors that regulate endogenous retinoid concentrations has lagged behind. Understanding the production and catabolism of retinoids is critical to understanding their receptor-mediated actions. The central hypothesis to be tested is that two liver microsomal enzymes - lecithin: retinol acyltransferase, LRAT, and cytochrome P450RA1, or CYP26- serve as key regulators of Retinoic acid biosynthesis and catabolism, respectively. Recently we have cloned LRAT cDNA from rat and mouse liver.
16
Lecithin
Preliminary studies are presented in which LRAT and CYP26 gene expression was strongly regulated in liver, both actually by exogenous retinoids and chronically by dietary vitamin A. To critically test our hypothesis we will conduct 4 specific aims. In aim 1 we will examine retinoid- and diet- induced differences in LRAT and CYP26 gene expression and retinoid metabolism in intact rats. In aim 2 we will investigate which liver cell types express LRAT and CYP26 and further test our model of retinoid metabolism in hepatocytes and stellate cells. In aim 3, we will sequence the homologous cDNA for human liver LRAT and conduct molecular studies of LRAT and CYP26 expression in normal and diseased liver specimens available from the Liver Tissue Procurement and Distribution System (LTPADS). In aim 4, we will study the 5' regulatory regions of the LRAT and CYP26 genes to determine the molecular basis for their responsiveness to Retinoic acid in liver. By investigating both LRAT and CYP26 simultaneously we expect to obtain novel insights into the molecular and cell-type specific regulation of Retinoic acid biosynthesis and degradation. This information could shed new light on the endogenous factors that control the availability of Retinoic acid in tissues and plasma which, in turn, are likely to affect Retinoic acid's anticarcinogenic potential. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NF KB P65 HOMODIMER & KB DNA COMPLEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Yong Q.; Associate Professor; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2002 Summary: Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles found in human blood. High levels of HDL, and especially the apoA-I content of HDL, strongly correlate with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis, and hence a reduced risk of coronary artery disease. ApoA-I also plays a key role in the assembly of HDL particles by activating the plasma enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT). We need synchrotron radiation to collect high-resolution data as this structure has profound implications for how apoA-I binds to lipid in HDL. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND ULCER PROTECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lichtenberger, Lenard M.; Integr Biol/Pharm/Physiology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are heavily consumed world-wide due to their great efficacy to inhibit fever, inflammation and pain. The major side effects of these drugs relate to their gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity resulting in significant morbidity/mortality of chronic NSAID users. Although NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and the synthesis of GI-protective prostagalandins, it is also clear that they topically induce acute surface injury to the GI mucosa. The proposed experiments are related to the following observations made by our laboratory: 1) that the mucosal surface of the GI tract has hydrophobic (acid-resistant) surface properties due to the presence of an extracellular lining of zwitterionic phospholipids; 2) that NSAIDs form a chemical association with zwitternoic phospholipids; and 3) that NSAIDs preassociated with phospholipids have low GI toxicity and enhanced therapeutic activity. Based on these observations we have designed experiments to
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investigate whether NSAIDS induce topical injury by attenuating the phospholipid hydrophobic surface barrier of the stomach, and how the above surface changes relate to the drugs' inhibitory activity. This will be accomplished by administering selected NSAIDS (in the unmodified and phospholipid-associated state) to either wild-type or COX-1 deficient rodents and assessing the dose- and time-dependence in the reduction in surface barrier properties (gastric contact angles) and COX activity. We will determine if the phospholipid-associated NSAIDs have a greater ability than unmodified NSAIDs to inhibit the COX-2 activity of cells selectively expressing this isoform, either naturally or by genetic manipulation. We will investigate the molecular interaction of NSAIDs with phospholipids by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and study the effect of these drugs on the hydrophobicity and fluidity of membranes and their ability to undergo fusion employing fluorescent probes. Lastly, we will investigate the ability of NSAIDs, that are secreted in the bile, to block the ability of biliary lecithin to bind to and detoxify bile salts, using both in vivo and in vitro systems, in an attempt to understand the mechanism that these drugs induce injury to the small intestinal mucosa. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRESERVATION ATHEROGENESIS
OF
HDL
FUNCTION
DURING
EARLY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bielicki, John K.; Division of Life Sciences; University of Calif-Lawrenc Berkeley Lab Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The minimal oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the artery wall is thought to initiate the atherogenic process by contributing to macrophage foam cell formation. High density lipoproteins (HDL) promote the efflux of excess cholesterol from macrophage foam cells thus reversing the atherosclerotic process. The enzyme lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) esterifies cholesterol on HDL and thus facilitates the net efflux of cholesterol from foam cells. As a result, LCAT plays an important protective function in reversing atheromatous lesions. Recent studies suggest that HDL may serve a beneficial function by accepting oxidized lipids from minimally oxidized LDL thus inhibiting early atherogenesis. However, lipophilic oxidation products have been found to produce a dramatic inhibition of LCAT activity suggesting the transfer of oxidized lipids from minimally oxidized LDL to HDL may impair HDL function and exacerbate developing atherosclerotic lesions. The aims of this proposal are to 1) identify the oxidized lipids that inhibit LCAT activity, 2) elucidate the underlying mechanism of LCAT impairment, and 3) establish whether the HDL-associated enzyme, paraoxonase (PON), can protect LCAT activity from specific molecular species of lipid peroxides. Preliminary results establish that physiological concentrations of phospholipid hydroperoxides (PL-OOH) are potent inhibitors of LCAT activity and that PON may play a protective role. A major goal of the present proposal will be to define natural boundaries wherein HDL can accept and degrade PL-OOH without sacrificing LCAT activity. It is hypothesized that the first step in HDL degrading PL-OOH involves the transfer of PL-OOH from LDL to HDL; if allowed to accumulate in HDL, PL-OOH directly inactivate the LCAT enzyme. A sensitive HPLC equipped with an on-line, postcolumn chemiluminescence detection system will be used to examine the transfer of PLOOH from LDL to HDL. State-of-the-art Electrospray Mass Spectroscopy and protein sequencing techniques will be employed to identify the oxidation products forming specific amino acid adducts directly involved in LCAT inactivation. Site directed
18
Lecithin
mutagenesis will be performed to genetically engineer an active LCAT enzyme resistant to the inhibitory effects of PL-OOH; thus, the underlying mechanism of LCAT impairment will be definitively established. Purified preparations PL-OOH, LCAT and PON enzymes will be used to define the capacity of HDL to accept/degrade PL-OOH without sacrificing LCAT activity. The proposed studies will greatly advance our understanding of the atherogenic process by defining deleterious effects of oxidized lipids on HDL cholesterol transport. Moreover, the research will uncover novel mechanisms for preserving HDL/LCAT function that can be utilized therapeutically to fight the onset of cardiovascular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROCESSING LIPOPROTEINS
AND
MATURATION
OF
HIGH-DENSITY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Axelsen, Paul H.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in plasma are inversely related to the risk of atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease and stroke. This is believed to be due to the role of components such as apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), the process in which excess cholesterol is taken-up from peripheral tissues and delivered to the liver for excretion or recycling. ApoA-I stimulates the activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) which catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to cholesteryl esters. This results in the accumulation of esterified cholesterol in the core of the HDL particle, and a morphological change from an immature discoidal shape to the mature spheroidal shape. The maturation of HDL particles is therefore characterized by changes in size and morphology of the particle and these changes reflect cholesterol accumulation within the particle. We will use a novel form of internal reflection infrared spectroscopy, and sophisticated "isotope editing" strategies to investigate how lipid and protein components of HDL particles regulate the processing and maturation of the particle. Our aim is to investigate how the maturation of HDL particles is regulated by the nature and composition of specific lipid and apoprotein components under conditions in which we can measure LCAT activity and particle maturation directly and simultaneously. We also aim to focus our investigation on the effect of oxidatively damaged lipids and acute phase response proteins (injury specific apolipoproteins) on reverse cholesterol transport, both of which play a role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. This knowledge is vital to our understanding of lipid transport and cholesterol homeostasis. Determining the factors responsible for regulation of HDL- mediated cholesterol efflux and RCT therefore represents a logical approach to our understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic coronary vascular disease and stroke. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGENERATION OF 11-CIS-RETINAL IN THE RETINA Principal Investigator & Institution: Rando, Robert R.; Gustavus Adolphus Pfeiffer Professor; Biological Chem & Molecular Pharm; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1982; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The vertebrate visual cycle is comprised of biochemical reactions involved in processing all-trans retinal produced by the
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photoisomerisation of 11-cis retinal in rhodopsin. The visual cycle is essential for vision and visual adaptation. The goal of this project is to characterize on a molecular level essential components of the visual cycle and to learn how the cycle is regulated. Two of the key reactions in the visual cycle are catalyzed by the retinal pigment epithelium membrane bound enzymes, lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT)and the isomerohydrolase. LRAT transfers an acyl group from lecithin to vitamin A to generate all-trans retinyl esters and the omerohydrolase processes the esters to produce 11-cis retinol. Both enzymes are essential for vision. An understanding of LRAT at the molecular level is of major interest in this grant proposal. LRAT has a unique sequence which does not reveal the mechanistic class to which it belongs. Biochemical studies including chemical mapping studies using the novel technique of biotin affinity labeling and site-specific mutagenic studies are proposed to both map elements of the active-site structure of LRAT and define its molecular mechanism of action. Chemical mapping studies are also proposed to begin to elucidate the structure of LRAT in the membrane and to reveal nearest neighbor proteins in RPE membranes. One of the LRAT associated proteins may be the isomerohydrolase. Identification and characterization of isomerohydrolase is another important aspect of this proposal. Approaches to the identification of this enzyme system will involve both exploiting interactions with LRAT to either affinity purify or cross-link isomerohydrolase and photoaffinity labeling approaches to label the enzyme. When isomerohydrolase is identified it will be coned sequenced and expressed in LRAT transfected HEK cells. The structure, mechanism of action and regulation of the isomerohydrolase will be explored as will possible relationships to diseases of vision caused by mutations in the enzyme. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGENERATION OF CONE PIGMENTS & TREATMENT OF STARGARDT'S Principal Investigator & Institution: Travis, Gabriel H.; Assistant Professor; Jules Stein Eye Institute; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1997; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vision in civilized man is mediated largely by cone photoreceptors. Despite the importance of cones, much more is known about the biology of rods. The first step in visual perception is absorption of a photon by a visual pigment molecule, which induces 11-cis to all-trans isomerization of the retinaldehyde chromophore. Before light-sensitivity can be restored, all-trans-retinaldehyde must be re-isomerized to 11-cis-retinaldehyde. This involves a multi-step process called the visual cycle, which has been worked out mainly in rod-dominant species. Several lines of published evidence suggest that cone photoreceptors regenerate visual pigment by an alternate pathway. Nothing is known, however, about the biochemistry of this alternate pathway. We have recently identified three new catalytic activities in cone-dominant ground squirrel and chicken retinas that mediate regeneration of 11-cis-retinaldehyde from all-trans-retinol. The first aim of this application will be to purify and clone the mRNA for: (1) a new 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase distinct from the 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase type-5 in retinal pigment epithelial cells; (2) an all-trans-retinol isomerase that catalyzes the direct conversion of all-trans-retinol to 11-cis-retinol utilizing fatty-acyl-CoAs as an energy source; and (3) an 11-cis-retinyl-ester synthase that acts by a mechanism clearly distinct from that of lecithin-retinol acyl transferase (LRAT). We plan to characterize these proteins functionally, using in vitro biochemical, cell culture expression, and mouse transgenic/knockout systems. Recessive Stargardt's
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disease is an inherited form of macular degeneration caused by mutations in the ABCR gene. During the previous funding period, we generated mice with a knockout mutation in abcr. The phenotype in these animals is strikingly similar to the clinical phenotype in patients with recessive Stargardt's disease, including accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium. Lipofuscin accumulation appears to be a critical event in the development of retinal pathology. The second aim of this application is to test a promising strategy for inhibiting lipofuscin deposition and photoreceptor degeneration in abcr-/- mice. If successful, this strategy should lead to the initiation of clinical trials on patients with active Stargardt's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RETINOL ESTERIFICATION IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Bemis, Debra L.; Pharmacology; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 13-MAR-2001 Summary: Oral cancer (squamous cell carcinoma-SCC) is the sixth most common neoplasm in the world, and has only a 50 percent long term survival rate (Boring et al., 1994). SCCs of the oral cavity have been directly linked to smoking and alcohol use by epidemiological studies. Recent data published from the Gudas laboratory demonstrates a significant decrease in the ability of a variety of SCC cell lines from the oral cavity and skin to metabolize retinol to retinyl esters in comparison to cultured normal human epithelial cell strains. This group has also demonstrated decreased enzymatic conversion of retinol to retinyl esters via lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) and dramatically lower LRAT mRNA levels in the tumor cell lines compared to the normal cell strains. Inappropriate cell growth and the loss of normal differentiation characteristic of the tumor cell lines may be, in part, a response to the insufficient internal retinol stored in the ester form. It is now imperative to determine if this relationship between low retinyl ester levels and tumorigenesis also holds true for oral cavity SCCs in an animal model. The experiments proposed in this fellowship will continue these studies in mice, using the carcinogen 4- nitroquinoline-l-oxide to generate tumors in the oral cavity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS--EFFECT OF RETINOIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gudas, Lorraine J.; Professor and Chair; Pharmacology; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1992; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: The fact that high levels of retinyl esters have been measured in normal epithelia throughout the body suggests that these retinyl esters play some role in the function, growth, or differentiation of these normal epithelial cells. Furthermore, retinoids are known to control normal differentiation and can convert preneoplastic epithelial cells to a more normal phenotype. Nevertheless, the functions of these retinyl esters are not well understood. We have recently shown that whereas cultured normal human epithelial cell strains from the oral cavity and skin rapidly esterify retinol, human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines from the oral cavity and skin exhibit almost no retinol esterification. Therefore, we plan to analyze the molecular actions of these retinyl esters and to determine how the synthesis of these retinyl esters is regulated. To accomplish this, we propose to clone and biochemically characterize the enzyme(s), ARAT (acyl-CoA: retinol acyltransferase) and LRAT (lecithin:retinol acyltransferase),
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involved in the synthesis of retinyl esters from retinol in normal epithelial cells. We will determine why ARAT levels are low in the squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) as compared to the normal epithelial cells. We also propose to establish to what extent this defect in retinol esterification is associated with aspects of the tumorgenic phenotype. This will be accomplished first by stably transfecting the ARAT sense cDNA, under the control of a tetracycline regulated promoter, into the human SCC lines and measuring cell growth, invasiveness, and differentiation associated gene expression in cells cultured tet, or by blocking the expression of ARAT in normal cells. We also propose to test whether this defect in the conversion of retinol to retinyl esters is observed in an animal model of carcinogenesis which recapitulates most of the development of human SCC of the oral cavity. In addition, we will generate mice in which the ARAT gene is ectopically expressed in the oral cavity of transgenic animals to determine whether this ectopic expression will reduce tumor development after treatment of the oral cavities of the mice with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. These proposed studies should determine the importance of retinyl esters in normal epithelial cells of the oral cavity and skin and the relevance of the loss of these retinyl esters in establishing the transformed state. Moreover, if a high level of retinol esterification is shown to be critical for normal cell functioning, then it may be possible to develop drugs which stimulate retinol esterification in tumor cells as a therapy for human squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and skin. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURAL APOLIPOPROTEIN C-1
THERMODYNAMICS
OF
HUMAN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gursky, Olga; Physiology and Biophysics; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this project is to determine in molecular detail the energetic-structure-function relationship in exchangeable apolipoproteins and lipoproteins, thereby providing an insight into molecular mechanisms of lipoprotein action in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other lipoprotein-related diseases. Exchangeable apolipoproteins are soluble protein components of lipoproteins that mediate lipid and cholesterol transport and metabolism and play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke and other major human disorders. Structural stability and compositional variability of lipoproteins are essential for their functions, and have to be understood in detail in order to elucidate molecular mechanisms of lipoprotein action in normal and in diseased states. The proposed work addresses this long-term goal through detailed studies of the energetics, structure and lipid binding function of two small human plasma apolipoproteins, apoC-1 and apoA-2. ApoC-1 delays the clearance of potentially atherogenic triglyceride-rich particles by inhibiting their uptake via the apoE-mediated low-density lipoprotein receptor-related pathway. The ability of apoC-1 to activate lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) may account for normal plasma levels of cholesterol esters in subjects with deficiency of the major LCAT activator, apoA-1. ApoA-2 ability to displace apoA-1 from high-density lipoproteins (HDL) affects the antiatherogenic functions of HDL. Energetic and structural analyses of lipid-free and lipid-bound human apoA-2, apoC-1 and a series of apoC-1 mutants targeted towards key structural regions will be carried out by using a combination of far- and near-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and x-ray diffraction methods. Such analysis will determine, at
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the level of individual amino acids, the roles of key structural elements in apoC-1 for its folding, stability and lipid binding properties; identify critical determinants for the Lp stability and their relation to the kinetics of apolipoprotein transfer among lipoproteins in the course of lipoprotein metabolism; crystallize apoC-1 and analyze its crystal structure that may provide a model for a functional apolipoprotein conformation. The results will provide the energetic and structural basis for understanding molecular mechanisms of lipoprotein action in normal and diseased states. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURE/FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS OF APOLIPOPROTEIN A (APOA-1) Principal Investigator & Institution: Sorci-Thomas, Mary G.; Professor; Wake Forest University 2240 Reynolda Rd Winston-Salem, Nc 27106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The incidence of premature coronary atherosclerosis in the human population is highly correlated to decreased concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and its major apoprotein, apo A-I found in the blood. Transgenic and knockout animal studies have shown conclusively that the "protective effect" of circulating HDL is primarily a function of its unique ability to accept and organize cholesterol. It is also a function of its ability to activate the enzyme lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) for cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) for cholesterol to cholesterol ester conversion in the plasma compartment. The directional movement of cholesterol from the artery wall and peripheral tissues towards its only site of catabolism, the live, involves a number of well studied steps. Apo-AI appears to be to be plays a key role in each of these steps. Apo A-I is the primary acceptor for effluxed cholesterol from peripheral cells. Together with phospholipid, apo A-I and cholesterol form nascent discoidal HDL which is the preferred substrate for the plasma LCAT. This enzyme is responsible for converting newly effluxed cholesterol to cholesterol ester. Accumulation of the hydrophobic cholesterol ester as a lipid droplet in the core of spherical HDL and its ultimate delivery of cholesterol ester to the live completes the "reverse cholesterol transport" pathway. In this research proposal. we will investigate the molecular basis for the "activation of the enzyme LCAT by apo A-I. This important enzymatic pathway is known to be defective in humans who carry certain mutations within the apo A-I coding sequence. However, it is not known "how" the apo A-I protein on the surface of a nascent discoidal HDL particle co-activate this catalytic process. Therefore, to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this process we will construct a series of specific amino acid mutants using PCR mutagenesis, then produce these proteins in milligram quantities using our baculoviral Sf-9 cell system. The mutant apo A-I proteins will be extensively studied using both biochemical and biophysical techniques to determine which key structural features are responsible for properly orienting the nascent HDL phospholipid acyl chain for LCAT catalysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE ROLE OF RETINOIDS IN LACRIMAL GLAND FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ubels, John L.; Professor; Biology; Calvin College Grand Rapids, Mi 49506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1991; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The lacrimal glands play an essential role in maintenance of the health of the ocular surface. The lacrimal gland fluid provides the ocular surface with lubrication,
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anti-bacterial proteins, electrolytes and nutrients. Deficits in lacrimal gland function set the stage for diseases, such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, a disease that occurs more often in women than in men. The development of rational therapy for dry eye diseases requires a thorough understanding of normal lacrimal gland function. The proposed work will test the hypotheses that the lacrimal gland transports, metabolizes and secretes vitamin A which is required by the ocular surface epithelium and that retinoids (vitamin A derivatives) are required for maintenance of lacrimal gland structure and function. The specific aims of the proposed research are to: l) characterize the enzymes that synthesize and hydrolyse retinyl esters in the lacrimal gland with emphasis of the control of these enzymes by cellular retinol binding protein. This will be accomplished by measuring the activity of lecithin: retinol acyltransferase and retinyl ester hydrolase in lacrimal glands of rabbits and rats and determining the effects of cellular retinol binding protein on the activity of these enzymes. 2) Determine whether nuclear retinoic acid receptors are present in the lacrimal gland and cornea and to study the effect of retinoids on the expression these receptors. This will be accomplished by probing tissues and cultured cells of rats and rabbits for the messenger RNA for these receptors, and detection of the receptors by binding assays and antibodies. 3) Characterize the function of lacrimal gland cells with emphasis on the role of retinoids by studying the effects of retinoic acid on the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of these cells in culture. These cells will also be probed for the mRNA for retinoid binding protein. 4) Characterize retinoid metabolism in human lacrimal gland. This will be accomplished by measurement of the activity of enzymes of retinyl ester metabolism and by probing the human lacrimal gland for mRNA for retinoid binding proteins and nuclear receptors. These experiments will affirm the relevance of the animal data to human lacrimal function. The proposed research will help to elucidate the role of retinoids in lacrimal gland and ocular surface function and thereby will contribute to the overall understanding of the role of nutrition in maintaining normal vision. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VASCULAR TOXICITY OF ALDEHYDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhatnagar, Aruni; Professor; Medicine; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 03-APR-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Extensive epidemiological data suggest that exposure to aldehydes or aldehyde-generating pollutants increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms by which aldehydes affect cardiovascular health are not known. We propose that exposure to environmental aldehydes such as acrolein or trans-2-hexenal exacerbates arteriosclerosis. Based on our preliminary results, we suggest that aldehyde exposure leads to lipoprotein modification, which induces vascular inflammation, and dysregulates cell growth, thereby resulting in the formation of more extensive, unstable, and cellular lesions. To test this hypothesis in Specific Aim 1 we will examine how exposure to inhaled acrolein or dietary hexenal or acrolein affects the progression of atherogenesis in wild type, apoE and low-density lipoprotein receptor- null mice. We will also determine whether the atherogenecity of aldehydes is modulated by the extent of hypercholestremia. The second aim of the project is to elucidate aldehyde-induced changes in lipoproteins. For this, we will examine the severity and the extent of lipoprotein changes in aldehydeexposed mice and test whether aldehyde exposure causes modification, cross-linking or aggregation of lipoproteins and elicits the development of autoantibodies against protein-aldehyde adducts. Our final aim is to delineate the atherogenic consequences of
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aldehyde-induced lipoprotein modification. We will establish whether modifications due to aldehyde exposure increase the atherogenicity of lipoproteins, and whether aldehydes disrupt cholesterol metabolism by preventing the maturation of the HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particle. Finally, we will examine whether the aldehydeinduced dyslipidemia is due to the inhibition of lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and if the dyslipidemic changes are diminished in LCAT-deficient mice. Together the results of this project will provide new information about the effects of the most toxic and abundant pollutants in the environment on arteriosclerosis, and reveal mechanisms by which they contribute to the risk of heart disease - which is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Successful completion of these studies will form the basis of future assessment of human risk and susceptibility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for lecithin in the PubMed Central database: •
A Molecular Defect Causing Fish Eye Disease: An Amino Acid Exchange in LecithinCholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Leads to the Selective Loss of [alpha]-LCAT Activity. by Funke H, Eckardstein AV, Pritchard PH, Albers JJ, Kastelein JJ, Droste C, Assmann G.; 1991 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51765
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Effects of Site-Directed Mutagenesis at Residues Cysteine-31 and Cysteine- 184 on Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase Activity. by Francone OL, Fielding CJ.; 1991 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51095
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Hydrolysis and Transesterification of Platelet-Activating Factor by LecithinCholesterol Acyltransferase. by Liu M, Subbaiah PV.; 1994 Jun 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44132
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Isolation and Entomotoxic Properties of the Xenorhabdus nematophilus F1 Lecithinase. by Thaler JO, Duvic B, Givaudan A, Boemare N.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106397
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Overexpression of Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase in Transgenic Rabbits Prevents Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis. by Hoeg JM, Santamarina-Fojo S, Berard AM, Cornhill JF, Herderick EE, Feldman SH, Haudenschild CC, Vaisman BL, Hoyt RF, Demosky SJ, Kauffman RD, Hazel CM, Marcovina SM, Brewer HB.; 1996 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38077
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Processing Respiratory Specimens with C18-Carboxypropylbetaine: Development of a Sediment Resuspension Buffer That Contains Lytic Enzymes To Reduce the Contamination Rate and Lecithin To Alleviate Toxicity. by Thornton CG, MacLellan KM, Brink TL Jr, Wolfe DM, Llorin OJ, Passen S.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104968
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Structure of the Ripple Phase in Lecithin Bilayers. by Sun W, Tristram-Nagle S, Suter RM, Nagle JF.; 1996 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38925
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Use of Synthetic Cardiolipin and Lecithin in the Antigen Used by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test for Serodiagnosis of Syphilis. by Castro AR, Morrill WE, Shaw WA, Gale DC, Park MM, Peregrino-Ferreira LA, Bazzo ML, Pope V.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95930
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lecithin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lecithin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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A common lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase gene variant (Ser208-->Thr) Author(s): Stocks J, Cooke CJ, Miller NE. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 March; 149(1): 219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799014&dopt=Abstract
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase-like gene mediates diacylglycerol esterification in yeast. Author(s): Oelkers P, Tinkelenberg A, Erdeniz N, Cromley D, Billheimer JT, Sturley SL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 May 26; 275(21): 15609-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10747858&dopt=Abstract
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A longitudinal analysis of alteration in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and paraoxonase activities following laparoscopic cholecystectomy relative to other parameters of HDL function and the acute phase response. Author(s): Kumon Y, Nakauchi Y, Kidawara K, Fukushima M, Kobayashi S, Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, Hashimoto K, Sipe JD. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1998 October; 48(4): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790313&dopt=Abstract
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A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with two monoclonal antibodies to specific epitopes measures human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Kobori K, Saito K, Ito S, Kotani K, Manabe M, Kanno T. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2002 February; 43(2): 325-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11861675&dopt=Abstract
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A normal rate of cellular cholesterol removal can be mediated by plasma from a patient with familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency. Author(s): Berard AM, Clerc M, Brewer B Jr, Santamarina-Fojo S. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2001 December; 314(1-2): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11718688&dopt=Abstract
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A novel lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase antioxidant activity prevents the formation of oxidized lipids during lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): Vohl MC, Neville TA, Kumarathasan R, Braschi S, Sparks DL. Source: Biochemistry. 1999 May 11; 38(19): 5976-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10320323&dopt=Abstract
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A polymorphic (CA)n microsatellite in the canine lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase gene. Author(s): Guo Q, Shibuya H, Nonneman D, Liu PC, Huang TH, Johnson GS. Source: Animal Genetics. 1998 August; 29(4): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9745681&dopt=Abstract
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A proposed architecture for lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT): identification of the catalytic triad and molecular modeling. Author(s): Peelman F, Vinaimont N, Verhee A, Vanloo B, Verschelde JL, Labeur C, Seguret-Mace S, Duverger N, Hutchinson G, Vandekerckhove J, Tavernier J, Rosseneu M. Source: Protein Science : a Publication of the Protein Society. 1998 March; 7(3): 587-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541390&dopt=Abstract
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Acute and chronic effects of a 24-hour intravenous triglyceride emulsion challenge on plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, phospholipid transfer protein, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein activities. Author(s): Riemens SC, Van Tol A, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 August; 40(8): 1459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428982&dopt=Abstract
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Advances in understanding of the role of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in cholesterol transport. Author(s): Dobiasova M, Frohlich JJ. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1999 August; 286(1-2): 257-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511297&dopt=Abstract
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Alterations in erythrocyte membrane lipid and its fragility in a patient with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltrasferase (LCAT) deficiency. Author(s): Suda T, Akamatsu A, Nakaya Y, Masuda Y, Desaki J. Source: J Med Invest. 2002 August; 49(3-4): 147-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12323004&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative splicing in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase mRNA: an evolutionary paradigm in humans and great apes. Author(s): Miller M, Zeller K. Source: Gene. 1997 May 6; 190(2): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197549&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of apolipoprotein A-I, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and glucocerebrosidase genes in hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Author(s): Recalde D, Cenarro A, Garcia-Otin AL, Gomez-Coronado D, Civeira F, Pocovi M. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 July; 163(1): 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048121&dopt=Abstract
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Antigenicity of the proteins in soy lecithin and soy oil in soybean allergy. Author(s): Awazuhara H, Kawai H, Baba M, Matsui T, Komiyama A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 December; 28(12): 1559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024228&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant activity of flavones from Scutellaria baicalensis in lecithin liposomes. Author(s): Gabrielska J, Oszmianski J, Zylka R, Komorowska M. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1997 November-December; 52(11-12): 817-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9463939&dopt=Abstract
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Apolipoprotein A-IFIN (Leu159-->Arg) mutation affects lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activation and subclass distribution of HDL but not cholesterol efflux from fibroblasts. Author(s): Miettinen HE, Jauhiainen M, Gylling H, Ehnholm S, Palomaki A, Miettinen TA, Kontula K. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997 November; 17(11): 3021-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9409289&dopt=Abstract
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Assays of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Author(s): Dobiasova M, Frohlich JJ. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 1998; 110: 217-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918049&dopt=Abstract
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Binding affinity and reactivity of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase with native lipoproteins. Author(s): Kosek AB, Durbin D, Jonas A. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 May 19; 258(3): 548-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10329423&dopt=Abstract
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Binding and functional effects of transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 on the proximal human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase promoter. Author(s): Hoppe KL, Francone OL. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 May; 39(5): 969-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610763&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical and biophysical characterization of human recombinant lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Jin L, Lee YP, Jonas A. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1997 June; 38(6): 1085-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215537&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity, HDL(2), HDL(3) amounts and compositions in patients with chronic renal failure after different times of hemodialysis. Author(s): Mekki K, Bouchenak M, Lamri M, Remaoun M, Belleville J. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 June; 162(2): 409-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996961&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization and functional studies of lipoproteins, lipid transfer proteins, and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in CSF of normal individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Demeester N, Castro G, Desrumaux C, De Geitere C, Fruchart JC, Santens P, Mulleners E, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Vandekerckhove J, Rosseneu M, Labeur C. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2000 June; 41(6): 963-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828089&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of C-terminal histidine-tagged human recombinant lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Chisholm JW, Gebre AK, Parks JS. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 August; 40(8): 1512-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428989&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of functional residues in the interfacial recognition domain of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Author(s): Peelman F, Vanloo B, Perez-Mendez O, Decout A, Verschelde JL, Labeur C, Vinaimont N, Verhee A, Duverger N, Brasseur R, Vandekerckhove J, Tavernier J, Rosseneu M. Source: Protein Engineering. 1999 January; 12(1): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065713&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of recombinant human plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT): N-linked carbohydrate structures and catalytic properties. Author(s): Lacko AG, Reason AJ, Nuckolls C, Kudchodkar BJ, Nair MP, Sundarrajan G, Pritchard PH, Morris HR, Dell A. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 April; 39(4): 807-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555945&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of the effects of mutations in the putative branchpoint sequence of intron 4 on the splicing within the human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase gene. Author(s): Li M, Pritchard PH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 June 16; 275(24): 18079-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849435&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesterol efflux by acute-phase high density lipoprotein: role of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Khovidhunkit W, Shigenaga JK, Moser AH, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2001 June; 42(6): 967-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369805&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activities in hispanic and anglo postmenopausal women: associations with total and regional body fat. Author(s): Greaves KA, Going SB, Fernandez ML, Milliken LA, Lohman TG, Bassford T, McNamara DJ. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 March; 52(3): 282-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647264&dopt=Abstract
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Cholesteryl ester transfer protein corrects dysfunctional high density lipoproteins and reduces aortic atherosclerosis in lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase transgenic mice. Author(s): Foger B, Chase M, Amar MJ, Vaisman BL, Shamburek RD, Paigen B, Fruchart-Najib J, Paiz JA, Koch CA, Hoyt RF, Brewer HB Jr, Santamarina-Fojo S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 December 24; 274(52): 36912-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10601244&dopt=Abstract
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Cigarette smoking, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions, and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in young women. Author(s): Imamura H, Teshima K, Miyamoto N, Shirota T. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2002 October; 51(10): 1313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370852&dopt=Abstract
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Classical LCAT deficiency resulting from a novel homozygous dinucleotide deletion in exon 4 of the human lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase gene causing a frameshift and stop codon at residue 144. Author(s): Teh EM, Chisholm JW, Dolphin PJ, Pouliquen Y, Savoldelli M, de Gennes JL, Benlian P. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 September; 146(1): 141-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10487497&dopt=Abstract
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Cloning and expression of a novel lysophospholipase which structurally resembles lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Taniyama Y, Shibata S, Kita S, Horikoshi K, Fuse H, Shirafuji H, Sumino Y, Fujino M. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 April 2; 257(1): 506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092508&dopt=Abstract
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Cloning and in vitro expression of rat lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Wang J, Gebre AK, Anderson RA, Parks JS. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1997 June 23; 1346(3): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219904&dopt=Abstract
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Cloning and molecular expression analysis of large and small lecithin:retinol acyltransferase mRNAs in the liver and other tissues of adult rats. Author(s): Zolfaghari R, Wang Y, Chen Q, Sancher A, Ross AC. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2002 December 1; 368(Pt 2): 621-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201819&dopt=Abstract
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Construction and characterization of polycistronic retrovirus vectors for sustained and high-level co-expression of apolipoprotein A-I and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Fan L, Owen JS, Dickson G. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 November 1; 147(1): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10525135&dopt=Abstract
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Correction of hypoalphalipoproteinemia in LDL receptor-deficient rabbits by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Brousseau ME, Wang J, Demosky SJ Jr, Vaisman BL, Talley GD, SantamarinaFojo S, Brewer HB Jr, Hoeg JM. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 August; 39(8): 1558-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717715&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased laboratory testing for lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidylglycerol after fetal lung maturity assessment from lamellar body count in amniotic fluid. Author(s): Ross GE, Bever FN, Uddin Z, Hockman EM, Herman BA. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2002 August; 102(8): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201546&dopt=Abstract
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Deletion of amino acids Glu146-->Arg160 in human apolipoprotein A-I (ApoAISeattle) alters lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and recruitment of cell phospholipid. Author(s): Lindholm EM, Bielicki JK, Curtiss LK, Rubin EM, Forte TM. Source: Biochemistry. 1998 April 7; 37(14): 4863-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9538003&dopt=Abstract
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Deletion of N-terminal amino acids from human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase differentially affects enzyme activity toward alpha- and beta-substrate lipoproteins. Author(s): Vickaryous NK, Teh EM, Stewart B, Dolphin PJ, Too CK, McLeod RS. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 March 21; 1646(1-2): 164-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637024&dopt=Abstract
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Detoxification of oxidized LDL by transferring its oxidation product(s) to lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Howlader ZH, Kamiyama S, Shirakawa H, Murakami Y, Ito M, Komai M, Muramoto K, Furukawa Y. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 March 8; 291(4): 758-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866429&dopt=Abstract
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Distinct central amphipathic alpha-helices in apolipoprotein A-I contribute to the in vivo maturation of high density lipoprotein by either activating lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase or binding lipids. Author(s): McManus DC, Scott BR, Frank PG, Franklin V, Schultz JR, Marcel YL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 February 18; 275(7): 5043-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10671546&dopt=Abstract
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Diurnal pattern of choline concentrations in serum of pigs as influenced by dietary choline or lecithin intake. Author(s): Jakob S, Mosenthin R, Huesgen G, Kinkeldei J, Poweleit KJ. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1998 December; 37(4): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9894684&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind controlled clinical study of the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenacN-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine lecithin gel compared with diclofenac-N-(2hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine gel in patients with peri and extraarticular inflammatory diseases. Author(s): Fioravanti A, Cicero MR, Nerucci F, Manopulo R, Marcolongo R. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(5): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568212&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind, randomized, controlled study on the efficacy and safety of a novel diclofenac epolamine gel formulated with lecithin for the treatment of sprains, strains and contusions. Author(s): Mahler P, Mahler F, Duruz H, Ramazzina M, Liguori V, Mautone G. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2003; 29(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12866363&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activities in growth hormone-deficient adults. Author(s): Beentjes JA, van Tol A, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2000 June; 41(6): 925-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828084&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of lecithin on epicutaneous absorption of diclofenac epolamine. Author(s): Conte A, Ronca G, Petrini M, Mautone G. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002; 28(6): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776579&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of lecithinized-superoxide dismutase on the rat colitis model induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Author(s): Hori Y, Hoshino J, Yamazaki C, Sekiguchi T, Miyauchi S, Mizuno S, Horie K. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 May; 74(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195304&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the surface lipid composition of reconstituted LPA-I on apolipoprotein A-I structure and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Author(s): Sparks DL, Frank PG, Neville TA. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1998 February 16; 1390(2): 160-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507105&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of crystalline nicotinic acid-induced hepatic dysfunction on serum lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol and lecithin cholesteryl acyl transferase. Author(s): Tato F, Vega GL, Grundy SM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 March 15; 81(6): 805-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9527102&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of natural mutations in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase on the enzyme structure and activity. Author(s): Peelman F, Verschelde JL, Vanloo B, Ampe C, Labeur C, Tavernier J, Vandekerckhove J, Rosseneu M. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 January; 40(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9869650&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of smoking on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Author(s): Dirican M, Sarandol E, Ulukaya E, Tokullugil HA. Source: J Med Invest. 1999 August; 46(3-4): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10687311&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of vitamin E and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in hypercholesterolemia. Author(s): Napoli C, Leccese M, Palumbo G, de Nigris F, Chiariello P, Zuliani P, Somma P, Di Loreto M, De Matteis C, Cacciatore F, Abete P, Liguori A, Chiariello M, D'Armiento FP. Source: Coronary Artery Disease. 1998; 9(5): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710685&dopt=Abstract
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Efficient coexpression and secretion of anti-atherogenic human apolipoprotein AI and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase by cultured muscle cells using adenoassociated virus plasmid vectors. Author(s): Fan L, Drew J, Dunckley MG, Owen JS, Dickson G. Source: Gene Therapy. 1998 October; 5(10): 1434-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9930350&dopt=Abstract
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Endothelial cell protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury by lecithinized superoxide dismutase. Author(s): Koo DD, Welsh KI, West NE, Channon KM, Penington AJ, Roake JA, Morris PJ, Fuggle SV. Source: Kidney International. 2001 August; 60(2): 786-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473663&dopt=Abstract
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Endotoxin-lipoprotein complex formation as a factor in atherogenesis: associations with hyperlipidemia and with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Author(s): Schwartz YSh, Dushkin MI. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 2002 July; 67(7): 747-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139471&dopt=Abstract
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Esterification of all-trans-retinol in normal human epithelial cell strains and carcinoma lines from oral cavity, skin and breast: reduced expression of lecithin:retinol acyltransferase in carcinoma lines. Author(s): Guo X, Ruiz A, Rando RR, Bok D, Gudas LJ. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2000 November; 21(11): 1925-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11062150&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence against alterations in Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Author(s): Ribalta J, La Ville AE, Vallve JC, Girona J, Masana L. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1998 June; 138(2): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9690923&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence that lipid hydroperoxides inhibit plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Author(s): Bielicki JK, Forte TM. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 May; 40(5): 948-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224164&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of a smaller lecithin:retinol acyl transferase transcript and reduced retinol esterification in MCF-7 cells. Author(s): Andreola F, Giandomenico V, Spero R, De Luca LM. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 December 29; 279(3): 920-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11162450&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of mannose-ligand receptors on human spermatozoa: effect of lecithin and association with sperm binding to the zona pellucida. Author(s): Gamzu R, Yogev L, Kleiman S, Botchan A, Hauser R, Lessing JB, Paz G, Yavetz H. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 October; 70(4): 766-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797112&dopt=Abstract
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Familial Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency with renal failure in two siblings. First case report from India. Author(s): Muthusethupathi MA, Padmanabhan R, Date A, Jayakumar M, Rajendran S, Vijayakumar R. Source: Nephron. 1999 January; 81(1): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9884427&dopt=Abstract
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Familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency: molecular analysis of a compound heterozygote: LCAT (Arg147 --> Trp) and LCAT (Tyr171 --> Stop). Author(s): Guerin M, Dachet C, Goulinet S, Chevet D, Dolphin PJ, Chapman MJ, Rouis M. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1997 May; 131(1): 85-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9180249&dopt=Abstract
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Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol. Author(s): Spilburg CA, Goldberg AC, McGill JB, Stenson WF, Racette SB, Bateman J, McPherson TB, Ostlund RE Jr. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 May; 103(5): 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728215&dopt=Abstract
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Fatty acid composition of plasma and erythrocytes in term infants fed human milk and formulae with and without docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids from egg yolk lecithin. Author(s): Bondia-Martinez E, Lopez-Sabater MC, Castellote-Bargallo AI, RodriguezPalmero M, Gonzalez-Corbella MJ, Rivero-Urgell M, Campoy-Folgoso C, Bayes-Garcia R. Source: Early Human Development. 1998 December; 53 Suppl: S109-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102659&dopt=Abstract
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Final report on the safety assessment of Lecithin and Hydrogenated Lecithin. Author(s): Fiume Z. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2001; 20 Suppl 1: 21-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358109&dopt=Abstract
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Food allergy to egg and soy lecithins. Author(s): Palm M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, Denery-Papini S, Fremont S. Source: Allergy. 1999 October; 54(10): 1116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10536894&dopt=Abstract
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Formation of spherical, reconstituted high density lipoproteins containing both apolipoproteins A-I and A-II is mediated by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Clay MA, Pyle DH, Rye KA, Barter PJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 March 24; 275(12): 9019-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722751&dopt=Abstract
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Fractional efflux and net change in cellular cholesterol content mediated by sera from mice expressing both human apolipoprotein AI and human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase genes. Author(s): Fournier N, Atger V, Paul JP, de la Llera Moya M, Rothblat G, Moatti N. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 December; 147(2): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10559507&dopt=Abstract
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Free cholesterol deposition in the cornea of human apolipoprotein A-II transgenic mice with functional lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. Author(s): Julve-Gil J, Ruiz-Perez E, Casaroli-Marano RP, Marzal-Casacuberta A, EscolaGil JC, Gonzalez-Sastre F, Blanco-Vaca F. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 April; 48(4): 415-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10206431&dopt=Abstract
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Genomic organization and mutation analysis of the gene encoding lecithin retinol acyltransferase in human retinal pigment epithelium. Author(s): Ruiz A, Kuehn MH, Andorf JL, Stone E, Hageman GS, Bok D. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001 January; 42(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133845&dopt=Abstract
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Haptoglobin inhibits lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in human ovarian follicular fluid. Author(s): Balestrieri M, Cigliano L, Simone ML, Dale B, Abrescia P. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 2001 June; 59(2): 186-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389553&dopt=Abstract
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High plasma HDL concentrations associated with enhanced atherosclerosis in transgenic mice overexpressing lecithin-cholesteryl acyltransferase. Author(s): Berard AM, Foger B, Remaley A, Shamburek R, Vaisman BL, Talley G, Paigen B, Hoyt RF Jr, Marcovina S, Brewer HB Jr, Santamarina-Fojo S. Source: Nature Medicine. 1997 July; 3(7): 744-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9212100&dopt=Abstract
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Histopathology of corneal changes in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. Author(s): Viestenz A, Schlotzer-Schrehardt U, Hofmann-Rummelt C, Seitz B, Kuchle M. Source: Cornea. 2002 November; 21(8): 834-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410048&dopt=Abstract
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Hypocomplementemic type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a male patient with familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency due to two different allelic mutations. Author(s): Sessa A, Battini G, Meroni M, Daidone G, Carnera I, Brambilla PL, Vigano G, Giordano F, Pallotti F, Torri Tarelli L, Calabresi L, Rolleri M, Bertolini S. Source: Nephron. 2001 July; 88(3): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423760&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of a sequence of apolipoprotein A-I associated with the activation of Lecithin:Cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Sviridov D, Hoang A, Sawyer WH, Fidge NH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 June 30; 275(26): 19707-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10781581&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of IgE-binding proteins in soy lecithin. Author(s): Gu X, Beardslee T, Zeece M, Sarath G, Markwell J. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 November; 126(3): 21825. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752879&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoaffinity-isolation of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) from patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Author(s): Chawla D, Malik AM, Lima VL, Owen JS. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1998 May; 26(2): S147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9649822&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of the free sulfhydryl groups of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase for its sensitivity to oxidative inactivation. Author(s): Wang K, Subbaiah PV. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2000 November 15; 1488(3): 268-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11082536&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro production of beta-very low density lipoproteins and small, dense low density lipoproteins in mildly hypertriglyceridemic plasma: role of activities of lecithin:cholester acyltransferase, cholesterylester transfer proteins and lipoprotein lipase. Author(s): Chung BH, Segrest JP, Franklin F. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1998 December; 141(2): 209-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9862170&dopt=Abstract
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Increased activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase during short-term oral estrogen progestin replacement therapy in a group of postmenopausal women. Author(s): Ulloa N, Verdugo C, Rios M, Sepulveda J, Sepulveda S, Naveas R, Calvo C. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1998 March; 47(3): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9500566&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of insulin sensitivity and the TaqIB cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene polymorphism on plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activities and their response to hyperinsulinemia in non-diabetic men. Author(s): Riemens SC, Van Tol A, Stulp BK, Dullaart RP. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 August; 40(8): 1467-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428983&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of vesicle surface composition on the interfacial binding of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and apolipoprotein A-I. Author(s): Miller KR, Parks JS. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1997 June; 38(6): 1094-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215538&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of lipid oxidation on the activity of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Kamiyama S, Yamato T, Furukawa Y. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1998 May; 62(5): 941-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648224&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).alpha 2-macroglobulin complex with low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). Evidence for an alpha 2-macroglobulin/LRP receptor-mediated system participating in LCAT clearance. Author(s): Krimbou L, Marcil M, Davignon J, Genest J Jr. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 August 31; 276(35): 33241-8. Epub 2001 July 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435418&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous apoA-I/lecithin discs increase pre-beta-HDL concentration in tissue fluid and stimulate reverse cholesterol transport in humans. Author(s): Nanjee MN, Cooke CJ, Garvin R, Semeria F, Lewis G, Olszewski WL, Miller NE. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2001 October; 42(10): 1586-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590214&dopt=Abstract
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Ldl modified by hypochlorous acid is a potent inhibitor of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Author(s): McCall MR, Carr AC, Forte TM, Frei B. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001 June; 21(6): 1040-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11397717&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin can be detected by volume-selected proton MR spectroscopy using a 1.5 T whole body scanner: a potentially non-invasive method for the prenatal assessment of fetal lung maturity. Author(s): Fenton BW, Lin CS, Seydel F, Macedonia C. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 December; 18(12): 1263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9885017&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity following orthotopic liver transplantation. Author(s): Mears D, Chui AK, Stewart P, Burns J, Sullivan D, Bowen D, Sheil AG. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 February; 32(1): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701009&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Jonas A. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2000 December 15; 1529(1-3): 245-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11111093&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin decreases human milk fat loss during enteral pumping. Author(s): Chan MM, Nohara M, Chan BR, Curtis J, Chan GM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 May; 36(5): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12717084&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Author(s): Higgins JP, Flicker L. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (4): Cd001015. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034695&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Author(s): Higgins JP, Flicker L. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd001015. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917896&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Author(s): Higgins JP, Flicker L. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001015. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796586&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin has no effect on serum lipoprotein, plasma fibrinogen and macro molecular protein complex levels in hyperlipidaemic men in a double-blind controlled study. Author(s): Oosthuizen W, Vorster HH, Vermaak WJ, Smuts CM, Jerling JC, Veldman FJ, Burger HM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 June; 52(6): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9683394&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin microemulsions for the topical administration of ketoprofen: percutaneous adsorption through human skin and in vivo human skin tolerability. Author(s): Paolino D, Ventura CA, Nistico S, Puglisi G, Fresta M. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2002 September 5; 244(1-2): 21-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204562&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin protects against plasma membrane disruption by bile salts. Author(s): Narain PK, DeMaria EJ, Heuman DM. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 1998 August; 78(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733630&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin retinol acyltransferase contains cysteine residues essential for catalysis. Author(s): Mondal MS, Ruiz A, Bok D, Rando RR. Source: Biochemistry. 2000 May 2; 39(17): 5215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819989&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and lamellar body count. What values predict the presence of phosphatidylglycerol? Author(s): Poggi SH, Spong CY, Pezzullo JC, Bannon PZ, Goodwin KM, Vink J, Ghidini A. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 May; 48(5): 330-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12815904&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransfer, dyslipoproteinaemia and membrane lipids in uraemia. Author(s): Gillett MP, Obineche EN, El-Rokhaimi M, Lakhani MS, Abdulle A, Sulaiman M. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2001 November-December; 14(6): 472-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783603&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase is insufficient to prevent oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Author(s): Murakami Y, Kamiyama S, Howlader ZH, Yamato T, Komai M, Furukawa Y. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 2002 January; 131(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754730&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase G30S: association with atherosclerosis, hypoalphalipoproteinemia and reduced in vivo enzyme activity. Author(s): Rosset J, Wang J, Wolfe BM, Dolphin PJ, Hegele RA. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2001 July; 34(5): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522275&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reduces the adverse effects of oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein while incurring damage itself. Author(s): Howlader ZH, Kamiyama S, Murakami Y, Ito M, Komai M, Furukawa Y. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2001 November; 65(11): 2496-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791724&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase from mouse and rat liver. CDNA cloning and liverspecific regulation by dietary vitamin a and retinoic acid. Author(s): Zolfaghari R, Ross AC. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2000 December; 41(12): 2024-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108736&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin-bound superoxide dismutase in the prevention of neutrophil-induced damage of corneal tissue. Author(s): Matsumoto K, Shimmura S, Goto E, Saito K, Takeuchi T, Miyajima S, Negi A, Tsubota K. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1998 January; 39(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9430542&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin-bound superoxide dismutase in the treatment of noninfectious corneal ulcers. Author(s): Shimmura S, Igarashi R, Yaguchi H, Ohashi Y, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 135(5): 613-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719067&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity during maturation of human preovulatory follicles with different concentrations of ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and nitrotyrosine. Author(s): Cigliano L, Balestrieri M, Spagnuolo MS, Dale B, Abrescia P. Source: Reproduction, Fertility, and Development. 2002; 14(1-2): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051518&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Assay of cholesterol esterification and phospholipase A2 activities. Author(s): Parks JS, Gebre AK, Furbee JW. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 1999; 109: 123-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918017&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase: role in lipoprotein metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Santamarina-Fojo S, Lambert G, Hoeg JM, Brewer HB Jr. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2000 June; 11(3): 267-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10882342&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithinized copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase ameliorates prolonged hypoxiainduced injury of cardiomyocytes. Author(s): Nakajima H, Ishizaka N, Hangaishi M, Taguchi J, Itoh J, Igarashi R, Mizushima Y, Nagai R, Ohno M. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 July 1; 29(1): 34-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10962203&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithinized superoxide dismutase induces vasodilation; evidence of direct contribution of superoxide anions to modulating vascular tone. Author(s): Nakamura T, Igarashi R, Kurashina T, Saito Y, Hoshino J, Sumino H, Sakamoto H, Nagai R. Source: Life Sciences. 1999; 64(4): Pl65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027763&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithinized superoxide dismutase reduces cold ischemia-induced chronic allograft dysfunction. Author(s): Nakagawa K, Koo DD, Davies DR, Gray DW, McLaren AJ, Welsh KI, Morris PJ, Fuggle SV. Source: Kidney International. 2002 March; 61(3): 1160-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11849471&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage of a candidate gene locus to familial combined hyperlipidemia: lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase on 16q. Author(s): Aouizerat BE, Allayee H, Cantor RM, Dallinga-Thie GM, Lanning CD, de Bruin TW, Lusis AJ, Rotter JI. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999 November; 19(11): 2730-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10559018&dopt=Abstract
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Lipid-free apolipoproteins A-I and A-II promote remodeling of reconstituted high density lipoproteins and alter their reactivity with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Durbin DM, Jonas A. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 December; 40(12): 2293-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588955&dopt=Abstract
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Low plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activities in growth hormone deficient and acromegalic men: role in altered high density lipoproteins. Author(s): Beentjes JA, van Tol A, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2000 December; 153(2): 491-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164439&dopt=Abstract
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect lecithin in amniotic fluid and fetal lung. Author(s): Fenton BW, Lin CS, Ascher S, Macedonia C. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 March; 95(3): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711563&dopt=Abstract
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Marked atherosclerosis in a patient with familiar lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency associated with end-stage renal disease and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Homma S, Murayama N, Yoshida I, Kusano E, Kuriki K, Saito K, Asano Y. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684807&dopt=Abstract
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Meconium has no lecithin or sphingomyelin but affects the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Author(s): Longo SA, Towers CV, Strauss A, Asrat T, Freeman RK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 December; 179(6 Pt 1): 1640-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9855610&dopt=Abstract
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Membrane-bound lecithin-retinol acyltransferase. Author(s): Rando RR. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 April 19; 292(5): 1243-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11969222&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolism of oxidized phosphatidylcholines formed in oxidized low density lipoprotein by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Itabe H, Hosoya R, Karasawa K, Jimi S, Saku K, Takebayashi S, Imanaka T, Takano T. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 1999 July; 126(1): 153-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393333&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of the positional specificity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase by the acyl group composition of its phosphatidylcholine substrate: role of the sn-1-acyl group. Author(s): Liu M, Subramanian VS, Subbaiah PV. Source: Biochemistry. 1998 September 29; 37(39): 13626-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9753449&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular and biochemical characterization of lecithin retinol acyltransferase. Author(s): Ruiz A, Winston A, Lim YH, Gilbert BA, Rando RR, Bok D. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1999 February 5; 274(6): 3834-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9920938&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of lecithin-retinol acyltransferase. Author(s): Ruiz A, Bok D. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2000; 316: 400-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10800690&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular diagnosis of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency in a presymptomatic proband. Author(s): Cirera S, Julve J, Ferrer I, Mainou C, Bonet R, Martin-Campos JM, GonzalezSastre F, Blanco-Vaca F. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 1998 June; 36(7): 443-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746267&dopt=Abstract
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Mutations in the gene encoding lecithin retinol acyltransferase are associated with early-onset severe retinal dystrophy. Author(s): Thompson DA, Li Y, McHenry CL, Carlson TJ, Ding X, Sieving PA, Apfelstedt-Sylla E, Gal A. Source: Nature Genetics. 2001 June; 28(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381255&dopt=Abstract
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Natural mutations of apolipoprotein A-I impairing activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Hoang A, Huang W, Sasaki J, Sviridov D. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 February 20; 1631(1): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573451&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal outcome when delivery follows a borderline immature lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio. Author(s): Burkhart AE, Towers CV, Rumney PJ, Lewis DF. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2000 April-May; 20(3): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10802839&dopt=Abstract
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Novel function of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Hydrolysis of oxidized polar phospholipids generated during lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): Goyal J, Wang K, Liu M, Subbaiah PV. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 June 27; 272(26): 16231-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195924&dopt=Abstract
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Optimal thresholds of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and lamellar body count for the prediction of the presence of phosphatidyl glycerol in diabetic women. Author(s): Ghidini A, Spong CY, Goodwin K, Pezzullo JC. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 August;12(2):95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420838&dopt=Abstract
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Overexpression of human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in cholesterol-fed rabbits: LDL metabolism and HDL metabolism are affected in a gene dose-dependent manner. Author(s): Brousseau ME, Santamarina-Fojo S, Vaisman BL, Applebaum-Bowden D, Berard AM, Talley GD, Brewer HB Jr, Hoeg JM. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1997 December; 38(12): 2537-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9458277&dopt=Abstract
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Phosphatidylcholine fluidity and structure affect lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Author(s): Parks JS, Huggins KW, Gebre AK, Burleson ER. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2000 April; 41(4): 546-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744775&dopt=Abstract
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Possible induction of renal dysfunction in patients with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency by oxidized phosphatidylcholine in glomeruli. Author(s): Jimi S, Uesugi N, Saku K, Itabe H, Zhang B, Arakawa K, Takebayashi S. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999 March; 19(3): 794-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073988&dopt=Abstract
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Probing the 121-136 domain of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase using antibodies. Author(s): Murray KR, Nair MP, Ayyobi AF, Hill JS, Pritchard PH, Lacko AG. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001 January 15; 385(2): 267-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368007&dopt=Abstract
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Processing respiratory specimens with C18-carboxypropylbetaine: development of a sediment resuspension buffer that contains lytic enzymes to reduce the contamination rate and lecithin to alleviate toxicity. Author(s): Thornton CG, MacLellan KM, Brink TL Jr, Wolfe DM, Llorin OJ, Passen S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 July; 36(7): 2004-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9650952&dopt=Abstract
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Protein lipid interaction in bile: effects of biliary proteins on the stability of cholesterol-lecithin vesicles. Author(s): Luk AS, Kaler EW, Lee SP. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1998 February 23; 1390(3): 282-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9487149&dopt=Abstract
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Purification and characterization of a transmembrane domain-deleted form of lecithin retinol acyltransferase. Author(s): Bok D, Ruiz A, Yaron O, Jahng WJ, Ray A, Xue L, Rando RR. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 May 27; 42(20): 6090-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755610&dopt=Abstract
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Purification of recombinant lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Nair MP, Kudchodkar BJ, Pritchard PH, Lacko AG. Source: Protein Expression and Purification. 1997 June; 10(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179288&dopt=Abstract
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Quantification and sensory studies of character impact odorants of different soybean lecithins. Author(s): Stephan A, Steinhart H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 October; 47(10): 4357-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552816&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid electrophoretic separation of pre-beta-migrating high density lipoproteins using automated PhastSystem: application to analysis of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase-deficient plasma. Author(s): Saidi Y, Sich D, Federspiel MC, Auer C, Egloff M, Castro GR, Beucler I. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 1998 June; 36(6): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9711426&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrence of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency after kidney transplantation. Author(s): Panescu V, Grignon Y, Hestin D, Rostoker G, Frimat L, Renoult E, Gamberoni J, Grignon G, Kessler M. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1997 November; 12(11): 2430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394340&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced lecithin:retinol acyl transferase activity in cultured squamous cell carcinoma lines results in increased substrate-driven retinoic acid synthesis. Author(s): Jurukovski V, Simon M. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1999 January 4; 1436(3): 479-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989277&dopt=Abstract
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Regiospecific esterification of estrogens by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Kanji SS, Kuohung W, Labaree DC, Hochberg RB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 July; 84(7): 2481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404824&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Author(s): Jonas A. Source: Progress in Lipid Research. 1998 September; 37(4): 209-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193526&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between structure and biochemical phenotype of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) mutants causing fish-eye disease. Author(s): Vanloo B, Peelman F, Deschuymere K, Taveirne J, Verhee A, Gouyette C, Labeur C, Vandekerckhove J, Tavernier J, Rosseneu M. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2000 May; 41(5): 752-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10787436&dopt=Abstract
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Relative sensitivities of plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, and paraoxonase to in vitro gas-phase cigarette smoke exposure. Author(s): Bielicki JK, Knoff LJ, Tribble DL, Forte TM. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2001 March; 155(1): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11223428&dopt=Abstract
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Retinol metabolism and lecithin:retinol acyltransferase levels are reduced in cultured human prostate cancer cells and tissue specimens. Author(s): Guo X, Knudsen BS, Peehl DM, Ruiz A, Bok D, Rando RR, Rhim JS, Nanus DM, Gudas LJ. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 March 15; 62(6): 1654-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912136&dopt=Abstract
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Role of glutamic acid residues 154, 155, and 165 of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in cholesterol esterification and phospholipase A2 activities. Author(s): Wang J, DeLozier JA, Gebre AK, Dolphin PJ, Parks JS. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 January; 39(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469585&dopt=Abstract
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Role of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in the metabolism of oxidized phospholipids in plasma: studies with platelet-activating factor-acetyl hydrolasedeficient plasma. Author(s): Subramanian VS, Goyal J, Miwa M, Sugatami J, Akiyama M, Liu M, Subbaiah PV. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1999 July 9; 1439(1): 95-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395969&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the Arg123-Tyr166 paired helix of apolipoprotein A-I in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activation. Author(s): Dhoest A, Zhao Z, De Geest B, Deridder E, Sillen A, Engelborghs Y, Collen D, Holvoet P. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1997 June 20; 272(25): 15967-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9188498&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the interfacial binding domain in the oxidative susceptibility of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Wang K, Subbaiah PV. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2002 August 1; 365(Pt 3): 649-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966470&dopt=Abstract
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Secretion of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase by brain neuroglial cell lines. Author(s): Collet X, Francone O, Besnard F, Fielding CJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 April 29; 258(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10222237&dopt=Abstract
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Selective extraction of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) from human plasma. Author(s): Holmquist L. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 2002 June 28; 52(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121755&dopt=Abstract
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Serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity and HDL2 and HDL3 composition in small for gestational age newborns. Author(s): Merzouk H, Lamri MY, Meghelli-Bouchenak M, Korso N, Prost J, Belleville J. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1997 May; 86(5): 528-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183494&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous quantitation from infrared spectra of glucose concentrations, lactate concentrations, and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid. Author(s): Liu KZ, Mantsch HH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 March; 180(3 Pt 1): 696702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10076150&dopt=Abstract
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Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans. Author(s): Ostlund RE Jr, Spilburg CA, Stenson WF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 November; 70(5): 826-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10539742&dopt=Abstract
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Structural and functional properties of the 154-171 wild-type and variant peptides of human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Peelman F, Goethals M, Vanloo B, Labeur C, Brasseur R, Vandekerckhove J, Rosseneu M. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1997 November 1; 249(3): 708-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395317&dopt=Abstract
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Structural and functional properties of two mutants of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (T123I and N228K). Author(s): Adimoolam S, Jin L, Grabbe E, Shieh JJ, Jonas A. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998 December 4; 273(49): 32561-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829992&dopt=Abstract
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Surface plasmon resonance biosensor studies of human wild-type and mutant lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase interactions with lipoproteins. Author(s): Jin L, Shieh JJ, Grabbe E, Adimoolam S, Durbin D, Jonas A. Source: Biochemistry. 1999 November 23; 38(47): 15659-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10569952&dopt=Abstract
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T-->G or T-->A mutation introduced in the branchpoint consensus sequence of intron 4 of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) gene: intron retention causing LCAT deficiency. Author(s): Li M, Kuivenhoven JA, Ayyobi AF, Pritchard PH. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1998 March 30; 1391(2): 256-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555046&dopt=Abstract
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The accuracy of lamellar body count and lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in the prediction of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Wijnberger LD, Huisjes AJ, Voorbij HA, Franx A, Bruinse HW, Mol BW. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 June; 108(6): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426891&dopt=Abstract
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The Arg123-Tyr166 central domain of human ApoAI is critical for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase-induced hyperalphalipoproteinemia and HDL remodeling in transgenic mice. Author(s): Holvoet P, De Geest B, Van Linthout S, Lox M, Danloy S, Raes K, Collen D. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2000 February; 20(2): 459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10669644&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of lecithin supplementation on plasma choline concentrations during a marathon. Author(s): Buchman AL, Awal M, Jenden D, Roch M, Kang SH. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 November-December; 19(6): 768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194530&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of smoking on post-heparin lipoprotein and hepatic lipase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase activities in human plasma. Author(s): Freeman DJ, Caslake MJ, Griffin BA, Hinnie J, Tan CE, Watson TD, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998 July; 28(7): 584-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9726040&dopt=Abstract
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The inhibitory effect of DL-alpha-tocopheryl ferulate in lecithin on melanogenesis. Author(s): Ichihashi M, Funasaka Y, Ohashi A, Chacraborty A, Ahmed NU, Ueda M, Osawa T. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 September-October; 19(5A): 3769-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10625956&dopt=Abstract
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The N-terminal globular domain and the first class A amphipathic helix of apolipoprotein A-I are important for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activation and the maturation of high density lipoprotein in vivo. Author(s): Scott BR, McManus DC, Franklin V, McKenzie AG, Neville T, Sparks DL, Marcel YL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 December 28; 276(52): 48716-24. Epub 2001 October 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602583&dopt=Abstract
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The pattern of change in the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation. Author(s): How HY, Cook CR, Cook VD, Ralston KK, Greenwell ER, Goldsmith LJ, Spinnato JA. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2002 January; 22(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840238&dopt=Abstract
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Three arginine residues in apolipoprotein A-I are critical for activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Roosbeek S, Vanloo B, Duverger N, Caster H, Breyne J, De Beun I, Patel H, Vandekerckhove J, Shoulders C, Rosseneu M, Peelman F. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2001 January; 42(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11160363&dopt=Abstract
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Trans unsaturated fatty acids inhibit lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase and alter its positional specificity. Author(s): Subbaiah PV, Subramanian VS, Liu M. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 July; 39(7): 1438-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684747&dopt=Abstract
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Transgenic overexpression of human lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in mice does not increase aortic cholesterol deposition. Author(s): Furbee JW Jr, Parks JS. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 November; 165(1): 89-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208474&dopt=Abstract
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Transient holes in the erythrocyte membrane during hypotonic hemolysis and stable holes in the membrane after lysis by saponin and lysolecithin. Author(s): Seeman P. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 1967 January; 32(1): 55-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10976201&dopt=Abstract
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Transmission of two novel mutations in a pedigree with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency: structure-function relationships and studies in a compound heterozygous proband. Author(s): Argyropoulos G, Jenkins A, Klein RL, Lyons T, Wagenhorst B, St Armand J, Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Pritchard PH, Garvey WT. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1998 September; 39(9): 1870-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741700&dopt=Abstract
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Treponema lecithinolyticum sp. nov., a small saccharolytic spirochaete with phospholipase A and C activities associated with periodontal diseases. Author(s): Wyss C, Choi BK, Schupbach P, Moter A, Guggenheim B, Gobel UB. Source: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1999 October; 49 Pt 4: 1329-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10555310&dopt=Abstract
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Two histidine residues are essential for catalysis by lecithin retinol acyl transferase. Author(s): Mondal MS, Ruiz A, Hu J, Bok D, Rando RR. Source: Febs Letters. 2001 January 26; 489(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231005&dopt=Abstract
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Use of synthetic cardiolipin and lecithin in the antigen used by the venereal disease research laboratory test for serodiagnosis of syphilis. Author(s): Castro AR, Morrill WE, Shaw WA, Gale DC, Park MM, Peregrino-Ferreira LA, Bazzo ML, Pope V. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 July; 7(4): 658-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10882668&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin E improves the uptake of unsaturated soya lecithin liposomes by human fibroblasts in vitro. Author(s): Berrocal MC, Bujan J, Jurado F, Abeger A. Source: Journal of Microencapsulation. 1998 May-June; 15(3): 347-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9608397&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LECITHIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and lecithin.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Lecithin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “lecithin” (or a synonym): •
Amphotericin B in oil-water lecithin-based microemulsions: formulation and toxicity evaluation. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
[email protected] Source: Brime, Begona Moreno, Marco A Frutos, Gloria Ballesteros, Ma Paloma Frutos, Paloma J-Pharm-Sci. 2002 April; 91(4): 1178-85 0022-3549
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Anisotropic motion and molecular dynamics of cholesterol, lanosterol, and ergosterol in lecithin bilayers studied by quasi-elastic neutron scattering. Author(s): Physikalisches Institut EP5, Universitat Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany, Leibniz Rechenzentrum, Munchen, Germany. Source: Endress, E Heller, H Casalta, H Brown, M F Bayerl, T M Biochemistry. 2002 October 29; 41(43): 13078-86 0006-2960
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Antioxidant effect of vitamin K homologues on ascorbic acid/Fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation of lecithin liposomes. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hokuriku University, Ishikawa, Japan. Source: Ohyashiki, T Yabunaka, Y Matsui, K Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1991 April; 39(4): 976-9 0009-2363
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Antistress and adaptogenic activity of lecithin supplementation. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timapur, Delhi, India.
[email protected] Source: KuMarch, R Divekar, H M Gupta, V Srivastava, K K J-Altern-Complement-Med. 2002 August; 8(4): 487-92 1075-5535
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Autoxidation of stored soybean lecithin (short communication). Author(s): Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Source: Reblova, Z Pokorny, J Panek, J Nahrung. 1991; 35(6): 665-6 0027-769X
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Bioavailability of transdermal methimazole in a pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO) in healthy cats. Author(s): Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 53706-1102, USA. Source: Hoffman, S B Yoder, A R Trepanier, L A J-Vet-Pharmacol-Ther. 2002 June; 25(3): 189-93 0140-7783
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Combined effect of a lecithin and a bile salt on pancreatic lipase activity. Source: Lykidis, A. Avranas, A. Arzoglou, P. Comp-biochem-physiol-Part-B,-Biochemmol-biol. Tarrytown, NY : Elsevier Science Inc. January 1997. volume 116B (1) page 5155.
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Contents of lecithin and choline in crude drugs. Author(s): Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan. Source: Yamasaki, K Kikuoka, M Nishi, H Kokusenya, Y Miyamoto, T Matsuo, M Sato, T Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1994 January; 42(1): 105-7 0009-2363
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Determination of lecithin drug specialties and diet integrators; by means of first or second derivative enzymatic-spectrophotometric analysis. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy. Source: Campanella, L Magri, A L Sorbo, A Tomassetti, M J-Pharm-Biomed-Anal. 2002 August 1; 29(6): 1135-48 0731-7085
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Differential effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil or soy lecithin on human platelet adhesion. Author(s): Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Microscopy, University of Verona, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Andrioli, G Carletto, A Guarini, P Galvani, S Biasi, D Bellavite, P Corrocher, R Thromb-Haemost. 1999 November; 82(5): 1522-7 0340-6245
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Effect of polyenoic phospholipid therapy on lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity in the human serum. Author(s): Institute of Nuclear Biology and Radiochemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague. Source: Dobiasova, M Stribrna, J Matousovic, K Physiol-Bohemoslovolume 1988; 37(2): 165-72 0369-9463
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Effects of alkalized cocoa powder and soy lecithin on physical characteristics of chocolate beverage powders. Source: Selamat, J. Hussin, N. Zain, A.M. Che Man, Y.B. J-food-process-preserv. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press Inc. August 1998. volume 22 (3) page 241-254. 0145-8892
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Effects of chronic choline and lecithin on mouse hippocampal dendritic spine density. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY 40292. Source: Muma, N A Rowell, P P Exp-Aging-Res. 1988 Summer-Autumn; 14(2-3): 137-41 0361-073X
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Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or lecithin on the plasma concentrations of very low density lipoprotein-tryglyceride (VLDL) and ketone bodies in humans. Source: Kurinami, S Kumagai, N Hayashi, H Hayashida, Y Sato, M Yamaguchi, A Kajiwara, K Nonaka, K Kurume-Med-J. 1988; 35(2): 71-6 0023-5679
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Final report on the safety assessment of Lecithin and Hydrogenated Lecithin. Author(s): Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Source: Fiume, Z Int-J-Toxicol. 2001; 20 Suppl 1: 21-45 1091-5818
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Health benefits of lecithin and choline. Source: Miller, D.L. Cereal-foods-world. St. Paul, Minn., American Association of Cereal Chemists. May 2002. volume 47 (5) page 178-184. 0146-6283
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Improving emulsification efficacy of lecithin by formulation design. I: Effect of adding a secondary surfactant. Author(s): Vion Pharmaceuticals Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Source: Krishna, G Wood, G C Sheth, B B PDA-J-Pharm-Sci-Technol. 1998 NovDecember; 52(6): 331-6 1079-7440
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Influence of lecithin on mitochondrial DNA and age-related hearing loss. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, West Bloomfield., MI 48323, USA.
[email protected]
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Source: Seidman, M D Khan, M J Tang, W X Quirk, W S Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 2002 September; 127(3): 138-44 0194-5998 •
Influence of phytogenic surfactants (quillaya saponin and soya lecithin) on bioelimination of phenanthrene and fluoranthene by three bacteria. Source: Soeder, C J Papaderos, A Kleespies, M Kneifel, H Haegel, F H Webb, L ApplMicrobiol-Biotechnol. 1996 January; 44(5): 654-9 0175-7598
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Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and possible origin of lysolecithin in rabbit aqueous after a damage of blood-aqueous barrier. Author(s): Institute of Nuclear Biology and Radiochemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague. Source: Dobiasova, M Zouchova, Z Obenberger, J Curr-Eye-Res. 1989 May; 8(5): 441-8 0271-3683
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Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Author(s): MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Robinson Way, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK, CB2 2SR.
[email protected] Source: Higgins, J P Flicker, L Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (4): CD001015 1469-493X
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Lecithin in health and disease. Source: Zeisel, S.H. Monogr-Am-Oil-Chem-Soc. Champaign, Ill. : The Society. 1985. (12) page 323-345.
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Lecithin retinol acyltransferase forms functional homodimers. Author(s): Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 45 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Source: Jahng, Wan Jin Cheung, Eric Rando, Robert R Biochemistry. 2002 May 21; 41(20): 6311-9 0006-2960
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Lecithin supplements: A source of help or hype. Source: Cappellano, K. Environ-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. June 1989. volume 12 (6) page 1, 6-7. charts. 0893-4452
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Mutations in the gene encoding lecithin retinol acyltransferase are associated with early-onset severe retinal dystrophy. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.
[email protected] Source: Thompson, D A Li, Y McHenry, C L Carlson, T J Ding, X Sieving, P A Apfelstedt Sylla, E Gal, A Nat-Genet. 2001 June; 28(2): 123-4 1061-4036
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Optimal thresholds of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and lamellar body count for the prediction of the presence of phosphatidyl glycerol in diabetic women. Author(s): Perinatal Diagnostic Center, Inova Alexandria Hospital, Virginia 22304, USA. Source: Ghidini, A Spong, C Y Goodwin, K Pezzullo, J C J-Matern-Fetal-Neonatal-Med. 2002 August; 12(2): 95-8 1476-7058
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Oral lecithin improves ultrafiltration in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Division of Nephrology, Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada. Source: Chan, H Abraham, G Oreopoulos, D G Perit-Dial-Int. 1989; 9(3): 203-5 0896-8608
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Oxidative stress is markedly elevated in lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase-deficient mice and is paradoxically reversed in the apolipoprotein E knockout background in association with a reduction in atherosclerosis. Source: Ng, D.S. Maguire, G.F. Wylie, J. Ravandi, A. Xuan, W. Ahmed, Z. Eskandarian, M. Kuksis, A. Connelly, P.W. J-biol-chem. Bethesda, Md. : American Society for
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Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. April 5, 2002. volume 277 (14) page 11715-11720. 0021-9258 •
Penetration of lecithin from hydrocortisone-containing liposomes into human skin. Source: Wohlrab, W Lachmann, U Lasch, J Dermatol-Monatsschr. 1989; 175(6): 344-7 0011-9083
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Preparation of lecithin microcapsules by a dilution method using the Wurster process for intraarterial administration in gadolinium neutron capture therapy. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan. Source: Jono, K Ichikawa, H Fujioka, K Fukumori, Y Akine, Y Tokuuye, K Chem-PharmBull-(Tokyo). 1999 January; 47(1): 54-63 0009-2363
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Quantitation of serum phospholipase A2 by enzyme-diffusion in lecithin agar gels: a comparative study in man and animals. Source: Westermarck, E. Lindberg, L.A. Sandholm, M. Acta-Vet-Scand. Copenhagen : Danske Dyrlaegeforening. 1984. volume 25 (2) page 229-241. ill. 0044-605X
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Sodium butyrate inhibits the expression of the human lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase gene in HepG2 cells by a post-transcriptional mechanism. Author(s): Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Norway. Source: Skretting, G Gjernes, E Prydz, H FEBS-Lett. 1997 March 3; 404(1): 105-10 00145793
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Study on absorption of indomethacin from sustained-release suppositories containing hydrogenated soybean lecithin in rabbits. Source: Nakajima, T Takashima, Y Furuya, A Ozawa, Y Kawashima, Y Chem-PharmBull-(Tokyo). 1989 November; 37(11): 3145-7 0009-2363
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Study on slow-release of indomethacin from suppositories containing hydrogenated soybean lecithin. Source: Nakajima, T Takashima, Y Furuya, A Ozawa, Y Kawashima, Y Chem-PharmBull-(Tokyo). 1988 September; 36(9): 3696-701 0009-2363
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Transdermal delivery of insulin in mice by using lecithin vesicles as a carrier. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Source: Guo, J Ping, Q Zhang, L Drug-Delivolume 2000 Apr-June; 7(2): 113-6 1071-7544
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Transgenic overexpression of human lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in mice does not increase aortic cholesterol deposition. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA. Source: Furbee, J W Jr Parks, J S Atherosclerosis. 2002 November; 165(1): 89-100 00219150
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Two histidine residues are essential for catalysis by lecithin retinol acyl transferase. Author(s): Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Mondal, M S Ruiz, A Hu, J Bok, D Rando, R R FEBS-Lett. 2001 January 26; 489(1): 14-8 0014-5793
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Vitamin E improves the uptake of unsaturated soya lecithin liposomes by human fibroblasts in vitro. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Source: Berrocal, M C BuJanuary, J Jurado, F Abeger, A J-Microencapsul. 1998 May-June; 15(3): 347-59 0265-2048
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
Nutrition
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The following is a specific Web list relating to lecithin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin B-Complex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Minerals Lecithin and Choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Lecithin/Phosphatidylcholine/Choline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Food and Diet Betaine (Trimethylglycine) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Soy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LECITHIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lecithin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lecithin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lecithin: •
A fluorescence energy transfer study of lecithin-cholesterol vesicles in the presence of phospholipase C. Author(s): Wrenn SP, Kaler EW, Lee SP. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1999 August; 40(8): 1483-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428985&dopt=Abstract
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A linoleic acid enriched diet increases serum cholesterol esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in meal-fed rats. Author(s): Romijn D, Wiseman SA, Scheek LM, de Fouw NJ, van Tol A. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1998; 42(4): 244-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9745111&dopt=Abstract
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Anisotropic motion and molecular dynamics of cholesterol, lanosterol, and ergosterol in lecithin bilayers studied by quasi-elastic neutron scattering. Author(s): Endress E, Heller H, Casalta H, Brown MF, Bayerl TM.
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Source: Biochemistry. 2002 October 29; 41(43): 13078-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390036&dopt=Abstract •
Antioxidant activity of flavones from Scutellaria baicalensis in lecithin liposomes. Author(s): Gabrielska J, Oszmianski J, Zylka R, Komorowska M. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1997 November-December; 52(11-12): 817-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9463939&dopt=Abstract
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Antistress and adaptogenic activity of lecithin supplementation. Author(s): Kumar R, Divekar HM, Gupta V, Srivastava KK. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 August; 8(4): 487-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230909&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of model bile using fluorescence energy transfer from dehydroergosterol to dansylated lecithin. Author(s): Wrenn SP, Gudheti M, Veleva AN, Kaler EW, Lee SP. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2001 June; 42(6): 923-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369800&dopt=Abstract
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Contents of lecithin and choline in crude drugs. Author(s): Yamasaki K, Kikuoka M, Nishi H, Kokusenya Y, Miyamoto T, Matsuo M, Sato T. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 January; 42(1): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124757&dopt=Abstract
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Conversion to docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylserine from squid skin lecithin by phospholipase D-mediated transphosphatidylation. Author(s): Hosokawa M, Shimatani T, Kanada T, Inoue Y, Takahashi K. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 October; 48(10): 4550-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052698&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary sitostanol reduces plaque formation but not lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase activity in rabbits. Author(s): Ntanios FY, Jones PJ, Frohlich JJ. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1998 May; 138(1): 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678775&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil or soy lecithin on human platelet adhesion. Author(s): Andrioli G, Carletto A, Guarini P, Galvani S, Biasi D, Bellavite P, Corrocher R.
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Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999 November; 82(5): 1522-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10595648&dopt=Abstract •
Double-blind controlled clinical study of the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenacN-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine lecithin gel compared with diclofenac-N-(2hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine gel in patients with peri and extraarticular inflammatory diseases. Author(s): Fioravanti A, Cicero MR, Nerucci F, Manopulo R, Marcolongo R. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1999; 25(5): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568212&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of additives on dissolution and swelling of soybean lecithin microcapsules prepared using the Wurster process. Author(s): Jono K, Ichikawa H, Fukumori Y, Kanamori R, Tsutsumi Y, Murata K, Morimoto A, Nakamura K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1997 December; 45(12): 2061-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433778&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of intracerebroventricular administration of soybean lecithin transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine on scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. Author(s): Suzuki S, Kataoka A, Furushiro M. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 2000 September; 84(1): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11043460&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of lecithin on in vitro and in vivo survival of in vitro produced bovine blastocysts after cryopreservation. Author(s): Guyader-Joly C, Ponchon S, Durand M, Heyman Y, Renard JP, Menezo Y. Source: Theriogenology. 1999 November; 52(7): 1193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735097&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of lecithins on BCG-alginate-PLL microcapsule particle size and stability upon storage. Author(s): Esquisabel A, Hernandez RM, Igartua M, Gascon AR, Calvo B, Pedraz JL. Source: Journal of Microencapsulation. 2000 May-June; 17(3): 363-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819423&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of lecithinized superoxide dismutase on neuronal cell loss in CA3 hippocampus after traumatic brain injury in rats. Author(s): Yunoki M, Kawauchi M, Ukita N, Sugiura T, Ohmoto T. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 March; 59(3): 156-60; Discussion 160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681536&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of oral administration of soybean lecithin transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine on impaired learning of passive avoidance in mice. Author(s): Furushiro M, Suzuki S, Shishido Y, Sakai M, Yamatoya H, Kudo S, Hashimoto S, Yokokura T. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 December; 75(4): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469653&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of novel soya-lecithin formulations for dermal use containing ketoprofen as a model drug. Author(s): Valenta C, Wanka M, Heidlas J. Source: Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society. 2000 January 3; 63(1-2): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640590&dopt=Abstract
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Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol. Author(s): Spilburg CA, Goldberg AC, McGill JB, Stenson WF, Racette SB, Bateman J, McPherson TB, Ostlund RE Jr. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 May; 103(5): 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728215&dopt=Abstract
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Fatty acid composition of plasma and erythrocytes in term infants fed human milk and formulae with and without docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids from egg yolk lecithin. Author(s): Bondia-Martinez E, Lopez-Sabater MC, Castellote-Bargallo AI, RodriguezPalmero M, Gonzalez-Corbella MJ, Rivero-Urgell M, Campoy-Folgoso C, Bayes-Garcia R. Source: Early Human Development. 1998 December; 53 Suppl: S109-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102659&dopt=Abstract
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Fish meal lecithin as alternative precursor of docosahexaenoate and choline. Author(s): Dahlan W, Chatnilbandhu S, Na-Nagara B, Carpentier YA. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 1996 September; 9(2-3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8886341&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of lecithin on mitochondrial DNA and age-related hearing loss. Author(s): Seidman MD, Khan MJ, Tang WX, Quirk WS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 September; 127(3): 138-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297801&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition by lecithin-bound iodine (LBI) of inducible allergen-specific T lymphocytes' responses in allergic diseases. Author(s): Kawano Y, Noma T.
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Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1996 April; 18(4): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894803&dopt=Abstract •
Lecithin decreases human milk fat loss during enteral pumping. Author(s): Chan MM, Nohara M, Chan BR, Curtis J, Chan GM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 May; 36(5): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12717084&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin has no effect on serum lipoprotein, plasma fibrinogen and macro molecular protein complex levels in hyperlipidaemic men in a double-blind controlled study. Author(s): Oosthuizen W, Vorster HH, Vermaak WJ, Smuts CM, Jerling JC, Veldman FJ, Burger HM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 June; 52(6): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9683394&dopt=Abstract
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Lecithin hydrophobicity modulates the process of cholesterol crystal nucleation and growth in supersaturated model bile systems. Author(s): Ochi H, Tazuma S, Kajiyama G. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1996 August 15; 318 ( Pt 1): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8761463&dopt=Abstract
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Lipoprotein, lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase and acetyl CoA carboxylase in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a diet high in eicosapentaenoic acid. Author(s): Chiang MT, Otomo MI, Ito H, Furukawa Y, Kimura S. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1994 March; 106(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7912508&dopt=Abstract
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Microparticles of soy lecithin formed by supercritical processes. Author(s): Badens E, Magnan C, Charbit G. Source: Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2001 January 20; 72(2): 194-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114657&dopt=Abstract
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Oral administration of soybean lecithin transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine (SB-tPS) reduces ischemic damage in the gerbil hippocampus. Author(s): Suzuki S, Furushiro M, Takahashi M, Sakai M, Kudo S. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1999 October; 81(2): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10591483&dopt=Abstract
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Oral administration of soybean lecithin transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine improves memory impairment in aged rats. Author(s): Suzuki S, Yamatoya H, Sakai M, Kataoka A, Furushiro M, Kudo S.
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Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 November; 131(11): 2951-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694624&dopt=Abstract •
Organic solvent systems for 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of lecithin phospholipids: applications to two-dimensional gradient-enhanced 1H-detected heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence experiments. Author(s): Bosco M, Culeddu N, Toffanin R, Pollesello P. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1997 February 1; 245(1): 38-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9025966&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine enzymatically synthesized from soybean lecithin on brain functions in rodents. Author(s): Sakai M, Yamatoya H, Kudo S. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1996 February; 42(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8708821&dopt=Abstract
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Post-heparin serum lecithinase in man and its positional specificity. Author(s): Vogel WC, Bierman EL. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 1967 January; 8(1): 46-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14564704&dopt=Abstract
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Preparation of lecithin microcapsules by a dilution method using the Wurster process for intraarterial administration in gadolinium neutron capture therapy. Author(s): Jono K, Ichikawa H, Fujioka K, Fukumori Y, Akine Y, Tokuuye K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1999 January; 47(1): 54-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9987827&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of plant flavonoids on the oxidation of lecithin liposomes. Author(s): Gabrielska J, Oszmianski J, Lamer-Zarawska E. Source: Pharmazie. 1997 February; 52(2): 170-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122280&dopt=Abstract
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Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans. Author(s): Ostlund RE Jr, Spilburg CA, Stenson WF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 November; 70(5): 826-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10539742&dopt=Abstract
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Soy lecithin reduces plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and early atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic monkeys and hamsters: beyond linoleate. Author(s): Wilson TA, Meservey CM, Nicolosi RJ.
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Source: Atherosclerosis. 1998 September; 140(1): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733225&dopt=Abstract •
Surfactant-induced leakage from liposomes: a comparison among different lecithin vesicles. Author(s): Memoli A, Annesini MC, Petralito S. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1999 July 20; 184(2): 227-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10387952&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of lecithin supplementation on plasma choline concentrations during a marathon. Author(s): Buchman AL, Awal M, Jenden D, Roch M, Kang SH. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 November-December; 19(6): 768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194530&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of gastric ulceration in 10 standardbred racehorses with a pectin-lecithin complex. Author(s): Ferrucci F, Zucca E, Croci C, Di Fabio V, Ferro E. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2003 May 31; 152(22): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803394&dopt=Abstract
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Visual acuity and fatty acid status of term infants fed human milk and formulas with and without docosahexaenoate and arachidonate from egg yolk lecithin. Author(s): Carlson SE, Ford AJ, Werkman SH, Peeples JM, Koo WW. Source: Pediatric Research. 1996 May; 39(5): 882-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8726246&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin E improves the uptake of unsaturated soya lecithin liposomes by human fibroblasts in vitro. Author(s): Berrocal MC, Bujan J, Jurado F, Abeger A. Source: Journal of Microencapsulation. 1998 May-June; 15(3): 347-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9608397&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to lecithin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cirrhosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gallbladder Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Alternative Medicine 69
High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hiv and Aids Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tardive Dyskinesia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Herbs and Supplements Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org DMAE Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fo-ti Alternative names: Polygonum multiflorum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methionine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10044,00.html Phosphatidylserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Phosphatidylserine (PS) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,813,00.html Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LECITHIN Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to lecithin. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “lecithin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lecithin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Lecithin ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to lecithin. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Alternate Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Diplamitoyl [i.e. Dipalmitoyl] Lecithin in the Adult Rabbit Lung by Kyei-aboagye, Kwabena; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14483
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Serum Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase and Liver Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase in Patients with Liver Disease by Poon, Raymond Wai-man; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK52920
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Some Characteristics of the Exchange of Lecithin between Rabbit Erythrocytes and Serum by Smith, Norman B; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24421
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Some Studies on Lecithin-water Systems by Optical Methods by Chong, Chon Sing; PhD from Simon Fraser University (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25630
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The Development of Two Assays, Employing Enzymes As Reagents, for the Determination of Lecithin and Total Choline-containing Phospholipids in Amniotic Fluid; a Study of Co-substrates for Peroxidase Coupled Reactions; a Study of the Applicability of a Bi by Artiss, Joseph Donald; PhD from University of Windsor (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49193
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The Effect of Interval and Continuous Exercise Programs on Hdl Cholesterol, Apoa-i, Apob and Lcat (lipoproteins, Apoproteins, Lecithin, Acyltransferase) by Adeniran, Samuel Adebisi, PhD from University of Kansas, 1983, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8403604
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The Effects of Exercise Training And/or Lecithin Supplement upon Serum Cholesterol Triglycerides and Beta-lipoproteins. by Krebs, Paul Samuel, EDD from University of Arkansas, 1978, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7823235
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The Role of Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase on Atherosclerosis Development in the Mouse Model by Furbee, James Walter, Jr.; PhD from Wake Forest University, the Bowman Gray School of Medicine, 2002, 339 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043099
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The Structural and Functional Significance of the N-terminal Region of Lecithin:cholesterol Acyltransferase (lcat) by Vickaryous, Nicola Kathleen; Msc from Dalhousie University (Canada), 2002, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ67560
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON LECITHIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “lecithin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lecithin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Lecithin By performing a patent search focusing on lecithin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on lecithin: •
Aerosol formulations for buccal and pulmonary application Inventor(s): Modi; Pankaj (Ancaster, CA) Assignee(s): Generex Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Toronto, CA) Patent Number: 6,436,367 Date filed: February 17, 1999 Abstract: A mixed micellar aerosol pharmaceutical formulation includes a micellar proteinic pharmaceutical agent, an alkali metal lauryl sulphate, at least three micelle forming compounds, a phenol and a propellant. The micelle forming compounds are selected from the group consisting of lecithin, hyaluronic acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of hyaluronic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, chamomile extract, cucumber extract, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, monoolein, monooleates, monolaurates, borage oil, evening of primrose oil, menthol, trihydroxy oxo cholanyl glycine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, glycerin, polyglycerin, lysine, polylysine, triolein, polyoxyethylene ethers and analogues thereof, polidocanol alkyl ethers and analogues thereof. The amount of each micelle forming compound is present in a concentration of from 1 to 20 wt./wt. % of the total formulation, and the total concentration of micelle forming compounds are less than 50 wt./wt. % of the formulation. The propellant, e.g. a fluorocarbon propellant, provides enhanced absorption of the pharmaceutical agent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved delivery system for the administration of large-molecule pharmaceuticals, e.g. peptidic drugs, vaccines and hormones. In particular it relates to pharmaceuticals which may be administered by means of an aerosol into the mouth, for buccal or pulmonary application. In spite of significant efforts in academic and commercial laboratories, major breakthroughs in oral peptide and protein formulation have not been achieved. Relatively little progress has been made in reaching the target of safe and effective oral formulations for peptides and proteins. The major barriers to developing oral formulations for proteins and peptides include poor intrinsic permeability, lumenal and cellular enzymatic degradation, rapid clearance, and chemical stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Pharmaceutical approaches to address these barriers, which have been successful with traditional small, organic drug molecules, have not readily translated into effective peptide and protein formulations. Although the challenges are significant, the potential therapeutic benefits remain high especially in the field of diabetes treatment using insulin. Scientists have explored various administration routes other than the injection for proteins and peptides. Oral and nasal cavities have been of greatest interest to scientists. Both the oral and nasal membranes offer advantages over other routes of administration. For example, drugs administered through these membranes have a rapid onset of action, provide therapeutic plasma levels, avoid first pass effect of hepatic metabolism, and avoid exposure of the drug to hostile GI environment. Additional advantages include easy access to the membrane sites so that the drug can be applied, localized and removed easily. Further, there is a good potential for prolonged delivery of large molecules through these membranes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06436367__
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Anti-depressant, stress suppressor and mood improver Inventor(s): Ruenberg; David (Haifa, IL) Assignee(s): Lipogen Ltd. (Haifa, IL) Patent Number: 6,410,522 Date filed: July 3, 2001 Abstract: An anti-depressant, mental & emotional stress suppressor and mood improver having a prominent action for decreasing blood cortisol level and serotonin reuptake and has an effect of alleviating symptoms associated with depression and mental & emotional stress of a subject administered with the improver. The improver contains as the effective ingredient a combination of phosphatidy-L-serine and phosphadtidic acid, or the salts thereof, comprising at least 20% (w/w) phosphatidy-L-serine and typically within the range of about 20%-40% of phosphatidy-L-serine, out of the total phospholipid content of the composition and at least 3% (w/w) of phosphatidic acid, preferably above about 10% and typically within the range of about 20%-40% of phosphatidic acid, out of the total phospholipid content of the composition. The phosphatidyl-L-serine and phosphatidic acid has a structural fatty acid chain derived from at least one raw material lecithin selected from the group consisting of soy bean lecithin, rapeseed lecithin or egg yolk lecithin. Using the raw material lecithin as the substrate, phosphatidyl-L-serine and phosphatidic acid can be produced by enzymatic conversion utilizing phospholipase-D. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition having an effect of alleviating symptoms associated with depression and mental and emotional stress. A. Zanotti et al. report that the oral administration of phosphatidylserine extracted from bovine brain to aged rats with memory deficits for 12 weeks improved the performance of the aged rats (A. Zanotti et al., Psychopharmacology Berl., Vol. 99, P. 316, 1989). Monteleoni et al., (Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacology, 385-388, 1992) investigated the chronic administration of brain cortex phosphatidylserine on the neuroendocrine responses to physical stress. The study showed that oral administration of phosphatidylserine at 800 mg per day for 10 days prior to exercise, reduced the ACTH and cortisol responses to physical exercise. A 400 mg per day dose was shown to produce no effect on the cortisol response. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06410522__
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Antifoam compositions including lecithin and uses thereof Inventor(s): Friedman; Robert S. (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): Medtronic, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,482,360 Date filed: May 7, 2001 Abstract: A composition including lecithin which is useful for defoaming liquids, such as blood. In one aspect of the invention the composition includes inorganic particles. In another aspect of the invention the composition includes a silicone. Excerpt(s): From the first operation to repair a heart in 1891 until the early 1950's, heart surgeons were limited by the problem of trying to work on the heart while it was still beating. The heart's constant motion, and the presence of blood that obscured the surgeon's view, made repairing heart defects a surgical challenge. Surgeons had to work quickly and there was always a danger of disrupting blood circulation to vital organs.
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The solution to this problem came in the late 1950's with the development of the first oxygenator. The veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart's right atrium. From the right atrium, blood is pumped to the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The lung oxygenates the blood while removing carbon dioxide as it passes through the lung's alveolar capillary network. Oxygenated blood is then returned to the left atrium by way of the pulmonary veins. Blood is then pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle and pumped back into the body's circulatory system. Cells are replenished with oxygen and carbon dioxide is taken up by the blood as the blood passes through the body's capillary system. After this gaseous exchange is accomplished, the blood is returned to the heart and the cycle is repeated. During cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) surgery, for example, venous blood is taken from the patient's circulation by means of a cannula placed in the vena cava. The blood "bypasses" the heart and lungs and enters what is referred to as the "extracorporeal circuit" or literally a circuit "outside the body." Oxygenation of the patient's blood takes place in an oxygenator much in the same way as it does in the natural process. After the blood is oxygenated and temperature regulated, it is returned to the patient's arterial circulation through a cannula so that the patient's body may utilize the oxygenated blood. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06482360__ •
Bechamel sauce Inventor(s): Brongniart; Laurence (L'Isle Adam, FR), Ferrari-Philippe; Fabiana (Beauvais, FR) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,531,175 Date filed: September 14, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a bechamel sauce and a method of making the sauce. The bechamel sauce may be a classical bechamel sauce and exhibits less than a 10% variation in viscosity, measured at 10 s.sup.-1, for two separate shear treatments conducted before and after one or more freeze-thaw cycles. The bechamel sauce contains 0.3-2%, with respect to the amount of flour contained in the sauce, of an emulsifier. Preferred emulsifiers include lecithin, a stearoyl lactylate, a monoglyceride, a diacetyl tartaric acid ester of a monoglyceride and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bechamel-type sauce having improved properties such as freeze-thaw resistance. It is a well known tradition to produce bechamel-type sauces. Larousse Gastronomique, published by Larousse in 1996, describes the preparation of a bechamel-type sauce in which butter is melted over a low heat and then flour is added while stirring vigorously in order to obtain a smooth colorless mixture. Milk is then poured into the mixture while whipping so as to avoid forming lumps. The bechamel sauce thus formed is seasoned with salt and pepper and then passed through a conical tammy strainer so that it has a really smooth texture. In addition, Patent JP 61,173,758 describes the preparation of a roux in which the fat and a fatty acid sucroester are mixed with starch, so as to lower the gel temperature of the starch when making the roux. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531175__
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Biodegradable mouldings Inventor(s): Jongboom; Remigius Oene Jules (Zetten, NL), Rodenburg; Jan Arie (Bergschenhoek, NL), Stuut; Peter Iwan (Wageningen, NL) Assignee(s): Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V. (Oosterhout, NL) Patent Number: 6,482,341 Date filed: December 11, 2000 Abstract: A process is described for the production of mouldings based on biological material, wherein potato skins, optionally in the presence of a plasticiser such as glycerol or urea and lecithin and of a water-resistant biodegradable polymer such as polylactic acid, is subjected to a thermomechanical treatrment such as extrusion and then shaped. The mouldings have good mechanical properties and a good biodegradability. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to mouldings made from biological residual material, such as potato skins. For numerous applications, such as profiles, pipes, channels, pots and other containers, there is a need for biodegradable mouldings that can be produced from inexpensive materials. For applications of this type it has been proposed to process starch, if appropriate mixed with other polymers and fillers, and to shape this, for example by means of extrusion. Examples of this are described in WO 92/02559 and EPA-707034. However, products of this type have a number of disadvantages, including high production costs and high processing temperatures. Surprisingly it has now been found that potato skins can be processed in a relatively simple and inexpensive process to give robust, but nevertheless readily degradable mouldings. The process according to the invention therefore encompasses the processing of potato skins or similar material by the application of thermomechanical treatment and shaping. It is assumed that the combination of starch, cellulose, pectin, cork and inorganic materials is responsible for the advantageous mechanical properties and the relatively high resistance to water of the mouldings, for example in comparison with the properties of material based on pulp. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06482341__
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Composition for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular diseases Inventor(s): Lang; Philip C. (Toms River, NJ), Sosnowski; Robert E. (Manasquan, NJ) Assignee(s): DexGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Manasquan, NJ) Patent Number: 6,583,152 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: Elevated levels of homocysteine have been implicated as an important risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases. A composition for decreasing levels of plasma homocysteine and a method for administering the composition are provided the composition containing dextromethorphan (DM), folic acid and vitamins B.sub.6 and B.sub.12. The composition provides a synergistic therapeutic effect so that lower amounts of the above ingredients may be employed to minimize any undesirable side effects caused by the use of high levels of a component such as DM. Preferred compositions for cardiovascular diseases further include lecithin, vitamin E, betacarotene, procyanidins/flavonoids, trimethylglycine, garlic oil and minerals. Other compositions for treating glaucoma include bilberry, bioflavonoids and beta-carotene
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and for treating tardive dyskinesia include an antioxidant such as grape seed extract and pine bark extract, lecithin and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. The compositions may be administered using any suitable means such as orally or intravenous. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular, glaucoma and tardive dyskinesia diseases and, more particularly, to a composition containing a number of ingredients which are present in amounts lower than amounts considered harmful to the body but which act synergistically to provide enhanced disease inhibition. Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death in industrialized countries. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the principal cause of cardiovascular disease. AS is a disease of the intima of the arteries that leads to fatty lesions called artheromatous plaques on the inside surface of the arteries. This deposit of fat and cholesterol narrows the arteries, and often becomes calcified, providing sites for abnormal blood clots to form, leading to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations have repeatedly been associated with increased vascular risk. Hcy causes cells to decrease their production of clot preventing and clot dissolving substances and increases production of clot promoting substances. Hcy is an intermediate sulfhydryl alpha-amino acid formed during conversion of methionine to cysteine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06583152__ •
Composition with azelaic acid Inventor(s): Franke; Patrick (Berlin, DE), Gunther; Clemens (Berlin, DE), Riedl; Jutta (Inzlingen, DE) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 6,534,070 Date filed: August 21, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition having the following constituents: azelaic acid, polyacrylic acid, triacylglyceride, propylene glycol, polysorbate, soya lecithin, water and salts. The composition is a hydrogel which is suited for the treatment of rosacea, presbyderma, melasma or skin irritations. Excerpt(s): Under the number 32 282, the 1996 Red List (ISBN 3-87193-167-5) describes a pharmaceutical composition with the name Skinoren that consists of (i) azelaic acid at a concentration of 20% by weight, (iii) triacylglycerides and diacylglycerides, (iv) propylene glycol, (v) polysorbate, for example macrogol stearate 1000 and (vii) water and salts. This composition that is to be administered topically is used for the treatment of acne. The composition exists as a cream. This document is regarded as the closest prior art. International Application WO 96/11700, which was filed on Oct. 29, 1993, describes a pharmaceutical composition that is used as an adjuvant for a vaccine. This composition is to replace the Freund adjuvant. It is injected. As a (i) pharmaceutical active ingredient, for example, hepatitis B surface protein is used. In addition, (ii) polyacrylic acid, (iii) triacylglycerides and/or diacylglycerides, such as MIGLYOL, (iv) propylene glycol, and (v) polysorbates are used in the form of TWEEN, EMULROR and SIMULSOL M-53. (vi) Soybean lecithin is also to be added. The composition is an (vii) aqueous phase with salts. The composition is not administered topically. The emulsion has particles measuring 0.03 to 0.5.mu.m, preferably 0.05 to 0.2.mu.m. International application WO 95/05163, which was filed on Aug. 5, 1994, describes a pharmaceutical composition that exists as an emulsion for the administration of biologically active
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substances on the skin surface. This composition contains particles measuring 30 to 500 nm, preferably 70 to 200 nm. As (i) pharmaceutical active ingredients, for example, antiinflammatory medications are used. In addition, (ii) polyacrylic acid, (iii) triacylglycerides and/or diacylglycerides, (iv) propylene glycol, and (v) polysorbates are used in the form of TWEEN, EMULROR, TRITON X and SIMULSOL M-53. (iv) Soybean lecithin is also to be added. The composition is an (vii) aqueous phase with salts. The composition is administered topically. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06534070__ •
Contaminant dispersants useful in recycling of treated containers Inventor(s): Coffey; Martin J. (Wheaton, IL), Severtson; Steven J. (Shoreview, MN) Assignee(s): Ondeo Nalco Company (Naperville, IL) Patent Number: 6,548,558 Date filed: May 17, 2001 Abstract: Methods for controlling wax and other contaminants by improving the dispersion of these materials through the addition of contaminant dispersants to the process of recycling paper and paperboard are disclosed. A preferred contaminant dispersant comprises:a) water;b) a plasticizer;c) an anionic dispersant;d) a surfactant wetting agent; ande) either1) an acid or lecithin and optionally, a base, or2) a preneutralized component. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods of use for the dispersion of contaminants during the recycling of coated papers. Wax is considered a contaminant, and the dispersability of wax is a critical component in the viability of recycling methods for wax coated fibers. Old corrugated containers (OCC) make up a high percentage of the recycled paper used in the United States, a majority of which is made into new container board. With such a high reuse level, old corrugated containers are an extremely important raw material for the container board industry. A potential significant source of OCC are wax treated containers. Wax treated containers are corrugated containers which are coated or impregnated with wax and used to ship fruit, produce and other agricultural products, as well as nonagricultural products such as bulk nail, screw, and bearing boxes. Wax treated containers represent an attractive fiber source due to their plenitude as well as the fact that one type of wax treated containers, namely, waxed corrugated, is typically produced from virgin fiber; making used waxed corrugated containers a high quality fiber source. Currently, waxed corrugated is not accepted for recycling because it is considered too contaminated. If an attempt is made to recycle waxed corrugated, it fails because during the recycling process, released wax tends to collect on equipment and in the finished paper products causing problems with mill operations and affecting product quality. To reasonably increase the level of waxed OCC used by the paper industry to the point where mills will accept and possibly seek out waxed containers, significant improvements in new technology for controlling wax in the recycle plant will have to be made. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548558__
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Cream utilizing capsaicin Inventor(s): Barr; Teresa Leigh (Port Townsend, WA), Holt; Stephen D. (Little Rock, AR) Assignee(s): Medical Merchandising, Inc. (Little Rock, AR) Patent Number: 6,573,302 Date filed: January 25, 2002 Abstract: A cream comprising: a topical carrier wherein the topical carrier comprises a member selected from the group comprising lavender oil, myristal myristate, and other preservatives including, hypericum perforatum arnica montana capric acid; and 0.01 to 1.0 wt. % capsaicin; 2 to 10 wt. % an encapsulation agent selected from the group comprising colloidal oatmeal hydrogenated lecithin, dipotassium glycyrlhizinate and combinations thereof; esters of amino acid; a light scattering element having a particle size up to 100 nm.; and a histidine. Excerpt(s): Arthritis is a common chronic problem, which occurs below the surface of the skin. Millions of people and animal have the condition. Various topical creams and ointments are sold for treatment of arthritis; however, most utilize an anesthetic, such as lidocane, benzocaine or other numbing agent for the skin surface. The present invention was developed to provide a cream, which has as the three critical ingredients, capsaicin, plus an anesthetic and an analgesic. The composition overcomes other obstacles of known capsaicin creams in that the amounts used enable the warming relief of the peppers in combination with the coolness of the anesthetic, yet enable the user to still feel objects they touch due to the use of an analgesic as a critical component rather than large amounts of anesthetics. Various capsaicin compositions have been developed over the years, in particular, the psoriatic composition of U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,450, the nasal composition of U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,166, and the composition of U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,853, the anti-inflammatory composition of U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,910, the composition of U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,532, the composition for animals of U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,565, the stomach treatments of U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,041, the composition of U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,886, the patch with medication of U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,510, all of which are incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06573302__
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Dry, edible oil and starch composition Inventor(s): Hedges; Allan (Crown Point, IN), Qi; Helena (Munster, IN), Remmert; Mike (Romeoville, IL), Shieh; Wen (Munster, IN) Assignee(s): Cerestar Holding B.V. (NL) Patent Number: 6,638,557 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: The dry composition has 50% w/w oil which contains polyunsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, and 50% w/w of a starch based matrix. The starch based matrix has 70% by weight or more of a starch hydrolysate with a DE of 20-100 and a converted starch such as a thin boiled starch or a maltodextrin. The matrix can contain up to 15% of a cyclodextrin or lecithin. The composition is stable over time and is especially suited for use with food. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a dry, edible oil and starch composition where the oil contains long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, a method for making the
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dry composition and foodstuffs which contain the dry composition. The present invention is especially suitable for fish oils and other unsaturated oils and fatty acids. Studies have linked long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids which are contained in fish oil with multiple medicinal and nutritional functions. These include prevention of coronary heart disease, suppression of platelet-aggregation, decreasing the level of serum cholesterol, treatment of cerebral thrombosis myocardial infraction, as well as others. Thus, there is a desire on the part of the food industry to supplement foodstuffs with PUFA. This is normally done by incorporating an oil high in PUFA into the foodstuff. Fish oil is a main source for these oils, however, plant and microbial liquids are also sources of oils which are high in PUFA. There are obstacles to the use of fish oils and to employing PUFA in foodstuffs. First, PUFAs are very sensitive to heat, light, and oxygen. They degrade due to oxidation and result in a rancid composition. Fish oils themselves have an unpleasant odor and flavor and are a liquid which makes them unacceptable for a number of dry foodstuffs such as powdered drink mixes, infant formula, health bars, breakfast cereals, baked goods, dressings and dairy products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638557__ •
Enzymatic process for the preparation of an acetylated phospholipid Inventor(s): Marellapudi; Sri Lakshmi Karuna (Hyderabad, IN), Penumarthy; Vijayalakshmi (Hyderabad, IN), Rachapudi; Badari Narayana Prasad (Hyderabad, IN), Vemulapalli; Vandana (Hyderabad, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,403,344 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an enzymatic process for the preparation of an acetylated phospholipid from a lecithin by acetylating the lecithin in the presence of vinyl acetate and a catalyst comprising lipase from Mucor miehei having 1,3-position specificity, separating the desired acetylated phospholipid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an enzymatic process for the preparation of an acetylated phospholipid. The invention particularly relates to an enzymatic process for the preparation of an acetylated phospholipid from vegetable lecithins such as soybean lecithin, rapeseed lecithin etc., and animal lecithins like egg yolk lecithin or pure phosphatidylethanolamine isolated from the above lecithins. The commercial lecithins or phosphatidylethanolamine are acetylated by using vinyl acetate as acylating agent in presence of lipase from Mucor miehei having 1,3-position specificity as catalyst. Commercial lecithin is an important co-product of oil processing obtained during degumming step. For example, soybean lecithin is a complex mixture and comprises of phospholipids and triglycerides, with minor amounts of other constituents like phytoglycolipids, phytosterols, tocopherols and fatty acids. The major phospholipids present in vegetable lecithins are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The egg yolk lecithin contains phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major phospholipids. Lecithin has potential as a multifunctional additive for food, pharmaceutical and industrial applications. The primary usage of lecithin in food is as an emulsifier. (Dashiell, G. L., in Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses, edited by B. F. Szuhaj, American Oil Chemical Society, Champaign Ill., 1989, p. 213). Acetylated lecithin exhibits improved fluid properties, improved water dispersability, and is effective oil-in-water emulsifiers for a wide
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variety of food formulations. (J. S. Schmidt and F. T. Orthoefer in Lecithins, B. F. Szuhaj and G. R. List eds., American Oil Chemists'Society, Champaign, Ill., 1985. p.183-212). Acetylation occurs primarily on the amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine. Moderately and highly acetylated lecithins are resistant to heat and can be repeatedly heated and cooled without darkening. The intended uses of minimally acetylated products are in infant foods coffee whiteners, meat sauces and gravies, and for oil-inwater cosmetic emulsions. Moderately and maximally acetylated products are used in cheese sauces, shortenings, and as release agents in pumpable and aerosol formulations, (Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, edited by Y. H. Hvi, Vol 1, 5.sup.th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1966, p.341). There have been sporadic attempts to prepare acetylated lecithin from soybean lecithin. Unilever [Netherlands Patent 6,700,366 (1967)] prepared acetylated lecithin by react soya lecithin (100 g) containing 65% phosphatides with 2 g of acetic anhydride at 70.degree. C. The mixture was stirred for 25 minutes and the acetic acid was distilled at 3 mm yielding 101 g of a mixture containing acetylated lecithin. Central Soya Company Inc., [U.S. Pat. No. 3,301,881 (1967)] in their studies used carboxylic acid anhydride like acetic anhydride for the acetylation of phospholipids from vegetable lecithins. J. Eichberg [U.S. Pat. No. 3,359,201 (1967)] also reported a similar methodology to prepare acetylated lecithin using acetic anhydride as acylating agent. According to R. Aneja and J. S. Chadha [Fett Seifen 73, 643-651 (1971)] acetylation was incomplete with acetic anhydride even after prolonged periods under reflux. However, in the presence of tertiary amine, the reaction was rapid and essentially complete in a few minutes at room temperature. Accordingly, Aneja, R. [U.S. Pat. No. 3,704,254 (1972)] used similar methodology by stirring soybean lecithin (100 g) and acetic anhydride (4 g) together vigorously under nitrogen at 74.degree. C for 2 hr followed by tertiary amine treatment. The water dispersability of soybean lecithin was improved by acetylation with acetic anhydride at 170.degree. F. followed by hydroxylation with 35% hydrogen peroxide [U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,292 (1976)] and the product was dried and deodorized at 185-190.degree. F. and 28 mm Hg vacuum. Crude soybean phosphatide (1 kg) was dried and dissolved in 4 liters of dichloromethane and mixed with 230 ml acetic acid and 200 g freshly calcinated basic aluminium oxide and refluxed for 4 hours. About half of the phosphatidylethanolamine was acetylated. The aluminium oxide was filtered and the solvent and excess acetic acid were removed under vacuum [Ger Pat. 2,615,120 (1977)]. Guenther, B. R. also prepared acetylated lecithin [Eur. Pat. 54,768 (1982) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,443,378 (1984)] by reacting 400 g of soybean phosphatide with 24 g of acetic anhydride at 50.degree. C. for 1 hr. Soya lecithin was acylated with oleoyl chloride and triethylamine in 96% yield. N-Acyl phosphatidylethanolamine is useful as antioxidant for unsaturated fatty acids [Ger Pat. 4,141,842 (1993)]. Dashiell, G. L. and William E., (U.S. Pat. No. 4,479,977 (1984) prepared acetylated lecithin by treating lecithin with 2-5% of acetic anhydride and claims that the lecithin-based release agents with superior resistance to darkening, reduced production of objectionable odors, and retention of chemical integrity are produced (release agent for diverse applications). Liposome dispersions are prepared from acylated phospholipids in which the amino group of cephalin was monoacylated with a dicarboxylic acid. [U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,397 (1991)]. Phosphatidylethanolamine was reacted with dodecaniedioic acid in dry dichloromethane in presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, triethylamine and absolute methanol and the mixture was incubated for 24 hours at 40.degree. C. [U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,817 (1991)] to study the Phospholipase A.sub.2 inhibitor activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06403344__
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Film coatings and film coating compositions based on polyvinyl alcohol Inventor(s): Jordan; Martin Philip (Orpington, GB), Taylor; James (Cobham, GB) Assignee(s): BPSI Holdings, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,448,323 Date filed: July 9, 1999 Abstract: A dry film coating composition for use in coating pharmaceutical tablets, nutritional supplements, food, confectionery forms, agricultural seeds, and the like, comprises polyvinyl alcohol, a plasticizer such as polyethylene glycol or glycerin, talc, and preferably a pigment/opacifier and lecithin. A method of coating substrates such as pharmaceutical tablets, nutritional supplements, food, confectionery forms, agricultural seeds, and the like, with a film coating, comprises the steps of mixing polyvinyl alcohol, a plasticizer such as polyethylene glycol or glycerin, talc, and preferably a pigment/opacifier and lecithin into water to form an aqueous coating dispersion, applying an effective amount of said coating dispersion onto said substrates to form a film coating on said substrates, and drying the film coating on said substrates. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of aqueous film coating of substrates like pharmaceutical tablets, nutritional supplements, food, confectionery forms, agricultural seeds, and the like, and is specifically concerned with coating substrates with a coating based on polyvinyl alcohol. The use of the polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a film coating has been previously suggested. However, practical usage has been inhibited by the stickiness of grades of the polymer which have rapid solubility in cold water to render them economical to use in current aqueous film coating processes. Colorcon's U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 08/466,939 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,617), which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a moisture barrier film coating composition for forming a moisture barrier film coating for pharmaceutical tablets which comprises polyvinyl alcohol, lecithin, and optionally, a flow aid, and/or a colorant, and/or suspending agent. This coating composition is sold by Colorcon, of West Point, Pa., under the trademark OPADRY AMB. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06448323__
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Fluid emulsified shortening composition Inventor(s): Widlak; Neil (Decatur, IL) Assignee(s): Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (Decatur, IL) Patent Number: 6,387,433 Date filed: June 15, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a fluid emulsified shortening composition for use in yeast-raised food processing which will remain fluid at room temperature and improve the quality of yeast-raised food. The fluid emulsified shortening composition comprises a first emulsifier comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of edible salts of stearoyl lactylate and diacetic tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, a second emulsifier comprising one or more monoglycerides, a third emulsifier comprising lecithin, and a shortening comprising a liquid edible oil, wherein the weight ratio of the shortening to the sum of the emulsifiers is from about 4:1 to about 1:1.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a fluid emulsified shortening composition for use in yeast-raised food processing and a process for preparing such a fluid emulsified shortening composition. This invention also relates to yeast-raised food containing such a composition and to processes for the production of this yeast-raised food. Shortenings are useful in the preparation of yeast-raised food and bread-making processes. In the production of bread, they are used to soften crumb texture, retard staling and improve loaf volumes. Although plastic shortenings can be used for a variety of baking applications, since fluid shortenings can be transferred and stored as liquids at room temperature and can be pumped and metered to dough mixers, fluid shortenings are preferred over plastic or solid shortenings by commercial bakers. See Tubb, G., "The Use of Liquid Shortening in Bread," Proc. Am. Soc. Bakery Engineers 1966:102-106 (1966). Based on cost and convenience factors, it is common industry practice to use a fluid oil shortening in the production of white pan bread. Dough conditioners, dough strengtheners, crumb softeners and emulsifiers are all terms describing ingredients used in the preparation of yeast-raised food to aid in production and/or improve certain quality factors. These ingredients interact with flour protein and are added to yeastraised food to improve the dough's gas retention properties, to increase loaf volume, symmetry, texture and grain and/or to retard the rate of crumb firming or staling. When these terms are used to classify an ingredient, the term usually represents the predominant function of the ingredient, and not necessarily its only function. See Newbold, M., "Crumb Softeners and Dough Conditioners," Bakers Digest 50:37-40 (1976); Dubois, D. K., "Dough Strengtheners & Crumb Softeners: I. Definition & Classification," AIB Technical Bulletin, Vol. I, Issue 4 (April, 1979); Dubois, D. K., "Dough Strengtheners & Crumb Softeners: II. Products, Types & Functions," AIB Technical Bulletin, Vol. 1, Issue 5 (May, 1979). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06387433__ •
Gas-incorporated chocolate and its production Inventor(s): Asama; Koji (Izumisano, JP), Nago; Atsushi (Izumisano, JP), Yamada; Kazuhisa (Izumisano, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Oil Company, Limited (Osaka-Fu, JP) Patent Number: 6,482,464 Date filed: April 11, 2001 Abstract: There is disclosed gas-incorporated chocolate, in particular, air-incorporated chocolate whose chocolate material requires tempering and comprises a polyglycerin fatty acid ester and lecithin, said chocolate material being subjected to tempering with a seed agent. Its production is also disclosed. The gas-incorporated chocolate has light mouthfeel without an oily taste and can be produced with a simple apparatus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to gas-incorporated chocolate, in particular, airincorporated chocolate such as so-called "air chocolate" or "whipped chocolate", and its production. More specifically, it relates to gas-incorporated chocolate of a temperingrequiring type which can be produced by using a simple apparatus such as a vertical mixer, and its production. Recently, for giving light mouthfeel to chocolate, many chocolate products which are combined with other confectionery such as baked confectionery, e.g., biscuit, have been marketed. In addition, there are so-called "air chocolate" and "whipped chocolate" whose chocolate material itself contain bubbles (cells) so that its specific gravity is lowered to give light mouthfeel to the chocolate. For giving light mouthfeel to chocolate by incorporation of bubbles into a chocolate
Patents 85
material, several methods have been proposed. For example, a chocolate material is agitated to incorporate air into the chocolate material to some extent, followed by maintaining it at reduced pressure to lower specific gravity of the chocolate material (JPA 63-202341), or gas is incorporated in a chocolate material under pressurized conditions, followed by depressurization to atmospheric pressure to lower specific gravity of the chocolate material (JP-A 63-49040). Further, whipped shortening is mixed with a chocolate material to lower specific gravity thereof (JP-A 63-28355), or a fat containing a certain amount or more of triglycerides whose constituent fatty acid residues have 58 or more carbon atoms in total is formulated in a chocolate material so that bubbles formed by whipping are stabilized by crystals of the fat to lower specific gravity of the chocolate material (JP-A 3-201946). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06482464__ •
Herbal formulation for rebuilding intestinal bacteria Inventor(s): Terry; Travis L. (Clearwater, FL), Watson; Brenda F. (Tarpon Springs, FL), Watson; Tommy Stanley (Tarpon Springs, FL) Assignee(s): Renew Life, Inc. (Clearwater, FL) Patent Number: 6,426,099 Date filed: December 1, 1998 Abstract: An herbal formulation comprises betaine HCl, plant enzymes, papain, probiotic micro flora, fruitooligosaccharides, l-glutamine, quercitin, butyric acid, borage seed, flax seed, lecithin, gamma oryzanol, bromelain, pepsin, and N-acetylglucosamine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to an herbal food supplement and formulation for rebuilding intestinal bacteria. More particularly, the invention is directed to a probiotic formulation containing plant enzymes and micro flora effective for reestablishing healthy intestinal bacteria and rebuilding intestinal mucosa. Leaky gut is a condition in which the mucosa of the intestinal tract is compromised, thereby allowing toxins and food particles to penetrate the lining of the intestinal tract and enter the body's blood stream. The body itself may naturally attempt to counteract this phenomenon, usually with several negative side effects. Firstly, the body may attempt to produce antibodies to combat the toxins. This will result in the body developing allergies to the foods which have caused the breakdown of the intestinal tract lining. Furthermore, the liver may increase its production of detoxifying enzymes. The activation of some of these enzymes may release harmful free radicals as a byproduct. These oxidizing free radicals may, in turn, damage the liver and other tissues, resulting in a weakened immune system. Symptoms of leaky gut may include irritable bowel disease, chronic fatigue, food allergies, and arthritis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426099__
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Insecticidal compositions and method of controlling insect pests using same Inventor(s): Gehret; Michael J. (Lititz, PA), Zobitne; Karen A. (Middleton, PA) Assignee(s): Woodstream Corporation (Litiz, PA) Patent Number: 6,548,085 Date filed: March 30, 1999
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Abstract: A synergistic insecticide is provided by the addition of sodium lauryl sulfate or lecithin to an essential oil, preferably an essential oil which has been deregulated by the Environmental Protection Agency, to enable independently inactive or relatively inactive materials to provide commercially acceptable insecticidal properties without the need for undesirable poisons that may be toxic to humans and pets. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to insecticidal compositions and methods of using same to control various crawling and flying insect pests, and, in its preferred embodiments, relates more particularly to synergistic "non-poison" insecticides adapted to unexpectedly increase insect mortality and reduce kill time. Commercially available insecticides, including those available for home use, commonly comprise active ingredients or "poisons" which are not only toxic to the target insect pests, but, if used in relatively confined environments and delivered as aerosol sprays, can be present in sufficient concentration to also be toxic to humans and household pets. Various undesirable side effects may include immediate or delayed neurotoxic reactions, and/or suffocation. Even the noxious odor of such materials can cause headaches or upset stomachs in some individuals. These adverse side effects are exacerbated when such compositions come in contact with persons of increased sensitivity, or persons of small body mass such as children or babies. For some time, efforts have been made to develop insecticidal compositions, particularly those intended for residential use in aerosol form, which are effective in killing the targeted insect pests completely and quickly, but nontoxic to humans and pets. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the use of potentially toxic ingredients in pesticidal compositions under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. Certain materials considered to be either active or inert materials by the EPA have been deregulated or otherwise identified as acceptable "safe" substances offering minimum risk in normal use. Other materials are currently undergoing investigation and may be deregulated in due course. Deregulated substances are generally considered non-poisonous by the consumer. Thus, the term "non-poisonous" as used herein is intended to convey a composition that, while highly effective in killing targeted insect pests, is safe to use around humans, particularly small children, and pets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548085__ •
Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase protein Inventor(s): Taniyama; Yoshio (Tsukuba, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,498,019 Date filed: October 4, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel protein having a lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-like activity, etc. or its salt, a precursor protein of the protein or its salt, a partial peptide of the protein or its salt; a DNA coding for the protein; a recombinant vector; a transformant; a method for producing the protein, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the protein, the partial peptide or its salt; and an antibody to the protein or the partial peptide. The protein, the partial peptide or its salt, and the DNA are useful as an agent for treating or preventing arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypercalorism, obesity or hypertriglyceridemia. The antibody can be used in assay of the protein, the partial peptide or its salt. The protein, the partial peptide or its salt is useful as a reagent for the screening for candidate medical compounds.
Patents 87
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel protein having a lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-like activity etc. and a DNA coding for the protein. Cholesterol is an important lipid constituting the animal cell membrane and defining its character. Moreover, it is a precursor of steroid hormones, thus being a substance essential to animal life. However, due to the recent changes in dietary habit and ecology, arteriosclerosis and other adult diseases arising from pathological intracellular accumulation of cholesterol are now presenting a serious problem so that elucidation of the mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism in the body is being awaited. In the efflux of cholesterol from the peripheral cells, high density lipoprotein (hereinafter sometimes referred to briefly as HDL) is suspected to play a cardinal role and this assumption has been supported by the epidemiologic finding of an inverse correlation between risk for coronary artery disease and plasma HDL levels and the experimental finding that HDL in culture medium stimulates cholesterol efflux from cells and decreases the intracellular concentration of cholesterol (Journal of Lipid Research, 37, 2473, 1996). In the reverse cholesterol transport system, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (hereinafter sometimes referred to briefly as LCAT) is involved to a significant extent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06498019__ •
Method for commercial preparation of conjugated linoleic acid from by-products of vegetable oil refining Inventor(s): Reaney; Martin J. T. (Saskatoon, CA) Assignee(s): Her Majesty in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 6,414,171 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: Methods for quantitative conversion of soapstock, lecithin gums, deodorizer distillate and other by-products of vegetable oil refining containing interrupted double bond systems, to products with conjugated double bonds, using a reduced amount of alkali. Less than one mole of alkali per mole of acyl group present is required, thereby greatly reducing the need for added caustic compared with methods using oils, fatty acids and esters as starting materials. The preferred starting materials are soapstocks derived from vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the preparation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The process overcomes the high input costs of alkali and oil by using soapstock, soap and other vegetable oil refining by-products as the source of linoleate moieties. Surprisingly, refining wastes enriched in soaps may be converted to CLA with the addition of substoichiometric amounts of alkali. The reaction is unique in that it allows the utilization of an inexpensive by-product of vegetable oil refining to produce CLA. Conjugated linoleic acid is the trivial name given to a series of eighteen carbon diene fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. Applications of conjugated linoleic acids vary from treatment of medical conditions such as anorexia (U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,066) and low immunity (U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,901) to applications in the field of dietetics where CLA has been reported to reduce body fat (U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,646) and to inclusion in cosmetic formulae (U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,043). Industrial applications for CLA also exist where it is used as a lubricant constituent (U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,711). CLA synthesis can be used as a means to chemically modify linoleic acid so that it is readily reactive to Diels-Alder reagents (U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,534). In one method linoleic acid
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was removed from oleic acid by first conjugation then reaction with maleic anhydride followed by distillation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,640). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06414171__ •
Method for producing an easily digestible protein concentrate, a protein-rich food item and its use Inventor(s): Trouille; Andre (Am Bleeken 6a, D-29553 Bienenbuettel, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,458,409 Date filed: May 25, 2000 Abstract: The dietetic food concentrate is a pourable powder containing soy protein, honey and at least 50% by weight of albumin so that it is easily digestible. It is made by mixing 1/3 to 6 percent by weight of lecithin with a protein-containing starting material to obtain an intermediate mixture, which is then mixed with 25 to 30 percent by weight of honey to obtain the product. The food concentrate powder contains 30 to 50 percent by weight soy isolate and an animal-protein-containing material, preferably a milk powder. During mixing in of the honey the temperature is preferably kept below 40.degree. C. to avoid denaturing proteins. A method of treating a diabetic to reduce blood sugar level includes daily administration of an effective amount of the food concentrate powder. The product is also useful for reducing fat tissue and for treating amino acid deficiency illnesses. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed to a method for producing an easily digestible protein concentrate, a protein-rich food obtainable by means of the method, and use thereof. Human beings require a supply of essential amino acids for a well-balanced metabolism. The body cannot synthesize these amino acids by itself and, therefore, suitable quantities of these amino acids must be taken in by way of balanced nutrition. Nutritional deficiency in one or more of the essential amino acids leads to metabolic disturbances, e.g., hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, etc., and accompanying hypertension. These disturbances are also a cause of diet-related overweight. Therefore, in a balanced diet, it must be ensured that the essential amino acids are present in food in sufficient quantities and in correct proportion. This can be achieved, for example, by consuming animal protein such as fish, meat, sausage, cheese, and so forth. It is disadvantageous in this regard that, in addition to the proteins, large quantities of animal fat are also usually absorbed; this is undesirable especially for overweight persons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458409__
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Method for remediation of aquifers Inventor(s): Borden; Robert C. (Raleigh, NC), Lee; Michael D. (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): Solutions Industrial & Environmental Services, Inc. (Raleigh, NC), Terra Systems, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,398,960 Date filed: October 31, 2000
Patents 89
Abstract: A method for remediating aquifers and groundwater contaminated, for example, by toxic halogenated organic compounds, certain inorganic compounds, and oxidized heavy metals and radionuclides, using the introduction of an innocuous oil, preferably an edible, food grade oil such as soybean oil, formulated into a microemulsion preferably by mixing with a natural food-grade emulsifier (such as lecithin) and water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the remediation of contaminated groundwater, and in particular, relates to a remediation method utilizing a microemulsion of an innocuous oil. There are numerous techniques employed for the remediation of contaminated groundwater in aquifers. The mechanisms for cleanup may be physical, chemical or biological. A typical physical remediation method for groundwater contaminated with volatile solvents includes recovery of the contaminated water using a series of wells followed by above-ground treatment by air stripping and/or activated carbon adsorption. The most common approach for enhancing the anaerobic conversion of organic and inorganic contaminants in the subsurface involves continuously flushing a soluble readily biodegradable substrate such as lactate or molasses through the contaminated zone. There is, however, significant capital expense associated with the installation of the required tanks, pumps, mixers, injection and pumping wells and process controls required to continuously feed a soluble easily degradable substrate. Operation and maintenance costs can be high because of the frequent clogging of injection wells and the labor required for extensive monitoring and process control. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06398960__ •
Method for treating organic acid-treated phosphatides Inventor(s): Belcher; W. Maurice (Omaha, NE), Copeland; Dick (Omaha, NE) Assignee(s): IP Holdings, L.L.C. (Omaha, NE) Patent Number: 6,441,209 Date filed: February 2, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to improved methods for treating organic acid-treated phosphatides. More particularly, this invention relates to improved methods comprising providing a phosphatide-containing material obtained from organic acid refining of vegetable oil, adjusting the pH of the phosphatide-containing material to form a neutralized phosphatide, and drying the neutralized phosphatide for a time sufficient to produce a dried phosphatide containing hydrolyzed lecithin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved methods for treating organic acid-treated phosphatides. More particularly, this invention relates to improved methods that comprise the steps of providing a phosphatide-containing material obtained from organic acid refining of vegetable oil, adjusting the pH of the phosphatide-containing material to form a neutralized phosphatide, and drying the neutralized phosphatide for a time sufficient to produce a dried phosphatide containing hydrolyzed lecithin. Phosphatides are one of several byproducts recovered during the purification of vegetable oil. Vegetable oils are typically obtained by pressing or extracting the oil seeds of plants such as corn or soybeans. Vegetable oils primarily consist of triglycerides, also termed triacylglycerols. In addition to triglycerides, however, vegetable oils also contain several other compounds. Some of these additional compounds, such as mono- and diglycerides, tocopherols, sterols, and sterol esters, need not necessarily be removed during processing. Other compounds and impurities such as phosphatides, free fatty
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acids, odiferous volatiles, colorants, waxes, and metal compounds negatively affect taste, smell, appearance and storage stability of the refined oil, and hence must be removed. Carefully separated, however, some of these additional compounds, particularly the phosphatides, are valuable raw materials. where R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are the same or different, and are selected from the group consisting of C.sub.10 -C.sub.22 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. In soybean oil in particular, the saturated fatty acids that can occur include but are not limited to lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), arachidic (C20:0), and behenic (C22:0) acids. Generally, however, the fatty acids of soybean oil are predominantly unsaturated, and include but are not limited to oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3) acids. Unsaturated fatty acids can exist as geometric and/or positional isomers, each such isomer having different properties such as melting point. Naturally occurring fatty acids generally exist in the cis form, but they can be converted into the trans form during the course of purification steps used to produce a vegetable oil from an oilseed. Crude soybean oil in particular typically contains from about 95 to about 97 percent by weight triglycerides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06441209__ •
Moisture barrier film coating composition, method and coated form Inventor(s): Jordan; Martin Philip (Orpington, GB) Assignee(s): BPSI Holdings, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,495,163 Date filed: September 23, 1998 Abstract: A dry moisture barrier film coating composition for forming a moisture barrier film coating for pharmaceutical tablets and the like comprises polyvinyl alcohol, soya lecithin, and optionally a flow aid, a colorant, and/or a suspending agent. A liquid coating solution or dispersion for forming a moisture barrier film coating for pharmaceutical tablets and the like comprises polyvinyl alcohol, soya lecithin, water, and optionally a flow aid, a colorant, and/or a suspending agent. A method of coating pharmaceutical tablets and the like with a moisture barrier film coating comprises forming a liquid coating solution or dispersion for forming a moisture barrier film coating for pharmaceutical tablets and the like comprising polyvinyl alcohol, soya lecithin, water, and optionally a flow aid, a colorant, and/or a suspending agent, applying the coating solution or dispersion onto the tablets to form a film coating on the tablets, and drying the film coating on the tablets. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of coating of substrates like pharmaceutical tablets, and it is specifically concerned with coating such substrates with a coating that acts as a moisture barrier. Many medicinal substances and the dosage forms into which they are made undergo degradation during storage due to contact with moisture which has been absorbed from the atmosphere. To combat this degradation, it is frequently necessary for such moisture sensitive dosage forms to be packed in special containers to limit the exposure of the dosage forms to the atmosphere. In territories where the climate is very humid, specialized packaging does not provide a totally satisfactory answer to moisture degradation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06495163__
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Moisturizing composition, base containing the same, and cosmetic or external preparation containing the moisturizing composition Inventor(s): Fujisawa; Masaaki (Yokohama, JP), Narita; Toshie (Yokohama, JP), Oyama; Keiichi (Yokohama, JP), Tsuchiya; Naoko (Yokosuka, JP), Tsuji; Misako (Ayase, JP) Assignee(s): The Nisshin Oil Mills Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,416,771 Date filed: July 21, 2000 Abstract: A moisturizing composition comprising a trihydric or more water soluble polyhydric alcohol, lecithin and 3-methyl-1,3-butylene glycol, wherein lecithin: the trihydric or more water soluble polyhydric alcohol+3-methyl-1,3-butylene glycol=1:1,000 to 1:1 (weight ratio) and the trihydric or more water soluble polyhydric alcohol:3-methyl-1,3-butylene glycol=1:10 to 20:1 (weight ratio), various bases containing the moisturizing composition, and a cosmetic or external preparation containing the moisturizing composition. The moisturizing composition, bases, and cosmetic and external preparation are excellent in moisturizing properties, and have good stability. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a moisturizing composition, a base containing the same, and a cosmetic or external preparation containing the moisturizing composition. It is well-known that moisture is deeply involved in various products such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals and foods, and moisturization thereof is one of important functions for the quality of the products. It is also well-known that moisture is deeply involved in the retention of youthful skin, and the moisturization of skin is one of important functions for the quality of cosmetics. As known moisturizing agents, particularly known moisturizing agents used in cosmetics or external preparations, there are polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol, 1,3-butylene glycol and sorbitol, and further pyrrolidonecarboxylate salts, lactate salts, etc. In recent years, sodium hyaluronate produced by a microorganism has come to be used. Moisturizing agents also play an important role to work as an agent retaining the moisture of cosmetics or external preparations themselves and thereby contribute to the retention of the stability of the system. Trihydric or more polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol and sorbitol have excellent moisturizing properties and moisture retainability, and further in view of their safety, stability, prices, etc., are used as most general purpose moisturizing agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06416771__
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Natural substances based agent Inventor(s): Stuckler; Franz (Wolfsberg, AT) Assignee(s): Numico Research B.V. (Wageningen, NL) Patent Number: 6,605,296 Date filed: June 14, 2000 Abstract: A food supplement with advantageous physiological effects containing the following essential constituents in a support material (e.g. dairy products, margarine, fruit juice, plant juice, yeast, pectin or olive oil): lecithin, red wine extract and D-alphatocopherolacetate in amount ranging from 0.05 to 10.0 parts by weight. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a preparation based on natural substances for internal and external use. U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,714 A relates to a composition for skin care
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which contains d-alpha-tocopherol oil, purcelline, (long chain and solid), and purcelline oil (a cetearyl octanoate) and pure silicic acid as the gelling agent for the oil, decyl oleate, squalane (brand name "Robane") which is a saturated, aliphatic hydrocarbon, wheat germ glyceride, proto-lan 8, consisting of phospholipids, lipo-polypeptides and lipoaminic acids, polyoxypropylene esters and guaiazulene, a camomile extract. For the preparation of U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,714 A an improvement of the constitution of the skin by "rejuvenation" is validated. In conjunction with the component squalane it is pointed out that squalane is a saturated derivative of squalene and can be obtained by hydrogenation of natural, unsaturated squalene (see Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st edition, 1996, page 1411). As is known, food is absorbed in the human organism both in the gastrointestinal tract and also through the skin (internal and external). Thus, in external use bioactive substances, for example local rheumatism preparations or local varicose vein preparations, are absorbed into the human organisms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605296__ •
Nutritional composition containing methionine Inventor(s): Hageman; Robert Johan Joseph (Waddinxveen, NL) Assignee(s): N. V. Nutricia (Zoetermeer, NL) Patent Number: 6,544,547 Date filed: January 31, 2000 Abstract: An enteral food composition for clinical or dietary use, comprises, in addition to carbohydrates and proteins or their hydrolysates the following components or their nutritional equivalents, per daily dosage: methionine (0.6-7 g), cysteine (0.5-2.5 g), folic acid (0.4-8 mg), pyridoxal (vitamin B.sub.6) (3-20 mg), zinc (18-120 mg) and at least 400 kcal energy in the form of carbohydrates. These amounts are well above the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) values. Further preferred components include lecithin, cyanocobalamine, betaine and magnesium, as well as transsulfuration metabolites, ATP enhancers and antioxidants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a module of nutritional components which supports total methionine metabolism in man, for use in a universal medicinal food. The invention also relates to food products containing this module and to a method of producing food products by using selected amounts of the module. Methionine is metabolised in man via a multi-step pathway, the transsulfuration pathway. Several intermediate products are formed in this pathway, which play a dominant role in other biochemical pathways as well. For example, the reaction product S-adenosyl methionine is extensively used in many methylation reactions; homocysteine is the main methyl acceptor in folate metabolism and also the conversion of betaine to dimethylglycine (via methylation of homocysteine) strongly influences folate metabolism. Another intermediate in the transsulfuration pathway is cystathionine generated by reaction between homocysteine and serine, that may split into cysteine and 2-oxy-butyrate. The latter is involved in the metabolism of several other compounds (e.g. threonine). Cysteine is metabolised to various useful products such as taurine and sulphates. It is also an important precursor for glutathione in the liver and some other tissues. Glutathione that is produced in the liver has to be transported to cell compartments in some peripheral organs in order to exhibit its activity. Intracellular glutathione levels are in turn strongly influenced by the presence of reducing equivalents and amino acids in the cell.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544547__ •
Palatable oral coenzyme Q liquid Inventor(s): Chopra; Raj K. (704 Demott Ct., Westbury, NY 11590) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,441,050 Date filed: August 29, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition in pharmaceutical dosage form of coenzyme Q or ubiquinol which can be administered to children in an oral dosage form as a pleasant-tasting liquid. The dosage form comprises an effective amount of coenzyme Q or ubiquinol ranging from about 0.05% to about 10%, more preferably about 1% to about 7.5% by weight of the composition in combination with a minor amount of a polysorbate surfactant such as a Tween.TM. surfactant, most preferably, polysorbate 80, a major amount of a vegetable oil or triglyceride, in further combination with an amount of phospholipid such as hydroxylated lecithin effective to maintain ubiquinone/ubiquionol in hydrosoluble form and to substantially enhance the palatability of ubiquinone or ubiquinol in combination with a sweetener solution as well as an amount of water preferably ranging from about 5% to about 45% by weight. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to oral compositions comprising coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) or ubiquinol (a reduced form of coenzyme Q) in a liquid form which provides enhanced bioavailability and is palatable to patients, especially children. Syrups, elixirs, solutions, and suspensions are traditional dosage forms for oral medication and are particularly useful for certain applications where children represent the main target pool of patients. Liquid formulations, at least with respect to a target pool of children, represents a favorable approach for enhancing patient compliance. However, the sine qua non for enhancing patient compliance via an oral route is a formulation with favorable palatability. Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone), a dietary supplement, is a vitamin-like substance which is used to treat congestive heart failure and other cardiac problems, including heart ailments and diseases such as congestive heart failure, as well as a number of other conditions including high blood pressure, mitochochondrial disorders, including mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, anoxia, lactic acidosis, strokelike symptoms, neurodegenerative diseases, Kearns-Sayre syndrome and Alper's disease, among others. Coenzyme Q is the best known of a group of lipophilic quinones which have the capacity to transfer reducing equivalents or electrons within a lipid phase of cellular membranes. Reduced benzoquinones in general are effective reductants for oxygen or lipid radicals. Early studies showed that reduced coenzyme Q is an effective antioxidant. See, Mellors and Tappel, 1996, J. Biol. Chem., 241: 4353-4356. Reduced coenzyme Q now appears to function as part of a complex chain of antioxidant activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06441050__
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Preparation of a recombined cream formulation Inventor(s): Miller; Van (P.O. Box #100, Noval, Ontario, CA L0P 1A0) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,620,451 Date filed: December 24, 2002 Abstract: A recombined cream formulation for use in the commercial manufacture of frozen cream-based sweet confections, contains from 45% to 55% by weight of butter which has from 78% to 85% by weight thereof of milk fat content; and from 45% to 55% by weight of a milk constituent which has from 0.0% to 0.5% by weight thereof of milk fat content, from 4.0% to 8.0% by weight thereof of MSNF content, and from 0.02% to 0.2% by weight of phospholipid content, which is primarily lecithin. Typically, the milk constituent is real buttermilk derived from a butter churn, but it may also be made from dried buttermilk powder; skim milk to which lecithin has been added; or rehydrated skim milk or rehydrated condensed skim milk, to which lecithin has been added. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to cream formulations, and particularly it relates to recombined cream formulations which may be used in the commercial manufacture of frozen cream-based sweet confections such as, particularly, ice cream. The present invention provides both a formulation and a method of making the same. The present invention lends itself particularly to the commercial production of frozen desserts such as ice cream. The recombined cream formulation of the present invention may also find utility in other frozen dessert products that are cream-based--such as soft ice cream toppings, bakery whips, and the like. The history of ice cream is long, and colourful. It has been suggested that ice cream was introduced to Europe in 1295, when Marco Polo returned to Italy from the far east carrying a recipe for a frozen dessert that included milk. In 1813, Dolly Madison served ice cream at the Inaugural Ball of her husband, United States President James Madison. Commercial production of ice cream was begun in the United States in 1851, when a Baltimore milk dealer, Jacob Fussell, established an ice cream factory. The first commercial ice cream factory in Canada was established in 1893, in Toronto, by William Neilson. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06620451__
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Procedure for the preparation of pure phosphatides with phospholipase D Inventor(s): Kirschner; Guenter (Abano Terme, IT), Menon; Giampaolo (Battaglia Terme, IT), Vaccaro; Susanna (Siracusa, IT) Assignee(s): Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A. (Abano Terme, IT) Patent Number: 6,635,456 Date filed: August 8, 2001 Abstract: Process for preparing pure phosphatides starting from mixtures of natural phosphatides, or their single components, such as soybean or egg lecithin or animal phospholipids, or from synthetic phosphatides by reacting them both with phospholipase D derived from Streptomyces hachijoense in a completely aqueous medium in the presence of defined substates containing a primary or secondary alcoholic group, and their uses thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a process for the preparation of pure phosphatides starting from mixtures of natural phosphatides, or their single
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components, such as soybean or egg lecithin or animal phospholipids, or from synthetic phosphatides by reacting them with phospholipase D, with transphosphatidylation activity, in aqueous medium alone in the presence of defined substrates containing a primary or a secondary alcoholic group. The invention also refers to the preparation, purification and characterisation of the phospholipase D used in the process. The synthesis of pure phospholipids, particularly on an industrial scale, is a particularly widespread problem. Indeed, there have been numerous scientific publications and patents, including some very recent ones that describe various methodologies. Generally, said methods exploit the transphosphatidylation properties of phospholipase D to obtain optically active phosphatides. One of the main problems is the fact that each of these methods is suited to the preparation of one specific phosphatide alone and cannot be adapted for the synthesis of the whole class of compounds. Generally, the most widely studied phospholipid is phosphatidylserine (PS), as it is widely used in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions, in the preparation of liposome formulations and food supplements. Relatively little or nothing is reported concerning the synthesis of sphingophospholipids. One limitation of all the methods reported in both the scientific and patent literature consists in the fact that the reaction of transphosphatidylation occurs in diphasic water/organic solvent systems. This presents a series of technical problems linked with the use of large quantities of solvent, especially when the industrial process is of a chemical nature, aimed at obtaining a quality product. In patent application No. DE 19917249 A1, a method is described that actually employs the aqueous phase alone, but neither the yield nor degree of purity of the PS obtained, nor the type of the utilised enzyme is reported. Moreover, there is no mention of whether it is possible to obtain other phospholipids besides PS by using the same technique and starting from the substrates used, or whether in the conditions described other phospholipids can act as reaction substrate. Japanese Patent Publication No. 5/42917 (JP 2130088) also discloses a method employing a medium comprised of water alone or a mixture of water and an organic solvent. However, this patent states that the water content is favored to be 10% by weight or less to prevent a side reaction. This reference, therefore, appears to suggest that using an aqueous environment alone is not favorable. In fact, the examples therein disclose only processes employing a biphasic mixture of water and ethyl ether. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635456__ •
Process for making flavored nut spreads having relatively high sugar levels by using fluid suspension of sugar and oil Inventor(s): Sackenheim; Richard Joseph (Hamilton, OH), Wong; Vincent York-Leung (Hamilton, OH) Assignee(s): Smucker Fruit Processing Company (Salinas, CA) Patent Number: 6,623,783 Date filed: March 19, 1999 Abstract: A process for preparing nut spreads having a sugar level of from about 15 to about 50% and especially flavored nut spreads having such relatively high levels of sugar. A substantially homogeneous blend is prepared from a fluid suspension consisting essentially of an intimate mixture of sugar, liquid oil and lecithin as a surfactant to improve the fluidity of the suspension, a nut solids-containing mixture and a flavorant that is preferably added to the fluid suspension. The resulting flavored nut
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spreads are more fluid and softer than products made without using the fluid suspension. Excerpt(s): This application relates to a fluid suspension of sugar and oil that is useful in making nut spreads, especially peanut butters, having relatively high levels of sugar. This application particularly relates to a process for making flavored nut spreads having relatively high levels of sugar using this fluid suspension of sugar and oil. Sweetness is one of the key attributed of a flavored nut spread such as a flavored peanut spread. The desired sweetness in a flavored peanut spread is obtained by adding sugar at levels of about 15% or greater. The process for adding and uniformly distributing sugar at that level in peanut paste is difficult to achieve because of the high viscosity of the paste and the need to use finely milled sugar. The high particle surface area between the sugar particles and the peanut paste increases the energy required to wet and deagglomerate the mixture. As a result, a long mixing time can be required to reduce the viscosity of the flavored spread to an easily spreadable consistency. The mixing time for flavored spreads can be reduced by using a more intensive mixing process such as high shear mixing. However, the equipment required for such high shear mixing (e.g., colloid mill) can be expensive. Also, intensive mixing such as high shear mixing can degrade the flavor quality of the flavored nut spread. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06623783__ •
Process for manufacturing compositions containing ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone Inventor(s): Singh; Onkar N. (Arlington, TX) Assignee(s): Alcon Universal Ltd. (Hunenberg, CH) Patent Number: 6,462,033 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: This invention is directed toward a method of preparing a topical composition comprising ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone. The method involves dispersing hydrocortisone with lecithin for greater than 45 minutes prior to combining hydrocortisone with the balance of the composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to topically administrable ophthalmic and otic pharmaceutical compositions. In particular, this invention relates to a process for manufacturing compositions comprising ciprofloxacin, hydrocortisone and lecithin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,930 discloses topically administrable ophthalmic and otic compositions comprising (a) ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution in an amount effective for antibacterial action; (b) a non-ionic viscosity augmenter unaffected by pH and ionic level, said viscosity augmenter being present in an amount effective for augmenting the viscosity of the composition to a viscosity greater than that of water, said viscosity augmenter being at least 85% hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol; (c) a non-ototoxic preservative present in an amount effective for antibacterial action the preservative being benzyl alcohol; (d) water sufficient to produce an aqueous composition; (e) hydrocortisone in aqueous suspension in an amount effective for anti-inflammatory action; (f) lecithin in an amount effective for enhancing suspension of other constituents in the compositions; and (g) polysorbate ranging from polysorbate 20 to 80 in an amount effective for spreading the preparation on a hydrophobic skin surface to the site of infection or inflammation. According to the '930 patent, the compositions comprising ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone contain polyvinyl alcohol in an amount effective for augmenting the viscosity of the composition to a viscosity greater than that of water and
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suspending other constituents of the composition. To allow a ciprofloxacin preparation to be administered in drops from a medicine dropper and to flow by gravity to and remain or deposit in an effective amount at a selected area, a viscosity-augmenting agent that would also serve to suspend hydrocortisone was desirable. For compatibility with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride solubility, viscosity-augmenting agents were preferably non-ionic and unaffected by pH and ionic level. See Col., 8, lines 13-31 of the '930 patent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06462033__ •
Propofol formulation with enhanced microbial inhibition Inventor(s): Ding; Jie Fei (Rancho Cucamonga, CA), Luo; Mary Zi-ping (Rancho Cucamonga, CA), Zhang; Jack Yongfeng (Rancho Cucamonga, CA) Assignee(s): Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Rancho Cucamonga, CA) Patent Number: 6,399,087 Date filed: December 20, 2000 Abstract: A sterile, stable pharmaceutical formulations of oil-in-water emulsions of Propofol containing no preservative are provided that comprise optimal amounts of egg lecithin and soybean oil, with a suitable pH range to prevent significant growth of microorganisms for at least 24 hours after adventitious, extrinsic contamination. The lower pH in the formulation has shown the most antimicrobial activity. The reduced amount of fat in the formulation also allows chronic sedation over extended periods of time with a reduced chance of fat overload in the blood. Excerpt(s): The invention generally pertains to optimized pharmaceutical formulations of a drug known as Propofol, which is an intravenous anesthetic with enhanced micorbial inhibition. More particularly, the invention pertains to an optimized Propofol emulsion formulation that is shown to be bacteriostatic or fungistatic and in some formulations bactericidal and fungicidal without using a preservative or other antimicrobial agents. Propofol (2,6-Diisopropylphenol) is a well-known and widely used intravenous anesthetic agent. For example, in intensive care units (ICU) where the duration of treatment may be lengthy, Propofol has the advantage of a rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of several minutes, instead of hours. Propofol is a hydrophobic, water-insoluble oil. To overcome the solubility problem, it must be incorporated with solubilizing agents, surfactants, solvents, or an oil in water emulsion. There are a number of known Propofol formulations, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,056,635, 4,452,817 and 4,798,846 all of which are issued to Glen and James. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399087__
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Purified proteolytic enzyme and method of purification Inventor(s): Braun; Marcel (Konolfingen, CH), Neumann; Fred (Steffisburg, DE) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevy, CH) Patent Number: 6,420,156 Date filed: August 17, 1998
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Abstract: A purified protease preparation of chymotrypsin and porcine trypsin is prepared by adjusting the pH of a protease solution comprising chymotrypsin and porcine trypsin to a value of between 6 and 9, maintaining the solution at this pH and at 20-35.degree. C. for at least 15 minutes to at most 120 minutes, so as to allow the proteolytic activity of the proteases to destroy the lipolytic activity of the lipases and phospholipases in the solution. Subsequently, the pH of the solution is reduced to a value of less than or equal to 3.5. The purified protease preparation allows the manufacture of infant formulae containing lecithin which are stable during storage and do not exhibit significant degradation of the added lecithin. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a purified proteolytic enzyme and to a method of purifying a proteolytic enzyme, in particular trypsin. Commercial proteases, in particular commercial trypsin, even after purification by a special treatment, for example by double crystallization, contains residual lipases, in particular phospholipase A.sub.2, which is particularly resistant to the heat deactivation to which protease is subjected after its use in a hydrolysis process. Trypsin is commonly used in the manufacture of protein hydrolysates intended in particular to enter into the composition of infant products. To incorporate the protein portion into a finished product, for example an infant milk, any residual lipolytic enzymatic activity resulting from the protein hydrolysate must be removed. This is necessary in order to avoid the appearance of products of degradation of lecithin which is added to the final formula for technological reasons, for example to enhance the wettability of powders, into lysolecithin, in particular during storage. Such breakdown products may manifest themselves both in liquid products and in powders by the appearance of stability or organoleptic defects, for example spots, poor taste, or by their toxicity leading to side effects, for example of an inflammatory type in breastfeeding infants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06420156__ •
Soybean processed food and method of producing the same Inventor(s): Hayashi; Noriaki (Ikoma, JP), Kagawa; Masaru (Osaka, JP), Mitani; Takahiko (Kyoto, JP), Shioaki; Koichiro (Ashiya, JP), Tsuchiya; Rumi (Itami, JP) Assignee(s): Sanko Corporation (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,579,560 Date filed: March 9, 2001 Abstract: A soybean processed food having crisp feelings of eating and good tasting is provided. The soybean processed food is produced by kneading a mixture of a soybeanderived material and a condiment in the presence of water to obtain dough, and drying the dough under a reduced pressure of 0.1 kPa to 10 kPa. It is preferred that the soybean-derived material contains isolated soybean protein as the major constituent, soybean saccharide, soybean dietary fiber, and/or soybean lecithin. According to this soybean processed food, users of all ages can easily and efficiently ingest nutrients of soybean Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a soybean processed food rich in nutrients of soybean, which is easy for users of all ages to eat, and a method of producing the same food. In recent years, research on nutrients of soybean has rapidly advanced on a world scale. For example, it is known that soybean protein has a plasma-cholesterol lowering effect and a blood-pressure lowering effect. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is authorizing the use, on food labels and in food labeling, of health claims on the
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association between soy protein and reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). In addition, it is reported that isoflavone included in soybean is effective to prevent a serious disease such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, osteoporosis or menopausal disorders. Thus, ingesting soybean protein is indispensable to maintain health, and soybean comes to international attention. In the past, processed foods containing soybean protein are provided in powder or granular form, and usually dispersed in water or milk to allow users to easily ingest it. Alternatively, the processed foods are often used as cooking materials. In any event, it is hard to say that the powder or granular foods of soybean protein is tasty. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579560__ •
Tocotrienol-containing powder, a process for preparing it and a tablet comprising compressed said powder into a tablet form Inventor(s): Yokoi; Shinichiro (Toyama, JP), Horita; Yoshiharu (Toyama, JP), Hosokawa; Terumasa (Toyama, JP), Ikushima; Heiji (Toyama, JP), Shishido; Takeshi (Toyama, JP), Tanaka; Nobukazu (Toyama, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Nakaniikawa-gun, JP) Patent Number: 6,562,372 Date filed: April 5, 2000 Abstract: A tocotrienol-containing powder prepared by a process wherein an oil containing a tocotrienol is treated with a lecithin, a cellulose and an emulsifying agent in water to form an emulsion, a powder substance is mixed with the formed emulsion to form a suspension and then the formed suspension is spray-dried. The powder containing tocotrienol, which has excellent storage stability and free flowability, can be used in preparing a tablet which comprises the powder compressed into a tablet form. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a tocotrienol-containing powder which is excellent in storage stability and flowability, to a process for preparing a tocotrienolcontaining powder efficiently without accompanying adhesion of it to the wall of a spray-drier in the case where its preparation is accomplished by a spray-drying method, and to a tablet comprising said powder compressed into a tablet form. Tocotrienol which is present in vegetable oils such as coconut oil, palm oil, rice bran oil, soybean oil and the like have been extracted and concentrated by various methods. Tocotrienol resulted from the extract of these natural materials is a mixture of plural tocotrienols. Recently, usefulness of tocotrienol in a wide variety of fields has been studied and many examples have been reported of utilization having made in the fields of drugs, foods, cosmetics and resin composition. That is, specific utilization examples in these fields have been reported as shown below. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06562372__
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Topical pain relief composition and carrier Inventor(s): Ford; Peter R. (544 St. George Blvd., Moncton, NB, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,461,600 Date filed: July 12, 2001
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Abstract: A cream carrier is provided which has use as a cream-type carrier for topical delivery of medicaments including analgesics. The carrier comprises a mixture of: squalane NF, an emulsifier such as Tween 80, glycerin, cetyl alcohol NF, glyceryl monostearate, lecithin organogel preserved, BHT, urea USP, EDTA, water, stearic acid, simethicone USP, and ethoxy diglycol reagent. The invention also comprises a combination of the carrier, with either or both of ketamine hydrochloride and amitriptyline hydrochloride, which has use as a topically applied analgesic. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to topical pain relief compositions for applying to the skin of a patient, and to cream-type carrier compositions or bases for use with topical pain relief medicaments. It has been proposed to use compounds for topical pain relief which have not had widespread use as such, such as ketamine and amitriptyline. These compounds may provide pain relief in some circumstances when applied topically. However, it has been found that their use as topical pain relief medicaments is highly dependent on the selection of a suitable carrier. Previous proposals have related to mixing such medicaments with a cream-type base, for applying on the skin of a patient. However, suitable topical pain relief properties of these compounds require admixture with a carrier which achieves a suitable delivery to the skin of a patient. Improved delivery of such medicaments may be achieved with a suitable carrier having enhanced properties for delivering the medicinal compounds to the skin of a patient in a manner which enhances absorption by the patient's skin over a suitable period of time. The invention further relates to an improved method for preparing a cream-based carrier for use with a topical pain relief medication such as ketamine or amitriptyline. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06461600__ •
Transnasal anticonvulsive compositions and modulated process Inventor(s): Choi; Yong Moon (Towaco, NJ), Kim; Kwon H. (Bridgewater, NJ), Li; Lianli (Fresh Meadows, NY) Assignee(s): SK Corporation (KR) Patent Number: 6,627,211 Date filed: July 24, 2000 Abstract: A method of vehicle modulated administration of an anticonvulsive agent to the nasal mucous membranes of humans and animals is disclosed. The vehicle system is an aqueous pharmaceutical carrier comprising an aliphatic alcohol, a glycol and a biological surfactant such as a bile salt or a lecithin. The pharmaceutical composition provides a means to control and promote the rate and extent of transmucosal permeation and absorption of the medicaments via a single and multiple administration. Nasal administration of the pharmaceutical preparation produces a high plasma concentration of the anticonvulsant nearly as fast as intravenous administration. Such compositions are particularly suitable for a prompt and timely medication of patients in the acute and/or emergency treatment of status epilepticus and other fever-induced seizures. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions for transmucosal delivery of biologically active agents. More particularly, this invention relates to a novel method for controlling and promoting the rate and extent of transmucosal permeation and absorption of an anticonvulsive agent by coadministration of the medicament with a pharmaceutically acceptable co-solvent system comprising an aliphatic alcohol, a glycol, and water, and their combinations with
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a biological surfactant such as a bile salt or a lecithin. Even more particularly, this invention relates to the pharmaceutical compositions to provide a patient-acceptable transnasal anticonvulsive delivery system, which may be useful for the emergency management of status epilepticus and fever seizures in a prompt and convenient manner of administration. Status epilepticus is a neurological emergency in which mortality ranges from 3-35%. The major goal of treatment is rapid management of pathological seizure activity; the longer that the episode of status epilepticus is untreated, the more difficult it is to control and the greater the risk of permanent brain damage. Thus, critical to the management of the patient is a clear plan, involving prompt treatment with effective drugs in adequate doses having a proper pharmaceutical formulation as well as attention to hypoventilation and hypotension. Currently several drug regimens have been proven to be applicable in treating status epilepticus. Diazepam and lorazepam are the most widely used benzodiazepines for this purpose. Intravenous administration of anticonvulsants is the most rapid way to suppress epileptic convulsions. However, other routes of administration may be highly desirable when intravenous administration is inconvenient and delaying, for instance, because of technical difficulties such as requirements for sterile equipment and skilled personnel, and because of the possible development of thrombophlebitis. In addition, intravenous medication is often associated with hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmia or central nervous system depression. In this regard Moolenaar [Moolenaar et al., Int. J Pharm., 5: 127-137 (1986)] attempted to administer diazepain in humans via several other routes such as intramuscular injection, oral tablet and rectal solution. Only the rectal administration was found to provide a fairly rapid absorption and thus, it might be looked upon as an alternative route to IV injection. However, the rectal route is a very inconvenient way of drug administration particularly in emergency treatment. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,720 of Burghardt, a sublingual sprayable pharmaceutical preparation is disclosed, in which the active drug can be a benzodiazepine, optimally comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG) and requiring ethanol, di- and/or triglyceride of fatty acids and a pharmaceutically acceptable propellant gas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627211__ •
Two-phase preparation Inventor(s): Hamm; Michael (Heimweg 6, D-20148 Hamburg, DE), Schlachter; Herbert (Kolumbusstrasse 7, D-81543 Munich, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,471,969 Date filed: March 30, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to a two-phase preparation for use at differential times and comprising a product A for the first phase and a product B for the second phase which comprise, independently of each other, at least one representative of the unsaturated fatty acids and/or, at least one representative of the group of trace elements and minerals and/or at least one representative of the group of vitamins and/or at least one representative of the group of bioactive plant substances, e.g. polyphenoles, bioflavonoids or dietary fiber and/or at least one amino acid and/or amino acid derivative, product A and/or) product B optionally additionally containing soy lecithin, with the proviso that product A and product B differ from each other in their quantitative and/or their material composition. The preparation can be used as a food supplement (dietary supplement) or as a drug.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a two-phase preparation for use at differential times containing a product A for the first phase and a product B for the second phase which comprise, independently of each other, at least one representative of the unsaturated fatty acids and/or at least one representative of the group of trace elements and minerals and/or at least one representative of the group of vitamins and/or at least one representative of the group of bioactive plant substances, e.g. polyphenoles, bioflavonoids or dietary fiber, and/or at least one amino acid and/or amino acid derivative, product A and/or product B optionally additionally containing soy lecithin, with the proviso that product A and product B differ from each other in their quantitative and/or their material composition. The preparation can be used as a food supplement (dietary supplement) or as a drug. In particular, the invention relates to a two-phase preparation for use at differential times comprising a product A and a product B which include, independently of each other, at least one representative of the unsaturated fatty acids, one representative of the group of trace elements and minerals and one representative of the group of vitamins, product A and/or product B optionally additionally containing soy lecithin, and/or at least one representative of the group of bioactive plant substances and/or at least one amino acid and/or amino acid derivative which is used as a food supplement (dietary supplement). It is generally known that the nutrients carbohydrates as well as the dietary fats are mainly used to cover the body's energy requirement. Proteins are important building components for cells and endogenous active substances such as enzymes and certain hormones. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and trace elements as well as bioactive plant substances such as flavonoids are becoming more and more important for health and fitness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06471969__ •
Use of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) to reduce accumulation of cholesterol Inventor(s): Brewer, Jr.; H. Bryan (Rockville, MD), Hoeg; Jeffrey M. (Potomac, MD), Santamarina-Fojo; Silvia (Potomac, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,635,614 Date filed: November 22, 1999 Abstract: This invention provides methods for treating atherosclerosis in a mammalian subject by increasing the activity of LCAT in the serum of the subject to a level effective to decrease the accumulation of cholesterol in the subject. Pharmaceutical dosage forms containing LCAT also are provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of atherosclerosis and to diseases relating to a deficiency in lecithincholesterol acyltransferase activity. Atherosclerosis is a pathological condition of mammals characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries. Cholesterol accumulates in the foam cells of the arterial wall, thereby narrowing the lumen. This results in decreased flow of blood. The clinical sequelae of atherosclerosis include heart disease and heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Together, these diseases account for more disease-related deaths in industrialized countries than any other cause. The development of human atherosclerosis is inversely related to the concentration of high density lipoproteins (HDL) in the serum. D. J. Gordon and B. M. Rifkind (1989) N. Engi. J. Med. 321:1311. High concentrations of HDL appear to protect
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against the development of premature atherosclerosis, while low HDL cholesterol concentrations are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. D. J. Gordon et al. (1986) Circulation 74:1217. It has been proposed that a 1% increase in the concentration of HDL would lead to a 3% reduction in risk for developing clinical atherosclerosis in man. Gordon and Rifkind, supra. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635614__ •
Water and oil containing emulsion Inventor(s): Bauer-Plank; Christina (Vlaardingen, NL), De Vries; Isabella Christina (Vlaardingen, NL), Fabian; Juergen Heinz (Vlaardingen, NL), Van Den Berg; Ton (Rotterdam, NL), Van Dieren; Frank (Valladolid, ES) Assignee(s): Lipton, division of Conopco, Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Patent Number: 6,517,884 Date filed: November 14, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a food product comprising 0.1 to 1.5 wt % of one or more anti-spattering agents comprising no native soy lecithin or native soy lecithin in an amount of from 0 to 0.05 wt % on total product, whereby the anti-spattering agent is preferably selected from the group comprising hydrolyzed lecithin, fractionated lecithin, citric acid esters or combinations thereof; optionally one or more emulsifiers in a total amount of from 0 to 0.5 wt %; optionally one or more browning agents in a total amount of from 0 to 0.07 wt %; one or more salts in an amount of from 0.5 to 3 wt %. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a food product which is a water and oil containing emulsion which comprises an anti-spattering agent. The emulsions are pourable or squeezable products as evidenced by a Bostwick value of equal to or more than 7, preferably more than 10 at 15.degree. C. Preferred food products are water in oil emulsions. Pourable or squeezable food products of a water phase and a fat phase are for example known as liquid frying products which are pourable or squeezable water in oil emulsions at ambient temperature. These products are for example used in shallow frying. Pourable and squeezable products are considered to be more easily dosed than plastic products for example packed in a wrapper or a tub, and are therefore desired frying products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06517884__
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Water based ink composition for writing instrument Inventor(s): Kamagata; Tadashi (Yokohama, JP), Miyamoto; Masaru (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsubishi Pencil Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,471,759 Date filed: May 30, 2001 Abstract: A water based ink composition for a writing instrument containing a lecithin derivative and further containing a colorant, a perfume and water, which is less liable to cause feathering of the lines and in which a perfume is dispersed and retained in an aqueous medium in a stable state and the fragrance lasts long.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a water based ink composition for a writing instrument which sheds fragrance in writing and which imparts faint fragrance as well to drawn lines. In general, perfumes are oil-soluble, and an emulsifier or a dispersant which forms protective colloid is required in order to emulsify or disperse them in water. Water-soluble resins or surfactants are used as the protective colloid described above. In almost all water-soluble resins, however, use of a necessary and sufficient amount of a resin required for dispersing a perfume raises a viscosity of the liquid and makes it inadequate for an ink for a writing instrument. On the other hand, an emulsion which is prepared using a surfactant in an amount enough for emulsifying a perfume in a stable state is reduced in the surface tension to a large extent, so that an ink prepared using the emulsion has the practical problem that drawn lines are liable to cause feathering. Further, an ink prepared merely emulsifying and dispersing a perfume by the method described above involves the problem that fragrance is shed immediately after writing but the fragrance is lost soon thereafter and can not be retained for long time (no durability). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06471759__
Patent Applications on Lecithin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to lecithin: •
Adjuvant composition for mucosal and injection delivered vaccines Inventor(s): Gerber, Jay D.; (Lincoln, NE) Correspondence: Mckee, Voorhees & Sease, P.L.C.; 801 Grand Avenue; Suite 3200; Des Moines; IA; 50309-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20030003105 Date filed: June 19, 2001 Abstract: An adjuvant for vaccines comprising lecithin and a polymer, whereby the polymer is preferably polyacrylic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to the composition and methods for delivering vaccine onto mucosal surfaces, for example oral or intranasal administration. The invention may also be administered with an antigen topically or parenterally as an injectable. More so, it pertains to a composition consisting of lecithin and a polymer or copolymer of acrylic acid, that is useful in protecting the antigen from degradation in the stomach, adsorbing the vaccine antigen onto mucosal surfaces, and enhancing its penetration to underlying mucosal lymphoid tissue. Mucosal delivery of vaccines has been underutilized because of the problems associated with effectively delivering the vaccine antigens to the mucosal surface and to the underlying mucosal lymphoid tissue. Since mucosal surfaces are the port of entry of the majority of the infectious agents (Sabin, A. B., Vaccination at the portal of entry of infectious agents. Dev Biol Stand 33:39, 1976) it is important to the health of an animal to have developed a strong protective antibody and cell-mediated immune response at the portal of entry. This is best done
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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with an adjuvant and delivery system that targets vaccine antigens to either the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, gut, nose, rectum, or vagina. Because this is not commonly done with an injectable vaccine, it would be advantageous to have a vaccine adjuvant delivery composition that would adsorb the vaccine onto the mucosal surface, and then, following absorption, be brought in contact with mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. For example, oral administration of a vaccine against a gut pathogen may engender a stronger immune response against such pathogens by eliciting the production of secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies at the mucosal site. This happens when the vaccine is presented to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (O'Hagen, D, Oral Delivery of Vaccines: Formulation and Clinical Pharmacokinetic Considerations 1992, Clin. Pharmacokinet. 22 (1): 1-10). Likewise, administration of vaccine against an upper respiratory pathogen may be most effective if delivered to the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue in the oral cavity or nasal passages. Interestingly, administration of antigens induces a mucosal immune response not only at the site of antigen application, for example the oral mucosa, but also at other mucosal sites such as the nasal mucosal (Mestecky, J I, The Common Mucosal Immune System and Current Strategies for Induction of Immune Responses in External Secretions. J Clin Immunol. 7 (4): 265-76). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Adjuvants for use in vaccines Inventor(s): Dearwester, Don A.; (Westerly, RI), Roberts, David S.; (Philadelphia, PA), Swearingin, Leroy A.; (Waterford, CT) Correspondence: Kohn & Associates, Pllc; Suite 410; 30500 Northwestern HWY.; Farmington Hills; MI; 48334; US Patent Application Number: 20030175298 Date filed: March 13, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to adjuvants that contain a lecithin, an oil and an amphiphilic surfactant and that are capable of forming a stable oil-in-water emulsion vaccine so as to minimize local reactions to the vaccine in the injected animal. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/117,705, filed Jan. 29, 1999 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/121,760, filed February 26, 1999. The invention relates to immunological adjuvants. In particular, the invention relates to adjuvants which comprise an oil-in-water emulsion and a surfactant. Adjuvants of the invention are useful in a variety of vaccine formulations, including vaccines comprising bacterial or viral components. The generation of immunity to infectious organisms is a powerful tool in disease control. Those antigens that induce immunity to infection are known as immunogens. The protective antibody they induce may collaborate with other natural defenses to inhibit the infective process, or they may neutralize harmful products of the infective organism such as toxins. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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BONE GRAFT MATERIAL INCORPORATING DEMINERALIZED BONE MATRIX AND LIPIDS Inventor(s): Nimni, Marcel E.; (Santa Monica, CA) Correspondence: Att: Michael B. Farber, ESQ.; Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly Llp; Suite 3800; 2029 Century Park East; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030049326 Date filed: September 10, 2001 Abstract: A demineralized bone putty composition comprises: (1) demineralized bone matrix (DBM); and (2) a lipid fraction selected from the group consisting of lecithin and a mixture of lecithin and triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids. The putty composition is moldable, biocompatible, slowly resorbable, and soluble in tissue fluids, and non-extrudable. The composition delivers a biologically active product to animals and humans that will enhance bone formation at sites where bone is lost, deficient, or present in suboptimal amounts. The composition can further comprise calcium, an antioxidant such as Vitamin E or Vitamin C, or a hydrophilic polymer such as methylcellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a bone graft material incorporating demineralized bone matrix and lipids for particular use in enhancing bone formation. One of the few tissues that regenerates in mammals is bone. To a great extent, this is due to the ability of specific growth factors to stimulate stem cells along the chondrogenic and osteogenic pathways and the role of mechanical forces that encourage bone remodeling. Significant efforts have been made to enhance bone healing using decalcified bone matrix as an inducer. Decalcified bone matrix, which is mostly collagen with small amounts of growth- and differentiation-inducin- g molecules, is able to stimulate bone formation, even after implantation (subcutaneously or intramuscularly) at ectopic sites where there is no bone. The chondro-osteogenic response induced by implants of demineralized rabbit (M. R. Urist & T. A. Dowell, "The Inductive Substratum for Osteogenesis in Pellets of Particulate Bone Matrix," Clin. Orthoped. Rel. Res. 61:61-68 (1969); M. R. Urist & B. S. Strates, "Bone Morphogenetic Protein," J. Dent. Res. 50:1392-1406 (1971)) and rat bone matrix (C. B. Huggins et al., "Transformation of Fibroblasts by Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Transplants of Demineralized Tooth and Bone," J. Exp. Med. 132:1250-1258 (1970); A. H. Reddi & C. B. Huggins, "Influence of Transplanted Tooth and Bone on Transformation of Fibroblasts," Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143:634-637 (1973); G. D. Syftestad & M. R. Urist, "Degradation of Bone Matrix Morphogenetic Activity by Pulverization," Clin. Orthoped. Rel. Res. 141:281-286 (1979)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Composition and method for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular, glaucoma and tardive dyskinesia diseases Inventor(s): Lang, Philip C.; (Toms River, NJ), Sosnowski, Robert E.; (Manasquan, NJ) Correspondence: Delio & Peterson; 121 Whitney Avenue; New Haven; CT; 06510 Patent Application Number: 20020164388 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: Elevated levels of homocysteine have been implicated as an important risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases. A composition for decreasing levels of
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plasma homocysteine and a method for administering the composition are provided the composition containing dextromethorphan (DM), folic acid and vitamins B.sub.6 and B.sub.12. The composition provides a synergistic therapeutic effect so that lower amounts of the above ingredients may be employed to minimize any undesirable side effects caused by the use of high levels of a component such as DM. Preferred compositions for cardiovascular diseases further include lecithin, vitamin E, betacarotene, procyanidins/flavonoids, trimethylglycine, garlic oil and minerals. Other compositions for treating glaucoma include bilberry, bioflavonoids and beta-carotene and for treating tardive dyskinesia include an antioxidant such as grape seed extract and pine bark extract, lecithin and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. The compositions may be administered using any suitable means such as orally or intravenous. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular, glaucoma and tardive dyskinesia diseases and, more particularly, to a composition containing a number of ingredients which are present in amounts lower than amounts considered harmful to the body but which act synergistically to provide enhanced disease inhibition. Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death in industrialized countries. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the principal cause of cardiovascular disease. AS is a disease of the intima of the arteries that leads to fatty lesions called artheromatous plaques on the inside surface of the arteries. This deposit of fat and cholesterol narrows the arteries, and often becomes calcified, providing sites for abnormal blood clots to form, leading to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations have repeatedly been associated with increased vascular risk. Hcy causes cells to decrease their production of clot preventing and clot dissolving substances and increases production of clot promoting substances. Hcy is an intermediate sulfhydryl alpha-amino acid formed during conversion of methionine to cysteine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition and method for topical treatment of androgenic alopecia Inventor(s): Crandall, Wilson Trafton; (Fort Defiance, VA) Correspondence: Wilson T. Crandall; P.O. Box 346; Verona; VA; 24482; US Patent Application Number: 20030049336 Date filed: August 13, 2001 Abstract: New methods to deliver the composition of poloxamer lecithin organogel are described. Whereas the function is the same, major improvements have been made in the aesthetics of the invention Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-part-part of pending United States patent application U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/676,095. Filed on July 1996, which claims priority to U.S. provisional Patent Application Serial Nos. 60/000,842 and 60/005,643 filed on July, and Oct. 19, 1995 respectively. This invention relates to the topical treatment of hair loss, especially androgenic alopecia, by providing formulations that include an anti-androgen, especially extracts of saw palmetto plant, acetyl carnitine and co-enzyme Q 10 to stimulate hair growth, to increase luster of the hair and to decrease the graying. Androgenic alopecia is an autosomal disorder which begins in puberty in genetically disposed individuals. Androgenic alopecia is also known as hereditary baldness, male pattern baldness, and seborrheic alopecia and occurs in both sexes. The disorder is heterogeneous and increased circulating androgens are not the
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only causative factor. Historically, patients with male androgenic alopecia present with frontal recession of the hairline, especially at the temples and vertex. Minoxidil, available since 1988, produces a maximum of only 40% cosmetic responses in selected patients with vertex balding who are young, recently diagnosed and display small areas of alopecia. The response to Minoxidil is not seen for 4 to 10 months and treatment must be maintained or the new growth is lost. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Composition for effecting serum cholesterol levels Inventor(s): Fairow, Herbert Clinton; (Tolone, IL), Jager, Ralf; (Champaign, IL), Pischel, Ivo; (Trostberg, DE) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski, Llp; 666 Fifth Ave; New York; NY; 10103-3198; US Patent Application Number: 20030203854 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: A new composition for effecting serum cholesterol levels is claimed, said composition comprising a) at least a waxy acid with 23 to 50 carbon atoms or derivatives thereof and with serum cholesterol level reducing properties, and b) 0 to 99.99% by weight of at least a component with serum cholesterol level effecting properties, and c) 0 to 20% by weight of at least a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation aid. The efficacy of this composition can be enhanced by further incorporation of other cholesterol reducing agents, like lecithin, tocotrienol, saponins, fibers, long-chain waxy alcohols and niacin. The claimed composition combines the benefits of the single physiolocology active constituence together with the technology to increase the biovailability. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition for effecting serum cholesterol levels and, more particularly, to a composition for reducing serum cholesterol comprising waxy acids or waxy acids and (phyto)sterols and/or stanol ideally in a highly biovailable formulation like micelles or liposomes. The efficacy of this composition can be enhanced by further incorporation of other cholesterol reducing agents, like lecithin, tocotrienol, saponins, fibers, long-chain waxy alcohols and niacin. Elevated serum cholesterol levels (>200 mg/dL) have been indicated as a major risk factor for heart disease, the leading cause of death. As a result, experts have recommended that those individuals at high risk decrease serum cholesterol levels through dietary changes, a program of physical exercise, and lifestyle changes. It is recommended that the intake of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol be strictly limited and that soluble fiber consumption be increased. Strictly limiting the intake of saturated fat and cholesterol does not, itself, present a risk to proper health and nutrition. Even where saturated fat and cholesterol are severely restricted from the diet, the liver remains able to synthesize sufficient quantities of cholesterol to perform necessary bodily functions. More recently, experts have begun to examine the individual components of the lipid profile, in addition to the total cholesterol level (TC). While an elevated TC is a risk factor, the levels of the various forms of cholesterol which make up TC may also be risk factors. Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a cause for concern, as these loosely packed lipoproteins are more likely to lodge within the cardiovascular system leading to the formation of plaque. Low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are an additional risk factor, as they serve to sweep artery-clogging cholesterol from the blood stream. A better indication of risk appears to be the ratio of TC:HDL.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Cosmetic material containing triple- encapsulated retinol Inventor(s): Jo, Byoung Kee; (Kyungki-do, KR), Lee, Chun Mong; (Chungcheongnamdo, KR), Lee, Seung Ji; (Chungcheongnam-do, KR), Lee, Young Jin; (Chungcheongnamdo, KR) Correspondence: J. Rodman Steele, JR; Akerman, Senterfitt & Eidson, P.A.; Post Office Box 3188; West Palm Beach; FL; 33402-3188; US Patent Application Number: 20030118616 Date filed: December 7, 2001 Abstract: The present invention concerns stabilized cosmetic material containing tripleencapsulated retinal. Unstable, fat-soluble retinal is stabilized firstly by addition into vesicles consisting of nonionic surface-active agent, cholesterol and cholesteryl ester. The firstly stabilized retinol (vesicle) is subsequently inserted into sphingosomes (a kind of multi lamellar liposome) consisting of lecithin and ceramide. Finally the doubleencapsulated retinal (sphingosome) is inserted into lamellar liquid-crystal emulsifying base, thereby being triply encapsulated. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns stabilized cosmetic material containing triple encapsulated retinol. In concrete terms, unstable and fat-soluble retinol is stabilized firstly by addition into vesicles consisting of nonionic surface-active agent, cholesterol and cholesteryl ester. The firstly stabilized retinol(vesicle) is subsequently inserted into sphingosomes (a kind of multi lamellar liposome) consisting of lecithin and ceramide. Finally the double encapsulated retinol (sphingosome) is added into a lamellar liquidcrystal emulsifying base. Thusly, useful cosmetic material, which diminishes wrinkling, skin irritation and improves moisturizing effect, is obtained. Chronoaging results in general degradation of the skin. Wrinkling and thickening of the skin induced by solar light result in sagging, reduced elasticity of skin, dry skin and mottling, and other harmful effects are additively increased by exposure to sunlight and this phenomenon is called "photoaging". Deterioration of the epidermis and dermis, wrinkling, yellowing, thickening and reduced elasticity of skin are all associated with photoaging. To solve this problem, uses of retinoid (vitamin A) have been reported in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,146 and 4,877,805. There are Retinol (Vitamin A alcohol), Retinal (Vitamin A aldehyde), Retinyl acetate, Retinyl propionate, Retinyl linoleate and Retinyl palmitate in the Retinoid group. Among elements of retinoid group, retinol is a compound which can be naturally found in the human body and is essential in the specialization and growth of epithelium. Moreover, retinol is superior to other retinoids (such as retinoic acid) in terms of safety for living creatures, so retinol is suitable for skin-care cosmetic material. In case of excessive intake, retinol is chiefly stored as an inactive form of retinyl palmitate, and a small quantity is stored as an inactive form of retinyl acetate in the human body. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Dry, edible oil and starch composition, a method for making the composition, and a foodstuff containing the composition Inventor(s): Hedges, Allan; (Crown Point, IN), Qi, Helena; (Munster, IN), Remmert, Mike; (Romeoville, IL), Shieh, Wen; (Munster, IN) Correspondence: Bierman Muserlian And Lucas; 600 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10016 Patent Application Number: 20030044490 Date filed: August 14, 2001 Abstract: The dry composition has 50% w/w oil which contains polyunsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, and 50% w/w of a starch based matrix. The starch based matrix has 70% by weight or more of a starch hydrolysate with a DE of 20-100 and a converted starch such as a thin boiled starch or a maltodextrin. The matrix can contain up to 15% of a cyclodextrin or lecithin. The composition is stable over time and is especially suited for use with food. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a dry, edible oil and starch composition where the oil contains long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, a method for making the dry composition and foodstuffs which contain the dry composition. The present invention is especially suitable for fish oils and other unsaturated oils and fatty acids. Studies have linked long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids which are contained in fish oil with multiple medicinal and nutritional functions. These include prevention of coronary heart disease, suppression of platelet-aggregation, decreasing the level of serum cholesterol, treatment of cerebral thrombosis, myocardial infraction, as well as others. Thus, there is a desire on the part of the food industry to supplement foodstuffs with PUFA. This is normally done by incorporating an oil high in PUFA into the foodstuff. Fish oil is a main source for these oils, however, plant and microbial liquids are also sources of oils which are high in PUFA. There are obstacles to the use of fish oils and to employing PUFA in foodstuffs. First, PUFAs are very sensitive to heat, light, and oxygen. They degrade due to oxidation and result in a rancid composition. Fish oils themselves have an unpleasant odor and flavor and are a liquid which makes them unacceptable for a number of dry foodstuffs such as powdered drink mixes, infant formula, health bars, breakfast cereals, baked goods, dressings and dairy products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Easily dispersible granules of soybean protein and methods for preparing the same Inventor(s): Gottemoller, Thomas V.; (Mt. Zion, IL), Hoshii, Yasuhiro; (Fujiidera-Shi, JP), Tsukuda, Koji; (Kishiwada-Shi, JP) Correspondence: Michael E. Yates; Archer-daniels-midland Company; 4666 East Faries Parkway; Decatur; IL; 62526; US Patent Application Number: 20020146487 Date filed: May 18, 2001 Abstract: An easily dispersible granule of soybean protein comprises powdery soybean protein whose surface is coated with a carbohydrate, which is not readily digestible, wherein the carbohydrate is present in an amount of at least 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the powdery soybean protein. A method for preparing such an easily
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dispersible granule of soybean protein in which powdery soybean protein is granulated while the powder is sprayed with an aqueous solution containing a carbohydrate which is not readily digestible and which is characterized by using at least 5 parts by weight of the hardly digestible carbohydrate per 100 parts by weight of the powdery soybean protein is also disclosed. An Alternative method involves spraying a dry mix of soybean protein and not readily digestible carbohydrate with lecithin in water, and removing the water from the resultant lecithin-coated mix. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of prior copending application Ser. No. 09/773,656, filed on Jan. 31, 2001. The present invention relates to an easily dispersible granule of soybean protein and methods for the preparing thereof. Protein is a nutrient component essential for, among other things, the formation and maintenance of muscle. It has generally been said that athletes should ingest protein in an amount ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 g/kg body weight per day in order to reinforce the muscles and to enhance their stamina, although the amount varies depending on their age and living environment (RINSHO EIYO (Clinical Nutrients), 1992, Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 495-502). More specifically, in case of a player whose body weight is 70 kg, it is necessary to take about 120 g of proteins per day. However, if such a large amount of protein is taken as the usual diet, the total amount of the diet is considerably increased. As a result, it would be painful for players to take a meal and he should be in excess training for preventing any accumulation of excess calorie as fats in the body. This may in turn become a cause of damage or shorten the life of the player. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Enhancement of oral bioavailability of non-emulsified formulations of prodrug esters with lecithin Inventor(s): Aponte, Roberto; (Grayslake, IL), Brinker, Dale; (Antioch, IL), Briskin, Jacqueline; (Buffalo Grove, IL), Gupta, Pramod; (Gurnee, IL), Taneja, Rajneesh; (Libertyville, IL), Vishwasrao, Dilip; (Waukegan, IL) Correspondence: Wood, Phillips, Katz, Clark & Mortimer; 500 W. Madison Street; Suite 3800; Chicago; IL; 60661; US Patent Application Number: 20030060451 Date filed: May 28, 2002 Abstract: A method for enhancing the oral bioavailability of a prodrug ester by formulating the ester as a non-emulsified formulation with lecithin; as well as a pharmaceutical composition of at least one antibiotic and lecithin in a non-emulsified formulation; a method of treating infections with the non-emulsified formulation, and a method for preparing tablets by direct compression of blends of drugs with lecithin are disclosed. Non-emulsified formulations include solids, tablets, capsules, lozenges, suspensions, elixirs and solutions, and exclude emulsions, liposomes, lipid matrix systems and micro-emulsions. A suitable prodrug ester is a cephalosporin.beta.-lactam antibiotic such as cefditoren pivoxil, and a suitable non-emulsified formulation is a solid formulation. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method for enhancing the oral bioavailability of a prodrug ester by formulating the ester as a non-emulsified formulation with lecithin; as well as a pharmaceutical composition of at least one antibiotic and lecithin in a non-emulsified formulation; a method of treating infections with the non-emulsified formulation, and a method for preparing tablets by direct
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compression of blends of drugs with lecithin. Non-emulsified formulations include solids, tablets, capsules, lozenges, suspensions, elixirs and solutions, and exclude emulsions, liposomes, lipid matrix systems and micro-emulsions. A suitable prodrug ester is a cephalosporin.beta.-lactam antibiotic such as cefditoren pivoxil, and a suitable non-emulsified formulation is a solid formulation. The oral bioavailability of a number of drugs can be enhanced by the synthesis of their pro-drug esters. Such chemical modification alters the lipophilicity of these compounds which makes them more suitable candidates for passive diffusion across the gastrointestinal tract mucosa, thus improving their oral absorption. Once absorbed, these pro-drugs undergo hydrolysis to generate the parent compound which is therapeutically active. A number of classes of compounds including cephalosporins have benefitted from this approach. Most cephalosporins are characterized by a dipeptide-like structure containing a free carboxyl group that is ionized at the physiological intestinal pH. Many cephalosporins may also contain a relatively basic amino group. The resulting polarity makes these cephalosporins a poor candidate for oral administration. One approach to enhancing oral bioavailability of cephalosporins is the esterification of the carboxylic acid group in the 4-position. The derivatives so formed have reduced polarity and can be absorbed by passive diffusion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Homogenous solid matrix cotaining vegetable proteins Inventor(s): Friedman, Doron I.; (Karme-Yosef, IL) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030021881 Date filed: August 5, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a homogenous solid matrix composition, enabling an improved dispersion of and bitter taste masking of hydrophobic, bioactive ingestibles, of at least low water solubility comprising: (a) at least 10 % w/w vegetable proteins; (b) lecithin; and (c) at leaset one ingestible bioactive compound of at least low water solubility. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a homogeneous solid matrix composition containing vegetable proteins, lecithin and an ingestible bioactive compound of at least low water solubility. The term, at least low-water solubility, as used herein, is 5 intended to denote a compound having low or poor water solubility as well as compounds which are water insoluble due to the presence of at least a hydrophobic moiety in the compound or, the hydrophobicity of the compound as a whole. The bioactive compound is homogeneously embedded in an amorphous, non-crystalline form in the matrix for achieving the advantages of enhanced 10 dissolution and biological availability of said ingestible, bioactive compound to be administered to mammals, as well as taste masking of bitter ingestable substances. This invention has been developed to provide an answer for an unmet therapeutic or nutraceutic need of low biological availability of: drugs, phytomedicines, phytonutrients, vitamins and nutraceutical or food supplements, 15 especially herbal extracts comprising variable levels of assembly of hydrophobic constituents, which do not mix or disperse well enough in the gastrointestinal physiological fluids. These have a low dissolution, low oral bioavailability and large inter-individual availability variation, which is an obstacle for their full exploitation.
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Intra-serum and intra-gel for modeling human skin tissue Inventor(s): Blank, Thomas B.; (Chandler, AZ), Hazen, Kevin H.; (Gilbert, AZ), Lorenz, Alexander D.; (Phoenix, AZ), Malin, Stephen F.; (Phoenix, AZ), Ruchti, Timothy L.; (Gilbert, AZ), Thennadil, Suresh; (Tempe, AZ), Troy, Tamara` L.; (Chandler, AZ), Welch, James Matthew; (Tempe, AZ) Correspondence: Glenn Patent Group; 3475 Edison Way; Suite L; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030113924 Date filed: September 11, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a class of samples that model the human body. This family of samples is based upon emulsions of oil in water with lecithin acting as the emulsifier. These solutions that have varying particle sizes may be spiked with basis set components (albumin, urea and glucose) to simulate skin tissues further. The family of samples is such that other organic compounds such as collagen, elastin, globulin and bilirubin may be added, as can salts such as Na.sup.+, K.sup.+ and Cl.sup.-. Layers of varying thickness with known index of refraction and particle size distributions may be generated using simple crosslinking reagents, such as collagen (gelatin). The resulting samples are flexible in each analyte's concentration and match the skin layers of the body in terms of the samples reduced scattering and absorption coefficients,.mu.'.sub.s and.mu.sub.a. This family of samples is provided for use in the medical field where lasers and spectroscopy based analyzers are used in treatment of the body. In particular, knowledge may be gained on net analyte signal, photon depth of penetration, photon radial diffusion, photon interaction between tissue layers, photon density (all as a function of frequency) and on instrument parameter specifications such as resolution and required dynamic range (A/D bits required). In particular, applications to delineate said parameters have been developed for the application of noninvasive glucose determination in the near-IR region from 700 to 2500 nm with an emphasis on the region 1000 to 2500 nm (10,000 to 4,000 cm.sup.-1). Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/502,877 filed Feb. 10, 2000 (Attorney Docket No. IMET0008). The invention relates to noninvasive spectroscopy. More particularly, the invention relates to the modeling of human tissue for use in noninvasive spectroscopy. In the field of noninvasive spectroscopy, photons generated by a source penetrate into the body of a subject, interact with the subject's tissue layers and exit to a detector. The interaction with the tissue layers is complex and is not well understood. Models that simulate the tissue may be utilized to address such fundamental questions as the net analyte signal, depth of penetration of the photons and radial diffusion of the photons. Knowledge of the exact chemical composition of a tissue surrogate will allow chemical and physical interpretation of spectra obtained on human skin where the exact chemical composition of the sample is unknown. For these reasons, a model of skin tissue samples would be beneficial. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus for improving in vitro measurement of membrane permeability of chemical compounds Inventor(s): Avdeef, Alex; (Boston, MA), Du, Chau M.; (Allston, MA), Nielsen, Per E.; (Westlake, OH) Correspondence: Weingarten, Schurgin, Gagnebin & Lebovici Llp; Ten Post Office Square; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030219716 Date filed: January 23, 2003 Abstract: The invention described here improves the PAMPA (parallel artificial membrane permeability assay) high-throughput method used in lead compound selection and optimization in pharmaceutical and biotechnological research and development, and for identifying active compounds with the right plant distribution properties in agrochemical research and development. The invention described here is a robust method and apparatus for measurement of two physical properties, permeability and membrane retention of compounds, which overcomes several of the shortcomings in the prior art. This invention includes reagents specifically designed for enhancing the sensitivity of the assay, to allow a UV detection system to be used for concentration measurements, to accurately estimate and compensate for the effects of membrane retention and unstirred water layer, and to increase the speed of the assay. In this invention, concentrated phospholipid membrane barriers are used, consisting of 10-74% wt/vol commercially-available soybean lecithin extract dissolved in dodecane. Sample concentrations in both the donor and the acceptor compartments of the permeation cells are quickly measured by direct UV spectrophotometry. To reduce the excessive membrane retention of compounds by the concentrated phospholipid membrane barriers, an artificial sink state is created in the acceptor compartment of the permeation cells, by using surfactants, cyclodextrins, or water-soluble lipophilic polymers, which have low absorption of UV energy. A secondary sink state is created with ionizable molecules when the permeation cell contains a pH gradient between the donor and the acceptor solutions. The resultant "double-sink" condition forms a basis for successful modeling of the passive-diffusion transport of molecules in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Also, this condition accelerates the transport of certain molecules across membranes, shortening the measurement time, and increasing the assay throughput. A new permeability equation is used, that takes into account (a) pH gradients between the two sides of the membrane barrier and (b) the retention of the molecules by the membrane, which the pH-gradient sink condition is unable to eliminate entirely. When combined with the prior art PAMPA practice of placing solubilizers, such as surfactants, bile salts, and water-soluble lipophilic polymers, into the donor compartment to overcome problems of low aqueous solubility of sample molecules, the said GIT model becomes modified to serve as a blood-brain barrier (BBB) absorption model. This invention can also improve performance in prior art PAMPA membrane barriers, and in several other types of membranes, such as, (i) nonporous synthetic membrane material (e.g., silicone rubber), (ii) dialysis membranes with a particular molecular weight cut-off, and (iii) monolayers of cultured cells (e.g., Caco-2, MDCK, or HT29) deposited onto the surface of porous microfilter supports. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/353,914 filed Jan. 31, 2002, which is incorporated in its entirety herein. The measurement of physicochemical properties, such as permeability, in a high-throughput screening environment plays an important role in the selection of the most promising biologically-active molecules for lead optimization in pharmaceutical and
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biotechnological research and development, and in identifying active compounds with the right plant distribution properties in agrochemical research and development. In this context, PAMPA (parallel artificial membrane permeability assay) has been used for measuring the in vitro permeability of molecules across artificial phospholipid membrane barriers supported by a high-porosity microfilter, separating a solution of test molecules from a solution initially free of them. The invention described here is an improvement of PAMPA. This invention is a robust method and apparatus for the measurement of two physical properties, permeability and membrane retention of compounds. It includes reagents specifically designed for enhancing the sensitivity of the assay, to allow a UV detection system to be used for concentration measurements, to accurately estimate and compensate for the effects of membrane retention and unstirred water layer, and to increase the speed of the assay. In pharmaceutical research, looking for a new drug takes place in three stages: exploration, discovery, and development. In the first stage, the understanding of the disease state is accumulated, a therapeutic target is selected, and a biological screening assay is developed. The discovery stage begins with `hits` finding, where a company's library of compounds is screened for the IC50 value, the concentration of the compound required to displace 50% of a reference ligand from a target receptor. In the course of a year at a large pharmaceutical company, it is not uncommon to have 100,000 to 1,000,000 library compounds tested against a particular target, which is usually a receptor site on a protein molecule. Of the molecules tested for biological activity, about 3000 to 10,000 are found to be active (hits). The initial part of the discovery step is called `lead` generation, where the most promising subset of the hits is selected for further testing. Of the 3000-10,000 potent molecules, about 400 make it to this step. The selection of leads takes into account biopharmaceutic properties of the hits, such as measured aqueous solubility, octanol-water partition coefficients, plasma stability, human serum protein binding, cytochrome P450 inhibition (oxidative metabolism), liver microsome assay (general metabolism), and membrane permeability, using an in vitro cultured-cell model, such as Caco-2. These various tests filter out many molecules with unfavorable biopharmaceutic ADME properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion). Most companies perform fast ADME screens in the hits-to-leads transition to aid in "go--no go" decisions. The selected 400 lead compounds are expected to have good in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior in animal models developed later. But many of the molecules will underperform in laboratory animals, and will be rejected. In lead optimization, the compounds are rigorously tested for in vitro ADME properties, CNS penetration, selectivity against other similar targets, as well as for cytotoxicity. In the final stages of optimization, where rodent in vivo PK measurements are done, metabolic profiles are developed, and additional animal model toxicity tests are performed, about twelve promising `candidate` molecules survive to enter pre-clinical development, where dosage form design and human PK, safety, and effectiveness testing begin. During the subsequent clinical phases, the number of clinical development molecules dwindles down to about one, a considerable and expensive downsizing from the original 400 promising leads. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus for processing vegetable oil miscella, method for conditioning a polymeric microfiltration membrane, membrane, and lecithin product Inventor(s): Jirjis, Bassam; (Plymouth, MN), Muralidhara, Harapanahalli S.; (Plymouth, MN), Otten, Dennis D.; (Elk River, MN) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030072856 Date filed: July 23, 2002 Abstract: A method for processing vegetable oil miscella is provided. The method includes steps of feeding vegetable oil miscella to a conditioned polymeric microfiltration membrane, and recovering a permeate stream having a decreased weight percent of phospholipids compared with the weight percent of phospholipids provided in the miscella. The retentate stream can be further processed for the recovery of lecithin. The polymeric microfiltration membrane can be conditioned for the selective separation of phospholipids in the miscella. A method for conditioning a membrane for selective separation of phospholipids from vegetable oil miscella, and the resulting membrane, are provided. The membrane which can be conditioned can be characterized as having an average pore size of between about 0.1.mu. and about 2.mu. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/483,346 that was filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Jan. 14, 2000. U.S. application Ser. No. 09/483,346 is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/231,692 that was filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Jan. 14, 1999 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,209 on Mar. 27, 2001. The entire disclosure of U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/231,692 and 09/483,346 are incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to a method for processing vegetable oil miscella, an apparatus for processing vegetable oil miscella, a method for conditioning a polymeric microfiltration membrane for selective removal of phospholipids from vegetable oil miscella, a membrane for selective removal of phospholipids from vegetable oil miscella, and a lecithin product. Edible vegetable oils are generally obtained by processing oil seeds. Crude vegetable oils can be obtained from vegetable seeds by solvent extraction. Hexane is the most commonly used extraction solvent. The crude vegetable oils generally contain neutral triglycerides and a host of natural contaminants including phosphotides, sulphurous compounds, free fatty acids, carbohydrates, peptides, oxidized lipids, traces of lower aldehydes and ketones, glycosides of sterols and terpenes, and diverse types of color bodies or dyestuffs. These contaminants are removed from the crude vegetable oils in the course of refining in order to render the vegetable oils palatable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and composition for promoting hair growth Inventor(s): Grallert, Burkhard; (Douglas, GB) Correspondence: Melvin I Stoltz; 51 Cherry Street; Milford; CT; 06460; US Patent Application Number: 20030152655 Date filed: February 11, 2003
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Abstract: A composition for preventing hair loss and promoting hair growth comprises fenugreek extract and a carrier, for example, hydroxylated lecithin and glycerine. The composition is preferably in the form of a spray which is applied beneath the tongue for translingual absorption. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and composition for promoting hair growth. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of promoting hair growth which includes the use of a formulation containing fenugreek extract. The formulation is preferably applied topically so as to be absorbed translingually into the bloodstream. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
METHOD AND SYNERGISTIC COMPOSITION FOR TREATING ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Inventor(s): Lang, Philip C.; (Toms River, NJ) Correspondence: Delio & Peterson; 121 Whitney Avenue; New Haven; CT; 06510 Patent Application Number: 20030044472 Date filed: August 28, 2001 Abstract: A composition and method for treating Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is provided which composition can be used both with and without ethical drugs now used to treat ADHD. The composition contains dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), omega 3-fatty acids, betaine, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), folic acid, vitamins C, E, B.sub.12, B.sub.6, B.sub.5 and betacarotene and minerals (calcium, magnesium, zinc and selenium). Ethical drugs such as amphetamines, methylphenidate HCl and pemoline are known to control ADHD, but each has significant side effects when used in their therapeutic dose. When combining the composition of the invention with such ethical drugs, the amount of the ethical drug can be lowered below a level which causes undesirable side effects which is an important feature of the invention. Preferred compositions of the invention contain one or more of lecithin, choline, 5-hydroxytryptophan, tyrosine, Reishi Extract, Kava Extract, Gingko, Ginseng and St. John's Wort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for treating Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the fastest growing childhood disorder in the United States. About four million children and thirteen million adults suffer from attention deficit in the U.S. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) categorization of ADHD includes terms such as "inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity". Three subtypes are recognized ADHD: Combined type; ADHD, Predominately Inattentive Type; and ADHD, Predominately Hyperactive/Impulsive Type. The Predominately Inattentive Type makes careless mistakes, cannot keep focused on a task, and loses attention and interest quickly. Often the person appears not to listen as if their mind is "someplace else". The predominately Hyperactive/Impulsive Type is characterized by fidgetiness, excessive unproductive movement, impulsiveness, inappropriate behavior, making noise, impatience, touching things or being disruptive. Depending on age and development stage, ADHD sufferers may exhibit low frustration tolerance, temper outbursts, stubbornness, making demands, mood lability, rejection by peers and poor self-esteem. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for administering insulin to the buccal region Inventor(s): Modi, Pankaj; (Ancaster, CA) Correspondence: Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott; 600 Grant Street; 44th Floor; Pittsburgh; PA; 15219 Patent Application Number: 20030171259 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: A mixed micellar pharmaceutical formulation includes a micellar proteinic pharmaceutical agent, an alkali metal C8 to C22 alkyl sulphate, alkali metal salicylate, a pharmaceutically acceptable edetate and at least one absorption enhancing compounds. The absorption enhancing compounds are selected from the group consisting of lecithin, hyaluronic acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of hyaluronic acid, octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, glycolic acid, lactic acid, chamomile extract, cucumber extract, oleic acid, linolenic acid, borage oil, evening of primrose oil, trihydroxy oxo cholanyiglycine, glycerin, polyglycerin, lysine, polylysine, triolein and mixtures thereof. The amount of each absorption enhancing compound is present in a concentration of from 1 to 10 wt:/wt. % of the total formulation, and the total concentration of absorption enhancing compounds are less than 50 wt./wt. % of the formulation. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of Application Ser. No. 09/021,114 filed Feb. 10, 1998. The present invention relates to an improved delivery system for the administration of large-molecule pharmaceuticals, e.g. peptidic drugs, vaccines and hormones. In particular it relates to pharmaceuticals which may be administered through the oral and nasal membranes. In spite of significant efforts in academic and commercial laboratories, major breakthroughs in oral peptide and protein formulation have not been achieved. Relatively little progress has been made in reaching the target of safe and effective oral formulations for peptides and proteins. The major barriers to developing oral formulations for proteins and peptides include poor intrinsic permeability, lumenal and cellular enzymatic degradation, rapid clearance, and chemical stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Pharmaceutical approaches to address these barriers, which have been successful with traditional small, organic drug molecules, have not readily translated into effective peptide and protein formulations. Although the challenges are significant, the potential therapeutic benefits remain high especially in the field of diabetes treatment using insulin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for manufacture of free-flowing powder containing water-dispersible sterols Inventor(s): Dyer, Matthew; (Mt. Zion, IL), Flickinger, Brent; (Decatur, IL), Gottemoller, Thomas; (Mt. Zion, IL), Yager, Brian; (Decatur, IL) Correspondence: Michael E. Yates, ESQ.; Archer Daniels Midland Company; 4666 Faries Parkway; Decatur; IL; 62526; US Patent Application Number: 20030003131 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: A process for producing a free-flowing powder comprising water dispersible sterols, the process comprising commingling sterols and lecithin in an organic solvent, removing the solvent to produce a commingled solid material, grinding the commingled
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solid to produce a powder, hydrating the powder in water, adding a spray drying adjunct before or after homogenization of the powder, and spray drying the homogenized product. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/300,281, filed on Jun. 22, 2001. This invention relates to a composition and method for reducing cholesterol absorption and serum cholesterol in humans. It represents an improvement in that the material also contains a spray drying adjunct such as maltodextrin. Phytosterols are plant sterols structurally similar to cholesterol that have been known for many years to reduce cholesterol absorption and serum cholesterol levels while not being absorbed themselves. Lowering of circulating cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol is an important part of a strategy to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease and especially coronary heart disease. Cholesterol absorption is a critical component of whole body cholesterol metabolism. Cholesterol derived from the diet and also from endogenous biliary secretion enters the intestine, and approximately 50% of the mixed intestinal load is absorbed, Bosner, M. S., Ostlund, R. E., Jr., Osofisan, O., Grosklos, J., Fritschle, C., Lange, L. G 1993. The failure to absorb cholesterol quantitatively is therefore a key mechanism for the elimination of cholesterol from the body. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for manufacturing outsole for footwear without applying external mold rubricant onto mold, and formulating composition therefor Inventor(s): Metha, Yagnick; (Rahway, NJ), Park, Hee-Dae; (Pusan, KR) Correspondence: Notaro & Michalos; Empire State Building; Suite 6902; 350 Fifth Avenue; New York; NY; 10118-0110; US Patent Application Number: 20030013616 Date filed: August 15, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are a method for manufacturing an outsole for shoes without applying an external mold release agent or mold rubricant onto a mold, and a formulating composition used at manufacturing a rubber outsole. One composition of an internal mold rubricant for manufacturing an outsole for use in footwears is consisting of highly branched hydrocarbon having molecular weight of 400 to 2800, carboxylic acid, metal salts of carboxylic acids, and phospholipids containing heat stable lecithin. Another composition of an internal mold rubricant for manufacturing an outsole for use in footwears is consisting of branched hydrocarbon having molecular weight of 800 to 2000, carboxylic acid, long chain carboxylic acids having molecular weight of 200 to 800, metal complex of long chain carboxylic acids having molecular weight of 200 to 800, and ionomer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for manufacturing an outsole for use in footwear articles, and more particularly to a method for manufacturing an outsole for shoes without applying a mold release agent or mold rubricant onto a mold, and a formulating composition used at manufacturing a rubber outsole. Wherein, a term external mold rubricant means a composition to be used for directly applying onto a mold, and a term internal mold rubricant means a compositon to be used for mixing with a composition for manufacturing an outsole. Generally, in the field of the footwear article, a substrate comprising ethylene vinyle acetate copolymer, 1,2-polybutandiene rubber, natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber,
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or the like, or a polymer composed of the above materials is compressed-shaped by a press molding process to manufacture an outsole for a footwear article. The press molding process is well known in the art, and so the full description thereof will be shortened. In addition, the process is disclosed in Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. 2000-1970 entitled method for manufacturing outsole for footwears and apparatus therefor, and 94-701327 entitled method for manufacturing outsole for shoe. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for reducing cholesterol and triglycerides Inventor(s): Harrison, Stanley F. JR.; (Alexandria, VA) Correspondence: Donald C. Casey; Suite 100; 311 North Washington Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030166614 Date filed: March 1, 2002 Abstract: A method of treating excessive blood lipid levels in humans is described. The treatment includes a daily dosage of food supplements available over-the-counter without a prescription. The supplements are fish oil concentrate, niacin (flush free), and lecithin. In the preferred embodiment two 500 mg tablets of niacin, 2 1200 mg soft gels of lecithin, and two 1250 mg soft gels of fish oil concentrate are administered orally once to twice per day. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for treating humans with high levels of cholesterol and/or triglycerides using a combination of over-the-counter dietary supplements. As is well known, increased levels of cholesterol, and in particular low density lipoproteins (LDL) is associated with circulation problems which often lead to heart attack and stroke. The increased level of cholesterol often is also accompanied by an increased level of triglycerides in the circulatory system. Increased plasma lipid levels have been associated with the build up of plaque within blood vessels, and there are a variety of treatments known to reduce these levels. Some treatments are more effective than others, and most are associated with undesirable side effects in many patients. The total cholesterol level includes both the beneficial high density lipoproteins (HDL) and the troublesome low density lipoproteins, (LDL). Measurement of the total cholesterol level then can be misleading because if the LDL concentration is low and the HDL is also low this can be an undesirable situation. It is necessary to have the HDL concentration above a preset value, and the LDL concentration below a preset value, and both must be measured to provide an accurate picture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method for topical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome Inventor(s): Crandall, Wilson T.; (Verona, VA) Correspondence: Wilson T Crandall; P O Box 346; Verona; VA; 24482; US Patent Application Number: 20020164389 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to the topical treatment of the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome by the use of a selected protein kinase C inhibitor and an effective penetrating agent
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selected from Lecithin organogel or poloxamer 407 lecithin organogel. The protein kinase C inhibitors may be selected from sphingosine, sphinganine, phytosphingosine, curcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, curcuminoids or apigenin Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. Provisional applications Ser. Nos. 60/100,530, 60/114,813 and 60/123,594 filed on Sep. 16, 1998, Jan. 6, 1999 and Mar. 10, 1999 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,383 Oct. 23, 2001. The present invention is related to a process and composition for topically inhibiting protein kinase C. More particularly, the present invention relates to topically applying the composition disclosed herein in order to treat the tendons affected by tenosynovitis in Carpal Tunnel syndrome which may cause a compression of the median nerve, and over a protracted period of time a perineural fibrosis which can produce a neuropathy of the median nerve. Mukhtar in Pharmacology of the Skin describes the communication between cells as being mediated by different biomolecules, such as hormones. These so called primary messengers bind to specific receptors on the cell surface. The binding of the primary messenger of a primary messenger to its receptor conveys a certain information to the cell which is subsequently transduced through the membrane by a chain of signaling. This process involves various membrane structures and leads to the activation of an enzyme located at the intracellular side of the membrane. The stimulated enzyme generates a second messenger which evokes the cellular response; in most cases, by the activation of other enzymes. By these steps, the initial extracellular signal is converted into an intracellular signal. This process is called signal transduction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and formulations for enhancing the absorption and gastro-intestinal bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs Inventor(s): Spilburg, Curtis A.; (Chesterfield, MO) Correspondence: Mckee, Voorhees & Sease, P.L.C.; 801 Grand Avenue; Suite 3200; Des Moines; IA; 50309-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20030212046 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: A hydrophobic drug delivery system that includes a plant derived sterol (stanol), lecithin or a sterol (stanol) derived ester, and an active, hydrophobic drug, all dissolved and then dried to form a liposome delivery system. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a general method for enhancing the bioavailability of hydrophobic drug active compounds, using naturally-occurring formulation ingredients that are present in the diet. Specifically, this invention is especially useful as a general formulation method for the delivery of drugs in dry form that heretofore have produced variable pharmacological responses, which are indicative of poor bioavilability. Many drugs are absorbed by passive diffusion through a hydrophobic cellular membrane, which does not participate in the absorption process. The amount of absorbed drug is controlled by two processes. First, a high concentration of the active substance at the membrane surface will enhance cellular absorption (Fick's Law). Since cells function in an aqueous environment, enhancing the water solubility of a drug increases its concentration at the locus of absorption. However, while greater water solubility may be expected to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, this is frequently not the case due to a second, competing process that affects the overall absorption process. The absorptive cell membrane is composed mainly of lipids that prevent the passage of
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hydrophilic compounds, but which are highly permeable to lipid soluble substances. Therefore, the design of bio-available drugs must balance two opposing forces. On the one hand, a drug that is very hydrophilic may have a high concentration at the cell surface but be impermeable to the lipid membrane. On the other hand, a hydrophobic drug that may easily "dissolve" in the membrane lipids may be virtually insoluble in water producing a very low concentration of the active substance at the cell surface. To circumvent these problems, a number of strategies have been used to maintain the hydrophobicity of the drug and at the same time to provide a "packaging" matrix that increases its aqueous concentration. For example, emulsions can be prepared for the parenteral delivery of drugs dissolved in vegetable oil [Collins-Gold, L., Feichtinger, N. & Warnheim, T. (2000) "Are lipid emulsions the drug delivery solution?" Modern Drug Discovery, 3, 44-46.] Alternatively, artificial membranes or liposomes have been used to encapsulate a variety of drugs for different delivery routes, including oral, parenteral and transdermal [Cevc, G. and Paltauf, F., eds., "Phospholipids: Characterization, Metabolism, and Novel Biological Applications", pp. 67-79, 126-133, AOCS Press, Champaign, Ill., 1995]. All these methods require amphiphiles, compounds that have a hydrophilic or polar end and a hydrophobic or nonpolar end, such as phospholipid, cholesterol or glycolipid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Micro-particulate microbound diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans Inventor(s): D'Abramo, Louis R.; (Starkville, MS) Correspondence: Piper Marbury Rudnick & Wolfe Llp; Supervisor, Patent Prosecution Services; 1200 Nineteenth Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036-2412; US Patent Application Number: 20020192335 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: A formulated, microbound diet product for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans either in a dry or moist form is disclosed. The food product contains protein sources such as fish protein hydrosylate, casein, egg yolk, binding agents such as soy lecithin, wheat gluten, and alginate. Other ingredients such as vitamins and minerals, lipid sources, carbohydrate sources, pigment sources, and attractant compounds are included in the diet for nutritional completeness. A method for preparation of the food product is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/279,434 filed Mar. 29, 2001. The entirety of that provisional application is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a microparticulate diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans. In particular, the present invention relates to a proteinaceous and nutritionally complete formulated food product to replace live feed as the diet for larval fish and crustaceans using Macrobrachium rosenbergii as the test organism. The availability and nutritional value of live food is considered to be a limiting factor in larviculture of many fish and crustacean species. Larvae of many species have been successfully raised using live food (e.g., Artemia nauplii and rotifers). However, there are several major disadvantages that are associated with the use of live food, such as variable nutrient composition, the potential for introduction of a pathogen into the culture system, and the amount of labor required for preparation of the live feed. Formulated feed is an attractive and valuable alternative to live food. For example, successful formulated diets can be used in nutritional studies and can serve as a vehicle
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for the delivery of hormones and therapeutic agents. Moreover, formulated diets introduce flexibility in adjustment of size. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel protein, its production and use Inventor(s): Taniyama, Yoshio; (Ibaraki, JP) Correspondence: Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc; Intellectual Property Department; 475 Half Day Road; Suite 500; Lincolnshire; IL; 60069; US Patent Application Number: 20030175905 Date filed: December 18, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel protein having a lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-like activity, etc. or its salt, a precursor protein of the protein or its salt, a partial peptide of the protein or its salt; a DNA coding for the protein; a recombinant vector; a transformant; a method for producing the protein, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the protein, the partial peptide or its salt; and an antibody to the protein or the partial peptide. The protein, the partial peptide or its salt, and the DNA are useful as an agent for treating or preventing arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypercalorism, obesity or hypertriglyceridemia. The antibody can be used in assay of the protein, the partial peptide or its salt. The protein, the partial peptide or its salt is useful as a reagent for the screening for candidate medical compounds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel protein having a lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-like activity etc. and a DNA coding for the protein. Cholesterol is an important lipid constituting the animal cell membrane and defining its character. Moreover, it is a precursor of steroid hormones, thus being a substance essential to animal life. However, due to the recent changes in dietary habit and ecology, arteriosclerosis and other adult diseases arising from pathological intracellular accumulation of cholesterol are now presenting a serious problem so that elucidation of the mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism in the body is being awaited. In the efflux of cholesterol from the peripheral cells, high density lipoprotein (hereinafter sometimes referred to briefly as HDL) is suspected to play a cardinal role and this assumption has been supported by the epidemiologic finding of an inverse correlation between risk for coronary artery disease and plasma HDL levels and the experimental finding that HDL in culture medium stimulates cholesterol efflux from cells and decreases the intracellular concentration of cholesterol (Journal of Lipid Research, 37, 2473, 1996). In the reverse cholesterol transport system, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (hereinafter sometimes referred to briefly as LCAT) is involved to a significant extent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Orally administrable pharmaceutical formulation hydrochloride and process for preparing the same
comprising
ephedrine
Inventor(s): Gaddipati, Nehru Babu; (Somerset, NJ), Radhakrishnan, Ramachandran; (Bangalore, IN) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030158264 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is a pharmaceutical formulation for oral administration through a soft gelatin capsule drug delivery device, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation includes Ephedrine HCl and an expectorant as active ingredients. Preferred formulations include Ephedrine embedded into an oily matrix, an expectorant; a surfactant; a suspending agent; and a suspension medium, wherein the expectorant is guaifenesin, the surfactant is lecithin, the suspending agent is yellow beeswax, and the suspension medium is soybean oil. A preferred formulation consists essentially of either about 25 mg or about 12.5 mg by weight of Ephedrine HCl, about 200 mg by weight of guaifenesin, about 0.1-5.0 mg by weight of yellow beeswax, about 10-15 mg by weight of lecithin; and about 200-300 mg by weight of soybean oil. Also disclosed is a process for preparing the formulation. Excerpt(s): This invention in general relates to orally administrable pharmaceutical formulations and in particular to a pharmaceutical formulation prepared into a soft gelatin capsule containing Ephedrine hydrochloride as one of its active ingredients. Ephedrine hydrochloride is a drug that has serious potential for abuse. This is so because Ephedrine can be extracted from various drug products containing Ephedrine hydrochloride and can be converted into amphetamines. Amphetamines have potentially lethal stimulant effects on the central nervous system and heart and it is therefore useful to minimize such abuse potential. Ephedrine HCl is well known as a vasoconstrictor. Its use is therefore significant in symptomatic relief from congestion occurring in bronchial asthma. Ephedrine as a broncho-dilator has a slower onset but longer duration of action. Ephedrine provides temporary relief from shortness of breath, tightness of chest and wheezing in bronchial asthma. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Orally administrable pharmaceutical formulation comprising pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Gaddipati, Nehru Babu; (Somerset, NJ), Radhakrishnan, Ramachandran; (Bangalore, IN) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030158265 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration through a soft gelatin capsule drug delivery device, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation, in a preferred embodiment, contains Pseudoephedrine HCl and an expectorant as the active ingredients. The active pharmaceutical ingredient is embedded into an oily matrix. The
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formulation also includes an expectorant; a surfactant; a suspending agent; and a suspension medium, wherein, in a preferred embodiment, the expectorant is guaifenesin, the surfactant is lecithin, the suspending agent is yellow beeswax, and the suspension medium is soybean oil. In a preferred embodiment, the formulation consists essentially of about 30.5 mg by weight of Pseudoephedrine HCl, about 200 mg by weight of guaifenesin, about 0.1-5.0 mg by weight of yellow beeswax, about 10-15 mg by weight of lecithin; and about 200-300 mg by weight of soybean oil. Also disclosed is a process for preparing the formulation. Excerpt(s): This invention in general relates to orally administrable pharmaceutical formulations and in particular to a pharmaceutical formulation prepared into a soft gelatin capsule containing Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride as one of its active ingredients. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is a drug that has serious potential for abuse. This is so because Pseudoephedrine or Ephedrine could be extracted from various drug products containing Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and can be converted into amphetamines. Amphetamines have potentially lethal stimulant effects on the central nervous system and heart and it is thereof important if such abuse potential could be minimized. Pseudoephedrine HCl is a vasoconstrictor, which produces vasoconstriction by stimulating (alpha)-receptors within the mucous of the respiratory tract. Clinically Pseudoephedrine shrinks the swollen mucous membranes, reduces tissue hyperemia, edema and nasal congestion, and increases nasal airway patency. Its use is therefore significant in the relief from nasal congestion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pan spray formulation and delivery system Inventor(s): Paul, Leonard; (Bloomfield, CT), Stoltz, Edwin L; (Delray Beach, FL) Correspondence: Melvin I Stoltz; 51 Cherry Street; Milford; CT; 06460; US Patent Application Number: 20030211222 Date filed: January 21, 2003 Abstract: By combining water, lecithin, and oil as the three principal ingredients, a highly effective, uniform, widely dispersed, pan release spray product is achieved with the lecithin comprising a de-oilet powdered lecithin. The de-oiled, powdered lecithin is water miscrible and is blended with relatively high percentages of water and vegetable oil to form an oil in water stable emulsion that exhibits superior pan release properties. Furthermore, the oil in water emulsion of the present invention is easily formulated with a variety of blending agents to make flavorful salad dressing, marinades, and pet flavor enhancing products, as a non-aerosol, finger pump based product or as an aerosol product. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to uniform spray dispersion products and systems for oil and water based products, and more particularly, to dispersion systems for obtaining a wide, uniform spray of oil and water based products for food-related use. During the last several years, substantial attention has been paid to food related products in general, and the cooking industry in particular. In this regard, substantial attention has been devoted to products used to coat surfaces of cooking utensils, such as for baking, frying, sauteing, etc. In this regard, substantial attention has been paid in an attempt to develop a product capable of meeting consumer demand for a healthy, low calorie product which is also capable of providing wide, uniformly dispersed spray coating on the surface being employed. Typically, the surface of the cooking pot, pan, utensil, grill,
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etc. is manually coated with a release agent or sprayed with a release agent contained in a squeeze bottle, low pressure finger actuated pump, or aerosol container. However, the use of these prior art products typically results in the release agent being dispensed in discontinuous, non-uniform "spits" of product, or in dribbles of product. As s result, a raw, uneven spray pattern is typically achieved, which has caused these products to be commercially unacceptable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Personal care composition comprising hydrophobic gel Inventor(s): Ishigami, Mayu; (Ashiya-shi, JP), Masuda, Hisatoshi; (Moriyam-shi, JP) Correspondence: The Procter & Gamble Company; Intellectual Property Division; Winton Hill Technical Center - Box 161; 6110 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030215477 Date filed: March 25, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed is a personal care composition comprising by weight:(a) from about 5% to about 35% of a hydrophobic gel comprising:(i) a cholesteryl derivative;(ii) an oil swelling clay material;(iii) a non-volatile liquid oil; and(iv) a polar solvent; and(b) a carrier which is substantially free of water, surfactant, and lecithin; which satisfies the need for a personal care composition having improved physical stability. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to personal care compositions comprising a hydrophobic gel. The composition is particularly useful for making lipsticks, foundations, and creams. Lipsticks are primarily made of lipophilic or hydrophobic materials. Lipsticks designed for providing a moisturizing benefit to the lips further contain water, polar solvents, or other moisturizing components which are more or less hydrophilic. The use of association structures have been suggested to bind such moisturizing components in the lipophilic matrix of the lipstick. While such lipstick compositions provide a favorable moisturizing benefit to the lips, they were not completely satisfactory in terms of physical stability, color stability, and sweat resistance. Physical stability relates to the stability of the stick during storage and upon use. For example, a stable stick does not deform during storage at ambient temperature, and does not bend or break upon normal condition use. Color stability relates to the stability of color during storage and after applied on the lip. It has been known that lipsticks containing a high amount of moisturizing components have the tendency to change color over time after applied on the lip. Sweating is a phenomena seen on the surface of sticks, and is believed to be due to oils and/or solvents separating and leaking out of the lipophilic matrix of the stick. Sweating provides a negative appearance to the user. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pharmaceutical composition based on micronized progesterone, method for the preparation thereof and uses thereof Inventor(s): Besins, Antoine; (Bruxelles, BE), Besse, Jerome; (Listrac Medoc, FR) Correspondence: Michael L. Kenaga; Piper Marbury Rudnick & Wolfe; P.O. Box 64807; Chicago; IL; 60664-0807; US Patent Application Number: 20030092691 Date filed: March 14, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising micronized progesterone, sunflower oil and/or olive oil, and soya bean lecithin, to the method for the preparation thereof and to the uses thereof for treating a physiological condition linked to insufficiency of progesterone secretion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing micronized progesterone, sunflower oil and/or olive oil, and soya bean lecithin. It also relates to pharmaceutical products comprising said pharmaceutical composition. The invention also relates to the method for manufacturing this pharmaceutical composition, as well as to the uses thereof. Progesterone is a hormone which is synthesized, in women, essentially by the ovary during the post-ovulation or luteal phase (more precisely by the cells of the corpus luteum) and, to a lesser degree, by the adrenal glands and the placenta during the second part of pregnancy. Non-endocrine synthesis of progesterone, in particular in neurons, is also possible. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pharmaceutical emulsions for retroviral protease inhibitors Inventor(s): Morozowich, Walter; (Kalamazoo, MI), Wang, Youmin; (Brookfield, WI) Correspondence: Pharmacia & Upjohn Company; Global Intellectual Property; 301 Henrietta Street; Kalamazoo; MI; 49001; US Patent Application Number: 20030068338 Date filed: March 22, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides an emulsion formulation with high oral bioavailability containing lecithin as an emulsifier and solubilizing agent to achieve a high loading of the pyranone compound of formula I. 1 Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the following provisional application: U.S. Ser. No. 60/127,026, filed Mar. 31, 1999, under 35 USC.sctn.119(e)(1). The present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions in the form of emulsions with high oral bioavailability and prolonged blood levels for compounds which are inhibitors of retroviral protease. In particular, the composition is a safe emulsion formulation comprising a HWV protease inhibitor, an oil component, an emulsifying agent consisting of lecithin and solvents for pediatric patients. Several emulsion formulations of HIV drug are available in the prior art. However, these formulations require synthetic surfactants as emulsifiers to stabilize the compositions. For example, International publication WO 99/06043 discloses a self-emulsifying formulation which comprises the above pyranone compound of formula I, a mixture of diglyceride and monoglyceride, one or more solvents and one or more surfactants. Another example, WO 99/06044 discloses a discloses a self-emulsifying formulation which comprises the above pyranone compound of formula I, a basic amine, one or more solvents and one or more
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surfactants. Unfortunately, the catalog of suitable synthetic surfactants is limited. Although their potential scope is considerable, extensive toxicological studies are generally necessary to prove the harmlessness of the surfactants used in an emulsion formulation. Especially, the potentially adverse effect of surfactants on the newborn or small children is of major concern in today's society. Newborn and small children generally are more susceptible to chemical agents than adults. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Preservative for grain by-products and processed grain Inventor(s): Kellogg, Heath; (Newton, IA), Myers, Carol; (Norwalk, IA) Correspondence: Kent A. Herink, ESQ.; The Financial Center; Suite 2500; 666 Walnut Street; Des Moines; IA; 50309; US Patent Application Number: 20030044448 Date filed: January 17, 2002 Abstract: A preservative for high-moisture organic materials including one or more organic acids combined with either or both a surfactant and an antioxidant. Preferably, the organic acids include propionic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, or sorbic acid; the surfactants include propylene glycol, lecithin, lysolecithin, and mono- and diglycerides; the antioxidants include synthetic and natural antioxidants, specifically, TBHQ, citric acid, BHT, BHA, tocopherols, and extracts of rosemary. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application Serial No. 60/262,883, filed Jan. 19, 2001. The invention relates generally to preservatives for grain products having a high water activity or moisture content and, more specifically, a blend of an antioxidant, and/or a surfactant, together with one or more organic acids that is effective at preserving ordinarily highly perishable high-moisture grain products. Today's agricultural commodities are widely used as starting materials in a variety of manufacturing processes, for example, the manufacture of high-fructose corn syrup, brewing of alcohols, extraction of sugars, citrus juice production, extraction of oils, and the like. A by-product of many such processes is a high-moisture, high-fiber organic material. Such materials have potential commercial value, often as feedstuffs for ruminant animals, but are not fully exploited due to their highly perishable nature. Wet corn gluten feed is a good example. A large amount of it is produced as a by-product of wet corn processing; the domestic market is estimated at 5 million tons per year. It is a suitable component in dairy cattle rations. Unfortunately, it will become unpalatable due to spoilage if not fed within 24 to 48 hrs. This limits the market for the wet corn gluten feed to those dairies located within a radius of the processing facility that permits loading, shipment and feeding of the wet corn gluten feed within the short "shelf life" of the product. The market would be very substantially expanded if the product could be preserved for a week or more. No known method of preservation is known to exist which extends the shelf life of the product by any substantial amount. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Procedure for the preparation of pure phosphatides and their use in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and alimentary fields Inventor(s): Kirschner, Guenter; (Abano Terme, IT), Menon, Giampaolo; (Battaglia Terme, IT), Vaccaro, Susanna; (Siracusa, IT) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20020155558 Date filed: August 8, 2001 Abstract: Process for preparing pure phosphatides starting from mixtures of natural phosphatides, or their single components, such as soybean or egg lecithin or animal phospholipids, or from synthetic phosphatides by reacting them both with phospholipase D derived from Streptomyces hachijoense in a completely aqueous medium in the presence of defined substates containing a primary or secondary alcoholic group, and their uses thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a process for the preparation of pure phosphatides starting from mixtures of natural phosphatides, or their single components, such as soybean or egg lecithin or animal phospholipids, or from synthetic phosphatides by reacting them with phospholipase D, with transphosphatidylation activity, in aqueous medium alone in the presence of defined substrates containing a primary or a secondary alcoholic group. The invention also refers to the preparation, purification and characterisation of the phospholipase D used in the process. The synthesis of pure phospholipids, particularly on an industrial scale, is a particularly widespread problem. Indeed, there have been numerous scientific publications and patents, including some very recent ones that describe various methodologies. Generally, said methods exploit the transphosphatidylation properties of phospholipase D to obtain optically active phosphatides. One of the main problems is the fact that each of these methods is suited to the preparation of one specific phosphatide alone and cannot be adapted for the synthesis of the whole class of compounds. Generally, the most widely studied phospholipid is phosphatidylserine (PS), as it is widely used in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions, in the preparation of liposome formulations and food supplements. Relatively little or nothing is reported concerning the synthesis of sphingophospholipids. One limitation of all the methods reported in both the scientific and patent literature consists in the fact that the reaction of transphosphatidylation occurs in diphasic water/organic solvent systems. This presents a series of technical problems linked with the use of large quantities of solvent, especially when the industrial process is of a chemical nature, aimed at obtaining a quality product. In patent application No. DE 19917249 A1, a method is described that actually employs the aqueous phase alone, but neither the yield nor degree of purity of the PS obtained, nor the type of the utilised enzyme is reported. Moreover, there is no mention of whether it is possible to obtain other phospholipids besides PS by using the same technique and starting from the substrates used, or whether in the conditions described other phospholipids can act as reaction substrate. Japanese Patent Publication No. 5/42917 (JP 2130088) also discloses a method employing a medium comprised of water alone or a mixture of water and an organic solvent. However, this patent states that the water content is favored to be 10% by weight or less to prevent a side reaction. This reference, therefore, appears to suggest that using an aqueous environment alone is not favorable. In fact, the examples therein disclose only processes employing a biphasic mixture of water and ethyl ether.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF HYDROXYLATED LECITHIN FROM CRUDE SOYBEAN LECITHIN Inventor(s): Karuna, Marellapudi Sri Lakshmi; (Hyderabad, IN), Prasad, Potharaju Seetharamanjaneya Sai; (Hyderabad, IN), Prasad, Rachapudi Badari Narayana; (Hyderabad, IN), Vandana, Vemulapalli; (Hyderabad, IN) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61 Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20030180403 Date filed: March 25, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a microwave assisted process for the preparation of hydroxylated lecithin from soybean lecithin comprising hydroxylating crude soybean lecithin by using hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid as hydroxylating agent through microwave irradiation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of hydroxylated lecithin from crude soybean lecithin. The invention particularly relates to a simple and rapid microwave-assisted process for the preparation of hydroxylated lecithin from soybean lecithin. The commercial soybean lecithin is hydroxylated very rapidly using hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid in microwave irradiation conditions compared to traditional thermal reaction conditions. Microwave heating has the unique feature of providing environmentally friendly processes. Commercial soybean lecithin is an important co-product of oil processing obtained during degumming step of oil refining. Soybean lecithin is a complex mixture and comprises phospholipids, triglycerides, with minor amounts of other constituents like phytoglycolipids, phytosterols, tocopherols and fatty acids. The major phospholipids present in vegetable lecithins are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Soybean lecithin has potential as a multifunctional additive for food, pharmaceutical and industrial applications. The primary usage of Soybean lecithin in food is as an emulsifier. (Dashiell, G. L., in Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses (AOCS Monograph), edited by B. F. Szuhaj, American Oil Chemical Society, Champaign Ill., 1989, p. 213). An effective way to improve water dispersability or enhance emulsifying properties of vegetable lecithins for o/w system is hydroxylation. The pronounced "hydrophilic" character enables the products to be dispersed easily in cold water. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with the double bonds of unsaturated phospholipid fatty acids under the catalytic action of organic acids of low molecular weight (e.g., lactic acid) to form dihydroxy fatty acid derivatives. Hydroxylation imparts hydrophilic properties and improves moisture retention to the lecithin. Hydroxylated lecithin is a light colored product with increased water dispersability. It is useful in baking applications where it can improve the dispersion of fats and retard staling (Schmidt, J. C, and Orthoefer, in Lecithins, edited by B. F. Szuhaj and G. R. List, American Oil Chemical Society, Champaign Ill., 1985, pp. 203-211). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pro-liposomal encapsulated preparations (iv) Inventor(s): Garces, Josep; (Martorell Barcelona, ES), Viladot-Petit, Josep-Lluis; (Barcelona, ES) Correspondence: Cognis Corporation; 2500 Renaissance BLVD., Suite 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406 Patent Application Number: 20030068364 Date filed: September 18, 2002 Abstract: A pro-liposomal encapsulated product is made by the process comprising the steps of: (1) forming a first solution comprised of a biogenic active ingredient and a solvent; (2) contacting a lecithin and/or a phospholipid with the first solution to form a second solution; and (3) contacting the second solution with water to form a proliposomal encapsulated product. The pro-liposomes are used for the preparation of cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations. Excerpt(s): The invention is in the field of cosmetics and relates to pro-liposomal encapsulated biogenic active ingredients, to a process for their preparation, and to the use of the pro-liposomes for the preparation of cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations. The preparation of demanding cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations, which are usually covered by the made-up word "cosmeceuticals", often uses natural substances. These have, for example, antiinflammatory, anti-oxidative properties, are able to stimulate the growth of certain cells, to protect cells against damage by environmental influences or to block enzymes in a targeted manner. The use of such substances, such as, for example, nucleic acids or plant extracts, however, is often associated with formulation problems. This starts with the fact that there is no stable supply form which can be incorporated into an oil phase without problems, and extends to the lack of stability of the compositions, particularly under the influence of heat. It is likewise undesired that the active ingredients decompose, for example as a result of solar irradiation, thus losing, completely or partially, their advantageous properties. The complex object of the present invention was accordingly to provide biogenic active ingredients in a novel supply form which can be readily formulated which permits the preparation of preparations with improved thermal and photostability. At the same time, the photostability of the substances should be improved. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Skin cream stimulating the surface bloodstream Inventor(s): Passi, Siro; (Rome, IT) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030108510 Date filed: November 1, 2002 Abstract: A formulation of a skin cream based on the synergical combination of three particular active principles--escin, bufemin and rutin--whose pharmacological action stimulating the venous and arterial branchings of the peripheral bloodstream and the perivasal tissues is further increased both by the presence of antioxidants and inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase and the high concentration in soya lecithin (3%) and sebumsimilar oil (2-10 %) causing the active principles to penetrate the skin where the three
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active principles should perform their action. Said cream finds therapeutical application in the treatment of cellulitis and disorders connected to the inefficiency of the surface bloodstream, phlebopathy, phlebothrombosis, surface periphlebitis, sense of heaviness, fatigue and weariness of limbs, spasms, tumefaction and edema of inflammatory origin, ecchymosis and hematoma, and chilblains. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cosmetics and more particularly a formulation for topical administering to stimulate the surface bloodstream and to eliminate disorders connected to its inefficiency, particularly the formation of cellulitis. The disclosed formulation is based upon the synergical combination of three particular active principles, i.e. escin, bufenin, and rutin, whose pharmacological action stimulating the venous and arterial branchings of the peripheral bloodstream and the perivasal tissues is further increased both by the presence of antioxidants and inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase and high concentration in soya lecithin (3%) and sebumsimilar oil (2-10%) causing the active principles to penetrate the skin where the three active principles should perform their action. Bufenin is a peripheral vasodilator acting by a.beta.-adrenergic stimulation and having a direct action to arteriae and arteriolae of the skin and skeletal muscles. Therefore, it is particularly active in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Solid phase glycerolysis Inventor(s): Soe, Jorn B; (Tilst, DK) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030180417 Date filed: April 25, 2003 Abstract: An enzymatic solid phase reaction for preparing a solid having greater than 40 % monoglyceride from a reaction mixture; wherein the reaction mixture comprises: (i) lipase; (ii) at least 14 weight % glycerol; and (iii) glyceride; and optionally (iv) lecithin; such that if (iv) is not present then the glyceride (iii) has an iodine value of between about 5 and about 35, and a solid fat content of more than about 75 % at 20.degree. C. The present invention further relates to a process of preparing an enzymatic solid phase reaction mixture for preparing a solid having greater than 40 % monoglyceride. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a combination of active ingredients for use in the food industry. In particular, the invention relates to a solid phase glycerolysis reaction that yields products having a surprisingly high level of monoglyceride. Lipase has been used in the baking industry over a number of years and a variety of different applications have been developed. However, studies have revealed that in certain applications there are often drawbacks associated with the use of lipase. In particular, one of the limiting factors for the use of lipase in bread-making is that certain substrates, such as wheat flour, only contain approximately 2% lipids, of which only part is available for enzymatic attack. Recent research has therefore focussed on the possibility of combining lipase with a lipid in order to improve the benefit from using lipase in bread-making. European Patent Application No. 0585988 (Gist Brocades) discloses that an improved anti-staling effect is obtained when lipase is added to dough, as a result of monoglyceride formation. However, it has been shown that the level of monoglyceride only increases by a marginal amount (WO 98/45453, Danisco A/S) since the lipase
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added to the dough can also readily degrade the monoglyceride to glycerol and free fatty acid. This effect is observed for doughs that contain only endogenous lipids, as well as for doughs containing added fat/oil. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Stabilization method of nano-sized emulsion using tocopheryl derivatives and external application for skin containing the same Inventor(s): Han, Sang Hoon; (Suwon-shi, KR), Kang, Byung Young; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Joong Soo; (Suwon-shi, KR), Kim, Kil Joong; (Suwon-shi, KR), Yoo, Byung Hee; (Suwonshi, KR) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye P.C.; 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030078238 Date filed: April 12, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed herein is a stabilization method of nano-sized emulsion by using lecithin and tocopheryl derivatives represented by the following formula (I) and 1(Wherein,R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are H or methyl group, and at least one position selected from the group consisting of the R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 positions are methyl group; and,A is CH.sub.2--CH(CH.sub.3)-- or CH.dbd.C(CH.sub.3)--)and an external application for skin containing the stabilized nano-sized emulsion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stabilization method of nano-sized emulsion prepared by using lecithin as an emulsifier and to an external application for skin containing the stabilized nano-sized emulsion. The skin, as the primary protect shield of the human body, shields the internal organs from the potentially damaging stimuli such as environmental changes, ultra violet rays, pollutants, etc. Recently, a lot of efforts have been undertaken to suppress aging of the skin and to maintain healthy and beautiful skin. For example, as an effort to maintain skin function and to suppress the aging and melanin accumulation of the skin, physiologically active materials obtained from animals, plants and microorganisms have been used as components of cosmetic compositions. Especially, percutaneous methods for absorbing effective components directly through the skin have been much studied. Such percutaneous absorbing method is described below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Stabilized chewing gum base Inventor(s): Ford, Barbara Ann; (Akron, OH), Hill, Valerie Anne; (Akron, OH) Correspondence: The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company; Patent & Trademark Department - D/823; 1144 East Market Street; Akron; OH; 44316-0001; US Patent Application Number: 20030124220 Date filed: December 30, 2002 Abstract: Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is widely used as a chewing gum base in lieu of natural gums. It is necessary to protect chewing gum SBR with a food grade antioxidant stabilizer system. This invention discloses a chewing gum rubber composition (gum base) that utilizes carnosic acid from a Libiatae plant, such as
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rosemary or sage, as an antioxidant stabilizer. In the practice of this invention the chewing gum base also containg lecithin that can be used as an emulsifier for the carnosic acid. This invention more specifically discloses a chewing gum base comprising: (1) about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of a rubbery elastomer; (2) about 0 weight percent to about 75 weight percent of an elastomer plasticizer selected from the group consisting of natural rosin esters and synthetic terpene resins; (3) about 1 weight percent to about 65 weight percent of a filler material; (4) carnosic acid, and (5) lecithin, wherein said chewing gum base is void of sweeteners. The subject invention also reveals a chewing gum base comprising: (1) about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of a rubbery elastomer; (2) about 0 weight percent to about 75 weight percent of an elastomer plasticizer selected from the group consisting of natural rosin esters and synthetic terpene resins; (3) about 1 weight percent to about 65 weight percent of a filler material; (4) carnosic acid, and (5) lecithin, wherein said chewing gum base is void of flavoring agents. The present invention further discloses a chewing gum base comprising: (1) about 5 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of a rubbery elastomer; (2) about 0 weight percent to about 75 weight percent of an elastomer plasticizer selected from the group consisting of natural rosin esters and synthetic terpene resins; (3) about 1 weight percent to about 65 weight percent of a filler material; (4) carnosic acid, and lecithin, wherein said chewing gum base is void of colorants. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/344,576, filed on Dec. 28, 2001. Today ordinary chewing gums and bubble gums generally utilize as their gum base one or a combination of two or more natural or synthetic elastomers. The gum base that is selected provides the chewing gum with its masticatory properties. A chewing gum base is normally admixed with sugars or synthetic sweeteners, perfumes, flavors, plasticizers, and fillers; and then milled and formed into sticks, sheets, or pellets. Cottonseed oil is sometimes also added to give the gum softness. Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is a synthetic elastomer that is widely used as a gum base in chewing gums. However, SBR is not widely used in manufacturing soft chew gums because it lacks the desired physical properties. Polyisobutylene is widely used in manufacturing soft chew gums even though it is much more expensive than SBR. In any case, chewing gum compositions are typically comprised of a water soluble bulk portion, a water insoluble chewing gum base portion and typically water insoluble flavoring agents. The water soluble portion dissipates with a portion of the flavoring agent over a period of time during chewing. The gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chewing process. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Storage stable pan release coating and cleaner Inventor(s): Smith, Robert M.; (Ballwin, MO), Starr, John P.; (Woodland Park, CO) Correspondence: James A. Quinton, ESQ.; Frisenda Quinton & Nicholson; 425 Park Avenue, 5th Floor; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020168464 Date filed: March 12, 2001 Abstract: The pan release coating is provided which includes water, mono and diclycerides, polysorbate, and an antimicrobial effective amount of acetic acid, citric acid and sodium benzoate. Desirably, the composition of the present invention is composed of water in an amount of 77% to 95% by weight, acetic acid in the amount of 0.3 to 1% by
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weight, citric acid in the amount of 0.02 to 1.0% by weight, sodium benzoate in an amount of 0.02 to 0.3% by weight, monoglycerides and diglycerides in the amount of 2 to 8% by weight and polysorbate in the amount of 2 to 7% by weight. Desirably, lecithin is also included. The resulting product has a pH of 4.5 or below, desirably between about 3.5 and 4.5, and most desirably a pH of 3.6 to 3.9. The product has a shelf life of 12 months or longer at room temperature, without refrigeration or a sealed container. Excerpt(s): The subject invention relates to pan release coatings for use in cooking that can be stored for extended periods of time without refrigeration or a sealed container. The invention also relates to a pan coating that in use promotes the removal of carbon build-up in baking equipment and that can be used as a cooking surface cleaner. Pan release coatings have long been used in cooking. Pan release coating for products such as bread, rolls, pastries and the like are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,547,388 and 4,339,465. These patents show liquid pan releases having a liquid emulsifier containing monoglycerides, diglycerides, polysorbate, citric acid and water. However, such products had a short shelf life of 30 to 90 days at room temperature. There is a need for improved pan release coatings for use in baking that have a long storage life. Cooking surfaces can be difficult to clean. Often highly caustic compositions containing sodium hydroxide are used. There is a need for improved cooking surface cleaning compositions, that are nontoxic, nonflammable and easy to use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Topical testosterone formulations and associated methods Inventor(s): Kryger, Abraham H.; (Monterey, CA) Correspondence: Thorpe North Western; 8180 South 700 East, Suite 200; P.O. Box 1219; Sandy; UT; 84070; US Patent Application Number: 20020150625 Date filed: December 11, 2001 Abstract: A topical testosterone formulation is disclosed. In one aspect, the formulation may include a therapeutically effective amount of micronized testosterone, an arginine ingredient, and a tocopherol ingredient admixed with a poloxamer lecithin organogel. Additional ingredients may be included, such as melatonin, oxytocin, DHEA, and progesterone. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/254,713, filed on Dec. 11, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to topical testosterone formulations, including methods for making and using such formulations. Accordingly, this invention covers the fields of pharmaceutical sciences and medicine. Hormone replacement therapy has been used in the past to treat patients who have lost the ability to make the hormones or who have reduced hormone levels. Further, testosterone replacement therapy has been used to treat patients with abnormally low testosterone levels. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of 4-androstenediol and 4-androstenediol in a transdermal formulation to increase testosterone levels in humans Inventor(s): Kucharchuk, Andrew; (Baton Rouge, LA), Patin, Merrill A.; (Baton Rouge, LA) Correspondence: Thomas S. Keaty; Keaty Professional Law CORP.; 2140 World Trade Center; NO. 2 Canal Street; New Orleans; LA; 70130; US Patent Application Number: 20030109512 Date filed: October 29, 2002 Abstract: A method of increasing testosterone level in humans by topical application of a cream or gel involves the use of an androgenic testosterone precursor and a protein precursor for elevating the symptoms of depression and lethargy associated with low level testosterone. The androgenic precursor is 4-androstenediol, the protein precursor is 5-hydroxytryptophan. The two active ingredients are mixed in therapeutically effective amounts with a penetrating cream or gel containing a formulation of lecithin, isopropyl palmitate, and pluronic.The resultant composition of matter is applied as a transdermal formulation. The testosterone level is increased, while the toxicity problems associated with conventional administration of testosterone are avoided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of administering the testosterone precursor 4-androstenediol for increasing testosterone level in humans. Human males naturally produce the hormone testosterone substantially during the lifetime of the person. As the body ages, the level of testosterone slowly declines, causing bone mass loss, sexual dysfunction, lethargy, loss of muscle mass, and strength. To slow down the undesirable effects of aging, various techniques have been developed. Some of the techniques involve the process of introducing prohormones that are designed to increase the testosterone level. This process includes the use of oral preparations, wherein a therapeutic agent is administered in the form of a pill. The major drawback of oral preparations of testosterone is the fact that they must be in a form that will allow their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The prohormones administered by the oral method are taken in an inactive form, absorbed and then activated in the liver in a process known as methylation. As can be expected, these preparations are fraught with liver dysfunction. The testosterone elevating drugs can be also introduced by injections. This is by far the most popular method of testosterone supplementation. The testosterone injections had been used since World War II. These provide nonphysiological blood levels; either supra physiological or infra-plhysiological, depending on the temporal proximity to the injection. Most often used compounds are testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate. These compounds are administered as a 200-mg injection every two to three weeks. The drawback of the injection method is that an initial super-physiologic testosterone level the first few days after the injection is followed by a decrease. The resultant peak-and-valley effect may have more long-term consequences than a steady level that may be produced by transdermal preparations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Writing utensil Inventor(s): Ami, Kazuhiro; (Gunma, JP), Osada, Takahiro; (Gunma, JP), Sawa, Yukinori; (Gunma, JP) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030143017 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: A writing instrument equipped with an exchangeable inner pen filled with an ink containing a solvent having a vapor pressure of 1 to 50 mm Hg (20.degree. C.) in a writing instrument main body which is a barrel part, wherein the inner pen described above has a pen tip comprising a fiber feeder or a plastic feeder, and the above pen tip is coated with a substance having a vaporization-inhibiting action in an amount of 0.01 to 20% by weight in terms of a weight ratio based on the pen tip. It is more effective to further add a substance having a vaporization-inhibiting action to the ink. The substance having a vaporization-inhibiting action includes glycerin derivatives, polyoxyethylenesorbit fatty acid esters, alkyl phosphates, waxes and lecithin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a writing instrument having a structure in which inhibition of vaporization of an ink solvent is incomplete, which is equipped with an exchangeable inner pen (refill) filled with an ink which has a pen tip comprising a fiber feeder or a plastic feeder, particularly to a writing instrument suited to a marking pen, a white board marker and a felt-tip pen. A large variety of writing instruments of a refill type has so far been put to practical use for ballpoint pens. In ballpoint pens, inks contain solvents having a low vapor pressure and have a high viscosity, and therefore the inks are less liable to volatilize. Further, the ballpoint pens have a structure in which a refill is less degraded and the refill can be exchanged. In contrast with this, in markers called marking pens as a common name in which a pen tip comprises a fiber feeder comprising a fiber bundle or a plastic feeder, the following problem is present when markers of a refill type are put to practical use (actualize). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with lecithin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on lecithin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning lecithin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON LECITHIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to lecithin. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on lecithin include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on lecithin: •
AIDS Treatment News: Issues 1 Through 75, April 1986 Through March 1989 Contact: Celestial Arts Publishing, PO Box 7123, Berkeley, CA, 94707, (510) 524-1801. Summary: This monograph includes reprints of 75 issues, published over a three-year period, of the newsletter AIDS Treatment News covering treatment programs for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In addition to providing current information and acting as a reference guide, the monograph chronicles the history of public policy regarding AIDS treatment research and development. In the past three years, AIDS treatment research has moved from being virtually nonexistent to affecting the national agenda on drug development and health-policy reform. The monographs discuss treatment programs and research programs, the political contexts in which they operate, and the impact AIDS activists have on shaping their agendas. Alternative therapies and experimental treatments are discussed, including lecithin, natural therapies, Japanese and Chinese treatments, and AL721. There are several newsletter issues devoted to
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azidothymidine and other therapeutic drugs. Government policies are examined, as are various aspects of clinical and community-based trials. One newsletter describes the use of computer databases and bulletin boards to disseminate information on research programs and services. Specific aspects of AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC) are analyzed, including parasitic infections, fungal infections, DHPG blindness, and other associated conditions. The appendixes provide additional information on resources, AIDS community organizations, and medical and legal issues.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “lecithin” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “lecithin” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “lecithin” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Bibliography of Lecithin: 683 References from 1793 to 1990, Extensively Annotated (Bibliographies of Soya Series) by William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi (1990); ISBN: 093333270X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093333270X/icongroupinterna
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Choline and Lecithin in Brain Disorders by Andre Barbeau; ISBN: 0890043663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890043663/icongroupinterna
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Choline, Lecithin, Inositol and Other "Accessory" Nutrients: The Exciting New Uses of Powerful Nutrients for People With Special Needs by Jeffrey Bland, Richard A. Passwater (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0879832770; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879832770/icongroupinterna
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Introduction to Lecithin by Howard E. Hill; ISBN: 0840280262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840280262/icongroupinterna
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Lecithin and Health by Frank T. Orthoefer; ISBN: 1890612030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890612030/icongroupinterna
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Lecithin Book by Carlson Wade; ISBN: 0879832266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879832266/icongroupinterna
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Lecithin: Technological, Biological, and Therapeutic Aspects (Advances in Behavioral Biology, Vol 33) by Israel Hanin, G. Brian Ansell (Editor); ISBN: 0306427869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306427869/icongroupinterna
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Lecithin: The Cholesterol Controller by Paul Simons; ISBN: 0722508646; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722508646/icongroupinterna
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Lecithins; ISBN: 9995828219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995828219/icongroupinterna
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Lecithins (Aocs Monograph, 12) by Bernard F. Szuhaj, Gary R. List (Editor); ISBN: 0935315098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935315098/icongroupinterna
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Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture and Uses by Bernard F. Szuhaj; ISBN: 0935315276; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935315276/icongroupinterna
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The World Market for Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Hydroxides, Lecithins, and Other Phosphoaminolipids: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134AJ8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134AJ8/icongroupinterna
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Wheat Germ, Lecithin by Beatrice Trum Hunter; ISBN: 0879832789; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879832789/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Clinical studies on lecithin Author: Tuimala, Risto.; Year: 1980; Stockholm: Scandinavian Assn. of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: distributed by Almqvist; Wiksell, 1978
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Comparative studies of beef-lecithin and egg-lecithin as components of the cardiolipin antigens in the complement fixation test for syphilis. Author: Vogelsang, Thomas Martin,; Year: 1969; Bergen, Grieg [1953]
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Lecithin: the essence of intelligence and its carrier to posterity Author: Anderson, Samuel E.; Year: 1953; [Chico, Calif.?]: S.E. Anderson, c1930
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Lecithin and allied substances, the lipins, by Hugh Maclean. Author: Maclean, Hugh,; Year: 1979; London, New York [etc.] Longmans, Green and co., 1918
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Plasma lipoproteins in familial lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency [by John A. Glomset et al.]. Author: Glomset, John A.; Year: 1899; Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1975
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Recent research on lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. [Edited by] Egil Gjone and Kaare R. Norum. Author: Gjone, Egil.; Year: 1979; Oslo, Universitetsforlaget [1974]
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Soya lecithin dietetic applications: proceedings of the Second International Colloquium on Soya Lecithin held in Brighton, England, April 3, 1982 Author: Hawthorne, J. N. (John Nigel); Year: 1986; Hoya: Semmelweis-Verlag, 1983
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Studies on production of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase Author: Nordby, Grete.; Year: 1983; Oslo: University of Oslo, Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medicine, 1979
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Studies on the high density lipoprotein from patients with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency Author: Torsvik, Harald.; Year: 1985; Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, c1972
Chapters on Lecithin In order to find chapters that specifically relate to lecithin, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and lecithin using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on lecithin: •
Treatment Strategies for Memory Disorders: Pharmacologic Treatment Source: in Khan, A.U. Clinical Disorders of Memory. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1986. p. 239-247. Contact: Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. ISBN: 030642259X. Summary: This chapter discusses various drugs that have been used in the treatment of memory disorders. A fairly large number of drugs have been tried in the treatment of senile dementia and in the improvement of memory deficits suffered by the elderly. Most of these drugs can be categorized under six classes: cholinergic drugs; central nervous system stimulants; nootropic drugs; vasodilators; convulsant stimulants; anabolic agents; GABA-ergic drugs; and neuropeptides. Particular attention is given to cholinergic drugs which are used to enhance the cholinergic activity of the brain, physostigmine, arecoline, choline and lecithin, central nervous system stimulants, methylphenidate, magnesium pemoline. Research drugs also are discussed.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LECITHIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover lecithin.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on lecithin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to lecithin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “lecithin” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “lecithin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to lecithin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “lecithin” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Lecithin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to lecithin. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering lecithin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”
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If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
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Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 27685 117 25 46 0 27873
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “lecithin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Lecithin In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and lecithin. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for lecithin: •
Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604863
•
Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606967
•
Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?245900 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome,
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Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html •
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
23
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lecithin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lecithin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lecithin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lecithin”:
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•
Other guides Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on lecithin. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
FAN Flashbacks: Soy Source: Fairfax, VA: Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 1995. 4 p. Contact: Available from Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). 10400 Eaton Place, Suite 107, Fairfax, VA 22030. (800) 929-4040 or (703) 691-3179. Fax (703) 691-2713. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://www.foodallergy.org/. Price: $2.00 each. Summary: This brochure reprints relevant information on specific topics from previous issues of Food Allergy News, the newsletter of the Food Allergy Network. This brochure focuses on soy. Included is an article on the soybean contamination of dry milled corn products. There is a possibility that soybeans may occasionally contaminate corn meal, corn flour, grits, and products made from these ingredients. The contamination arises from the use of shared harvesting equipment, storage facilities, and handling equipment. The article covers wet milling, dry milling, the food industry response, and recommendations for readers who are soybean-sensitive. The brochure includes two short reports, one on soy nutrition and the other on hydrogenated oils. Also reprinted are the questions and answers to diet dilemmas posed by readers; one focuses on helping children adjust to a soy formula, the other describes soy lecithin and its potential for causing reactions in soy-sensitive individuals. The brochure includes the address, telephone numbers, and email addresses for the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). (AA-M).
•
Your Diet and Psoriasis: Does Nutrition Play a Role? Source: Portland, OR: National Psoriasis Foundation. 1998. 20 p. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. P.O. Box 9009, Portland, OR 97207-9009. (800) 723-9166 Ext. 12 or (503) 244-7404. Fax (503) 245-0626. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.psoriasis.org. PRICE: $0.35 each plus shipping and handling; bulk orders available.
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Summary: This pamphlet provides people who have psoriasis with information on the possible role of nutrition in treating it. Although there appears to be little statistical verification that manipulating diet is a valid treatment option, people who have psoriasis may want to consider changing or supplementing their diet if it seems to improve their condition and does not endanger their overall health. Guidelines on maintaining overall well being, are followed by research findings about psoriasis and diet, focusing on findings about the turkey diet, the low protein diet, starvation and weight loss, oral zinc, fish oil, evening primrose oil, lecithin, shark cartilage, and the Edgar Cayce regimen. Traditional Chinese medicine, herbal remedies, and vitamins and supplements are also discussed. In addition, the pamphlet recommends evaluating diet claims for psoriasis and offers advice on evaluating advertised claims for psoriasis cures and treatments. The pamphlet concludes with information on nutritional resources and on the National Psoriasis Foundation. 10 references. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lecithin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lecithin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lecithin.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lecithin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lecithin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lecithin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lecithin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lecithin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
25
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
26
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
169
LECITHIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. This compound and its metabolite 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide bind to nucleic acids. It inactivates bacteria but not bacteriophage. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH]
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Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and
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stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-helices: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines
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include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a conserved sequence which can be represented by a consensus sequence. [NIH]
Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amitriptyline Hydrochloride: Nasal spray for allergic nasal complaints. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH]
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Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on
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the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Anticonvulsive: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apolipoproteins A: Lipoproteins found in human blood serum in the high-density and very-high-density lipoprotein fraction (HDL, VHDL). They consist of several different polypeptides, the most important of which are apolipoprotein A-I and A-II. They maintain the structural integrity of the HDL particles and are activators of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Atherosclerotic patients show low apolipoprotein A levels and these
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apolipoproteins are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in Tangier disease. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetycholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arnica: Genus of composite-flowered plants in the family Asteraceae. The dried flower heads of Arnica montana are used externally as a counterirritant and tincture for sprains and bruises. Arnica contains volatile oils, arnicin, arnisterol, flavonoids, tannins, and resin. [NIH]
Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astigmatism: A condition in which the surface of the cornea is not spherical; causes a blurred image to be received at the retina. [NIH]
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Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Azotemia: An excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease;
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neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Benzoquinones: Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH]
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Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biological Availability: The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a
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network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Aqueous Barrier: The selectively permeable barrier between the capillary bed in the ciliary body and the aqueous humor. It consists of two layers of epithelium joined at their apical surfaces by tight junctions. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bolus injection: The injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion). [EU] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Remodeling: The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as
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collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]
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Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Caveolae: Endocytic/exocytic cell membrane structures rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in endocytosis (potocytosis), transcytosis, and signal transduction. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of caveolins. [NIH] Caveolins: The main structural proteins of caveolae. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH]
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Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Membrane Structures: Structures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Stimulants: A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also
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controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Ceroid: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chilblains: Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold. It is also called pernio. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all
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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH]
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Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement
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activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence
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which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Contusions: Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Ulcer: Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the
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internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cryofixation: Fixation of a tissue by localized cooling at very low temperature. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]
Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption
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maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for
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intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextran Sulfate: Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4+ Tlymphocytes. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diacetyl: Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH]
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Dietetics: The study and regulation of the diet. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH]
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Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ecchymosis: Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The
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numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsify: To convert or to be converted into an emulsion. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enanthate: An oily injectable contraceptive given every 8 weeks. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are
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released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Environmental Pollutants: Substances which pollute the environment. Use environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. [NIH]
for
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH]
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Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escin: Saponin occurring in the seed of the horse chestnut tree. Inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethical drug: Restricted to sale only on a doctor's prescription. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons
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alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Far East: A geographic area of east and southeast Asia encompassing China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mongolia, and Taiwan. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds.
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Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH]
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Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follicular Fluid: A fluid consisting of sex steroid hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and electrolytes that is present in the vesicular ovarian follicle (Graafian follicle) surrounding the ovum. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gamma Oryzanol: The frequency of activity bursts ranging from 20 to 90 hertz, this term is used in analogy with a range of high-frequency X-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized
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connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gemfibrozil: A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol. These decreases occur primarily in the VLDL fraction and less frequently in the LDL fraction. Gemfibrozil increases HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely established. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history,
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physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions
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are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH]
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Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterozygote: An individual having different alleles at one or more loci in homologous chromosome segments. [NIH] High-density lipoproteins: Lipoproteins that contain a small amount of cholesterol and carry cholesterol away from body cells and tissues to the liver for excretion from the body. Low-level HDL increases the risk of heart disease, so the higher the HDL level, the better. The HDL component normally contains 20 to 30 percent of total cholesterol, and HDL levels are inversely correlated with coronary heart disease risk. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of
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the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histidine Decarboxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to histamine and carbon dioxide. It requires pyridoxal phosphate in animal tissues, but not in microorganisms. EC 4.1.1.22. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of
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water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family Clusiaceae (Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Contains flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, tannins, and volatile oils (oils, essential). [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperopia: Farsightedness; ability to see distant objects more clearly than close objects; may be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypoventilation: A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH]
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Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunological adjuvant: A substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme
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cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant Food: Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical
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patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH]
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Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal gland: The small almond-shaped structure that produces tears; located just above the outer corner of the eye. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called
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colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linoleic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH]
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Lipid Peroxides: Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension. [NIH] Lipofuscin: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH]
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Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysophospholipase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of
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the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] Medicine, Herbal: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Membranoproliferative: A disease that occurs primarily in children and young adults. Over time, inflammation leads to scarring in the glomeruli, causing proteinuria, hematuria, and sometimes chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebraltrauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH]
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Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micelle: A colloid particle formed by an aggregation of small molecules. [EU] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microsome: One of the specific metabolic pathways of the liver. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH]
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Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is
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ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining
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to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms in which an isotope is introduced into target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH]
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Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Omega-6 Fatty Acids: Unsaturated fatty acids required for the growth of mammals. They are constituents of phospholipids and glycerides in cell membranes. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of
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the central nervous system. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is
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comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasympathomimetic: 1. Producing effects resembling those of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to a part. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves. Called also cholinergic. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in
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radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perineural: Around a nerve or group of nerves. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petechia: A pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or submucous haemorrhage. [EU] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU]
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Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphatidic Acids: Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups. [NIH] Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age.
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[NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plant sterols: Plant-based compounds that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines. This results in lower blood cholesterol levels. They may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also known as phytosterols. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH]
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Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polylysine: A peptide which is a homopolymer of lysine. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polysorbates: Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH]
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Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]
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Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH]
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Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Alveoli: Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Veins: The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH]
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Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in
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normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal pigment epithelium: The pigment cell layer that nourishes the retinal cells; located just outside the retina and attached to the choroid. [NIH] Retinaldehyde: A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native transconfiguration. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH]
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Retinyl palmitate: A drug being studied in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH]
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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH]
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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicic: A mixture of gelatinous substances obtained by treating silicates with acids. [NIH] Simethicone: A mixture of dimethyl polysiloxanes and silica gel used as an antiflatulent. Without the addition of silica gel (dimethicone), it is used as an ointment base ingredient and skin protectant. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the
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extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]
Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH]
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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU]
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Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetics: Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH]
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Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synchrotron: An accelerator in which the particles are guided by an increasing magnetic field while they are accelerated several times in an approximately circular path by electric fields produced by a high-frequency generator. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active
236 Lecithin
form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicity Tests: An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. These include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific
Dictionary 237
biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH]
238 Lecithin
Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccine adjuvant: A substance added to a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU]
Dictionary 239
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH]
240 Lecithin
Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Wettability: The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid. [NIH]
Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zona Pellucida: The transport non-cellular envelope surrounding the mammalian ovum. [NIH]
Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
241
INDEX 4 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide, 21, 169 A Abdomen, 169, 179, 207, 210, 219, 220, 229, 233 Abdominal, 169, 218, 220, 229 Acceptor, 7, 10, 13, 22, 92, 114, 169, 209, 218 Acetone, 169, 208 Acetylcholine, 169, 183 Acetylglucosamine, 85, 169 Acidosis, 93, 169 Acne, 78, 169 Acremonium, 169, 182 Acrylonitrile, 169, 229 Acuity, 67, 169, 209 Acyl, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 27, 33, 35, 41, 44, 47, 51, 52, 57, 62, 65, 82, 87, 169, 195 Adaptability, 12, 169, 182 Adaptation, 19, 169 Adenovirus, 14, 169 Adipose Tissue, 170, 210 Adjustment, 123, 169, 170 Adjuvant, 78, 104, 105, 170, 199 Adrenal Cortex, 170, 188, 195, 203, 224 Adrenal Glands, 127, 170 Adrenergic, 132, 170, 172, 194, 195, 234 Adsorption, 5, 14, 40, 89, 170 Adsorptive, 170 Adverse Effect, 41, 128, 170, 231 Aerobic, 170, 218, 237 Aerobic Metabolism, 170, 218 Aerobic Respiration, 170, 218 Aerosol, 74, 82, 86, 125, 126, 170, 234 Affinity, 19, 28, 170, 190, 210, 231 Agar, 57, 170, 188, 205, 222 Agonist, 170, 175, 194 Airway, 125, 171, 240 Albumin, 88, 113, 171, 222 Aldehydes, 23, 116, 171 Alertness, 171, 182 Algorithms, 171, 178 Alimentary, 129, 171, 190, 219 Alkaline, 169, 171, 172, 180, 221 Alkaloid, 171, 175, 176, 180, 229 Alleles, 11, 171, 202 Allergen, 64, 171
Allograft, 43, 171 Allylamine, 171, 172 Alopecia, 107, 171 Alpha Particles, 171, 226 Alpha-1, 171, 172, 188 Alpha-helices, 32, 171 Alternative medicine, 144, 171 Amine, 82, 127, 171, 203 Amino Acid Motifs, 172, 187 Amino Acid Sequence, 10, 172, 173, 186, 195, 199 Amitriptyline, 100, 172 Amitriptyline Hydrochloride, 100, 172 Ammonia, 171, 172, 200, 234, 238 Amnestic, 172, 212 Amnion, 172 Amniotic Fluid, 31, 43, 49, 72, 172, 200 Amphetamine, 172, 190 Amyloid, 13, 172 Anabolic, 142, 172, 191 Anaerobic, 89, 172 Anaesthesia, 172, 206 Anal, 55, 172, 197 Analgesic, 80, 100, 172, 185, 190, 204, 208, 209 Analog, 172, 190 Anaphylatoxins, 173, 186 Anatomical, 173, 176, 187, 191, 205, 229 Androgenic, 107, 136, 173 Androgens, 107, 170, 173 Anemia, 155, 173, 198 Anesthesia, 171, 173, 208 Anesthetics, 80, 173, 195 Aneurysm, 173, 239 Animal model, 14, 20, 21, 115, 173 Anionic, 79, 173 Anions, 5, 43, 171, 173, 207, 234 Ankle, 173, 238 Anode, 173 Anorexia, 87, 173, 238 Anoxia, 93, 173 Antibacterial, 96, 173, 232 Antibiotic, 111, 173, 179, 224, 232, 235 Antibodies, 23, 46, 85, 105, 173, 176, 195, 201, 202, 205, 211, 214, 222 Anticarcinogenic, 16, 174 Anticholinergic, 172, 174, 222 Anticoagulant, 174, 190, 225
242 Lecithin
Anticonvulsant, 100, 174, 210 Anticonvulsive, 100, 174 Antidepressant, 172, 174 Antifungal, 174, 232 Antigen, 25, 52, 104, 170, 173, 174, 185, 194, 195, 203, 204, 205, 206, 212 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 174, 185 Anti-infective, 174, 203, 207, 231 Anti-inflammatory, 16, 79, 80, 96, 174, 180, 190, 200, 204, 205, 208, 229 Antimicrobial, 97, 134, 174, 184, 190 Antioxidant, 9, 13, 26, 28, 54, 62, 78, 82, 93, 106, 107, 128, 133, 174, 175, 218 Antipyretic, 174, 190, 208 Antispasmodic, 174, 229 Antitussive, 174, 190 Antiviral, 174, 190 Anus, 172, 174, 227 Anxiety, 174, 210, 224 Aorta, 174, 239 Apolipoproteins, 10, 18, 21, 36, 43, 174, 199, 210 Apolipoproteins A, 10, 21, 174 Aqueous humor, 175, 179 Arachidonic Acid, 36, 64, 175, 209, 224 Arecoline, 142, 175 Arginine, 51, 135, 173, 175, 237 Arnica, 80, 175 Aromatic, 175, 180, 184, 221, 233 Arterial, 12, 76, 102, 131, 132, 171, 175, 183, 204, 225, 235 Arteries, 78, 102, 107, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 187, 210, 213, 236 Arterioles, 175, 179, 180 Arteriolosclerosis, 175 Arteriosclerosis, 14, 23, 28, 39, 43, 46, 50, 86, 87, 123, 175, 204 Arteriosus, 175, 226 Ascorbic Acid, 54, 175, 204 Aspartate, 175, 190, 208 Assay, 42, 86, 114, 115, 123, 175, 205 Astigmatism, 175, 227 Ataxia, 155, 176, 235 Atherogenic, 9, 10, 13, 17, 21, 23, 34, 176 Atmospheric Pressure, 85, 176 Atrium, 76, 176, 213, 226, 239 Atrophy, 154, 155, 176, 216 Atropine, 176, 229 Attenuated, 176, 191 Autacoids, 176, 206 Autoantibodies, 23, 176 Autoantigens, 176
Azotemia, 176, 238 B Bacteria, 14, 56, 85, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 177, 186, 193, 196, 202, 213, 222, 232, 237, 238 Bacterial Physiology, 169, 176 Bacterial Proteins, 23, 176 Bactericidal, 97, 176, 195 Bacteriophage, 169, 176, 222, 237 Bacteriostatic, 97, 176 Bacterium, 176, 186 Basal Ganglia, 176 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 176 Base, 79, 91, 100, 109, 133, 134, 177, 189, 197, 198, 199, 208, 220, 221, 231, 235, 238 Base Sequence, 177, 198, 199 Benign, 175, 177, 215, 226 Benzene, 177 Benzocaine, 80, 177 Benzodiazepines, 101, 177 Benzoic Acid, 128, 177, 232 Benzoquinones, 93, 177 Benzyl Alcohol, 96, 177 Beta Rays, 177, 193 Beta-pleated, 172, 177 Bile, 5, 7, 14, 17, 40, 46, 54, 62, 65, 100, 101, 114, 177, 189, 198, 210, 233, 235 Bile Acids, 5, 14, 177, 233, 235 Bile Acids and Salts, 177 Bile Ducts, 177, 198 Biliary, 5, 14, 17, 46, 119, 177 Bilirubin, 113, 171, 177, 198 Binding agent, 122, 177 Binding Sites, 6, 10, 178 Bioavailability, 54, 93, 111, 112, 121, 127, 178 Biochemical, 6, 18, 19, 22, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 38, 44, 48, 49, 65, 92, 171, 178, 218, 230 Biochemical reactions, 18, 178 Biological Availability, 112, 178 Biological therapy, 178, 201 Biological Transport, 178, 191 Biopsy, 8, 178, 220 Biosynthesis, 15, 71, 175, 178, 225, 230 Biotechnology, 24, 25, 39, 41, 57, 65, 141, 144, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 178 Biotin, 19, 178 Biphasic, 95, 129, 178 Bladder, 178, 205, 224, 238, 240 Blastocyst, 178, 222 Blood Coagulation, 178, 180, 236 Blood Platelets, 178, 230
Index 243
Blood pressure, 78, 93, 107, 178, 181, 204, 214, 220, 232 Blood vessel, 120, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 193, 196, 200, 207, 220, 231, 233, 235, 236, 239 Blood-Aqueous Barrier, 56, 179 Blood-Brain Barrier, 114, 179, 222 Body Fluids, 179, 192, 222, 232 Body Mass Index, 179, 218 Bolus, 97, 179 Bolus infusion, 179 Bolus injection, 97, 179 Bone Cements, 179, 223 Bone Remodeling, 106, 179 Bone Resorption, 179 Boron, 179, 188 Bowel, 85, 172, 179, 207, 209, 220 Brachial, 179, 211 Brachial Plexus, 179, 211 Brachytherapy, 179, 207, 226, 240 Branch, 165, 179, 219, 232 Breakdown, 85, 98, 179, 191, 199, 217 Broad-spectrum, 179, 182 Bromelain, 85, 179 Bronchi, 180, 195, 196, 237 Bronchial, 124, 180, 203 Buccal, 74, 118, 180 Butyric Acid, 85, 180 C Calcification, 175, 180 Calcium, 13, 106, 117, 179, 180, 184, 185, 215, 231 Cannula, 76, 180 Capillary, 76, 179, 180, 210, 226, 229, 239 Capillary Fragility, 180, 229 Capsaicin, 80, 180 Capsules, 111, 112, 180, 191, 197, 199 Carbohydrate, 29, 110, 122, 180, 200, 223 Carbon Dioxide, 76, 180, 189, 197, 199, 203, 222, 228, 239 Carboxy, 180 Carboxylic Acids, 119, 180 Carcinogen, 20, 169, 180 Carcinogenesis, 14, 21, 34, 180, 221 Carcinogenic, 177, 180, 206, 224, 233 Carcinoma, 34, 180, 181 Cardiac, 93, 101, 171, 181, 195, 202, 209, 215, 233 Cardiopulmonary, 76, 181 Cardiovascular, 5, 8, 9, 10, 18, 23, 77, 78, 103, 106, 107, 108, 119, 172, 181, 209, 230
Cardiovascular disease, 8, 9, 10, 18, 23, 77, 78, 103, 107, 119, 181 Cardiovascular System, 108, 181 Carnitine, 107, 181 Carotene, 77, 107, 117, 181, 228 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 120, 181 Case report, 35, 181, 184 Case series, 181, 184 Catabolism, 15, 22, 181 Cathode, 173, 177, 181, 193 Causal, 181, 202 Cause of Death, 10, 15, 24, 78, 107, 108, 181 Caustic, 87, 135, 181, 231 Caveolae, 6, 181 Caveolins, 181 Cell Adhesion, 13, 181 Cell Differentiation, 182, 231 Cell Division, 154, 176, 182, 201, 222, 230 Cell membrane, 6, 7, 13, 87, 121, 123, 178, 181, 182, 190, 217, 221 Cell Membrane Structures, 181, 182 Cell proliferation, 175, 182, 231 Cell Respiration, 170, 182, 218, 228 Cell Survival, 182, 201 Cellobiose, 182 Cellulitis, 132, 182 Cellulose, 77, 99, 182, 198, 213, 222 Central Nervous System Stimulants, 142, 182 Centrifugation, 182, 213 Cephalosporins, 112, 182 Ceramide, 109, 182 Cerebellar, 176, 182, 227 Cerebral, 81, 110, 176, 179, 182, 187, 195 Cerebrovascular, 13, 176, 181, 182, 235 Cerebrum, 182, 237 Ceroid, 183, 210 Cervical, 179, 183, 211 Chamomile, 74, 118, 183 Character, 47, 87, 123, 130, 183, 189, 200 Chemoprevention, 15, 183 Chemotactic Factors, 183, 186 Chilblains, 132, 183 Chlorine, 183, 204 Cholecystectomy, 26, 183 Choleretic, 183, 190 Cholesterol Esters, 12, 21, 183, 210 Choline, 3, 5, 6, 12, 32, 50, 54, 55, 59, 62, 64, 67, 72, 117, 140, 142, 183, 221 Cholinergic, 142, 172, 183, 219 Choroid, 183, 187, 228
244 Lecithin
Chromatin, 183, 232 Chromosomal, 183, 222, 229 Chromosome, 183, 186, 201, 202, 209, 230 Chronic renal, 29, 184, 212, 222, 238 Chylomicrons, 7, 184, 210 Chymopapain, 184, 219 Chymotrypsin, 98, 184 Ciliary, 175, 179, 184 Ciliary Body, 175, 179, 184 Ciprofloxacin, 96, 184 Circulatory system, 76, 120, 184, 193 CIS, 18, 19, 90, 184, 228 Citric Acid, 103, 128, 134, 135, 184 Citrus, 128, 175, 184 Clinical Medicine, 184, 224 Clinical study, 32, 63, 184 Clinical trial, 4, 20, 151, 184, 187, 227 Clone, 19, 20, 184 Cloning, 14, 30, 31, 41, 178, 184 Cod Liver Oil, 185, 193 Codeine, 185, 190 Codon, 30, 185, 199 Coenzyme, 93, 175, 185 Cofactor, 185, 225, 236 Colitis, 33, 185 Collagen, 8, 106, 113, 180, 185, 197, 199, 203, 224 Collagen disease, 185, 203 Collapse, 179, 185 Colloidal, 80, 171, 185, 193, 220, 234 Complement, 54, 141, 173, 185, 186, 199, 222 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 70, 186 Complementary medicine, 61, 186 Computational Biology, 151, 153, 186 Cone, 19, 186, 221, 234 Confusion, 186, 238 Congestion, 124, 125, 186, 195 Congestive heart failure, 93, 186 Conjugated, 87, 177, 186, 188, 189 Conjugation, 88, 186 Conjunctiva, 186, 208, 222 Connective Tissue, 175, 182, 185, 186, 197, 199, 229 Consciousness, 172, 186, 189, 191, 195, 233 Consensus Sequence, 50, 172, 186, 187 Conserved Sequence, 172, 187 Constriction, 187, 207, 239, 240 Constriction, Pathologic, 187, 239 Consumption, 108, 187, 228 Contamination, 25, 46, 97, 158, 187
Contraceptive, 187, 193 Contraindications, ii, 187 Controlled study, 32, 40, 65, 187 Contusions, 32, 187 Conus, 187, 226 Convulsions, 101, 174, 187 Cornea, 23, 36, 37, 175, 187, 208 Corneal Ulcer, 42, 187 Corneum, 187, 194 Coronary, 6, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 34, 81, 87, 99, 110, 119, 123, 181, 187, 202, 213 Coronary heart disease, 15, 21, 81, 99, 110, 119, 181, 187, 202 Coronary Thrombosis, 187, 213 Corpus, 127, 187, 224 Corpus Luteum, 127, 187, 224 Corpuscle, 187, 195 Cortex, 75, 176, 187, 188, 194, 227 Cortical, 188, 195, 230, 235 Cortisol, 75, 171, 188 Coumarins, 183, 188 Creatinine, 188, 238 Cryofixation, 188 Cryopreservation, 63, 188 Crystallization, 98, 188 Culture Media, 170, 188 Cultured cells, 6, 23, 114, 188 Curative, 188, 217 Curcumin, 121, 188 Cyclic, 188 Cyclodextrins, 114, 188 Cysteine, 24, 41, 78, 92, 107, 184, 188, 193, 234 Cystine, 188 Cytochrome, 15, 115, 188 Cytoplasm, 182, 189, 192, 194, 201 Cytotoxic, 180, 189, 226, 231 Cytotoxicity, 115, 171, 189 D Dairy Products, 81, 91, 110, 189, 229 Databases, Bibliographic, 151, 189 Deamination, 189, 238 Decarboxylation, 189, 203 Decidua, 189, 222 Decubitus, 189, 231 Decubitus Ulcer, 189, 231 Degenerative, 187, 189, 202, 211, 218 Deletion, 30, 31, 32, 189 Dementia, 3, 4, 40, 56, 142, 189, 212 Dendrites, 189, 216 Dendritic, 55, 189, 212 Dentate Gyrus, 189, 203
Index 245
Deoxycholic Acid, 14, 189 Depolarization, 190, 231 Dermal, 64, 190 Detergents, 190, 197, 231 Detoxification, 13, 32, 190 Deuterium, 190, 203 Dextran Sulfate, 33, 190 Dextroamphetamine, 172, 190, 213 Dextromethorphan, 77, 107, 190 Diabetes Mellitus, 44, 88, 190, 200, 202 Diacetyl, 76, 190 Diagnostic procedure, 73, 144, 190 Dialyzer, 190, 202 Diastolic, 190, 204 Diclofenac, 32, 33, 63, 190 Diclofenac Sodium, 190 Dietary Fats, 102, 190, 209 Dietary Fiber, 98, 101, 102, 190 Dietary Proteins, 190, 239 Dietetics, 87, 191 Diffusion, 57, 112, 113, 114, 121, 178, 191, 205, 206, 238 Digestion, 10, 171, 177, 179, 190, 191, 207, 209, 210, 233 Digestive tract, 191, 231, 232, 233 Dihydrotestosterone, 191, 227 Dihydroxy, 130, 191, 229 Dilatation, 173, 191, 239 Dilatation, Pathologic, 191, 239 Dilation, 191, 239 Dilator, 124, 191 Dilution, 57, 66, 191 Dimethyl, 191, 231 Diploid, 191, 222 Direct, iii, 7, 9, 10, 19, 43, 111, 114, 132, 182, 184, 191, 227 Disease Vectors, 191, 206 Disinfectant, 191, 195 Dissociation, 170, 191 Distal, 191, 225 Diuretic, 191, 232 Dosage Forms, 90, 93, 102, 191 Dose-dependent, 46, 191 Drug Tolerance, 192, 236 Duct, 180, 192, 229, 234 Duodenum, 177, 184, 192, 219, 233 Dyes, 172, 192 Dyskinesia, 69, 78, 106, 107, 192 Dyslipidemia, 13, 24, 192 Dysplasia, 155, 192 Dystrophy, 45, 56, 154, 192
E Ecchymosis, 132, 192 Ectopic, 21, 106, 192 Edema, 125, 132, 183, 192, 195, 208, 215, 238 Effector, 169, 185, 192, 216 Efficacy, 16, 32, 55, 63, 108, 192 Egg Yolk, 36, 64, 67, 75, 81, 122, 192 Elasticity, 109, 175, 192 Elastin, 113, 185, 192 Elastomers, 134, 192 Elective, 49, 192 Electrolysis, 173, 192 Electrolyte, 192, 202, 223, 232, 238 Electrons, 93, 174, 177, 181, 192, 207, 218, 226 Electrophoresis, 9, 193, 205 Elementary Particles, 192, 193, 216, 225 Embryo, 172, 178, 182, 192, 193, 206 Emergency Treatment, 100, 101, 193 Emollient, 193, 200, 217 Emulsify, 104, 193 Emulsion, 27, 78, 97, 99, 103, 104, 105, 125, 127, 133, 193, 197 Enanthate, 136, 193 Encapsulated, 109, 131, 193, 210 Encephalitis, 193, 212 Endemic, 193, 232 Endocrine System, 193, 216 Endocytosis, 181, 193 Endopeptidases, 193, 225 Endothelial cell, 13, 34, 179, 193, 236 Endotoxic, 193, 209 Endotoxins, 185, 193, 194 End-stage renal, 44, 184, 194, 212, 222 Energetic, 21, 194 Enhancers, 92, 194 Enteropeptidase, 194, 237 Entorhinal Cortex, 194, 203 Environmental Exposure, 194, 217 Environmental Health, 150, 152, 194 Environmental Pollutants, 194, 236 Enzymatic, 9, 20, 22, 55, 74, 75, 81, 98, 118, 132, 180, 181, 185, 194, 195, 197, 203, 219, 228 Enzyme, 6, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 32, 33, 41, 57, 95, 97, 98, 107, 121, 129, 179, 185, 188, 192, 194, 200, 203, 205, 209, 210, 211, 213, 215, 218, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226, 227, 231, 234, 236, 237, 239, 240 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 26, 194
246 Lecithin
Ephedrine, 124, 125, 194 Epidemic, 194, 232 Epidemiological, 20, 23, 194 Epidermis, 109, 187, 194, 203, 208 Epidermoid carcinoma, 194, 232, 233 Epilepticus, 101, 195 Epinephrine, 170, 195, 217, 237 Epithelial, 19, 20, 34, 178, 184, 187, 189, 195 Epithelial Cells, 19, 20, 195 Epithelium, 23, 109, 179, 195, 207 Epitopes, 26, 195 Erythema, 183, 195 Erythrocyte Membrane, 27, 52, 195 Erythrocytes, 5, 36, 64, 71, 173, 195, 202, 227 Escin, 131, 132, 195 Esophagus, 191, 195, 227, 233 Essential Tremor, 154, 195 Esterification, 9, 11, 13, 20, 26, 34, 35, 42, 47, 48, 61, 112, 195 Estradiol, 9, 195 Estrogen, 9, 38, 195 Ethanol, 101, 195 Ether, 95, 129, 195 Ethical drug, 117, 195 Excitation, 182, 195 Excitatory, 195, 200 Exogenous, 9, 16, 170, 195, 225 Exon, 30, 195 Expectorant, 124, 196 Extensor, 196, 225 External-beam radiation, 196, 207, 226, 240 Extracellular, 8, 16, 121, 172, 186, 193, 196, 197, 232 Extracellular Matrix, 186, 196, 197 Extracellular Space, 8, 196 Extracorporeal, 76, 196, 202 Extraction, 49, 116, 128, 196 Extravasation, 192, 196, 201 Extremity, 179, 196, 211 Exudate, 196 Eye Infections, 169, 196 F Family Planning, 151, 196 Far East, 94, 196 Fatigue, 85, 132, 196, 201, 219 Fatty acids, 12, 51, 81, 87, 90, 101, 102, 106, 110, 116, 117, 130, 171, 180, 196, 201, 209, 210, 217, 221, 224, 231 Feces, 7, 196
Fetus, 196, 222, 224, 238 Fibrin, 178, 196, 197, 236 Fibrinogen, 40, 65, 196, 222, 236 Fibrinolysis, 13, 197 Fibroblasts, 28, 52, 57, 67, 106, 197 Fibrosis, 8, 121, 155, 171, 197, 229 Filler, 134, 197 Filtration, 5, 197 Fish Oils, 81, 110, 197 Fistula, 5, 197 Fixation, 141, 188, 197 Flatus, 197, 199 Flavoring Agents, 134, 197 Fluorescence, 9, 12, 21, 61, 62, 197 Flush, 120, 197 Flushing, 89, 197 Foam Cells, 17, 102, 197 Folate, 92, 198 Folic Acid, 77, 92, 107, 117, 198 Follicles, 42, 198 Follicular Fluid, 37, 198 Food Labeling, 98, 198 Forearm, 178, 198, 211, 227 Fovea, 197, 198 Frameshift, 30, 198 Friction, 198, 210 Fructose, 128, 198 Fungi, 174, 186, 196, 198, 201, 213, 240 Fungistatic, 97, 177, 198, 232 Fungus, 182, 198 G Gadolinium, 57, 66, 198 Gallbladder, 5, 68, 169, 177, 183, 198 Gallstones, 5, 68, 177, 198 Gamma Oryzanol, 85, 198 Ganglia, 169, 176, 198, 216, 220 Gas, 48, 84, 101, 172, 180, 183, 191, 197, 199, 203, 214, 217, 226, 234, 239 Gas exchange, 199, 226, 239 Gastric, 17, 67, 181, 191, 199, 203 Gastrin, 199, 203 Gastrointestinal, 16, 74, 92, 112, 114, 118, 136, 184, 195, 199, 209, 230, 234 Gastrointestinal tract, 92, 112, 114, 136, 195, 199, 209, 230 Gelatin, 113, 124, 125, 188, 199, 201, 234, 236 Gels, 57, 120, 199 Gemfibrozil, 15, 199 Gene Expression, 15, 21, 155, 199 Generator, 199, 235 Genetic Code, 199, 217
Index 247
Genetic Engineering, 178, 184, 199 Genetics, 26, 45, 186, 199 Genital, 184, 199 Genotype, 199, 221 Germ Cells, 199, 218, 232, 235 Gestation, 51, 199, 222 Gestational, 49, 199 Gestational Age, 49, 199 Gland, 22, 170, 200, 218, 219, 224, 230, 233, 234, 236 Glomerular, 200, 227 Glomeruli, 46, 200, 212 Glomerulonephritis, 37, 200 Glomerulus, 200 Glucans, 188, 200 Glucocorticoid, 200, 203 Glucose, 49, 113, 154, 175, 182, 188, 190, 200, 202, 206, 232 Glucose Intolerance, 190, 200 Glucuronic Acid, 200, 202 Glutamate, 190, 200 Glutamic Acid, 48, 198, 200, 224 Glutamine, 85, 200 Glutathione Peroxidase, 200, 230 Gluten, 122, 128, 200 Glycerol, 45, 56, 77, 91, 132, 133, 180, 200, 201, 221 Glycerophospholipids, 200, 221 Glycine, 74, 177, 189, 201, 230 Glycoprotein, 196, 201, 236 Goats, 189, 201 Gonadal, 201, 233 Governing Board, 201, 224 Grade, 89, 133, 201 Graft, 106, 201, 203, 215 Grafting, 201, 205 Granule, 110, 111, 189, 201 Granulocytes, 201, 231, 240 Grasses, 198, 201 Growth factors, 106, 201 H Habitual, 183, 201 Haploid, 201, 222 Haptens, 170, 201 Heart attack, 78, 102, 107, 120, 181, 201 Heart failure, 93, 194, 201 Hematoma, 132, 201 Hematuria, 201, 212 Heme, 177, 188, 201, 218 Hemodiafiltration, 201, 238 Hemodialysis, 29, 190, 201, 202, 208, 238 Hemofiltration, 201, 202, 238
Hemoglobin, 173, 195, 201, 202 Hemoglobinuria, 154, 202 Hemolysis, 52, 195, 202 Hemorrhage, 187, 202, 215, 233 Hemostasis, 202, 230 Heparin, 51, 66, 202 Hepatic, 8, 11, 15, 33, 38, 51, 74, 171, 202 Hepatitis, 68, 69, 78, 202 Hepatocyte, 14, 202 Hereditary, 107, 202, 216, 220, 228 Heredity, 199, 202 Heterogeneity, 170, 202 Heterozygote, 35, 202 High-density lipoproteins, 21, 108, 202 Hippocampus, 63, 65, 189, 202, 234 Histamine, 173, 203 Histidine, 29, 52, 57, 80, 131, 132, 203 Histidine Decarboxylase, 131, 132, 203 Homeostasis, 14, 18, 179, 203 Homogeneous, 95, 112, 175, 203, 221 Homologous, 16, 171, 188, 202, 203, 230, 235 Hormonal, 176, 203 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 33, 203 Horny layer, 194, 203 Horseradish Peroxidase, 194, 203 Host, 116, 176, 191, 203, 209, 229, 239 Hybrid, 184, 203 Hydrocortisone, 57, 96, 203 Hydrogel, 78, 203 Hydrogen, 82, 130, 169, 171, 177, 180, 190, 200, 203, 204, 209, 214, 216, 218, 220, 225, 234 Hydrogen Peroxide, 82, 130, 200, 203, 209, 234 Hydrolysis, 12, 24, 45, 98, 112, 182, 203, 210, 211, 221, 223, 225, 237 Hydrophilic, 106, 122, 126, 130, 190, 203, 204 Hydrophobic, 16, 22, 96, 97, 112, 121, 126, 190, 200, 204, 210 Hydroxylation, 82, 130, 204 Hydroxylysine, 185, 204 Hydroxyproline, 185, 204 Hygienic, 204, 231 Hypercholesterolemia, 34, 192, 204 Hypericum, 80, 204 Hyperlipidemia, 34, 43, 86, 88, 123, 192, 204 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 204, 210 Hyperopia, 204, 227 Hypersensitivity, 171, 204, 209, 229
248 Lecithin
Hypertension, 13, 88, 175, 181, 204, 238 Hypertriglyceridemia, 86, 123, 192, 204 Hypnotic, 204, 210 Hypochlorous Acid, 39, 204 Hypotension, 101, 187, 204 Hypoventilation, 101, 204 Hypoxia, 42, 204, 235 I Ibuprofen, 204, 208 Ice Cream, 94, 204 Id, 58, 67, 159, 164, 166, 204 Ileum, 14, 204 Imidazole, 178, 203, 204 Immune response, 104, 170, 174, 176, 201, 205, 234, 238, 239 Immune system, 85, 178, 205, 209, 211, 238, 240 Immunity, 87, 105, 205 Immunoassay, 194, 205 Immunodeficiency, 139, 154, 205 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 139, 205 Immunodiffusion, 170, 205 Immunoelectrophoresis, 170, 205 Immunogenic, 205, 209 Immunoglobulin, 105, 173, 205, 214 Immunologic, 183, 200, 205, 226 Immunological adjuvant, 105, 205 Immunology, 26, 28, 37, 52, 170, 203, 205 Impairment, 4, 17, 40, 56, 65, 176, 192, 196, 205 Implant radiation, 205, 207, 226, 240 Implantation, 106, 205 In situ, 15, 205 In vitro, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 31, 38, 48, 52, 57, 63, 67, 114, 115, 205 In vivo, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17, 32, 40, 41, 51, 63, 115, 202, 205, 210, 236 Incision, 205, 207 Incontinence, 194, 205, 229 Incubated, 9, 13, 82, 205 Indicative, 121, 140, 205, 219, 239 Indomethacin, 57, 205 Induction, 46, 105, 173, 206, 208 Infant Food, 82, 206 Infarction, 187, 206, 213, 228 Infection, 96, 105, 178, 182, 183, 184, 187, 193, 196, 205, 206, 211, 216, 229, 233, 240 Infiltration, 200, 206 Infusion, 5, 97, 179, 206, 215 Ingestion, 197, 206, 213 Inhalation, 170, 206 Initiation, 20, 206, 237
Innervation, 179, 206, 211 Inorganic, 75, 77, 89, 206, 214, 221 Insecticides, 86, 206 Insight, 21, 206 Insulin, 13, 38, 57, 74, 118, 206, 208 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 206 Intensive Care, 97, 206, 207 Intensive Care Units, 97, 207 Intermittent, 207, 220 Internal radiation, 207, 226, 240 Interstitial, 179, 196, 207, 227, 240 Intestinal, 14, 17, 85, 112, 119, 121, 181, 190, 194, 207, 211 Intestine, 119, 177, 179, 207, 208 Intracellular, 5, 12, 13, 87, 92, 121, 123, 206, 207, 212, 223, 227, 230, 231 Intracellular Membranes, 5, 207, 212 Intramuscular, 101, 207, 219 Intramuscular injection, 101, 207 Intravenous, 27, 39, 78, 97, 100, 101, 107, 179, 206, 207, 219 Intrinsic, 74, 118, 170, 207 Invasive, 39, 205, 207 Involuntary, 176, 195, 207, 215 Iodine, 64, 132, 207, 213 Ions, 177, 191, 192, 203, 207 Iris, 175, 187, 207, 226 Irradiation, 130, 131, 207, 216, 240 Ischemia, 34, 43, 176, 189, 207, 215, 228 Isopropyl, 136, 207 J Joint, 11, 184, 208, 218, 234 K Kb, 150, 208 Keratin, 208, 230 Keratoconjunctivitis, 23, 208 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, 23, 208 Ketamine, 100, 208 Ketone Bodies, 55, 169, 208 Ketoprofen, 40, 64, 208 Kidney Disease, 150, 155, 208 Kidney Failure, 194, 208 Kidney Transplantation, 47, 208 Kinetics, 22, 208 L Labile, 185, 208 Lacrimal, 22, 208 Lacrimal gland, 22, 208 Lactation, 208, 218 Large Intestine, 191, 207, 208, 227, 231 Laxative, 170, 209, 213, 232 Lenses, 204, 209, 227
Index 249
Lesion, 209, 235, 237 Lethal, 124, 125, 176, 209 Lethargy, 136, 209 Leukemia, 154, 209 Leukocytes, 183, 201, 206, 209, 220 Leukotrienes, 175, 209 Levorphanol, 190, 209 Libido, 173, 209 Library Services, 164, 209 Lidocaine, 177, 209 Life cycle, 178, 198, 209 Ligament, 209, 224 Linkage, 11, 43, 182, 209, 221 Linoleic Acids, 87, 209 Lip, 126, 209 Lipase, 8, 11, 15, 51, 54, 81, 132, 209 Lipid A, 10, 12, 18, 21, 27, 33, 209 Lipid Peroxidation, 54, 209, 218 Lipid Peroxides, 17, 210 Lipofuscin, 20, 183, 210 Lipolysis, 8, 210 Lipophilic, 17, 93, 114, 126, 210 Lipopolysaccharides, 209, 210 Lipoprotein Lipase, 8, 15, 38, 210 Liposomal, 131, 210 Liposome, 82, 95, 109, 121, 129, 210 Liver Transplantation, 39, 210 Localized, 10, 74, 183, 188, 193, 197, 201, 206, 210, 222, 237 Locomotion, 210, 222 Lorazepam, 101, 210 Low-density lipoprotein, 9, 21, 23, 33, 41, 108, 192, 210 Lubricants, 210 Lubrication, 22, 210 Lumen, 102, 180, 211 Luteal Phase, 127, 211 Lymph, 183, 184, 187, 193, 211 Lymphatic, 206, 211 Lymphocyte, 174, 211, 212 Lymphoid, 104, 173, 211 Lymphoma, 154, 211 Lysine, 74, 118, 204, 211, 223, 237 Lysophospholipase, 30, 211 Lytic, 25, 46, 211 M Macrophage, 8, 17, 211 Macula, 198, 211 Macula Lutea, 211 Macular Degeneration, 20, 211 Malabsorption, 154, 211 Malignant, 154, 175, 211, 215, 226
Malnutrition, 171, 176, 211, 214 Mammary, 210, 211 Manifest, 98, 211 Meat, 82, 88, 180, 190, 211, 229 Meat Products, 190, 211 Medial, 175, 211 Median Nerve, 121, 181, 211 Mediate, 12, 13, 19, 21, 211 Mediator, 211, 230 Medicament, 100, 212, 234 Medicine, Herbal, 159, 212 MEDLINE, 151, 153, 155, 212 Medullary, 190, 212 Megaloblastic, 198, 212 Melanin, 133, 207, 212, 221, 237 Melanocytes, 212 Melanoma, 154, 212 Membrane Proteins, 181, 212 Membranoproliferative, 37, 212 Memory, 4, 65, 75, 142, 173, 189, 212 Memory Disorders, 142, 212 Meninges, 182, 212 Menopause, 212, 223 Menstrual Cycle, 211, 212, 224 Menstruation, 189, 211, 212 Menthol, 74, 212 Meta-Analysis, 4, 50, 212 Metabolite, 169, 191, 213, 224 Methanol, 82, 213 Methimazole, 54, 213 Methionine, 69, 78, 92, 107, 191, 213, 234 Methylcellulose, 106, 213 Methylphenidate, 117, 142, 213 MI, 34, 55, 65, 127, 167, 213 Micelle, 74, 213 Microbe, 213, 236 Microbiology, 46, 169, 213 Microorganism, 91, 185, 213, 219, 239 Microscopy, 21, 55, 203, 213 Microsomal, 15, 213 Microsome, 115, 213 Milligram, 22, 213 Mitochondrial Swelling, 213, 215 Mitral Valve, 76, 213 Modeling, 14, 27, 113, 114, 213 Modification, 23, 41, 112, 199, 213 Molasses, 89, 213 Monitor, 188, 214, 217 Monoclonal, 26, 207, 214, 226, 240 Monoclonal antibodies, 26, 214 Monocyte, 8, 214 Monounsaturated fat, 8, 214
250 Lecithin
Morphological, 18, 193, 198, 212, 214 Morphology, 18, 214 Motility, 206, 214, 230 Motion Sickness, 214, 215, 229 Motor Activity, 187, 214 Mucosa, 16, 85, 105, 112, 214, 215 Mucus, 196, 214 Muscle Fibers, 214 Muscle Relaxation, 214 Muscular Atrophy, 154, 214 Muscular Dystrophies, 192, 214 Mutagen, 169, 214 Mutagenesis, 6, 10, 13, 18, 22, 24, 214 Mutagenic, 12, 19, 214 Mydriatic, 191, 214, 229 Myocardial Reperfusion, 214, 215, 228 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 215, 228 Myocardium, 213, 215 Myopia, 215, 227 Myotonic Dystrophy, 154, 215 Myristate, 80, 215 N Narcolepsy, 190, 194, 213, 215 Nasal Cavity, 215 Nasal Mucosa, 105, 215 Nausea, 191, 215, 238 NCI, 1, 149, 184, 215 Necrosis, 8, 187, 206, 213, 215, 228 Need, 3, 6, 16, 77, 86, 87, 89, 96, 112, 126, 135, 139, 142, 160, 170, 184, 215, 236 Neonatal, 45, 50, 56, 215 Neoplasia, 154, 215, 216 Neoplasm, 20, 215 Neoplastic, 5, 203, 211, 215 Nephropathy, 208, 216 Nerve Endings, 177, 216 Nerve Fibers, 177, 179, 216 Nervous System, 101, 124, 125, 142, 154, 169, 172, 177, 182, 190, 194, 199, 200, 209, 212, 213, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222, 229, 230 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 93, 177, 216 Neuroendocrine, 75, 216 Neurologist, 4, 216 Neuromuscular, 169, 216, 238 Neuronal, 63, 216 Neurons, 127, 182, 189, 195, 198, 216, 235 Neuropathy, 121, 216 Neuropeptides, 142, 216 Neurotoxic, 86, 216 Neurotoxicity, 190, 216 Neurotransmitters, 172, 216
Neutron Capture Therapy, 57, 66, 179, 216 Neutrons, 171, 207, 216, 226 Neutrophil, 42, 216 Niacin, 108, 120, 217, 237 Nitrogen, 82, 171, 173, 197, 200, 217, 237 Norepinephrine, 170, 172, 194, 217 Nuclear, 13, 15, 17, 23, 55, 56, 66, 176, 186, 193, 198, 215, 217 Nuclei, 171, 186, 193, 199, 216, 217, 225 Nucleic acid, 131, 169, 177, 199, 217, 226 O Ocular, 22, 217 Odour, 175, 217, 238 Ointments, 80, 183, 191, 217, 231 Omega-6 Fatty Acids, 80, 81, 110, 217 Oncogene, 154, 217 On-line, 17, 167, 217 Opacity, 189, 217 Operon, 14, 217, 228 Ophthalmic, 96, 217, 223 Ophthalmology, 37, 42, 56, 197, 217 Opsin, 217, 228 Optic Nerve, 217, 228 Organoleptic, 98, 218 Osmotic, 171, 213, 218 Osteoarthritis, 208, 218 Osteoporosis, 99, 179, 218 Ototoxic, 96, 218 Ovarian Follicle, 187, 198, 218 Ovary, 14, 127, 187, 195, 218 Overweight, 58, 88, 218 Ovulation, 127, 211, 218 Ovum, 187, 189, 198, 199, 209, 218, 224, 240 Oxidation, 9, 12, 13, 17, 26, 32, 39, 45, 66, 81, 110, 169, 174, 188, 200, 209, 210, 213, 218 Oxidative metabolism, 115, 170, 209, 218 Oxidative Stress, 13, 218 Oxygenase, 16, 218 Oxygenator, 76, 218 Oxytocin, 135, 218 P Pancreas, 169, 178, 184, 206, 209, 218, 219, 237 Pancreatic, 54, 154, 181, 184, 219 Pancreatic cancer, 154, 219 Pancreatic Juice, 184, 219 Papain, 85, 219 Parasite, 219 Parasitic, 140, 219 Parasympathomimetic, 175, 219
Index 251
Parenteral, 122, 219 Paroxysmal, 154, 219 Particle, 7, 12, 18, 22, 24, 63, 80, 96, 113, 210, 213, 219, 237 Patch, 80, 187, 192, 219, 237 Pathogen, 105, 122, 219 Pathogenesis, 5, 18, 21, 219 Pathologic, 169, 178, 187, 204, 219, 225, 228 Patient Compliance, 93, 219 Patient Education, 158, 162, 164, 167, 219 Pedigree, 52, 219 Pelvic, 219, 224 Pemoline, 117, 142, 219 Pepsin, 85, 219 Peptide, 74, 86, 118, 123, 193, 194, 208, 219, 223, 225 Perception, 186, 219 Percutaneous, 40, 133, 219 Perennial, 204, 220, 237 Perfusion, 204, 220 Perineural, 121, 220 Periodontal disease, 52, 220 Peripheral blood, 131, 132, 220 Peripheral Nervous System, 216, 220, 234 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 13, 102, 132, 220 Peritoneal, 56, 220 Peritoneal Cavity, 220 Peritoneal Dialysis, 56, 220 Peritoneum, 220, 229 Peroxidase, 72, 209, 213, 220 Peroxide, 130, 220 Petechia, 192, 220 Petrolatum, 193, 220 PH, 19, 24, 29, 46, 47, 50, 52, 113, 220 Phallic, 197, 220 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 131, 182, 195, 199, 221, 224, 232 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 191, 221 Pharmacokinetic, 105, 115, 221 Pharmacologic, 142, 173, 176, 221, 236 Phenolphthalein, 193, 221 Phenotype, 10, 20, 48, 221 Phenylalanine, 221, 237 Phosphates, 137, 221 Phosphatidic Acids, 221 Phosphatidylcholines, 44, 221 Phospholipases, 98, 221, 231 Phospholipids, 8, 16, 45, 48, 66, 72, 81, 92, 94, 95, 116, 119, 122, 129, 130, 196, 210, 217, 221 Phosphorus, 180, 221
Phosphorylated, 185, 221 Phosphorylation, 6, 221 Phosphotyrosine, 6, 221 Photoreceptor, 20, 221 Physical Examination, 200, 221 Physiologic, 136, 171, 178, 212, 221, 227, 228 Physiology, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21, 54, 222 Physostigmine, 142, 222 Pigment, 19, 83, 122, 177, 183, 210, 212, 222, 228 Placenta, 127, 195, 222, 224 Plant Proteins, 222, 239 Plant sterols, 119, 222 Plants, 89, 133, 171, 175, 176, 180, 183, 184, 200, 204, 212, 214, 217, 222, 223, 229, 237, 239 Plaque, 62, 108, 120, 176, 222 Plasma cells, 173, 222 Plasma protein, 171, 198, 222 Plasmid, 34, 222, 239 Plasticizers, 134, 222 Platelet Activation, 222, 231 Polyarthritis, 208, 222 Polycystic, 155, 222 Polyethylene, 83, 101, 223 Polylysine, 74, 118, 223 Polymers, 77, 114, 223, 225, 233 Polymorphic, 11, 26, 189, 223 Polymorphism, 38, 223 Polypeptide, 172, 185, 187, 196, 223, 225, 240 Polysaccharide, 174, 182, 223 Polysorbates, 78, 223 Polyunsaturated fat, 8, 55, 80, 102, 110, 223, 236 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 83, 90, 96, 223 Porosity, 115, 223 Port, 80, 104, 223 Port-a-cath, 223 Posterior, 172, 175, 176, 183, 207, 218, 223 Postmenopausal, 30, 38, 218, 223 Postnatal, 223, 233 Postprandial, 7, 223 Postsynaptic, 223, 231 Potassium, 223, 231 Potentiating, 172, 223 Potentiation, 224, 231 Practice Guidelines, 152, 224 Precursor, 64, 86, 87, 92, 123, 136, 175, 183, 192, 194, 217, 221, 224, 237 Pregnancy Tests, 200, 224
252 Lecithin
Premedication, 224, 229 Prenatal, 39, 193, 224 Prodrug, 111, 224 Progeny, 11, 186, 224 Progesterone, 127, 135, 224, 233 Progression, 3, 8, 23, 77, 78, 106, 107, 173, 224 Progressive, 175, 182, 184, 187, 189, 192, 201, 214, 215, 216, 218, 222, 224, 227 Proline, 185, 204, 224 Promoter, 14, 21, 28, 224 Prone, 65, 224 Proportional, 194, 224 Propylene Glycol, 78, 128, 224 Prostaglandins, 13, 175, 206, 224 Prostaglandins A, 206, 224 Prostate, 48, 99, 154, 224 Protease, 10, 98, 127, 225 Protease Inhibitors, 127, 225 Protein Binding, 115, 225 Protein C, 6, 10, 12, 16, 18, 21, 30, 40, 65, 88, 110, 171, 172, 174, 176, 185, 208, 210, 225, 238 Protein Conformation, 172, 208, 225 Protein S, 17, 27, 88, 122, 141, 155, 178, 187, 199, 225, 235 Proteins, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 18, 19, 22, 23, 28, 29, 37, 38, 46, 74, 88, 92, 102, 111, 118, 172, 174, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 190, 192, 205, 208, 212, 214, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 225, 227, 230, 236, 237, 239 Proteinuria, 212, 225 Proteolytic, 97, 98, 171, 185, 194, 197, 219, 225 Protons, 171, 203, 225, 226 Protozoa, 186, 213, 225 Proximal, 28, 191, 215, 225 Pruritus, 225, 238 Psoriasis, 158, 159, 225 Psychiatry, 197, 225, 233 Psychic, 209, 225, 230 Puberty, 107, 225 Public Policy, 139, 151, 225 Publishing, 24, 139, 142, 226 Pulmonary, 74, 76, 178, 183, 187, 202, 204, 208, 209, 226, 234, 239 Pulmonary Alveoli, 204, 226 Pulmonary Artery, 76, 178, 226, 239 Pulmonary Veins, 76, 226 Pupil, 187, 191, 214, 226 Purifying, 98, 190, 226
Purines, 177, 226, 230 Pyridoxal, 92, 203, 226 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 203, 226 Q Quaternary, 141, 225, 226, 229 Quinones, 93, 226 R Radiation, 6, 16, 193, 194, 196, 197, 207, 226, 240 Radiation therapy, 196, 207, 226, 240 Radioactive, 203, 205, 207, 214, 217, 226, 240 Radiography, 200, 226 Radiolabeled, 207, 226, 240 Radiological, 220, 226 Radiotherapy, 179, 207, 226, 240 Radius, 128, 227 Random Allocation, 227 Randomization, 13, 227 Randomized, 3, 4, 32, 192, 227 Reagent, 86, 100, 123, 183, 190, 227 Receptor, 8, 9, 11, 15, 21, 23, 31, 39, 115, 121, 169, 174, 186, 190, 221, 227, 230, 231 Receptors, Serotonin, 227, 230 Recombinant, 14, 28, 29, 47, 86, 123, 227, 239 Recombination, 186, 227 Rectal, 101, 227 Rectum, 105, 174, 191, 197, 199, 205, 208, 224, 227, 234 Recurrence, 47, 183, 227 Red blood cells, 195, 218, 227 Red Nucleus, 176, 227 Reductase, 34, 227 Refer, 1, 180, 185, 197, 198, 210, 211, 216, 223, 227 Reflux, 82, 227 Refraction, 113, 215, 227, 232 Regeneration, 19, 227 Regimen, 159, 192, 219, 227 Renal failure, 35, 227 Reperfusion, 34, 215, 227, 228 Reperfusion Injury, 34, 228 Repressor, 217, 228 Resorption, 179, 228 Respiration, 180, 214, 228 Respiratory distress syndrome, 50, 228 Retina, 175, 183, 184, 187, 211, 215, 217, 228, 229 Retinal, 18, 19, 37, 45, 56, 109, 186, 217, 228 Retinal pigment epithelium, 19, 20, 37, 228 Retinaldehyde, 19, 228
Index 253
Retinoblastoma, 154, 228 Retinoid, 15, 23, 109, 228 Retinol, 15, 19, 20, 23, 31, 34, 35, 37, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 56, 57, 109, 154, 228 Retinyl palmitate, 109, 229 Retroperitoneal, 170, 229 Retrovirus, 31, 229 Rheumatism, 92, 204, 229 Rheumatoid, 185, 208, 229 Rheumatoid arthritis, 185, 208, 229 Rhinitis, 194, 229 Rigidity, 222, 229 Risk factor, 8, 10, 15, 77, 106, 108, 229 Rod, 19, 176, 221, 229 Rubber, 114, 119, 133, 134, 169, 192, 229 Rutin, 131, 132, 229 S Salicylate, 118, 183, 229 Salivary, 219, 229, 240 Saponin, 52, 56, 195, 229 Saturated fat, 8, 90, 108, 229 Schizophrenia, 212, 229 Sclerosis, 154, 175, 185, 229 Scopolamine, 63, 229 Screening, 86, 114, 123, 184, 230 Sebaceous, 230 Sebaceous gland, 230 Sebum, 131, 132, 230 Secretion, 34, 49, 119, 127, 203, 206, 208, 214, 230 Secretory, 105, 230 Sedative, 172, 185, 210, 230 Sediment, 25, 46, 230 Segregation, 11, 227, 230 Seizures, 100, 101, 195, 219, 230, 233 Selenium, 117, 230 Semen, 224, 230 Seminiferous tubule, 230, 232 Senile, 142, 218, 230 Sequencing, 14, 230 Serine, 75, 92, 184, 193, 230, 237 Serotonin, 75, 172, 227, 230, 237 Sex Characteristics, 173, 225, 230, 235 Sex Determination, 155, 230 Shock, 203, 231, 237 Side effect, 16, 77, 85, 86, 98, 107, 117, 120, 170, 178, 182, 210, 231, 236 Signal Transduction, 6, 121, 181, 221, 231 Signs and Symptoms, 231, 238 Silicic, 92, 231 Simethicone, 100, 231 Skeletal, 132, 173, 214, 231
Skeleton, 179, 208, 231 Skin Care, 91, 231 Skull, 231, 235 Small intestine, 177, 184, 192, 203, 204, 207, 231, 237 Smooth muscle, 171, 173, 176, 197, 203, 231, 234 Soaps, 87, 197, 231 Sodium, 33, 57, 86, 91, 134, 135, 179, 190, 231, 232, 234 Sodium Benzoate, 134, 232 Sorbic Acid, 128, 232 Sorbitol, 91, 232 Soybean Oil, 89, 90, 97, 99, 124, 125, 223, 232 Specialist, 160, 191, 232 Specificity, 12, 44, 51, 66, 81, 170, 193, 232 Spectrophotometry, 114, 232 Spectrum, 188, 232 Sperm, 35, 173, 183, 230, 232 Spermatozoa, 35, 230, 232 Spinal cord, 179, 182, 183, 211, 212, 216, 220, 232 Spinous, 194, 232 Spirochete, 232, 235 Sporadic, 82, 216, 228, 232 Squamous, 20, 47, 194, 232, 233 Squamous cell carcinoma, 20, 47, 194, 232, 233 Squamous cells, 232, 233 Stabilization, 133, 233 Stabilizer, 133, 233 Statistically significant, 4, 233 Status Epilepticus, 100, 101, 233 Steatosis, 8, 233 Stellate, 16, 233 Stem Cells, 106, 233 Sterile, 97, 101, 233 Steroid, 9, 13, 87, 123, 177, 188, 198, 233 Stimulant, 124, 125, 172, 175, 190, 203, 213, 219, 233 Stimulus, 195, 206, 233, 236 Stomach, 17, 80, 104, 169, 191, 195, 199, 203, 215, 219, 220, 227, 231, 233 Stress, 13, 56, 75, 180, 188, 197, 215, 218, 229, 233 Stroke, 18, 21, 65, 102, 120, 150, 181, 233 Stupor, 209, 233 Styrene, 119, 133, 134, 229, 233 Subacute, 206, 233 Subclinical, 206, 230, 233 Subcutaneous, 182, 192, 219, 234
254 Lecithin
Subiculum, 203, 234 Sublingual, 101, 234 Subspecies, 232, 234 Substance P, 213, 230, 234 Substrate, 22, 32, 44, 47, 75, 89, 95, 119, 129, 194, 234 Suction, 197, 234 Sulfur, 190, 213, 234 Superoxide, 33, 34, 42, 43, 63, 234 Superoxide Dismutase, 33, 34, 42, 43, 63, 234 Supplementation, 50, 54, 55, 62, 67, 136, 234 Suppositories, 57, 199, 234 Suppression, 6, 13, 81, 110, 234 Suppurative, 182, 234 Surfactant, 55, 67, 79, 93, 95, 100, 101, 104, 105, 124, 125, 126, 128, 234 Survival Rate, 20, 234 Suspensions, 93, 111, 112, 234 Sweat, 126, 234 Sweat Glands, 234 Sympathomimetics, 234 Symphysis, 224, 234 Symptomatic, 124, 235 Synaptic, 231, 235 Synchrotron, 6, 16, 235 Synergistic, 77, 86, 107, 235 Syphilis, 25, 52, 141, 235 Systemic, 174, 178, 185, 195, 206, 207, 226, 235, 240 Systolic, 204, 235 T Talc, 83, 235 Tardive, 69, 78, 106, 107, 235 Taurine, 5, 92, 177, 189, 235 Telangiectasia, 155, 235 Temporal, 136, 203, 211, 235 Tenosynovitis, 121, 235 Terminator, 185, 235 Testis, 195, 235 Testosterone, 135, 136, 227, 235 Tetracycline, 21, 235 Thalamic, 176, 235 Thalamic Diseases, 176, 235 Thermal, 130, 131, 191, 216, 235 Thoracic, 179, 211, 235 Threonine, 92, 230, 235 Threshold, 5, 204, 236 Thrombin, 196, 225, 236 Thrombomodulin, 225, 236 Thrombophlebitis, 101, 236
Thrombosis, 28, 39, 43, 46, 50, 63, 81, 110, 225, 233, 236 Thromboxanes, 175, 236 Thrombus, 187, 206, 215, 236 Thyroid, 207, 213, 236, 237 Thyroid Hormones, 213, 236, 237 Thyroxine, 171, 221, 236 Tin, 181, 236 Tolerance, 117, 169, 200, 236 Tonicity, 202, 236 Tooth Preparation, 169, 236 Topical, 17, 40, 80, 96, 99, 100, 107, 120, 132, 135, 136, 195, 203, 219, 220, 231, 236 Toxic, iv, 5, 24, 86, 89, 176, 177, 186, 189, 194, 201, 205, 210, 213, 216, 230, 233, 236 Toxicity, 5, 14, 16, 25, 46, 54, 98, 115, 136, 222, 236 Toxicity Tests, 115, 236 Toxicology, 36, 55, 152, 236 Toxins, 85, 105, 174, 193, 194, 200, 206, 214, 236 Trace element, 101, 102, 179, 236, 237 Trachea, 180, 196, 236, 237 Transcriptase, 229, 237 Transcription Factors, 28, 237 Transdermal, 54, 57, 122, 136, 237 Transduction, 231, 237 Transfection, 178, 237 Transplantation, 39, 47, 184, 237 Trauma, 177, 215, 235, 237 Trees, 222, 229, 237 Triad, 27, 237 Triglyceride, 8, 15, 21, 27, 93, 101, 204, 237 Triolein, 74, 118, 237 Trypsin, 98, 184, 194, 237, 240 Tryptophan, 185, 230, 237 Tuberculosis, 187, 237 Tuberous Sclerosis, 155, 237 Tyrosine, 117, 221, 237 U Ubiquinone, 93, 237 Ulcer, 182, 189, 237, 238 Ulceration, 67, 189, 238 Ultrafiltration, 5, 56, 202, 238 Ultrasonography, 200, 238 Unconscious, 173, 204, 238 Unsaturated Fats, 197, 238 Uraemia, 41, 238 Urea, 77, 100, 113, 176, 234, 238 Uremia, 208, 227, 238 Urethra, 224, 238 Urinary, 184, 194, 205, 229, 238
Index 255
Urinate, 238, 240 Urine, 178, 188, 191, 201, 202, 205, 208, 225, 238 Uterine Contraction, 218, 238 Uterus, 183, 187, 189, 212, 224, 238 V Vaccine, 78, 104, 105, 170, 205, 238 Vaccine adjuvant, 105, 238 Vagina, 105, 212, 238 Vaginal, 210, 238 Varicose, 92, 238 Varicose vein, 92, 238 Vascular, 4, 10, 13, 18, 23, 28, 39, 43, 46, 50, 78, 107, 171, 183, 195, 206, 218, 222, 236, 239 Vasoconstriction, 125, 195, 239 Vasodilation, 43, 239 Vasodilator, 132, 203, 215, 239 Vector, 86, 123, 237, 239 Vegetable Proteins, 112, 222, 239 Vein, 173, 207, 217, 236, 239 Vena, 76, 239 Venereal, 25, 52, 235, 239 Venous, 76, 131, 132, 225, 239 Venous blood, 76, 239 Ventricle, 76, 203, 213, 226, 235, 239 Venules, 179, 180, 239 Vesicular, 198, 213, 239
Veterinary Medicine, 54, 151, 239 Viral, 69, 105, 187, 193, 229, 237, 239 Virulence, 176, 236, 239 Virus, 34, 139, 176, 194, 199, 222, 237, 239 Viscosity, 76, 96, 104, 137, 239 Visual Perception, 19, 239 Vitamin A, 41, 109, 228, 239 Vitro, 9, 63, 115, 202, 239 Vivo, 7, 14, 115, 239 Void, 134, 240 W Wettability, 98, 240 Wheezing, 124, 240 White blood cell, 173, 205, 209, 211, 214, 216, 222, 240 X Xenograft, 173, 240 Xerostomia, 208, 240 X-ray, 21, 181, 197, 198, 207, 214, 217, 226, 233, 240 X-ray therapy, 207, 240 Y Yeasts, 198, 221, 240 Z Zona Pellucida, 35, 240 Zygote, 186, 240 Zymogen, 184, 225, 240
256 Lecithin
